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THE  GIFT  OF 

MAY  TREAT  MORRISON 

IN  MEMORY  OF 

ALEXANDER  F  MORRISON 


It, 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2008  with  funding  from 

Microsoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/cyclopdiaofbioOOgodw 


UNIFORM  WITH  THIS  VOLUME. 

The  World's  Progress.  A  Dictionary  of  Dates.  Being  a 
Chronological  and  Alphabetical  Record  of  the  essential  facts  in 
the  Progress  of  Society.  With  Tabular  views  of  Universal  His- 
tory, Literary  Chronology,  Biographical  Index,  etc.,  etc.  From 
the  beginning  of  History  to  August,  1877.  By  GEORGE  P. 
Putnam.  Revised  and  continued  by  Frederick  Beecher 
Perkins.  Octavo,  containing  1028  pages.  Cloth  extra,  $4.50  ; 
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G.   P.   PUTNAM'S  SONS,   Publishers,  New  York. 


THE 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF  BIOGRAPHY 

A   RECORD   OF   THE 

.  LIVES  OF  EMINENT  PERSONS. 

By  PARKE    GODWIN. 

NEW  EDITION. 

WITH    A   SUPPLEMENT, 

BROUGHT    DOWN    TO    AUGUST,   1877. 


-O 


NEW  YORK : 
G.  P.    PUTNAM'S    SONS. 
182  Fifth  Avenue. 

1878. 


Copyright,  1877, 
G.  P.  PUTNAM  S  SONS 


RIVERSIDE,   CAMBRIDGE: 

STEREOTYPED    AND    PRINTED    BT 

H.    O.    HOUGUTON    AND    COMPANY, 


G54-C 
19* 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


The  first  edition  of  this  work,  prepared  by  Mr.  Parke   Godwin, 
was  published  in  1851.     In  his  prefatory  remarks,  Mr.  Godwin  justly 
claimed  for  it  the  compactness  of  Maunder's  "Biographical  Treas- 
ury.'" with  greater  comprehensiveness  and  more  fidelity  to  the  sym- 
pathies and    principles  of  the   American    people.     Presenting   within 
5?        small  compass  a  great  variety  of  information,  little  scope  was  afforded 
J^        for  the  expression  of  critical  opinions.     The  volume  commended  itself 
ce        to  popular  favor  by  the  combination  of  accuracy  and  brevity,  with   a 

*  fuller  record  of  names  and  dates  than  could  be  found  in  any  similar 
publication.  In  the  present  edition  an  attempt  has  been  made  to 
Supply   the    few  notable    names    that    had    been    omitted.      A.  copious 

Z  Supplement  is  appended,  embracing  notices  of  persons  who  have  died 
55  since  the  issue  of  the  original  edition.  These  supplementary  pa«-es 
5  embrace  more  than  an  average  proportion  of  distinguished  men, 
5  American  and  European  :  and  though  some  names  which  deserve  to 
2  he  remembered  have  doubtless  been  passed  over,  it  is  believed  that 
it  the  volume,  as  now  published,  embodies  nearly  all  that  will  be  looked 
^         for  in  a  manual  which  is  intended  to  bring  its   information  down  to 

•  the  present  time.  To  economize  space,  the  arrangement  of  the  same 
3S  generic  names  under  one  head  has  been  usually  adhered  to;  and  the 
*         letters  b.  and  d.  are  used  respectively  for  "  born  "  and  "  died." 

Rivekside,  August  29,  1877. 


5 


CYCLOPEDIA   OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


A. 


AA,  Peter  Van  Der,  an  eminent 
bookseller  of  Leyden.     D.  1730. 

AA,  Uhari.es  'Henrt  Vander,  a  Lu- 
theran  minister,  who  was   among  the 

lers  of  the  Academy 
tit  Harlem,  b.  at  Zwolle,  1718,  d.  1795. 
A  family  of  this  name  was  distinguished 
in  the  annals  of  the  Unite. 1  Provh 
for  their  resistance  to  the  tyranny  ot 
Philip  II.  of  Spain. 

AAGARD,  Christian,  a  Danish  poet. 
B.  1618;  d.  1664.— Nicholas,  a  brother 
of  the  above,  1..  1612,  d.  1657,  was  a 
philosophieal  writer. 

AAI.'-T,  Evxbabd,  a  Dutch  painter 
of  fruit  pie*  -   -His 

nephew,  William,  also  a  painter,  was  b. 
.  1679. 

AAGESEN,  Svend,  a  Danish 
rian   of  the   12th  century.     Sometimes 
called  S  .  \  >iub. 

AAEON,  St.,  a  Briton,  who  suffered 
martyrdom  under  Diocletian  in 808,  and 
iriea  later. 

AARON,  a  physician  and  priest  at 
Alexandria  in  t lie  12th  century;  the 
first  man  who  described  measles  and 
the  small-pox,  on  their  first  appearance 
in  Egypt. 

AARON,  of   Barcelona,  a  Spanish 
Jew,  who  wrote  a   book  called    "  1're- 
f  M ."  at  Venice,  in 

AARON  BEN  ASSER,  a  Jew,  who 
is  said  to  have  invented  the  points  in 
Llebrew  writing,  in  the  5th  century. 

AAUSKNS,  Fbakoib  Van,  lord  of 
Bomeldyck  and  Spyck,  one  of  the 
neatest  ministers  t"r  negotiation  that 
the  United  Provinces  of  Holland  have 
at  any  time  possessed.  He  was  the 
first  person  ever  recognized  as  Dutch 
ambassador  by  the  French  court:  the 
first  of  three  extraordinary  ambassadors 
1 


sent  to  England  in  1620 ;  and  the  second 
in  1641,  who  were  to  treat  about  the 
marriage  of  Prince  William,  son  of  the 
prince  of  Orange.  Aarsens  died  at  an 
advanced  age  ;  and  left  behind  him  very 
■ate  and  judicious  memoirs  of  all 
embassies  in  which  he  was  employed. 
B.  1572:  d.  1679. 

ABACO,  Avabbto  Felice  D'All,  a 
musical  composer  and  violinisl  of  Ve- 
rona. There  was  another  of  the  same 
name,  who  flourished  about  the  same 
time  in 

All  AHA,  an  emperor  of  the  Moguls, 
who  opposed  the  Crusaders  with  firm- 
ttd  warlike  skill,  and  d.  in  1284. 

ABARIS,  a   celebrated   character  of 
antiquity,  said  to  have  possessed   va-t 
abilities,"   and   to    have    been   end. 
with  the  power  of  performing  miracu- 
lous cures.     He  was  a  Scythian  by  birth. 

ABAS,  Sohah,  Burnamed  the  Great, 
7th  bang  of  Persia.  1».  in  1629.— Abas, 
Schah,  great  grandson  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  prince  remarkable  for  mildness 
and  humanity.     I),  in  1666. 

ABASCAL,  Don  Joss  Fernando, 
viceroy  of  Peru  daring  several  years  of 
the  South  American  war  of  indepen- 
dence. ,t  Oviedo  in  1713,  and 
having  entered  the  military  service  of 
red   in    the   numerous    cam- 

Eaigns  of  that  country  during  the  latter 
all  of  last  century  in  all  parts  of  the 
globe.  Appointed  viceroy  of  Peru  in 
L804,  he  governed  with  a  firm  but  gentle 
hand  till  1816,  when  he  was  superseded 
by  General  Pezuela:  and,  on  his  retire- 
ment, he  left  behind  him  a  character  for 
ability  and  moderation  which  is  still 
held  in  grateful  remembrance.  D.  at 
Madrid,  1821. 
ABASSA,  or  ABBASSA,  sister  of  the 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


caliph  Harcun  al  ISascl  i'1.  wlio  gave  her 
in  marriage  to  his  wzii  i  Ghsfat,  on  con- 
dition that  their  marriage  should  .never 
b^  c'.r. - 'i .. i "!;.'■- i .  "■■'  hat  ':■  ■  bi 
the  com  r  i's  th«  cal'r'i  {fill  Hi:  Or  to 
death,  and  banished  his  wife  from  the 
palace,  giving  orders  that  no  one  should 
afford  her  relief. 

ABATE,  Axdrea,  a  Neapolitan  artist, 
who  was  employed,  together  with  Luca 
Giordio,  in  adorning  the  Escurial  for 
Charles  II.  of  Spain.     D.  1732. 

ABAUZIT,  Fmiiix,  a  French  author 
of  great  merit  and  erudition.  He  was 
profoundly  learned,  and  acquired  the 
friendship  of  Voltaire,  Rousseau,  and 
Newton.  B.  at  Uzes  in  1679,  and  d.  at 
Geneva  in  1787. 

ABBADIE,  James,  an  eminent  Prot- 
estant divine,  who  accompanied  Mar- 
shal Schomberg  to  England  in  1688,  and 
was  present  when  that  great  commander 
fell  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne.  Tic  wrote 
many  works,  chiefly  theological  and  in 
the  French  language,  the  most  esteem- 
ed of  which  is  entitled  "Traite  de  la 
Vcrite"  de  la  Religion  Chr&ienne."  B. 
at  Berne  in  1658;  d.  in  London,  1727. 

ABBAS,  the   uncle   of  Mah< 
whom,  though  opposed  to  him  at  first, 
he  became,  a  disciple,  and  served  in  Ids 
army  as  a  general.    D.  653. — Ebn   n 
Abdallaii,  son  of  the  foregoing;   chief 
of  the   "Sahabab,"   or  companions   of 
the   Prophet,  and  author  ot   a  "Com 
mentary    on    the     Koran."  —  Hai.i    or 
Magus,  a  Persian  physician  of  the  10th 
century;  author  01  a  pompous  book  on 
medicine,  called    "The  Royal  Work," 
which  has  been  translated  into  Latin. 

ABBATI,  Nieouo,  an  Italian  painter 
in  fresco:  b.  at  Modena  in  1512. 

ABBATISSA,  Paul,  a  poet  of  Sicily, 
who  flourished  about  the  year  1570,  and 
translated  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  into 
Latin  verse. 

ABBE,  Louise,  a  French  poet  of  the 
17th  century,  surnamed  "  La  Belle  Cor- 
donniere." 

ABBIATI,  Filippo,  an  historical 
painter,  of  considerable  eminence.  B. 
at  Milan  in  1640;  d.  in  1715. 

ABBOX,  or  ABBO,  Cernuus.  a  Nor- 
man monk  of  the  9th  century,  who 
wrote,  in  Latin  verse,  an  account  of  the 
siege  of  Paris  by  the  Normans. 

ABBO,  Floriacensis,  a  learned  writer 
»f  ecclesiastical  biographies,  who  was 
killed  in  1004. 

ABBOT,  George,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury in  the  reign  of  James  I.  and 
Charles  I.,  and  one  of  the  most  active 
political  characters  of  that  period.    He 


was  born,  in  1562,  -it  Guildford,  in  Sur- 
rey, where  his  father  was  a  weaver  and 
clothworker.  He  raised  himself  gradu- 
ally till  he  became  primate  of  all  En- 
gland: was  the  autnor  of  several  the- 
ological works ;  and  one  of  the  eight 
divines,  who.  in  1604.  by  the  order  of 
•lames  L.  translated  the  edition  of  the 
Bible  now  in  use.  D.  at  Croydon  in 
1633. — Robert,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  the 
elder  brother  of  the  above,  was  an  emi- 
nent divine,  and  famous  for  his  skill  in 
conducting  polemical  discussions,  and 
vindicating  the  supremacy  "filings.  B. 
1560;  d.  1 ' '. 1 7 .  Maubiok,  youngest 
her  of  the  above,  was  an  eminent 
London  merchant,  knighted  by  Charles 
I.  Maurice's  son,  George,  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  Paraphrase  on  tin-  P.ook  of  Job. 
P.  1600;  d.  l<;ts  —Hull,  a  respectable 
minister  of  Charlestown,  (Mass.)  B. 
1696;  d.  1774.-  Samuel,  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Andover  Theological 
Seminary.  B.  1732;  d.  1812.— Abdiel, 
a  preacher,  and  author  of  several  pub- 
lished sermons.  B.  at  Andover,  1770; 
d.  at  Staten  Island,  1828.  <  !h  mm  i  s,  was 
e  man,  once  speaker  of 
the  bouse  of  commons,  and  subsequent- 
ly raised  to  the  peerage  as  Lord  Col- 
r.    B.  at  Abingdon,  1757:  d.  I 

Charles,  a  distinguished  lawyer,  who, 
18,  was  ma  le  lord  chief  justice  of 
the  King's  Bench,  and  during  the  pre- 
miership r,t'  Mr.  Canning,  was  crea  ed  a 
peer,  by  the  title  of  Lord  Tenterden. 
B.  17    ':  d.  I 

ABBT,  Thomas,  a  German  writer  who 
wrote  a  clever  work,  called  "Historia 
Vine  Magistral]  when  be  was  only  13 
years  of  age.  He  was  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  Frankfort,  and  of  mathe- 
matics at  Ritelin;  wrote  a  treatise  on 
"Merit,"'  and  on  the  "Duty  of  living 
for  one's  Country."  B.  at  Ulm,  in 
Suabia,  1738;  d.  1766. 

ABDALLAH,  a  camel  driver,  the 
father  of  Mahomet.  He  was  so  much 
esteemed  by  his  tribe,  that  the  stories 
relate  how  one  hundred  girls  broke  their 
hearts  on  the  night  of  his  wedding. 

ABDAS,  a  bishop  of  Persia,  who  in- 
stigated the  thirty  years'  persecution  of 
the  Christians,  tinder  Theodosius  the 
Younger. 

ABDIAS,  author  of  a  legend  called 
"Historia  Ccrtaminis  Apostilici,"  pub- 
lished at  Basle  in  1 57 1 . 

ABDOLLATIPH,  a  Persian,  who 
wrote  the  hislorv  of  Egvpt,  published 
in  England  in  isho.    B.  at  Bagdad  1161. 

ABDOLMAMEN,  a  potter's  son,  who 
became  a  ffeneral  and   conouered  Mo- 


abe] 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


nceo,  and  made  himself  monarch.    D. 
1156. 

ABEEL,  John-  Nelson,  an  eloquent 
preacher,  of  Mew- York,  who  died  in 
1812,  aged  48. 

ABEILLE,  Gaspar,  a  French  dra- 
matic writer  of  extraordinary  versatility 
and  wit.  B.  1648;  d.  1718.— Scifio,  a 
brother  of  the  above,  wrote  a  "  History 
of  the  Bones,''  and  the  "Complete 
Army  Surgeon."     D.  1697. 

ABEL.  Thomas,  teacher  of  grammar 
and  music  to  Queen  Catharine,  trat  hav- 
ing opposed  Henry  VIII.'s  separation 
from  her,  be  was  condemned  and  ex- 
ecuted, under  a  pretence  of  denying  the 
kind's  supremacy,  in  1540. — Gaspab,  a 
German  historian.  B.  1675;  d.  1768. — 
Charles  Frederick,  a  famous  German 
composer,  and  player  on  tin-  viol  di 
samba,  appointed  musician  to  Queen 
Charlotte.    1>.  1787. 

ABELA..!oHN  Fuw'ci*.  a  commander 
of  the  order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem, 
who  wrote  "  Malta  lllustrata,*'  which 
was  published  in  Malta  in  1647. 

ABELAKD,  Peter,  a  native  of  Pa- 
lais, in  Brittany,  made  immortal  rather 
by  his  unfortunate  love,  than  by  his 
immense  and  varied  attainments.  He 
ducated  'it  the  University  of  Paris, 
*nd  became  one  of  the  most  learned 
:rien  of  his  dav.  He  opened  a  school 
Df  theology  and  rhetoric,  which  was  so 
popular  that  it  attracted  more  than  three 
thousand  pu]  ils.  But  in  the  midday 
of  his  fame  he  tell  in  love  with  a  young 
and  beautiful  scholar, called  Heloise.the 
niece  of  the  canon  of  Paris,  Fulbert. 
He  was  then  forty  and  she  but  fifteen, 
yet  the  attachment  grew  into  a  passion 
which  for  warmth  and  intensity  has 
never  been  surpassed.  Abelard  forgot 
his  lectures,  his  studies,  and  his  fame 
in  his  abandonment  to  the  raptures  of 
delight.  Yet  the  attachment  was  an 
unhappy  one  for  both;  Fulbert  sepa- 
rated the  lovers;  when  Abelard  bi 
himself  to  the  residence  of  his  aunt  in 
Brittanv,  whither  he  was  instantly  fol- 
lowed by  Ileloise,  and  where  she  gave 
birth  to  a  son.  Abelard  would  nave 
married  her  secretly,  but  she  disdained 
the  restraints  of  wedlock,  preferring  her 
free  attachment  to  him  to  a  relation 
sanctioned  and  enforced  by  law.  After 
a  while,  however,  she  reluctantly  con- 
sented to  marry  him,  yet  refused  to  con- 
fess the  marriage  in  public.  She  even 
denied  it  under  oath.  Her  uncle  was 
eo  incensed  at  this  conduct,  that  he 
treated  her  with  great  severity,  to  re- 
lease hei  from   which   Abelard  carried 


her  away  and  placed  her  in  the  convent 
of  Argenteuil.  Baffled  by  this  ma- 
noeuvre, Fulbert  was  so  enraged  that  he 
had  Abelard  ignominiously  mutilated, 
and  thereby  caused  him,  through  sor- 
row and  shame,  to  become  a  monk  of 
St.  Denis.  When  his  mortification  had 
somewhat  subsided,  he  began  to  lecture 
again,  but  his  enemies  changed  him 
with  heterodoxy,  and  had  him  :ondemn- 
ed.  Be  then  erected  an  oratory,  called 
the  Paraclete,  in  the  diocese  of  Troyes, 
but,  being  still  pursued  by  bitter  per- 
secutions, alter  a  \'v\v  years  of  vicissi- 
tude and  desertion,  died  at  the  priory 
of  St.  Marcel.  Heloise,  then  abbess 
of  the  Paraclete,  did  not  desert  him  in 
death,  but  had  his  ashes  removed  to  a 
place  "here,  in  a  few  years  later,  she 
was  destined  to  sleep  by  his  side.  The 
remains  of  both  were  taken  to  Pere-la- 
Chaise,  in  1-17,  by  order  of  the  nation. 
Abelard  was  a  poet,  an  orator,  a  philos- 
opher and  a  mathematician — in  short,  a 
man  possessing  the  highest  qualities  of 
mind  and  heart — but,  while  his  works 
have  mostly  perished,  hi-  name  is  rcs- 
CUed  from  oblivion  by  the  story  of  his 
passion.  The  letters  which  passed  be- 
tween him  and  Ileloise  have  been  made 
the    foundation    of   many   poems    and 

novels.  The  best  of  these  is  the  cele- 
brated version  of  Pope.  B.  1079;  d. 
114-J. 

ABELL,  John,  a  musician  who  flour- 
ished at  the  court  of  Charles  II. 

ABELLI,  Louis,  bishop  of  Rhodes, 
and  author  of  several  theological  works. 
P.  1604;  d.  1691. 

ABEKCROMBIE,  John,  M.  1)..  an 
eminent  Scotch  physician  and  author, 
was  born  at  Aberdeen,  Nov.  11,  1781. 
Having  taken  his  degree  at  Edinburgh 
in  1808,  he  permanently  fixed  his  resi- 
dence in  the  Scotch  metropolis,  where 
In-  soon  gained  the  first  rank  as  a  prac- 
tising and  consulting  physician.  But 
the  writings  of  Dr.  Abercrombie  con- 
tributed more  to  his  fame  than  his  skill 
as  a  physician.  His  purely  professional 
works  are  meritorious,  but  the  most  per- 
manent monuments  to  his  memory  are 
his  "  Inquiries  concerning  the  Intel- 
lectual Powers,  &e.,"  published  1830, 
and  the  "  Philosophy  of  the  Moral  Feel- 
ings.'' published  1833.  In  these  works 
he  has  brought  all  the  medical  facts  ac- 
cumulated in  the  course  of  his  extensive 
experience  and  research  to  bear  on  va- 
rious moral  and  metaphysical  systems. 
To  his  wide  range  of  acquirements  he 
added  a  piety  as  genuine  as  it.  was  un- 
assuming, and  lie  will  long  be  rernem- 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[A  BR 


bered  for  his  large  but  unobtrusive  be- 
nevolence.   D.  1844. 

ABEBCBOMBY,  Thomas,  a  Scotch 
author,  who  was  physician  to  James  II. 
D.  172(3.— Sm  Ralph,  a  British  general, 
who  served  in  the  American  war,  in 
Flanders,  Holland,  the  West  Indies, 
Ireland,  and  in  Egypt,  near  Alexandria, 
where  he  was  mortally  wounded,  after 
a  desperate  battle  w'ith  the  French, 
whom  he  defeated.  He  was  one  of  the 
bravest  of  Britons,  but  of  great  modera- 
tion and  military  skill,  and  high  char- 
acter. B.  at  Tillibodie,  1738 ;  d.1801.— 
John,  a  horticultural  author,  who  pub- 
lished under  the  name  of  Mawe.  B. 
1724;  d.  1806. 

ABEELI,  John,  an  eminent  landscape 
painter,  of  Switzerland.  B.  at  Winter- 
then,  1723:  d.  1786. 

ABERNETHY,  John,  an  Irish  dis- 
senter and  divine,  of  whose  sermons 
there  are  two  volumes,  which  arc  held 
inconsiderable  esteem.  B. atColeraine, 
1680;  d.  at  Dublin,  1740. — John,  F.B.S., 
a  surgeon  of  great  repute  and  extensive 
practice.  Hewasbroughl  up  under  Sir 
Charles  Blick,  surgeon  <>f  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Hospital,  and  was  acknowledged 
to  possess  very  considerable  talent  and 
originality;  though  he  doubtless  owed 
much  of  ids  fame  to  a  blunt  eccentricitj 
of  manner,  of  which  a  thousand  various 
anecdotes  are  still  current.  He  was  the 
author  of  "Surgical  Observations," 
'■Physiological  Essays,"  &c.  B.  1764; 
d.  1831. 

ABGAEUS,  a  king  of  Edessa,  in  Mes- 
opotamia, cotemporary  with  our  Sa- 
viour, to  whom  he  is  said  to  have  writ- 
ten a  letter  and  received  ananswerto  it. 
Both  are  supposed  to  be  inventions. 

ABGILLUS,  surnamed  Prester  John, 
son  of  a  king  of  the  Frisi.  He  accom- 
panied Charlemagne  to  the  Holy  Land  ; 
and  after  his  leader's  return  to  Europe 
made  vast  conquests  in  Abyssinia, 
which  was  long  called  "Prester  John's 
Dominion."  He  is  reputed  to  have 
written  an  account  of  Charlemagne's 
deeds  in  the  East. 

Al'.lLDGAAED,  Philip  Christian,  a 
Danish  physician;  one  of  the  ablest 
naturalists  of  the  18th  century. — Nicho- 
las Abraham,  brother  of  the  above ;  a 
clever  historical  painter,  and  author  of 
some  equally  elegant  and  useful  essays 
on  taste  in  works  of  art.  B.  1744 ;  d. 
1809. 

ABINGTON,  Frances,  a  celebrated 
comic  actress.  B.  in  London,  1731 ;  d. 
in  Dublin,  1815. 

ABINGEE,  Lord,  (James  Scarlett,)  a 


liberal  and  distinguished  statesman  of 
England,  who,  both  as  a  lawyer  and  a 
politician,  exhibited  a  high  order  of 
ability.  He  was  raised  to  the  bench  in 
1834  bv  Sir  Eobert  Peel.  B.  in  Jamaica, 
1769;  d.  1844. 

ABISBAL,  Henry  O'Donnell,  Count 
of,  a  celebrated  Spanish  general,  born  iu 
Andalusia,  1770.  Having  entered  the 
royal  guards  at  the  aire  of  fifteen,  he 
served  in  the  war  against  the  French 
republic;  and  on  "Napoleon's  invasion 
of  Spain,  the  part  he  took  in  the  relief 
of  G   r  ina  in  1 309,  led  to  his  promotion 

to  tl mmand  of  Catalonia,  whet 

displayed  great  energy,  and  reaped  much 
--.  Though  defeated  in  the  plains 
of  \  iii  bj  General  Sonham,  lie  a  month 
afterwards  forced  Augereau  to  abandon 
Lower  Catalonia;  and.  at  the  village  of 
Abisb  lied  the  surrender  of 

a  whole  French  column  under  General 
Schwartz.  From  this  action  he  took  his 
title  Towards  the  close  of  the  war,  he 
commanded  with  brilliant  success  at  the 
capture  of  Pancorvo.  In  1819  he  sup- 
pressed a  mutiny  of  the  troops  in  the 
isle  of  Leon;  but  he  fell  into  disgrace 
uspicion  of  treachery,  and  it  was 
not  till  1828,  on  the  invasion  of  Spain 
bv  the  French  under  the  Duke  d'Au- 

■niuleme.  that   he   fee.  .wred    his  position 

and  his  fame.  After  the  restoration  of 
Ferdinand  he  retire. 1  to  France,  where 
he  resided, almost  entirely  forgotten, till 
his  death  in  1884. 

ABNEY,  mi:  Thomas,  Lord  Mayor 
of  London,  in  1700,  and  one  of  the 
founders  or  the  Hank  of  England.    D. 

1722. 

ABEAHAM,  Nicholas,  a  learned 
Jesuit,  and  professoT  of  theology  in  the 
universitj  of  Ponb-a-Mousson ;  author 
of  a  Commentary  on  Virgil  and  some  of 
Cicero's  Orations.     B.  1589;  d.  1656;-- 

A.  Sanota  Clajba,  a  native  of  Suabia, 
whose  real  name  was  Ulrich  Megerle. 
He  was  an  Augustine  friar,  and  ex- 
tremely affected  and  eccentric  as  a 
preacher.  B.  1642;  d.  1709.— A  teacher 
of  music  at  Paris,  composer  of  airs  for 
the  clarionet,  and  author  of  a  method 
for  the  bassoon.     D.  1805. 

ABEASDATES,  king  of  Susa,  ren- 
dered memorable  by  the  affection  of  his 
wife. 

ABEESCH,  Frederick  Louts,  a  cele- 
brated  Dutch  critic  and  Greek  scholar. 

B.  at  Hamburgh,  1699;  d.  in  Switzer- 
land, 1782. 

ABRILOLA,  an  Arabian  poet.  B 
973 ;  d.  1057. 

ABROSI,  John,  an  Italian  physician 


ACC] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


of  the  16th  century;  author  of  a  Dia- 
logue on  Astrology. 

"ABRUZZO,  Balthazar,  a  Sicilian 
philosopher  and  civilian.  B.  in  1601; 
d.  1665. 

ABSTEMTTJS,  Laubbhttos,  an  Italian 
writer,  born  at  Macerate,  in  La  Marca 
di  Ancona,  who  devoted  himself  early 
to  the  study  of  polite  literature.  He 
published  under  the  pontificate  of  Alex- 
ander VI.  a  treatise,  entitled  "  Heca 
tomythium,"  from  its  containing  100 
fables,  which  have  been  often  printed 
with  those  of  zEsop,  Phsedrus,  Gahrius, 
Avienus,  &c. 

ABUBEKEE,  father-in-law  and  suc- 
cessor of  Mahomet.  His  original  name 
was  changed  to  that  of  Abubeker,  or 

"  Father  of  the  Virgin,"  on  the  i asion 

of  his  daughter  Ayesha  becoming  the 
bride  of  Mahomet.  On  succeeding  his 
son-in-law  he  assumed  the  title  of  caliph, 
which  signifies  both  successor  and  vicar, 
and  which  was  first  borne  by  him.  He 
won  vast  territory  from  the  Syrians, 
Persian-,  an  1  Greeks.     I).  684. 

ABULFABAGIUS,  Gregory,  son  of 
Aaron  a  physician,  horn  in  1226,  in  the 
city  of  Malatia.  lie  wrote  in  Arabic  a 
history  which  consists  often  parts,  and 
is  an  epitome  <<i'  universal  history  from 
the  creation  of  the  world  to  his  own 
time. 

ABULFEDA,  Ismael,  prince  of  Ha- 
mah,  in  Syria,  but  better  known  as  au- 
thor of  Tables  of  Geography  of  the 
Regions  beyond  the  River  Oxus.  He 
began  his  reign  in  the  743d  year  of  the 
Hegira,  and  ended  it  three  years  after- 
wards, aged  72. 

ABULGARI,  Bay atm,  Khan  of  the 
Tartars,  and  writer  of  a  Tartar  history, 
which  lias  been  translated  in  German 
unl  French.  B.  at  Urgens,  1605;  d. 
1663. 

ABU,  Moslem,  a  governor  of  Koras- 
san,  put  to  deatli  in  759. 

ABD-NOWAS,  an  Arabian  poet.  B. 
762;  d.  310. 

ABU-OBIDA.  a  friend  of  Mahomet, 
who  conquered  Palestine  and  Syria,  and 
died  of  pestilence  in  639. 

ABD-TEMAN,  an  Arabian  poet, 
whose  works  have  been  translate'!  into 
English.    D.  845. 

ACACITJS,  bishop  of  Berea,  an  op- 
ponent of  Chrysostom.  D.  436. — There 
was  another  bishop  of  the  same  name, 
who  flourished  at  Amida,  on  the  Tigris, 
in  the  5th  century,  and  who  is  known 
for  his  benevolence,  in  having  sold  his 
church  plate  to  ransom  7000  Persians 
token    prisoners     by    Theodosius    the 


Younger.— Another  was  t  fie  founder  of 
the  Acaciani  sect,  and  d.  about  365. 

ACADEMUS,  the  founder  of  the 
Academic  sect  at  Athens,  and  of  the 
Academic  grove. 

ACAMPIXTLI,  the  first  Mexican 
king,  who  ruled  forty  years,  and  intro- 
duced many  good  laws.     1).  1420. 

AOCA,  St.,  an  Anglo-Saxon,  bishop 
at  Hexham,  who  wrote  "Sufferings  of 
the  Saints,'1  and  was  a  patron  of  arte 
and  music.  1>.  740. — Laurentia,  tho 
nurse  of  Romulus  and  Remus,  to  whom 
the   Romans  decreed  a  festival. 

ACCAIOL1 — the  name  of  a  distin- 
guished Florentine  family  —  Donatus, 
was  a  translator  of  Plutarch,  and  a 
learned  commentator  on  Aristotle; 
John,  was  an  author  and  public  lec- 
turer: ZENOBIO,  a  poet  and  critic,  who 
translated  Politian'a  epigrams,  d.  L520. 
Magdalena,  wrote  "David  Persecuted, 
and  other  poems,  d.  1610;  Benaths,  was 
a  general  of  the  L4th  century,  who  con 
quered  Athens.  Oorinth,  an  1  Bosotia. 

A(  '<  'P  »,  Zucrio,  a  poet  of  Verona,  in 
the  15th  century. 

ACCIUS,  LuoiDS,  a  Latin  poet  and 
dramatist.  1).  about  ISO,  b.  c. — Tul- 
i.if>,  prince  of  the  Yolsci,  to  whom 
Coriolanus  resorted  for  aid  against 
Rome. 

ACCOLTI,  Benedict,  an  Italian  law- 
yer, born  at  Florence  in  1415,  and  au- 
thor of  many  works,  among  which  was 
a  narrative  of  the  wars  in  Palestine,  to 
which  Tasso  was  indebted  in  the  "  Jeru- 
salem Delivered."  D.  1466.  Benedict, 
a  relation  of  the  preceding,  horn  in 
1497,  was  so  perfect  a  master  of  the 
Latin  tongue,  that  he  was  called  the 
0  of  the  age.  Clement  VII.  made 
him  a  cardinal.  I).  1.".  I'.1.  Peter,  son 
of  the  above,  as  cardinal  of  Ancona, 
composed  the  Papal  hull  against  Luther. 
I>.  1532.-  Bernard,  brother  of  the  last 

nai I.  a  poet  of  considerable  powers; 

his  works  were  published  at  Florence, 
in  1513. —  Francis,  uncle  of  the  above;  a 
lawyer  and  scholar  of  great  ability,  hut 
even  more  remarkable  tor  his  parsimony 
than  for  his  talents.— Benedict,  a  man 
of  violent  passions,  who  conspired  with 
five  others  to  murder  Pius  IV.  He  suf- 
fered death  in  1564. 

ACCORSO,  Mat.iaxgelo,  a  native  of 
Aquila,  in  the  16th  century;  an  emi- 
nent critic  and  scholar.  Ho  published 
remarks  on  Ansonius  and  Ovid,  entitled 
"Diatribae,"  and  an  edition  of  Ammia- 
nus  Marcellinus. 

ACCUM,  Frederick,  an  operative 
chemist  of  eminence,  who  wrote  several 


6 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[aci 


books  of  science.  B.  in  Westphalia, 
1769 ;  d.  1838. 

ACCUKS1US,  Francis,  an  eminent 
Italian  lawyer,  born  at  Florence  in  1182, 
and  died  in  1229.  This  individual  ren- 
dered himself  famous  by  his  "Perpet- 
ual Commentary,"  or  "  Great  Gloss," 
in  illustration  of  the  code,  the  institutes, 
and  the  digests. 

ACERB1,  Joseph,  an  Italian  ;  author 
of  "  Voyage  au  Cape  Nord,  par  la 
Suede,"  'in  1798. 

ACERBO,  Francis,  an  Italian  Jesuit 
and  poet  at  Naples,  in  1666. 

ACH,  Van,  or  ACHEN,  John,  an 
eminent  historical  and  portrait  painter. 
B.  at  Cologne,  1566;  d.  1621. 

AC  ILEUS,  a  Greek  poet  and  satir- 
ist, cotemporary  with  JEschylus.  Yet 
though  he  is  said  to  have  written  forty 
tragedies,  nothing  but  a  few  fragments 
Kt  present  exist. 

ACHARD,  Anthony,  a  learned  di- 
vine, B.  at  Geneva,  1966;  d.  1772.— 
Francis  Charles,  a  distinguished  Prus- 
sian chemist;  known  as  the  first  fabri- 
cator of  beet-root  sugar,  in  1792;  and 
author  of  several  treatises  on  chemistry 
and  agriculture.     D.  1821. 

ACi-IARDS,  Eleazkr,  bishop  of  Avig- 
non, remarkable  for  the  benevolent 
courage  he  displayed  when  the  plague 
raged  in  his  see.     D.  1741. 

ACHENWALL,  Godfrey,  a  lecturer 
on  history  and  jurisprudence,  in  the 
university  of  Gottingen.     D.  1772. 

ACHER,  N.,  a  French  judge  ;  author 
of  an  "Abrege  des  Homines  Illustres 
de  Plutarque,?'  1807. 

ACHERI,  Luc  d',  a  Benedictine 
monk;  author  of"  Lives  of  the  Saints," 
&c.  B.  at  St.  Quintin,  in  Picardy, 
1609;  d.  at  Paris,  1685. 

ACHILLES  TATIUS,  a  native  of 
Alexandria,  who  lived  during  the  3d 
century,  and  in  his  old  age  was  con- 
verted to  Christianity,  and  became  a 
bishop.  He  originally  taught  rhetoric 
in  his  native  city,  and  wrote  a  "  Treatise 
on  the  Sphere;"  a  "History  of  Great 
Men ;"  and  a  romance,  entitled  "  The 
Loves  of  Clitophon  and  Leucippe." 

ACHILLINI,  Alexander,  a  Bolog- 
nese  physician,  known  by  his  publica- 
tions on  anatomy  and  medicine,  D. 
1512. — John  Philotheus,  brother  of  the 
above,  and  author  of  a  eulogistic  poem, 
entitled  "  Viridario."  D.  1538.— Claude, 
n  relation  of  the  above,  distinguished  for 
his  knowledge  of  medicine,  theology, 
and  jurisprudence.  B.  at  Bologna, 
1574;  d.  1640. 

ACHMET  I.,  emperor  of  Turkey,  son 


and  successor  of  Mahor  et  III  B.  1588  ; 
d.  1617. — AchmetII.  succeeded  his  bro- 
ther Solyman  on  the  throne  of  Con- 
stantinople. D.  1695.  —  Aciimet  III., 
son  of  Mahomet  IV.,  was  placed  on  the 
throne  by  the  heads  of  a  faction  which 
had  deposed  his  brother,  Mustapha  II. 
He  was  afterwards  deposed,  and  his 
nephew,  Mahomet  V.,  exalted  to  the 
throne.     D.  in  prison,  1736. 

ACID  ALIUS,  Valens,  a  German  au- 
thor and  critic.     D.  1595. 

ACKERMANN,  Conrad,  a  German 
comedian,  and  founder  of  the  German 
theatre.  D.  1771.— John  Christian  Got- 
lieb,  an  eminent  physician  and  author. 
B.  1756;  d.  1801. — Rudolph,  an  enter- 
prising tradesman,  who  went  to  Eu- 
gland  and  became  a  print-seller,  where 
he  published  the  "  Forget  Me  Not," 
the  first  of  a  peculiar  class  of  annua' 
books.  He  improved  the  lithographic 
art,  published  several  beautiful  editions 
of  histories,  and  was  the  first  person 
who  used  gas-lights  in  London.  B.  at 
Schuceberg,  in  Saxony,  1764;  d.  1834. 

ACKLAND,  a  British  major  in  the 
American  war.  He  was  taken  prisoner 
by  Arnold,  at  Stillwater,  Oct.  7,  1777. 
When  released  he  returned  to  England, 
where  he  was  shot  in  a  duel  by  Lieut. 
Lloyd,  to  whom  he  had  given  the  lie, 
when  Lloyd  charged  the  Americans 
with  cowardice.  Lady  Harriett,  his 
wife,  lost  her  senses  in  consequence. 

ACKMAN,  William,  a  Scotch  por- 
trait painter,  the  first  appreciator  and 
friend  of  the  poet  Thomson. 

ACOLUTIIUS,  Andrew,  author  of 
"  De  Acmis  Amaris."     1).  1704. 

ACOSTA,  Joseph,  a  Jesuit  of  Peru, 
who  wrote  a  good  history  of  the  West 
Indies.     1>.  1600. 

ACQUAVIY A,  Andrew  Matthew,  a 
learned  Neapolitan,  who  published  the 
first  Encyclopaedia.     B.  1456  ;  d.  1528. 

ACRON,  a  Sicilian  physician,  who 
expelled  the  plague  from  Athens,  by 
burning   certain    perfumes,   about  473 

B.  C. 

ACROPOLITA,  George,  a  Byzantine 
historian,  learned  in  mathematics  and 
skilled  in  rhetoric.  B.  1220;  d.  1282.— 
Constantine,  son  of  the  above,  was 
grand  chancellor  of  the  empire. 

ACTON,  Joseph,  a  Frenchman,  who 
entered  the  navy  of  the  Grand  Duke  of 
Tuscany,  and  rescued  4000  Spaniards 
from  the  Barbary  corsairs.  B.  1737  ;  d. 
1808. 

ACTLTARIUS,  a  Greek  physician,  of 
the  13th  century,  who  used  water  and 
mild  cathartics  as  his  principal  remedies. 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


Ada] 


ACITNA,  Christopher,  a  Jesuit  mis- 
sionary, who  wrote  an  account  of  the 
«'  Great  River  of  the  Amazons."  B.  1597. 
— Fernando  de,  a  Spanish  poet.  D. 
at  Grenada,  1680. 

ADAIR,  James,  a  recorder  of  Lon- 
don, member  of  parliament,  and  ehief- 
tastice  at  Chester.  D.  1798. — Another 
James,  was  a  trader  among  the  North 
American  Indians,  in  1775,  who  wrote 
t  book  to  prove  them  descended  from 
the  Jews. 

ADALARD,  or  ADELARD,  a  Ger- 
man divine  and  theological  writer,  the 
grandson  of  Charles  Martel,  and  cousin- 
german  of  Charlemagne.  He  is  most 
distinguished  for  the  foundation  of  a 
distinct  abbey,  called  New  Corbie,  as  a 
seminary  for  the  education  of  mission- 
aries, who  were  to  be  employed  in  the 
conversion  of  the  northern  nations.  B. 
753 ;  d.  827. 

ADALBERT,  archbishop  of  Prague, 
in  the  10th  century.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  founders  of  the  Christian  religion 
in  Hungary ;  and  also  preached  the  gos- 

Eel  in  Prussia,  and  in  Lithuania,  where 
e  was  murdered    by  Sego,   a  pagan 
priest. 

ADAM,  Scotijs,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne.  hi  the  12th  century,  and  author 
of  a  life  of  David  I.  of  Scotland. — Alex- 
ander, a  learned  Scotch  schoolmaster, 
well  known  to  the  literary  and  scholastic 
world  by  his  "  Latin  Lexicon,"  "  Ro- 
man Antiquities,"  <fcc.  B.  1741  ;  d. 
1809. — Lambert  Sigisbert.  an  eminent 
French  sculptor,  many  of  whose  works 
were  executed  for  the  decoration  of  Ver- 
sailles and  St.  Cloud.  B.  1700  ;  d.  1759. 
— Nicholas  Sebastlan,  brother  of  the 
above,  and  eminent  in  the  same  profes- 
sion. He  executed  the  admired  statue 
of  "  Prometheus  Chained."  B.  1705  ;  d. 
1778. — Albert,  a  distinguished  painter 
of  battle-scenes,  bora  at^Nordlingen,  in 
1786,  who  went  to  Russia  with  Eugene 
Beauharnais  in  1812,  and  afterwards 
produced  many  of  the  pictures  in  the 
gallery  of  the  king  of  Bavaria. — Adol- 
phus  Charles,  a  musical  composer  of 
eminence,  author  of  the  "  Postillion  of 
Lonjumeau,"  and  other  operas.  B.  at 
Paris,  1S04. —  Willl^m,  a  lawyer  and 
politician  of  Pitt's  time,  and  one  of  the 
managers  appointed  by  the  commons  to 
tonduct  the  impeachment  of  Warren 
Hastings.  B.  1751 ;  d.  1839.— Mrlchior, 
a  German  divine  and  biographical  au- 
thor of  the  17th  century. — Nicholas,  a 
French  grammarian :  author  of  "  The 
True  Mode  of  acquiring  a  Language 
whether  Living  or  Dead,  by  means  of 


the  French,"  and  other  works  of  con- 
siderable ingenuity.  B.  1716  ;  d.  1792.— 
Robert,  F.R.S.,  and  F.S.A. ;  a  celebra- 
ted architect,  much  employed  upon  the 
public  buildings  and  noblemen  s  man- 
sions of  London.  One  of  his  works,  ex- 
ecuted in  conjunction  with  his  brother, 
is  the  noble  range  of  buildings  called 
the  "  Adelphi,"  the  name  being  the 
Greek  word  for  "  Brothers."  He  at  one 
time  represented  the  county  of  Kinross 
in  parliament.  B.  at  Kirkaldy,  Fifeshire, 
1728  ;  d.  1792. — James,  brother  of  the 
above,  and  his  coadjutor  in  most  of  his 
labors.  D.  1794. — Thomas,  an  English 
divine,  and  for  5S  years  the  rector  of 
Wintringham,  in  Lincolnshire.  B.  at 
Leeds,  1701 :   d.  1784. 

ADAMANTEO,  a  learned  Italian 
mathematician  and  orientalist ;  author 
of  "  Glossas  et  Interpretationes  in  Tal- 
mud Hehraorum."     D.  1581. 

ADAMANTTUS,  a  Greek  physician 
of  the  5th  century;  author  of  a  popular 
work  on  physiognomy. 

ADAMANTS,  abbot  of  Icolmkil,  in 
the  8th  century ;  author  of  a  life  of  St. 
Columba. 

ADAMI,  Leonardo,  an  Italian  schol- 
ar, eminent  for  his  skill  in  the  Greek 
and  Oriental  languages,  and  librarian  to 
Cardinal  Imperiali.  B.  1690,  at  Bolsema, 
in  Tuscany;  d.  1719. 

ADAMS,  John,  the  second  president 
of  the  United  States,  and  one  of  the 
nv>st  able  men  America  has  produced, 
was  born  at  Braintree,  Oct.  19,  1735. 
He  was  descended  from  Henry  Adams, 
one  of  the  original  proprietors  of  the 
town  of  Braintree,  who  fled  from  En- 
gland with  the  Puritans,  in  the  year 
Early  in  life  he  manifested  great 
quickness  of  parts,  and  was  educated 
in  the  best  schools,  and  afterwards  sent 
to  Cambridge  College.  After  he  left 
college,  he  studied  law  with  Col.  James 
Putnam,  at  Worcester,  instructing  pu- 
pils in  the  Latin  and  Greek  languages 
at  the  same  time,  to  defray  the  expense- 
Subsequently  he  entered  the  office  of 
Jeremiah  Gridley.  In  1761  he  was 
admitted  a  harrister-at-law,  and  com- 
menced practice.  The  attempts  of  En- 
gland to  coerce  the  colonies  into  obedi- 
ence, which  had  exasperated  the  colo- 
nials into  most  bitter  indignation  and 
hatred,  were  opposed  by  Mr.  Adams 
from  the  outset,  and  on  all  the  questions 
which  arose  between  the  two  countries, 
he  was  on  the  side  of  the  wronged  and 
oppressed.  Yet  his  was  not  a  mere 
partisan  zeal,  but  the  just  excitement 
of  one  who  thought  and  felt  earnestlj 


8 


CTCLOPiEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ADA 


and  deeply.  "When,  therefore,  the  re- 
sistance of  the  colonists  hroke  out  into 
open  war,  Adams  was  prepared  to  take 
an  intelligent  and  an  active  part  in  their 
defence.  In  1764  he  married  Abigail 
Smith,  second  daughter  of  "William 
Smith,  of  Weymouth,  and  grand-daugh- 
ter of  Col.  Quincy,  of  Wollaston,  a  wo- 
man of  fine  personal  appearance,  good 
education,  noble  powers 'of  mind,  and 
the  most  patriotic  devotion  to  the  colo- 
nies. A  year  afterwards  he  published 
an  Essay  on  Canon  and  Feudal  Law, 
which  was  reprinted  in  England  and 
much  commended.  In  1769  he  was 
appointed  chairman  of  the  committee, 
appointed  by  the  town  of  Boston,  to 
draw  up  instructions  to  its  represents 
atives  to  resist  British  encroachments, 
at  the  very  time  the  town  was  invested 
by  an  armed  force  both  by  sea  and  by 
land.  In  1770  he  was  sent  to  the  legis- 
lature, where  he  took  a  prominent  part 
in  every  important  measure.  In  1774 
I io  was  one  of  the  committee  who  pre- 
pared the  celebrated  resolutions  on  the 
Boston  Port  Bill.  The  same  year  he 
was  elected  to  the  first  continental  con- 
gress, held  in  Philadelphia.  From  the 
outset  he  announced  himself  the  friend 
of  independence,  and  when,  therefore, 
in  177"),  the  first  blood  was  shed  at  Lex- 
ington and  Concord,  he  was  ready  for 
war,  and  suggested  the  name  of  George 
Washington,  as  commander-in-chief. 
In  1776  he  was  appointed,  with  Jeffer- 
son, Franklin,  Sherman,  and  Living- 
ston, on  the  committee  which  reported 
the  immortal  "  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence." In  Nov.  1777,  Mr.  Adams 
was  sent  as  commissioner  to  the  court 
of  Versailles,  but  treaties  of  commerce 
and  alliance  with  France  had  been  sign- 
ed before  he  arrived.  Three  months 
after  his  return  he  was  again  sent 
abroad,  to  negotiate  a  peace  and  a  com- 
mercial treaty  with  Great  Britain.  He 
did  not  succeed  in  the  former  object 
till  Jan.  14th,  1783.  In  1785  he  was 
appointed  the  first  minister  to  England, 
While  in  London,  he  wrote  his  "  De- 
fence of  the  American  Constitution.'' 
After  his  return  he  was  elected  first 
vice-president  of  the  United  States,  and 
re-elected  in  1793.  He  discharged  the 
duties  of  the  office  till  March  4th,  1797, 
when  he  was  chosen  president.  His  ad- 
ministration was  a  vigorous  and  im- 
portant one,  but  not  without  embarrass- 
ments and  opposition.  In  1801  he  was 
defeated  by  Jefferson,  and  retired  to  his 
farm  at  Quincy.  He  was  chosen  to  one 
or  tw"  iceo'isiderable.  posts  afterwards, 


and  died  on  the  4th  of  July,  1826.  His 
last  words  were,  "  It  is  the  glorious  4th 
of  July  ! — God  bless  it — God  bless  you 
all !"  He  was  a  man  of  intrepid  and 
honest  character,  great  industry,  a  high 
order  of  talent,  and  the  most  elevated 
Christian  sentiments. — Samuel,  one  of 
the  foremost  patriots  of  the  American 
revolution,  was  born  at  Boston,  Sept. 
27th,  1722.  He  was  made  a  member  of 
the  legislature  in  1766,  where  he  con- 
tinued till  1774,  when  he  was  chosen  to 
the  first  congress  under  the  confedera- 
tion. He  was  a  signer  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence.  In  1794  he  was 
elected  governor  of  Massachusetts,  and 
held  the  office  three  years.  He  died  in 
1803,  universally  respected  as  a  man  of 
the  most  exalted  patriotism,  and  the 
most  inflexible  integrity. — John  Qufntt, 
son  of  John,  and  the  sixth  president  of 
the  United  States,  was  born  .Lily  11th, 
1767,  at  Quincy.  The  position  *  of  his 
father  gave  him  great  advantages  of 
education,  which  he  diligently  employ- 
ed. He  was  abroad  with  his  rather 
before  1780.  He  studied  law  with  The- 
ophilus  Parsons,  at  Newburyport,  and 
attracted  attention  by  certain  essays  he 
published  in  the  newspaper.  Wash- 
ington appointed  him  minister  to  the 
Netherlands,  in  1794,  and  afterwards 
minister  to  Portugal,  when  his  father, 
who  had  become  president,  transferred 
him  to  Berlin.  In  1802  he  was  elected 
to  the  senate  of  Massachusetts,  and,  in 
1803,  to  the  senate  of  the  United  States. 
In  1806,  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
rhetoric  in  Harvard,  and  delivered  a 
course  of  lectures  on  "The  Art  of 
Speaking  Well,"  which  was,  also,  pub- 
lished in  a  book  form.  In  June,  1809, 
Madison  appointed  him  minister  to 
Russia.  He  was  employed  as  one  of 
the  commissioners  who  negotiated  the 
peace  between  the  United  States  and 
England,  at  Ghent,  in  1814.  Madison 
sent  him  as  minister  to  Great  Britain 
in  1815.  President  Monroe  made  him 
secretary  of  state  in  1817.  In  1825  he 
was  chosen  president  by  the  house  of 
representatives,  no  choice  having  been 
made  by  the  people.  In  1829  he  re- 
tired to  private  life,  but,  in  1831,  was 
chosen  a  representative  to  congress, 
where  he  remained  till  1848,  when  he 
fell  into  a  fit  from  which  he  died  a  few 
hours  after.  "This,"  he  exclaimed  as 
he  fell,  "is  the  last  of  earth."  He 
was  an  eloquent  and  incorruptible  man, 
of  strong  prejudices,  but  independent, 
earnest,  ami  true. — John,  a  poet  and 
preacher,  of  Newport.  B.  L,  who  d.  in 


add] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPOT. 


1740. — Ma  thew,  a  tradesman  of  Bos- 
ton, who  acquired  some  distinction  as 
a  writer  in  the  time  of  Dr.  Franklin. — 
Andrew,  a  chief-justice  of  Connecticut. 
D.  1797. — Sir  Thomas,  an  eminent  citi- 
zen of  London,  of  which  he  was  lord 
mayor  in  16-45.  B.  at  Wem,  in  Shrop- 
shire, 1586;  d.  1667. — William,  an  En- 
glish divine  of  the  18th  century  ;  author 
of  an  answer  to  Hume  on  the  Miracles. 
D.  1789. — Joseph,  an  able  English  phy- 
sician, author  of  a  treatise  on  epilepsy, 
and  numerous  other  medical  works  of 
great  merit.  B.  1758;  d.  1818.— George, 
a  celebrated  maker  of  mathematical  in- 
struments: author  of  "  Micographiae 
Illustrata,  and  other  scientific  works. 
D.  1786. — George,  son  of  the  .above,  and 
of  the  same  profession;  author  of  "  An 
Essay  on  Vision,"  &c.  B.  1750;  d.  1795. 
ADAMSON,  Patrick,  a  Scotch  .arch- 
bishop of  the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth, 
noted  for  his  violent  disputes  with  the 
Presbyters.     B.  1536  ;  d.  1599. 

ADAMUS,  Dorensus,  an  English  ab- 
bot of  the  13th  century,  who  wrote  on 
music. 

ADANSON,  Michael,  an  eminent 
French  naturalist,  who  suffered  much 
during  the  French  Revolution.  B.  at 
Aix,  1727 ;  d.  1806. 

ADDISON,  Launcelot,  an  English 
Divine,  attached  to  the  Stuart  family,  by 
which  he  was  made  dean  of  Lichfield. 
B.  1632;  d.  1703. — Joseph,  one  of  the 
brightest  names  of  English  literature, 
was  b.  May  1st,  1672,  at^  Milston,  Wilt- 
shire, at  which  place  his  father  was  a  rec- 
tor of  the  church.  He  was  graduated  at 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  Feb.  14,  1693, 
where  he  had  already  achieved  consid- 
erable reputation  in  criticism  and  poetry, 
and  particularly  in  Latin  composition. 
In  1695  he  wrote  a  Latin  poem  to  King 
William,  and  in  1697  another  on  the 
peace  of  Eyswick.  Two  years  after- 
ward:! he  obtained  a  pension  of  £300, 
that  he  might  be  enabled  to  travel.  In 
Italy  he  wrote  his  "Dialogue  on  Med- 
als,'' and  also  the  Letter  to  Lord  Hal- 
ifax, which  is  among  the  most  elegant 
of  his  poems.  A  description  of  his 
"Travels,"  written  after  his  return, 
gained  great  popularity.  Lord  Godol- 
phin,  in  1704,  made  liim  under-secre- 
tary  of  state,  and  subsequently,  when 
Wharton  was  made  lord-lieutenant  of 
Ireland,  Addison  accompanied  him,  and 
•was  appointed  keeper  of  the  records 
in  Bermingham's  Tower,  at  a  salary 
of  £300  per  annum.  It  was  while  he 
was  in  Ireland  that  Sir  Richard  Steele 
began  the  publication  of  the  "Tatler." 


The  first  nrmber  of  this  periodical  was 
published  April  12, 1769,  and  Addison's 
first  contribution  appeared  May  26.  To 
the  Tatler,  in  about  two  months,  suc- 
ceeded the  "  Spectator,"  a  series  of  es- 
says of  the  same  kind,  but  written  with 
less  levity,  upon  a  more  regular  plan, 
and  published  daily.  The  year  1713,  in 
which  "  Cato"  came  upon  the  stage>  was 
the  grand  climacteric  of  Addison  s  rep- 
utation. The  whole  nation  was,  at  that 
time,  on  fire  with  faction.  The  Whigs 
applauded  every  line  in  which  liberty 
was  mentioned,  as  a  satire  on  the  To- 
ries ;  and  the  Tories  echoed  every  clap, 
to  show  that  the  satire  was  unfelt. 
Another  daily  paper,  called  the  "  Guar- 
dian," was  published  about  this  time, 
by  Steele,  to  which  Addison  gave  great 
assistance.  The  papers  of  Addison  aro 
marked  in  the  Spectator  by  one  of  the 
letters  in  the  name  of  Clio,  and  in  the 
Guardian  by  a  hand.  It  was  not  known 
that  Addison  had  tried  a  comedy  on  the 
stage,  till  Steele,  after  his  death,  de- 
clared him  the  author  of  "The  Drum- 
mer;" this  play  Steele  carried  to  the 
theatre,  and  afterwards  to  the  press,  and 
sold  the  copy  for  fifty  guineas.  In  the 
midst  of  these  agreeable  employments, 
Mr.  Addison  was  not  an  indifferent 
spectator  of  public  affairs.  He  wrote, 
as  different  exigencies  required,  in  1707, 
"The  present  State  of  the  War,  &c." 
"  The  Whig  Examiner :"  and  the  "  Trial 
of  Count  Tariff,"  all  which  tracts,  being 
on  temporary  topics,  expired  with  the 
subjects  which  gave  them  birth.  When 
the'  house  of  Hanover  took  possession 
of  the  throne,  it  was  reasonable  to  ex- 
pect that  the  zeal  of  Addison  would  be 
suitably  rewarded.  Before  the  arrival 
of  King  George  he  was  made  secretary 
to  the  regency,  and  was  required  by  his 
office  to  send  notice  to  Hanover  that  the 
queen  was  dead,  and  that  the  throne 
was  vacant.  To  do  this  would  not  have 
been  difficult  to  any  man  but  Addi- 
son, who  was  so  overwhelmed  with 
the  greatness  of  the  event,  and  so  dis- 
tracted by  choice  of  expressions,  that 
the  lords,  who  could  not  wait  for  the 
niceties  of  criticism,  called  Mr.  South- 
well, a  clerk  in  the  house,  and  ordered 
him  to  dispatch  the  mesjage.  South- 
well readily  told  what  was  necessary,  in 
the  common  style  of  business,  and  val- 
ued himself  upon  having  done  what  was 
too  hard  for  Addison.  He  was  better 
qualified  for  the  "  Freeholder,"  a  paper 
which  he  published  twice  a  week,  from 
Dec.  23,  1715,  to  the  middle  of  the  next 
year.    This  was  undertaken  in  defence 


10 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ado 


of  the  established  government,  some- 
times with  argument,  sometimes  with 
mirth.  In  argument  he  had  many  equals, 
but  his  humor  was  singular  and  match- 
less. On  the  2d  of  August,  1716,  he  mar- 
ried the  countess  dowager  of  Warwick, 
whom  he  is  said  to  have  first  known  by 
becoming  tutor  to  her  son.  This  mar- 
riage, however,  made  no  addition  to  his 
happiness ;  it  neither  found  them  nor 
made  them  equal.  She  always  remem- 
bered her  own  rank,  and  thought  herself 
entitled  to  treat  with  very  little  ceremo- 
ny, the  tutor  of  her  son.  The  year  after, 
1717,  he  rose  to  his  highest  elevation, 
being  made  secretary  of  state  ;  but  it  is 
universally  confessed  that  he  was  une- 
qual to  the  duties  of  his  place.  In  the 
house  of  commons  he  could  not  speak, 
and  therefore  was  useless  to  the  defence 
of  the  government.  In  the  office  he  could 
not  issue  an  order  without  losing  his 
time  in  quest  of  fine  expressions.  What 
he  trained  in  rank  he  lost  in  credit ;  and, 
finding  himself  unequal  to  the  position, 
he  solicited  a  dismission  with  a  pension 
of  £1500  a  year.  He  subsequently  wrote 
a  Defence  of  the  Christian  Religion,  and 
d.  June  17th.  171?. 

ADELAIDE,  Madame,  mother  of 
Louis  XVI.  of  France;  fled  from  Pai-is 
during  the  Revolution,  and  d.  in  Rus- 
sia, in  1799. 

ADELAIDE,  queen  dowager,  wife  of 
William  IV.  of  England.     D:  1850. 

ADELARD,  a  monk  of  Bath  in  the 
12th  century;  a  man  of  considerable 
learning.  He  travelled  into  Egypt  and 
Arabia,  and  translated  Euclid's  Ele- 
ments out  of  Arabic  into  Latin,  before 
any  Greek  copies  had  been  discovered. 
He"  also  wrote  several  treatises  on  math- 
ematical and  medical  subjects,  which  re- 
main in  MS.  at  Oxford. 

ADELBOLD,  bishop  of  Utrecht,  the 
cathedral  of  which  he  founded.  He 
wrote  the  life  of  his  patron,  the  emperor 
Henry  II.     D.  1027. 

ADELER,  Cuktius,  named  also  Ser- 
visen,  an  eminent  naval  commander.  B. 
in  Norway,  1622.  He  went  to  Venice, 
where  he  was  made  admiral ;  and,  after 
performing  many  gallant  exploits  against 
the  Turks,  retired  to  Constantinople, 
where  he  ended  his  days  in  honor  and 
tranquillity,  being  made  admiral-in- 
chief  of  the  Danish  fleet,  and  created  a 
noble.     He  d.  in  1675. 

ADELHER,  or  ADELGER,  a  scho- 
lastic philosopher  and  theologian  of  the 
12th  century,  who  is  only  remarkable 
for  his  mode  of  conciliating  the  divine 
prescierce  with  free  will.    See  his  "  De 


Libero  Arbitrio."  He  was  a  canon  of 
Liege,  and  then  monk  of  Cluny. 

ADELUNG,  John  Christopher,  a 
German  philologist  of  great  merit; 
chiefly  celebrated  for  his  "  Grammatical 
and  Critical  Dictionary,"  5  vols.  4to. 
B.  1734 ;  d.  1806.— Frederick,  his  neph- 
ew, an  historian  and  linguist;  president 
of  the  Asiatic  Society  at  St.  Petersburg. 
His  writings  were  numerous  and  valu- 
able, relating  chiefly  to  language  and 
arts.    B.  1768. 

ADEMAR,  a  monk  of  the  10th  centu- 
ry, who  wrote  the  chronicles  of  France, 
published  by  Labbe. 

ADER,  William,  a  physician  cf 
Toulouse,  who  wrote  a  book  in  1621, 
entitled,  "  De  .Egrotis  et  Morbis  Evan- 
gelicis ;"  in  which  he  proves  that  the 
diseases  healed  by  our  Saviour  were  in- 
curable by  medicine. 

ADET,"  P.  A.,  envoy  from  France  to 
the  United  States,  in  1796 ;  author  of 
several  chemical  works,  original  and 
translated,  and  of  a  design  for  new 
chemical  characters  and  nomenclature. 

ADHAD-EDDOULAT,  emperor  of 
Persia.  B.  about  935.  In  977  he  became 
master  of  Bagdad,  which  he  adorned 
with  hospitals,  mosques,  and  other  pub- 
lic works.  He  was  also  a  great  encour- 
ager  of  learning.     D.  982. 

ADHELME,  a  learned  prelate  under 
the  Saxon  Heptarchy,  and  nephew  to 
King  Ina.  He  was  the  first  Englishman 
who  wrote  in  Latin,  the  first  who 
brought  poetry  into  Britain,  and  the 
first  bishop  of  Sherborne.     D.  769. 

ADLER,  James  George,  a  learned 
Danish  orientalist,  b.  in  1756;  author 
of  "  Museum  Cuficum,"  some  works  on 
the  Jewish  language,  laws,  and  rites, 
and  several  philological  publications. — 
Philip,  a  German  engraver  of  the  16th 
century,  whose  style  of  etching  appears 
to  have  founded  a  school  which  gave 
rise  to  the  Hopfers  and  Hollar.    D.  1530. 

ADLERFELDT,  Gustavos,  a  Swedish 
historian  in  the  time  of  Charles  XII., 
whom  he  accompanied  throughout  his 
campaigns,  of  which  he  wrote  an  ac- 
count, continued  up  to  the  day  when  a 
cannon-ball  deprived  him  of  life,  at  tho 
battle  of  Pultowa,  in  1709. 

ADLZREITER,  John,  a  German  his- 
torian, and  chancellor  of  Bavaria.  D. 
about  1662. 

ADO,  archbishop  of  Vienne,  distin- 
guished bv  his  piety,  and  as  an  histo- 
rian.    D.  875. 

ADOLFATI,  an  Italian  composer  and 
author  of  several  operas. 

ADOLPHUS,  emperor  of  Germany, 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


aeg] 


was  the  count  of  Nassau,  and  elevated 
to  the  imperial  throne  in  1292. — Adol- 
phus,  count  of  Cleves,  celebrated  by 
the  institution  of  the  Order  of  Fools,  in 
1380,  which  :onsisted  of  the  principal 
noblemen  of  Cleves.— Frederic  II.,  kins 
of  Sweden,  b.  in  1710,  and  succeeded 
his  father,  Frederick,  in  1751.  D.  1771. 
— Jjhn,  a  well-known  barrister  and  his- 
torian of  London,  who  wrote  histories 
of  George  III.,  of  England,  of  the 
French  Revolution,  end  a  memoir  of 
Bannister,  the  comedian. 

ADRETS,  Francis  de  Beacmont,  Ba- 
ron des,  an  Hungarian  leader,  of  a  cruel, 
fiery,  and  enterprising  spirit.  Resent- 
ment to  the  Duke  of  "Guise  led  him  to 
side  with  the  Huguenot  party  in  1562 ; 
and  he  signalized  himself  by  many  able 
and  daring  exploits,  the  skill  and  bra- 
very of  which  were  soiled  with  the  most 
detestable  cruelty.     D.  1587. 

ADRI  A,  John  James,  a  Sicilian  writer, 
and  physician-general  to  Charles  V. 
D.  1560. 

ADRIAM,  Marie,  a  female,  who,  at 
the  age  of  16,  fought  valiantly  during 
the  whole  time  that  her  native  town, 
Lyons,  was  besieged,  in  1793.  After 
the  engagement  she  was  arrested,  and 
being  asked  how  she  had  dared  to  use 
arms,  she  replied,  "  I  used  them  to 
serve  rr.y  country,  and  deliver  it  from 
its  oppressors."  She  was  instantly  con- 
demned and  executed. 

ADRIAN,  or  HADRIAN,  Publius 
JSlius,  the  Roman  emperor.  B.  a.  d.  76. 
He  married  Sabina,  the  heiress  of  Tra- 
jan, whom  he  accompanied  in  his  expe- 
ditions, and  became  successively  prajtor, 
governor  of  Pannonia,  and  consul.  On 
the  death  of  Trajan,  in  117,  he  assumed 
the  government,  made  peace  with  the 
Persians,  and  remitted  the  debts  of  the 
Roman  people.  In  120  he  visited  Gaul, 
and  thence  passed  over  to  Britain,  where 
he  built  ji  wall,  80  miles  in  length,  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Tyne  to  Sol  way  Frith, 
to  secure  the  Roman  provinces  from  the 
incursions  of  the  Caledonians.  He  next 
travelled  into  Africa  and  Asia,  and,  on 
Vn3  return,  was  initiated  into  the  Eleu- 
sinian  mysteries  at  Athens.  In  his 
reign  the  'Christians  suffered  a  dreadful 
persecution  ;  he  built  a  temple  to  Jupi- 
ter on  Mount  Calvary,  and  d.  at  Baite, 
138. — There  are  several  popes  of  that 
name. — Adrian  I.,  a  Roman,  raised  to 
he  papal  chair,  and  was  a  patron  of  arch- 
tecture ;  embellished  St.  Peter's,  rebuilt 
the  walls  of  Rome,  and  restored  the 
ancient  aqueducts.  D.  795. — Adrian 
'I.  succeeded  to  the  pontificate  in  867, 


11 


was  designing  and  ambitious,  and  d 
872. — Adrian  "III.  was  chosen  in  884, 
and  d.  the  next  year.  —  Adrian  IV. 
was  an  Englishman — the  only  one  who 
ever  became  pope — named  Breakspcar ; 
in  his  youth  extremely  poor,  but  in  1146 
made  a  cardinal  by  Eugenius  III.  He 
was  then  sent  as  legate  into  Denmark, 
and  in  1154  chosen  pope.  He  issued  a 
celebrated  bull  in  favor  of  Henry  II. 
of  England,  sanctioning  the  conquest  of 
Ireland,  and  in  1155  excommunicated 
the  king  of  Sicily,  for  ravaging  the  ter- 
ritories'" of  the  church.  When  the  ar- 
mies of  Frederick  entered  Italy,  Adrian 
compelled  him  to  make  peace,  and  after- 
wards crowned  him  king  of  the  Romans. 
D.  1159. — Adrian  V.  was  a  Genoese, 
who  held  the  pontificate  only  a  month, 
in  1276. — Adrian  VI.  was  a  native  of 
Utrecht,  of  mean  parentage,  but  who 
gradually  rose  from  one  ecclesiastical 
office  to 'another,  till  he  was  made  pope 
in  1522.  He  attempted  to  reform  the 
papal  court,  and  opposed  classical  learn- 
ing, but  his  efforts  were  frustrated  by 
the  cardinals.  His  attempts  to  excite 
Zuinglius  and  Erasmus  against  Luther, 
were  also  without  success.  D.  1525. — 
Adrian  de  Costello,  a  Tuscan  of  great 
learning  and  ability,  who  received  the 
bishoprics  of  Hereford,  Bath,  and  Wells 
from  Henry  VII.  He  sold  them  to  Car- 
dinal Wolsey,  and  retired  to  Italy,  where 
he  lived  in  great  splendor  out  of  the 
revenues.  A  prophecy  that  an  Adrian 
should  succeed  Pope  Leo  X.,  betrayed 
him  into  a  conspiracy,  which  being  dis- 
covered, led  to  his  banishment.  What 
became  of  him  was  never  known. 

ADRIANI,  Marcel  Virgil,  a  chan- 
cellor of  Florence,  who  translated  Dios- 
corides  out  of  Greek  into  Latin.  B.  1464 ; 
d.  1521. — John  Baptlst,  secretary  of  the 
republic  of  Florence,  who  wrote  a  his- 
tory of  his  own  times.  B.  1513 ;  d.  1579. 
— Marcel,  his  son,  was  also  the  author 
of  some  works  as  professor  in  the  Acad- 
emy at  Florence.     D.  1604. 

ADRIANO,  a  Carmelite  friar,  who 
was  also  a  painter  in  Spain.     D.  1650. 

ADRICHOMIUS,  Christian,  a  Dutch 
geographer  and  historian.  B.  1533  ;  d. 
1585. 

ADRY,  J.  F.,  a  French  professor  of 
rhetoric,  and  author  of  several  works, 
chieflv  histories.     B.  1749  ;  d.  1818. 

JSDESIA,  a  female  philosopher  of  the 
modern  Platonic  school,  wife  of  Hermias, 
and  mother  of  Ammonius.  She  was 
celebrated  for  her  beauty  and  virtue,  as 
well  as  her  devotion  to  philosophy. 

iEGIDIUS,  Colonna,  a  Roman  monk, 


12 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[aer 


distinguished  as  the  scholastic  preceptor 
to  Philip  III.  of  France.  He  wrote  sev- 
eral able  metaphysical  works,  such  as 
"Tractatu  de  Esse  et  Essentia,"  and 
"  Quodlibeta."  D.  1316.— Peter,  a  law- 
yer of  Antwerp,  educated  by  Erasmus, 
and  the  friend  of  Sir  Thomas  More. 
B.  1436;  d.  1538. 

./EGINETA,  Paulus,  a  medical  author, 
who  first  noticed  the  cathartic  virtues 
of  rhubarb.     D.  630. 

./EGINHARD,  a  German,  secretary  to 
Charlemagne,  who  wrote  the  annals  of 
his  reign  from  741  to  889;  famous,  too, 
for  a  singular  love  adventure  with  the 
princess  Iimna,  daughter  of  Charle- 
magne; who,  carrying  him  across  a 
court-yard  from  her  chamber,  to  pre- 
vent the  traces  of  his  footsteps  in  the 
Bnow,  was  observed  by  the  emperor, 
who  generously  agreed  to  their  union. 

./ELFIMC,  son  of  an  carl  of  Kent,  and 
archbishop  of  <  lanterbury  in  the  middle 
of  the  10th  century,  was  a  luminary  for 
the  age  in  which  he  lived.  He  became 
a  monk  of  the  Benedictine  order  at 
Abingdon,  under  the  abbot  Athelwold, 
who,  on  his  promotion  to  the  see  of 
Winchester,  took  .El  trie  with  him  to  in- 
struct youth  in  his  cathedral.  Here  he 
drew  up  bis  "  Latin  Saxon  Vocabulary," 
which  was  published  at  Oxford  in  1659. 
He  also  translated  from  the  Latin  into 
the  Saxon  language  most  of  the  histori- 
cal books  of  the  ( >ld  Testament,  as  wen 
as  "Canons  for  the  Regulation  of  the 
Clergy,"  which  arc  inserted  in  Spebnan's 
Councils.  lie  subsequently  became  ab- 
bot of  St.  Alban's,  and  composed  a 
liturgy  for  the  service  of  his  abbey, 
which  was  used  in  I. eland's  time.  In 
989,  he  was  created  bishop  of  Wilton: 
and,  in  994,  was  translated  to  the  see  or 
Canterbury.     D.  1005. 

^ELIAN,  Claudius,  an  historian  and 
rhetorician,  was  Lorn  in  Italy,  in  160. 
He  was  surnamed  Honeytongue,  on  ac- 
count of  the  sweetness  of  his  style. 

JSLIANUS,  Meccjus,  a  Greek  phy- 
sician of  the  second  century,  and  the 
master  of  Galen,  who  mentions  him  in 
terms  of  high  praise.  He  was  the  first 
who  made  use  of  the  theriaca  as  a  rem- 
edy and  preservative  against  the  plague. 

jELILS.  Sextus  Poetus  Catus,  a  Ro- 
man lawyer  who  was  made  consul  at  the 
close  of  the  second  Punic  war.  He  pub- 
lished a  collection,  entitled  ''  Novella," 
which  were  called,  after  him,  the  jElian 
aws ;  and  was  author  of  "  Tripartite," 
Uie  oldest  treatise  on  jurisprudence  now 
known. 
wELST,  Everhard  van,  a  Dutch  paint- 


er. B.  at  Delft  in  1602;  d.  1658.  He 
was  famous  for  his  skill  in  painting 
fruit  pieces  and  dead  game. — William, 
his  nephew,  also  distinguished  himself 
as  a  painter.     D.  1679. 

jEMILIANI,  St.  Jerome,  a  Venetian 
nobleman,  who,  being  taken  prisoner  in 
his  youth,  made  a  vow  that,  on  his  re- 
lease, he  would  devote  his  life  to  the 
care  of  orphans.  In  pursuance  of  thiu 
pledge,  he  laid  the  foundation  of  a 
hospital  and  religious  order,  the  object 
of  which  was  to  instruct  young  persons, 
and  particularly  orphan's,  in  religion. 
D.  1537. 

^EMILIUS,  Paulus,  an  illustrious  Ro- 
man general,  the  son  of  Paulus  .Emilius, 
the  consul,  who  fell  at  Cannse,  was  b. 
about  228  b.  c.  He  greatly  enriched  lus 
country  by  the  spoil  taken  in  his  war- 
fare with  Perses,  king  of  Macedon, 
whom  he  took  prisoner  to  Rome,  which 
was  so  great,  that  it  freed  the  Romans 
from  taxes  for  125  years. — Paulus,  an 
Historian  of  great  celebritv,  b.  at  Verona. 
D.  1529. 

.EX HAS.  or  /KNOTS,  an  Irish  abbot 
or  bishop  of  the  8th  century,  who  com- 
piled a  curious  account  of  Irish  saints 
m  five  books,  and  also  wrote  the  history 
of  the  Old  Testament  in  verse.  D.  820.— 
Gazeus,  a  Platonic  philosopher,  who  em- 
braced Christianity  in  the  5th  century, 
and  wrote  a  book  on  the  Immortality  of 
tin-  Soul,  ite. — Tacticcs,  an  ancient 
Greek  writer,  who  flourished  about  360 
b.  c.  He  is  one  of  the  oldest  authors  on 
tin-  mi  of  war. 

.El'INUS,  John,  a  Franciscan  friar, 
who  became  a  zealous  ami  able  follower 
of  Luther,  and  pastor  of  the  church  of 
St.  Peter,  at  Hamburgh.  B.  1499;  d. 
1553. 

.EESENS,  Peter,  called  by  the  Italians 
1  Metro  Longo,  from  his  tallness,  a  cele- 
brated painter,  b.  at  Amsterdam  in  1519. 
He  excelled  very  particularly  in  paint* 
ing  kitchens:  but  an  altar-piece  of  his, 
being  a  crucifix  representing  an  execu- 
tioner breaking  with  an  iron  bar  the  legs 
of  the  thieves,  was  prodigiously  admired. 
This  noble  piece  was  destroyed  by  the 
rabble  in  the  time  of  the  insurrection, 
1566.  He  afterwards  complained  of  this 
to  the  populace  in  terms  of  such  sever- 
ity, that  more  than  once  they  were  going 
to  murder  him.     D.  1585. 

AERTG  EN,  a  painter  of  merit,  B.  at 
Leyden  in  1498.  It  was  a  custom  with 
this  painter  never  to  work  on  Mondays, 
but  to  devote  that  day  with  his  disciples 
to  the  bottle.  He  used  to  stroll  about 
the  streets  in  the  night,  playing  on  tlm 


afrJ 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


13 


German  flute :  and  in  one  of  those  frolics 
was  drowned  in  1564. 

JlSCHIXES,  a  philosopher  of  Athena. 
in  the  4th  century,  b.  c.  He  obtain- 
ed instruction  from  Socrates,  by  whom 
he  was  much  esteemed. — jWhixes,  a 
celebrated  orator,  b.  at  Athens  327  b.  c, 
and  d.  at  Samoa,  aged  75.  He  was  a  co- 
temporary  and  rival  of  Demosthenes. 

jESCHYLUS,  one  of  the  most  famous 
basic  writers  of  Greece,  was  born  at 
Athens  about  500  years  b.  c.  His  mind 
very  early  received  an  impulse  from  the 
poetry  of  Homer;  and,  before  his  25th 
year,  he  composed  pieces  for  public  rep- 
resentation. So  great  was  his  fertility, 
that  he  wrote  70  tragedies,  of  which  25 
gained  the  prize.  He  may  be  called  the 
father  of  the  Grecian  stage,  and  has 
never  been  surpassed,  unless  by  Shak- 
speare.  Julian  relates  that  when  he  was 
once  charged  by  the  Athenians  with 
uttering  blasphemies,  and  condemned 
to  be  stoned  to  death,  they  were  just 
going  to  put  the  sentence  in  execution, 
when  Ananias,  with  a  happy  presence 
of  mind,  throwing  aside  his  cloak, 
showed  his  arm  without  a  hand,  which 
he  had  lost  at  the  battle  of  Salamis  in 
defence  of  his  country.  This  Bight 
made  such  an  impression  on  the  judges. 
that,  touched  with  the  remembrance  or 
his  valor,  and  the  friendship  he  showed 
for  his  brother,  they  pardoned  JSschy- 
lus.  After  having  lived  some  years  at 
Gela,  we  are  told  that  he  died  of  a  frac- 
ture of  his  skull,  caused  by  an  eagle's 
letting  fall  a  tortoise  on  his  head,  in  the 
69th  year  of  his  age. 

JSSOP,  the  Phrygian,  lived  in  the 
time  of  Solon,  about  the  50th  Olympiad, 
under  the  reign  of  Croesus,  the  fast  king 
of  Lydia.  St.  Jerome,  speaking  of  him. 
says,  he  was  unfortunate  in  his  birth, 
condition,  and  death,  hinting  thereby 
at  his  deformity,  servile  state,  and  tra- 
gical end.  His  great  genius,  however, 
enabled  him  to  support  his  misfortunes ; 
and,  in  order  to  alleviate  the  hardships 
of  servitude,  he  composed  those  enter- 
taining and  instructive  fables  which 
have  acquired  him  so  much  reputation; 
and  he  is  generally  supposed  to  have 
been  the  inventor  of  that  kind  of  wri- 
ting. Having  had  several  masters,  for 
he  was  born  a  slave,  JSsop  at  length 
came  under  a  philosopher  named  Xan- 
thus,  and  it  was  in  his  service  that  he 
first  displayed  his  genius  for  fable.  He 
was  afterwards  sold  to  Idmon,  or  Iad- 
mon,  the  philosopher,  who  enfranchised 
him.  After  he  had  recovered  his  lib- 
erty, he  soon  acquired  a  great  reputa- 


tion among  the  Greeks  ;  so  that,  accord- 
ing to  Meziriac,  the  rej  ort  of  his  wisdom 
haying  reached  Croesus,  this  king  sent 
to  inquire  after  him,  and  engaged  him 
in  his  service.  He  travelled  through 
Greece,  according  to  the  same  author; 
but  whether  for  his  own  pleasure,  or 
upon  the  affairs  of  Croesus,  Is  uncertain. 
Passing  by  Athens  soon  after  Pisistra- 
tus  had  usurped  the  sovereign  power, 
and  finding  that  the  Athenians  bore  the 
yoke  very  impatiently,  he  told  them  the 
fable  of  the  frogs  who  petitioned  Jupiter 
for  a  king.  Some  relate,  that  in  order 
to  show  that  the  life  of  man  is  full  of 
miseries,  .Esop  used  to  Bay,  that  when 
Prometheus  took  the  clay  to  form  man 
he  tempered  it  with  tears.  JSsop  was 
put  to  death  at  Delphi.  The  inhabitants 
of  Delphi  contrived  an  accusation  of 
sacrilege  against  him.  and,  pretending 
that  they  had  convicted  him,  threw  him 
headlong  from  a  rock.  They  afterwards 
endeavored  to  make  an  atonement  by 
raising  a  pyramid  to  his  honor. — Clo- 
Dios,  a  celebrated  actor,  who  flourished 
about  the  •'-7>uh  year  of  Pome.  He  and 
Roscius  were  cotemporaries,  and  both 
friends  of  Cicero.  lie  left  a  fortune  of 
£160j000. 

J2TION,  a  Grecian  painter  of  Alex- 
ander's time. 

jETIUS,  a  famous  Roman  general 
under  Valentinian  III.  — Also,  a  phy- 
sician of  Mesoj  otamia,  who  was  the  first 
Christian  physician  whose  writings  have 
come  down  to  us. 

AFER,  Domitus,  a  great  orator,  con- 
sul under  Caligula. 

AFFLITTO,  Matthew,  an  Italian 
lawyer  and  writer  on  law,  who  died  in 
1673. 

AFFRY,  Louis  AuorsTrvE  Piiilip,  a 
Swiss  statesman  and  commauder,  who 
bore  a  prominent  part  from  the  com- 
mencement of  the  trench  revolutkn  till 
his  death,  in  1810. 

AFRANIA,  of  Ferrara,  inventoi  cf 
the  bassoon,  in  the  16th  century. 

AFEAN1US,  a  Latin  dramatist,  who 
flourished  100  b.  c. — A  Roman  senator, 
who  wrote  a  satire  on  Nero,  for  which 
he  was  put  to  death. 

AFBICANUS,  Jm-nrs,  a  Christian 
historian,  of  221. 

AFRICANER,  Christian,  a  Nama- 
qua  chief  of  South  Africa,  who,  after  a 
long  career  of  violence  and  bloodshed, 
was  converted  to  Christianity,  and  con- 
tinued to  aid  the  operations  of  the  mis- 
sionaries at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  till 
his  death  in  1823.  An  interesting  ac- 
count of  his  life  and  adventures  will  be 


14 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[agi 


found  in  Moffat's  "  Missionary  Labors 
and  Scenes  in  Southern  Africa." 

AFZELIUS,  Adam,  the  last  pupil  of 
Linnaeus,  a  linguist  and  botanist  of  the 
university  of  Upsal.     B.  1750;  d.  1836. 

AGAPETUS,  I.,  pope  in  535,  who 
pawned  the  sacred  vessels  to  enable 
him  to  travel  to  Constantinople.  —  The 
second  of  the  name  was  chosen  in  946. 

AGARD,  Arthur,  an  English  anti- 
quarian.    B.  1540;  d.  1615. 

AGA3IAS,  a  sculptor  of  Ephesus, 
celebrated  for  his  admirable  statue  of 
the  Fighting  Gladiator,  which  was 
found,  with  the  Apollo  Belvedere,  at 
Antium.  in  the  beginning  of  the  seven- 
teenth century. 

AGATHA,  St.,  virgin  and  martyr, 
suffered  at  Catana,  Siedy,  251,  is  com- 
memorated 5  Feb. 

AGATHARCUS,  a  Greek  painter, 
mentioned  by  Vitruvius  as  the  first 
painter  of  scenes  for  the  theatre,  flour- 
ished about  B.  c.  480. 

AGATHIAS,  the  Scholastic,  was  an 
advocate  at  Smyrna  in  the  sixth  cen- 
tury. He  wrote  a  continuation  of  Pro- 
copius's  History. 

AGATHO,  St.,  a  Benedictine,  b.  at 
Palermo,  elected  pope  679,  d.  682.  He 
is  commemorated  on  Feb   14. 

AGATHOCLES,  the  Sicilian  tyrant, 
was  b.  in  Rhegium,  in  Italy,  and  became 
successively  a  soldier,  centurion,  gen- 
eral, and  pirate.  After  defeating  the 
Carthaginians,  he  proclaimed  himself 
king  of  all  Sicily.  His  soldiers,  on  ac- 
count of  arrears,  obliged  him  to  fly  from 
his  camp,  and  murdered  his  sons,  whom 
he  bad  left  behind.  Returning  with  a 
strong  force,  he  put  to  death  the  muti- 
neers, with  their  wives  and  children. 
Unable  to  live  in  tranquillity  and  inac- 
tion, though  now  far  advanced  in  years, 
he  made  an  expedition  into  Italy,  and 
thence  to  the  Lipari  Islands,  which  he 
laid  under  contribution,  and  plundered 
of  all  the  treasures  of  the  temples.  Af- 
ter his  return  he  is  said  to  have  been 
poisoned  by  means  of  an  envenomed 
toothpick,  aged  95. 

AGELADAS,  an  admired  Greek 
sculptor,  flourished  about  b.  c.  500. 
Phidias  was  one  of  his  pupils. 

AGELIUS,  Anthony,  a  learned  eccle- 
siastic of  Naples  in  the  16th  centurv.  D, 
1608. 

A  GEL  LI,  Antonio,  an  Italian 
bishop,  was  distinguished  as  a  com- 
mentator on  the  Psalms  and  other  por- 
tions of  the  Scriptures.  B.  at  Sorrento, 
1532;  d.  1608. 

AGELLIO,    Giuseppe,    an  Italian 


painter  of  landscapes,  flourished  in 
Rome  in  the  beginning  of  the  seven- 
teenth century. 

AGELNOTH,  an  Anglo-Saxon  pre- 
late, promoted  to  the  see  of  Canterbury 
in  1020.     D.  1038. 

AGER,  or  AGKRIUS,  Nicholas,  a 
physician  and  botanist  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury, and  professor  of  medicine  at  Stras- 
burgh. 

AGESANDER,  a  sculptor  of  Rhodes, 
celebrated  for  having  executed,  in  con- 
junction with  Polydorus  and  Atheno- 
dorus,  the  remarkable  group  of  Laoooon 
and  his  Sons,  which  was  found  in  the 
baths  of  Titus  in  1506,  and  is  now  in 
the  Vatican.  The  time  when  he  flour- 
ished is  unknown. 

AGESILAUS,  king  of  Sparta,  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  Agis.  He  acquired 
great  renown  by  his  exploits  against  the 
Persians,  and  also  against  the  Thebans 
and  Athenians,  but  was  defeated  by 
Epaminondas.     1).  360  b.  c. 

AGGAS,  Ralph,  a  surveyor  and  en- 
graver of  the  16th  century,  who  first 
drew  a  plan  of  London,  which,  although 
referred  to  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.  and 
Edward  VI.,  appears  not  to  have  been 
made  on  wood  until  about  1560.  It  was 
republished  in  1618,  and  re-engraved  by 
Vertue  in  1748.  D.  1579.  Two  repro- 
ductions of  his  map  of  London  appeared 
in  1865. 

AGIS  III.,  king  of  Sparta,  succeeded 
his  father,  Archidamus,  346  b.  c.  He 
was  a  prince  of  great  magnanimity;  and, 
though  he  detested  the  Macedonian 
domination,  he  would  not  expose  his 
country  to  ruin  by  resisting  it,  until 
Alexander  was  deeply  engaged  in  his 
Persian  expedition;  when  he  raised  an 
army  of  20,000  men,  which  was  defeated 
by  Antipater,  governorof  Macedon,  and 
Agis  himself  slain,  337  b.  c. — Agis  IV., 
king  of  Sparta,  was  the  son  of  Eudami- 
das,  and  celebrated  by  his  virtues  and 
death.  His  first  attempt  was  to  renew 
the  original  law  for  the  equal  division  of 
landed  property,  which  was  opposed  by 
a  party,  at  the  head  of  which  was  his 
colleague,  Leonidas.  The  latter  was 
deposed,  and  the  joint  sovereignty  de- 
volved to  his  son  Cleombrotus,  who 
entered  into  the  views  of  Agis.  Pre- 
viously, however,  to  a  partition  of  the 
lands,  Agesilaus,  uncle  to  Agis,  who  was 
deeply  in  debt,  proposed  the  abolition 
of  all  debts,  which  would  render  the 
former  measure  more  palatable.  This 
deed  accomplished,  the  influential  and 
wily  Spartan  found  means  to  postpone 
the  other   equalizing   operation,    until 


AG  Pi] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    0?    BIOGRAPHY. 


15 


Agis  was  obliged  to  march  on  an  expe- 
dition. During  his  absence,  Agesilaus 
conducted  himself  so  tyrannically,  that 
a  conspiracy  was  formed  to  restore  the 
deposed  king,  Leonidas ;  which  suc- 
ceeding, Agis  and  his  colleague,  Cleom- 
brotus,  took  sanctuary  in  a  temple.  The 
tatter  was  immediately  dragged  forth 
and  banished,  but  Agis  remained  a  con- 
siderable time  in  safety,  until  his  friends 
were  bribed  to  betray  him,  and  he  was 
thrown  into  a  prison.  He  suffered  death 
with  great  magnanimity,  241  b.  c. 

AGLIONBY,  Edward,  an  old  English 
poet,  who  wrote  a  genealogy  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,  for  which  she  granted  him  a 
pennon. — John,  a  learned  divine,  chap- 
lain to  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  was  concerned 
in  the  present  translation  of  the  New 
Testament,  and  d.  at  Ialip,  in  1610.— 
William,  an  English  diplomatist  and 
polite  writer,  of  the  17th  and  18th  cen- 
turies ;  author  of  a  book  entitled  "  Paint- 
ing Illustrated." 

AGNELLUS,  Andrew,  an  abbot  of 
Ravenna,  in  the  9th  century,  often 
confounded  with  a  bishop  of  Ravenna 
of  the  same  name  in  the  6th  century. 
Agnellus  wrote  a  history  of  the  lives  of 
the  prelates  of  Ravenna,  which  is  often 
quoted  by  Jerome  Rubens,  and  is  full 
of  uninteresting  mattei  but  deserved 
Barcasm  upon  the  debauchery  of  the 
monks. 

AGNEST,  Maria  Gaetana,  a  learned 
Italian  lady.  B.  at  Milan,  in  1718.  In 
her  ninth  year  she  spoke  the  Latin  with 
correctness,  and  also  delivered  an  oration 
in  this  language,  in  which  she  maintain- 
ed that  the  study  of  the  ancient languages 
was  proper  for  females.  In  her  eleventh 
year,  she  is  said  to  have  spoken  Greek 
as  fluently  as  her  mother  tongue.  She 
now  proceeded  to  perfect  herself  in  the 
oriental  languages,  so  that  she  was  usu- 
ally called  a  living  polyglot.  She  next 
studied  geometry  and  speculative  phi- 
losophy. Shortly  subsequent  to  her 
twentieth  year  she  devoted  herself  to 
mathematics,  and  composed  a  treatise 
on  conic  sections ;  besides  which,  in  her 
thirtieth  year,  she  published  a  work  on 
the  rudiments  of  analysis,  which  has 
been  considered  as  the  best  introduction 
to  Euler.  This  gained  her  so  much  rep- 
utation, that  she  was  appointed,  in  her 
thirty-second  year,  professor  of  math- 
ematics at  the  university  of  Bologna. 
But  her  deep  study  of  this  abstruse 
science  seems  to  have  cast  a  gloom  over 
her  spirits  ;  and,  secluding  herself  alto- 
gether from  society,  retired  to  the  strict 
order  of  blue  nuns,  and  d.  1799,  in  her 


eighty-first  year. — Maria  Teresa,  sistet 
of  the  above,  was  a  musician  of  much 
genius.  B.  at  Milan,  1750.  She  com- 
posed three  operas,  <(  Sophonisba,'' 
"  Giro,"  and  "  Nitocri." 

AGNOLO,  Baccio  d',  a  Florentin* 
sculptor  and  architect  of  great  reputa- 
tion.    B.  1460;  d.  1543. 

AGOBARD,  archbishop  of  Lyons, 
was  one  of  the  most  celebrated  prelates 
of  the  9th  century.  His  works  worn 
buried  in  obscurity,  until  the  manuscript 
of  them  was  accidentally  found  in  k 
bookseller's  shop  at  Lyons.     D.  840. 

AGOP,  John,  a  learned  Armenian 
critic  and  grammarian  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury. His  works  were  printed  at  Rome, 
1675. 

AGORACRITES,  a  Grecian  statuary 
in  the  5th  century  b.c.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  Phidias,  and  one  of  the  most  skiltul 
artists  of  his  time. 

AGOSTINI,  Lionardo,  an  eminent 
antiquary  of  the  17th  century,  officially 
emploved  by  Pope  Alexander  VII. 

AGOSTINO,  Paul,  of  Valerano,  a 
celebrated  musician.    B.  1593  ;  d.  1629. 

AGOULT,  William  d',  a  Provencal 
poet.     D.  1181. 

AGREDA,  Maria  d',  the  writer  of 
some  wild  legends,  was  b.  at  Agreda,  in 
Spain,  in  1602 ;  took  the  veil,  1620,  in  a 
convent  founded  by  her  father  and 
mother,  dedicated  to  the  "  Immaculate 
Conception,"  of  which  she  was  chosen 
superior,  1627,  and  d.  1665. 

AGRICOLA,  Cneius  Julius,  an  em- 
inent Roman  commander,  b.  a.  d.  40,  in 
the  reign  of  Caligula.  His  first  military 
service  was  under  Suetonius  Paulinus  in 
Britain  ;  and,  on  his  return  to  Rome,  he 
was  made  quaestor  in  Asia,  and  became 
tribune  of  the  people  and  prietor  under 
Nero.  By  Vespasian,  whose  cause  he 
espoused,  he  was  made  a  patrician  and 
governor  of  Aquitania;  the  dignity  of 
consul  followed;  and,  in  the  same  yeai, 
77,  he  married  his  daughter  to  Tacitus, 
the  historian,  who  has  so  admirably 
written  his  life.  Next  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Britain ;  extended 
his  conquests  into  Scotland  ;  and  built  a 
chain  of  forts  from  the  Clyde  to  the 
Frith  of  Forth,  to  prevent  the  incursions 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  North.  He  de- 
feated Galgaeus  on  the  Grampian  Hills, 
and  then  made  peace  with  the  Caledo- 
nians. On  the  accession  of  Doinitian, 
Agricola  had  a  triumph  decreed  him, 
but  he  was  recalled,  and  sent  governor 
to  Syria,  where  he  d.  a.  d.  93  ;  aged  54. 
— George,  the  most  celebrated  metallur- 
gist of  his  *lme.  B.  at  Glauchen,  Misnia, 


16 


CYCLOPEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ago 


In  1494,  and  d.  1555. — George  Andrew, 
a  German  physician,  author  of  a  curious 
work  on  the  multiplication  of  trees  and 
plants.  B.  at  Ratisbon,  1672,  and  d. 
1738. — John,  a  polemical  writer  of  ce- 
lebrity. B.  at  Esleben,  Saxony,  1492, 
and  d.  at  Berlin,  1566.  From  being  the 
friend  and  scholar,  he  became  the  antag- 
onist of  Martin  Luther,  against  whom, 
as  well  as  Melancthon,  he  maintained  a 
spirited  controversy,  advocating  the  doc- 
trine of  faith  in  opposition  to  the  works 
of  the  law,  whence  the  sect,  of  which  he 
bcame  leader,  received  the  name  of 
AiUinomians. — Rodolphus,  one  of  the 
most  learned  men  in  the  15th  century, 
epoken  of  both  by  Erasmus  and  Bayle 
with  great  respect.  B.  in  Friesland,  1442, 
and  d.  1484.  He  was  the  first  who  in- 
troduced the  Greek  language  into  Ger- 
many. 

AGEIPPA,  Camille,  a  celebrated 
architect  of  Milan  in  the  16th  century, 
who,  under  the  pontificate  of  Gregory 
XIII.,  accomplished  the  removal  of  a 
vast  obelisk  to  St.  Peter's  Square. — 
Henry  Cornelius,  was  b.  in  1486,  at 
Cologne,  of  a  noble  family.  He  became 
secretary  to  the  emperor  Maximilian,  by 
whom  he  was  knighted  for  his  bravery 
in  the  Italian  wars.  He  next  travelled 
through  various  parts  of  Europe,  and, 
while  in  England,  wrote  a  commentary 
on  St.  Paul's  Epistles.  In  1518  he  set- 
tled at  Metz,  which  place,  however,  he 
was  obliged  to  quit,  at  the  instigation  of 
the  monks,  and  went  to  Cologne,  and 
thence  to  Geneva.  He  next  travelled  to 
Antwerp,  in  1528,  and  was  taken  into 
the  service  of  Margaret  of  Austria,  gov- 
erness of  the  Low  Countries.  In  1500 
he  published  his  treatise  of  the  "  Vanity 
of  the  Sciences,"  and  soon  afterwards 
his  "  Occult  Philosophy."  In  1535  he 
was  at  Lyons,  where  he  was  imprisoned 
for  defaming  the  king's  mother,  but 
soon  obtained  his  discharge,  and  d.  the 
same  year  at  Grenoble.  AH  his  works 
were  collected  and  printed  at  Lyons, 
1550,  in  3  vols. — I.,  Herod,  grandson  of 
Herod  the  Great.  He  gave  great  offence 
to  Tiberius,  who  threw  him  into  prison  ; 
but,  on  Caligula's  succession,  was  not 
only  released,  but  received  from  that 
emperor  a  golden  chain  equal  in  weight 
to  the  iron  one  he  had  worn  in  his  con- 
finement, as  also  the  kingdom  of  Judea. 
He  commenced  a  persecution  of  the 
Christians,  in  which  the  apostle  St. 
James  perished ;  and  he  is  the  person 
represented  to  have  boen  eaten  by 
worms,  on  account  of  his  impiety  in  ac- 
cepting the  adoration  of  the  people. — 


II.,  Herod,  son  and  successor  of  the 
preceding,  was  the  seventh  and  last  of 
the  Jewish  monarchs  of  the  family  of 
Herod  the  Great.  It  was  before  this 
prince  that  St.  Paul  pleaded  his  causo 
with  so  much  eloquence,  that  Agrippa 
acknowledged  he  had  almost  persuaded 
him  to  be  a  Christian.  He  d.  at  Rome 
about  the  year  94. — Marcus  Vipsanius, 
the  celebrated  friend  and  general  or 
Augustus  Caesar.  D.  12  b.  c— Menenius, 
consul  of  Rome,  503  b.  c.  He  is  cele- 
brated for  having  appeased  a  commotion 
among  the  Romans,  by  the  political  fable 
of  the  belly  and  the  members ;  and  d.  at 
an  advanced  age,  very  poor,  but  uni- 
versally esteemed  for  his  wisdom  and 
integrity. 

AGRIPPINA,  the  elder,  daughter  of 
Marcus  Agrippa,  was  married  in  the  first 
instance  to  Tiberius,  who  divorced  her, 
and  she  became  the  wife  of  Germanicus 
Caesar,  whom  she  accompanied  in  his 
military  expeditions.  On  the  death  of 
the  latter  at  Antioch,  a.  d.  19,  she  return- 
ed to  Rome.  Tiberius,  jealous  of  the 
affection  of  the  people  for  Agrippina, 
banished  her  to  a  small  island,  where 
she  d.  of  hunger,  in  35. — Agrippina,  the 
younger,  daughter  of  the  foregoing,  and 
mother  of  Nero,  was  at  once  cruel  and 
licentious.  After  losing  two  husbands, 
she  married  her  uncle,  the  emperor 
Claudius,  whom  she  poisoned  in  54,  to 
make  way  for  her  son  Nero,  who  caused 
her  to  be  assassinated,  and  exhibited  to 
the  senate  a  list  of  all  the  crimes  of 
which  she  had  been  guilty. 

AGUESSEAU,  Hknry  Francis  d',  the 
descendant  of  a  noble  family  of  Saiu- 
tonge,  was  b.  at  Limoges,  1668,  and  after 
completing  his  education,  which  was 
begun  iinder  the  direction  of  his  father, 
he  cultivated  poetry  with  taste  and  ele- 
gance, and  acquired  the  esteem  and 
friendship  of  men  of  letters,  particularly 
of  Boileau  and  Racine.  In  the  office  of 
advocate-general  of  Paris,  in  1691,  and 
nine  years  after,  of  procurer-general,  he 
displayed  all  the  energies  of  his  nature ; 
he  gave  vigor  and  support  to  the  laws, 
banished  corruption  from  the  tribunals, 
and  distributed  justice  with  an  impartial 
hand.  His  attention  was  particularly 
directed  to  the  management  of  the  hos- 

Eitals ;  and  in  the  enlarged  views  of  a 
enevolent  heart,  he  often  resisted  with 
boldness  and  success  the  intrigues  of 
royal  favorites,  and  even  the  prejudices 
of  Louis  XIV.  After  this  monarch's 
death  he  was  appointed  by  the  Duke  of 
Orleans,  the  regent,  to  succeed  Voitdn 
as  chancellor,  and  by  his  eloquence  and 


aik] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHT. 


17 


firmness  he  opposed  and  rejected  the 
schemes  of  Law,  which  were  afterwards 
too  fatally  adopted,  and  hurled  the  whole 
kingdom  into  ruin  and  despondency. 
The  machinations  of  his  enemies  were, 
however,  too  powerful  against  his  integ- 
rity of  conduct,  and  Aguesseau  was 
twice  obliged  to  resign  the  seals,  and  re- 
tire in  disgrace,  and  twice  again  he  was 
solicited  by  the  regent  to  resume  a  situ- 
ation which  he  adorned  and  dignified. 
His  moderation  and  equity  were  ever 
apparent,  and  in  his  retirement  at 
Fresnes,  where,  as  he  says,  he  passed 
the  fairest  days  of  his  life,  the  chancel- 
lor of  France  was  emp'oyed  in  the  edu- 
cation of  his  children,  in  literary  pursuits, 
and  often  amused  himself  in  digging  the 
ground.  Temperance  and  cheerfulness 
added  to  the  pleasures  of  science,  and 
contributed  to  the  health  of  the  body 
and  vigor  of  the  mind,  and  till  his  ROth 
year  he  enjoyed  a  robust  constitution. 
At  this  advanced  age  infirmities  came 
Upon  him,  he  resigned  the  office  of  chan- 
cellor, and  d.  soon  after,  on  the  9th  of 
February,  1751. 

AGUILLON,  Francis,  an  eminent 
mathematician,  was  a  Jesuit  of  Brussels, 
and  d.  at  Seville,  1617. 

AGUIRRA,  Joseph  Saens  d',  a  Span- 
ish Benedictine,  made  cardinal  by  In- 
nocent XI.  He  wrote  voluminously  on 
theologv,  philosophy,  &c.     D.  1699*. 

AGUJARI,  Lucretia,  a  celebrated 
singer  of  Parma,  who  received  a  sal- 
arv  of  £100  a-night  for  two  songs.  D. 
1783. 

AGYL^EUS,  Henry,  a  lawyer  and 
general  scholar.     B.  1533 ;  d.  1595. 

AHLWART,  Peter,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, son  of  a  shoemaker  at  Greifswald, 
where  he  was  b.  in  1710,  and  d.  1791. 
He  was  the  founder  of -the  Society  of 
Abelites,  the  object  of  which  was  to  pro- 
mote sincerity. 

AHMED-BEN-FARES,  surnamed  El 
Kazi,  an  Arabian  lexicographer  and 
lawyer.     "D.  999. 

AHMED  -  BEN  -  MOH  AM  MED,  or 
ABOU  AMROU,  a  Spanish  Moor,  who 
wrote  poems  in  the  Eastern  style,  and  an 
histoiical  work  on  the  annals  of  Spain. 
D.  in  970. 

AHMED  RESMY  HAJI,  a  Turkish 
historian,  who  was  counsellor  of  the 
Divan,  and  chancellor  to  the  Sultan 
Mustapha  III. 

AHMED  SHAH  EL  ABDALY,  foun- 
der of  the  kingdom  of  Candahar  and 
Canlml.     D.  1773. 

AHRENDT,  or  ARENTS,  Martin 
Frederic,  an  antiquary  and  palseograph- 
2* 


er,  was  a  native  of  Holstein.  He  spent 
forty  years  in  travelling  on  foot  through 
Norway,  Sweden,  Denmark,  France, 
Spain,  Italy,  and  other  parts  of  Europe, 
in  search  of  Scandinavian  antiquities  and 
Runic  monuments,  and  carried  on  an 
extensive  correspondence  with  his  learn- 
ed cotemporaries  relative  to  the  objects 
of  his  investigation.     D.  1824. 

AIDAN,  a  monk,  who  converted  a 
large  portion  of  '.he  northern  part  of 
Britain  to  Christianity.     D.  651. 

AIGNAN,  Stephen,  a  French  writer, 
and  a  member  of  the  Academy.  He  was 
a  zealous  republican,  and  at  the  early 
age  of  19,  in  the  fiercest  time  of  the  rev- 
olution, was  appointed  to  an  official  sit- 
uation in  the  district  of  Orleans.  He 
subsequently  filled  offices  under  Napo- 
leon ;  and  aiso  distinguished  himself  as 
the  author  of  several  dramas  and  poems, 
as  well  as  by  the  translation  of  part  or 
the  works  of  Goldsmith  and  Pope.  B. 
1773 ;  d.  1825. 

AIKIN,  Edmund,  an  architect,  and 
the  author  of  an  account  of  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral.  D.  1820.— John,  M.  D.,  b. 
1747,  at  Kibworth,  Leicestershire,  was 
the  only  son  of  Dr.  T.  Aikin,  a  dissent- 
ing minister  and  schoolmaster.  He 
commenced  his  education  at  home ;  from 
thence  he  went  to  the  dissenters'  acad- 
emy at  Warrington,  and  in  1764  became 
a  student  in  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh ;  settled  in  Chester  as  a  surgeon, 
but  soon  removed  to  Warrington,  whero 
he  remained  until  1784,  in  which  year 
he  proceeded  to  Leyden,  and  graduated 
as  a  physician.  On  his  return  he  went 
to  Yarmouth,  Norfolk,  where,  with  little 
interruption,  he  continued  till  1792, 
when  ne  removed  to  London.  Dr. 
Aikin  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  liter- 
ature, in  which  he  was  eminently  suc- 
cessful. In  1796  he  became  the  editor 
of  the  Monthly  Magazine,  which  he 
superintended  from  its  commencement 
till  1806.  In  1799  he  published,  in  con- 
junction with  Dr.  Enfield,  the  first 
volume  of  a  General  Biographical  Dic- 
tionary, in  4to,  which,  however,  was  not 
completed  till  1815.     D.  1822. 

AIKMAN,  William,  son  of  an  advo- 
cate of  Scotland  of  the  same  name,  was 
b.  1784,  and  brought  up  to  the  profes- 
sion of  his  father.  A  natural  bias  for 
the  arts,  however,  prevailed  upon  the 
son  to  relinquish  the  honors  of  the 
Scotch  bar  for  distinction  in  the  cultiva- 
tion of  painting  ;  and  an  absence  of  five 
years  in  visiting  Italy  and  Constantino- 
ple and  Smyrna,  served  to  improve  and 
adorn  his  mind,  and  enlarge  and  correct 


18 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAt-HT. 


[ala 


hi3  tnste.  As  his  fortune  was  indepen- 
dent he  did  not  court  the  patronage  of 
the  great  by  flattery,  and  to  his  merit 
alone  he  was  indebted  for  the  esteem  of 
John  duke  of  Argyle,  and  of  the  earl 
of  Burlington,  and  for  the  affectionate 
friendship  of  Allan  Ramsay,  Thomson. 
Swift,  Pope,  Arbuthnot,  Gay,  Somer- 
ville,  and  the  other  wits  of  the  age.  His 
genius  was  exerted  in  portrait  painting, 
and  many  ot'  those  who  then  shone  in 
rank  and  fashion  will  receive  more  ce- 
lebrity from  his  pencil  than  from  their 
own  merit.  A  picture  of  the  royal  fam- 
ily of  England,  now  in  possession  of  the 
duke  of  Devonshire,  and  several  por- 
traits of  the  earl  of  Buckingham's  fam- 
ily, were  among  the  last  of  his  pieces. 
1).  1731. 

ATLBY,  Peter  d',  a  cardinal  and 
legate,  chancellor  of  the  university  of 
Paris,  and  president  of  the  famous 
Council  of  Constance,  which  condemned 
John  Huss.     B.  1350;  d.  1419. 

AINSWOETH,  Henry,  a  biblical 
commentator  of  much  learning  and 
acuteness,  who  was  among  the  most 
eminent  of  the  English  non-conformist 
divines  of  his  time.'  D.  1622. — Robert, 
a  grammarian,  whose  Latin  dictionary 
is  well  known.  B.  at  Woodyale,  Lanca- 
shire, 1686;  d.  1743. 

AIRAULT,  Peter,  an  advocate  of 
Paris,  b.  at  Angers,  where  he  also  d., 
1601,  July  21st,  in  his  6oth  year.  As  a 
magistrate  he  behaved  with  firmness 
and  integrity,  and  was  deservedly  called 
the  rock  of  the  accused.  He  left  ten 
children,  the  eldest  of  whom,  Rene,  was 
intrusted  to  the  Jesuits  for  his  educa- 
tion, and  induced  to  enter  into  the  order, 
from  which  he  never  could  extricate 
himself,  though  his  father  procured  the 
interest  of  the  king  of  France  and  of  the 
pope.  Rene  d.  at  la  Fleehe,  1664,  in  his 
77th  year.  His  father  wrote  some 
treatises,  especially  on  the  power  of 
fathers,  (fee. 

A1TON,  William,  a  botanist  of  Lan- 
arkshire, and  head-gardener  to  George 
III.  at  Kew.  He  formed  the  best  col- 
lection of  exotics  then  known,  and  pub- 
lished a  catalogue  of  them.     D.  1793. 

ATTKEN,  Robert,  a  printer,  who  was 
imprisoned  by  the  British  during  the 
American  revolution,  for  his  attachment 
to  liberty.  He  published  a  magazine,  an 
edition  of  the  Bible,  and  the  Am.  Phil. 
Trans.    T».  1802. 

AITZEMA,  Leo,  of  Friesland,  wrote 
a  history  of  the  United  Provinces.    B 
1600;  d.  1669. 
AKALIA,  Martin,  physician  to  nenry 


TIL,  and  author  of  several  medical  books. 
B.  1479  ;  d.  1588. 

AKBAH,  a  celebrated  Saracen,  who 
conquered  the  whole  of  Africa. 

AKBER.  Mohammed,  a  descendant  of 
Tamerlane,  and  sultan  of  the  Moguls, 
who  ascended  the  throne  when  he  was 
only  14,  and  became  distinguished  as  a 
great  conqueror,  but  a  wise  and  clement 
monarch. 

AKENSIDE,  Mark,  a  physician  of 
note,  but  more  distinguished  as  a  poet. 
He  was  b.  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  in 
1721,  and  educated  at  Edinburgh  and 
Leyden.  When  only  23  years  of  age  ho 
wrote  a  poem  on  the  "  Pleasures  of 
Imagination,"  which  gave  him  a  poetical 
fame  which  has  lasted  to  the  present  day. 
lie  also  wrote  several  odes,  a  satire,  and 
some  medical  books,  all  of  more  or  less 
merit.     D.  1770. 

AKERLAD,  John  David,  a  Swede, 
distinguished  as  an  orientalist  and  anti- 
quary."   D.  1819. 

AKIBA,  a  Jewish  rabbi,  of  literary 
taste,  who  joined  Barcochebas,  a  pre- 
tended Messiah,  and  was  flayed  alive, 
at  the  age  of  120,  by  the  emperor  Ha- 
drian. 

ALABASTER,  William,  an  English 
divine,  author  of  a  Latin  tragedy  called 
Roxana,  and  a  pentaglot  dictionary.  D. 
1640. 

ALAIN,  Chartier,  author  of  the 
"  Chronicles  of  Charles  VII.,"  and  other 
French  works,  in  the  14th  century. — 
De  Lisle,  surnamed  the  Universal  Doc- 
tor, because  of  his  learning.     D.  1294. 

ALAMANNI,  Louis,  a  Florentine 
poet  and  statesman,  distinguished  foi 
liis  love  of  philosophy  and  Greek  lite- 
rature. B.  1496;  d.  1556.  Two  others 
of  the  same  name  are  known  in  the  lit- 
erary world. 

ALAN,  William,  sometimes  called 
Alleyn,  an  eminent  Catholic  divine.  B. 
in  1580.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
but  changed  his  religion,  and  became 
archbishop  of  Mechlin  and  a  cardinal. 
It  was  at  his  suggestion  that  Philip  II. 
undertook  the  invasion  of  England.  He 
was  supposed  to  have  been  poisoned  in 
1594. 

ALAND,  Sir  John  Fortescite,  (Lord 
Fortescne,)  a  baron  of  the  exchequer, 
and  a  puisne  judge  of  the  courts  of 
King's  Bench  and  Common  Pleas,  in  the 
reigns  of  George  T.  and  II.,  was  descend- 
ed from  the  famous  Sir  John  Fortescne  : 
was  b.  in  1670 ;  was  an  able  lawyer,  and 
well  versed  in  Saxon  literature;  lived  in 
habits  of  intimacy  with  Pope,  and  the 
ether  wits  of  the  day;  and  wrote  the 


albJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


19 


legal   burlesque    of  "Straclling   versus 
Styles." 

ALARD,  Francis,  a  native  of  Brus- 
sels, was  bred  in  the  Koman  church ; 
but,  meeting  with  the  works  of  Luther, 
he  turned  Protestant,  and  escaped  to 
Wittemberg.  After  some  time  he  re- 
turned to  Brussels,  and  d.  in  1578. — 
William,  son  of  the  above,  became  rec- 
tor of  the  college  of  Krempen.  D.  1644. 
— Lambert,  son  of  the  last  named,  com- 
piled a  Greek  Lexicon,  wrote  some  the- 
ological works  and  Latin  poems,  and 
was  inspector  of  the  pub  ic  schools  of 
Brunswick.     D.  1672. 

ALARIC  L,  king  of  the  Visigoths, 
and  conqueror  of  Rome,  was  descended 
from  a  noble  family,  and  for  some  years 
served  in  the  imperial  armies  ;  but,  be- 
ing refused  preferment,  he  revolted 
against  Arcadius,  and  desolated  many 
of  the  provinces,  sparing  neither  age  nor 
sex.  In  the  year  400,  being  then  the 
acknowledged  sovereign  of  the  Visi- 
goths, he  invaded  Italy,  and  carried  off 
immense  plunder.  In  402,  he  made  a 
second  irruption,  but  was  defeated  by 
Stilicho,  ana  compelled  to  sue  for  peace. 
After  this,  he  was  employed  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  emperor  Ilonorius,  but  soon 
violated  his  engagements,  and  again 
entered  the  Roman  territory,  and  laid 
siege  to  the  capital.  His  terms  were 
complied  with,  and  he  retired  into  Tus- 
cany ;  but,  being  joined  by  his  brother, 
Ataulphus,  he  returned  again  to  Rome, 
which  he  sacked  in  410.  After  ravaging 
Italy,  he  sailed  for  Sicily,  where,  after 
taking  the  city  of  Cosenza,  he  d.  410. — 
Alario  II.,  king  of  the  Visigoths,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Euric  in  484,  and 
reigned  over  all  the  country  between  the 
Rhone  and  the  Garonne.  He  adapted 
to  his  states  the  Theodosian  collection 
of  laws,  and  published  it  as  the  law  of 
the  Visigoths,  since  known  by  the  title 
of  the  code  of  Alaric.  He  was  slain  in 
a  battle  by  Clovis,  king  of  the  Franks, 
507. 

ALASCO,  John,  uncle  to  Sigismund, 
king  of  Poland,  was  in  great  esteem  with 
most  of  the  learned  men  of  his  day,  and 
enjoyed  the  friendship  of  many  of  them, 
particularly  Erasmus  and  Zuinglius, 
through  whom  lie  became  a  convert  to 
the  Protestant  faith  ;  to  which  he  was  so 
zealoUri'iV  devoted  as  to  obtain  the  title 
of  the  Reformer  of  Poland.  B.  1499  ;  d. 
at  Frankfort,  1560. 

ALBAN,  St.,  celebrated  as  the  first 
Christian  martyr  in  Great  Britain,  was 
b.  at  Verulam,  near  St.  Alban's,  Hert- 
fordshire, in  the  8d  century.     D.  303. 


ALBANEZE,  an  Italian  musician  of 
great  repute.     1).  1800. 

ALBANI,  Alexander,  a  cardinal  and 
virtuoso.  In  1762,  his  collection  of 
drawings  and  engravings,  consisting  of 
300  volumes,  was  purchased  by  George 
III.  for  14,000  crowns.  B.  1692  ;  d.  1779. 
— John  Francis,  nephew  of  the  above, 
in  1747  was  made  a  cardinal,  which  was 
followed  by  numerous  preferments.  He 
opposed  the  suppression  of  the  Jesuits. 
lie  imitated  his  uncle  in  his  encourage- 
ment of  letters ;  but  the  French,  when 
they  entered  Rome,  confiscated  his  es- 
tates, and  his  valuable  collection  was 
sent  off  to  Paris.  B.  1720  ;  d.  1802.— 
Louisa  Maria  Caroline,  countess  of, 
married  Charles  Stuart,  "  the  Pretend- 
er." She  was  cousin  of  the  last  reigning 
prince  of  Stolberg-Gedern  ;  married  in 
1772,  when  she  took  the  title  of  countess 
of  Albani ;  but  to  escape  from  the  bar- 
barity of  her  husband,  who  lived  in  a 
continual  state  of  intoxication,  she  re- 
tired in  1780  to  a  cloister.  B.  1752  ;  d. 
1824. — -John  Jerome,  a  civilian  and  the- 
ological writer,  b.  at  Bergamo  in  1504, 
arrived  at  the  dignity  of  a  cardinal  in 
1570,  and  d.  in  1591. 

ALBANO,  Francisco,  a  celebrated 
painter.  B.  at  Bologna,  1578,  and  d.  1660. 
Albano  excelled  in  delineating  feminine 
and  infantine  beauty ;  and  his  pictures 
are  exceedingly  valuable.  —  Giovanni 
Baptlsta,  younger  brother  of  the  above: 
was  also  a  painter,  and  chiefly  excelled 
in  landscape. 

ALBATEGNI,  an  Arabian  chieftain 
and  astronomer.  He  lived  in  the  9th 
century,  and  wrote  a  work  entitled  "The 
Science  of  the  Stars." 

ALBERGATI,  Capacelli,  a  Bolog- 
nese  marquis,  dramatic  writer  and  ac- 
tor, and  called  the  Garrick  of  Italy. 
D.  1802. 

ALB  ERIC,  a  monkish  historian  of  the 
13th  century,  who  compiled  a  Chronicb 
of  Universal  History  up  to  1241. 

ALBERONI,  Giulio,  a  cardinal,  and 
minister  of  the  king  of  Spain,  was  the 
son  of  a  gardener  ;  but  being  possessed 
of  uncommon  talents,  and  with  a  dispo- 
sition suited  to  the  intriguing  policy  of 
the  court,  he  obtained  patronage,  and 
rapidly  reached  the  highest  office  in  the 
state.  By  his  ability  and  activity  he 
created  a  naval  force,  reorganized  the 
army,  and  rendered  Spain  more  power- 
ful than  it  had  been  since  the  time  of 
Philip  II. ;  but  he  was  eventually  foi'  jd 
by  the  combined  efforts  of  Englf-  J  and 
France,  who  made  his  dismissal  from 
the  councils  of  the  Spanish  monarch  the 


20 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[alb 


chief  condition  of  peace.    B.  1664;  d. 
1752. 

ALBERT,  Erasmus,  a  learned  Ger- 
man divine  of  the  16th  century,  who 
composed  a  Latin  work  called  "  The 
Koran  of  the  Cordeliers."  D.  1551. — 
Albert  of  Aix,  or  Alburtus  Aquensis,  a 
canon  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  in  the  12th 
century.  He  wrote  in  Latin  what  is 
esteemed  an  accurate  "  History  of  the 
Expedition  to  Jerusalem,  under  Godfrey 
of  Bulloyn,  and  other  Leaders,"  re- 
printed in  1662. — Louis  Joseph  d',  son 
of  Louis  Charles,  duke  de  Luynes.  B. 
in  1672,  and  d.  1758.  He  distinguished 
himself  in  several  battles,  for  which 
he  was  appointed  field-marshal  by  the 
emperor  Charles  VII  ,  who  sent  him 
ambassador  to  France,  and  created  him 
prince  of  Grimberghen. — Albert,  of 
Stade,  a  monk  of  the  13th  century,  who 
wrote  a  "  Chronicle  from  the  Creation  to 
1256." — Albert,  of  Strasburg,  the  com- 
piler of  a  "  Chronicle  from  1273  to  1378." 
— Henry  Christl\n,  a  professor  of  the 
English  language  at  the  university  of 
Hale,  Germany.  D.  in  1800.— Albert  I., 
emperor  and  duke  of  Austria,  surnamed 
the  Triumphant,  was  son  of  the  emperor 
Eodolph  of  Hapsburg,  and  a  competitor 
for  the  imperial  crown  with  Adolphus 
of  Nassau,  whom  he  defeated  and  kihed 
in  battle.  B.  1248  ;  d.  by  assassination, 
1308. — Albert  II.,  emperor  and  duke 
of  Austria,  was  son  of  Albert  the  fourth 
duke  of  Austria,  and  succeeded  to  the 
kingdom  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia  on 
the  death  of  Sigismund,  whose  daugh- 
ter he  had  married.  D.  1429. — Albert, 
archduke  of  Austria,  son  of  Maximilian 
II.,  was  b.  1559.  He  was  at  first  des- 
tined for  the  church,  and,  when  very 
yountj,  was  created  cardinal  and  arch- 
bishop of  Toledo.  In  1598,  Philip  II. 
of  Spain  contracted  his  daughter  Isabel- 
la to  Albert,  who  thereupon  renounced 
his  cardinalate  and  ecclesiastical  charac- 
ter. The  Netherlands,  and  the  prov- 
inces of  Burgundy  and  Charleroi,  were 
her  portion,  and  they  were  henceforth 
considered  as  joint  sovereigns  of  those 
countries.  D.  1621.— Jane  d',  daugh- 
ter of  Margaret,  queen  of  Navarre,  and 
the  mother" of  Henry  IV.  of  France.  D. 
1572. — Albert,  king  of  Sweden,  was 
elected  to  the  throne  on  the  deposition 
of  Maarnns  II.  in  1363.  The  latter,  sup- 
ported by  Denmark  and  Norway,  en- 
deavored to  recover  his  crown,  but  was 
defeated  by  Albert,  and  taken  prisoner. 
The  nobles,  however,  became  dissatisfied 
with  his  rule,  and  applied  for  aid  to 
Margaret,  queen  of  Denmark  and  Nor- 


way, by  whom  he  was  defeated  in  a 
bloody  battle,  taken  prisoner,  and  con- 
fined for  seven  years.  He  was  at  length 
liberated  on  condition  of  surrendering 
Stockholm  to  Margaret ;  and  he  passed 
the  remainder  of  his  days  at  Mecklen- 
burg, where  he  d.  in  1412. — Albert, 
marquis  of  Brandenburg-Culmbach,  sur- 
named the  German  Alcibiades,  b.  in 
1522,  was  a  principal  actor  in  the  trout  les 
of  Germany  during  the  reign  of  Chailes 
V.,  against  whom  he  made  war.  D.  in 
indigence  and  exile,  1558. — Charles  d', 
duke  of  Luynes.  B.  in  1578.  Henry 
IV.,  of  France,  who  was  his  god-father, 
placed  him  as  a  paa:e  about  his  son, 
afterwards  Louis  XIII.,  over  whom,  by 
his  artful  manner,  he  gained  such  an 
ascendency  that  he  obtained  the  highest 
honors  in  the  state,  and  was  made  con- 
stable of  France  ;  but  his  ambition  and 
tyranny  rendered  him  odious  to  the 
people.     D.  1621. 

ALBERTET,  a  mathematician  and 
poet  of  Provence  in  the  13th  century. 

ALBERTI,  Aristotile,  a  mechanic  of 
Bologna  in  the  15th  century.  It  is  said 
he  removed  entire  the  tower  of  St.  Mary 
del  Tempis  35  paces,  and,  at  Cento,  set 
upright  another  which  was  five  feet  out 
ot  its  perpendicular. — Cherubino,  a 
famous  Florentine  painter.  B.  1552  ;  d. 
1615. — Giovanni,  brother  of  the  above, 
was  also  an  eminent  painter  at  Rome, 
and  greatly  admired  for  the  excellence 
of  his  perspective. — Dominico,  a  Ve- 
netian composer  and  harpsichord  player 
of  eminence  in  the  last  century. — George 
William,  a  learned  German  divine.  B. 
1725  ;  d.  1758. — John,  a  German  lawyer, 
who  abridged  the  Koran,  with  notes, 
and  also  published,  in  1556,  the  New 
Testament  inSyriac.  D.  1559. — Leander, 
a  Bolognese  monk,  author  of  a  history 
of  his  native  city,  and  one  of  Italy.  D. 
1552. — Leoni  Baptista,  an  eminent  arch- 
itect, painter,  sculptor,  and  scholar.  B. 
at  Venice  in  the  beginning  of  the  15th 
century.  At  the  age  of  20  he  composed 
a  Latin  comedy,  entitled  "Philodoxius," 
which  many  learned  men  believed  at 
first  was  the  work  of  the  ancient  poet, 
Lepidus ;  and,  as  such,  it  was  printed 
by  the  younger  Aldus.  The  invention 
of  the  camera  obscura  has  b/en  attrib- 
uted to  him.     D.  1485. 

ALBERTI  di  VILLANOVA,  Francis 
d',  an  eminent  Italian  lexicographer.  B. 
1737;  d.  1803. 

ALBERTINI,  Francis,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  Florence,  and  an  able  antiquary,  in 
the  beginning  of  the  16th  century ; 
author  of  several  valuable  works. — Paul, 


alb] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


21 


a  Venetian  priest  and  author,  who  was 
intrusted  with  an  embassy  to  Turkey. 
His  preaching  and  his  writing's,  chierfy 
on  theology,  were  so  much  valued,  that 
at  his  death  a  medal  was  struck  to  his 
memory.     B.  1430  ;  d.  1475. 

ALBERTUS,  Magnus,  a  Dominican, 
and  one  of  the  most  celebrated  school- 
men of  the  13th  century,  was  b.  at 
Lauingen,  Suabia.  He  was  successively 
vicar-general  and  provincial  of  his  or- 
der ;  and  his  celebrity  as  a  public  pre- 
ceptor attracted  the  attention  of  Pope 
Alexander  IV.,  who  appointed  him  mas- 
ter of  the  holy  palace.  In  1260,  he  was 
elected  bishop  of  Ratisbon,  but  after- 
wards resigned  this  dignity,  and  went  to 
Cologne,  where  he  d.,  in  1280.  His 
works,  which  were  voluminous,  and  on 
various  subjects,  were  published  at 
Lyons,  1051. 

ALBICUS,  archbishop  of  Prague, 
whose  encouragement  of  John  Huss 
caused  him  to  be  much  abused  by  the 
opponents  of  that  reformer. 

ALBINOVANUS,  C.  Pedo,  a  Latin 
poet  of  the  time  of  Augustus.  He  was 
the  friend  of  Ovid,  and  author  of  several 
poems.  &c. 

ALBINLTS,  a  Eoman,  consul  in  the 
year  157  b.  c.  ;  and  author  of  a  history 
of  Rome,  written  in  Greek,  which  is 
commended  by  Cicero. — Bernard  Sieg- 
fred,  one  of  the  ablest  anatomists  of 
modern  times,  was  b.  at  Frankfort  in 
1696.  He  was  a  pupil  of  the  celebrated 
Boerhaave,  and  became  a  professor  of 
anatomy  in  the  university  of  Leyden. 
D.  1770. — Christian  Bernard,  brother 
of  the  above,  professor  of  anatomy  at 
Utrecht,  and  author  of  two  valuable 
works  on  that  science.     D.  1778. 

ALBO,  Joseph,  a  learned  Spanish 
rabbi,  who  assisted,  in  141  '2,  at  a  con- 
ference between  the  Christians  and 
Jews,  and  wrote  a  book,  called  "  Sepher 
Hikkarim,"  against  the  gospels. 

ALBO IX,  king  of  the  Lombards  in 
the  6th  century.  He  succeeded  his  father, 
Audoiu,  in  1561  ;  conquered  and  slew 
Cunimim  1,  king  of  the  Gepidae,  whose 
daughter,  Rosamond,  he  afterwards 
married.  He  subjugated  great  part  of 
Italy  ;  but  having  incurred  the  just  re- 
sentment of  his  wife,  by  sending  her 
wine  in  a  cup,  wrought  from  the  skull  of 
her  own  father,  and  forcing  her  to  drink 
from  it,  she  had  him  assassinated,  a.  d. 
574. 

ALBON,  Jaques  d',  Marquis  de  Fron- 
eac,  and  Marcsehal  de  St.  Andre,  a 
French  general,  who  acquired  great  rep- 
utation about  the  middle  of  the  16th 


century.  Quesnoy,  St.  Quentin,  Renti, 
&c.  were  the  chief  scenes  of  his  exploits. 
At  the  death  of  Henry  II.  he  was  chosen 
one  of  the  regency  ;  and  fell  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Dreux,  1562. 

ALBREOHTSBERGER,  a  German 
musician,  and  one  of  the  most  learned  of 
modern  contrapuntists,  was  b.  at  Kloster 
Neubar,  in  1736  ;  became  court  organist 
and  a  member  of  the  academy  at  Vienna, 
and  was  the  instructor  of  Beethoven.  D. 
1S03. 

ALBRET,  Charlotte  d',  sister  of  John 
d'Albret,  king  of  Navarre,  and  wife  of 
Caesar  Borgia.  She  was  a  poetess  of  no 
mean  powers,  and  as  remarkable  for  vir- 
tue as  her  husband  was  for  vice.  D. 
1514. — Charles  d',  constable  of  Franco 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  VI.,  to  whom  he 
was  related  by  blood.  He  commanded 
the  French  army  at  the  famous  battle  of 
Aginconrt,  in  which  he  lost  his  life, 
1514. — Jeanne  d',  daughter  of  Margaret, 
queen  of  Navarre,  and  mother  of  Henry 
of  Navarre,  afterwards  Henry  IV.,  of 
France.     D.  in  1572. 

ALBUQUERQUE,  Matthias  d',  a 
Portuguese  general,  who  was  sent  to 
Brazil  in  1628,  and  successfully  defend- 
ed the  province  of  Pernambuco  against 
the  Dutch.  He  was  made  commander 
of  the  army  in  1643,  when  he  gained  the 
decisive  victory  of  Campo  Major,  and 
was  created  a  grandee  of  Portugal. — ■ 
Coelho,  Edward  d',  a  Portuguese  noble- 
ni  in,  in  the  17th  century,  who  fought 
with  great  bravery  against f  ■  .e  Dutch  in 
the  Brazilian  war,  of  which  he  wrote  a 
history.  D.  1688. — Alfonso,  a  native 
of  Lisbon,  wnose  great  genius  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  Portuguese  power  in 
India.  He  was  sent  by  Emmanuel,  king 
of  Portugal,  in  1503,  with  his  brother 
Francis,  to  form  an  establishment  in  the 
East ;  and  by  his  spirited  bravery,  ho 
supported  his  allies,  and  maintained  the 
superiority  of  his  nation.  He  gained 
large  possessions  on  the  coast  of  Cochin, 
which  was  secured  by  strong  and  im- 
pregnable fortifications.  His  return  to 
Europe  was  attended  by  the  death  of  his 
brother,  who  perished  in  the  voyage ; 
but  private  sorrow  gave  way  before  pub- 
lic concerns,  and  Albuquerque,  in  1508, 
invested  with  new  power  by  his  sover- 
eign, sailed  back  to  India.  In  his  way 
he  plundered  the  coast  of  Arabia ;  with 
unparalleled  boldness,  having  a  corps  of 
only  470  men,  be  undertook  the  siege  of 
Ormuz,  an  island  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Persian  gulf,  subject  to  a  king  of  its  own, 
and  defended  by  numerous  forces  ;  and 
after  some  months1  obstinate  resistance, 


22 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[alc 


the  place  submitted  to  the  conqueror, 
and  the  king  in  despair  became  tributary 
to  Portugal.  His  arms  were  now  direct- 
ed against  Goa,  which  he  subdued  ;  and 
his  power  was  extended  over  the  whole 
coast  of  Malabar.  Afterwards  he  sailed 
towards  the  cast,  and  made  the  islands 
of  Sumatra,  Malacca,  and  the  neighbor- 
ing cities  tributary  to  the  Portuguese 
government.  On  his  return  to  Goa  he 
meditated  fresh  conquests,  when  he  sud- 
denly fell  sick,  and  d.  1515,  in  his  63d 
year. 

ALBUTIUS,  Caius  Silus,  an  eloquent 
orator  in  Kome,  in  the  age  of  Augustus. 
He  starved  himself  to  death  because  of 
an  insult  which  had  been  inflicted  upon 
him. 

ALCAMENES,  a  disciple  of  Phidias, 
who  afterwards  became  a  rival. 

ALC^EUS,  an  ancient  lyric  poet  of 
renown,  who  flourished  at  Mvtelene 
about  600  years  before  Christ.     Horace 

fives  him  a  high  position.  He  lived  at 
iesboe,  and  was  a  lover  of  Sappho. — 
There  was  also  an  Athenian  poet  of  the 
flame  name. 

ALCIATI,  Andrew,  a  lawyer  of  emi- 
nence at  Milan,  who  d.  1550. — Francis, 
nephew  of  Andrew,  also  an  eminent 
lawyer,  whom  Pope  Pius  VI.  made  a 
cardinal. — Terence,  a  Jesuit,  who  aided 
Cardinal  Pallavieino  in  writing  the  his- 
tory of  the  Council  of  Trent. 

ALCIBIADES,  a  famous  Greek,  sou 
of  Clincas  anil  Diuomache,  who  lost  his 
father  in  the  battle  of  Chaeronea,  and 
was  educated  by  Pericles,  his  grand- 
father by  the  mother's  side.  He  early 
excelled,  both  in  mental  and  bodily  ex- 
ercises, while  his  beauty,  his  birth,  and 
the  favor  of  Pericles,  gained  him  position 
and  popularity.  He  became  a  friend  of 
Socrates,  who'  instructed  him  in  knowl- 
edge and  virtue.  But  so  long  as  Cleon 
lived  he  was  luxurious  and  prodigal,  and 
it  was  only  after  the  death  of  that  dem- 
agogue that  he  began  to  take  part  in 
public  affairs.  He  commanded  the 
Athenian  fleets  which  devastated  the 
Peloponnesus,  and  was  afterwards  sent 
on  the  expedition  against  Sicily,  but  du- 
ring the  preparations,  all  the  statues  of 
Hermes  having  been  broken  one  night, 
he  was  accused  of  the  impiety,  recalled, 
and  condemned  to  death.  He  did  not 
return  to  Alliens,  but  went  to  Sparta, 
where  he  excited  the  Lacedemonians  to 
ally  themselves  with  the  Persian  kins; 
against  his  native  country,  then  engaged 
frith  Chios.  He  next  passed  into  Asia 
Minor  and  roused  all  Ionia  against 
A-thens.    After  being  reconciled  to  his 


countrymen,  he  made  war  upon  tho 
Lacedemonians  and  the  Persians,  and 
was  successful  both  by  sea  and  land.  At 
the  instance  of  Lysander,  who  was  him- 
self instigated  by  the  thirty  tyrants,  he 
was  burnt  to  death  in  the  house  of  his 
mistress  Timandra,  in  Phrygia.  He  was 
a  man  of  rare  personal  address,  great 
eloquence  and  audacity,  and  command- 
ing talents,  but  dissolute  in  his  life,  and 
without  elevation  or  dignity  of  sold.  B. 
450  b.  c. ;  d.  404  b.  c. 

ALCIDAMUS,  a  Greek  orator,  who 
lived  about  400  B.C. 

ALC1NOUS,  a  commentator  on  Tlato, 
who  flourished  in  the  2d  century. 

ALC1PI1PON,  an  epistolary  writer 
amonsr  the  Greeks,  who  has  given  some 
charming  descriptions  of  the  manners 
and  customs  of  his  times. 

ALCWLEON,  the  first  anatomist,  and 
a  disciple  of  Pythagoras.  He  lived  at 
Crotona. 

ALCMAN,  a  Grecian  lyric  poet,  who 
lived  67'J  n.  o. 

ALCOCK,  John,  a  learned  English 
bishop  of  the  time  of  Edward  IV.,  who 
raised  him  to  great  dignities.  D.  1500.— 
John,  author  of  some  choral  music. _  D. 
1806. — Nathan,  a  celebrated  physician 
of  the  last  century,  who  lectured  at  Ox- 
ford on  anatomy. 

ALCU1NUS,Flaccus,  an  English  pre- 
late, a  pupil  of  Bede,  and  a  teacher  of 
Charlemagne.  His  writings,  most  of 
which  are  extant,  are  numerous  •  his 
style  is  elegant  and  sprightly,  and  his 
language  sufficiently  pure  for  the  age ; 
and  he  may  be  considered  as  one  of  the 
learned  few  whose  genius  dissipated  the 
gloom  of  the  8th  century.  Andrew  du 
Chesne  published  his  works  in  one  vol- 
ume, folio,  1617.     D.  at  Tours,  804. 

ALCYONIUS,  Peter,  an  Italian,  for 
some  time  corrector  of  the  press  for 
Aldus  Manutius,  and  author  of  some 
learned  publications.  He  translated 
some  of  Aristotle's  treatises,  and  was 
severely  censured  by  Sepulve  la  for  in- 
accuracy. In  his  work  on  banishment 
he  displayed  such  a  mixture  of  elegant 
and  barbarous  words,  that  he  was  sus- 
pected oflargoly  borrowing  from  Cicero's 
treatise  de  Gloria:  and  it  is  said  that  to 
avoid  detection  of  this  illiberal  deed,  he 
burnt  the  only  extant  manuscript  of 
Cieero,  which  had  been  given  by  Ber- 
nard to  the  library  of  a  nunnery,  of 
which  Alcyonius  was  physician.  At 
Florence  he  was  promoted  to  a  profess- 
or's chair,  but  the  ambition  of  rising  to 
higher  eminence  drew  him  to  Koine, 
where  he  lost  all  his  property  duriug  the 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


ale] 


insurrection  of  the  Colonnas.  When 
the  imperial  troops  took  the  city,  1527, 
he  espoused  the  cause  of  the  pope,  and 
though  wounded,  joined  hiin  in  the 
castle  of  St.  Angelo,  and  afterwards  in 
bold  aud  elegant  language  he  arraigned, 
hi  two  oral  ions,  the  injustice  of  Charles 
V.  and  the  barbarity  of  his  soldiers. 

ALDEGEAEF,  a  Westphalian  paint- 
er and  engraver.    B.  1502. 

ALDEN,  John,  a  magistrate  of  Plym- 
outh colony,  one  of  the  first  company 
who  settled  in  New  England.  D.  16S7. 
ALDEEETE,  Diego  Gratian  de,  a 
Spanish  author,  who  translated  the 
Greek  classics.  D.  1580.— Bernhard,  a 
Spanish  Jesuit,  who  was  the  first  to  be 
made  a  doctor  by  the  university  of  Sal- 
amanca.    D.  1657. 

ALDIIELM,  St.,  an  English  prelate, 
b.  at  Malmesbury,  where  he  founded  a 
monastery.    D.  709. 

ALDHUN,  an  English  bishop  of  the 
10th  ccnturv,  the  founder  of  the  bishopric 
of  Durham.    D.  1018. 

ALD1S,  Asa,  an  eminent  lawyer  of 
Vermont,  and  chief  justice  in  1816.  B. 
1770;  d.  184-7. 

ALDOBRANDINI,  Sylvester,  a  Flo- 
rentine lawyer  and  writer,  appointed  ad- 
vocate of  the  treasury  by  Pope  Paul  III. 
D.  155S. — Clement,  son-  of  the  preced- 
ing, became  pope  under  the  name  of 
Clement  VIII. — Anthony,  a  Bologncse 
lawyer  and  statesman.  B.  1756. — John, 
his 'brother,  a  professor  of  natural  phi- 
losophy at  Bologna.  He  invented  a 
method  of  securing  the  human  body 
against  fire,  now  superseded  by  that  of 
Paulin.  B.  1762;  d.  1834.— Tobias,  a 
physician  and  botanist  of  Cesena,  was 
superintendent  of  the  Farnesian  garden 
at  Pome,  on  which  account  his  name 
was  prefixed  to  the  description  of  it 
written  bv  Peter  Cashell. 

ALDRED,  the  first  English  bishop 
who  visited  Jerusalem.  On  the  death 
of  Edward  he  crowned  Harold,  and 
performed  the  same  ceremony  for  "Wil- 
liam.    I).  1068. 

ALDKICII,  Henry,  b.  in  "Westmin- 
ster, 1647.  From  Westminster-school 
he  went  to  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and 
was  elected  student,  and  afterwards 
canon  and  dean.  He  built  an  "legant 
chapel  to  Trinity  college,  and  the  beau- 
tiful church  of  All  Saints.  He  had  also 
great  skill  in  music,  and  composed  many 
services  for  the  church.  D.  1710. — 
Robert,  a  native  of  Buckinghamshire, 
who  became  master  and  provost  of  Eton. 
In  1537  ho  was  made  bishop  of  Carlisle. 
D.  1555. 


23 


ALDROVANDUS,  Ulysses,  a  cele- 
brated natural  historian.  B.  at  Bologna, 
1522.  He  was  a  great  traveller,  and 
formed  a  most  superb  collection  of  min- 
erals, plants,  animals,  &c,  by  which  ho 
ruined  his  fortune,  and  d.  in  an  hospital, 
1605. 

ALDRUDE  countess  of  Bertinoro,  is 
celebrated  in  Italy  for  her  courage  aud 
her  eloquence.  When  Ancona  was  be- 
sieged by  the  arms  of  the  Venetians,  and 
of  the  emperor  Frederic  I.  in  1172,  she 
pitied  the  situation  of  the  d. stressed  in- 
habitants, and  with  heroic  intrepidity 
flew  to  their  relief,  at  the  head  of  her  de- 
pendants and  friends,  and  supported  by 
William  Degli  Adelardi,  of  Ferrara.  Her 
troops  were  animated  by  her  eloquence 
and  her  example,  and  the  enemy  fled  at 
her  approach  ;  and  though  on  her  return 
home  she  was  attacked  by  some  parties 
of  the  enraged  besiegers,  she  routed 
them  in  every  encounter,  and  added 
fresh  laurels  to  her  fame.  The  history 
of  that  memorable  siege  has  been  pub- 
lished by  Buon-Campagnono  of  Flo- 
rence. 

ALDUS,  Manutius,  a  native  of  Bas- 
sano,  illustrious  as  a  correct  printer,  and 
as  the  restorer  of  the  Greek  and  Latin 
languages  to  Europe.  He  is  the  inven- 
tor of  the  Italic  letter,  and  was  alone 
permitted  by  the  pope  the  use  of  it.  D. 
at  Venice,  1516. 

ALEANDER,  Jerome,  a  cardinal,  b. 
in  14S0,  distinguished  himself  in  the  16th 
century  as  a  violent  opposer  of  Luther 
and  the  reformation.  D.  1542. — His 
great  nephew,  of  the  same  name,  inher- 
ited the  ability  of  his  ancestor,  and  was 
eminent  as  a  scholar  and  an  antiquary. 

ALEMAN,  a  cardinal  of  the  13th 
century.  He  was  degraded  from  the 
purple'  for  his  opposition  to  Eugenius 
IV.  The  sentence  was  reversed  by 
Nicholas  V. ;  and  after  the  eard:nal's 
death,  in  1400,  he  was  canoniz;d.— 
Matthew,  a  Spaniard  ;  author  of  "Guz- 
man de  Alfarache,"  or  tha  "Spanish 
Roirue." 

ALEMANNI,  Nicholas,  a  learned 
Greek  antiquary,  b.  1583,  and  became 
keeper  of  the  Vatican  library  at  Rome. 
D.  1626. 

ALEMBERT,  Jean  la  Ronde  d',  one 
of  the  most  famous  philosophers  and 
mathematicians  that  France  has  pro- 
duced. He  was  b.  at  Paris  in  1717,  but 
was  exposed  by  his  parents,  Madame  do 
Tencin,  and  the  poet  Destouches,  at  the 
church  of  le  Ronde,  from  which  he  took 
part  of  his  name.  His  talents  were  pre- 
cocious, and  at  4  years  of  age  was  sent 


24 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ale 


to  school,  the  principal  of  which  de- 
clared, when  his  pupil  was  only  10  years 
old,  that  he  could  teach  him  no  more. 
He  entered  Mazarin  College  at  the  age  of 
12.  He  wrote,  in  his  earliest  years,  a 
commentary  on  the  epistle  of  Paul  to 
the  Romans.  He  studied  law,  but  did 
not  cease  to  occupy  himself  with  math- 
ematics. Some  philosophical  papers, 
which  he  wrote,  made  him  a  member  of 
the  academy  in  1741.  He  soon  after 
wrote  a  book  on  Dynamics,  another  on 
Fluids,  and  a  Theory  of  the  Mind,  and 
assisted  Euler  and  Newton  in  their  sci- 
entific researches.  His  astronomical 
publications  were  also  valuable.  But  in 
the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  devoted 
himself  to  Belles  Lettres,  and  became 
one  of  the  writers  of  the  "Encyclo- 
paedic" His  literary  works  were  dis- 
tinguished by  purity  of  language,  as  well 
as  vigor  of  thought.  Though  a  man  of 
moderate  means,  he  was  noted  for  his 
beneficence.  He  was  a  friend  of  Vol- 
taire, Madame  L'Espinassc,  to  whom  he 
was  attached,  Frederick  II.,  and  other 
distinguished  persons,  but  lived  in  mod- 
est retirement.  His  opinions  were  de- 
istical.     D.  1783. 

ALEN,  John  Van,  an  eminent  Dutch 
landscape  painter.     D.  1698. 

ALENlO,  Julius,  a  Jesuit  of  Brescia, 
who  rendered  himself  distinguished  by 
his  zeal  in  propagating  Christianity  in 
China.     D.  1G49. 

ALER,  Paul,  a  learned  French  Jes- 
uit. D.  1727.  His  "Gradus  ad  Parnas- 
Biim"  has  been  long  in  established  use 
in  all  the  public  schools  of  Europe. 

ALES,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Edin- 
burgh, who  warmly  opposed  the  tenets 
of  Luther,  which  he  afterwards  as  ea- 
gerly embraced,  when  he  had  suffered 
Eersecution  for  his  religion,  and  seen  the 
rmness  with  which  his  countryman, 
Patrick  Hamilton,  was  burnt  to  death, 
by  Beaton,  archbishop  of  St.  Andrews, 
for  Protestantism.  He  came  back  to 
London  from  Germany,  when  Henry 
VIII.  abolished  the  papal  power  in  En- 
gland, and  he  there  enjoyed  the  friend- 
ship of  Cranmer,  Cromwell,  and  Lati- 
mer. He  afterwards  retired  to  Germany, 
and  was  appointed  to  a  professional  chair 
at  Frankfort  upon  Oder,  but  persecuted 
by  the  court  ot  Bradenburg,  at  Leipsic; 
he  d.  1565,  in  his  sixty-fifth  year.  He 
wrote  a  commentary  on  the  writings  of 
St.  John,  on  the  epistle  to  Timothy,  and 
on  the  Psalms. 

ALESIO,  Matthew  Perez  d',  a  paint- 
er and  engraver  at  Rome,  whose  figure 
nf  St.   Christopher,   in   fresco,   in    the 


great  church  of  Seville,  is  much  admired. 
D.  1600. 

ALESSI,  Galeas,  an  architect,  b.  at 
Perusia,  whose  works  arc  spread  over 
Germany  and  the  south  of  Europe;  but 
his  fame  principally  rests  on  the  monas- 
tery and  church  of  the  Escurial.    D.  1572. 

ALEXANDER  THE  GREAT,  was 
the  son  of  Philip,  king  of  Macedon,  by 
Olympias,  daughter  of  Neoptolemus, 
king  of  Epirus,  and  b.  356  b.  c.  ;  the 
same  year  m  which  the  temple  of  Diana 
at  Ephesus  was  destroyed.  Alexander 
received  his  education  under  Lysima- 
chus  and  Aristotle,  and  gave  several 
proofs  of  manly  -skill  and  courage  while 
very  young;  one  of  which,  the  breaking 
in  of  his  fiery  steed,  Bucephalus,  is  men- 
tioned by  all  his  historians  as  an  incident 
which  convinced  his  father  of  his  future 
unconquerable  spirit.  Alexander  was 
much  attached  to  his  mother,  and  sided 
with  her  in  the  disputes  which  led  to 
her  divorce  from  Philip.  While  the  lat- 
ter was  making  preparations  for  his 
grand  expedition  into  Asia,  he  was  as- 
sassinated by  Pausanias  ;  and  Alexander 
succeeded  to  the  throne  .n  his  20th 
year.  His  youth  at  first  excited  an  in- 
clination in  several  of  the  states  of 
Greece  to  throw  off  the  yoke  of  the 
Macedonian  usurpation ;  but  he  soon 
quelled  the  design,  and  was  acknowl- 
edged genera]  of  Greece.  He  then 
mulched  into  Thrace,  and  gained  sev- 
eral conquests.  During  his  absence 
Thebes  revolted;  and  when  Alexander 
returned,  he  took  that  city  by  storm, 
made  a  dreadful  carnage  of  the  inhabi- 
tants, and  destroyed  all  the  buildings 
except  the  residence  of  Pindar  the  poet. 
This  severe  example  had  its  effect  on 
the  other  states ;  and  even  Athens  dis- 
tinguished itself  by  a  servile  submission 
to  the  conqueror.  Alexander  n3Xt  turned 
his  arms  against  Darius,  king  of  Persia; 
and,  at  22,  crossed  the  Hellespont,  at 
the  head  of  40,000  men.  With  this 
force  he  defeated  the  Persians  at  the 
Granicus,  and  made  himself  master  of 
numerous  places.  At  Gordium,  where 
he  assembled  his  army,  he  is  said  to 
have  cut  the  famous  knot  on  which  the 
fate  of  Asia  depended.  Shortly  after 
this,  he  again  defeated  the  king  of  Per- 
sia near  Issus,  and  took  immense  treas- 
ures and  many  prisoners  ;  among  whom 
were  the  mother,  wife,  and  children  of 
Darius.  This  victory  was  followed  by 
the  conquest  of  Phoenicia,  Damascus, 
and  several  other  states.  Alexander 
next  besieged  Tyre,  which  long  resisted 
him,  and,"  in   revenge,   he   committed 


ale] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF   BIOGRAPHT. 


25 


horrible  cruelties  on  the  inhabitants. 
He  then  went  to  Jerusalem^  passed  into 
Egypt,  subdued  it,  and  tounded  the 
city  of  Alexandria.  Darius  now  collect- 
ed another  army,  and  was  defeated  at 
Arbela,  which  decided  the  fate  of  West- 
ern Asia.  This  great  battle  was  followed 
by  the  capture  of  Susa  and  Persepolis ; 
the  last  ot  which  Alexander  destroyed  at 
the  instigation  of  his  mistress.  He  now 
prepared  for  an  expedition  to  India; 
and,  after  a  perilous  march,  reached  the 
Indus,  327  b.  c,  which  he  crossed  at  the 
part  where  the  city  of  Attock  now 
Btands.  Alexander  received  the  sub- 
mission of  several  of  the  petty  princes 
of  the  country,  but  was  opposed  by 
Porus,  who  valiantly  withstood  the  in- 
vader; and,  although  conquered  and 
made  prisoner,  the  victor,  pleased  with 
his  spirit,  restored  him  his  dominions, 
and  made  him  an  ally.  The  conqueror 
next  entered  the  fertile  plains  now  called 
the  Punjab,  took  the  city  of  Sangala, 
and  directed  his  course  to  the  Ganges  ; 
from  which  object,  however,  he  was 
diverted  by  the  rainy  season,  and  the 
disaffection  of  his  own  troops.  He  ac- 
cordingly erected  twelve  altars  of  an  ex- 
traordinary size  to  mark  the  limits  of  his 
progress,  remnants  of  which  are  said  to 
be  still  in  existence.  Alexander,  there- 
fore, retraced  his  steps  to  the  Hydaspes, 
on  the  banks  of  which  he  built  two 
cities,  Nicrea  and  Bucephala ;  and  em- 
barked, with  his  light  troops,  on  board 
a  fleet  he  had  constructed,  leaving  the 
main  army  to  march  by  land.  After  a 
severe  contest  with  the  Mallii,  in  which 
he  was  wounded  and  his  whole  army 
nearly  lost,  he  proceeded  down  the  river 
to  Patala;  and,  having  entered  the  In- 
dian Ocean,  and  performed  some  rites 
in  honor  of  Neptune,  he  left  his  fleet ; 
giving  orders  to  Nearchus,  who  had  the 
command,  to  sail  to  the  Persian  Gulf, 
and  thence  up  the  Tigris  to  Mesopota- 
mia. Alexander  then  prepared  to  march 
to  Babylon,  towards  which  capital  he 
proceeded  in  a  triumphal  progress. 
Reaching  Susa,  he  began  to  give  way  to 
a  passion  for  pleasure  and  joviality,  and 
married  Statira,  the  daughter  of  Darius. 
At  length  he  reached  Babylon,  where  he 
gave  orders  indicating  future  underta- 
kings of  great  magnitude;  when  he  was 
Beized  with  an  illness,  in  consequence 
of  indulging  in  habits  of  intemperance, 
and  d.  of  a  fever,  in  the  13th  year  of  his 
eventful  reign,  and  the  33d  of  his  life, 
823  b.  c.  When  required  to  name  his 
successor,  he  is  said  to  have  replied, 
"'To  the  most  worthy."    Pursuant  to 


his  own  direction,  his  body  was  con- 
veyed to  Alexandria  in  a  golden  cotiin, 
inclosed  in  a  sumptuous  sarcophagus, 
supposed  to  be  now  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum.— Severus,  emperor  of  Rome,  was 
b.  at  Acre,  in  Phoenicia,  in  205.  The 
principal  public  event  of  his  reign  was 
the  war  with  Artaxerxes,  king  of  Persia, 
over  whom  he  gained  a  great  victory  in 
person,  and  on  nis  return  to  Rome  was 
honored  with  a  triumph.  He  next 
marched  against  the  Germans,  who  had 
invaded  Gaul;  and  while  there,  a  sedi- 
tion bioke  out  in  his  army,  headed  by 
Maximin,  and  the  emperor  and  his 
mother  were  murdered,  235. — King  of 
Poland,  elected  on  the  death  of  his  bro- 
ther, John  Albert,  in  1501.  D.  1506. — 
I.,  bishop  of  Rome,  succeeded  Evaristus 
in  the  tenth  year  of  Trajan,  and  suffered 
martyrdom  under  Hadrian,  in  119.  This 
pontiff  is  said  to  be  the  first  who  intro- 
duced the  use  of  holy  water  into  the 
Catholic  church. — II.,  elected  to  the 
papal  throne  in  1061.  D.  1073.— HI. 
succeeded  Adrian  IV.  in  1159.  D.  at 
Rome,  1181. — IV.,  ascended  the  papal 
throne  in  1254.  D.  1261. — V.,  originally 
a  Greek  monk  from  Candia,  was  raised 
to  the  papal  throne  in  1409  by  the  coun- 
cil of  Pisa.  His  munificence,  during 
his  pontificate,  was  so  unbounded,  that 
he  used  to  say,  "When  I  became  a 
bishop,  I  was  rich;  when  a  cardinal, 
poor;  and  when  a  pope,  a  beggar."  D. 
1410. — VI.,  a  native  of  Valencia,  in 
Spain,  was  raised  to  the  popedom  in 
1492.  As  an  ecclesiastic,  Alexander  was 
in  the  highest  degree  ambitious,  bigoted, 
and  intolerant;  and  formed  alliance)* 
with  all  the  princes  of  his  time  only  to 
break  them.  This  pontiff  pursuod  his 
profligate  career,  till  1503,  when  he  was 
cut  off  by  the  same  means  he  had  used 
for  the  ruin  of  others.  At  a  banquet 
which  he  and  his  son,  the  infamous 
Csesar  Borgia,  had  prepared  for  some 
newly  created  cardinals,  the  poison  in- 
tended for  them  was  by  some  mistake 
administered  to  the  contrivers  of  the 
plot ;  and  Alexander  died  the  next  day 
in  great  agony. — VII.  This  pontiff  ex- 
pended vast  sums  in  improving  and 
embellishing  the  city  of  Rome,  and  was 
a  great  friend  to  the  fine  arts  and  lit- 
erature. B.  at  Sienna,  in  1559,  elected 
to  the  popedom  in  1605,  and  d.  in  16C7. 
— VIII.,  the  last  pope  of  that  name,  was 
elected,  1689,  at  the  advanced  age  of  6D; 
and  d.  two  years  afterwards. 

ALEXANDER,  I.  king  of  Scotland, 
son  of  Malcolm  III.,  ascended  the  throne 
in  1107  ;  and  merited  by  the  vigor  and 


20 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[alb 


Impetuosity  of  bis  character,  the  appel-. 
lation  of  The  Fierce.  D.  1124.— II.,  son 
of  William  the  Lion,  was  raised  to  the 
throne  of  Scotland,  1214,  being  then  in 
his  Kith  year.  In  1221,  be  married 
Joan,  sister  of  Henn  III.  of  England; 
bv  which  peace  was  restored  to  the  two 
kingdoms.  D.  1249.— III.,  son  of  the 
preceding,  succeeded,  124'.',  when  only 
8  years  of  age.  He  married  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Henry  III.  of  England,  and 
lived  upon  terms  of  close  friend-hip 
with  his  father-in-law,  whom,  in  bis 
wars  with  the  barons,  he  assisted  with 
5000  men;  accidentally  killed  while 
hunting,  in  1285. — A  Sicilian  abbot  of 
the  12th  century;  author  of  a  memoir 
of  Roger,  king  bf  Sicily. — An  Alexan- 
dro,  a  Neapolitan  jurisconsult  of  the 
12th  century.  He  was  much  attached 
to  the  bclles'lettres,  and  is  chiefly  known 
by  a  work  entitled  "  Dies  Gcniales,"  an 
imitation  of  the  Noetes  Attieae  of  Gel- 
lius. — Tkalliants,  a  Greek  physician 
of  the  Oth  century.  His  works  are  con- 
sidered the  best  after  those  of  Hippo- 
crates.— Bishop  of  Alexandria,  who  op- 
posed Arius,  and  condemned  his  errora 
at  the  council  of  Nice.  D.  826. — Bishop 
of  Hierapolis,  in  the  5th  century,  who 
espoused  the  doctrine  that  there  were 
two  different  natures  in  Christ;  for 
which  be  was  banished  by  the  council  of 
Enhesus. — Of-JIkjea,  the  tutor  of  Ndro, 
whom  he  is  said  to  have  corrupted  by 
his  instructions. — De  Medici,  a  licen- 
tious duke  of  Florence,  assassinated  by 
Lorenzo  de  Medici,  a  relation,  at  the  in- 
stigation of  Strozzi,  a  republican,  1587. — 
An  English  abbot,  who  supported  the 
rights  of  his  master,  Henry  111.,  at  the 
court  of  Rome,  with  such  boldness,  that 
Pandulphus,  the  pope's  legate  in  En- 
gland, excommunicated  and  imprisoned 
him.  D.  1217. — Noel,  a  Dominican,  a 
laborious  writer.  B.  at  Rouen,  1689,  and 
d.  at  Paris,  1724.  His  most  celebrated 
work  is  a  Latin  Church  History,  in  26 
vols.— Of  Paris,  a  Norman  poet  of  the 
12th  century,  who  wrote  a  metrical 
poem  called  ''Alexander  the  Great,1'  in 
verses  of  twelve  syllables,  which  meas- 
ure has  ever  since  been  called  "  Alexan- 
drine."— Neuskoi,  grand  duke  of  Rus- 
sia. B.  1218.  The  most  noted  action  of 
his  life  was  a  great  victory  he  obtained 
over  the  more  northern  tribes  on  the 
banks  of  the  Neva.  D.  1263.— Sir  Wil- 
liam, earl  of  Stirling,  an  eminent  Scot- 
tish statesman  and  poet  in  the  reigns 
Cf  James  I.  and  Charles  I.  D.  1640. — 
William,  a  major-general  in  the  Amer- 
ican army  of  the  revolution.     He  was  b. 


in  New  York,  1726  ;  received  a  classical 
education;  and  was  distinguished  for 
his  knowledge  of  mathematics  ar.d  as- 
tronomy. His  father  was  a  native  of 
Scotland,  and  he  was  the  reputed  right- 
ful heir  to  an  earldom  in  that  country  : 
on  which  account  he  was  usually  called 
Lord  Stirling ;  but  was  unsuccessful  in 
his  efforts  to  obtain  from  the  govern- 
ment the  acknowledgment  of  his  claim. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  revolution 
he  joined  the  American  army,  and  ill 
the' battle  on  Long  Island,  August  27, 
1776,  was  taken  prisoner,  after  having, 
by  attacking  Cornwallis,  secured  to  a 
part  of  the  detachment  an  opportunity 
to  escape.  He  was  always  warmly  at- 
tached to  General  Washington,  and  the 
cause  which  he  had  espoused.  D.  at 
Albany,  1783. — William,  an  able  artist. 
B.  at  Maidstone,  1768.  His  father,  who 
was  a  coachmaker,  gave  him  a  good 
education,  and  sent  him  at  an  early  ago 
to  study  the  fine  arts  in  London,  which 
he  did  with  so  much  success,  that  he 
was  selected  to  accompany  the  embassy 
of  Lord  .Macartney  to  China.  On  his 
return,  besides  his  drawings  in  illustra- 
tion of  the  work  of  Sir  George  Staunton, 
he  published  a  splendid  one  of  his  own, 
entitled,  "The  Costume  of  China,"  which 
obtained  so  much  notice  that  he  was  in- 
duced to  publish  a  second  part.  At  the 
time  of  his  death,  in  1816,  he  was  keeper 
of  the  antiquities  at  the  British  Museum. 
— J  amis,  a  native  of  Scotland,  who  came 
to  New  York  in  1715.  He  was  bred  to 
the  law,  and  became  eminent  in  his 
profession.  By  honest  practice  and  un- 
wearied application  to  business,  he  ac- 
quired a  great  estate.  For  many  years 
he  was  a  member  of  the  legislature,  and 
of  the  council.  In  1721,  he  was  ap- 
pointed attorney-general ;  and  after- 
waids  was  secretary  of  the  province. 
His  death  took  place  in  the  beginning 
of  1756. — Nathaniel,  a  governor  of 
North  Carolina.  He  received  his  col- 
legiate education  at  Princeton,  N.  J.. 
obtained  his  first  degree  in  1776,  and 
afterwards  studied  medicine.  Subse- 
quently he  entered  the  army  ;  but  at  the 
close  of  the  war  pursued  his  profession 
in  the  state  of  which  he  became  chief 
magistrate  in  1806.  In  all  his  public 
stations  he  had  the  reputation  ot  con- 
ducting with  ability  and  firmnes  s.  D. 
1808,  aged  52  vear's. — Caleb,  D.D.,  b. 
in  Northfield,  Mass.,  and  graduated  at 
Yule  College  in  1777.  He  was  first  set- 
tled, as  a  Congregational  minister  at 
New  Marlborough;  and,  afterwards,  at 
Mend%n,  in  his  native  state.     His  con- 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


ale] 


tinuanec  in  each  of  these  situations  was 
less   than   two  years.     The   remaining 
part  of  his  life  was  spent  in  teaching, 
and    in    other    kindred    pursuits.      He 
published   a  Latin    Grammar,   an   En- 
glish Grammar,  and  some    other  small 
works.     D.  1828.— Thomas,  earl  of  Sel- 
kirk, known  as  the  founder  of  a  colony  in 
Canada,  and  for  his  writings  on  politics 
and  statistics.     D.  in  1820.— I.,  emperor 
of  Kussia  and  king  of  Poland,  eldest  son 
of  Taid  I.,  was  b.  Dec.  22,  1777 ;  suc- 
ceeded, March,  1801:  and  was  crowned 
at   Moscow,  September   following.      In 
1803,  Alexander  ottered  his  mediation 
to  effect  a  reconciliation   between  En- 
gland and  France ;  and  in  1805,  a  con- 
vention was  entered  into  between  Kus- 
sia, England,  Austria,  and  Sweden,  for 
the  purpose  of  resisting  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  French  on  the  territories 
of  independent  statos.     On  the  2d  of 
December,  the  battle  of  Austerlitz  took 
place,  at  which  Alexander  appeared  at 
the  head  of  50,000  men,  but  was  defeat- 
ed, and  compelled  to  retreat  to  his  do- 
minions.    On  November  2(3,  1806,  was 
fought  the  battle  of  Pultusk ;  and  on 
the"7th  and  8th  February,  1807,  that  of 
Eylau ;  on  tbe  14th  June  the  Russians 
were  completely  defeated  at  Friedland, 
by  Napoleon.     The  result  of  this  victory 
was  an  interview  between  the  two  em- 
perors, which  led  to  the  treaty  of  Tilsit. 
The  seizure  of  the  Danish  fleet  by  the 
English  occasioned  a  declaration  of  war 
from   Kussia;    but   hostilities   only  ex- 
tended to  the  cessation  of  trade  between 
the  two  nations.     A  second  meeting  of 
the  French  and  Russian  sovereigns  took 
place  at  Erfurt,  Sept.  27,  1808;   Bona- 
parte being  anxious  to  secure  tbe  friend- 
ship   of  Alexander    previously  to    his 
meditated  subjugation   of  Spain.     The 
interruption  of  commerce  with  England 
now  began  to  be  severely  felt  by  Russia ; 
and  Alexander  determined  to  throw  off 
the  French  yoke.     On  the  23d  March, 
1812,  an  imperial  ukase  was  issued,  or- 
dering a  levy  of  two  men  out  of  every 
500  throughout  the  Russian  empire,  and 
all  matters  of  dispute  with  Great  Britain 
were   pacifically  arranged.     On  joining 
his   army  in    Poland,    February,    1813, 
Alexander  published  the  famous  mani- 
festo, which  served  as  the  basis  of  the 
coalition  of  the  other  European  powers 
against  the  French  emperor.     Germany, 
and  then  France,  became  the  scene  of 
hostilities;    and  the   capture   of  Paris, 
April  30,  1814,  was  followed  by  the  ab- 
dication of  Bonaparte,  and  the  restora- 
tion of  the  Bourbons.    After  the  con- 


27 


elusion  of  peace,  Alexander  visited  En- 

fland,  in  company  with  the  king  of 
'russia.  His  death  took  place  at  Tag 
anrock,  in  the  Crimea,  Dec.  1,  1S25; 
and  he  was  succeeded  by  his  second 
brother,  Nicholas,  agreeable  to  a  docu- 
ment signed  by  his  eldest  brother,  Con- 
stantino, resigning  to  him  the  right  of 
succession. 

ALEXANDRINI,  Julius,  a  physician 
of  Trent,  in  the  16th  century.  lie  was 
the  first  who  endeavored  to  pi\>ve  the 
connection  of  bodily  diseases  with  the 
passions. 

ALEXIS,  a  Greek  comic  poet,  uncle 
and  instructor  of  Alexander. 

ALEXIS,  MiciiAEi.oviTscu,  czarofRus- 
sia.  B.  in  1630;  succeeded  his  father 
Michael  in  1646  ;  d.  1677.  He  was  the 
father  of  Peter  the  Great,  and  the  first 
Russian  monarch  who  acted  on  the 
policy  of  a  more  intimate  connection 
with  the  other  European  states. — Petro- 
vitsch,  only  son  of  Peter  the  Great.  B. 
1690.  This  unhappy  prince  opposed  the 
new  policy  of  his  father,  and  expressed 
an  unalterable  attachment  to  the  ancient 
barbarous  usages  and  customs  of  his 
country  ;  for  which  the  czar  resolved  to 
disinherit  him.  Alexis  fled  to  his 
brother-in-law,  the  emperor  of  Ger- 
many, and  lay  concealed  for  some  time 
at  Vienna,  until  his  retreat  was  discov- 
ered by  his  father,  before  whom  he  was 
conducted  as  a  criminal,  and  compelled 
formally  to  renounce  the  succession ; 
after  tliis  he  was  tried  by  secret  judges, 
and  condemned  to  death,  1719. — Dei 
j  Arco,  a  Spanish  painter.  B.  at  Madrid, 
in  1625.  He  was  deaf  and  dumb;  bn' 
his  reputation  as  a  portrait  painter  was« 
considerable.    D.  in  1700. 

ALEXIUS  L,  Comnenus,  emperor  ot 
the  East.  B.  at  Constantinople,  1048.  Hf 
signalized  himself  in  the  wars  with  the 
Turks  and  Saracens,  was  bountiful  to  his 
friends  and  clement  to  his  enen  ies,  a 
lover  of  letters,  and  equally  versed  in  tho 
arts  of  government  and  of  ;var.  D.  1118. 
— II.,  Comnenus,  succeeded  his  father 
Michael  on  the  throne  of  Constantinople 
in  1180,  when  only  12  years  of  age  ;  and, 
with  his  mother,  was  murdered  two 
years  afterwards  by  Andronieus,  who 
usurped  the  crown. — III.,  Angelus, 
emperor  in  1195.  gained  that  station  by 
the  basest  perfidy  towards  his  brother, 
Isaac  Anirelus,  whom  he  confined  in 
prison,  anil  then  caused  his  eyes  to  be  put 
out.  His  effeminate  reign  reudercd  him 
despicable,  and  his  capital  was  besieged 
and  taken,  1203,  by  an  army  of  Venetian 
and  French  crusaders,  headed  by  hia 


28 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[alf 


nephew,  Alexins,  sou  of  Isaac.  The 
usurper  received  the  same  punishment 
he  had  inflicted  on  his  brother,  and  d.  a 
few  years  afterwards  in  a  monastery  at 
Nice ;  and  the  conqueror  placed  his 
blind  father  on  the  throne,  with  whom 
he  reigned  as  Alexius  IV. ;  but  his  ele- 
vation was  succeeded  by  a  rebellion,  and 
he  was  deposed,  imprisoned,  and  put  to 
death,  1204. —  V.,  Ducas,  surnamed 
Murtzuffle,  from  his  black  shaggy  eye- 
brows, was  raised  to  the  throne  alter  the 
murder  of  Alexius  IV.,  but  deposed  by 
the  crusaders,  who  attacked  and  took 
his  capital,  and  he  was  put  to  an  igno- 
minious death. 

ALEYN,  Charles,  an  English  histor- 
ical poet.     D.  16-40. 

AL.FARABI,  an  eminent  Arabian 
philosopher  in  the  10th  century,  who 
obtained  much  reputation  in  his  day, 
both  as  a  great  traveller,  and  as  a  master 
of  70  languages.  Among  his  works  is 
an  Encyclopaedia,  the  manuscript  of 
which  is  in  the  Escurial. 

ALFAKO  Y  GAMON,  Juan  de,  a 
distinguished  Spanish  painter.  B.  1640. 
ALFENUS  VARUS,  Pubi.ius,  a  Ro- 
man civilian,  who  became  consul,  and  is 
mentioned  by  Horace  and  Virgil  with 
gratitude. 

ALFIERI,  Vittoria,  count,  was  b.  at 
Asti,  in  Piedmont,  in  1749,  of  a  rich  and 
distinguished  family.  His  early  educa- 
tion was  defective  ;*for,  though  sent  to 
the  academy  of  Turin,  he  learned  noth- 
ing. He  afterwards  travelled  over  Italy, 
France,  England,  Spain,  Portugal,  Ger- 
many, Russia,  and  Holland,  returned, 
tried'  to  study  history,  and  then  became 
a  wanderer  again  for  three  years.  From 
pure  listlessness  he  took  to  writing  dra- 
matic poetry,  at  the  age  of  27,  and  de- 
voted the  rest  of  life  to  becoming  a  tragic 
poet.  He  first  studied  Latin  and  Tus- 
can, for  which  purpose  he  went  to 
Tuscany ;  meeting  on  the  journey  the 
Countess  of  Albany,  consort  of  the  En- 
glish pretender,  he  became  attached  to 
her,  and  lived  alternately,  leading  an 
irregular  and  roving  life,  in  England, 
France,  and  Italy.  He  composed  21  tra- 
gedies and  6  comedies,  and  is  regarded 
as  the  grest  tragic  poet  of  his  native 
.knd.  Above  the  degeneracy  of  his 
times,  cherishing  an  ardent  hatred  of 
despotism,  and  possessing  a  free,  proud, 
and  passionate  heart,  his  works  are  per- 
vaded by  a  decided  political  spirit.  His 
style  was  stiff  and  unadorned,  bat  bold, 
lo'ftv  and  correct.     D.  1803. 

ALFORD,  MicHAEL,an  English  Jesuit. 
B.  in  London,  1587.  He  d.  at  St.  Omer's, 


1652,  leaving  behind  him  two  celebrated 
works,  "Britannia  Illustrate,"  and  "  An- 
nates Ecclesiastici  Britnnnorum." 

ALFRAGAN,  or  AHMED  BEN  FER- 
GAN,  an  Arabian  astronomer  of  the 
9th  century  ;  author  of  au  "  Introduc- 
tion to  Astronomy,"  and  other  scientific 
works. 

ALFRAGO,  Andrew,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician ;  author  of  a  history  of  Arabian 
physicians  and  philosophers,  and  other 
works  connected  with  the  East,  where 
he  resided  for  some  years.  D.  at  Padua, 
1520. 

ALFRED  THE  GREAT.  This  mon- 
arch was  the  youngest  son  of  Ethelwolf, 
king  of  the  West  Saxons,  and  was  b.  at 
Wantage,  Berks,  in  849.  On  the  death 
of  his"  brother  Ethelred,  Alfred  sue 
ceeded  to  the  throne  of  England,  871,  at 
a  time  when  his  kingdom  was  a  prey  to 
domestic  dissensions,  and  to  the  inva- 
sions of  the  Danes,  with  whom,  after  a 
disastrous  engagement,  he  was  forced  to 
conclude  a  treaty  on  disadvantageous 
terms.  The  Danes  soon  violated  their 
engagement,  and  renewed  their  hostility 
with  such  success,  that,  in  877,  the  king 
was  under  the  necessity  of  concealing 
himself  in  the  cottage  of  one  of  his 
herdsmen.  He  afterwards  retired  to  the 
island  of  Athelney,  and  there  received 
information  that  one  of  his  chiefs  had 
obtained  a  great  victory  over  the  Danes. 
Alfred  then  disguised  himself  as  a  harp- 
er, entered  the  Danish  camp,  and  gained 
a  knowledge  of  the  state  of  the  enemy. 
After  this,"he  directed  his  nobles  to  meet 
him  at  Selwood,  with  their  vassals,  which 
was  done  so  secretly,  that  the  Danes 
were  surprised  at  Eddington,  and  com- 
pletely routed.  He  now  put  his  king- 
dom into  a  state  of  defence,  increased 
his  navy,  and  brought  London  into  a 
flourishing  state  ;  but,  after  a  rest  of 
some  years,  an  immense  number  of 
Danish  forces  landed  in  Kent,  and  com- 
mitted great  ravages  ;  they  were,  how- 
ever, soon  defeated  by  Alfred,  who 
caused  several  of  the  leaders  to  be  ex- 
ecuted at  Winchester.  Thus  he  secured 
the  peace  of  his  dominions,  and  struck 
terror  into  his  enemies,  after  56  battles 
by  sea  and  land,  in  all  of  which  he  was 
personally  engaged.  But  the  warlike 
exploits  of  Alfred  formed,  perhaps,  the 
least  of  the  services  he  rendered  his 
country.  He  composed  a  body  of  stat- 
utes, instituted  the  trial  by  jury,  and 
divided  the  kingdom  into  shires  and 
♦hundreds ;  was  so  exact  in  his  govern- 
ment, that  robbery  was  unheard  of,  and 
valuable  goods  might  be  left  on  the  high 


ALl] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


29 


roads.  His  great  council,  consisting  of 
bishops,  earls,  aldermen,  and  thanes, 
was,  by  an  express  law,  called  together 
twice  a-year  in  London,  for  the  better 
government  of  the  realm.  The  state  of 
learning  in  his  time  was  so  low,  that, 
from  the  Thames  to  the  H umber,  scarce- 
ly a  man  could  be  found  who  understood 
the  service  of  the  church,  or  could  trans- 
late a  single  sentence  of  Latin  into  En- 
glish. To  remedy  this  evil,  he  invited 
men  of  learning  from  all  quarters,  and 
placed  them  at  the  head  of  seminaries  in 
various  parts  of  his  kingdom  ;  and,  if  he 
was  not  the  founder  of  the  university  of 
Oxford,  it  is  certain  he  raised  it  to  a 
reputation  which  it  had  never  before 
enjoyed.  Alfred  himself  wrote  several 
works,  and  translated  others  from  the 
Latin,  particularly  "  Orosius's  History 
of  the  Pagans,"  and  "  Boethius's  Con- 
solations of  Philosophy."  England  is 
indebted  to  him  for  the  foundation  of  her 
naval  establishment,  and  he  was  the  first 
who  sent  out  ships  to  make  the  discov- 
ery of  a  northeast  passage.  To  crown 
his  great  public  character,  Alfred  is  de- 
scribed as  one  of  the  most  mild  and  ami- 
able men  in  private  life  ;  of  a  temper 
serene  and  cheerful,  and  not  averse  to 
society,  or  to  innocent  recreation  :  he 
was  also  personally  well-favored,  pos- 
sessing a  handsome  and  vigorous  form, 
and  a  durnified  and  entraeintf  aspect.  D. 
900.—"  the  Philosophef,"  an  English- 
man, was  greatly  esteemed  at  the  court 
of  Rome,  and  wrote  five  books  on  the 
"Consolations  of  Boethius."  D.  1270.— 
An  English  bishop  of  the  10th  century  ; 
author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Abbey  of 
Malmshury,"  a  treatise  "  De  Naturis 
Remm,"  &c. 

ALGARDI,  Alexander,  a  Bolognese 
sculptor  of  the  17th  centnrv. 

ALGAROTTI,  Francis,*  an  eminent 
Italian  writer.  B.  at  Venice,  1712 :  d. 
1764. 

ALHAZEN,  an  Arabian  mathema- 
tician, who  was  the  first  that  showed  the 
importance  of  refractions  in  astronomy. 
D.  at  Cairo,  in  103S. 

ALI,  cousin,  son-in-law,  and  vizier  of 
Mahomet,  and  one  of  the  main  pillars  of 
the  new  faith.  He  obtained  the  name 
of  the  Lion  of  God,  always  victorious ; 
but  was  opposed  in  his  succession  to  the 
caliphate  by  Omar  and  Othman,  and  re- 
tired into  Arabia,  and  made  a  collection 
of  the  sayings  of  the  prophet.  There  he 
laid  the  foundation  of  a  new  sect,  and, 
after  the  death  of  Othman,  he  was  de- 
clared caliph,  655  ;  but  was  murdered 
four  yeers  afterwards  in  the  mosque. 


ALI  BEG,  a  man  of  extrac  rdinary 
learning  aM  attainments,  b.  in  Poland 
of  Christian  parents,  but  who  was  kid- 
napped in  his  infancy  by  a  horde  of  Ta- 
tars, and  sold  to  the  Turks,  in  whose 
language  and  religion  he  was  educated. 
His  skill  in  languages  procured  him  the 
post  of  chief  interpreter  to  the  grand 
signior;  while  his  leisure  hours  were 
employed  in  translating  the  Bible  and 
the  catechism  of  the  Church  of  Eng  a-  .' 
into  the  Turkish  language.     D.  167ft. 

ALI  BEY,  a  Greek,  son  of  a  Natolian 
priest.  B.  172S.  He  fell,  when  a  child, 
into  the  hands  of  robbers,  who  carried 
him  to  Cairo,  and  sold  him  to  Ibrahim, 
lieutenant  of  the  Janizaries,  who  adopt- 
ed him.  Ali  soon  rose  to  the  rank  of 
sangiak,  or  member  of  the  council ;  and 
when  his  patron  was  assassinated  by 
Ibrahim,  the  Circassian,  he  avenged  his 
death,  and  slew  the  murderer  with  his 
own  hand.  This  action  raised  him 
numerous  enemies,  and  he  was  obliged 
to  fly  to  Jerusalem,  and  thence  to  Acre  ; 
but  in  time  he  was  recalled  by  the  peo- 
ple, and,  beinsr  placed  at  the  head  ot  the 
government,  E>rypt  began  to  recover  its 
former  splendor.  In  a  battle  fought 
against  the  troops  of  a  rebellious  Mame- 
luke. Ali  was  cut  down,  after  defending 
himself  with  a  degree  of  desperate  valor, 
and  d.  of  his  wounds  eight  davs  after, 
in  1773. 

ALI  PACHA,  an  Albanian,  born  at 
Zepelina,  1744,  who,  by  fifty  years  of 
constant  warfare,  brought  under  his 
sway  a  large  extent  of  territory,  which 
the  Porte  sanctioned.  He  took  the 
title  of  Pacha  of  Jannina,  and  received 
asrents  from  foreign  powers.  But  the 
Porte  was  made  jealous  by  his  intrigues 
with  England,  Russia,  and  France,  and 
finally  had  him  shot. 

ALIAMET,  Jajies,  a  French  engraver 
of  the  last  century. 

ALIPAC,  J.,  a  Frencn  „  inor  poet. 
B.  1796. 

ALISON,  Archibald,  a  elergvinan 
of  Edinburgh,  educated  at  Oxford",  and 
afterwards  preferred  to  various  livings 
in  the  church  of  England.  In  1780  he 
published  his  famous  "  Essay  on  tfc" 
Nature  and  Principles  of  Taste."  He 
subsequently  published  two  sermons, 
and  a  memoir  of  Lord  Woodhousie. 
B.  1757;  d.  1839.  — There  is  another 
of  the  same  name,  distinguished  for  his 
"  Treatise  on  Population,"  and  his 
"  History  of  Europe,"  still  living.— 
Richard,  one  of  the  ten  composers  who 
set  the  psalms  to  music,  at  the  order  of 
Queen  Elizabeth. 


30 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHT. 


[ah, 


ALIX,  Peter,  a  French  abbot  and 
author,  of  the  17th  century. 

ALKEMADE,  Cornelius  Van,  a 
Dutch  antiquary  and  writer.     D.  1070. 

ALKMAAR,  Henry  d',  a  German 
poet  of  the  loth  century,  the  reputed 
author  of  that  exquisite  satire  called 
"  Eeynard  the  Fox." 

ALLAINVAL,  Leonor  Soul  as  d',  a 
French  abbot  and  dramatic  poet.  D.  at 
Paris,  1753. 

ALLA1NE,  de  la  Courtiere,  J.,  a 
French  author.     B.  1750. 

ALLA1S,  Denus  Vairasse,  a  French 
author  of  the  17th  century. 

ALLAN,  David,  a  Scotch  painter, 
born  at  Edinburgh.  B.  1744 ;  d.  1796. 
He  was  called  the  Scottish  Hogarth. — 
George,  son  of  David,  a  literary  man, 
who  was  elected  to  parliament  for  the 
city  of  Durham.  B.  1768  ;  d.  1828.— 
George,  an  attorney  and  antiquary.  D. 
1800. — Sir  William,  an  eminent  histor- 
ical painter,  was  born  at  Edinburgh  in 
1782.  Of  humble  parentage,  he  at  an 
early  age  evinced  a  decided  predilection 
for  art ;  and,  when  still  a  young  man. 
he  pursued  his  favorite  study  with 
equal  enterprise  and  ability,  visiting 
Morocco,  Greece,  and  Spain,  and  pene- 
trating the  remote  and  semi-barbarous 
territories  of  Russia  and  Turkey,  that 
he  might  familiarize  himself  with  the 
rude  and  picturesque  aspects  there  pre- 
sented. "  The  Polish  Captives,"  "  The 
Slave  Market  at  Constantinople,"  and 
various  kindred  subjects,  testify  to  his 
skill  in  this  department  of  art ;  but  he 
did  much  also  to  illustrate  the  historic 
lore  of  his  own  land,  as  his  vivid  repre- 
sentation of  Mary  and  of  Rizzio,  the 
murder  of  Archbishop  Sharpe,  and  the 
Battle  of  Waterloo,  amply  testify.  He 
was  an  old  and  attached  friend  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott ;  and  his  amiable,  unas- 
suming manners,  and  his  vast  fund  of 
anecdote,  procured  him  general  love 
and  esteem.  In  1841  he  succeeded  Sir 
D.  Wilkie  as  president  of  the  Royal 
Scottish  Academy,  and  was  soon  after- 
wards knighted.     D.  1850. 

ALLARD,  Guy,  a  French  writer  on 
geological  history.  D.  at  Dauphiny, 
1716. — Jean  Francoise,  a  French  gen- 
eral officer,  distinguished  during  the 
emperorship  of  Napoleon,  who  after- 
wards entered  the  Egyptian  and  Per- 
sian service,  and  finally  became  an  aid 
of  Runjeet-Singh.     B.  1785;  d.  1839. 

ALLATIUS,  Leo,  a  native  of  the 
island  of  Scio,  who  studied  belles  lettres 
and  the  languages  at  Rome.  After 
visiting  Naples  and  his  native  country, 


he  returned  to  Rome,  where  ho  applied 
himself  to  physic,  in  which  he  took  a 
degree,  but  literature  was  his  favorite 
pursuit,  and  as  his  erudition  was  great, 
he  distinguished  himself  as  a  teacher  in 
the  Greek  college  at  Rome.  He  was  af- 
terwards employed  by  Pope  Gregory 
XV.  to  remove  the  elector  palatine's 
library  from  Germany  to  the  Vatican, 
in  reward  for  which  service,  though  *™* 
a  while  neglected,  he  was  appointed  i>- 
brarian.  Though  bred  and  employed 
among  ecclesiastics,  he  never  entered 
into  orders  because,  as  he  told  the  pope, 
he  wished  to  retain  the  privilege  of 
marrying  if  he  pleased.  His  publica- 
tions were  numerous  but  chiefly  on  di- 
vinity, and,  though  full  of  learning  and 
good  sense,  remarkable  for  unnecessary 
digressions.  In  the  controversy  of  the 
gentlemen  of  the  Port  Royal  with 
Claude  concerning  the  eucharist,  he 
greatly  assisted  the  former,  for  which 
he  was  severely  abused  by  their  bold 
antagonist.  It  is  said  by  Joannes  Pa- 
trieius  that  he  wrote  Greek  for  forty 
years  with  the  same  pen,  and  that  when 
he  lost  it,  he  expressed  his  concern 
even  to  the  shedding  of  tears.  D.  at 
Rome,  in  his  83d  year,  1669. 

ALLEGR^EIN,  Christopher  Gabriel, 
a  French  sculptor.     D.  1795. 

ALLEGRI,  Alexander,  an  Italian 
satirical  poet,  who  flourished  at  Flor- 
ence at  the  end  of  the  16th  century. — 
Gregorio,  an  eminent  composer,  whose 
works  are  still  used  in  the  pope's  chapel 
at  Rome.  His  "Miserere"  is  always 
used  on  Good  Friday,  and  is  much  ad- 
mired. Clement  XIV.  sent  a  copy  of 
this  beautiful  composition  to  George  III. 
in  1773.  To  his  extraordinary  merit  as 
a  composer  of  church  music,  he  is  said 
to  have  joined  a  devout  and  benevo- 
lent disposition,  and  an  excellent  moral 
character.  His  famous  Miserere  was  at 
one  time  thought  so  sacred,  that  it  was 
forbidden  to  be  copied  on  pain  of  ex- 
communication. But  Mozart  disregard- 
ed the  in  i  unction,  and  it  has  since  been 
published.     B.  at  Rome,  1590  ;  d.  1652. 

ALLEIN,  Joseph,  a  non-conformist 
minister,  who  wrote  the  celebrated 
"  Alarm  to  Unconverted  Sinners," 
which  has  been  so  frequently  repub- 
lished.    B.  at  Devizes,  1623  ;  d.  1688. 

ALLEN,  Ethan,  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished of  the  generals  of  the  Amer- 
ican revolution.  He  was  born  at  Salis- 
bury, Connecticut,  and  educated  in 
Vermont.  He  early  took  a  part  with 
the  "  Green  Mountain  Boys,  '  against 
the  royal   authorities.      In   1775,"  soo? 


ALLj 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


31 


sfter  the  battle  of  Lexington,  at  the  re- 
quest of  the  legislature  of  Connecticut, 
he  raised  a  body  of  230  men,  and  as- 
saulted and  took  the  fortress  of  Ticon- 
deroga.  As  he  approached  J)e  La  Place, 
the  commander,  he  demanded  its  sur- 
render "in  the  name  of  Jehovah  and 
the  continental  congress."  The  same 
year,  he  was  taken  prisoner  in  an  at- 
tempt to  reduce  Montreal.  He  was 
sent  to  England  and,  after  being  cruelly 
maltreated  on  the  voyage,  was  confined 
in  Pendennis  castle,  near  Falmouth. 
He  was  next  returned  to  Halifax  and 
then  imprisoned  five  months  in  New 
York.  In  1778  he  was  exchanged  for 
Col.  Campbell  and  returned  to  Ver- 
mont, where  he  was  welcomed  with 
great  joy.  Allen  was  a  man  of  strong 
mind,  earnest  and  eccentric  character, 
devoted  patriotism,  and  audacious  bra- 
very. He  published,  besides  a  narrative 
of  his  captivity,  a  "  Vindication  of  the 
Colonics,"  and  a  work  on  theology. 
B.  1743;  d.  1789.— Ira,  a  brother  of 
Ethan,  was  the  first  secretary  of  Ver- 
mont. He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
war  "on  the  lakes  in  1775,  was  a  com- 
missioner to  congress,  became  agent  of 
the  state,  in  Europe,  for  the  purchase 
of  arms,  was  captured  and  imprisoned 
in  England,  and  afterwards  in  France  ; 
but  after  tedious  litigation  was  released. 
B.  1752 ;  d.  1814.— There  were  seven 
brothers  of  this  family,  all  more  or  less 
distinguished  in  the  colonial  annals. — 
John,  a  chancellor  of  Ireland,  who  was 
basely  assassinated  by  the  earl  of  Kil- 
dare'in  1534. — John,  first  minister  of 
Dedhain,  Massachusetts.  B.  1590. — 
Thomas,  an  eminent  scholar  and  mathe- 
matician of  Elizabeth's  time.  B.  1542  : 
d.  1632. — Thomas,  an  antiquarian  and 
historical  writer,  who  compiled  the 
"  History  and  Antiquities  of  London," 
etc.  B.  *1803  ;  d.  1833.— Matthew,  one 
of  the  first  settlers  of  Connecticut,  in 
1692. — William,  chief-justice  of  Penn- 
pyhania,  an  early  friend  to  Benjamin 
West,  and  an  acquaintance  of  Frank- 
lin. D.  1780.  —  Solomon,  a  major  in 
the  revolationary  war,  who,  after  the 
seizure  of  Andre,  conducted  him  to 
"West  Point.  He  was  also  concerned  in 
quelling  Shay's  insurrection,  and  after- 
wards became  a  successful  preacher. — 
James,  an  eccentric  poet  of  Boston.  B. 
1739;  d.  1808.  — William  Henry,  a 
naval  officer  of  the  U.  S.  who  was  en- 

faged  during  the  war  of  1812,  and  was 
illed  in  an  action  between  the  Argus 
and  the  Pelican  in  the  British  Channel. 
B.  1784;    d.  1813.— Paul,  a  poet  and 


legislator  of  Rhode  Island,  who  wrote 
for  the  Port  Folio  and  United  States 
Gazette.     B.  1775  ;  d.  1826. 

ALLERSTAIN,  a  German  Jesuit  and 
astronomer,  who  died  as  a  missionary 
in  China,  in  1778. 

ALLERTOX,  Isaac,  one  of  the  first 
settlers  of  Plymouth,  who  came  over  in 
the  Mayflower. 

ALL*ESTRY,  Richard,  an  English 
divine.     B.  1619  ;  d.  16S0. 

ALLEY,  bishop  of  Exeter  under 
Elizabeth.     D.  1570. 

ALLEYN,  Edward,  an  English  actor 
in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James  I., 
but  principally  known  as  the  founder 
of  Dulwich  college,  was  born  at  St.  Bo- 
tolph,  London,  Sept.  1,  1566.  He  was 
one  of  the  original  actors  in  Shak- 
speare's  plays,  and  his  popularity  pro- 
cured him  not  only  friends,  but  opu- 
lence. He  built  at  his  own  expense  the 
Fortune  playhouse,  Moorfields,  and  still 
added  to  his  income  by  being  keeper  of 
the  king's  wild  beasts,  with  a  salary  of 
£500  per  annum.  His  erection  of  Dul- 
wicl)  college  is  attributed  to  a  supersti- 
tious cause.  Whilst  with  six  others  he 
was  acting  the  part  of  a  demon  in  one 
of  Shakspeare's  plays,  he  is  said  to 
have  been  terrified  by  the  real  appear- 
ance of  the  devil,  and  the  power  of  the 
imagination  was  so  great  that  lie  made 
a  solemn  vow  to  build  the  college, 
which,  in  1614,  was  begun  under  the 
direction  of  Inigo  Jones,  and  in  three 
years  finished  at  the  expense  of  £10.000. 
This  noble  edifice,  destined  to  afford  an 
asylum  to  indigence  and  infirmity,  was 
solemnly  appropriated  on  the  1 3th'  Sept 
1619,  to  the  humane  purposes  of  the 
founder,  who  appointeu  himself  its  first 
master.  The  original  endowment  was 
£800  per  annum,  for  the  maintenance 
of  one  master,  one  warden,  always  to 
be  unmarried  and  of  the  name  of  Alleyn, 
four  fellows,  three  of  whom  are  in  or- 
ders, and  the  fourth  an  organist,  besides 
six  poor  men,  and  six  women,  and 
twelve  boys  to  be  educated  till  the  ago 
of  fourteen  or  sixteen,  and  then  to  be 
apprenticed.     D.  1626, 

ALLIONI,  Charles,  a  celebrated  phy- 
sician, writer,  and  professor  of  botany  in 
the  university  of  Turin.  B.  1725 ;  d. 
1804. 

ALLIX,  Peter,  a  learned  divine,  b. 
at  Alencon,  in  France,  1644,  minister 
of  the  Reformed  Church  at  Rouen  and 
Charcnton,  who  went  to  England,  was 
created  D.D.  at  Oxford,  and  made  treas- 
urer of  the  church  at  Salisbury.  D.  in 
London,  1717. 


32 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[alm 


B 


ALLOISI,  Balthazar,  a  Bolognese 
nistorical  and  portrait  painter,  who  ob- 
tained the  name  of  Galanino.  D.  1638. 
ALLORI,  Alexander,  a  Florentine 
lainter,  who  excelled  in  naked  figures. 
).  1607. — CnRisTOPHANO,  the  aon  of  the 
above,  was  also  an  eminent  painter. 
D.  1619. 

ALLSTON,  "Washington,  the  greatest 
historical  painter  that  America  has  pro- 
duced, was  a  native  of  Charleston,  S.  C, 
but  at  the  age  of  7  was  sent,  by  the  ad- 
vice of  physicians,  to  Newport,  R.  I.  He 
early  discovered  a  taste  for  imitative  art, 
a  taste  which  was  fostered  by  his  ac- 
quaintance with  Malbone,  who  became 
a  distinguished  miniature  painter.  In 
1706  he  entered  Harvard  College,  where 
he  was  noted  for  the  elegance  of  his 
compositions ;  but  his  leisure  hours 
were  chiefly  devoted  to  the  pencil.  An 
old  rich-toned  Italian  landscape,  some 
pictures  by  Pine,  and  a  copy  of  Van- 
dyke's head  of  Cardinal  Bentivoglio, 
were  his  models.  He  went  to  London 
in  1801,  and  entered  as  a  student  in  the 
Royal  Academy.  He  there  made  the  ac- 
quaintance of  West  and  Fuseli,  and  ex- 
hibited some  of  his  pictures  at  Somerset 
House  in  1802.  He  next  visited  France, 
and  afterwards  Italy.  He  pursued  the 
study  of  art  at  Rome  for  four  years, 
where  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
coloring,  which  acquired  for  him  the 
name  of  the  American  Titian,  and  also 
entered  into  relations  of  intimate  friend- 
ship with  Thorwaldsen,  Coleridge,  and 
other  men  of  note.  In  1809  he  visited 
America,  and  married  the  sister  of  Dr. 
Channing.  In  1811  he  resumed  his  resi- 
dence in  London,  where  his  first  histor- 
ical picture,  the  "  Dead  Man  Revived," 
obtained  for  him  the  first  prize  of  the 
British  Institution.  A  small  volume  of 
poems,  called  the  "  Sylph  of  the  Season, 
and  other  poems,1'  was  published  by 
him  in  1813.  His  wife  died  in  1815,  and 
three  years  after  he  came  home,  bring- 
ing with  him  the  "  Elijah  in  the  Wil- 
derness," having  disposed  of  several 
lanre  and  fine  pictures  before  he  quitted 
England,  such  as  Uriel  in  the  Sun, 
.1  ob'a  Dream,  and  St.  Peter  liberated 
by  the  Angel.  The  Elijah  was  after- 
wards purchased  and  taken  back  to 
England.  During  the  next  12  years, 
while  he  resided  in  Boston,  he  painted 
several  of  his  finest  works,  amonn  others 
his  Jeremiah,  Saul  and  the  Witch  of 
Endor,  Miriam,  singing  the  song  of  tri- 
umph, Dante's  Beatrice,  and  the  Valen- 
tino. In  1330  he  was  married  a  second 
tima  to  the  daughter  of  the  late  Chief 


Justice  Dana,  of  Cambridge,  where  he 
then  took  up  his  residence,  and  began 
the  largest  and  most  ambitious  of  his 
pictures,  the  Feast  of  Belshazzar.  This 
work,  owing  to  various  hindrances,  was 
never  finished,  but  what  was  done  of  it 
will  remain  for  ever  a  monument  of  his 
surpassing  genius  and  skill.  In  1836 
Mr.  Allston  was  asked  by  congress  to 
fill  two  of  the  four  vacant  panels  in  the 
Rotunda  at  Washington,  but  he  declined 
the  request,  in  order  that  he  might  de- 
vote his  undivided  energies  to  the  com- 
pletion of  his  Belshazzar.  His  friends, 
in  1839,  made  a  collection  of  more  than 
fifty  of  his  pictures,  which  were  publicly 
exhibited  in  Boston,  and  gave  to  all  who 
saw  them  the  rarest  delight.  Never  be- 
fore, we  venture  to  say,  on  the  continent 
of  America,  had  there  been  such  an  ex- 
hibition. Two  years  afterwards  Mr. 
Allston  published  a  highly  successful 
tale,  called  Monaldi,  and  thus,  amidst 
days  passed  in  the  exercise  of  his  beau- 
tiful art,  and  evenings  of  refined  social 
enjoyment,  he  enjoyed  a  happy  old  age, 
rich' in  the  possession  of  the  highest 
genius,  and  in  the  attachment  of  the 
most  accomplished  friends.  His  char- 
acter was  without  reproach,  his  feelings 
tender,  his  conduct  dignified,  and  his 
attachments,  as  well  as  his  opinions,  pro- 
found and  sincere.  He  d.  suddenly,  on 
9th  of  July,  1843. 

ALLY,Vizier,  ex-nabob  of  Oude,  was 
the  adopted  son  of  the  former  nabob  of 
Oude,  Yusuf  ab  Dowlah,  who  declared 
him  successor.  The  English  govern- 
ment, however,  deposed  him  in  favor  of 
the  brother  of  Yusuf,  but  settled  on  him 
a  pension  of  £25,000.  While  engaged 
with  the  agents  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany, who  had  been  sent  to  meet  him  at 
Benares  for  the  purpose  of  making  ar- 
rangements for  his  luture  residence,  he 
wave  a  signal,  on  which  his  armed  fol- 
lowers rushed  in  and  treacherously  mur- 
dered the  Company's  officers.  For  a 
time  he  made  his  escape,  but  surrender- 
ed on  condition  that  his  life  should  be 
spared.  D.  in  prison,  1817,  aged  only  36. 

ALMAGRO,  Diego  d\  a  Spaniard  of 
low  origin,  who  accompanied  Pizarro  in 
the  expedition  against  Peru,  in  which 
his  valor,  profligacy,  and  cruelty  were 
equally  displayed.  In  1525  he  took 
Cuzco,  the  capital  of  Chili,  by  storm,  and 
put  Atahualpa,  the  last  of  the  Incas,  to  a 
most  horrid  death  ;  but  quarrelling  with 
the  brothers  of  Pizarro  about  the  divi- 
sion of  their  spoil,  a  schism  ensued  and 
Almagro  was  eventually  taken  prisoner 
and  strangled,  1538. 


ALP] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


33 


ALMAMON,  or  ABD ALLAH,  a  ca- 
liph of  Bagdad,  son  of  Haroim  al  Ras- 
chid,  who  founded  the  academy  of 
Bagdad,  and  was  a  patron  of  science. 
D.  838. 

ALMANASOR,  Jacob,  a  caliph  of 
the  Saracens  in  Africa,  who,  after  con- 
quering a  large  territory,  became  a  ba- 
ker at  Alexandria,  where  he  died,  1205. 

ALMANZOR,  surnamed  the  Victo- 
rious, the  second  caliph  of  the  house  of 
Abas,  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  753. 

ALMARUS,  abbot  of  the  monastery 
of  St.  Austin,  Canterbury,  made  bishop 
of  Sherborne,  1022. 

ALMEIDA,  Francisco,  a  Portuguese? 
appointed,  in  1505,  the  first  viceroy  ot 
India.  Aftar  a  perilous  voyage,  he 
crossed  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and 
proceeded  aloDg  the  coast  of  Africa, 
spreading  terror  and  desolation,  but 
was  killed  on  his  return  in  a  quarrel 
with  the  natives  at  the  Cape,  in  1509. — 
Lorenzo,  son  of  Francisco,  was  also  an 
enterprising  commander  and  navigator, 
by  whom  Ceylon  was  made  tributary  to 
Portugal.  He  lost  his  life  in  an  engage- 
ment with  the  Egyptian  fleet  in  the  bay 
of  Cambaya. 

ALMELOVEEN,  Theodore  Jansen 
Van,  a  most  learned  physician,  born  near 
Utrecht,  professor  of  history,  the  Greek 
language,  and  medicine,  at  Harderwick. 
D.  1742. 

ALMINARA,  Marquis,  Spanish  en- 
voy to  France  from  Charles  IV. ;  diplo- 
matist, and  the  author  of  an  able  "Re- 
ply to  Cevallos,"  respecting  the  former's 
abdication,  and  of  "  A  History  of  the 
Inquisition." 

ALMON,  John,  a  political  writer  and 
publisher,  and  the  friend  of  Wilkes. 
In  1774  he  commenced  the  Parliament- 
ary Register  ;  he  was  also  the  author  of 
a  "  Life  of  Lord  Chatham,"  and  various 
biographical,  political,  and  literary  anec- 
dotes.    B.  1738  ;  d.  1805. 

ALOADDIN,  commonly  called  the 
Old  Man  of  the  Mountains.  He  was  the 
sheik  of  a  Syrian  tribe  professing  the 
Mahometan  religion,  called  the  Arsa- 
cides.  He  lived  in  a  castle  between 
Damascus  and  Antioch,  and  was  sur- 
rounded by  a  number  of  intrepid 
youths,  whom  he  intoxicated  with 
pleasures,  and  rendered  subservient  to 
bis  views,  by  promising  still  greater 
•oluptuousness  in  the  next  world.  As 
these  were  too  successfully  employed 
to  stab  his  enemies,  he  was  dreaded  by 
the  neighboring  princes.  From  the 
name  and  character  of  his  followers  the 
«vord  assassin  is  derived. 


ALOMPRA,  the  founder  of  the  Bur- 
man  empire,  a  man  of  obscure  birth, 
but  who  established  a  new  dynasty 
about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century. 

ALONZO  DE  VIADO,  a  Spanish 
liberal  and  writer.    B.  1775. 

ALPAGO,  Andrew,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician, who  visited  the  East,  and  some 
time  resided  at  Damascus.  On  his  re- 
turn he  was  made  professor  of  medicine 
at  Venice,  where  he  translated  Avieen- 
na,  Averroes,  and  Serapion,  and  en- 
riched the  work  with  notes,  some  of 
which  now  remain  in  manuscript.  D. 
1555. 

ALPHANUS,  Benedict,  archbishop 
of  Palermo,  better  known  as  a  physician 
and  a  poet.  He  was  the  author  of  the 
lives  of  some  saints  in  verse.     D.  10S6. 

ALPHERY,  Mekepper  or  Nicepho- 
rus,  a  native  of  Russia,  descended  from 
the  imperial  family.  During  the  civil 
dissensions  of  his  country  he  removed 
to  England  and  studied  at  Oxford. 
In  1618  he  succeeded  to  the  living 
of  Wooley,  in  Huntingdonshire,  and 
though  he  was  twice  invited  to  return 
to  Russia  with  the  certainty  of  being 
placed  on  the  throne,  he  preferred  the 
character  of  a  parish  priest  in  England 
to  the  splendor  of  the  purple.  He  was 
ejected  from  his  living  during  the  civil 
wars,  and  ill  treated  by  the  republican 
soldiers,  though  his  Presbyterian  suc- 
cessor behaved  towards  him  with  hu- 
manity. He  saw  the  restoration,  and 
was  replaced  in  his  living,  but  retired 
to  Hammersmith,  where  his  son  had 
settled,  and  there  died,  aged  about  80. 
The  last  descendant  of  this  family  mar- 
ried a  Johnson,  a  cutler,  at  Huntingdon, 
by  whom  she  had  eight  children.  She 
was  living  in  1764. 

ALPHONSO  I.,  or  ALONZO  EN- 
RIQUEZ,  first  king  of  Portugal,  son  of 
Henry  of  Burgundy,  count  of  Portugal. 
He  fought  successfully  against  the 
Moors,  and  raised  his  country  to  a  pow- 
erful monarchy.  D.  1185.— III.,  the 
Great,  king  of  the  Asturias,  b.  847,  suc- 
ceeded his" father  Ordogeno,  865,  and  d. 
at  Zamora,  912.  He  conquered  many 
places  from  the  Moors,  was  a  patron  of 
learned  men,  and  distinguished  himself 
for  piety  and  justice. — IV.,  surnamed 
the  Brave,  sou  of  king  Denis,  whom 
he  succeeded,  1324,  was  an  able  and 
impartial  sovereign,  and  d.  1357. — V.. 
surnamed  the  Magnanimous,  king  of 
Arragon,  b.  1384,  succeeded  his  father, 
Ferdinand  the  Just,  1416,  and  d.  at 
Naples,  1458,  leaving  his  Neapolitan  do- 
minions to  his  natural  son  Ferdinand, 


34 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ALT 


and  those  of  Spain,  Sardinia,  and  Sicily 
to  his  brother  Juan,  king  of  Navarre. 
This  monarch  was  accounted  the  most 
accomplished  prince  of  Ids  time;  he  gave 
shelter  to  the  Greek  literati  expelled 
from  Constantinople,  and  was  in  other 
respects  a  great  patron  of  learning. — X., 
called  the  Wise,  king  of  Leon  and  Cas- 
tile, succeeded  his  father,  Ferdinand 
III.,  1251,  and  d.  1284,  aged  81.  As  a 
ruler,  Alphonso  was  misguided  and  un- 
fortunate ;  but  as  a  patron  and  an  en- 
courager  of  the  sciences,  he  obtained 
much  reputation.  He  completed  a  code 
of  laws,  began  by  his  father,  still  known 
under  the  title  of  "  Las  Partidas,"  and 
preceded  the  other  nations  of  Europe  in 
substituting  the  vernacular  tongue  for 
the  Latin  in  law  proceedings.  His  fa- 
vorite pursuit,  however,  was  astronomy, 
and  he  employed  the  most  famous  as- 
tronomers to  draw  up  the  celebrated 
tables  called  after  him  the  Alphoasine 
Tables,  which  were  first  published  at 
Venice,  1483. 

ALPHONSUS,  Tastaoijs,  bishop  of 
Avila,  a  voluminous  Spanish  writer, 
who  flourished  during  the  15th  century. 

ALPINI,  Prospero,  a  Venetian  phy- 
sician. B.  1553,  and  d.  1617.  He  was  the 
greatest  botanist  of  his  day,  the  first  who 
explained  the  impregnation  and  genera- 
tion of  plants  by  the  sexual  system,  and 
the  author  of  many  valuable  works  on 
his  favorite  pursuit. 

ALSOP,  Anthony,  an   eminent   En- 

flish  divine  and  scholar,  who  d.  1726. 
[is  principal  work  was  a  selection  from 
^Esop,  entitled  "  Fabularum  iEsopica- 
rum  Delectus,"  published  in  1698. — 
Vincent,  a  nonconformist  divine  of  the 
17th  century,  b.  in  Northamptonshire. 
D.  1703. — Richard,  a  native  of  Middle- 
town,  in  Connecticut ;  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  and  the  translator  of  various 
works  from  the  French  and  Italian ; 
among  which  was  the  "  Natural  and 
Civil  History  of  Chili,"  from  the  Italian 
of  Molina.    'B.  1759;  d.  1815. 

ALSTEDIUS,  John  Henry,  a  Ger- 
man philosopher  and  Protestant  divine. 
B.  1588:  d.  1838. 

ALSTON, Charles,  an  eminent  Scotch 
physician  and  botanist ;  author  of  "  Tiro- 
cinium Botanicum  Edinburgense,"  &e. ; 
and  public  lecturer  at  Edinburgh.  B. 
1683 ;  d.  1760. — Joseph,  governor  of 
South  Carolina,  after  havinr  been  for 
several  years  a  distinguished  member 
of  the  legislature  of  that  state,  was  elect- 
ed chief  magistrate  in  1812.  He  married 
the  daughter  of  Aaron  Burr,  and  in  con- 
sequence of  that  connection  was  unjust- 


ly suspected  of  being  .oncemed  in  the 
reputed  treasonable  enterprises  of  that 
individual.  Mrs.  Alston  was  lost  on  hei 
passage  from  Charleston  to  New  York 
in  1812.  B.  1778;  d.  1816.— William, 
a  volunteer  of  the  revolutionary  war, 
who  served  as  captain  under  Marion. 
He  was  for  several  years  member  of  the 
senate  of  South  Carolina.  B.  1756  ;  d. 
1839. 

ALSTROEMER,  Jonas,  a  distinguish- 
ed Swede,  b.  of  poor  parents  at  Alingas, 
West  Gothland,  in  1685.  After  strug- 
gling with  poverty  for  a  long  time,  he 
visited  London,  and  paying  particular 
attention  to  the  commercial  and  manu- 
facturing sources  of  British  prosperity, 
he  returned  to  Sweden  in  1723,  resolv- 
ing to  carry  the  plans  he  had  formed 
into  execution.  Having  obtained  a  li- 
cense to  establish  manufactures  in  the 
town  in  which  he  was  born,  it  soon  be- 
came the  seat  of  industry  and  activity, 
which  afforded  an  example  to  the  whole 
kingdom.  He  established  asugar-house 
at  Gottenburgh,  and  traded  to  the  Indies 
and  th<3  Levant;  improved  rural  econo- 
my ;  cultivated  plants  proper  for  dyeing; 
and  improved  the  wool  trade,  by  import- 
Ing  sheep  from  Spain  and  England,  and 
the  gout  from  Angora.  For  these  im- 
portant benefits,  Alhtroemer  received  a 
patent  of  nobility,  was  made  Knight  of 
the  Polar  Star,  and  honored  with  the 
title  of  Chancellor  of  Commerce ;  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  chose  him  a  mem- 
ber, and' the  national  states  decreed  him 
a  statue  to  be  erected  to  his  memory  on 
the  Exchange  of  Stockholm.    D.  1761. 

ALTAEMPS,  Mark,  a  nephew^  of 
Pope  Pius  IV.,  memorable  as  one  of  the 
cardinals  in  the  council  of  Trent. 

ALTER,  Franch  Charles,  a  German 
Jesuit  and  laborious  critic ;  Greek  teach- 
er in  the  school  of  St.  Anne  at  Vienna, 
D.  1804. 

ALTHAMERUS,  a  divine  of  Nurem- 
berg ;  author  of  various  theological 
works,  and  a  principal  promoter  of  the 
Reformation  in  Berne,  Switzerland.  T>. 
1450. 

ALTHUSEN,  or  ALTHUSIUS,  John, 
a  German  civilian,  was  b.  about  the 
middle  of  the  16th  century,  and  d.  in  the 
l?th.  He  was  professor  "of  law  at  Her- 
born,  and  syndic  of  Bremen.  In  1603 
he  published  his  "Politiea  Methodico 
Digesta,"  m  which  he  boldly  taught  that 
kings  are  nothing  more  than  magis- 
trates, that  to  the  people  belongs  the 
sovereignty,  and  that,  as  a  natural  con- 
sequence, they  may  change  and  even 
punish  their  rulers"     Althusen  was  the 


ALV] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


35 


author  of  several  other  works,  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  is  a  Latin  Treatise  on 
Roman  Jurisprudence. 

ALTICOZZI,  Loreneo,  a  Jesuit  au- 
thor and  polemic,  who  wrote  the  "Sum 
of  St.  Augustine,"  B.  at  Cortona,  1689  ; 
d.  1777. 

ALTILIO,  Gabriel,  a  Neapolitan ; 
author  of  some  Latin  poems  of  great 
beauty.     D.  1501. 

ALTING,  Henry,  an  eminent  Ger- 
man divine,  distinguished  himself  at  the 
Sync  d  of  Dort,  as  deputy  from  the  Pal- 
atinate, and  did  much  in  advancement 
of  the  Protestant  interest  in  Germany. 
B.  15S3;  d.  1644. — James,  son  of  the 
above,  was  educated  at  Groningeu,  and 
went  to  England,  where  he  was  ordain- 
ed a  priest  of  the  church  by  the  Bishop 
of  Worcester.  In  1643  he  was  chosen 
Hebrew  professor  at  Groningen,  and 
afterwards  professor  of  divinity.  B. 
1618  ;  d.  1679. — Menson,  a  burgomaster 
of  Groningen,  author  of  the  best  descrip- 
tion of  the  Low  Countries  now  extant. 
D.  1713. 

ALTISSIMO,  the  poetical  surname  of 
an  Italian  poet  named  Christopher.  His 
surname  and  a  poetic  crown  were  given 
to  him  on  account  of  his  great  popular- 
ity as  an  improvisatore. 

ALTMAN,  John  George,  a  Swiss 
historian  and  divine,  curate  of  Inns  in 
the  same  canton,  and  professor  of  mural 
philosophy  and  Greek  at  Berne.  B.  1697  ; 
d.  1758. 

ALTORF,  Albert,  a  Bavarian  painter, 
architect,  and  engraver.  He  raised  him- 
self by  his  merits  to  the  rank  of  senator 
of  Ratisbon,  which  city  he  adorned  with 
many  handsome  edifices.  B.  148S  ;  d. 
1578. 

ALTON,  Richard,  count  d',  an  Aus- 
trian general,  who  had  the  command  of 
the  Low  Countries  in  1787.  Though 
a  strict  disciplinarian  and  a  man  of 
bravery,  he  betrayed  weakness  during 
the  insurrections  in  Brabant,  1789,  for 
wl deli  he  was  sent  for  to  Vienna,  to  clear 
his  character.  He  d.  on  the  journey. — 
His  brother  distinguished  himself  against 
the  Turks,  and  also  against  the  French 
at  the  siege  of  Valenciennes.  He  was 
killed  near  Dunkirk,  1793,  much  regret- 
ted as  a  good  soldier  and  an  amiable 
man. 

ALURED,  an  ancient  English  his- 
torian, who  flourished  in  the  beginning 
of  the  12th  century.  His  annals  are 
very  valuable,  and  comprise  the  history 
of  the  Britons,  Saxons,  and  Normans, 
down  to  his  own  time,  1129. 

ALVA,  Ferdinand  Alvarez,  duke  of, 


the  descendant  of  an  illustrious  family 
in  Spain,  was  a  famous  general  under 
the  emperors  Charles  V.  and  Philip  II. 
He  made  his  first  campaign  at  the  battle 
of  Pavia.  At  the  siege  of  Metz  he  per- 
formed prodigies  of  valor ;  and  in  the 
war  with  the  pope  he  was  completely 
successful ;  but  he  was  as  cruel  as  he 
was  brave.  In  1567,  Philip  sent  him  to 
reduce  the  Low  Countries,  then  in  a 
state  of  revolt.  Here  he  landed  with 
10,000  men,  and  immediately  comiuenced 
a  series  of  cruelties  almost  unparalleled 
in  the  annals  of  history,  annihilating 
every  remaining  privilege  of  the  people. 
lie  was  subsequently  employed  against 
Don  Antonio,  who  had  assumed  the 
crown  of  Portugal,  and  drove  him  from 
that  kingdom,  the  whole  of  which  he 
reduced  to  Philip's  authority.  B.  1515  ; 
d.  1589. 

ALVARADO,  Don  Pedro,  one  of  the 
rapacious  conquerors  of  Spanish  Amer- 
ica, who  accompanied  Cortes  to  America, 
lie  was  appointed  to  the  government  of 
Gnatimala,  and  was  slain  in  1541. — Al- 
phoxso  d',  a  Spanish  adventurer,  who 
accompanied  Pizarro  in  his  expedition  to 
Peru  ;  and  who  was  equally  distinguish- 
ed for  his  bravery  ana  his  cruelty.  D. 
1553. 

ALVAREZ,  Emanuel,  a  distinguished 
Portuguese  grammarian.  B.  at  Madeira, 
1526;  d.  at"  the  college  of  Evora,  of 
which  he  was  rector,  158-2.— Francis,  a 
Portuguese  divine,  b.  at  Coimbra,  to- 
wards  the  end  of  the  15th  century,  and 
d.  1540,  leaving  behind  hira  in  Portu- 
guese an  account  of  his  embassy  to 
David,  king  of  Abyssinia,  and  a  de- 
scription of  Ethiopian  manners  and  cus- 
toms, which  is  deemed  the  first  accurate 
account  of  Abyssinia. — Gomez,  a  Spanish 
poet.  The  chief  of  his  works,  which 
were  written  in  Latin,  is  a  poem  on  the 
Order  of  the  Golden  Fleece.  B.  1488; 
d.  153S. — Don  Jose,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  sculptors  of  the  19th  century, 
was  b.  near  Cordova  in  Spain,  1768. 
Patronized  by  Charles  IV.,  he  proceeded 
to  Paris  in  1799,  with  a  view  of  pros- 
ecuting hi«  studies ;  and  he  soon  gained 
himself  a  name  in  the  French  metropo- 
lis. Napoleon  presented  him  with  a 
gold  medal ;  but  the  great  captain's  sub- 
sequent conduct  towards  Spain  inspired 
the  artist  with  such  aversion  for  him, 
that  he  would  never  model  his  bust.  He 
was  afterwards  imprisoned  for  refusing 
to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  Joseph 
Bonaparte,  when  proclaimed  king  of 
Spain.  Many  of  his  best  works  arc  at 
Madrid.    D.'l827. 


36 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[AMA 


ALVAROTTO,  James,  a  lawyer  of 
Padua,  distinguished  for  his  attain- 
ments both  in  the  civil  and  canon  law ; 
author  of  "  Commcntaria  in  Libros  Feu- 
dorum."     B.  1474 ;  d.  1542. 

ALVENSLEBEN,  Philip  Charles, 
count  of,  son  of  a  counsellor  of  war  at 
Hanover,  was  a  distinguished  diplo- 
matist, and  m  1791  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  department  for  foreign  af- 
fairs at  Hanover,  in  which  he  gave  gen- 
eral satisfaction.  The  count  wrote  a 
"  History  of  the  War  from  the  Peace  of 
Minister  to  that  of  Hubertsbourg."  B. 
1745  ;  d.  1802. 

ALVIANO,  Bartholomew,  an  emi- 
nent Venetian  general,  whose  exertions 
against  the  Emperor  Maximilian,  in 
1508,  caused  the  republic  to  decree  him 
triumphal  honors.  In  the  siege  of  Pa- 
dua by  the  emperor,  and  at  the  battles 
of  La  Motte  and  Alariguano,  Alviano 
displayed  the  most  heroic  qualities. 
His  death  was  occasioned  by  excessive 
fatigue  while  laying  siege  to  Brescia. 
B.  145-"  ;  d.  1 515. 

ALXINGEK,  John  Baptist  d',  a 
German  poet,  born  at  Vienna,  in  1755, 
of  a  rich  family,  early  acquired  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  classics. 
Though  he  became  a  doctor  of  laws, 
and  held  the  title  of  court  advocate,  he 
availed  himself  of  his  legal  station  only 
to  make  up  disputes,  or  plead  for  the 
poor.  Poetry  was  his  favorite  pursuit. 
Besides  minor  pieces,  he  wrote  "  Doolin 
of  Mentz,"  and  "  Bliomberis,"  two 
chivalresque  epics,  in  Wieland's  style. 
AlxinLrer  was  liberal,  and  firmly  attached 
to  his  friend?.    D.  1797. 

ALYPIUS,  an  architect  of  Antioch, 
employed  by  Julian  in  his  attempt  to 
rebuild  the  temple  of  Jerusalem.  He 
was  subsequently  banished,  on  a  charge 
of  practising  the  black  art,  and  died  in 
exile.  Alypius  wrote  a  "  Geographical 
Description  of  the  World,"  published 
in  1628  at  Geneva. — Bishop  ot  Tagasta, 
Africa,  the  friend  of  St.  Augustine,  with 
whom  he  was  baptized  at  Milan,  in  388. 
He  opposed  the  Donatists  and  Pelagians 
with  great  zeal ;  and  died  in  430. 

AMADEDDULAT,  first  sultan  of  the 
Buiyan  dynasty,  was  the  son  of  a  fisher- 
man of  iiilem,  on  the  Caspian  Sea.  He 
rose  to  distinction  in  the  armies  of 
Makan,  sultan  of  Dilem,  and  subse- 
quently gained  possession  of  Persia 
Prober,  Persian  Irak,  and  Kerman,  of 
which  he  assumed  the  sovereignty,  and 
fixed  the  seat  of  his  government  at  Shi- 
raz,  in  933.  He  died,  949,  and  left  his 
crown  to  his  nephew,  Adadeddulat. 


AMADEUS  V.,  count  of  Savoy,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  sovereignty  of  that  state, 
1285,  and  died  at  Avignon,  1323.  Al- 
though a  prince  of  such  small  domin- 
ions, he  acquired  the  surname  of  Great, 
from  his  wisdom  and  success. — VIII., 
count  of  Savoy,  elected  1391.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  singular  men  of  his 
time,  and  acquired  the  name  of  Pacific. 
— IX.,  count  of  Savoy,  who  married 
Jolande  of  France,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  his  good  deeds,  so  that  his 
subjects  called  him  the  Blessed.  D. 
1472. 

AMAIA,  Francis,  a  Spanish  lawyer 
of  much  reputation,  and  professor  of 
leg'al  science  at  Salamanca.     D.  1640. 

AMAK,  or  ABULNAG1E  AL  BOK- 
HAR1,  a  Persian  poet  of  the  5th  cen- 
tury, entertained  at  the  court  of  sultan 
Kbedar  Khan,  who  instituted  an  acad- 
emy of  poets,  of  which  he  made  Amak 
president.  His  chief  poem  is  the  "His- 
tory of  the  Loves  of  Joseph  and  Zo- 
leiskah." 

AMALARIUS,  Fortunatus,  arch- 
bishop of  Treves  in  810.  He  established 
Christianity  in  Saxony,  consecrated  a 
church  at  Hamburgh,  and  was  sent  am- 
bassador in  813  to  Constantinople  by 
Charlemagne.     D.  814. 

AMALTHEUS,  Attilius,  archbishop 
of  Athens.  D.  1600. — Jerome,  an  Italian 
physician  and  poet  of  some  repute.  B. 
1507 ;  d.  1574.— John  Baptlst,  brother 
of  the  above,  was  born,  1525  ;  attended 
the  Venetian  ambassador  to  England, 
and,  on  his  return,  was  made  secretary 
to  Pope  Pius  IV.  His  Latin  poems 
were  printed,  1550;  and  he  died,  1573. 
— Cornelius,  another  brother  of  the 
above,  was  also  eminent  in  physic  and 
poetry. 

AMAND,  Mark  Anthony  Gerard, 
Sieur  de  St.,  a  French  poet.  B.  at 
Rouen,  1594;  d.  1661.  He  was  one 
of  the  first  members  of  the  French 
academv. 

AMAR  DURIVIER,  J.  A.,  author  of 
a  great  variety  of  literary  works,  trans- 
lations from  Gay,  Terence,  Lucan,  &c. 
B.  1765. 

AMARA-SINGHA,  a  Hindoo  author 
of  great  antiquity,  who  compiled  a  dic- 
tionary of  the  Sanscrit  language,  part  cf 
which' was  published  at  Rome,  1798. 

AMARETTI,  Abbe  G,  a  Milanese 
mineralogist,  born  in  1743;  author  of 
"  Viagsno  di  Trilaghi,"  "  Memoirs  of 
Leonardo  di  Vinci,"  &c,  &c.  He  was 
a  knight  of  Napoleon's  order  of  tha 
Iron  Crown. 
AMASEO,    Romulus,    an     eminent 


AMBJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


37 


teacher  of  the  belles  lettres  at  Padua. 
His  celebrity  caused  him  to  be  invited 
to  Rome  by  Paul  HI.,  by  whom  he  was 
employed  in  various  embassies ;  and  by 
Julius  III.  he  was  appointed  secretary 
of  the  briefs.  He  translated  Pausanias 
and  the  Cyrus  of  Xenophon  into  Latin ; 
and  published  a  volume  of  his  own 
Latin  speeches.  B.  1480  :  d.  1552. 
.  AMATI,  a  celebrated  violin  maker  of 
Cremona,  about  the  year  1600. 

AMATLIS,  a  Portuguese  Jew,  born 
1511,  at  Castel  Bianco.  He  studied 
medicine  with  success  at  the  university 
of  Salamanca,  and  afterwards  gave  lec- 
tures on  the  science  at  Ferrara,  Ancona, 
and  other  places. 

AMAURI,  de  Chartres,  a  French 
visionary  of  the  13th  century,  who 
maintained  the  eternity  of  matter,  and 
that  religion  had  three  epochs,  agree- 
able to  the  three  persons  of  the  Trinity. 
His  opinions  were  condemned  by  the 
council  of  Paris,  1209,  and  some  of  his 
followers  burnt.  To  avoid  a  similar 
fate,  he  renounced  his  errors,  but  died 
of  vexation. 

AMBERGER,  Christopher,  a  painter 
of  Nuremberg,  in  the  16th  century,  was 
a  disciple  of  Hans  Holbein.  He  was 
likewise  a  good  engraver  on  wood.  D. 
1550. 

AMBOTSE,  Francis,  a  French  writer, 
educated  in  the  college  of  Navarre,  and 
afterwards  an  advocate  in  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  and  counsellor  of  state. 
He  published  several  poetical  pieces  in 
French  and  Latin,  but  is  chiefly  known 
as  the  collector  and  editor  of  the  works 
of  the  celebrated  Abelard.  D.  1612.— 
George  d',  a  French  cardinal  and  min- 
ister of  state,  born  of  a  noble  family, 
1460.  He  became  successively  bishop 
of  Montauban,  archbishop  of  Narbonne, 
and  lastly  of  Rouen.  Louis  XII.  made 
him  prime  minister,  and  he  soon  ac- 
quired great  popularity  by  taking  off 
the  taxes  which  had  been  usually  levied 
on  the  people  at  the  accession  of  every 
new  monarch.  The  king,  by  his  ad- 
vice, undertook  the  conquest  of  the 
Milanese,  which  succeeded.  Soon  after 
this,  ho  was  appointed  the  pope's  legate 
in  France,  with  the  dignity  of  cardinal, 
and  in  that  capacity  effected  a  great  re- 
form among  the  religious  orders.  He 
d.  1510. — Amery  d',  a  famous  French 
admiral,  and  brother  of  the  above,  who 
gained  a  splendid  victory  over  the  sul- 
tan of  Egypt,  in  1510. —Michael  d',  a 
natural  son  of  Amboise,  admiral  of 
France,  born  at  Naples.  He  was  the 
author    of    numerous    poems    in    the 


French  language,  which  n«  published 
under  the  name  of  the  Signior  do  Cha- 
villon.     D.  1547. 

AMBROGI,  Antoine,  a  Roman  Jesuit 
and  poet.  He  translated  Virgil  and 
some  of  the  works  of  Voltaire  into  Ital- 
ian.    B.  1712;  d.  1788. 

AMBROGIO,  Tesco,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  among  the  early  Italian  ori- 
entalists.    B.  at  Pavia,  1469;  d.  1540. 

AMBROSE,  St.,  bishop  of  Milan,  was 
born,  340,  at  Aries,  m  Gallia  Narbon- 
ensis,  of  which  province  his  father  was 
lieutenant.  While  yet  a  youth,  he 
pleaded  causes  with  so  much  eloquence, 
that  Probus,  prefect  of  Italy,  chose  him 
one  of  his  council,  and  afterwards  nom- 
inated him  governor  of  Milan,  which 
office  he  held  5  years.  In  374,  Auxen- 
tius,  bishop  of  Milan,  died ;  and  so 
fierce  was  the  contest  in  the  election  of 
a  successor  to  the  vacant  sec,  that  the 
governor  was  called  upon  to  quell  the 
tumult.  This  he  attempted  by  per- 
suasion in  the  great  church  ;  and  at  the 
conclusion  of  his  address,  a  voice  in  the 
crowd  exclaimed,  "  Ambrose  is  bishop." 
This  circumstance  was  considered  as  of 
divine  direction,  and  Ambrose  was  de- 
clared to  be  the  object  not  only  of  the 
popular  choice,  but  of  divine  selection. 
His  first  efforts  were  directed  to  the  ex- 
termination of  Arianism,  which  was 
then  making  great  progress.  He  also 
successfully  resisted  the  Pagans,  who 
were  attempting  to  restore  their  ancient 
worship.  When  Maximums  invaded 
Italy,  and  actually  entered  Milan,  Am- 
brose remained  at  his  post,  to  assuage 
the  calamities  produced  by  the  invading 
army.  When,  in  consequence  of  a  tu- 
mult at  Thessalonica,  Theodosius  sent 
an  order  for  a  general  massacre,  Am- 
brose repaired  to  the  emperor,  remon- 
strated with  him  on  his  barbarity,  and 
prevailed  on  him  to  promise  that  the 
command  should  be  revoked.  The 
mandate  was,  however,  carried  into  ex- 
ecution, and  7000  persons  were  slaugh- 
tered in  cold  blood.  Shortly  afterwards, 
when  Theodosius,  in  the  anguish  of 
self-reproach,  was  about  to  enter  the 
great  church  of  Milan,  A  tnbrose  met 
him  at  the  porch  and  sternly  foibado 
him  to  appear  in  the  holy  place.  The 
emperor  pleaded  the  example  of  David: 
— "  You  have  imitated  David  in  his 
crime,  imitate  him  in  his  repentance," 
was  the  reply;  and  Theodosius  was 
compelled,  not  only  to  perform  a  pen- 
ance, but  to  sign  an  edict,  which  or- 
dained that  an  interval  of  thirty  clays 
should    pass  before  any  sentence    of 


432645 


38 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ame 


death  or  of  confiscation  should  be  ex- 
ecuted.    D.  at  Milan,  in  397. 

AMBROSINI,  Ambrozio,  a  Ferrarese ; 
author  of  several  oratorios,  canzoni,  and 
sonnets.  D.  1700. — Giulio,  a  Mantuan, 
author  of  a  work  on  "  Deuionology." 
B.  1580. 

AMEILHON,  Hubert  Pascal,  a 
learned  Frenchman,  author  of  "  His- 
toirc  du  Bas  Empire,"  of  a  celebrated 
work  on  the  "  Commerce  of  the  Egyp- 
tians,'' and  of  "Researches  into  the 
Mechanical  Arts  of  the  Ancients."  B. 
1730:  d.  1811. 

AMELIA,  Anxe,  princess  of  Prussia, 
sister  of  Frederic  the  Great.  She  was 
distinguished  by  her  taste  for  the  arts, 
and  set  to  music  "The  Death  of  the 
Messiah,"  by  Ramler.  B.  1723;  d.  1.787. 
— Duchess  dowager  of  Saxe  Weimar, 
duchess  of  Brunswick  and  Luneburg, 
who  liberally  patronized  men  of  learn- 
ing and  genius,  among  whom  were 
Wieland,  Goethe,  Schiller,  and  Herder. 
B.  1739;  d.  1807.— Youngest  child  of 
George  III.  and  Queen  Charlotte;  a 
princess  who  in  mind  and  manners  was 
amiable  and  accomplished.  B.  17S3 ; 
d.  1810. 

AM  ELOT,  Nicolas,  a  French  minister 
of  state  in  1788,  who  was  accused  of  per- 
secuting one  Latude,  as  the  agent  ot  M. 
Pompadour,  during  the  ancient  regime. 
For  some  offence  to  the  republicans,  he 
was  imprisoned  in  the  Luxemburg, 
where  his  life  was  saved  and  prolonged 
by  a  young  female,  who  avowed  a  pas- 
sion for  him ;  but  at  length  he  died  in 
the  prison.  His  victim,  Latude,  on 
escaping  from  the  Bastile,  brought  an 
action  of  damages,  and  recovered  from 
Amelot's  heirs. 

AMELOT  DE  LA  HOUSSAYE, 
Nicholas,  a  French  historian  of  the  17th 
century.  He  resided  for  some  time  at 
Venice,  as  secretary  to  the  French  em- 
bassy, and  wrote  a  history  of  its  gov- 
ernment. He  also  translated  "The 
Prince,"  by  Machiavel,  and  other  Italian 
works  into  French.     D.  1706. 

AMELUNGHI,  Jerome,  a  Pisan 
poet,  preceding  Tasso  in  the  mock- 
heroic  style;  author  of  "La  Gigantca 
del  Forabosco,"  in  1547. 

AMENTA,  N.,  an  admired  Neapolitan 
poet.    B.  1659. 

AMERBACH,  John,  a  printer  of 
Basil,  in  the  15th  century;  the  first  who 
used  the  Roman  type  instead  of  Gothic 
and  Italian.  D.  1515. — Boniface,  son 
of  the  above,  syndic  of  Basil ;  and  inti- 
mate friend  of  Erasmus.  D.  1502. — 
Vrr^s,  a  learned  professor  at  Wittein- 


burg,  in  the  16th  century ;  editor  of  the 
orations  of  Isocrates  and  Demosthenes; 
and  translator  of  selections  from  Epi- 
phanius  and  Chrvsostom. 

AMEEICUS  VESPUCIUS,  or,  more 
properly,  Amerigo  Vespucci,  an  eminent 
navigator,  was  born  at  Florence,  in  1451, 
After  receiving  a  liberal  education,  he 
was  sent  by  his  father  to  Spain  for  thr 
purpose  of  conducting  his  commercial 
affairs  ;  and,  being  at  Seville  when  Co- 
lumbus was  making  preparations  fur  his 
second  voyage,  he  resolved  to  quit  mcr 
cantile  pursuits,  and  enter  on  the  career 
of  discovery.  His  first  expedition  to 
the  new  continent  was  in  1409,  under 
the  command  of  Ojeda,  a  year  after  the 
discovery  and  examination  of  that  part 
of  the  coast  by  Columbus.  After  this 
he  entered  the  service  of  King  Emman- 
uel of  Portugal,  and  made  two  voyages 
in  Portuguese  ships :  the  first  in  1501; 
the  second  in  1508.  The  object  of  this 
last  voyage  was  to  find  a  westerly  pas- 
sage to  Malacca.  He  arrived  at  Brazil, 
and  discovered  the  Bay  of  All  Saints. 
In  1505  he  again  entered  the  service  of 
the  king  of  Spain,  but  made  no  more 
voyages,  as  appears  from  memoranda, 
showing  that  he  was  at  Seville  till  1503, 
at  which  time  he  was  appointed  prin- 
cipal pilot.  His  duties  were  to  prepare 
charts,  and  prescribe  routes  for  vessels 
in  their  voyages  to  the  new  world, 
which  took  bis  name,  though  the  honor 
clearly  belonged  to  Columbus,  whose 
priority  of  discovery  is  not  to  be  ques- 
tioned'.   D.  1516. 

AMES,  William,  a  native  of  Norfolk, 
who,  after  being  educated  at  Christ's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  left  his  country,  where 
his  Calvinistieal  tenets  were  becoming 
unpopular,  and  settled  as  professor  iu 
the  university  of  Franeker,  in  Holland. 
Here  he  enjoyed  fame  and  independ- 
ence ;  but  as  the  air  of  the  place  was  too 
sharp  for  his  asthmatic  constitution,  he 
removed  to  Rotterdam,  with  the  inten- 
tion of  passing  into  New  England.  He, 
however,  d.  At  Rotterdam,  1663,  aged  57. 
He  was  a  learned  divine,  and  his  wri- 
tings were  voluminous,  his  principal 
work  being  "  Medulla  Theologica."— Jo- 
seph, a  ship-chandler  of  Wapping,  who, 
in  an  advanced  period  of  lite,  studied 
antiquities,  and  rose  by  his  genius  and 
application  to  consequence,  and  to  the 
secretarvship  of  the  Society  of  Antiqua- 
ries. He  published  an  account  of  the 
earliest  printers,  with  a  register  of  the 
books  which  they  printed,  in  quarto, 
1749,  besides  the  list  of  English  heads 
engraved   in   mezzotinto,    &c,    in   8vc 


AMlj 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPH1 


Ho  also  compiled  the  "Parentalia," 
from  Wren's  papers.  He  d.  Oct.  7th, 
1759,  and  the  following  year  his  curious 
collection  of  fossils,  shells,  medals,  &c, 
was  sold  hy  public  auction.  His 
daughter  married  Captain  Dampier,  in 
the  East  India  sea-service.  —  Fisher, 
LL.D.,  one  of  the  most  eloquent  of 
American  statesmen  and  writers,  was  b. 
at  Dec! ham,  in  Massachusetts,  April  9, 
1758.  He  was  educated  at  Harvard  uni- 
versity, where  he  received  his  degree  in 
1774.  He  studied  law  in  Boston,  and 
commenced  the  practice  of  it  in  his 
native  village.  But  the  affairs  of  the 
revolution  soon  drew  his  attention  to 
politics,  and  he  became  conspicuous  by 
his  speeches,  and  by  his  animated  and 
beautiful  style  as  an  essay  writer.  He 
distinguished  himself  as  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  convention  for  ratifying 
the  constitution,  in  1788,  and  from  this 
body  passed  to  the  house  of  representa- 
tives in  the  state  legislature.  Soon  after 
he  was  elected  the  representative  of  the 
Suffolk  district  in  the  congress  of  the 
United  States,  where  he  remained  witli 
the  highest  honor  during  the  eight  years 
of  Washington's  administration.  On 
the  retirement  of  Washington,  Mr.  A. 
returned  to  his  residence  at  Dedham, 
where  he  occupied  himself  with  the 
management  of  his  farm  and  the  prac- 
tice of  the  law.  The  latter  he  relin- 
quished, a  few  years  afterwards,  in  con- 
sequence of  his  declining  health ;  but 
he  felt  too  deep  an  interest  in  the  wel- 
fare of  his  country  to  withdraw  his 
mind  and  pen  from  politics.  He  wrote 
much  in  the  public  papers,  relating  to 
the  contest  between  Great  Britain  and 
revolutionary  France,  as  it  might  affect 
the  liberty  and  prosperity  of  America. 
In  1804  he  was  chosen  president  of 
Harvard  college — an  honor  which  he 
declined.  He'd.  July  4th,  1808.  His 
writings,  in  the  following  year,  were 
published  in  one  volume  octavo,  pre- 
faced by  a  memoir  of  his  life,  from  the 
pen  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Kirkland. 

AMHERST,  Jeffrey,  Lord,  an  En- 
glish general  of  considerable  celebrity, 
descended  from  an  ancient  family  seated 
at  Sevenoaks,  in  Kent.  He  was'  b.  1727, 
and  at  the  age  of  fourteen  embraced  the 
military  profession.  In  1741  he  was 
aid-de-camp  to  General  Ligonier,  at  the 
battles  of  Dettinsren,  Fontenoy,  and  Ro- 
coux,  and  in  1756  obtained  the  colo- 
nelcy of  the  15th  regiment  of  foot.  His 
abilities  and  experience  were  now  called 
into  action ;  he  was  employed,  1758,  at 
the  siege  of  Louisbourg,  and  was  made 


governor  of  Virginia,  and  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  forces  in  America;  and, 
in  this  part  of  the  world,  the  fall  of  Ni- 
agara, Ticonderoga,  Quebec,  and  Mon- 
treal, with  the  submission  of  all  Canada, 
marked  the  progress  of  his  judicious 
and  successful  measures.  His  great  ser- 
vices were  honorably  rewarded  by  the 
court ;  he  was  made  a  knight  of  the 
Bath,  in  1771,  appointed  governor  of 
Guernsey,  the  next  year  lieutenant-gen- 
eral of  the  ordnance,  and  in  1776,  created 
baron  Amherst  of  Holmsdale.  In  1778 
he  was  made  commander-in-chief,  and 
though  upon  the  change  of  ministry 
these  offices  were  withdrawn,  he  was 
again  reinstated  in  1793,  when,  two  years 
after,  he  resigned  the  command  of  the 
forces  to  the  duke  of  York,  and  was 
raised  to  the  rank  of  field-marshal.  D. 
1797. 

AMHURST,  Nicholas,  an  English 
political  and  miscellaneous  writer.  B. 
at  Marden,  Kent,  1701,  and  d.  1742.  ne 
was  author  of  the  "  Teme  Filius,"  a 
satirical  work  on  the  university  of  Ox- 
ford ;  and  published,  with  the  assistance 
of  Pultenev  and  Lord  Bolingbroke,  the 
work  by  which  he  is  most  known,  en-  M 
titled  "'The  Craftsman." 

AMICO,  Antonio,  a  Sicilian  priest, 
and  canon  of  the  cathedral  of  Palermo, 
distinguished  by  some  considerable 
works  in  history,  for  which  Philip  IV. 
of  Spain  made  him  historiographer 
royal.  D.  1641. — Vito  Maria,  a  pro- 
fessor of  theology  in  the  18th  century ; 
principally  known  by  his  Sicilian  an- 
tiquities. 

AMICONI,  Giacomo,  a  Venetian  his- 
torical and  portrait  painter,  who  visited 
England  in  1729.  He  afterwards  went 
to  Spain,  and  was  appointed  portrait 
painter  to  the  king.     D.  1752. 

AMILCAR,  a  Carthaginian  general, 
of  great  valor,  was  descended  from  the 
ancient  kings  of  Tyre  ;  and  being  early 
intrusted  with  military  command,  he 
distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  cf 
Carthage,  particularly^  against  the  Ro- 
mans, towards  whom  he  bore  an  im- 
placable hatred.  He  was  the  father  of 
Hannibal. 

AMIOT;  Father,  one  of  the  most 
learned  of  the  French  missionaries  to 
China.  B.  at  Toulon,  1718,  and  d.  at 
Pekin,  1794.  This  zealous  Jesuit,  who 
arrived  at  Macao  in  1750,  was  invited 
to  Pekin,  in  1751,  by  the  emperor  of 
China,  and  remained  in  that  capital  43 
years.  By  continued  application  he  be- 
came acquainted  with  the  Chinese  and 
Tartar  languages ;    and,  from  time  to 


40 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[amo 


tiine;  remitted  to  France  the  result  of 
ais  labors,  which  afterwards  appeared 
in  several  publications. 

AMINTA,  T.,  author  of  the  mock- 
heroic  poem,  "  La  Nanea,"  in  1566. 

AMMAN,  John  Conrad,  a  native  of 
Schaffhausen.  B.  1669  ;  d.  1724,  in  the 
Netherlands.  He  was  chiefly  distin- 
guished by  his  success  in  teaching  per- 
sons born  deaf  and  dumb  to  speak. — ■ 
John,  his  son,  was  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  London,  and  a  member  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  at  Petersburgh, 
where  he  lectured  on  botanv,  and  ac- 
quired great  reputation,  t).  1740. — 
Paul,  was  a  native  of  Breslaw,  who  set- 
tled in  1674  at  Leipsic,  where  he  gave 
lectures  on  physiology,  natural  history, 
and  botany.  D.  1691. — Justus,  a  famous 
engraver  and  painter  at  Zurich,  in  the 
16th  century.  He  painted  with  great 
brilliancy  on  glass,  but  excelled  chiefly 
in  engraving,  both  on  wood  and  copper. 
D.  1591. 

AMMANATI,  Bartolomeo,  a  Floren- 
tine architect  and  sculptor  in  the  16th 
century,  whose  chief  performances  are 
the  colossal  statue  of  Neptune  at  Venice 
and  the  statue  of  Hercules  at  Padua. 

AMMIANUS,  Marcellinus,  a  Latin 
historian  of  the  4th  century,  b.  at  Anti- 
och.  He  wrote  the  Roman  history  from 
the  reign  of  Nerva  to  the  death  of  Valens, 
in  31  books,  of  which  only  18  are  extant. 
T>.  about  390. 

AMMIRATO,  Scipio,  an  esteemed 
Neapolitan  poet,  b.  in  1531  ;  author  of 
a  "  History  of  Florence,"  which  he  wrote 
at  the  instance  of  the  Grand-Duke 
Cosmo  ;  of  the  "  Argomcnti"  to  "  Or- 
lando Furioso  :"  and  of  numerous  prose 
tracts,  political  and  historical.     D.  1601. 

AMMON,  Andreas,  a  Latin  poet,  b. 
at  Lucca,  in  Italy,  of  whose  genius  Eras- 
mus made  frequent  and  honorable  men- 
tion. He  was  sent  to  England  in  an 
official  character. 

AMMONIUS,  a  surgeon  of  Alexandria, 
who  invented  a  method  of  extracting  the 
stone  from  the  bladder,  which  procured 
him  the  surnsrac  of  the  Lithotomist. — 
Levinus,  a  monk  of  Flanders,  much 
esteemed  by  Erasmus  for  his  learning 
and  piety.  D.  1556. — Saccas,  a  philos- 
opher of  the  3d  century,  founder  of 
the  neo-platonic  sect,  who  d.  about  243. 
— Andrew,  a  learned  native  of  Lucca, 
who  settled  in  England.  He  lived  some 
time  in  Sir  Thomas  More's  house,  and 
afterwards  in  St.  Thomas's  college ;  for 
he  was  not  in  circumstances  sufficient  to 
hire  or  keep  a  house  of  his  own.  There 
iubsisted  a  strong  friendship  and  close 


correspondence  between  him  and  Eras- 
mus. The  advice  which  Erasmus  gives 
him  in  regard  to  pushing  his  fortune, 
has  a  good  deal  of  humor  in  it,  and  was 
certainly  intended  as  a  satire  on  the  art- 
ful methods  generally  practised  by  the 
selfish  and  ambitious  part  of  mankind. 
"  In  the  first  place  (says  he)  throw  off 
all  sense  of  shame  ;  thrust  yourself  into 
every  one's  business,  and  elbow  out 
whomsoever  you  can ;  neither  love  nor 
hate  any  one ;  measure  every  thing  by 
your  own  advantage ;  let  this  be  the 
scope  and  drift  of  all  your  actions.  Give 
nothing  but  what  is  to  be  returned  with 
usury,  and  be  complaisant  to  every  body. 
Have  always  two  strings  to  your  bow. 
Feign  that  you  are  solicited  by  many 
from  abroad,  and  get  every  thing  ready 
for  your  departure.  Show  letters  in- 
viting you  elsewhere,  with  great  prom- 
ises." Fortune,  at  length,  began  to 
smile  upon  Ammonius,  for  he  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  to  Henry  VIII. ,  and 
honored  by  Pope  Leo  X.  with  a  public 
character  at  the  court  of  that  prince ; 
and  in  all  appearance  he  would  have 
soon  risen  higher,  had  not  death  carried 
him  off  when  he  was  but  of  a  middle 
age.  He  d.  of  the  sweating  sickness  in 
1517.  Ammonius  wrote  several  Latin 
poetical  pieces. 

AMONTONS,  William,  was  b.  in 
Normandy,  1663.  He  was  in  the  third 
form  of  the  Latin  school  at  Paris,  when, 
after  a  dangerous  illness,  he  contracted 
such  a  deafness  as  obliged  him  to  re- 
nounce almost  all  conversation  with 
mankind.  In  this  situation  he  began  to 
think  of  employing  himself  in  the  in- 
vention of  machines;  he  applied,  there- 
fore, to  the  study  of  geometry ;  and,  it 
is  said,  that  lie  would  not  try  any  reme- 
dy to  cure  his  deafness,  either  because 
he  thought  it  incurable,  or  because  it  in- 
creased his  attention.  He  studied  with 
great  care  the  nature  of  barometers  and 
thermometers;  and,  in  1687,  presented 
a  new  hygroscope  to  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Sciences,  which  was  very  much  ap- 
proved. Amontons  found  out  a  method 
to  acquaint  people  at  a  great  distance,  in 
a  very  little  time,  with  whatever  one 
pleased.  This  method  was  as  follows  : 
Let  there  be  people  placed  in  several 
stations,  at  such  a  distance  from  one 
another,  that,  by  the  help  of  a  telescope, 
a  man  in  one  station  may  see  a  signal 
made  by  the  next  before  him ;  he  must 
immediately  make  the  same  signal,  that 
it  may  be  seen  by  persons  in  the  station 
next  after  him,  who  are  to  cominunicato 
it  to  those  in  the  following  static  ns,  and 


amy] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


41 


bo  on.  In  tliis  probably  originated  the 
modern  telegraph.  When  the  Royal 
Academy  was  newly  regulated  in  1699, 
Ainontons  was  admitted  a  member  of  it, 
and  read  there  his  "  New  Theory  of 
Friction,"  in  which  he  happily  cleared 
up  a  very  important  part  of  mechanics. 
D.  1705. 

AMORE,  S.  D.,  a  Sicilian  poet,  author 
of  "  L'Augusto,"  and  "II  Sesostri," 
tragedies.   ~B.  1644. 

AMORETTI,  Charles,  a  mineralogist. 
He  became  one  of  the  keepers  of  the 
Ambrosian  library,  at  Milan,  and  pub- 
lished, in  Italian,  "  A  Tour  from  Milan 
to  the  Three  Lakes  of  Como,  Lugano, 
and  Major."    B.  1740  ;  d.  1816. 

AMORY,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  was  son  of 
a  grocer  at  Taunton  in  Somersetshire, 
and  distinguished  himself  as  a  preacher 
among  the  dissenters.  After  passing 
the  greatest  part  of  his  life  near  the  place 
of  his  nativity,  as  public  teacher,  and  as 
instructor  of  youth,  he  removed  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  formed  an  intimate  ac- 
quaintance with  the  most  respectable 
members  of  his  persuasion.  He  was  a 
bold  asserter  of  toleration,  and,  there- 
fore, warmly  espoused  the  cause  of  those 
who  solicited  the  repeal  of  the  test  act. 
His  discourses  from  the  pulpit  were  ex- 
cellent, and  his  writings,  which  were 
mostly  on  theological  subjects,  have 
been  enumerated  by  Dr.  Kippis,  Biogr. 
Brit.  I.  p.  178.  B.  1700;  d.  1774.— 
Thomas,  an  eccentric  character,  son  of 
counsellor  Amory,  who  went  with  king 
William  to  Ireland,  and  acquired  con- 
siderable property  in  the  county  of  Clare. 
Young  Amory  was  not  born  in  Ireland, 
though  he  resided  there,  and  frequently 
accompanied  Dean  Swift  in  his  walks 
and  excursions  round  Dublin.  He  shun- 
ned all  company,  and  only  walked  abroad 
during  the  night.  The  most  remarkable 
of  his  publications  are  his  "  Memoirs  on 
the  lives  of  several  ladies,"  and  his  life 
of  John  Buncle,  Esq.  In  this  last  he  is 
supposed  to  give  a  description  of  him- 
self. He  is  said,  by  a  person  who  knew 
him,  to  have  had  a  peculiar  look,  though 
not  without  the  deportment  of  the  gen- 
tleman. His  application  to  his  studies 
was  intense,  and  his  walks  through  the 
most  crowded  streets  exhibited  him 
wrapped  in  the  deepest  meditation,  and 
inattentive  to  what  surrounded  him.  B. 
1692;  d.  1789. 

AMPERE,  Andre  Marie,  whose  name 
Is  imperishably  connected  with  the  great 
discoveries  in  electro-magnetism,  was  b. 
at  Lyons,  1775.  In  1804  he  was  nomi- 
nated professor  in  the  Polytechnic  School 
4* 


of  Paris, ;  and  here,  in  connection  irith 
Oersted,  Faraday,  and  other  distinguish- 
ed men  of  science,  with  whom  he  was  in 
constant  correspondence,  he  paved  the 
way  for  those  brilliant  discoveries  that 
have  already  issued  in  the  electric  tele- 
graph, and  promise  an  inimitable  exten- 
sion of  the  boundaries  of  science.  D. 
1836. 

AMSDORF,  Nicholas,  a  spirited  fol- 
lower of  Luther,  and  bishop  of  Nuren  - 
burg.  He  d.  at  Magdeburg,  1541,  and 
the  sect  who  adhered  to  his  tenets,  and 
maintained,  in  opposition  to  Melancthon, 
that  good  works  are  not  necessary  to 
salvation,  were  called  Amsdorflans. 

AMURATH  I.,  an  Ottoman  emperor, 
who  succeeded  his  father  Orchan,  and 
was  known  for  his  cruelties  towards  his 
son,  and  those  who  espoused  his  cause. 
He  was  a  great  warrior,  and  obtained  37 
Tietories,  in  the  last  of  which  he  perish- 
ed, 1389,  aged  71,  by  the  hand  of  a  sol- 
dier. He  was  the  first  who  established 
the  formidable  force  of  the  Janizaries.— 
IT.,  emperor  of  the  Turks,  was  son  of 
Mahomet  I.,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1421. 
He  was  an  exceedingly  warlike  prince, 
and  among  his  numerous  victories  was 
that  of  Varna,  in  1444,  when  the  Chris- 
tians were  defeated,  and  numbered 
among  their  slain  the  king  of  Hungary. 
George  Castriot,  celebrated  by  the  name 
of  Scanderbeg,  at  length  put  a  period  to 
the  career  of  Amurath,  who  d.  of  chagrin 
at  his  reverses,  in  1451. — III.  succeeded 
his  father,  Selim  II.,  in  1575.  On  his 
accession,  he  caused  his  five  brothers  to 
be  murdered.  D.  1596. — IV.  succeeded 
his  uncle  Mustapha  in  1622.  He  recov- 
ered Bagdad  from  the  Persians  in  1637 ; 
after  which  he  put  30,000  of  his  prison- 
ers to  the  sword.     D.  1640. 

AMYN  AHMED,  a  learned  Persian 
of  the  17th  century,  who  wrote  an  elab- 
orate work,  entitled,  "The  Seven  Cli- 
mates, or  a  Geographical  Description  of 
the  East." 

AMYOT,  James,  was  b.  at  Milan,  1513, 
of  an  obscure  family ;  but  though  of  a 
dull  understanding,  he  improved  him- 
self by  indefatigable  application,  and 
after  studying  at  Paris,  he  acquired  in- 
dependence and  reputation,  as  tutor  to 
the  children  of  persons  of  respectability. 
His  merit  recommended  him  to  Margaret 
of  Berri,  sister  to  Francis  I.,  and  he  was 
promoted  to  a  public  professorship  in 
the  university  of  Bourges.  His  time 
was  here  usefully  devoted  to  literature, 
and  he  published  translations  of  the 
loves  of  Theagenes  and  Cliariclea,  be- 
sides Plutarch's  lives  and  morals.    He 


42 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHT. 


[ana 


visited  Venice  and  Rome,  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  France  he  was,  at  the  recom- 
mendation of  cardinal  de  Tournon, 
intrusted  with  the  care  of  the  king.'stwo 
younger  sons,  and  for  his  meritorious 
services  was  raised  to  the  bishopric  of 
Auxerre,  the  abbey  of  Cornelius  de 
Compiegne.  the  high  office  of  great  al- 
moner and  curator  of  the  university  of 
Paris,  and  commander  of  the  order  of 
the  Holy  Ghost.  Among  his  various 
works,  chieflj  translations,  the  most 
celebrated  is  his  version  of  Plutarch, 
which  remains  unsurpassed  in  the 
French  language.     B.  1514;  d.  1593. 

AMYRA'UL'T,  Moses,  a  French  Prot- 
estant divine.  B.  at  Bourgueil  in  Tou- 
raine,  1596.  He  at  first  studied  the  law, 
but  afterwards  entered  the  church  and 
was  divinity  professor  at  Saumur,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  zeal  and 
activity  so  much,  that  he  was  deputed 
by  the  national  council  of  Charenton  to 
present  an  address  to  the  French  king-, 
concerning  the  inspection  of  edicts  in 
favor  of  the  Protestants,  without,  how- 
ever, paying  homage  upon  his  knees. 
Richelieu,  who  was  present  at  this  inter- 
view, saw  and  admired  the  bold  char- 
acter of  Amyrault,  and  wished  to  use 
his  abilities  to  procure  a  reconciliation 
between  the  Roman  church  and  the 
Protestants,  but  in  vain.  His  life  was 
passed  in  the  midst  of  theological  dis- 
putes, and  his  works,  which  are  very 
numerous,  are  chiefly  theological.  1). 
1664. 

AMYRUTZES,  a  philosopher  of  Treb- 
izond,  who  was  carried  to  Constantino- 
ple with  David,  emperor  of  Trehizond, 
when  that  city  was  reduced,  1461.  lie 
renounced  the  Christian  faith  for  Ma- 
hometanism,  and  assumed  the  name  of 
Mahomet  Beg.  He  translated  several 
books  into  Arabic,  at  the  desire  of  Ma- 
homet II.,  whose  favor  he  enjoyed. 

AN  ACH  ARSIS,  an  illustrious  Scythi- 
an philosopher.  He  travelled  to  Athens 
in  the  time  of  Solon,  with  whom  he  con- 
tracted an  intimate  friendship ;  and  Solon 
not  only  instructed  him,  but  sought  all 
opportunities  of  doing  him  honor.  He 
had  a  quick  and  lively  genius,  a  strong 
and  masterly  eloquence  ;  and  there  was 
something  so  determined  and  resolute 
in  his  manner,  that  those  who  imitated 
him  were  said  to  speak  in  the  Scythian 
style.  He  was  extremely  fond  of  poetry, 
and  wrote  upon  certain  laws  of  the 
Scythians  and  Greeks.  Crossus  invited 
him  to  Sardis,  and  offered  him  money: 
but  the  philosopher  answered,  "  that  he 
was  come  to  Greece  to  learn  the  laws 


and  manners  of  that  country ;  that  he 
had  no  occasion  for  gold  or  silver  :  and 
that  it  would  suffice  for  him  to  return  to 
Scythia  a  wiser  and  more  intelligent  man 
than  he  came  from  thence."  After  stay- 
ing long  in  Greece,  he  prepared  to  return 
home :  and  passing  through  Cyzieum, 
he  found  that  city  celebrating  very 
solemnly  the  feast  of  Cybe.c,  and  vowed 
to  do  the  same,  if  he  should  get  home  in 
safety.  Upon  his  arrival  in  Scythia,  Tie 
attempted  to  change  the  ancient  customs 
of  his  country,  and  to  establish  those  of 
Greece,  which  proved  extremely  dis- 
agreeable to  the  Scythians,  and  at  length 
destructive  to  himself.  For  entering 
one  day  a  thick  wood,  to  perform  his 
vow  to"Cybele  as  secretly  as  might  be, 
he  was  discovered  in  the  midst  of  the 
solemnity,  and  shot  dead  with  an  arrow 
by  the  king  himself.  There  are  many 
beautiful  apophthegms  of  this  philoso- 
pher preserved  by  Laertius,  Plutarch, 
and  other  writers. 

ANACLETUS,  or  CLETUS,  reckoned 
by  Roman  Catholics  the  third  pope,  suc- 
ceeded Sinus,  as  bishop  of  the  church 
of  the  Romans,  in  79,  and  held  that  of- 
fice till  his  death  in  92,  when  he  was 
enrolled  among  the  saints  and  martyrs. 
ANACREON,  a  Greek  poet,  b\  at 
Teos,  a  seaport  of  Ionia,  flourished 
about  the  62d  Olympiad.  This  poet 
had  a  most  delicious  wit,  and  love  and 
wine  had  the  disposal  of  all  his  hours. 
The  manner  of  his  death,  which  hap- 
pened at  Abdera,  is  said  to  have  been 
very  extraordinary ;  for  they  tell  us,  he 
was'  choked  with  a  grape-stone,  which 
he  swallowed  as  he  was  regaling  on 
some  new  wine.  A  small  part  only  of 
Anacreon's  works  remains;  and  these 
consist  chiefly  of  bacchanalian  songs  and 
love  sonnets.  "The  odes  of  Anacreon 
(says  Rapin)  arc  flowers,  beauties,  and 
perpetual  graces." 

ANARIA,  G.  L.,  a  noble  Calabrian 
cosmographer.  B.  1561;  author  of  a 
celebrated  work  on  demonology,  pub- 
lished at  Venice,  "apud  Aldum."  D. 
1589. 

ANASTASIUS  I.,  emperor  of  the 
East.  B.  at  Illyricum,  430,  and  d.  518. 
He  was  elevated  to  the  throne  in  491. — 
II.,  raised  to  the  throne  of  Constantino- 
ple from  the  condition  of  secretary,  713, 
was  a  man  of  learning,  and  a  zealous 
Catholic,  yet  he  did  not  neglect  the  de- 
fence of  the  empire,  then  threatened  by 
the  Saracens.  He  was  put  to  death  by 
Leo,  who  had  usurped  the  crown. 

ANASTASIUS  I.,  pope,  a  Roman, 
succce  'ed  Siricius  in  328,  and   d.  402. 


ANC'] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


43 


His  epistle  to  John,  bishop  of  Jerusa- 
lem, who  had  written  to  luui  in  behalf 
of  Ruftiuus,  a  presbyter  of  Aquileia,  is 
extant,  together  with  Kuffiuus''  apology. 
— II.,  son  of  a  Roman  citizen,  succeeded 
Pope  Gclasius  in  496,  and  d.  in  498. — 
III.,  a  Roman  by  birth,  was  raised  to 
the  p;!^>al  chair,  after  Sergius.  911,  and 
d.  two  years  afterwards. — IV.,  succeed- 
ed Eugcnius  III.,  1153,  and  d.  the  fol- 
lowing year.  Ten  letters  of  this  pope 
are  preserved  in  the  Collections  of  Coun- 
cils by  Labbe  and  Harduin,  and  in  Du 
Chesne's  History  of  France. — TuEoroLi- 
tanis,  bishop  of  Antioch  in  the  6th 
century,  banished  by  Justin  the  Young- 
er for  holding  the  opinion  that  the  body 
of  Christ  was  incapable  of  suffering  even 
before  the  resurrection.  He  was  after- 
wards restored  to  his  see  by  Mauritius. 
D.  599. — Bibliothecakics,  a  Roman  ab- 
bot, of  Greek  origin,  of  the  9th  century; 
author  of  "  Liber  Pontifical  is."  He  was 
principal  librarian  in  the  Vatican. 

ANAXAGORAS,  of  Clazomena?,  a  cel- 
ebrated philosopher.  B.  500  b.  c.  He 
inherited  a  considerable  estate  in  his 
own  country,  which  lie  relinquished  to 
indulge  his  thirst  for  knowledge  at 
Athens,  where  he  applied  to  the  study 
of  poetry  and  eloquence,  and  taught 
philosophy,  having  had  among  his  pu- 
pils Euripides,  the  tragedian,  and  Peri- 
cles, the  orator.  His  reputation,  how- 
ever, created  him  enemies,  and  he  was 
condemned  to  death  on  a  charge  of 
atheism,  but  the  sentence  was  com- 
muted into  banishment.  Anaxagoras 
then  withdrew  to  Lampsacus,  where  he 
taught  philosophy  undisturbed  until  his 
death,  which  happened  in  his  72d  year, 
428  15.  c. 

ANAXANDRIDES,  a  Greek  comic 
poet,  said  to  have  been  the  first  who  in- 
troduced love  adventures  on  the  stage. 
He  was  a  native  of  Rhodes,  and  starved 
to  deatli  at  Athens,  for  libelling  the  gov- 
ernment.    B.  400  b.  c. 

ANAXARCHUS,  a  Grecian  philoso- 
pher of  the  Eleatie  sect  of  Leucippus. 
He  was  the  friend  and  companion  of 
Alexander  the  Great. 

ANAXIMANDER,  the  friend  and 
dis?iplo  of  Thales,  of  Miletus.  B.  610 
B.C.  He  had  a  considerable  knowledge 
of  astronomy  and  geography,  and  was 
the  first  who  noticed  the  obliquity  of 
the  ecliptic:  he  also  taught  that  the 
moon  receives  her  light  from  the  sun, 
and  that  the  earth  is  globular;  and  to 
him  is  ascribed  the  invention  of  the 
sphere  and  geographical  charts. 

ANAXIMENES,  the  pupil  and  suc- 


cessor of  Anaximander.  He  maintained 
that  air  is  the  first  principle  of  all  tilings; 
and  Pliny  attributes  to  him  the  inven- 
tion of  the  sun-dial. — A  Greek  historian 
and  philosopher  of  Lampsacus,  son  of 
Aristocles.  He  was  one  of  the  preceptors 
of  Alexander  the  Great,  whom  he  ac- 
companied in  most  of  his  campaigns, 
and  afterwards  wrote  the  history  of  his 
reign,  and  that  of  his  father  Philip. 

ANCIIIETA,  Jos.,  a  Portuguese  Jes- 
uit, surnamed  the  Apostle  of  tie  New 
World.  B.  at  Teneritfo,  1538,  and  d. 
1597.  At  the  age  of  2S  he  went  to  Bra- 
zil, where  he  founded  the  first  college 
for  the  conversion  of  the  savage  natives. 

ANCHW1TZ,  N.,  the  Cracovian  nun- 
cio to  the  Poli'sh  Diet ;  a  man  as  talented 
as  base  ;  who  sold  Poland  to  Russia  and 
her  partitionary  colleagues,  in  1782,  and 
was  hanged  the  year  after,  in  an  insur- 
rection of  the  people. 

ANCILLON,  David,  a  Protestant  di- 
vine. B.  at  Metz,  who  in  his  youth 
refused  to  sacrifice  his  religion  to  the 
solicitations  of  the  Jesuits.  He  studied 
divinity  and  philosophy  at  Geneva,  un- 
der Du  Pin,  Spnnheim,  the  Dcodati, 
&c,  and  deserved  to  be  recommended 
by  the  synod  of  Charenton  to  the  church 
of  Meaux.  After  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes,  he  retired  to  Frankfort, 
and  settled  at  Ilanau,  where  his  dis- 
courses were  heard  and  admired  by  the 
most  crowded  audiences.  His  colleagues 
in  the  ministry,  however,  were  jealous 
of  his  popularity,  and  their  little  in- 
trigues forced  him  to  abandon  the  place. 
He  went  to  settle  at  Berlin,  where  ho 
was  received  with  kindness  by  the  court, 
and  had  the  satisfaction  to  see  his  family 
promoted  to  places  of  honor  and  trust. 
As  his  learning  was  very  extensive,  he 
published  several  useful  works,  and 
from  the  affluence  of  his  circumstances, 
he  made  so  judicious  a  collection  or 
books,  that  it  was  frequently  visited  as 
a  curiosity  by  foreigners  who  travelled 
through  Metz.  The  best  known  of  his 
works  are,  "A  relation  of  the  contro- 
versy concerning  traditions,  1657;" 
"An  apologv  for  Luther,  Zuinglius, 
and  Beza,  1666;"  "The  Life  of  William 
Farel;"  "Conversations;"  two  volumes, 
12mo,  published  by  his  son.  D.  1692. — 
Charles,  eldest  son  of  the  foregoing, 
was  b.  at  Metz,  July  29th,  1659,  and  was 
made  inspector  of  the  French  courts  of 
justice,  in  Berlin,  and  historiographer 
to  the  king.  He  wrote  on  the  edict  of 
Nantes,  and  the  persecution  of  the 
Protestants.  &c.     D.  at  Berlin,  1751. 

ANCOURT,   Flokekt   Cakton   d',  a 


44 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[and 


French  actor  and  dramatic  writer.  B.  at 
Fontainbleau,  1661.  The  Jesuits  tried  to 
gain  him  into  their  society,  but  he  pre- 
ferred the  study  of  philosophy  and  law  to 
divinity,  and  at  last  turned  his  thoughts 
to  the  stage  by  marrying  an  actress.  _  In 
this  attempt  he  obtained  credit  to  him- 
self and  wealth  to  the  actors.  His  con- 
versation was  so  agreeable  that  he  was 
universally  courted,  and  Louis  XIV.  be- 
stowed many  marks  of  his  favor  upon 
him,  as  also  Hie  duke  of  Bavaria,  whose 
arrival  at  Paris  was  celebrated  by  the 
poet,  by  a  particular  entertainment  writ- 
ten on  the  occasion.  Ancourt  retired,  in 
1713,  to  his  estate  at  Courcelles  le  Roy, 
in  Berry,  that  he  might  devote  himself 
to  religion.  He  there  translated  the 
Psalms  into  verse,  and  wrote  a  sacred 
tragedy,  never  printed.  He  d.  6th  De- 
cember, 1726,  in  his  sixty-fifth  year. 
His  plavs  were  fiftv-two  in  number. 

ANGUS  MART'IUS,  fourth  king  of 
Rome,  elected  on  the  death  of  Tullus 
Hostilius,  634  e.  c.  During  his  reign, 
Rome  was  enlarged  by  taking  in  the 
walls  of  the  Aventine  Hill,  and  occupy- 
ing the  hill  Janiculum,  beyond  the  Ti- 
ber. He  also  built  the  bridge  called 
Sublicius,  erected  a  public  prison  in  the 
forum,  extended  the  territories  of  Rome 
quite  to  the  sea,  and  built  the  town  and 
port  of  Ostia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber. 
Ancus  died  after  a  prosperous  reign  of 
24  years. 

ANDERSON,  Adam,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, was  for  many  years  a  managing 
clerk  in  the  South-Sea  House,  a  trustee 
for  the  settlements  in  Georgia,  and  in 
the  court  of  the  Scotch  corporation  in 
London.  He  wrote  a  work  on  the  "  His- 
torical and  Chronological  Deduction  of 
Trade  and  Commerce."  B.  1695;  d. 
1765. — Alexander,  an  eminent  scholar 
of  the  17th  century,  born  at  Aberdeen, 
and  afterwards  professor  of  mathematics 
at  Paris;  author  of  various  treatises 
principally  connected  with  his  favorite 
science.— Sir  Edmund,  lord  chief-justice 
of  the  Common  Pleas  under  Queen  Eliz- 
abeth, to  which  situation  he  was  pro- 
moted in  1582.  He  sat  on  the  trials  of 
the  unfortunate  Mary,  queen  of  Scots, 
and  of  Davidson,  the  secretary,  for 
issuing  the  warrant  under  which  she 
was  executed.  "  Anderson's  Reports," 
folio,  1644,  is  still  a  book  of  authority. 
D.  1605. — George,  a  native  ofTundern, 
Sleswick.  During  1644,  and  the  six  fol- 
lowing years,  he  spent  his  time  in  trav- 
elling through  the  East,  and  visited  the 
Arabias,  Persia,  India,  China,  the  Ja- 
panese Islands,  Tartary,  and  the  Holy 


Land.  The  Duke  of  Holstein-Gottorp. 
on  his  return,  having  vainly  endeavored 
to  induce  him  to  commit  his  adventures 
to  writing,  employed  his  librarian,  Ole- 
arius,  to  take  clown  the  account  from  bis 
own  mouth  as  he  related  them  to  his 
highness,  the  scribe  being  concealed 
behind  the  tapestry  of  the  apartment. 
This  work  was  afterwards  published  in 
Sleswick,  1669. — George,  a  young  man 
of  extraordinary  talents,  born  at  Wes- 
ton, Buckinghamshire,  in  1760.  His 
parents  were  peasants,  and  he  worked 
as  a  day-laborer  in  the  fields  ;  his  genius, 
however,  overcame  every  difficulty,  and 
he  attained  of  himself  so  great  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  mathematics,  as  procured 
him  a  clerk's  place  at  the  Board  of  Con- 
trol, and  afterward  the  situation  of  head- 
accomptant.  Mr.  Anderson  published 
a  "  General  View  of  the  Affairs  of  the 
East  India  Company,  since  the  conclu- 
sion of  the  War  in  1784 ;"  and  translated 
from  the  Greek  of  Archimedes,  "  Are- 
narius,  or  a  Treatise  on  numbering  the 
Sand."  D.  1796. — James,  an  advocate 
at  the  Scottish  bar,  eminent  for  his 
learning  and  antiquarian  research.  B. 
at  Edinburgh,  1662.  His  first  work, 
"  An  Essay,  proving  the  Independence 
of  the  Crown  of  Scotland,"  published 
1705,  procured  him  the  thanks  of  the 
Seottisli  parliament,  under  whose  aus- 
pices he  subsequently  produced  a  series 
of  the  "Charters  and  Seals  of  the  Scot- 
tish Monarchs  from  the  earliest  Anti- 
quity down  to  the  Union  with  England." 
But  the  book  which  gained  him  the 
greatest  reputation  was,  "  Selectus  Di- 
plomat urn  et  Numismatum  Scotia?  The- 
saurus." D.  1798. — James,  a  Scottish 
miscellaneous  writer.  B.  at  Hernnston, 
near  Edinburgh,  1739.  He  published 
a  series  of  "Essays  on  Planting," 
which  procured  him  much  reputation 
as  an  agriculturist;  and,  in  1/80,  the 
university  of  Aberdeen  conferred  on 
him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  In  1783  he 
removed  to  Edinburgh,  and  projected 
the  establishment  of  the  North  British 
Fisheries ;  for  which  purpose  he  was 
employed  by  government  to  survey  the 
coast  of  Scotland,  and  received  great 
commendation  for  his  services.  Dr. 
Anderson  was  the  author  of  a  numbor 
of  publications  chiefly  on  agricultural 
affairs ;  he  also  wrote*  for  the  Encyclo- 
paedia Britannica,  and  was  a  monthly 
reviewer.  D.  180o.  —  John,  F.R.S., 
professor  of  natural  philosophy  in  the 
university  of  Glasgow,  and  tounder  of 
the  useful  institution  in  that  city  bear- 
ing his  name,  was  born  in  1726,  at  Rose- 


akd] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


45 


neath,  in  Dumbartonshire.  His  great 
characteristic  was  an  ardent  desire  for 
the  instruction  of  his  fellow-men,  and 
he  was  indefatigable  in  studying  and 
exemplifying  the  application  of  science 
to  mechanical  practice ;  for  which  pur- 
pose, in  addition  to  his  academical 
labors,  he  taught  his  anti-toga-class,  as 
he  called  it,  twice  every  week,  during 
the  session,  to  the  end  of  his  life.  He 
died  in  1706,  directing  by  his  will  that 
the  whole  of  his  property  should  be  de- 
voted to  the  establishment  of  an  educa- 
tional institution  in  Glasgow,  to  be  de- 
nominated Anderson's  University,  for 
the  use  of  the  unaeademical  classes  ; 
which  may  justly  be  considered  as  the 
parent  of  the  various  Mechanics'  Insti 
tutions  which  have  of  late  years  arisen 
throughout  the  country. — John,  son  of 
a  merchant  at  Hamburgh,  of  which  city 
he  himself  became  principal  magistrate 
in  1725.  He  was  employed  in  various 
negotiations  to  different  European 
courts;  and  during  his  residence  there. 
he  cultivated  an  acquaintance  with  all 
whom  he  found  distinguished  for  their 
literary  attainments,  and  kept  up  a  vo- 
luminous correspondence  with  them 
after  his  return.  His  principal  work 
is,  "The  Natural  History  of  Greenland, 
Davis's  Straits,  and  the  Countries  situ- 
ated in  the  Arctic  Circle."  D.  1743. — 
Lawrence,  one  of  the  chief  promoters 
of  the  reformation  of  religion  in  Sweden. 
He  was  chan  ellor  to  Gustavus  Vasa ; 
but  having  engaged  in  a  conspiracy,  he 
passed  the  years  of  life  left  to  him  by 
the  kind's  clemency,  in  retirement.  D. 
1552. — Robert,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Carn- 
wath,  in  Lanarkshire ;  author  of  nu- 
merous works,  critical  and  biographical. 
Of  those  most  highly  value  1  are  the  fol- 
lowing :  "  Lives  of  the  British  Poets," 
in  14  vols.,  published  in  1795  ;  "  Works 
and  Life  of  Tobias  Smollett ;"  and  the 
"  Life  of  Samuel  Johnson."  He  was 
the  friend  and  patron  of  genius,  where- 
ever  it  appeared.  As  it  was  chiefly 
owing  to  him  that  Campbell's  "Pleas- 
ures of  Hope"  was  brought  out,  the 
poem  was  dedicated  to  him.     D.  1830. 

ANDRADA,  Diego  de  Payva  d',  a 
learned  Portuguese  divine,  distinguish- 
ed by  his  eloquence  at  the  council  of 
Trent.  D.  1575. — Francis,  his  brother, 
wrote  the  history  of  John  ITL,  king  of 
Portugal.  —  Thomas,  another  brother, 
was  an  Augustin  friar,  who  wrote  the 

'Sufferings  of  Jesus." 
ANDRAL,     William,     an     eminent 
French    physician,    first    brought    into 

40tice  by  Murat.     He  was  born  at  Es- 


pedaillac,  in  1769. — Gabriel,  his  son, 
equally  eminent  in  the  same  profession. 
He  was  the  professor  of  Hygiene  in  the 
faculty  at  Paris.  B.  1797.  His  "  Cli- 
nique  Medicale."  and  "  Precis  d' Anato- 
mic Pathologique,"  had  a  great  influ- 
ence in  undermining  the  system  of 
Broussais. 

ANDKE,  C.  C,  a  German  writer  on 
science,  and  editor  of  the  "Compcn- 
dione  Bibliothek."  B.  1763. —There 
was  a  German  composer  of  the  name  of 
Andre,  whose  son,  J.  A.  Andre,  first 
applied  lithography  to  the  printing  of 
music. —  John,  an*  adjutant-general  in 
the  British  army  during  the  American 
war.  He  was  originally  a  merchant's 
clerk  ;  employed  to  negotiate  the  treason 
of  General  Arnold,  who  proposed  to 
surrender  the  American  works  at  West 
Point.  He  was  seized  in  disguise  and 
sent  prisoner  to  the  commander-in- 
chief,  General  Washington.  His  case 
was  submitted  to  a  board  of  general 
officers,  by  whom  he  was  condemned  to 
death,  as  a  spy,  and  hung,  Oct.  2,  1780. 
His  youth,  his  accomplishments,  and  his 
character,  created  a  great  deal  of  sym- 
pathy in  his  behalf.  A  monument  to 
his  memory  has  been  erected  in  West- 
minster Abbey. — Yves  Mabi,  a  French 
Jesuit  and  mathematical  writer.  B. 
1675;  d.  1764. 

ANDREA,  Caval  Canti,  an  Italian 
writer  of  novels  and  poetry,  whose  style 
was  admired  for  its  elegance.  D.  1672. 
— Cecciiini,  a  Tuscan  poet,  who  pub- 
lished a  tragedy,  called  "Troja  De- 
strutta,"  in  1063. — Salvadore,  another 
Tuscan  poet,  who  flourished  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  17th  century.     B.  1600. 

ANDREA  ADA,  Ferdinand,  a  Por- 
tuguese admiral,  who  led  the  first  Eu- 
ropean fleet  that  visited  China.  He 
reached  the  coast  in  1518. 

ANDREAL,  John  Rein-hard,  a  Han- 
overian naturalist.     B.  1724;  d.  1793. 

ANDREAS,  James,  a  reformer  of 
Wirtembers,  and  chancellor  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Tubingen.  B.  1528  ;  d  .1590. 
— John,  a  bishop  of  Aleria,  in  Corsica, 
and  a  great  promoter  of  the  art  of  print- 
ing. B.  1417  ;  d.  1475. — John,  a  famous 
canonist  of  Florence.  His  austerity  was 
such  that  he  was  said  to  have  laid  upon 
the  bare  ground  for  twenty  years,  with 
nothing  to  cover  him  but  a  bear-skin. 
He  had  a  daughter,  of  great  beauty  and 
learning,  who  was  accustomed  to  lecture 
to  his  students  during  his  absence.  Her 
name  was  Novella,  and  in  her  honor  he 
called  one  of  his  commentaries  "  The 
Novellae."     D.  of  the  plague  in  1348. — 


46 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[and 


John  was  b.  a  Mahometan,  at  Xativa, 
In  the  kingdom  of  Valencia,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  lather  in  the  dignity  of  alfaqui 
of  that  city.  He  was  enlightened  with 
the  knowledge  of  the  Christian  religion, 
by  being  present  at  a  sermon  in  the  great 
church  ot  Valencia  on  the  day  of  the  As- 
Bumption  of  the  blessed  Virgin,  in  1417. 
Upon  this  he  desired  to  be  baptized; 
and  in  memory  of  the  calling  of  St.  John 
and  St.  Andrew,  he  took  the  names  of 
John  Andreas.  At  the  desire  of  Martin 
Garcia,  bishop  of  Barcelona,  he  under- 
took to  translate  from  the  Arabic,  into 
the  language  of  Arragon,  the  whole  law 
of  the  Moors ;  and  after  having  finished 
this  undertaking,  he  composed  his  fa- 
mous work  of  "  The  Confusion  of  the 
Sect  of  Mahomet:"  it  contains  12  chap- 
ters, wherein  he  has  collected  the  fabu- 
lous stories,  absurdities,  impossibilities, 
lies,  and  contradictions,  which  Mahomet 
has  dispersed  in  the  Koran.  This  book, 
which  was  published  at  first  in  Spanish, 
has  been  translated  into  several  lan- 
guages ;  and  all  those  who  write  against 
the  Mahometans  quote  it  very  much. 

ANDREINI,  Isabella,  a  native  of 
Padua,  an  excellent  poetess  and  most 
celebrated  actress  toward  the  beginning 
cf  the  17th  century. — Francis,  a  cel- 
ebrated comic  writer  of  Pistoa.  D.  1616. 
— John  Baptiste,  his  son,  a  dramatic 
writer,  whose  "L'Adamo"  is  said  to 
have  suggested  to  Milton  his  "  Paradise 
Lost." 

ANDRELINI,  Publio  Festo,  an  Ital- 
ian, who  was  poet-laurtate  to  Louis  XII. 
D.  1518. 

ANDEEOSSI,  Anthony  Francis,  a 
count  of  France,  distinguished  as  a  mil- 
itary officer  and  diplomatist,  who  served 
under  Napoleon,  both  in  Italy  and  Egypt. 
He  was  afterwards  an  ambassador  to 
London,  Vienna,  and  Constantinople, 
and  author  of  several  military  memoirs. 
B.  1761 ;  d.  1828.— Francis,"  a  French 
engineer,  who  assisted  in  forming  the 
canal  of  Laiuruedoc.     D.  1688. 

ANDREOZZI,  a  celebrated  Italian 
composer.     B.  1767. 

ANDRES,  Don  Juan,  a  Spanish  au- 
thor, who  wrote  on  the  "  Origin  of  Let- 
ters." 

ANDRE  DES  VOSGES,  J.  F.,  author 
of  c' Le  Tartare ;""  Paris."     B.  1744. 

ANDREW,  John,  a  learned  bishop  of 
Aleria,  in  Corsica;  and  editor  of  the 
works  of  Herodotus,  Livy,  and  other 
classics.  D.  1493.— Bishop  of  Crete.  B. 
at  Damascus,  and  d.  about  720.  He 
wrote  commentaries  on  the  Scriptures, 
&c,  published  at  Paris,  1644. — of  Ratis- 


bon,  an  historian  of  the  15th  ecn'ury. 
who  wrote  a  chronicle  of  the  dukes  or 
Bavaria,  and  a  history  of  Bohemia. — Of 
Pisa,  a  sculptor  and  architect.  B.  1270; 
d.  1845.  He  built  several  grand  struc- 
tures at  Florence  and  Venice ;  and  also 
obtained  great  reputation  as  a  painter, 
poet,  and  musician. — Of  Cyrene,  an  im- 
postor who,  in  the  reign  of  Trajan,  had 
the  art  to  deceive  his  fellow-countrymen, 
the  Jews,  into  a  belief  that  he  was  or- 
dained to  be  their  liberator.  They  ac- 
cordingly revolted,  and  horrible  cruelties 
were  committed  on  both  sides  before 
thev  were  reduced  to  obedience. 

ANDREWS,  Henry,  a  self-taught 
mathematician.  B.  of  poor  parents  at 
Frieston,  near  Grantham,  1774,  and  d. 
Jan.  26,  1820.  Having,  while  in  a  menial 
employment,  occupied  his  leisure  mo- 
ments in  the  study  of  astronomical  sci- 
ence, he  attained  therein  great  proficien- 
cy, and  for  more  than  40  years  was  a 
computer  of  the  Nautical  Ephemeris, 
and  the  calculator  of  Moore't  Almanac. 
— James  Pettit,  an  English  miscellane- 
ous writer,  youngest  son  of  Joseph  An- 
drews, Esq.",  of  Newburv,  Berks,  where 
he  was  b.  1737,  and  d.  at  Brompton,_17fJ7. 
— Lancelot,  an  eminent  English  divine, 
bishop  of  Winchester  in  the  reigns  of 
James  I.  and  Charles  I.  B.  in  London, 
1565.  There  is  a  pleasant  story  related 
of  him,  in  the  life  of  Waller  the  poet, 
who,  going  to  see  the  king  at  dinner, 
overheard  a  very  extraordinary  conver- 
sation between  his  majesty,  the  bishop 
of  Winchester,  and  Neale,  bishop  of 
Durham.  These  two  prelates  standing 
behind  the  king's  chair,  his  majesty 
asked  them,  "  My  lords,"  said  he,  "can- 
not I  take  my  subjects'1  money  when  I 
want  it,  without  all  this  formality  in  par- 
liament ?"  The  bishop  of  Durham  readi- 
ly answered,  "  God  forbid,  sir,  but  you 
should ;  you  are  the  breath  of  our  nos- 
trils." Whereupon  the  king  turned, 
and  said  to  the  bishop  of  Winchester, 
"  Well,  my  lord,  what  say  you  ?"  "  Sir," 
replied  the  bishop,  "I  have  no  skill  to 
judge  of  parliamentary  eases."  The 
king  answered,  "  No  put-off's,  my  lord  : 
answer  me  presently."  "  Then,  sir," 
said  he,  "  I  think  it  lawful  for  you  to 
take  my  brother  Neale's  money,  for  he 
offers  it."  This  prelate  d.  September 
27,  1626,  having  written  many  tracts, 
particularly  "  A  Manual  of  Private  De- 
votions and  Meditations  for  every  Day 
in  the  Week ;"  "A  Manual  of  Direc- 
tions for  the  Visitation  of  the  Sick,"  and 
"  Tortura  Torti." — Loring,  an  editor  of 
Boston.     D.  1805. — John,  provost  of  the 


anf] 


CYCLOP/EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


47 


university  of  Pennsylvania,  distinguish- 
ed as  a  scholar.     B.'l746  ;  d.  1813. 

AXDE1EX,  Bertraxd,  of  Bordeaux, 
the  restorer  of  the  art  of  engraving  med- 
als, which  had  declined  after  the  reign 
of  Louis  XIV.     B.  1761 ;  d.  1822. 

AXDRIEUX,  Frederick  William 
John  Stanislaus,  a  fertile  dramatic  poet 
of  France,  whose  works  have  great  pop- 
ularity, lie  was  a  deputy  in  1798,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  speeches 
in  favor  of  primary  schools  and  the 
liberty  of  the  press.  He  opposed  the 
measures  of  Napoleon  when  he  was  first 
consul,  but  the  emperor  gave  him  the 
legion  of  honor,  ancl  made  "him  a  profes- 
sor in  the  college  of  France.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are  "  Anaximander,"  "  Les 
Etourdes,"  "  Decade  Philosophique," 
"  Moliere  avec  ses  Amis,"  "Brutus," 
and  the  "  Examen  Critique  du  Theatre 
des  Grecs."     B.  1759  ;  d.  1S33. 

AXDEIOLI,  M.  A.,  a  Veronese  phy- 
sician; author  of  a  work  on  "Platonic 
Love.,71  1676. 

ANDRISCUS,  a  man  of  mean  extrac- 
tion, who,  pretending  to  be  the  son  of 
Perseus,  the  last  king  of  Macedonia, 
took  the  name  of  Philip,  and  was  called 
Pseudo  Philippus.  Having  obtained  a 
signal  victory  over  Juvcntus,  the  Roman 

Eraetor,  he  assumed  the  kingly  power ; 
ut  in  the  end  was  conquered  by  Me- 
tellus,  before  whom  he  walked  in  chains. 
_  ANDROMACHUS,  of  Crete,  physi- 
cian to  Xero ;  he  wrote,  in  elegiac  verse, 
a  description  of  the  Theriaca,  a  medi- 
cine which  he  invented.— Of  Cyresthes, 
a  Greek  architect,  who  built  the  famous 
octagonal  Temple  of  the  Winds,  at 
Athens,  which,  till  lately,  was  used  as 
a  mosque  by  the  Turks.  He  is  also  said. 
to  be  the  inventor  of  the  weathercock. 
— Livius,  the  oldest  dramatic  author  in 
the  Latin  language,  who  flourished 
about  240  years "b.  c— Of  Rhodes,  a  fol- 
lower of  Aristotle,  and  to  whom  we  are 
indebted  for  restoring  and  publishing 
the.  works  of  that  philosopher,  63  b.  c. — 
Of  Thessalonica,  a  learned  Greek  of  the 
15th  century.  D.  1478. — I.,  emperor  of 
of  the  East,  was  the  son  of  Isaac,  and 
grandson  of  Alexis  Comnenus.  He  was 
of  an  active  martial  mind,  and  eloquent: 
but  had  many  vices.  On  the  death  of 
his  cousin,  the  emperor  Manuel,  in  1163, 
he  was  chosen  partner  in  the  govern- 
ment with  Alexis  II.,  who,  being  a  mere 
youth.,  soon  fell  a  sacrifice  to  his  coad- 
jutor's thirst  for  power ;  but  the  people, 
exasperated  at  his  various  cruelties,  pro- 
claimed Isaac  Angelas  emperor,  put  out 
the  eyes  c  fAndronicus,  led  him' through 


the  streets   in  derision,  and  at  length 
stabbed  him,  aged  73.  »a.  n.  1185. 

ANDRONIC0S  PALiEOLOGUS  II., 
snrnamed  the  Elder,  succeeded  Michael 
VIII.,  in  1283;  but  was  glad  to  find 
refuge  in  a  cloister,  in  1325,  his  grand- 
son having  driven  him  from  the  throne. 

AXDROUET  DU  CERCEAU,  James, 
an  eminent  French  architect  of  the  16th 
century,  who  designed  the  Pont  Xeuf, 
and  commenced  the  building  of  it  in 
1578.  He  was  also  employed,  in  1596, 
to  continue  the  gallery  of  the  Louvre; 
but  was  obliged  to  quit  France  during 
the  persecution  of  the  Protestants. 

AXDROS.  Edmund,  a  governor  of  the 
province  of  Xew  York  in  1674,  and  sub- 
sequently of  Xew  England.  He  was  a 
tyrant  and  a  bigot,  who  restrained  the 
press,  imposed  taxes,  prohibited  mar- 
riage, according  to  his  will.  At  length 
his  capricious  and  arbitrary  conduct 
roused  the  people  into  revolt.  On  the 
morning  of  April  18,  1689,  the  people 
of  Boston  took  up  arms  against  him, 
assisted  by  some  from  the  country, 
seized  both  the  council  and  the  gov- 
ernor and  had  them  confined.  In  the 
February  following  he  was  sent  to  En- 
gland for  trial,  but  the  case  involved  the 
government  in  such  a  dilemma  that 
they  dismissed  it  without  coming  to  a 
final  decision.  In  1692  he  was  made 
governor  of  Virginia,  where  he  eon- 
ducted  himself  with  more  discretion. 
He  died  in  London,  in  1714.  Fort  An- 
droscoggin was  named  after  him. 

AXDRUS,  Joseph  Y.,  one  of  the  first 
agents  of  the  Colonization  Society,  who 
died  at  Sierra  Leone,  in  1821. 

AXDRY,  Nicholas,  a  physician  and 
medical  author,  of  Lyons,  in  the  17th 
century ;  afterwards  doan  of  the  faculty 
of  medicine  in  the  royal  college  of  Paris 
where  he  also  filled  a  professor's  chair. 
D.  1742. 

ANEURIN,  a  British  poet  and  chief- 
tain of  the  6th  century,  supposed  by 
some  authors  to  be  the"  same  with  Gil- 
das,  the  historian ;  he  took  part  in  the 
battle  of  Cattraeth,  which  he  made  the 
subject  of  a  poem  ;  this,  and  "  Odes  of 
the  Months,  form  the  whole  of  his 
known  works ;  and  are  to  be  found  in 
the  Welsh  Archaeology.  D.  570. 
_  ANFOSSI,  Pasquale,  an  Italian  mu- 
sician, b.  at  Naples,  who  was  compo- 
ser to  the  theatre  at  Rome,  and  after- 
wards travelled  to  Paris,  where  he  per- 
formed his  "Persecuted  Unknown," 
but  the  delicate  and  beautiful  music  of 
the  piece  did  not  find  the  warmest  re- 
ception.   From  France  he  went  to  Lon- 


48 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


L< 


don,  where  he  was  director  of  the  Italian 
theatre  in  178a.  '  He  returned  to  Eome 
in  1795,  and  brought  out  several  nieces, 
whose  success  compensated  him  for  his 
many  disappointments.  He  frequently 
reminds  us  of  Sacchini  and  Piccini,  bis 
masters,  after  whom  he  formed  his 
style;  but  bis  taste,  expression,  and 
style  of  progression  are  extraordinary. 
His  principal  works  are,  "  La  Fruta 
Gardinieri,"  "II  Geloso  di  Cimento," 
"  Avaro,"  "  II  Carioso  Indiscreto," 
'•  Viaggiatori  Felici,"  &c,  which  are 
mostly  comic  operas.  He  wrote,  be- 
sides," several  oratorios  and  psalms.  B. 
1729;  d.  1795. 

ANGE,  Francis,  a  planter  of  Penn- 
sylvania, who  lived  till  lie  was  134  years 
old.  He  remembered  the  death  of 
Charles  I.,  and  at  130  was  in  good 
health  and  sound  mind.     D.  1767. 

ANGE  DE  ST.  JOSEPH,  le  PERE,'a 
Carmelite  of  Toulouse,  whose  real  name 
was  la  Brosse.  He  travelled  into  Per- 
sia as  missionary,  and  translated  the 
Persian  pharmacopoeia  into  Latin,  be- 
sides writing  a  treatise  on  the  language 
of  the  country,  a  useful  and  very  valua- 
ble performance.  He  d.  at  Perpignan, 
1697. 

ANGELI,  Bonaventura,  a  celebrated 
historian,  of  Parma.  D.  1576.— Peter, 
a  distinguished  modern  Latin  poet.  B. 
at  Barga,  Tuscany,  1517 ;  d.  1596. 

ANGELICO,  John,  an  Italian  Domin- 
ican, who  painted  the  chapel  of  Nicholas 
V.     D.  1448. 

ANGELIS,  Stephen  he,  an  Italian 
mathematician  of  the  17th  century ;  he 
was  for  some  time  a  Jesuit,  but  quitted 
the  order,  and  became  a  teacher  of 
mathematics  at  Padua. 

ANGELO,  Fioriozzoli,  a  Florentine 
poet,  honored  by  Clement  Vllth's  friend- 
ship, and  much  esteemed;  author  of 
"Discorso  degli  Animali,"  "I  Lucidi," 
and  "La  Trinuzzia,"  comedies,  and  a 
great  variety  of  other  works.  He  is 
chiefly  admired  by  his  countrymen  for 
the  purity  and  beauty  of  his  diction. 
X>.  1548.— Policiano,  b.  in  1454 ;  author 
of  numerous  works,  in  prose  and  verse, 
translations  from  Greek  and  Latin : 
"Iviisticus,"  "  Orfeo  Favola,"  &c. — Mi- 
chael Buon'arotti,  the  greatest  of  Italian 
artists,  alike  eminent  in  painting,  sculp- 
ture, and  architecture,  no  bad  poet,  and 
a  noble-hearted  man.  He  was  descend- 
ed from  an  ancient  family  of  the  counts 
of  Canosa,  and  was  b.  at  Caprese  or 
Chiusi,  in  1474.  It  is  said  that  he  was 
suckled  by  a  woman  of  Settinianno,  who 
was  the  wife  of  a  distinguished  sculp- 


tor, so  that  he  drank  in  the  influences 
of  one  of  the  great  arts  in  which  he  was 
destined  to  excel  with  his  milk.  He 
gave  evidence  of  genius  at  an  early  age. 
so  much  so  as  to  excite  the  jealousy  of 
his  young  rivals,  one  of  whom,  Forrigi- 
ano,  gave  him  a  blow,  the  marks  of 
which  he  carried  to  his  grave.  Per- 
haps, however,  the  impetuous  boldness 
of  Michael  was  as  much  the  cause  of 
their  encounter  as  bis  genius.  Ghirlan- 
daio  was  his  first  master  in  drawing, 
and  Bertholdo  in  statuary.  Before  ho 
was  16  he  copied  the  head  of  a  satyr  in 
marble  with  such  skill  as  to  excite  uni- 
versal admiration.  Attracting  no  less 
attention  as  a  painter,  he  was  commis- 
sioned, in  connection  with  Leonardo  da 
Vinci,  to  decorate  the  senate  hall  of  Flo- 
rence. In  the  prosecution  of  this  order, 
he  sketched  his  famous  cartoon  of  a 
scene  from  the  Pisan  war.  Pope  Julius 
II.  then  invited  him  to  Rome,  and  in- 
trusted him  with  the  erection  of  his  se- 
pulchral monument.  This  work  was 
twice  interrupted,  once  by  the  artist 
himself,  whose  pride  had  been  offended 
by  the  pope,  and  a  second  time  by  the 
petty  envy  of  his  cotemporary.  Hra- 
maiite  and  Juliano  da  San  Gcello  per- 
suaded the  pope  to  get  Michael  to  paint 
the  dome  ot  the  Sistine  chapel,  in  the 
hope  that  he  would  fail,  and  so  abandon 
the  favor  of  his  patron.  Angelo  refused 
the  task,  but  being  ordered  to  undertake 
it,  he  executed  the  frescoes  with  such 
masterly  genius  that  they  excited  gen- 
eral wonder  and  praise.  The  chapel  is 
to  this  day  one  of  the  grandest  monu- 
ments of  art.  Michael  then  returned  to 
his  labors  for  the  sepulchre,  when  Julius 
died.  But  Adrian  VI.  commissioned 
him  to  complete  the  work,  which  he 
did,  making  many  statues  for  it,  and 
particularly  the  statues  of  Moses  and 
Christ,  which  were  afterwards  placed  in 
the  church  "della  Minerva,"  at  Rome. 
Under  Clement  VII.  he  finished  the  new 
Sacristy,  and  Laurentindan  library  at 
Florence.  In  the  first  the  monuments 
of  the  Medici  are  by  him,  e.  g.,  the  fig- 
ures of  Day  and  Night.  Tumultuous 
times  followed  in  Italy,  which  separated 
him  from  his  public  labor  for  a  while, 
but  when  these  had  passed,  he  was  en- 
gaged to  paint  the  Last  Judgment  for 
the  Sistine  chapel.  He  was  already  sixty 
vears  of  age,  and  hesitated  about  under- 
taking a  work  which  might  hazard  his 
fame."  But  the  subject  was  one  con- 
genial to  his  own  profound  and  lofty 
tone  of  thought.  How  he  accomplished 
it,  the  grand  and  gigantic  picture  which 


ang] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


49 


has  ever  since  been  alike  the  worship 
and  the  despair  of  succeeding  artists,  is 
the  proof.  His  sublime  and  inexhausti- 
ble mind  poured  over  the  broad  and 
high  walls  of  the  chapel  the  profoundest 
studies,  the  richest  experience,  and  the 
holiest  sentiments  of  the  man.  At  a 
later  day  he  painted  a  "  Conversion  of 
Sr.  Paul,"  and  a  "  Crucifixion  of  St. 
Petor,"  and  he  sculptured  a  ground  of 
the.  "Descent  of  Christ  into  Hell,"  and 
a  Bacchus,  which  Raphael  said  was  equal 
to  the  masterpieces  of  Phidias  and 
Praxiteles.  In  1546  he  was  compelled 
to  continue  the  building  of  St.  Peter's, 
the  plans  of  which  he  recovered  from 
their  confusion,  and  corrected.  The 
capitol  of  the  Farnese  palace  and  other 
edifices  were  the  work  of  his  hands. 
His  style  in  architecture  was  grand  and 
imposing,  full  of  untamed  imagination 
and  native  original  strength.  Indeed, 
all  his  works,  his  poetic;d  and  prose 
writing  as  well  as  has  statues,  partook 
of  the  character  of  the  man,  who  was 
ardent,  severe,  firm,  and  haughty,  but 
profound,  original,  and  true.  D.  at 
Rome  in  1564.— Michael,  another  of  the 
name,  but  better  known  as  Caravaggio, 
from  the  place  of  his  birth,  was  at  first 
no  other  than  a  day-laborer  ;  but  having 
seen  some  painters  at  work  upon  a  brick 
wall  which  he  had  helped  to  raise,  he 
was  so  charmed  with  their  art,  that  he 
immediately  applied  himself  to  the  study 
of  it,  and  in  a  t'(;v,-  years  made  so  con- 
siderable a  progress,  that  in  Venice, 
Rome,  and  other  parts  of  Italy,  he  was 
cried  up  and  admired  as  the  author  of  a 
new  style  in  painting.  His  pieces  are 
to  be  mot  with  in  most  of  the  cabinets 
in  Europe ;  and  one  picture  of  his 
drawing  is  in  the  Dominican  church  at 
Antwerp,  which  Rubens  used  to  call 
his  master.     B.  1569;  d.  1609. 

ANGELONI,  Francesco,  an  Italian 
historian,  principally  known  by  an  elab- 
oi  ate  work  on  the  history  of  Rome, 
which  he  illustrated  by  a  reference  to 
ancient  medals.  D.  1652. — Luigi,  a  dis- 
tinguished Italian  writer,  who  lived  at 
Paris. 

ANGELUCCI,  Theodore,  an  Italian 
poe.  and  physician,  who  held  a  profes- 
sorship at  Padua,  was  a  member  of  the 
academy  of  Venice,  and  principal  phy- 
sician at  Montagnana,  where  he  d.  1600. 

AXGELUS,  Christopher,  a  Greek, 
who,  being  driven  from  his  cwn  country 
by  the  Turks,  found  an  asy'um  in  En- 
gland in  1608;  and,  under  ;he  patron- 
age of  the  bishop  of  Norwich,  he  was 
placed  in   Trinity   college,  Cambridge, 


whence  he  removed  to  Baliol  college, 
Oxford,  where  he  was  of  great  service 
to  the  junior  students,  and  where  he  <L 
1633.  He  published  many  works  in 
Greek,  English,  and  Latin. 

AXGERSTEIN,  John  Julius,  a  dis- 
tinguished patron  of  the  fine  arts.  B.  at 
St.'Petersburg,  1735 ;  d.  at  Blackheath, 
Jan.  22.  1822.  lie  removed  to  England 
under  the  patronage  of  the  late  Andrew 
Thompson,  and  was  the  first  who  pro- 
posed a  reward  of  £2000  from  the  fund 
at  Lloyd"s  to  the  inventor  of  the  life- 
boats. His  celebrated  collection  of 
paintings,  esteemed  inferior  to  none  of 
the  same  extent  in  Europe,  was  pur- 
chased by  the  English  government  for 
£60,000,  and  forms  the  nucleus  of  a 
national  gallery. 

ANGHIERA,  Peter  Martyr  d',  an 
Italian  scholar  of  a  noble  Milanese  fam- 
ily. B.  1455  ;  d.  1526,  at  Grenada,  leav- 
ing several  historical  works,  which  are 
usually  quoted  under  the  name  of  Peter 
Martvr. 

AXGILBERT,  St.,  the  son-in-law  of 
Charlemagne,  and  afterwards  abbot  of 
St.  Kiquier.  He  had  a  great  taste  for 
poetry,  but  nothing  remains  of  him  ex- 
cept a  history  of  his  monastery.  D.  8 1 4 

AXGIOLELLO,  John  Mario,  a  Vene- 
tian historian  of  the  15th  century,  taken 
captive  by  the  Turks,  and  made' slave  to 
sultan  Mustapha,  whom  he  attended  in 
an  expedition  to  Persia,  1-173,  and  wrote 
the  history  of  Mahomet  II.,  in  the  Turk- 
ish and  Italian  languages  ;  also  the  his- 
tory of  (Jsstin  Cassan.  'He  d.  about  1530. 

ANGLES.  Count  Boissr  d',  one  of  the 
committee  of  Public  Safety  during  tho 
French  revolution.     B.  1756;  d.  1824. 

ANGIOLINI,  Francesco,  an  eminent 
Italian  Jesuit,  professor  at  Modena  and 
in  Russia.  He  translated  Josephus  and 
the  tragedies  of  Euripides  and  Sophocles, 
and  wrote  a  historv  of  his  order.  B.  17-JS ; 
d.  1768. 

ANGLES,  Thomas,  an  English  priest," 
the  friend  of  Sir  Kenelm  Digbv,  known 
by  the  several  names  of  Albius  Candidas, 
Biauehi,  Richworth,  White,  and  Vitus, 
which  he  assumed  in  the  different  coun- 
tries of  Europe,  where  he  spent  th6 
greatest  part  of  his  life.  He  distinguish- 
ed himself  by  his  learning  and  genius, 
but  his  fondness  for  the  Peripatetic  phi- 
losophy, and  his  attempts  to  apply  the 
principles  of  Aristotle  to  explain  the 
mysteries  of  religion,  created  him  many 
enemies,  who  procured  the  condemna- 
tion of  his  writings,  both  at  Douay  and 
at  Rome.  He  d.  after  the  restoration  of 
Charles  H.,  but  the  year  is  unknown. 


50 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


[\NS 


ANGOULEME,  Charles  de  Valois. 
duke  dj  natural  son  of  Charles  IX.  B. 
1575;  d.  1650.  Catherine  de  Medicis 
bequeathed  to  bim  her  estates,  but  the 
will  was  set  aside  in  favor  of  Margaret 
de  Valois.  Charles,  however,  retained 
the  title  of  count  d'Aavergue,  and  in 
1619  was  male  duke  d'Angouleme.  He 
gained  great  reputation  as  a  military 
commander,  but  was  twice  charged  with 
treason,  and  the  second  time  condemned 
to  death,  which  sentence  was  changed 
into  perpetual  imprisonment.  He  was, 
however,  once  more  pardoned,  and  em- 
ployed botli  in  a  military  capacity  and  in 
various  embassies ;  he  also  wrote  his 
off"  memoirs. — Loins  Antoine  de  Bour- 
bon, duke  d',  nephew  of  Louis  XVIII., 
who  fought  against  Bonaparte,  and  after 
the  downfall  of  thai  leader,  was  president 
of  the  electoral  college  in  the  department 
of  the  Gironde.  B.  1775. — Maria  Teresa 
Charlotte,  duchess  d',  daughter  of 
Louis  XVI.,  a  princess  of  understanding 
■  and  character.     B.  1778;  d.  1851. 

ANGUIER,  Francis  and  Michael, 
two  sculptors,  natives  of  Eu,  Normandy. 
Francis,  the  eldest,  was  keeper  of  tne 
royal  cabinet  of  antiquities,  and  execute  1 
several  great  works,  particularly  the 
mausoleum  of  the  duke  of  Montmorency. 
Michael's  best  piece  was  a  crucifix  over 
the  altar  of  the  church  of  the  Sorbonne. 
The  former  d.  1669  ;  the  latter,  L686. 

ANGUILLAKA,  John  Andrew  Dell', 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  Italian  poets 
of  the  16th  century,  was  b.  at  Sutri,  in 
Tuscany,  about  1517.  His  principal 
work  is  his  translation  of  Ovid  s  Meta- 
morphoses, which,  though  often  un- 
faithful, and  sinning  against  good  taste, 
has  great  merit.  For  the  representation 
of  his  tragedy  of  (Edipus,  a  theatre  was 
built  at  vincenza  by  the  celebrated  Pal- 
ladio.  Anguillara,  however,  lived  and 
died  in  poverty.     D.  1564. 

ANGUSCIOLA,  Sopuonisba,  a  native 
of  Almona  in  Italy,  eminent  for  her  his- 
torical and  portrait  paintings,  and  also  a 
writor  of  some  repute.  She  bestowed 
such  attention  to  her  profession  that  she 
became  blind.  Her  sisters  Lucia  and 
Europa  also  excelled  in  the  execution  of 
the  pencil.     B.  1550  ;  d.  1626. 

AN'ICH,  Peter,  son  of  a  turner,  was 
t.  at  Oberpersuf,  near  Inspruck,  1723, 
and  after  being  employed  as  a  laborer 
and  a  shepherd,  his  genius  for  mechan- 
ics burst  forth,  and  was  improved  and 
corrected  by  the  friendly  assistance  of 
Father  Hill,  a  Jesuit.  He  was  admired 
for  his  knowledge  of  astronomy,  for  the 
elegance  and  accuracy  of  the  maps  and 


charts  which  he  drew :  and  for  tin)  supe- 
rior beauty  of  the  pair  of  globes  winch 
he  male  for  the  university  of  his  [ruck. 
D.  1766. 

ANICHINI,  Lewis,  a  Venetian  en- 
graver, much  celebrated  for  the  delicacy 
and  precision  with  which  he  engraved 
even  the  minutest  objects.  It  was  at 
tiie  sight  of  his  pieces  that  Michael  An- 
gelo  exclaimed,  tiiat  the  art  of  engraving 
under  his  hand  had  reached  the  summit 
of  perfection.  His  best  pieces  was  a 
medal  of  Alexander  the  Great,  pros- 
trating himself  before  the  high-priest  at 
Jerusalem,  the  head  of  Pope  Paul  III. 
and  Henry  111.  of  France  on  the  reverse. 

ANivEliSfiiOEM,  John  James,  a 
Swedish  officer,  who,  in  the  war  carried 
on  by  Sweden  against  Russia,  took  part 
against  his  country  because  of  an  ani- 
mosity he  cherished  against  the  king. 
He  was  discovered  and  sentenced  to 
death,  but  the  pardon  of  the  king,  in- 
stead of  producing  gratitude  and  loyalty, 
rendered  his  hatred  more  inveterate.  He 
conspired  witli  the  counts  Horn  and 
Bibbing,  barons  Ba  Ike  and  Pechlin,  and 
Col.  Liljehorn,  and  others,  against  Gus- 
tavns,  and  as  the  unsuspecting  monarch 
entered  a  room  where  a  masked  ball 
was  assembled,  the  assassin  discharged 
at  him  a  pistol  containing  two  bills  and 
some  nails.  The  wound  was  mortal, 
and  the  king  expired,  29th  March,  I7'a2. 
Tne  27th  of  April  following  tne  mur- 
derer was  led  to  execution,  but  instead 
of  repenting  he  gloried  in  his  deed. 
His  right  hand  and  his  head  were  cut 
off.     The  others  were  banished. 

AXXA  (JOMNENA,  daughter  of 
Alexis  Comnenus,  emperor  of  Constan- 
tinople, and  celebrated  for  the  Greek 
history  which  she  has  written,  in  which) 
with  great  elegance  and  spirit,  though 
often  with  partiality,  she  records  the 
events  which  distinguished  her  father's 
reign.     D.  1148. 

ANNA  [VANOVNA,  daughter  of 
Ivan  Alexiovitch,  emperor  of  Bussia, 
married  in  1710  Frederic  William,  duke 
of  Courland,  and  succeeded  Peter  II.  on 
the  throne,  1730.  At  the  death  of  her 
husband,  1719,  she  took  for  her  favorite, 
Biren,  a  person  of  low  birth,  but  great 
duplicity  ;  and  when  raised  to  the  throne 
her  subjects  were  ruled  by  this  capri- 
cious and  cruel  minion,  wdio,  it  is  said, 
banished  no  less  than  20,000  persons  to 
Siberia  through  pique,  malice,  and  re- 
venge.    Anna  d.  1740,  aged  47. 

ANNAND,  William,  A.M.,  a  native 
of  Edinburgh,  who  was  chosen  one  of 
th )   ministers    and    became   a  popular 


anq] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


51 


preacher  there.  He  behaved  with  greaO 
kindness  towards  the  persecuted  Pres- 
byterians, and  opposed  James  when  he 
wished  to  dispense  with  the  penal  laws. 
At  the  revolution  he  was  made  dean  of 
Kaphoe,  in  Ireland,  where  he  died,  1710, 
aged  64.  He  wrote  a  volume  of  valu- 
able sermons,  little  known. 

ANNAT,  Francis,  a  native  of  Kou- 
ergue,  of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits, 
teacher  of  philosophy  at  Toulouse,  and 
afterwards  employed  at  Rome  and  in 
France,  in  the  service  of  the  pope.  He 
was  made  confessor  to  the  French  king 
1C54,  which  office  he  held  16  years,  and 
then  solicited  his  dismission  from  in- 
creasing infirmities.  He  is  known  for 
his  great  zeal  in  opposing  the  Jansen- 
ists.     D.  1670. 

ANNE,  of  Austria,  queen  of  France, 
eldest  daughter  of  Philip  III.  of  Spain; 
married  Louis  XIII.  of  France,  1615,  at 
whose  death,  1643,  she  was  declared  sole 
legent  during  the  minority  of  her  son, 
Louis  XIV.,  who  assumed  the  reins  of 
government,  1661.  Anne  then  retired, 
passing  the  remainder  of  her  life  in 
pious  exercises.  B.  1604;  d.  1666. — 
Anne,  of  Beaujeu,  daughter  of  Louis 
XI.  of  France,  and  wife  of  Peter  Beau- 
jeu, duke  of  Bourbon ;  appointed  by 
her  father's  will  gouvernante  during  the 
minority  of  his  son,  Charles  VIII.  This 
preference  excited  a  civil  commotion, 
which  was  terminated  by  the  defeat  of 
the  insurgent  nobles,  1488.  The  prin- 
cess held  the  reins  with  much  firmness, 
and  in  general  acted  prudently.  D. 
1522.  —  Anne,  of  Brittany,  queen  of 
France,  daughter  and  heiress  of  Francis 
II.,  duke  of  Brittany ;  married  to  Charles 
VIII.,  of  France,  1491;  and,  on  his 
death,  1499,  to  Louis  XII.  This  prin- 
cess first  instituted  the  order  of  maids 
of  honor  to  the  queen  ;  first  had  the  pre- 
rogative of  guards  and  gentlemen  other 
own,  and  was  the  first  who  gave  audi- 
ence to  foreign  ambassadors.  B.  1476  ] 
d.  1514. — Anne,  of  Cleves,  daughter  ot 
John,  third  duke  of  Cleves,  and  wife  of 
Henry  VIII.  of  England,  who  divorced 
her.  D.  1557. — Anne,  queen  of  Great 
Britain,  second  daughter  of  James  II., 
by  his  first  wife,  Anne  Hyde,  was  boni 
in  1664;  married  to  Prince  George  of 
Denmark,  1683 ;  succeeded  to  the  crown 
on  the  death  of  William  III.,  1702;  and 
died,  1714,  aged  50.  The  contention  of 
parties  during  the  reign  of  Anne  was 
extremely  violent,  in  consequence  of  the 
topes  entertained  by  the  Jacobites  that 
She  would  be  induced  by  natural  feel- 
ings to  favor    the    succession    of  her 


brother,  the  Pretender.  Her  reign  waa 
also  much  distinguished  for  learning; 
and  the  number  of  eminent  writers  who 
flourished  under  her,  several  of  whom 
rose  to  high  stations,  has  rendered  it  a 
sort  of  Augustan  age  of  English  litera- 
ture, though  her  own  acquirements  had 
no  share  in  making  it  such. 

ANNESLEY,  Arthur,  earl  of  An- 
glesea,  born  at  Dublin,  1614.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  civil  wars  he 
joined  the  royal  party,  and  sat  in  tho 
parliament  at  Oxford,  1643 ;  but  hav- 
ing made  peace  with  the  republicans,  lie 
was  sent  commissioner  to  Ulster,  1645. 
He,  however,  took  an  active  part  in  the 
restoration  of  the  king,  for  which  he 
was  created  earl  of  Anglesea,  made 
treasurer  of  the  navy,  and,  shortly  after- 
wards, lord  privy  seal.  D.  1686.— 
Samuel,  an  English  divine,  born  in 
Warwickshire  about  1620;  d.  1696.  At 
the  time  of  the  rebellion,  he  preached 
some  violent  sermons  against  the  crown 
and  church,  for  which  he  received  the 
vicarage  of  St.  Giles,  Cripplegate ;  but, 
in  1662,  he  was  ejected  from  it  for  non- 
conformity. 

AN  NET,  Peter,  a  deistical  writer  of 
the  18th  century;  author  of  "The  Free 
Enquirer,"  and  other  works  of  a  skep- 
tical turn.  He  was  a  native  of  Liver- 
pool.    D.  1778. 

ANN1US,  of  Viterbo,  a  Dominican 
monk,  who  wrote  various  books  which 
he  pretended  were  the  remains  of  emi- 
nent ancient  authors,  particularly  Ma- 
nctho,  Arehilochus,  and  Xenophon.  For 
a  time  the  imposture  succeeded,  and 
they  were  printed  in  1498.     D.  1502. 

ANNO,  archbishop  of  Cologne  in  the 
11th  century.  He  was  chancellor  to  the 
emperor  Henry  III.,  and  regent  during 
the  minority  of  Henry  IV.;  and  from 
the  exemplary  conduct  he  displayed  in 
those  situations,  as  well  as  from  the 
sanctity  of  his  life,  he  acquired  the  title 
of  Saint. 

ANQUETIL.  Louis  Pierre,  a  cele- 
brated historian,  writer  of  a  "Universal 
History."  B.  at  Paris,  1728;  d.  1803. 
— Du  Perron,  Abraham  Hyacinthe, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at 
Paris,  1731.  In  order  to  gratify  his 
taste  for  oriental  literature,  he  joined 
the  expedition  fitting  out  for  India,  in 
1574,  as  a  private  soldier ;  employed 
every  moment  of  his  leisure  in  the 
study  of  the  Sanscrit;  and  made  suf- 
ficient progress  in  that  tongue  to  trans- 
late the  ""Vendidade  Sade,"  a  diction- 
ary of  the  language.  On  the  taking  of 
Pondicherry  by  the  English,  he  returned 


52 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[ant 


to  Europe,  visited  London  and  Oxford, 
and  conveyed  the  various  MSS.  he  had 
obtained  to  Paris.      lie   was   then   ap- 

f)ointed  oriental  interpreter  in  the  king's 
ibrary,  with  a  pension,  and  devoted 
himself  to  the  publication  of  his  re- 
searches.    D.  1805. 

ANSALDI,  C.  J.,  a  celebrated  man  of 
learning,  of  Piacenza.  B.  in  1700.  His 
best  antiquarian  treatises  are  in  Latin. 

ANSART,  Andrew  Joseph,  a  French 
historian  and  ecclesiastical  writer.  He 
became  a  Benedictine,  but,  being  ap- 
t  ointed  to  a  place  of  trust  in  his  order, 
Be  decamped  with  the  funds,  and  joined 
the  order  of  Malta.     B.  17^9  ;  d.  1790. 

ANSCARIUS,  bishop  of  Hamburgh 
and  Bremen.  B.  in  France,  801 ;  d.  864. 
He  preached  the  gospel  to  the  Danes 
and  Swedes,  and  was  very  instrumental 
in  converting  the  northern  nations  to 
Christianity. 

ANSELM,  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
in  the  reigns  of  William  Rufus  and 
Henry  I.,  born  at  Aost,  Piedmont,  1033  ; 
died  at  Canterbury,  1109,  and  canonized 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  Vii. 

ANSELME,  of  Paris,  an  Augustine 
monk,  the  original  compiler  of  the  "  His- 
torical Genealogies  of  the  House  of 
France. "  B.  1625;  d.  1691.— George. 
There  were  two  of  this  name  :  the  elder, 
a  mathematician  of  some  eminence  in 
the  earlv  part  of  the  loth  century.  1). 
1440.  The  latter,  his  grandson,  who 
assumed  the  name  of  Ni.i'os,  was  phy- 
sician at  Parma,  of  which  city  he  was  a 
native.     D.  152S. 

ANSON,  George,  Lord,  a  British 
commander,  who  managed  the  fleet  of 
ships  sent  out  during  the  Spanish  war, 
to  attack  the  enemy  on  the  coast  of 
South  Carolina,  where  he  landed  and 
founded  a  town.  But  he  did  not  ac- 
quire celebrity  till  he  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  an  expedition  to  the  South  Sea, 
in  1740.  After  losing  all  his  ships  but 
one,  and  encountering  many  difficulties, 
but  not  without  having  severely  har- 
assed the  Spanish  settlements,  he  was 
so  fortunate  as  to  capture  a  rich  galleon, 
on  her  passage  from  Acapulco  to  Ma- 
nilla, and  to  reach  England  in  safety, 
after  an  absence  of  nearly  four  years. 
He  was  successively  made  rear-admiral 
of  the  blue,  a  lord  of  the  admiralty,  rear- 
admiral  of  the  white,  and  vice-admiral 
of  the  olue.  In  1747  he  defeated  a 
French  squadron,  and  captured  six  men 
of  war  and  four  East  Indiamen.  He 
was  rewarded  with  a  barony,  and  rose 
through  all  the  intermediate  ranks  of 
tho  navy  till  he  became  admiral,  and 


commander-in-chief  of  the  British  fleet. 
D.  1762. — Peter  Hubert,  a  miscellane- 
ous French  writer.     B.  1744:  d.  1S10. 

ANSPACH,  Elizabeth,  Margravine 
of,  was  the  youngest  daughter  of  the 
earl  of  Berkeley.  When  little  more  than 
sixteen,  she  married  Mr.  (afterwards 
earl  of;  Craven,  by  whom  she  had 
seven  children;  but  after  living  to- 
gether thirteen  years,  they  separated 
from  mutual  feelings  of  dissatisfaction. 
Lady  Craven  made  a  tour,  and  took  up 
her  residence  in  the  court  of  Anspach, 
where  she  established  a  theatre,  wrote 
plays,  directed  the  performance,  and 
became  a  principal  personage  with  the 
margrave. 

ANSTEY,  Christopher,  a  poet,  was 
born  in  1724 ;  studied  at  Eton  and 
Cambridge  :  and  on  succeeding  to  some 
patrimonial  property,  resided  principally 
at  Bath.  He  blended  the  avocations  of 
a  country  gentleman  with  literary  pur- 
suits, and,  among  many  other  things, 
produced  that  humorous  poem,  ''The 
New  Bath  Guide,"  which  obtained  a 
rapid  and  deserved  popularity.   D.  1805. 

ANSTIS,  John,  an  antiquary,  and  the 
author  of  various  heraldic  works,  was 
born  at  St.  Nets,  Cornwall,  in  1669,  and 
educated  at  Oxford.  He  was  member 
for  St.  Gcrmaius,  and  in  1713  appointed 
garter  king  at  arms.     D.  1744. 

ANTAR,  an  Arabian  chief  and  dis- 
tinguished poet,  who  lived  in  the  6th 
century.  His  works,  which  form  a  por- 
tion of  the  famous  Moallakah.  are  de- 
voted to  the  description  of  his  warlike 
deeds,  and  his  love  for  the  fair  Abla. 
The  celebrated  Arabian  romance,  en- 
titled "Antar,"  by  Asmai,  affords  a 
perfect  idea  of  the  manners,  opinions, 
and  superstitions  of  the  early  Arabians* 
and  of  this  there  is  an  English  version, 
entitled  "  Antar,  a  Bedoueen  Romance, 
translated  from  the  Arabic  by  Terrick 
Hamilton,"  in  4  vols.  12ino. 

ANTHEMIUS,  Procopius,  of  the 
family  of  the  tyrant  Procopius,  married 
Flavi'a  Euphemia,  daughter  of  Marcian. 
His  alliance  as  well  as  his  valor  pro- 
cured him  the  title  of  Augustus,  467. 
He  gave  his  daughter  in  marriage  to 
Ricimer,  a  general,  who  soon  after  at- 
tacked Rome  and  imbrued  his  hands  in 
the  blood  of  his  father-in-law,  472. — A 
Lydian,  eminent  as  an  architect,  sculp- 
tor, and  mathematician.  He  was  em- 
ployed by  the  Emperor  Justinian.  D. 
534". 

ANTHING,     Frederic,     the     com- 

E anion  in  arms  and  biographer  of  the 
imous  Marshal   Suwarrow,    was   boru 


ant] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


53 


&t  Gotha,  in  Saxony,  and  died  at  St. 
Petersburg,  in  1805. 

ANTHONY,  Saint,  the  founder  of 
monastic  life,  was  born  at  Coma,  in 
Egypt,  251.  He  sold  his  possessions, 
which  he  distributed  to  the  poor,  and 
retired  into  the  desert,  where,  for  20 
years,  his  virtue  was  exposed  to  the 
greatest  temptations  from  the  wiles  of 
Satan,  till  he  prevailed,  and  saw  himself 
at  last  surrounded  by  a  crowd  of  fol- 
lowers, zealous  to  merit  his  blessings 
and  to  imitate  his  piety.  He  twice 
visited  Alexandria  to  give  assistance  to 
the  suffering  Christians  under  the  per- 
secution of  Arius.  He  died  35G,  in  the 
105th  year  of  his  age. — Francis,  was 
born  in  London,  1550,  and  studied  at 
Cambridge,  where  he  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  that  chemical  knowledge  which 
enabled  him  to  impose  upon  the  credu- 
lous and  the  unwary,  by  selling  his 
panacea  of  potable  gold,  on  which  a 
treatise  was  printed  at  Hamburgh,  1598. 
His  success  as  an  empiric  was  great,  but 
he  was  violently  opposed  by  Drs. 
Gwinne  and  Cotta,  and  it  was  con- 
fidently asserted  that  his  nostrum  was 
poisonous,  and  many  on  their  death 
bed  attributed  their  "death  to  it.  The 
inotfeiisivcncss  of  his  manners,  his 
learning  and  his  private  virtues,  how- 
ever, stemmed  the  torrent  of  unpopu- 
larity, and  though  he  was  fined  and 
imprisoned  for  practising  without  a 
license,  his  reputation  and  his  fortune 
increased.  D.  1623. — King  of  Navarre, 
was  son  of  Charles  of  Bourbon,  duke 
of  Vendoine,  and  married  Joan  d'Al- 
bret,  1548,  who  brought  him  the  prin- 
cipality of  Beanie  and  the  kingdom  of 
Navarre.  He  was  a  weak  and  irresolute 
prince.  He  abandoned  the  Protestant 
tenets  for  the  Catholic  faith,  and  then 
formed,  with  the  duke  of  Guise  and  the 
constable  Montmorency,  the  famous 
league  called  triumvirate.  During  the 
civil  wars,  in  1502,  he  took  the  com- 
mand of  the  army,  and  Blois,  Tours, 
and  Rouen  surrendered  to  his  arms. 
He  was  wounded  on  the  shoulder  at  the 
siege  of  this  last  place,  and  died  35  days 
after  at  Andeli,  17th  Nov.,  1562.  His 
son  was  afterwards  the  celebrated 
Henry  IV.,  of  France.— A  titular  king  of 
Portugal,  was  son  of  Lewis,  the  second 
soil  of  King  Emanuel.  Hi$  pretensions 
to  the  throne  were  opposed  by  Philip 
II.  of  Spain,  who  sent  the  duke  of  Alva 
against  him,  1580,  and  obliged  him  to 
fly  from  his  dominions.  Anthony  was 
a  wretched  fugitive  in  H<  ''and,  France, 
«nd  England.  D.  at  Pari;.,  15lJ5. 
5* 


ANTIGNAC,  a  popular  French  song 
writer.    B.  1770. 

ANTIGONUS,  one  of  the  generals  of 
Alexander  the  Great,  the  most  powerful 
who  shared  the  Grecian  empire,  hlain  at 
the  battle  of  Ipsus,  301  u.  c. 

ANTIMACHO,  Makk  Anthony,  an 
Italian  author,  who  translated  much 
from  the  Greek.     B.  1472  ;  d.  1552. 

ANTINE,  Maur  Francois  d7,  a 
French  Benedictine  monk ;  author  of 
an  "  Essay  on  the  Art  of  verifying 
Dates,"  &c.     B.  168S  ;  d.  1748. 

ANTIOCHUS  THE  GREAT,  king 
of  Syria  and  Asia.  He  conquered  the 
greatest  part  of  Greece,  of  wuieh  some 
cities  implored  the  aid  of  Rome ;  and 
Hannibal,  who  had  taken  refuge  at,  his 
court,  encouraged  him  to  make  war 
against  Italy ;  but  his  measures  were 
not  agreeable  to  the  advice  of  Hannibal, 
and  he  was  conquered  and  obliged  to 
retire  beyond  Mount  Taurus,  and  pay 
a  yearly  line  of  2000  talents  to  the  Ro- 
mans. His  revenues  being  unable  to 
pay  the  line,  he  attempted  to  plunder 
the  temple  of  Belus  in  Susiana,  which 
so  incensed  the  inhabitants,  that  they 
killed  him  with  his  followers,  1S7  B.C. 
— Of  Asealon,  'a  philosopher,  and  dis- 
ciple of  Philo,  the  Platonist. — A  monk 
"iSrlia,  Palestine,  who  wrote  in  the  7th 
century  190  homilies  on  the  Scriptures, 
still  extant. 

ANT1PATER,  a  native  of  Macedon, 
pupil  of  Aristotle,  and  the  faithful  min- 
ister of  Philip  and  Alexander.  While 
Alexander  was  abroad,  he  left  Antipater 
in  the  government  of  Macedon  ;  and  by 
his  prudent  management  he  kept  all 
Greece  in  order.  On  the  death  of  his 
master,  in  the  distribution  of  his  ter- 
ritories, Antipater  obtained  the  Euro- 
pean provinces.  Not  long  after  the 
confederate  states  of  Greece  attacked 
him,  but  he  subdued  them,  and  sub- 
verted their  democratic  tonus  of  govern- 
ment, on  which  he  was  called  the  father 
of  Greece.  He  died  318  B.C. — L^etius 
Cetius,  a  Roman  historian,  who  lived 
in  the  time  of  Gracchus,  and  wrote  an 
account  of  the  Second  Punic  War. — Of 
Sidon,  a  Stoic  philosopher  and  poet, 
much  praised  by  Cicero  and  Seneca. 
He  lived  about  140  b.  c. 

ANTIPANES,  a  Greek  comic  poet, 
in  the  time  of  Alexander,  who  gained 
three  prizes  at  the  Olympic  games. 

ANTIPHILUS,  a  painter,  rival  of 
Apelles ;  celebrated  for  a  fine  drawing 
representing  a  youth  blowing  a  spark 
of  fire. 

ANTIPHON,    the    Rhamnusian,  an 


54 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ant 


Athenian  orator,  who  flourished  430  b.c. 
He  was  the  first  who  laid  down  the  rules 
of  oratory,  and  assisted  in  establishing 
the  tyranny  of  the  four  hundred  ;  for 
which  he  was  put  to  death,  411  b.  c. 

ANTIQUARIOUS,  James,  a  learned 
Italian  scholar  of  Campanus.     D.  1512. 

ANTISTI1ENES,  founder  of  the  sect 
of  the  Cynics,  by  whose  means  Melitus 
■was  put  to  death,  and  Anytus  banished, 
for  their  persecution  of  Socrates.  He 
was  born  at  Athens,  423  b.  c. 

ANTOINETTE,  Marie,  of  Lorraine, 
archduchess  of  Austria  and  queen  of 
France,  born  at  Vienna,  in  1755,  was 
the  daughter  of  the  Emperor  Francis  I. 
and  Maria  Theresa.  In  1770,  when  only 
15  years  of  age,  she  was  married  to 
Louis  XVI. ;  and  when  her  husband 
ascended  the  throne  she  gained  the  af- 
fections of  the  people  by  repeated  acts 
of  generosity.  It  was,  however,  soon 
observed  that  her  natural  liveliness 
brought  upon  her  the  scandal  of  her 
enemies  about  the  court,  who  attributed 
the  undisguised  frankness  and  cheer- 
fulness of  her  nature  to  levity  and  indis- 
cretion. An  extraordinary  occurrence 
added  fuel  to  the  flame  of  calumny, 
while  it  subjected  the  name  of  the 
queen  to  a  disgraceful  law-suit.  Two 
jewellers  demanded  the  payment  of.  an 
immense  price  for  a  necklace,  which 
had  been  purchased  in  the  name  of  the 
queen.  In  the  examination  which  she 
demanded,  it  was  proved  that  she  had 
never  ordered  the  purchase.  A  lady  of 
her  size  and  complexion  had  impudently 
passed  herself  off  for  the  queen,  and  at 
midnight  had  a  meeting  with  a  cardinal 
in  the  park  of  Versailles.  She  was  be- 
headed during  the  revolution  of  1792. 
Her  fate  produced  a  profound  impres- 
sion on  the  world. 

ANTON  ELL E,  Peter  Antony,  Mar- 
quis d' ;  a  conspicuous  character  in  the 
French  revolution.  He  voted  for  the 
death  of  the  queen,  and  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  Girondists.  He  was  himself 
near  meeting  the  fate  to  which  he  con- 
signed others,  as  he  was  tried  for  com- 
plicity in  the  conspiracy  of  Babeuf ;  but 
he  was  fortunate  enough  to  be  acquitted, 
and  d.  at  an  advanced  age,  in  1817. 

ANTONELLI,  Nicholas  Maria,  count 
of  Pergola,  who  rose  through  various 
ecclesiastical  promotions  to  the  cardinal- 
ship.     B.  1 697  ;  d.  1767. 

ANTONI,  Sebastiano  Degli,  a  Vicen- 

zan  noble  author.     B.  in  1665 ;  author 

of  "The  Conspiracy  of  Brutus,"  a  tra- 

gedv. 

ANTONI  A  NO.    Sylvio,    an    Italian 


poet,  made  a  cardinal  by  Clement  YIII. 
B.  1540;  d.  1603. 

ANTONIDES,  or  VANDER  GOES, 
John,  a  Dutch  poet.  B.  in  Zealand, 
1647.  He  is'  principally  known  by  his 
poem  in  honor  of  the  river  Y,  which 
flows  through  Amsterdam ;  in  which 
city  his  works  were  collected  and  pub- 
lished, 1714.     D.  1684. 

ANTONINE,  de  Forciglioni,  a 
Roman  prelate  and  saint.  B.  at  Flo- 
rence, 1389;  d.  1459,  and  canonized  in 
1523.  He  highly  distinguished  himself 
at  the  council  of  Florence,  where  he  dis- 
puted with  the  Greeks. 

ANTONINI,  Annibal  and  Joseph, 
two  brothers,  natives  of  Italy,  in  the 
17th  and  18th  centuries:  they  wrote  in 
conjunction  the  history  of  Lueania ;  and 
Annibal  was  the  compiler  of  an  Italian 
grammar  and  dictionary. 

ANTONINUS  PIUS,  Titus  Aurelius 
Fulvius,  emperor  of  Rome,  was  b.  at 
Lanuvium,  Si!;  succeeded  Adrian,  138; 
and  d.  161.  His  reign  was  distinguished 
by  tranquillity,  and  by  such  excellent 
management,  as  procured  him  the  title 
of  Pius. — Marcos  Annius  Aurelius, 
surnamed  the  Philosopher.  B.  121 ; 
adopted  by  Pius  Antoninus,  whom  he 
succeeded,  in  conjunction  with  Lucius 
Verus,  as  emperor  of  Rome ;  and  d.  180. 
His  deatli  occasioned  universal  mourn- 
ing throughout  the  empire;  the  Roman 
senate  and  people  voted  him  a  god,  and 
his  image  was  long  afterwards  regarded 
with  peculiar  veneration.  This  emper- 
or's book  of  meditations  in  Greek  and 
Latin  has  been  often  printed,  and  uni- 
versally admired  for  the  excellence  of  its 
morality. — -A  geographical  author,  the 
writer  of  a  valuable  Itinerarium,  whose 
age  is  unknown.  Burton  published  an 
excellent  commentary  on  it,  as  far  as  re- 
lates to  Britain. 

ANTONIO,  or  ANTONELLO,  b.  at 
Messina,  Sicily,  1426;  d.  1475.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  the  first  artist  who  in- 
troduced oil  painting  into  Italy. — -Nich- 
olas, a  Spanish  historian.  B.  at  Seville, 
1617;  d.  1684. 

ANTONIUS,  Godeeroy,  a  lawyer, 
who  became  chancellor  of  the  university 
of  Gicssen. — Marcus,  one  of  the  greatest 
orators  ever  known  at  Rome.  It  was 
owing  to  him,  according  to  Cicero,  that 
Rome  might,  boast  herself  a  rival  even 
to  Greece  itself  in  the  art  of  eloquence. 
He  defended,  among  manv  others,  Mar- 
cus Aquilius;  and  moved  the  judges  in 
so  sensible  a  manner,  by  the  tears  he 
p.bed,  and  the  scars  he  showed  upon  the 
breast  of  his  client,  that  he  carried  hi* 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


ape] 


cauae.      lie   was    unfortunately  tilled, 
during  the  disturbances  raised  at  Rome 
by  Marina   and  Cinna,  in   the  year  of 
Rome,  667. — Marcus,  the  triumvir,  was 
Bon  of  Antonh.s  Creticus,  by  Julia,  a 
noble  lady  of  such  merit,  that  Plutarch 
affirms  her  to  have  been   "  comparable 
to  the  niseat  and  most  virtuous  ladies 
of  that  age."     Marc  Antony,  losing  his 
father  when   young,   launched    out   at 
once  into  all  the  excess  of  riot  and  de- 
bauchery, and  wasted  his  whole  patri- 
mony before  he  had  put  on  the  manly 
gown.     He  afterwards  went  abroad  to 
learn  the  art  of  war  under  Gabinus,  who 
gave  him  the  command  of  his  horse  in 
Syria,  where  he  signalized  his  courage 
in  the  restoration  of  Ptolemy  king  of 
Egypt.    From  Egypt  he  went  to  Csesar, 
in  Gaul ;  and  after  some  stay  there,  be- 
ing furnished  with  money  and  credit  by 
Caesar,  returned  to  Rome  to  sue  for  the 
questorshir,.     In  this  suit  he  succeeded, 
and  afterwards  obtained  the  tribunate, 
in  which  office  he  was  amazingly  active 
for  Csesar,  who,  when    he    had    made 
himself  master  of  Rome,  gave  Antony 
the  government  of  Italy,  with  the  com- 
mand over  the  legions*  there,  in  which 
post  he  gained  the  love  of  the  soldiery. 
But  what  was  more  to  his  honor,  he  as- 
sisted Csesar  so  successfully  on  several 
occasions,  that,  twice  particularly,  when 
Cajsar's  army  had  been  put  to  flight,  he 
rallied  the  scattered  troops,  and  gained 
the  victory.     He  was  afterwards  a  col- 
league ofCajsarin  the  consulship,  and 
on  the  death  of  the  latter,  strove  to  get 
possession  of  the  sovereign  power.     But 
the  patriots  of  the  daybook  part  with 
Octavius,  Ca?sar's  son,  against  him,  when 
he  went  with  an  army  to  Cisalpine  Gaul, 
and  laid  siege  to  Mantua,  which  Deci- 
mus  Brutus  valiantly  defended.     It  was 
during  this  absence  that  Cicero  spoke 
those  famous  orations  against  Antony. 
The  senate  declared  him  a  public  enemy, 
and  both  consuls,  Hirtius   and  Pausa, 
accompanied  by  Octavius,  met  him  in 
the  field.     At  first  he  vanquished  Pausa, 
but  was  afterwards  subdued  by  Hirtius. 
Both   consuls   fell,   and   Octavius   took 
command  of  the  republican  army ;  An- 
tony fled  -Kith  his  troops  over  the  Alps. 
But  Octavius  betrayed  the  senate,  and 
joined  with  Antony  and  Lepidus  to  form 
a  triumvirate.     Their  return   to   Rome 
•was  marked  by  violence,  bloodshed,  and 
proscription.     They  were  opposed   by 
Brutus  and  Cassias,  who  were,  however, 
defeated  at  Philippi.     Owing  chiefly  to 
the  military  skill  of  the  latter.  Antony 
obtained  the  sovereign  dominion,  and 


55 


went  into  Asia,  where  he  had  the  most 
splendid  court  that  ever  was  seen.  The 
kings  and  princes  of  Asia  came  to  his 
levee,  and  acknowledged  no  other  sov- 
ereign in  the  East  but  him.  Qneen3 
and  "princesses,  knowing  him,  doubtless, 
to  be  a  man  of  amour  and  gallantry. 
strove  who  should  win  his  heart ;  and 
the  famous  Cleopatra  of  Egypt  suc- 
ceeded. When  that  queen  gave  out  a 
false  report  of  her  death,  Antony  threw 
himselt  upon  his  sword  and  perished — 
a  fit  end  to  a  life  of  dissolute  violence 
and  crime.  —  ^Elics  Neerissensis,  a 
Spanish  writer,  and  an  eminent  profea 
sor  at  the  university  of  Salamanca,  who 
wrote  the  "  Historv  of  New  Spain,"  and 
other  works.     B.  1442  ;  d.  1520. 

ANTONY,  of  Bourbon,  son  of  Charles 
of  Bourbon,  duke  of  Vendome.  B. 
1527;  married  Joan  of  Albret,  queen 
of  Navarre,  154S  ;  and  d.  from  a  wound 
received  in  the  shoulder  at  the  siege  of 
Rouen,  1562. — St.,  of  Padua,  a  learned 
Franciscan  monk,  was  b.  at  Lisbon, 
1195  ;  d.  at  Padua,  1231 ;  and  was  can- 
onized. His  works  were  printed  at  the 
Hague,  1641. 

ANVARI,  a  Persian  poet.  B.  at  Cho- 
rassan.  He  was  well  versed  in  astrol  • 
ogy,  and  composed  several  books  on 
that  science;  but  having  failed  in  a  pre- 
diction, he  retired  from  the  court  of  the 
sultan  Sangler,  and  d.  at  Balke  in  1206. 
ANVLLTiE,  John  Baptist  Bovjrignon 
d',  a  most  famous  French  writer  on  ge- 
ography. B.  at  Paris,  1702  ;  d.  at  Paris, 
1782.  As  much  esteemed  for  the  gentle- 
ness and  simplicity  of  his  manners  as  for 
his  extensive  knowledge.  He  labored 
at  his  maps  15  hours  a  day  for  50  years. 
ANYSIUS,  or  ANISO,  Giovanni,  an 
Italian  poet  of  some  celebrity.  B.  at 
Naples,  about  1472;  d.  1540. 

ANYTA,  an  ancient  Greek  poetess, 
some  of  whose  compositions  are  still 
preserve  1. 

ANYTUS,  an  Athenian  rhetorician, 
who  aided  in  procuring  the  condemna- 
tion of  Socrates,  and  was  himself  after- 
wards banished. 

APEL,  John,  of  Nuremberg,  one  of 
the  earliest  preachers  of  the  Reforma- 
tion, and  originally  a  lawyer.  B.  1486  ; 
d.  1536. 

APELLES,  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
painters  of  antiquity,  was  b.  in  the  isle 
of  Cos,  and  flourished  in  the  time  of 
Alexander  the  Great.  He  was  in  high 
favor  with  that  prince,  who  made  a  law 
that  no  other  person  should  draw  hia 
picture  bat  Apelles,  who  accordingly 
drew  him  holding  a  thunderbolt  in  hia 


56 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHT. 


[apo 


hand.  The  piece  was  finished  with  so 
much  skill  and  dexterity,  that  it  used  to 
be  said  there  were  two  Alexanders  :  one 
invincible,  the  son  of  Philip  ;  the  other 
inimitable,  the  production  of  Apelles. 
Alexander  gave  him  likewise  another 
remarkable  proof  of  his  regard  :  for  when 
he  employed  Apelles  to  draw  Campaspe, 
one  of  his  mistresses,  having  found  that 
the  painter  had  conceived  an  affection 
for  her,  he  resigned  her  to  him ;  and  it 
was  from  her  that  Apelles  is  said  to  have 
drawn  his  Venus  Anadyomene.  One  of 
Apelles''  chief  characteristics  was,  the 
making  his  pictui  s  so  exactly  resemble 
the  persons  represented,  that  the  physi- 
ognomists were  able  to  form  a  judgment 
as  readily  from  his  portraits  as  if  they 
had  seen  the  originals.  His  readiness 
and  dexterity  at  taking  a  likeness  was 
once  of  singular  service  in  extricating 
him  from  a  difficulty  in  which  he  was 
involved  at  the  court  of  Egypt:  he  had 
not  the  good  fortune  to  be  in  favor  with 
Ptolemy:  a  storm  forced  him,  however, 
to  take  shelter  at  Alexandria  during  the 
reign  of  that  prince ;  where  a  mischiev- 
ous fellow,  in  order  to  do  him  an  mi- 
kindness,  went  to  him,  and  in  the  kind's 
name  invited  him  to  dinner.  Apelles 
went:  and  seeinsr  the  king  in  a  prodigi- 
ous passion,  told  him,  by  way  or  excuse, 
that  he  should  not  have  come  to  his 
table  but  by  his  order.  He  was  com- 
manded to  show  the  man  who  had  in- 
vited him  ;  which  was  impossible,  the 
person  who  had  put  the  trick  upon  him 
not  being  present :  Apelles,  however, 
drew  a  sketch  of  his  image  upon  the 
wall  with  a  coal,  the  outlines  of  which 
discovered  him  immediately  to  Ptolemy. 
— There  was  a  native  of  Syria  of  the 
same  name,  who  was  the  founder  of  an 
heretical  sect,  some  time  during  the  2d 
century. 

APELLICUS,  a  philosopher  to  whom 
the  world  is  indebted  for  the  works  of 
Aristotle,  which  he  collected,  at  great 
expense,  r.bout  90  years  b.  c. 

APEKj  Marcos,  a  Gaul,  who  was 
among  the  finest  orators  of  his  time.  D. 
85. 

APIAN,  Peter,  a  German  mathema- 
tician and  astronomer,  who  made  several 
valuable  observations  on  comets.  B. 
1495  ;  d.  1539. 

APICIUS.  There  were  three  noted 
Eoman  epicures  of  this  name  :  the  first 
lived  in  the  time  of  the  republic,  the 
second  under  Tiberius  and  Augustus, 
and  the  third  in  the  time  of  Trajan.  It 
was  the  second  one,  however,  who  was 
the  most  famous.     He  is  said  to  have 


wasted  £1,250,000  on  the  luxuries  of  the 
table,  wrote  a  book  on  the  pleasures  and 
incitements  of  eating,  ana  finding  his 
finances  reduced,  hung  himself  from  fear 
of  starvation. 

APION,  a  historian  of  Oasis  in  Egypt, 
who  was  a  professor  at  Rome  during  the 
1st  century.  His  "  Antiquities  of  the 
Jews,"  in  which  he  attacked  that  nation, 
was  answered  by  Josephus. 

APOLLINARlUS,  Claudius,  a  bishop 
of  Hieropolis,  who  wrote  a  defence  of  the 
Christian  religion  about  177.  It  was 
addressed  to  Marcus  Aurelius. — There 
was  a  presbyter  of  Alexandria  of  this 
name,  in  the  4th  century,  who  wrote  a 
history  of  the  Hebrews  in  Greek  heroics. 
— His  son  became  bishop  of  Laodicea, 
and  wrote  a  treatise,  which  he  sent  to 
Julian,  against  paganism.    D.  382. 

APOLLODOKUS,  a  grammarian  of 
Athens,  flourished  104  b.c. — A  famous 
painter  at  Athens,  408  b.  c.  Pliny  men- 
tions two  pictures  by  him,  one  of  a  priest 
of  Apollo  at  the  altar,  and  the  other  of 
the  shipwreck  of  Ajax. — A  celebrated 
architect.  B.  at  Damascus,  and  lived 
under  Trajan  and  Adrian.  He  was  em- 
ployed by  the  former  in  building  the 
great  stone  bridge  over  the  Danube,  and 
other  structures ;  but,  falling  into  dis- 
grace with  Adrian,  he  lost  his  life  through 
that  emperor's  caprice. 

APOLLONIA,  a  female  Christian 
martyr,  who,  .at  a  very  advanced  age, 
fell  a*  sacrifice  to  intolerance  at  Alexan- 
dria, 248. 

APOLLONIUS,  Collatius,  a  monk 
and  poet  of  Navarre  in  the  15th  century, 
who  published  an  epic  on  the  siege  of 
Jerusalem,  and  other  pieces. — Dyscolus, 
a  grammarian  of  Alexandria  in  the  2d 
century,  who  wrote  a  work  on  syntax  ; 
a  collection  of  historical  curiosities  is 
also  ascribed  to  him. — There  was  another 
grammarian  of  this  name,  who  lived  in 
the  reign  of  Augustus  Cassar,  and  com- 
piled a  Lexicon  Homericum,  printed  at 
Paris,  1773. — A  mathematician  of  Alex- 
andria, about  240  years  b.  c.  He  com- 
posed several  curious  geometrical  works, 
of  which  his  book  on  conic  sections  alone 
exists. — Rhodus,  so  called  from  the  city 
of  Rhodes,  in  which  he  presided  over  a 
school  of  rhetoric,  was  a  native  of  Alex- 
andria, and  afterwards  became  keeper 
of  the  celebrated  library  there,  in  which 
situation  he  remained  until  his  death, 
240  b.  c.  He  wrote  a  poem,  in  four 
books,  on  the  expedition  of  the  Argo- 
nauts.— Tvaneus,  a  philosophic  empiric 
of  Tyana,  in  Cappadocia.  B.  about  the 
Christian  era.    He  visited  Rome,  where 


AQTjJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


51 


Vespasian  became  his  dupe ;  but  Domi- 
tian  sent  him  to  prison. — A  Roman  sen- 
ator and  Christian  martyr,  who  lived  in 
the  reign  of  Commodus,  and  probably 
Suffered  death  about  186. 

APONO,  or  ABANO,  Peter  of,  an 
astrologer  and  physician,  born  at  Abano, 
who  made  himself  celebrated  by  a  work 
entitled,  "  Conciliator  Differentiorum 
Philosophorum  et  preeipue  Medicorum." 
B.  1250  ;  d.  1316. 

APOSTOLIUS,  Michael,  a  learned 
Greek  of  the  15th  century. 

APPIAN,  an  ancient  historian.  B.  at 
Alexandria,  whence  he  weut  to  Rome,  in 
the  reign  of  Trajan,  and  became  an  emi- 
nent pleader.  He  wrote  the  history  of 
Borne  in  Greek. 

APPIANI,  Andre,  a  celebrated  Mi- 
lanese painter.  B.  1750.  His  pieces  are 
found  in  most  of  the  palaces  of  Milan  ; 
but  his  masterpiece,  in  fresco,  adorns 
the  cupola  of  Santa  Maria  de  S.  Celso. 
B.  1750;  d.  1818. 

APPLETON,  Nathaniel,  Congrega- 
tional minister  of  Cambridge,  Mass.  He 
was  b.  Dec.  9,  1693,  at  Ipswich  ;  gradu- 
ated, in  1712,  at  Harvard  university; 
and  was  ordained  Oct.  9,  1717.  He  was 
much  distinguished  in  his  time,  for 
learning  and  moral  worth.  In  1771  his 
alma  mater  conferred  on  him  the  degree 
of  doctor  of  divinity,  an  honor  which 
had  been  conferred  upon  but  one  per- 
son, Increase  Mather,  about  80  years  be- 
fore. He  d.  Feb.  9,  1784,  in  the  91st 
year  of  his  age. — Jesse,  D.D.,  graduated 
at  Dartmouth  college,  in  1792.  He  was 
ordained  pastor  of  the  Congregational 
church  at  Hampton,  N.  H.  in~Feb.  1797. 
In  1807  he  was  chosen  president  of 
Bowdoin  college,  the  duties  o£  which 
station  he  faithfully  performed  for  about 
10  years,  when  his  health  became  im- 
paired.    D.  1819. 

APREECE,  or  RHESE,  John,  a  learn- 
ed antiquary.  B.  in  Wales  in  the  early 
part  of  the  16th  century,  and  d.  in  the 
reign  of  queen  Mary.  One  of  his  works, 
entitled  "  Fides  Historian  Britannia?,"  is 
preserved  in  manuscript  in  the  Cottonian 
collection. 

APROSIO,  Anoelico,  an  Augustine 
monk,  born  at  Genoa.  He  wrote  a  num- 
ber of  books,  but  is  best  known  by  a 
work,  entitled  "  Bibliotheca  Aprosiana." 
B.  1607:  d.  1681. 

APTHONIUS,  a  rhetorician  of  Anti- 
och,  who  wrote  a  book  called  "  Progym- 
nasmatn  Rhetorica,"  in  the  3d  century. 
APTHORP,  East,  a  learned  divine. 
B.  in  New  England,  1732,  and  d.  at 
Canterbury,  1816.    The  Society  for  the 


Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign 
Parts  sent  him  out  as  one  of  their  mis- 
sionaries to  Cambridge,  Massachusetts, 
in  which  state  he  resided  for  a  short 
time,  and  then  returned  to  England,  and 
obtained  the  living  of  Croydon,  Surrey, 
about  1765.  In  1778  he  took  the  degree 
of  D.D.,  and  was  appointed  to  the  rec- 
tory of  St.  Mary-le-Bow,  London ;  but, 
in  1793,  he  resigned  his  living  on  obtain- 
ing the  valuable  stall  of  Finsbury,  in  St. 
Paul's  cathedral. 

APULEIUS,  Ltrcrtis,  a  Platonic  phi- 
losopher in  the  2d  century,  b.  at  Madaura, 
Africa.  He  composed  several  boqks,  the 
chief  of  which  is  a  romance,  entiJed 
"  The  Golden  Ass,"  Which  has  been 
translated  into  almost  all  the  modern 
European  languages. 

AQUA  VIVA,  Andrew  Matthew, 
duke  of  Atri,  Naples,  was  celebrated 
both  as  a  scholar  and  a  soldier.  B.  1456 ; 
d.  1528.^Claode,  b.  at  Naples,  1542, 
became  general  of  the  order  of  Jesuits, 
and  d.  1615. — Octavio,  a  prelate  of  great 
reputed  piety  and  learning.  D.  arch- 
bishop of  Naples,  1612. 

AQUILA,  of  Sinope,  Pontus,  an  ar- 
chitect and  mathematician  in  the  time  of 
Adrian,  by  whom  he  was  employed  in 
the  rebuilding  of  Jerusalem,  where  he 
embraced  the  Christian  religion,  but  was 
afterwards  excommunicated  for  prac- 
tising astrology,  when  he  turned  Jew. 

AQUILANO.  Serafino,  an  admired 
Italian  poet.  B.  at  Aquila,  Abruzzo, 
1466  ;  d.  1500. 

AQUIL  ANUS,  Sebastianus,  a  Neapol- 
itan phvsician  of  Padua.     D.  1543. 

AQUINAS,  St.  Thomas,  called  the 
ansrelical  doctor,  was  of  the  noble  family 
of  Aquine,  descended  from  the  kings  of 
Aragon  and  Sicily.  He  was  educated 
by  the  monks  ot  Mount  Cassino,  and 
removed  to  Naples  ;  but  the  inclination 
which  he  had  to  embrace  an  ecclesiasti 
cal  life  was  opposed  by  his  mother,  who, 
after  great  difficulties,  obtained  him  from 
the  power  of  the  monks,  and  confined 
him  in  her  castle  for  two  years.  He, 
however,  escaped,  and  fled  to  Naples, 
and  afterwards  to  Rome ;  and  when  im- 
proved by  study,  and  the  famous  lectures 
of  Albertus  Magnus  at  Cologne,  he  ap- 
peared at  Paris,  and  read  public  lectures 
to  an  applauding  audience.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Italy,  he  became  divinity  pro- 
fessor to  several  universities,  and  at  last 
settled  at  Naples,  where  he  led  an  ex- 
emplary life  of  chastity  and  devotion, 
and  refused  the  archbishopric  of  the 
city,  in  the  most  disinterested  manner, 
when  offered  by  Clement  IV.     Gregory 


58 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[ara 


X.  invited  him  to  the  council  of  Lyons, 
to  read  the  book  which  he  had  written 
.against  the  Greeks ;  and  he  d.  on  his 
way  to  join  the  pontiff  at  the  monastery 
of  Fossanova,  near  Terracina,  7th  March, 
1274,  in  his  50th  year.  He  was  canon- 
ized, 1323.  His  writing's,  which  are  nu- 
merous, and  mostly  upon  theological 
subjects,  prove  him  to  have  been  a  man 
of  great  learning,  and  extensive  knowl- 
edge. They  have  been  published,  in  17 
vols,  folio.  It  was  in  defence  of  Thomas 
Aquinas  that  Henry  VIII.  composed  the 
book  which  procured  him  from  the  pope 
the  title  of  Defender  of  the  Faith. 

AQUINO,  Charles  d1,  a  Neapolitan 
Jesuit,  and  an  eminent  teacher  of  rhet- 
oric at  Rome.  B.  1654;  d.  1740. — Louis 
Claude  d',  a  distinguished  musician. 
At  the  age  of  6  he  performed  on  the 
harpsichord  before  Louis  XIV.  ;  at  8, 
the  celebrated  Bernier  declared  he  could 
teach  him  no  more  ;  and  at  12  he  became 
organist  of  a  church  at  Paris.  B.  1694; 
d.  1772. — Philip,  a  learned  Jew  of  the 
17th  century,  b.  at  Avignon,  converted 
to  the  Christian  faith,  and  received  bap- 
tism at  Aquino,  Naples,  whence  he  de- 
rived his  name.  He  was  celebrated  for 
his  skill  in  the  Hebrew  language  ;  and 
was  intrusted  by  Le  Jay  with  the  cure 
of  printing  and  correcting  the  He- 
brew and  Chaldee  text  of  his  Polvglot 
Bible. 

ARABSCHAH,  a  Mahometan  histo- 
rian, who  wrote  a  history  of  Tamerlane, 
and  a  treatise  on  the  divine  unity.  He 
was  a  native  of  Damascus,  where  he  d. 
1450. 

ARABELLA  STUART,  commonly 
called  the  Lady  Arabella,  was  the  only 
child  of  Charles  Stuart,  carl  of  Lennox, 
the  brother  of  Henry  Lord  Darnley, 
father  to  James  VI.  of  Scotland,  by 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Sir  William  Cav- 
endish. This  innocent  victim  of  jeal- 
ousy and  state  policy,  while  an  infant, 
lost*  her  father,  and  thus  became  heiress 
to  a  large  estate.  Several  matches  were 
projected  for  her  at  home  and  abroad ; 
and  her  cousin,  King  James,  was  inclined 
to  marry  her  to  Lord  Esme  Stuart,  whom 
he  had  created  duke  of  Lennox,  and 
whom,  before  his  marriage,  he  consider- 
ed as  his  heir;  but  this  union  was  pre- 
vented by  Queen  Elizabeth,  who  held 
the  Lady  Arabella  under  restraint.  She 
was  finally  married  in  secret  to  the  earl 
of  Hertford,  but  some  Scottish  noble- 
men conspiring  to  place  her  on  the 
throne,  the  plot  was  discovered  and  she 
was  \\  rongfolly  arrested  as  an  accom- 
plice  of  their  design.      She  was  com- 


mitted to  the  Tower,  where  she  passed 
the  rest  of  her  life  in  close  and  melan- 
choly confinement.  D.  1615,  in  her 
38th  year. 

ARAGON,  Tullia  d',  a  poetess  of  tha 
16th  century;  descended  from  an  ille- 
gitimate branch  of  the  royal  family  of 
Spain ;  and  highly  celebrated  for  her  wit, 
beauty,  and  various  accomplishments. 

ARA.JA,  Francisco,  a  Neapolitan 
musician  and  composer  in  the  18th  cen- 
tury, who  entered  the  service  of  the 
Empress  Catherine  of  Russia,  and  pro- 
duced at  St.  Petersburgh  "Ccphalo  et 
Proeris,"  the  first  opera  written  in  the 
Russian  language. 

ARAM,  Eugene,  was  a  native  of 
Ramsgill,  Yorkshire,  and  the  son  of  a 
gardener.  His  genius  displaved  itself 
while  he  followed  the  humble  occupa- 
tion of  his  father;  mathematical  cal- 
culations and  geometrical  knowledge 
were  quieklv  acquired  by  him.  and,  with 
the  most  indefatigable  zeal,  Lilly's  gram- 
mar, though  in  unintelligible  language, 
was  learned  by  heart,  and  afterwards 
Camden's  Creek.  He  then  with  rapid 
steps  advanced  to  the  comprehension 
of  more  difficult  authors,  till  the  whole 
store  of  Latin  and  Greek  literature  was 
open  to  his  understanding.  He  also 
Btudied  and  made  himself  perfect^  in 
Hebrew,  and  with  these  great  acquire- 
ments he  gained  his  livelihood,  by  en- 
gaging in  several  schools  in  the  south 
of  England.  In  1757  he  came  to  the 
free  school  at  Lynn,  a  perfect  master  of 
the  most  abstruse  studies,  and  ac- 
quainted with  heraldry  and  botany. 
He  had  begun  to  make  collections  for 
radical  comparisons  between  the  mod- 
ern languages  and  ancient  tongues,  and 
already  more  than  3000  words  had  been 
selected  to  establish  their  affinity  in  a 
comparative  lexicon,  when  his  _  labors 
were  stopped  by  the  hands  of  justice. 
He  was  arrested  at  Lynn,  1758,  for  the 
murder  of  Daniel  Clarke,  a  shoemaker 
of  Knaresborough,  who  had  been  mur- 
dered thirteen  years  before;  and,  after 
a  trial,  in  which  he  defended  himself 
with  coolness  and  ability,  he  was  found 
guilty  of  the  crime,  and  failing  in  an 
attempt  to  commit  suicide,  he  suffered 
death  at  York,  August,  1759.  He  ac- 
knowledged the  justice  of  his  sentence, 
and  attributed  the  crime  to  a  suspicion 
of  adultery  between  his  wife  and  Clarke. 
Mr.  Bulwer  has  made  his  story  the  sub- 
ject of  a  most  romantic  fiction,  in 
which,  however,  he  has  taken  great 
liberties  with  the  facts  of  the  case. 

ARATOR,  a  Latin  poet  of  the  5th 


arc] 


CYCLOP-EDTa    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


59 


centurv.  born  in  Liguria,  who  turned 
the  Acts  of  the  Apostles  into  verse. 

ARATUS,  a  Sicilian  astronomer  and 
poet,  whose  "Phenomena"  was  trans- 
lated by  Cicero,  and  from  which  St. 
Paul  quotes  in  his  address  at  Athens. — 
The  son  of  Clinias,  who  restored  Sicyon, 
brought  about  the  Achaean  league,  and 
rescued  Corinth  from  the  Macedonian 
Antisronus.  Rewrote  "Commentaries'" 
on  his  own  life.     D.  216  b.  c. 

ARBOGAST,  Loris  Fr.  Ar..  a  French- 
man, professor  of  mathematics  at  Stras- 
burg,  and  eminent  as  a  geometrician. 
D.  1808. 

AEBOGASTES,  a  French  soldier  of 
foitune,  who  went  to  Rome  at  the  time 
of  Valentinian  the  Younger,  became  a 
general  of  the  army,  and  after  the  death 
of  the  emperor,  caused  the  rhetorician 
Eugenius  to  assume  the  purple.  He 
was  defeated  by  Theodosius,  lied  to  his 
native  mountains  and  put  an  end  to  his 
life,  about  395. 

AEBEISSEL,  Robert  of,  founder  of 
the  abbey  of  Fontevraud,  was  born  in 
the  village  of  Arbrissel,  Brittany,  about  • 
1047.     15.  1117. 

AEBUCKLE.  James,  a  Scotch  poet. 
born  at  Glasgow,  and  died  in  the  north 
of  Ireland,  where  he  had  settled  as  a 
schoolmaster,  17o4. 

ARBUTHXOT,  Alexander,  a  Scot- 
tish divine  and  a  zealous  reformer,  was 
born  in  153S,  and  died  in  1583. — John-, 
a  celebrated  writer  and  physician  in  the 
reign  of  Queen  Anne,  was  born  at  Ar- 
buthnot,  near  Montrose,  and  educated 
at  Aberdeen.  He  was  appointed  phy- 
sician in  ordinary  to  the  queen,  and  ad- 
mitted a  fellow  of  the  college.  He  en- 
gaged with  Pope  and  Swift  in  many  of 
their  literary  schemes,  particularly  in 
the  satire  under  the  title  of  "  Martinus 
Seriblerus.''  In  1727,  Dr.  Arbuthnot 
published  "Tables  of  Ancient  Coins, 
Weights,  and  Measures,'"  which  valu- 
able^work  was  followed  by  an  "  Essay 
concernin<r  Aliments,"  &c,  and  another 
on  the  "  Effects  of  Air  on  Human 
Bodies.''  So  excellent  a  character  did 
he  bear  with  his  cotemporaries,  that 
Swift  thus  pithily  describes  him:  "He 
has  more  wit  than  all  our  race,  and  his 
humanity  is  equal  to  our  wit."  D. 
1735. 

ARCEEE,  Anthony,  a  very  learned 
Frenchman,  who  applied  to  the  study 
of  the  oriental  languages,  made  a  tour 
into  the  East,  and'returned  richly  fur- 
nished with  manuscripts.  B.  1664;  d. 
1609. — Louis  Stephen,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, poet,  and  historian  of  the  18fh 


century ;  chiefly  known  by  his  works 
on  Rochelle  and  Amiens. 

ARCESILAUS,  a  Greek  philosopher, 
the  founder  of  the  second  or  middle 
academy,  was  born  at  Pitane,  in  ^Eolia 
316  b.  c! — A  king  of  Macedon,  natural 
son  of  Perdiccas  II.,  whom  he  succeeded, 
after  murdering  his  brother  Alcetas. 
He  liberally  encouraged  literature  and 
the  aits,  entertained  and  patronized 
Euripides  and  Zeuxis,  398  b.  c.  —  A 
Greek  philosopher,  the  disciple  and  suc- 
cessor of  Anaxagoras  at  Lampsacns,  but 
removed  afterwards  to  Athens,  where 
he  had  Socrates  for  a  pupil. — A  geog- 
rapher; author  of  a  treatise  on  all  the 
countries  conquered  by  Alexander,  in 
whose  time  he  lived.— A  Christian  di- 
vine, bishop  of  Mesopotamia,  who  flour- 
ished under  Probus,  about  27S,  and  was 
a  zealous  champion  for  the  Catholic 
faith,  aeainst  the  Manichaeans. 

AECHENHOLZ,  John,  a  Swedish 
historian,  bore  tu  Ilelsingfors,  1695 ;  d. 
1777. — John  William  von.  a  very  volu- 
minous German  author.  His  two  most 
important  works  are  "  Annals  of  British 
History,1'  20  vols.,  and  a  "History  of 
the  Seven  Years-  War."  B.  1742 ;  d. 
181S. 

ARCIIIAS.  A  ins  Lienors,  a  native 
of  Antioch,  chiefly  known  from  the  elo- 
quent orations  made  by  Cicero,  to  de- 
fend his  right  to  the'  citizenship  of 
Rome. 

AECH1GENES,  a  Greek  physician 
of  the  Pneumatic  sect,  who  flourished 
in  the  times  of  Domitian  and  Trajan. 
His  works  are  frequently  referred  to  by 
Galen. 

ARCHILOCHUS,  a  Greek  satirist, 
born  in  the  isle  of  Paros,  660  b.  c.  The 
invention  of  the  Iambic  metre  is  at- 
tributed to  him. 

ARCHIMEDES,  the  most  celebrated 
mathematician  among  the  ancients,  was 
a  native  of  Syracuse,  and  related  to 
King  Hiero.  He  was  equally  skilled  in 
the  sciences  of  astronomy,  geometry, 
mechanics,  hydrostatics,  and  optics ; 
his  aptness  in  solving  problems  had  be- 
come proverbial  in  Cicero's  days,  and 
his  singular  ingenuity  in  the  invention 
and  construction  of  warlike  engines  is 
much  dwelt  upon  by  Livy.  The  com- 
bination of  pullevs  for  raising  immense 
weights,  the  endless  screw,  &c,  were 
invented  by  him  ;  but  his  genius  for  in- 
vention was  never  more  signally  dis- 
played than  in  the  defence  of  Syracuse, 
when  it  was  besieged  by  Marceilus  ;  for 
among  other  astonishing  novelties,  he 
produced  a  burning  glass,  composed  of 


60 


CTCLOP^DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[arb 


reflecting  mirrors,  by  which  he  fired 
the  enemy's  fleet.  At  length,  however, 
the  city  was  taken  by  storm,  and  Ar- 
chimedes, then  in  his  74th  year,  was 
among  the  slain,  212  B.C. 

ARCHINTO,  Charles,  a  learned  Mi- 
lanese of  noble  family,  who  founded  an 
academy  for  the  sciences  and  mechanics 
in  his  native  city,  which  he  enriched 
with  an  extensive  library,  &c.     B.  1669. 

ABCHON,  Loris,  an  antiquary,  chap- 
lain to  Louis  XIV. ^  author  of  a  "His- 
tory of  the  Eoval  Chapel  of  France." 
B.  1645;  d.  1717. 

AECHYTAS,  a  Pythagorean  philos- 
opher and  mathematician  of  Tarentum, 
who  was  one  of  the  first  who  applied 
the  theory  of  mathematics  to  practical 
purposes,  400  B.C. 

AECO,  Nicholas,  Count,  a  Latin  poet, 
born  at  Arco,  in  the  Tvrol,  1479;  d. 
1546. 

ARCON,  J.  C.  Eleonore  Lemioeaud, 
a  French  officer,  born  at  Pontarlier, 
1733;  d,  L8»0. 

ARCUDIUS,  Peter,  a  Greek  priest, 
born  in  the  isle  of  Corfu,  who  wrote 
Beveral  pieces  in  defence  of  the  Roman 
church,  and  was  sent  by  Clement  VIII. 
to  Russia,  to  settle  some  religious  dif- 
ferences      I  >.  1685. 

ARCUD1,  Alexander  Thomas  d',   a 
Dominican  of  VTenice,  who  wrote  sei 
eral    works,    chiefly    biographical,     of 
which  the,  "  Oalatana  Letterata"  is  the 
principal.     I).  1720. 

ARCULPIIUS,  a  French  divine  of 
the  7th  century,  who  visited  the  Holy 
Land,  and  wrote  an  account  of  his 
travels. 

ARCY,  Patrick,  a  military  writer  of 
the  18th  centnrv,  born  at  Galway.  D. 
)779. 

AEDENE,  Esprit  Jean  de  Rome  d', 
a  French  author,  born  at  Marseilles, 
1634;  d.  174S.— John  Paul,  brother  or 
the  preceding,  was  a  priest  at  Marseilles, 
and  superior  of  a  college;  but  more 
celebrated  as  a  florist  than  as  an  eccle- 
siastic.   T>.  1769. 

ARDERN,  John,  an  English  surgeon 
of  Newark-upon-Trent,  to  whom  the 
credit  of  being  the  reviver  of  surgery  in 
England  in  the  14th  century  has  been 
given. 

ARDERNE,  James,  an  English  di- 
vine, made  dean  of  Chester  by  Charles 
II.    D.  1691. 

ARDINGHELLT,  Maria,  a  Neapol- 
itan author,  of  noble  origin,  born  in 
1730.  He  was  distinguished  in  algebra 
and  the  phvsical  sciences. 

AREAGATHUS,  a  Greek  physician, 


who  lived  269  b.  o.,  and  practised  with 
repute  at  Rome ;  but  having  introduced 
the  use  of  caustics  and  the  knife,  he 
was  banished. 

AEEXA,  Anthony  de,  a  French 
writer  of  the  16th  century,  chiefly 
known  by  his  poem  on  the  war  of  Pro- 
vence, carried  on  by  Charles  V.  D. 
1544. — James  de,  a  learned  civilian  and 
writer  in  the  13th  century.  He  was 
professor  of  law  at  Padua  and  Bologna, 
and  wrote  "Commentaries  on  the  Di- 
gest and  the  Code."  —  Joseph  de,  an 
officer  in  the  French  service,  born  in 
Corsica:  arrested  at  the  opera,  Aug.  10, 
1801,  and  executed  Jan.  31  following, 
for  an  attempt  on  the  life  of  Bonaparte, 
then  first  consul. 

ARENDT,  Martin  Frederic,  a  cele- 
brated traveller,  was  born  at  Altona,  in 
1769.  He  commenced  his  travels  in 
17'.'>,  visiting  the  northern  parts  of  Eu- 
rope, and  making  researches  into  the 
antiquities  of  the  countries  through 
which  he  passed.  He  afterwards  trav- 
elled through  Spain,  Italy,  and  Hun- 
gary; and  it  was  his  practice  to  carry 
all  his  papers  with  him,  live  on  tho 
charity  of  others,  and  sleep  in  the  open 
air.     I>.  L824 

AEESI,  Pail,  bishop  of  Tortona,  Mi- 
lan, who  taught  theology,  philosophy, 
and  rhetoric,  at  Rome  and  Naples,  and 
wrote  some  philosophical  and  religious 
pieces.     B,  1574  ;  .1.  Mil. 

ARET^EUS,  a  Greek  physician  in  the 
time  of  Vespasian;  his  works  arc  held 

in  great    esteem. 

AEET1  X,  A.  and  J.  G.,  brothers.  B. 
in  L769  and  1771;  authors  of  several 
German  works  on  the  fine  arts,  "  Ma- 
gazin  des  Arts  du  Dessin."1—  Christo- 
pher, Baron.  B.  in  1773;  a  laborious 
German  bibliograph,  curator  of  tho 
Royal  library  at  Munich,  and  member 
of  the  most  famous  German  academies. 
Among  his  works  are,  "  Historical  and 
Literary  Memoirs:"  a  ''History  of  the 
Jews  of  Bavaria;''  "On  the  Effects  of 
Printing;"  and  many  curious  treatises 
on  Mnemonics,  a  Universal  Language, 
tin'  l>i\'minur  Rod,  &c.  He  edited  the 
"Aurora"  in  1806,  and  published  the 
"Nonvel  Indicateur  Litteraire,"  at  Tu- 
bingen. 1808.     D.  1824. 

AEETINO,  Charles,  b.  in  Tuscany, 
in  the  15th  century.  He  was  secretary 
to  the  republic  of  Florence ;  and  emi- 
nent both  as  a  Greek  scholar  and  a  Latin 
poet.  D.  1470. — Francis,  a  learned  ci- 
vilian of  Italy  in  the  loth  century. — 
Guido,  a  Benedictine  monk,  who  lived 
in  the  11th  centurv.     He  rendered  him- 


arg] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


61 


self  famous  bj  discovering  a  new  method 
of  learning  music,  or  rather  by  restoring 
the  true  principle  of  the  ancient  Greek 
music ;  and  was  said  to  have  been  the 
inventor  of  the  six  notes  in  music,  Ut, 
Re,  Mi,  Fa,  Sol,  La.  They  are  thought 
to  have  been  taken  from  a  hymn  of  St. 
John,  composed  by  Paul,  in  770,  and 
which  runs  as  follows  : 

Ut  que.int  taxis  Rt  sonare  fibris 
Mi  ru  peslimmi,  Fa  inuli  htorum, 
S"l  ve  pollulis,  la  bias  reatum. — 

Leonardo,  was  one  of  the  ablest  men  in 
eloquence  and  science  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury, am.  left  Beveral  works,  the  cata- 
logue of  which  may  be  seen  in  Gesner's 
"  Bibliotheca."  He  d.  about  1440,  being 
then  74  years  of  age,  at  Florence :  where 
there  is  a  marble  monument  erect.  1  to 
him  in  the  church  of  the  Holy  I 
with  an  inscription  to  the  following 
purport: — "Since  the  death  of  Leonar- 
do, history  is  in  mourning;  eloquence 
is  become  mute;  the  Greek  and  Latin 
muses  cannot  forbear  shedding  tears."— 
Francisco,  a  man  of  great  reading,  and 
well  acquainted  with  the  Greek  lan- 
guage. He  studied  at  Sienna,  about  the 
year  1410;  and  afterwards  taught  law 
there  with  such  a  vivacity  of  genius, 
that  they  called  him  the  Prince  of  Sub- 
tleties, and  his  wit  became  a  proverb. 
He  taught  also  in  the  university  of  Lisa, 
and  in  that  of  Ferrara. — PiElBO,  a  na- 
tive of  Arezzo.  who  lived  in  the  16th 
century.  He  was  famous  for  his  satir- 
ical writings,  and  was  so  bold  in  his  in- 
vectives against  sovereigns,  that  be  got 
the  title  of  the  Scourge  of  Princes.  He 
used  to  boast  that  bis  lampoons  did 
more  service  to  the  world  than  sermons  : 
and  it  was  said  of  him.  that  he  had  sub- 
jected more  princes  by  his  pen  than 
the  greatest  warriors  had  ever  done  by 
their  arms.  Amino  wrote  also  many 
irreligious  and  obscene  pieces,  and  was 
the  author  of  some  come  lie-;,  which 
were  esteemed  prettv  good  of  their  kind. 
B.  1491  ;  d.  1556. 

ARETIUS,  Benedict,  an  ecclesiastic, 
distinguished  for  his  botanical  and  the- 
ological attainments,  who  lived  at  Berne, 
Switzerland.    D.  1574. 

AKGAIR.  Gregort,  a  Spanish  Ben- 
edictine, who  wrote  an  ecclesiastical 
history  of  Spain,  which  he  ascribed  to 
St.  Gregory.  He  lived  at  Madrid,  du- 
ring the  17th  century. 

ARG  ALL,  Richard,  a  poet,  who  flour- 
ished in  England  in  the  time  of  James  I. 
— Samuel,    a   deputy-governor   of  Vir- 
ginia, who  in  1612  carried  off  Pocahon- 
6 


tas  to  Jamestown,  whose  attack  on  tho 
settlement  in  Acadie  began  the  war  be- 
tween the  French  and  English,  and  who 
subdued  the  Dutch  settlements  on  the 
Hudson.  He  was  knighted  by  King 
James,  in  1623. 

ARGELLATI,  Philipo,  a  printer  at 
Bologna,  afterwards  a  magistrate.  B. 
1685,  -Francisco,  his  son,  author  of  a 
"  Decamarone,"  written  in  imitation  of 
Boccacio.     D.  1754. 

ARGEXS,  John  Baptiste  de  Boter, 
Marquis  d',  a  French  miscellaneous 
writer,  who  was  invited  by  Frederic 
William,  king  of  Prussia,  to  become  one 
of  his  chamberlains.     B.  1704;  d.  1771. 

ARGENSOLA,  Lupercio  Leonardo 
d',  a  Spanish  historian  and  poet.  B.  in 
Aragon,  about  1565;  d.  1618.  —  Bar- 
tholomew, his  brother,  was  canon  of 
Saragossa,  and  chaplain  of  the  Empress 
Maria,  of  Austria.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  "  History  of  the  Conquest  of  the 
and  of  a  continuation  of 
"  Zurita's  History  of  Aragon."  It  was 
said  of  the  two  brothers,  that  the  per- 
fect resemblance  of  their  talents  made 
their  countrymen  believe  them  to  be 
twins  of  Apollo  and  a  Muse.  B.  1566; 
d.  1631. 

AEGENSON,  Mw:k  Rene  lb  Voter, 
Marquis  d\  celebrated  as  the  first  who 
introduced  lettrea  de  cachet,  during  his 
administration  of  the  Police  at  Paris, 
1697,  was  b.  at  Venice,  where  his  father 
was  ambassador  from  the  French  court. 
He  was  highly  respected  for  his  abilities, 
and  the  firmness  of  his  character.  He 
succeeded  d'Aguesseau  in  the  office  of 
chancellor,  1719,  but  was  disgraced  the 
following  year,  and  d.  of  a  broken  heart 
in  1721. 

ARGEXTERO,  a  celebrated  Pied- 
montese  physician,  who  translated  Ga- 
len.    B.  1558. 

ABGENTIE,  John,  an  eminent  Ital- 
ian physician.    B.  I'd-  ;  d.  1">7l\ 

AJRGOLL  John,  the  son  of  Andrew, 
a  celebrated  mathematician,  was  b.  in 
1609,  at  Tagliacozzo,  in  the  Neapolitan 
territory,  and  d.  about  the  year  1660. 
Several  philological  and  archaeological 
works  proceeded  from  his  pen,  but  he 
is  best  known  as  a  poet.  When  only 
fifteen,  he  wrote  his  Idyl  on  the  silk- 
worm, and  two  years  subsequently,  his 
Endymion,  in  twelve  cantos,  which  ho 
completed  in  seven  months,  during 
which  period  he  shut  himself  up,  and 
suffered  no  one  to  enter  his  room,  ex- 
cept to  brin£  his  food. 

ARGOXNE,  Don  Bonaventure  d',  a 
native  of  Paris,  author  of  some  useful 


62 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ari 


works,  especially  miscellanies  of  history 
and  literature,  replete  with  entertaining 
anecdotes  and  valuable  reflections,  pub- 
hsned  under  the  name  of  Vigneul  de 
Marville.  He  d.  a  Carthusian  monk  at 
Gaillon,  near  Rouen,  1704,  aged  64.  He 
wrote  also  a  method  of  reading  the 
^hureh  fathers. 

ARGUELLES,  Augustus,  a  Spanish 
patriot  during  the  revolution  of  1812. 
B.  1775. 

ARGUSTIN,  Antonio,  a  Spanish  an- 
tiquarian, and  author  of  "Dialogos  de 
Los  M-dallas."     B.  1517. 

ARGYROPYLUS,  Joannes,  a  learned 
man  who  fled  from  Constantinople  when 
taken  bv  Mahomet  II.,  and  contributed 
to  the  revival  of  Greek  literature  in  Eu- 
rope. He  was  received  with  kindness 
by  Cosmo  de  Medicis,  duke  of  Tuscany, 
placed  in  the  professor's  chair  at  Flo- 
rence, and  made  tutor  in  the  prince's 
family.  He  retired  from  thence,  during 
the  plague,  to  Rome,  where  he  lectured 
on  Aristotle.  He  d.  of  a  fever  occasioned 
by  eating  melons,  in  his  70th  year,  about 
1478.  He  translated  several  of  Aris- 
totle's works,  in  a  manner  which  proved 
him  to  be  an  able  Grecian,  and  a  scholar 
of  the  most  comprehensive  erudition. 
He  was  an  intemperate  epicure,  so  that 
the  whole  of  his  fortune  was  squandered 
in  supplying  the  delicacies  of  his  table. 
He  treated  the  character  of  Cicero  witli 
contempt,  because  he  had  said  of  his 
favorite  Greek,  that  it  is  a  language  ver- 
bonim  inops.  He  left  some  sons  equally 
learned. 

ARIADNE,  daughter  of  Leo  I.  mar- 
ried to  Zeno,  who  succeeded  as  emperor, 
474.  She  was  so  disgusted  with  the  in- 
temperance of  her  husband,  and  so 
eager  to  enjoy  the  company  of  her  fa- 
vorite Anastasius,  that  she  forgot  her 
dignity  and  character  in  barbarity.  Ze- 
no, when  intoxicated,  was  shut  up  in  a 
sepulchre,  where  he  was  buffered  to 
die;  and  Anastasius,  though  of  obscure 
origin,  was  placed  on  the  throne.  D. 
515: 

ARIAS  MONTANUS,  Benedict,  a 
native  of  Seville,  eminent  for  his  knowl- 
edge of  modern  and  ancient  literature. 
He  was  engaged  by  Philip  II.  of  Spain, 
to  publish  an  edition  of  the  polyglot 
Bible,  which  he  completed,  and  pub- 
lished at  Antwerp,  1569-72.  The  mon- 
arch liberally  offered  the  author  a  bish- 
opric, but  it  was  modestly  refused,  and 
only  a  pension  of  2000  ducats  accepted, 
with  the  honor  of  being  chaplain  to  the 
king.  _  Arias  wrote  some  biblical  and 
historical  treatises,  besides   translating 


the  Psalter  into  Latin  verse.  B.  1527; 
d.  1598. 

ARICI,  Caesar,  an  Italian  poet,  who 
wrote  an  admired  didactic  poem,  called 
"  La  Cultivatione  d'egli  Olivi."    B.  1785. 

ARI  FRODE,  an  Icelandic  scholar  of 
the  11th  century,  and  the  earliest  of  the 
northern  historians.  Of  his  numerous 
writings  only  the  Schedte  and  Land- 
namabok  remain. 

ARION,  a  Lesbian  poet,  the  inventor 
of  dythrambics,  but  his  hymn  to  Nep- 
tune is  all  that  remains  of  his  works. 

ARIOSTO,  Attilio,  a  Bolognese  com- 
poser, who  gave  lessons  to  Handel,  with 
whom  and  Bononcini,  he  composed  his 
well-known  opera  of  "  Muzio  Scevola." 
His  masterly  execution  on  the  viol 
d'amore,  a  new  instrument,  gave  him 
applause  and  opulence  in  England.  D. 
17'J5.  —  Ludovico,  an  illustrious  poet. 
B.  at  Reggio,  1474,  of  a  family  allied 
to  the  dukes  of  Ferrara.  His  early 
genius  displayed  itself  in  the  composi- 
tion of  the  play  of  Pyramus  and  Thisbe, 
which  he  acted  with  his  brothers  and 
sisters  ;  but  his  father,  like  the  father  of 
Ovid,  viewed  his  studies  with  a  jealous 
eye,  and  bade  him  forsake  the  muses  for 
the  bar.  This  he  did  for  a  while;  but 
after  his  father's  decease  he  returned  to 
his  favorite  pursuits,  and,  under  the 
friendly  patronage  of  Hippolito,  cardinal 
d'Este,  he  began  the  plan  of  a  poem, 
which  was  to  immortalize  the  Italian 
muse.  The  cardinal  seems  to  have 
valued  him  rather  as  a  scholar  and  man 
of  business  than  as  a  poet ;  for  when 
Ariosto  presented  a  copy  of  his  immortal 
Orlando,  the  cardinal  inquired,  "Where 
did  you  pick  up  this  trumpery,  master 
Ludovico  ?"  He  was  invited  to  write  in 
Latin  by  Cardinal  Bembo  ;  but  with  the 
ardor  of  a  poet  he  replied,  that  he  aspired 
to  tlve  first  rank  of  Italian  composition, 
while  he  could  only  stand  as  second  as 
the  votary  of  the  Latin  muse.  He  read 
with  attention  the  works  of  Homer  and 
Virgil,  and,  with  a  mind  stored  with  all 
the  learning  of  ancient  times,  he  bor- 
rowed a  subject  from  Bojardo's  Orlando 
Inamorato,  and  produced  his  incompar- 
able poem  of  Orlando  Furioso.  Though 
devoted  to  poetry,  Ariosto  was  at  times 
employed  in  negotiations ;  and  when, 
on  the  death  of  Hippolito,  Alphonso, 
duke  of  Ferrara  succeeded  as  patron  of 
the  poet,  he  showed  his  regard  for  him 
by  appointing  him  governor  of  Graffig- 
n'ana,  a  post  which  he  discharged  with 
honor  and  fidelity.  For  his  retirement, 
he  built  a  house  at  Ferrara;  an  1  when 
questioned  why  he,  who  shone  in  the 


ARl] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


63 


description  of  magnificent  halls,  and 
splendid  palaces,  bad  made  it  so  small, 
he  replied,  that  words  were  cheaper  than 
Btones.  lie  read  his  poems  with  so 
sweet  a  voice,  that  his  friends  were  en- 
raptured to  hear  him  ;  and  he  possessed 
so  delicate  an  car,  with,  at  the  same 
time,  so  sensitive  and  so  choleric  a  tem- 
per, that  he  once  entered  into  the  shop 
of  a  potter,  who  had  been  repeating 
some  of  his  verses  with  an  improper  ac- 
cent, and  broke  a  great  number  of  the 
pots  exposed  to  sale.  The  man  expos- 
tulated in  vain  at  the  violence  of  the 
Bti anger.  I  have  no)  sufficiently  re- 
venged myself  on  thee,  exclaimed  Ari- 
osto ;  I  have  broke  only  a  I'qw  pots,  and 
you  have  spoiled  the  most  beautiful  of 
compositions  to  my  face.  He  d.  at  Fer- 
rara,  8th  July,  1533,  in  his  59th  year. 
Ariosto  possesses  all  the  fire  of  genuine 
poetry ;  lie  passes  with  incredible  rapid- 
ity and  ease  from  the  terrible  to  the  ten- 
der, from  the  soft  to  the  sublime;  every 
character  is  interesting;  his  heroes  are 
valiant  without  rashness ;  his  hero- 
ines are  feminine  without  weakness ; 
and  nature  appears  in  all  her  native  ma- 
jesty, adorned  by  all  the  graces  of  art, 
and  recommended  by  the  most  enchant- 
ing language  of  poetry.  Besides  the 
Orlando,  Ariosto  wrcte  satires,  comedies, 
and  miscellaneous  poems.  His  principal 
works  have  been  translated  into  the 
various  languages  of  Europe,  and  he 
ranks  among  the  classics  of  the  world. — 
Gabriel,  brother  of  the  above,  very  in- 
ferior to  him  in  genius,  but  a  respectable 
Latin  poet.  His  works  were  published 
at  Ferrara  in  15S2. — Horace,  son  of  the 
last  named ;  author  of  a  poem  entitled 
Alphaeus,  several  comedies,  and  a  de- 
fence of  the  Orlando  against  the  criti- 
cism of  Pellegrini. 

ARISI,  Fran-cis,  an  eminent  advocate 
of  Cremona;  author  of  various  works, 
jf  which  the  most  valuable  is  his  "Cre- 
nona  Literati."     B.  1657  ;  d.  1743. 

ARIST.ENATUS,  a  Greek  writer  of 
the  4th  century,  praised  by  Ammianus 
Marcellinus,  but  only  known  now  by 
two  books  of  elegant  Amatory  Epistles. 
AEISTARCHUS,  a  critic  and  gram- 
marian, of  Samothrace,  who  flourished 
about  150  b.  c.  Having  settled  at  Alex- 
andria, he  was  made  tutor  to  the  son  of 
Ptolemy  Philomater.  His  criticisms 
were  so  severe  that  his  name  has  be- 
come proverbial. — A  Greek  philosopher, 
supposed  to  have  flourished  about  4 
centuries  b.  c.  He  is  said  to  be  the  first 
wV-0  knew  of  the  earth's  rotatory  motion 
on  its  own  axis ;  and  a  work  of  his  treats 


of  the  magnitude  and  distance  of  the  sun 
and  moon. 

AR1STEAS,  a  Jew,  in  the  employ- 
ment of  Ptolemy  Philadelphia,  who  as- 
sisted in  the  Septuagint  translation  of 
the  Bible. 

AR1STIDES,  an  Athenian,  whoso 
equity  and  integrity  gained  for  him  tho 
glorious  appellation  of  the  Just,  was  tho 
son  of  Lysimachus.  Being  an  admirer 
of  the  laws  of  Lycurgus,  he  preferred  an 
oligarchy  to  a  democracy,  and  was,  con- 
sequently, the  great  opponent  of  The- 
mistocles,  the  head  of  the  demoeratical 
party.  The  dissensions  between  these 
two  eminent  men  were  so  prejudicial  to 
the  common  weal,  that  Aristides  himself 
once  exclaimed,  that  "the  Athenians 
would  never  prosper  till  he  and  The- 
mistoeles  were  consigned  to  the  dungeon 
for  condemned  criminals."  The  self- 
denial  and  patriotism  of  Aristides  were 
strongly  manifested  by  his  giving  up  his 
share  of  the  command  to  Miltiades,  be- 
fore the  battle  of  Marathon  ;  and  his  con- 
duct after  the  battle,  when  intrusted  to 
divide  the  spoils,  was  equally  praise- 
worthy. In  the  year  491  b.  c.  he  war 
archon,  or  chief  magistrate;  an  officj 
which  he  filled  with  high  reputation. 
Themistocles,  however,  succeeded  in 
having  him  sentenced  to  banishment  by 
ostracism.  On  this  occasion,  a  voter 
who  could  not  write,  and  did  not  know 
him,  met  him,  and  asked  him  to  inscribe 
the  name  of  Aristides  on  the  shell  for 
him.  "  Did  Aristides  ever  injure  you  I" 
said  the  patriot.  "  No,"  replied  the 
man,  "  but  I  am  weary  of  hearing  nim 
called  the  Just."  Aristides  wrote  his 
own  name,  and  returned  the  shell.  Be- 
ing  recalled  from  banishment,  when 
Xerxes  was  preparing  to  invade  Greece, 
he  laid  all  private  differences  aside,  and 
acted  in  perfect  concert  with  Themisto- 
cles. At  the  battle  of  Plataaa  he  com- 
manded the  Athenian  forces,  and  fought 
bravely,  and,  subsequent  to  the  battle, 
his  wisdom  put  an  end  to  a  dangerous 
quarrel  which  arose  between  the  con- 
federates. He  d.  of  old  age  aoout  467 
years  b.  c,  and  did  not  leave  sufficient 
property  to  defray  the  expense  of  his  fu- 
neral. He  was  buried  at  the  public  cost, 
a  pension  and  an  estate  were  given  to  his 
son,  and  suitable  portions  to  his  daugh- 
ters.— ^Elil's,  a  native  of  Adriani,  in 
Mysia  ;  an  orator  of  great  practice  and 
ability  during  the  reigns  of  Antoninus, 
Aurelius,  and  Commodus. — A  Christian 
philosopher,  of  Athens,  in  the  2d  cen- 
tury. Jerome  praises  his  "  Apologv  f  jr 
the  Christian   Faith,"  but  none  o*  his 


64 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[art 


writings  are  extaiu. — A  painter  of  Thebes 
in  the  3d  century  b.  c,  famous  for  his 
power  of  representing  the  passions. — 
QurNTiLiAN,  a  Greek  musician,  who, 
about  the  year  180,  wrote  a  treatise  on 
music. — An  historian  of  Miletus,  often 
mentioned  by  Plutarch. 

ARISTIPPUS,  founder  of  the  Cyre- 
naic  sect  of  philosophers,  was  b.  at  Cy- 
rene  about  4  centuries  b.  c.  He  became 
a  pupil  of  Socrates,  but  his  node  of  life 
was  so  effeminate  as  to  indue  j  that  great 
man  to  compose  the  lecture  on  pleasures, 
which  is  preserved  in  the  Memorabilia 
of  Xenophon.  Excellent  as  that  lecture 
is,  it  had  little  effect  on  Aristippus ; 
who,  both  hi  lecturing  and  living,  made 
pleasure  the  chief  good.  At  Corinth  he 
was  the  companion  of  the  courtesan 
Lais ;  and,  at  Syracuse,  he  was  favored 
by  the  tyrant,  Dionysius,  to  whom  he 
paid  his  court.  He  established  a  school 
of  philosophy  at  Cyrene,  which  con- 
tinued for  about  a  century,  when  it  was 
merged  into  the  sect  of  Epicurus. 

ARISTO,  of  Chios,  a  Stoic  philosopher, 
260  b.  c. — An  Aristotelian  philosopher, 
of  Ceos,  230  b.  c.  A  work  of  his,  en- 
titled "  Amatory  Similes,"  is  cited  by 
Athenseus. 

ARISTOGITON,  a  citizen  of  Athens, 
516  b.  c,  who  was  executed,  after  being 
horribly  treated,  for  conspiring  with  his 
friend  Harmodius  to  slay  the  tyrants 
Hippias  and  Hipparchus.  Hipparchus 
they  succeeded  in  slaying ;  and  Hippias, 
who  put  Aristogiton  to  death,  was  ex- 
pelled the  state  about  three  years  after- 
wards, when  the  statues  of  Aristogiton 
and  Harmodius  were  placed  in  the  forum, 
and  it  was  decreed  that  no  slave  should 
ever  bear  the  name  of  either. 

ARISTOMENES,  a  Greek,  son  of 
Nicomedes,  a  descendant  of  the  regal 
family  of  Messene,  whose  exertions 
caused  the  Messenians,  in  conjunction 
with  the  Arcadians  and  Argives,  to  com- 
mence the  second  Messenian  war,  685 
B.  c,  in  order  to  shake  off  the  yoke  of 
Sparta.  The  Messenians,  however,  were 
unsuccessful,  and  went  over  to  Sicily, 
where  they  founded  the  city  of  Messina. 

ARISTOPHANES,  a  dramatic  poet 
of  Athens,  cotemporary  with  Socrates, 
Plato,  &c,  in  the  5th  century  b.  c.  His 
comedies  were  marked  by  a  severity  of 
satire  which  made  him  at  once  feared 
and  popular ;  and  his  description  of 
Athenian  manners  was  so  exact,  that 
when  Dionysius,  of  Syracuse,  wished  to 
study  the  language  and  manners  of 
Athens,  Plato  sent  him  the  comedies  of 
Aristophanes  as  the  readiest  means  of 


doing  so.  Only  11  of  his  50  et  medies 
remain.  These  are  Plutus,  The  Clouds, 
The  Knights,  The  Acharnenses,  Tho 
Wasps,  Peace,  The  Birds,  The  Female 
Orators,  the  Priestesses  of  Ceres,  and 
Lysistrata.  "  The  Clouds,"  which  he 
wrote  in  ridicule  of  Socrates,  is  the  most 
celebrated  of  all  his  comedies  :  Madame 
Dacier  tells  us,  she  was  so  much  charm- 
ed with  this  performance,  that,  after  she 
had  translated  it,  and  read  it  over  200 
times,  it  did  not  become  the  least  tedi- 
ous to  her.  Aristophanes,  having  con- 
ceived some  aversion  to  the  poet 
Euripides,  satirizes  him  in  several  ot  his 
plays,  particularly  in  hi*  "  Frogs"  and 
his  "  Thesmophoriazusoe."  He  wrote 
"  The  Lysistrata"  when  all  Greece  was 
involved  in  war ;  in  which  comedy  tho 
women  are  introduced  debating  upon 
the  affairs  of  the  commonwealth  ;  when 
they  come  to  a  resolution  not  to  go  to 
bed  with  their  husbands  till  peace  should 
be  concluded.  He  invented  a  peculiar 
kind  of  verse,  which  was  called  by  his 
name,  and  Suidas  says,  that  he  also  was 
the  inventor  of  the  tetrameter  and  octa- 
meter  verse.  The  time  of  his  death  is 
unknown. 

ARISTOTLE,  the  chief  of  the  Peri 
patetic  philosophers.  B.  at  Stagyra,  a 
small  city  in  Macedon,  in  the  99th 
Olympiad,  about  384  b.  c,  was  the  son 
of  Michomachus,  physician  to  Amyntas, 
the  grandfather  ot  Alexander  the  Great. 
By  the  advice  of  the  Delphic  oracle  ho 
went  to  Athens  when  about  18,  and 
studied  under  Plato  till  he  was  37.  He 
followed  his  studies  with  most  extraor- 
dinary diligence,  so  that  he  soon  sur- 
passed all  in  Plato's  school.  He  ate 
little,  and  slept  less  ;  and  that  he  might 
not  oversleep  himself,  Diogenes  Laertius 
tells  us,  that  he  laid  always  with  one 
hand  out  of  bed,  having  a  ball  of  brass 
in  it,  which  by  its  falling  into  a  basin  of 
the  same  metal,  awaked  him.  When  he 
had  studied  about  15  years  under  Plato, 
he  began  to  form  different  tenets  from 
those  of  his  master,  who  became  highly 
piqued  at  his  behavior.  Upon  the  death 
of  Plato,  he  quitted  Athens,  and  retired 
to  Atarnya,  a  little  city  of  Mysia,  where 
his  old  friend  Hermias  reigned.  Here 
he  married  Pythias,  the  sister  of  this 
prince,  whom  he  is  said  to  have  loved 
so  passionately,  that  he  offered  sacrifice 
to  her.  Some  time  after,  Hermias  hav- 
ing been  taken  prisoner  by  Maranon,  the 
king  of  Persia's  general,  Aristotle  went 
to  Mitylene,  the  capital  of  Lesbos,  where 
he  remained  till  Philip,  king  of  Macedon, 
having  heard   of  his   great  reputation, 


arm] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


65 


Bent  for  him  to  be  tutor  to  his  son  Alex- 
ander, then  about  14  years  of  age.  Aris- 
totle accepted  the  offer :  and"  in  eight 
years  taught  him  rhetoric,  natural  phi- 
losophy, ethics,  politics,  and  a  certain 
sort  of  philosophy,  according  to  Plutarch, 
■which  he  taught  nobody  else.  Philip 
erected  statues  in  honor  of  Aristotle-} 
and  for  his  sake  rebuilt  Stagyra,  which 
had  been  almost  ruined  by  the  wars. 
Aristotle  having  lost  the  favor  of  Alex- 
ander by  adhering  to  Calisthenes,  his 
kinsman,  who  was  accused  of  a  conspir- 
acy against  Alexander's  life,  removed  to 
Athens,  where  he  set  up  his  new  school. 
The  magistrates  received  him  very  kind- 
ly and  gave  him  the  Lyca?um,  so  famous 
afterwards  for  the  concourse  of  his  dis- 
ciples ;  and  here  it  was,  according  to 
some  authors,  that  he  composed  his 
principal  works.  When  Aristotle  was 
accused  of  impiety  by  one  Eurymedon, 
a  priest  of  Ceres,  he  wrote  a  large  apol- 
ogy for  himself,  addressed  to  the  magis- 
trates :  but,  knowing  the  Athenians  to 
be  extremely  jealous  about  their  religion, 
and  remembering  the  fate  of  Socrates,  he 
was  so  much  alarmed  that  he  retired  to 
Chalcis,  a  city  of  Euboea,  where  he  end- 
ed his  days  in  the  63d  year  of  his  age, 
being  the  third  of  the  114th  Olympiad, 
two  years  after  Alexander.  The  Stagyr- 
ites  carried  away  his  body,  and  erected 
altars  to  his  memory. 

ARIUS,  a  divine  of  the  4th  century, 
and  the  head  and  founder  of  the  Arian's, 
a  sect  which  denied  the  eternal  divinity 
and  cousubstantiality  of  the  Word.  He 
was  born  in  Libya,  near  Egypt.  The 
Arian  principles,  according  to  Span- 
heirn,  were,  that  Christ  was"  only  called 
God  by  way  of  title ;  that  he  was  less 
than  the  Father,  who  only  was  eternal 
and  without  beginning ;  that  he  was  a 
creature,  having  a  beginning  of  exist- 
ence, created  out  of  things,  having  no 
being  before  the  beginning  of  all  things  : 
hence  he  was  made  God,  and  the  Son 
of  God  by  adoption,  not  by  nature  ;  and 
that  the  Word  was  also  subject  to 
change;  that  the  Father  created  all 
things  by  him  as  an  instrument;  and 
that  he  was  the  most  excellent  of  all 
creatures  ;  that  the  essence  of  the  Father 
was  different  from  the  essence  of  the 
Son ;  neither  was  he  co-eternal,  co- 
equal, nor  consubstantial  svith  the  Fa- 
ther;  that  the  Holy  Ghost  was  not 
God,  but  the  creature  of  the  Son,  begot 
and  created  by  him,  inferior  in  dignity 
to  the  Father  and  Son,  and  co-worker 
in  the  creation.  His  death  happened  in 
Uie  vear  336. 

6* 


ARKWRIGHT,  Sir  Eichard,  a  man 
who  was  born  in  one  of  the  lowest  sta- 
tions of  life,  being  literally  a  penny  bar- 
ber at  Manchester,  but  by  uncommon 
genius  and  persevering  "industry  in- 
vented and  perfected  a  system  of  ma- 
chinery for  spinning  cotton,  that  had 
in  vain  been  attempted  by  many  of  the 
first  mechanics  ot  the  17th  and  ISth 
centuries ;  and  which,  by  giving  per- 
petual employment  to  many  thousand 
families,  increased  the  population,  and 
was  productive  of  great  commercial  ad- 
vantage to  his  country.  The  machine 
is  called  a  "  Spinning  Jenny."  Sir 
Eichard  died  Aug.  3,  1792,  leaving  prop- 
erty to  the  amount  of  near  half  a  mil- 
lion sterling. 

ARLAXD,  Jaites  Axthont,  a  Gene- 
vese  painter  of  great  merit.  His  last 
work  was  the  "Amour  of  Jupiter  with 
Leda,"  which,  from  some  whim  unex- 
plained, he  destroyed  by  cutting  it  to 
pieces.  A  copy  of  it  was  sold  "in  the 
artist's  lifetime  for  600  guineas.  B. 
1668;  d.  1743. 

ARLOTTO,  Maixarho,  a  facetious 
Florentine  of  the  15th  century,  and  of 
whose  witticisms  a  collection  has  been 
frequently  printed,  was  a  parish  min- 
ister in  the  bishopric  of  Fiesole ;  who, 
though  regarded  as  a  religious  buffoon 
bv  some,  was  as  benevolent  as  he  was 
jocose.     B.  1395;  d.  1483. 

ARMELLINT,  Makiaud,  a  learned 
Dominican,  born  at  Ancona,  was  the 
author  of  "  Bibliotheca  Benedictino  Ca- 
sinensis,"  and  other  works.     D.  1737. 

ARMFELDT,  Gustavus  Maurice, 
Count,  a  Swedish  statesman  of  some 
note.     D.  1814. 

ABMINIUS,  or  HERMANN,  who  by 
his  intrepidity  and  success  acquired  the 
title  of  "the  Deliverer  of  Germany,'' 
was  the  son  of  Segimer,  a  chief  of  the 
Catti.  Having  been  sent  to  Rome  as  a 
hostage,  he  was  there  educated,  served 
in  the  Roman  army,  and  for  his  valor 
was  raised  to  citizenship  and  knighted. 
But  his  attachment  to  his  native  country 
induced  him  to  revolt,  and  he  became 
one  of  the  most  powerfid  leaders  of 
the  discontented  German  nations.  He 
drew  Varus,  the  Roman  commander  on 
the  Rhine,  into  that  ambuscade  in 
which  he  and  nearly  all  his  troops  were 
slain,  and  completely  baffled  German- 
icus;  but  after  having  for  years  with- 
stood the  vast  power  of  Rome,  Armi- 
nius  was  assassinated  by  one  of  his  own 
countrymen,  in  the  37th  year  of  his  age, 
a.d.  21. — James,  a  native  of  Oude-water. 
in  Holland,  1560,  founder  of  the  sect  or 


66 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[aiu 


the  Arminians.  As  he  lost  his  father 
early,  he  was  supported  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Utrecht,  and  of  Marpurg,  by 
the  liberality  of  Ids  friends  ;  but  when 
he  returned  home,  in  the  midst  of  the 
ravages  caused  by  the  Spanish  arms, 
instead  of  being  received  by  his  mother, 
he  found  that  she,  as  well  as  her  daugh- 
ters, and  all  her  family,  had  been  sac- 
rificed to  the  wantonuos  of  the  ferocious 
enemy.  His  distress  was  for  a  while  in- 
consolable, but  the  thirst  af  er  distinc- 
tion called  him  to  the  newly  founded 
university  of  Leyden,  where  his  in- 
dustry acquired  him  the  protection  of 
the  magistrates  of  Amsterdam,  at  whose 
expense  he  travelled  to  Geneva  ami 
Italy,  to  hear  the  lectures  of  Theodore 
Beza  and  .lames  ZabareUa.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Holland,  he  was  ordained  min- 
ister of  Amsterdam,  loss.  As  professor 
of  divinity  at  Leyden,  t<>  which  <>rhee  he 
was  i  Listanguished  him- 

self by  three  valuable  orations  on  the 
Object  of  theology — on  the  author  and 
end  of  it — and  on  the  certainty  of  it — ■ 
and  he  afterwards  explained  the  prophet 
Jonah.  In  his  public  ami  private  life, 
Arininius  has  been  admired  for  his 
moderation;  and  thongh  many  gross 
insinuations  have  been  thrown  against 
him,  yet  his  memory  has  h-en  fully 
vinlicat'd  by  the  ablest  pens,  and  he 
seemed  entitled  to  the  motto  which  he 
assumed, — a  good  conscience  is  a  para- 
dise. A  lite  of  perpetual  Labor  an  1  vex- 
ation <>f  mind  at  last  brought  on  a  Biek- 
bess  of  which  he  died,  I  >ctober  L9,  1619. 
His  writings  were  all  on  controversial 
and  theological  subjects. 

AKMs  CRONG,  Dr.  John,  acelcbrated 
poet,  b  >ru  at  <  lastleton,  Edinburghshire, 
where  his  lather  and  brother  were  min- 
isters. He  took  his  degree  of  M.D.  in 
the  university  of  Edinburgh,  L782,  hut 
he  did  no:  meel  with  the  success  in  his 

Erofcssion  which  his  merits  deserved, 
lis  first  exertions  for  the  amusement 
of  the  public  were  some  small  medical 
tracts,  which  were  followed  by  the 
"  Economy  of  Love,"  a  poem  after  the 
manner  of  Ovid,  objectionable  for  its 
licentiousness,  thougn  admired  tor  the 
spirit  of  its  lines,  corrected  and  purged 
in  the  edition  of  1768.  In  174 1  the 
"Art  of  Preserving  Health"  was  pub- 
lished, aiel  on  this  great  and  highly 
finished  performance,  the  fame  of  Arm- 
strong totally  depends.  By  means  of 
his  friends,  the  poel  was  recommended 
to  the  notice  of  the  great,  lie  was  ap- 
pointed physician  to  the  lame  and  sick 
soldiers,    behind    Buckingham    house, 


1  and  in  1760,  he  was  made  physician  to 
j  the  army  in  Germany.  It  was  at  tins 
time  tiiat  he  wrote  his  poem  called 
'  "Day,"  inscribed  to  John  Wilkes  ;  and 
the  freedom  of  remark  which  he  used 
in  one  passage  upon  Churchill  not  oidy 
drew  the  vengeance  of  the  satirist  upon 
him,  but  dissolved  the  friendship  which 
had  before  cordially  existed  with  \Vilkes. 
He  collected  his  scattered  pieces  which 
he  published  in  1770,  and  the  following 
year  he  wrote  a  "Short  Bamble  through 
France  and  Italy,"  by  Lancelot  Temple 
He  died  in  September,  177'.»,  leaving  be- 
hind him  about  £8000,  a  sum  which 
surprised  his  friends,  as  they  knew  that 
his  income  was  small. — John,  a  phy- 
sician and  medical  writer,  celebrated  for 
his  researches  011  the  causes  and  phe- 
nomena of  febrile  diseases.  B.  1 7 s-t ; 
d.  1829. — John,  an  American  general, 
distinguishe  I  in  the  Indian  wars.  He 
defended  Fort  Moultrie,  and  was  in  the 
battle  of  Germantown.  1).  1795. — John, 
son  of  the  prece  Ling,  was  also  a  gen- 
eral, who  at  the  age  of  Is  joined  tho 
revolutionary  army,  contrary  to  the 
wishes  of  his  parents,  was  aid  to  Mer- 
cer at  the  battle  of  Princeton,  receiving 
him  into  his  arms  when  he  fell,  and 
afterwards  served  as  major  under  Gates. 
J  list  before  the  close  of  the  war,  he 
wrote  a  series  of  anonymous  addri 
which  arc  celebrated  as  the  "Newburg 
Lett  rs,"  and  the  effect  of  which  was 
so  great,  that  Washington  felt  called 
upon  to  issue  an  address  to  counter- 
mand their  influence.  lie  was  sub- 
sequently secretary  of  state  t'or  Penn- 
sylvania, a  member  of  the  old  congress, 
a  Unite  1  States senatoV from  New  York. 
minister  to  France  under  Jefferson,  and 
secretary  of  war  under  Madison.  Ho 
passed  the  1  ttter  part  of  his  life  in  lite- 
rarv  and  agricultural  pursuits.   B.  L758; 

AKMVNK.  Lily  Mart,  daughter  of 
Henry  Talbot,  the  fourth  son  of  George, 
earl  of  Shrewsbury,  married  Sir  William 
Armyne,  and  rendered  herself  distin- 
guishe  I  l>v  her  piety  and  benevolence. 
as  well  as  her  knowledge  of  history,  of 
divinity,  and  of  the  lang  tages.  She  cn- 
dowed  three  hospitals.    D.  1675. 

ARNALD,  Richard,  B.D.,  a  nativo 
of  London,  educated  at  Benet:s  and 
Emanuel  college,  and  presented  to  the 
rectory  of  Thurcaston  m  Leicestershire. 
He  published  several  sermons,  but  his 
best  known  performance  is  his  "Com- 
mentary on  the  Apocrypha."     T>.  1756. 

AKJ^ALL,  William,  an  attorney's 
clerk,  who  became  a  political  writer  in 


arn] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


67 


the  pay  of  Sir  Robert  YYalpole.  It  ap- 
pears from  the  report  of  a  secret  com- 
mittee, that,  in  four  years,  he  received 
£10,997  Gs.  Sd.  for  his  pamphlets ;  and 
though  so  liberally  rewarded,  he  died 
of  a" broken  heart  and  in  debt,  1741, 
aged  2 6. 

ARNAUD,  Francis  Thomas  Bacc- 
lard  n',  a  prolific  French  writer  of  the 
time  of  Voltaire.  His  principal  works 
were  "  Epreuves  des  Sentiments/' 
•'Loisirs  Ltiles,"'  "Colignv,"'  &c.  B. 
1718:  d.  1751. 

AENAUD  DE  VILLA  NOVA,  a 
physician,  who  improved  himself  by 
travelling  through  Europe,  and  created 
himself  enemies  by  having  recourse  to 
astrology.  He  enjoyed  some  repul 
at  Paris!  and  afterwards  retired  to  Sicily, 
to  Frederic,  king  of  Aragon.  He  was 
shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  Genoa  as 
he  was  returning  to  attend  Pope  Clem- 
ent, who  Lahore*  under  a  severe  ill— 
■  1818. 

ABNATJLD,  Hxnbt,  a  French  eccle- 
Bvastic,  the  son  of  an  eminent  advocate, 
ma  born  in  1597,  and.  after  having  boen 
intrusted  with  important  m 
Borne,  and  other  Italian  court-. 
made  bishop  of  Angers,  in  1649,  an  1 
thenceforth  devoted  himself  strictly  to 
the  performance  of  his  episcopal  . 
Hi>  piety  and  charity  were  exemplary, 
and  the  only  time  .'luring  nearly  half  a 
century,  that  he  quitted  I 
was  to  reconcile  the  prince  of  Tarento 
■with  Ids  father.  Angers  having 
volted.  the  queen  mother  threatened 
that  city  with  severe  vengeance,  and 
was  long  inflexible.  Amauld  at  l< 
saved  it,  by  saying,  when  he  adminis- 
tered to  her  the  sacrament.  ' 
madam,  your  God,  who  pardone  I  his 
enemies,  even  when  he  was  dying  on 
the  cross."'  To  a  friend  win)  toll  him 
that  he  ought  to  take  one  day  in  the 
•week  for  recreation,  he  replied,  "]  will 
readily  do  so.  if  yon  will  point  out  any 
day  on  which  I  am  not  a  bishop."  1'. 
1692. — Anthony,  brother  of  Henry,  was 
born  at  Paris,  in  I'll 2,  studied  in  the 
colleges  of  Calvi  and  the  Sorbonne,  and 
took  his  doctor's  decree  in  1641.  The 
publishing,  in  1648,  of  his  work  on 
'•  frequent  Communion,"  which  was 
virulently  attacked  by  the  Jesuits,  was 
his  first  appearance  on  the  arena  of  con- 
tro\ersy.  where,  during  the  remainder 
of  his  life,  he  made  so  conspicuous  a 
figure.  He  next  espoused  the  cause  of 
Jansenius,  for  which  he  was  expelled 
from  the  Sorbonne.  The  result  of  this 
was,  that  he  was  compelled  to  live  in 


retirement  till  the  year  166S,  and,  wlide 
thus  secluded,  he  produced  many  trea- 
tises. The  Calvinists  were  the  next  ob- 
jects of  his  attack  ;  after  which  he  had 
a  contest  with  Malebranche.  The  in- 
trigues of  his  enemies  having  rendered 
it  necessary  for  him  to  quit  France,  he 
withdrew  to  the  Netherlands,  where  he 
continued  hostilities  against  the  .lesuits 
and  Protestants.  He  died  at  Brussels, 
in  1694.  Amauld  was  a  man  of  exten- 
sive erudition,  and  an  indefatigable  and 
excellent  writer  on  a  variety  ofsubji 
literary  and  philosophical  as  well  as  the- 
ological. His  works  extend  to  no  less 
than  forty-five  quarto  volumes.  Though 
in  social  life  his  manners  were  mild  and 
simple,  he  was  of  an  impetuous  dis- 
position. Nicole,  his  fellow-laborer  in 
of  his  controversies,  having  de- 
clared to  him  that  lie  was  tired  of  this 
ceaseless  warfare,  and  wished  to  rest, 
"Best  !"  exclaimed  Amauld,  ■'  will  you 
not  have  all  eternity  to  rest  in  .'" 

ABNADLT,  Antoine  Vincent,  an 
esteemed  dramatic  poet  of  France,  who 
laid  the  foundation  of  his  fame  by  the 
■  Mariusa  Miiiturnes."  which 
was  first  performed  in  1791.  He  soon 
after  published  his  "  L  'then 

"  Cincinnatus"   and   "Orcas,"    besides 
several  operas.     In  1797  Bonaparte  com- 
mitted to  him  the  organization  of  the 
anient  of  the  Ionian  isles.     While 
there    he    wrote    his    ••  Ycnctieus."     Iu 
'  lent  of  the  Na- 
tional  Institute.     After  the    restoration 
he  was  banished,  and  resided  in  Bel- 
gium   and    Holland.     His    tragedy  of 
when   first    performed 
in   1817,  excited   a  furious   contest  be- 
tween '  te  political  parties.  Two 
after   lie   return  .  and 
,'iently  wrote  "Les  Quel    -  et  les 
as,"  "Lycurge,"  and  "Guilliam 
I..'"  besides  contributing  to  several  peri- 
-.  and  editing  a  life  of  Napoleon. 
In   1888    he   was    appointed    perpetual 
secretary  of  the  academy.     He  took  an 
active  part   in   the  literary  controversy 
between  the  classic  and  romantic  schools, 
in  favor  oft'ie  torn.  ir.     D.  1834. 

ABNI>T.  Uhbbtian,  professor  of  logic 
at  Bostoek,  in  Germany :  author  of 
"  Observations  on  the  RiL'ht  Use  of 
I.  .oic  in  Divinity,"  <fec.  B.  1623;  d. 
1683. — Joshua,  brother  ot  the  above, 
and  his  successor  in  the  chair  at  Bostoek  ; 
author  of  a  "  Dictionary  of  Ecclesiasti- 
cal Antiquities,"  and  other  valuable' 
works.  B.  1626;  d.  1685.— Gottlieb 
Von,  imperial  Russian  counsellor,  assist- 
ant to  the  Empress  Catherine  II.  in  hei 


68 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[arn 


literary  employment,  and  author  of  a 
learned  work  on  "  The  Origin  of  Euro- 
pean Dialects,"  published  in  1318.  D. 
1829. — Charles,  son  of  the  last-named, 
Hebrew  professor  at  Rostock  ;  author  ot 
"  Philological  Discourses,"  "  Bibliotheca 
Politico  Heraldica,"  &c.  B.  1673 ;  d. 
1781.— John,  a  native  of  Anhalt;  author 
of  a  treatise  "  On  True  Christianity." 
B.  1555;  d.  1621. 

ARNE,  Dr.  Thomas  Augustine,  a  cel- 
ebrated composer  of  music.  At  the  early 
age  of  18  he  produced  an  opera,  entitled 
""Rosamond,"  and  shortly  afterwards 
composed  the  music  for  a  masque,  en- 
titled "  Alfred,"  written  by  Thompson 
and  Mallet.  On  the  masque  of  "  Comus" 
being  adapted  to  the  stage,  ArneV  music 
for  it  obtained  him  so  high  a  reputation, 
and  such  constant  employment,  that  a 
mere  catalogue  of  the  various  works  he. 
was  subsequently  the  author  of,  would 
demand  a  far  larger  space  than  we  can 
aiford.  His  sister  was  the  celebrated 
Mrs.  Cibber.  B.  1704;  d.  1778.— Mi- 
chael, son  of  the  preceding,  and,  like 
him,  a  musical  composer  ;  author  of  the 
music  of  Alcineua  and  of  Cymon. 

ARN1GIO,  Bartholomew,  an  Italian 
poet,  was  originally  a  blacksmith,  but  at 
18  years  of  age  devoted  himself  to  litera- 
ture, aud  distinguished  himself  so  much, 
that  the  university  of  Padua  gave  him 
the  degree  of  doctor.  As  a  physician, 
which  profession  he  followed,  he  was 
far  less  distinguished  than  as  a  poet. 
His  works  arenumerous.  B.  1523 ;  d. 
1577. 

ARNIM,  Ludwig  Achin  vox,  a  Ger- 
man poet,  and  writer  of  romances,  was 
b.  at  Berlin,  studied  at  Gottingen,  and 
passed  his  life  in  literary  leisure  and 
independence,  at  Heidelberg,  Berlin, 
and  his  country  seat.  His  chief  works 
are  "Ariel's  Offenbarungen,"  "  Der 
Knabe  Wunderhorn,"  "  Der  Winter- 
garteu,"  "Gratiu  Dolores,"  "Die  Kro- 
neu-Wachter,"  "  Die  Gleichan."  D. 
1831.  His  wife,  Bettina  Brentano,  is 
still  more  celebrated  than  himself,  both 
from  her  own  writings,  and  the  interest- 
ing relation  in  which  she  stood  as  a 
shild  to  the  illustrious  Goethe,  her  cor- 
respondence with  whom,  so  singularly 
fresh,  impulsive,  and  full  of  sentiment, 
has  been  translated  into  several  lan- 
guages. 

ARNOLD,  Christopher,  a  German 
peasant,  whose  energy  and  natural  me- 
lius enabled  him  to  become  one  of  the 
most  accomplished  astronomers  of  his 
age,  The  only  work  he  left  was  entitled 
''Signs  of  Di'dne  Grace,  exhibited  in  a 


Solar  Miracle."      B.   1646;    d.   1695.— 
John,  an  English  watchmaker,  and  au- 
thor of  many  inventions  for  the  more 
accurate  mensuration  of  time.    B.  1744; 
d.  1799. — John,  a  miller,  celebrated  in 
consequence  of  the  interference  on  his 
behalt  of  Frederic  the  Great  of  Prussia. 
Believing  that  Arnold  had  been  wronged 
of  territorial  land,  by  the  decision  against 
him  of  a  lawsuit,  Frederic  revised  the 
sentence,  and  imprisoned  the  ju  .Iges.— 
Dr.  Samuel,  a  musical  composer  of  em- 
inence.    He  edited  the  works  of  Handel, 
and  composed  the  "  Prodigal  Son,"  and 
other  excellent  oratorios.     His  opera  of 
the  "Maid  of  the  Mill"  still  keeps  the 
stage.     B.   1789;  d.  1802.— Thomas,  an 
English  physician,  eminent  for  his  skill 
in  the  treatment  of  mental  insanity.     Ho 
was  the  author  of  "  Observations  on  the 
Management  of  the  Insane,"  "  A  Case 
of  Hvdrophobia  successfully  treated," 
&c.     B.  1742;  d.  181*.— Rev.  Thomas, 
D.D.,  head-master  of  Rugby  school,  and 
professor  of  modern  history  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  was  b.  at  Cowes,  in 
the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  educated  at  Win- 
chester   and    Corpus    Christi    college, 
Oxford.    Dr.  Arnold  was  a  most  accom- 
plished scholar,  a  successful  instructor 
of  youth,  and  an  author  of  sterling  value. 
In  proof  of  the  latter  it  is  necessary  only 
to   mention   his    admirable   History  of 
Rome,  his  edition  of  Thucydides,  his 
Lectures   on  Modern  History,  and  his 
various  pamphlets  on  political  and  eccle- 
siastical subjects.     From  the  time  of  his 
appointment  to  the  head-mastership  of 
Rugby,  in  1828,  the  school  which  had 
previously  been  declining,  rose  rapidly 
in  public  estimation,  and  at  the  time  of 
his  death  contained  370  boy3,  including 
those   on   the  foundation.     His   singu- 
larly upright  character,  and  his  warm- 
hearted benevolence,  joined  to  the  ac- 
complishment 'A'  the   scholar   and  the 
gentleman,    gave   him    great    influence 
over  all  whom  he  approached.     His  me- 
moirs is  one  of  the  most  interesting  and 
instructive  books  of  the  day. — B.  1795 ; 
d.  1842. — Nicholas,  a  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Franeker,  in  Friesland,  whose 
sermons   and  polemical  works  are   not 
without  merit,     B.  162S  ;  d.  1680.— Jef- 
frey, the  writer  of  a  History  of  Mystic 
Theology,   and  also   a   History   of   the 
Churchand  of  Heretics, — himself  a  zeal- 
ous pietist,  who  preached  at  Perleburg. 
D.  1714. — Benedict,  the  most  notorious 
of  the  name,  was  h.  in  Connecticut,  of 
obscure  parentage,  and  was  in  early  life, 
a  dealer  in  horses,  which  may  account 
for  some  parts  of  his  subsequent  con- 


A.RX] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


69 


duct.  On  the  breaking  out-of  the  revo- 
lutionary war,  he  espoused  the  cause  of 
the  colonists  with  enthusiasm.  He  was 
chosen  to  the  command  of  a  volunteer 
military  company  of  New  Haven,  and 
immediately  after  the  battle  of  Lexing- 
ton, joined  the  army  of  Washington,  at 
Cambridge,  177").  The  Massachusetts 
committee  of  safety  appointed  liim  a 
a  colonel,  and  authorized  him  to  raise 
four  hundred  men  for  the  purpose  of 
taking  Ticonderoga.  which  he  took  with 
the  aid  of  Col.  Allen,  on  the  10th  of 
May.  He  commanded  the  expedition 
sent  against  Canada  the  same  year.  He 
commenced  his  march  on  the  16th  of 
Sept.,  through  the  wilderness  of  Maine, 
with  about  one  thousand  men,  and  quit- 
ted Canada  on  the  18th  of  June  follow- 
ing. After  this  he  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  American  fleet  on 
Lake  Champlain.  In  the  northern  cam- 
paign of  1777.  he  acted  a  conspicuous 
part  under  Gen.  Gates,  and  was  present 
at  the  capture  of  Bnrgoyne's  army.  Be- 
ing rendered  unfit  for  actual  service  by 
a  severe  wound  in  the  leg  after  the  re- 
covery of  Philadelphia,  he  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  American  garri- 
son. All  the  while  the  thoughtless  ex- 
travagance of  his  living,  reduced  him  to 
the  necessity  ot'  resorting  to  every  and 
any  means  to  support  it.  He  was  guilty 
of  every  species  of  artifice  by  which 
property  both  public  and  private  might 
be  obtained,  and  converted  to  his  own 
use.  More  than  half  of  the  amount  of 
his  accounts  were  rejected,  first  by  the 
commissioners,  and  afterwards  by  con- 
gress. He  was  soon  obliged  to  abide  the 
decision  of  a  court-martial,  upon  charges 
preferred  against  him  by  the  executive 
of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  and  he  was 
subjected  to  the  mortification  of  receiv- 
ing a  reprimand  from  the  commander- 
in-chief.  His  trial  commenced  in  June, 
1778,  and  ended  Jan.  2ti,  1779.  The 
sentence  of  reprimand  was  approved  by 
congress,  and  soon  afterwards  carried 
into  execution.  It  is  probable  that  this 
was  the  moment,  when,  smarting  under 
the  inflictions  of  supposed  injuries,  he 
resolved  to  obtain  revenge  by  the  sacri- 
fice of  his  country.  Obtaining  by  arti- 
fice the  command  of  the  important  post 
of  West  Point,  he.  in  a  letter  addressed 
to  Col.  Beverly  Pobinson.  signified  his 
change  of  principles  and  his  wish  to  re- 
store himself  to  the  favor  of  his  prince 
by  some  signal  proof  of  his  repentance. 
This  led  the  way  to  a  correspondence 
between  him  and  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  the 
object  of  which  was  to  concert  the  means 


of  putting  'West  Point  into  the  hands  of 
the  British.  The  plan  was  well  laid,  and 
the  execution  certain,  but  a  fortunato 
accident  thwarted  the  design.  The  ar 
rangement  was  effected  through  the 
agency  of  major  John  Andre,  "aid-de- 
camp to  Sir  Henry  and  adjutant-general 
of  the  British  army.  Andre  who  had 
effected  all  the  arrangements  with  Ar- 
nold, had  procured  a  pass  from  him, 
authorizing  him,  under  the  feigned 
name  of  John  Anderson,  to  proceed  on 
public  service  to  White  Plains,  or  lower, 
if  he  thought  proper.  He  had  passed 
all  the  guards  and  posts  on  the  road 
without  suspicion,  and  was  nearing 
New  York  in  perfect  security,  when 
the  reins  of  his  bridle  were  seized  and 
his  horse  stopped.  Andre,  instead  ol 
producing  his  pass,  asked  the  man 
nastily,  where  he  belonged,  and  being 
answered,  "  to  lelow"  replied  immedi- 
ately, "  and  so  do  I."  He  then  declared 
himself  to  be  a  British  officer  on  urgent 
business,  and  begged  that  he  might' not 
be  detained.  The  man  who  slopped 
him  was  a  militia  man,  and  being  in- 
stantly joined  by  two  others,  Andre 
discovered  his  mistake,  but  it  was  too 
late  to  repair  it.  The  militia  men  could 
neither  be  coaxed  nor  bribed  from  doing 
their  duty.  Andre  contrived  to  apprize 
Arnold  of  his  danger,  and  he  effected 
his  escape.  When  the  great  sold  of 
Washington  learned  the  defection  of 
his  general,  he  was  almost  overwhelmed 
by  his  discovery.  "  I  thought,"  he 
said,  "  that  a  man  who  had  shed  his 
blood  in  the  cause  of  his  country  could 
be  trusted,  but  I  am  convinced  now, 
that  those  who  are  wanting  in  private 
probity  are  unworthy  of  public  confi- 
dence." Arnold,  with  the  hope  of  al- 
luring the  discontented  to  his  standard, 
published  an  address  to  the  inhabitants 
of  America,  in  which  he  endeavored  to 
justify  his  conduct.  This  was  followed 
in  about  a  fortnight,  by  a  proclamation, 
addressed  "  to  the  officers  and  soldiers 
of  the  continental  army,  who  have  the 
real  interest  of  their  country  at  heart, 
and  who  are  determined  to  be  no  longer 
the  tools  of  congress  and  of  France." 
These  proclamations  did  not  produce 
the  effect  designed,  and  in  all  the  hard- 
ships, sufferings,  and  irritations  of  the 
war,  Arnold  remains  the  solitary  in- 
stance of  an  American  officer  who  aban- 
doned the  side  first  embraced  in  the 
contest,  to  turn  his  sword  upon  his 
former  companions  in  arms.  Ho  was 
soon  dispatched,  by  Sir  Henry  Clirton, 
to  make  a  diversion  in  Virginia;  and 


70 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[arn 


committed  extensive  ravages  on  the 
rivers,  and  along  the  unprotected  coasts. 
It  is  said  that,  while  on  this  expedition, 
Arnold  inquired  of  an  American  cap- 
tain, whom  he  had  taken  prisoner,  what 
the  Americans  would  do  with  him,  if 
he  should  fall  into  their  hands.  The 
officer  replied,  that  they  would  cut  off 
his  lame  leg,  and  bury  it  witli  the  honors 
of  war,  and  hang  the  remainder  of  his 
body  on  a  gibbet.  After  his  recall  from 
Virginia,  he  conducted  an  expedition 
against  New  London,  in  his  native  state 
of  Connecticut.  Burning  the  town  and  j 
the  stores  which  were  in  it,  Arnold  re-  | 
turned  to  New  York  in  eight  days.  He 
survived  the  wai  ':ut  to  drag  out  a  dis- 
honorable lift,  ai  d  transmit  to  his  chil- 
dren a  name  of  hateful  celebrity.  He 
obtained  only  a  part  of  the  debasing  sti- 
pend of  an  abortive  treason.  He  enjoy- 
ed the  rank  of  brigadier-general;  but 
the  officers  of  the  British  army  mani- 
fested a  strong  repugnance  to  serve  with 
him.  He  resided  principally  in  England 
after  the  conclusion  of  the  war,  was  in 
Nova  Scotia,  and  afterwards  in  the  West 
Indies,  where  he  was  taken  prisoner  by 
the  French,  but  making  his  escape,  ana 
returning  to  England,  he  d.  in  Glouces- 
ter-place, London,  June  14th,  1801. — 
Aknold,  of  Brescia,  a  bold  and  inde- 
pendent reformer  of  the  12th  century, 
was  originally  one  of  the  disciples  of 
Abelard,  in  whose  instructions  he  found, 
not  only  the  profoundest  theological 
learning',  but  the  noblest  spirit  of  free- 
dom. Returning  to  his  native  city  in 
1136,  he  began  to  preach  against  the 
abuses  of  the  church,  when  his  accurate 
knowledge  of  Christian  antiquities,  his 
dauntless  spirit,  and  his  vehement  elo- 
quence, gave  force  as  well  as  authority 
to  his  harangues.  Thus  he  instigated 
the  people  against  the  clergy;  and,  in 
France,  where  he  was  obliged  to  flee  in 
113'J,  he  also  found  numerous  adhe- 
rents; for  the  immorality  and  arrogance 
of  the  clergy  had  everywhere  excited 
discontent.  The  tierce  flame  which  he 
had  kindled  could  not  be  extinguished 
by  the  excommunication  pronounced 
against  him  and  his  adherents  by  Inno- 
cent II.  Arnold  preached  his  doctrine 
in  safety  at  Zurich,  in  Switzerland,  un- 
til 1144*,  when  he  appeared  at  Rome, 
and  by  the  powers  of  his  eloquence, 
occasioned  a  violent  excitement  among 
the  people  against  the  clergy.  The  fu- 
rious multitude,  which  he  could  no  lon- 
ger restrain,  revered  him  as  their  father, 
and  even  the  senate  protected  him,  till 
Adrian  IV.,  in   1155.  laid  an  interdict 


upon  the  city.  This  disgrace,  never 
before  experienced,  subdued  the  Ro- 
mans. They  sued  for  mercy,  and  Ar 
nold  was  obliged  to  fly.  He  was  taken 
in  Campania,  and  burned  at  Rome,  as  a 
heretic  and  a  rebel ;  his  ashes  were 
thrown  into  the  Tiber,  and  his  party 
was  suppressed.  But  the  spirit  of  his 
doctrine  descended  upon  the  sects 
which  arose  during  the  same  and  the 
following  centuries. 

ARNOLDE,  Richard,  a  citizen  of 
London  in  the  16th  century,  and  author 
of  a  work  entitled  "Arnohle's  Chroni- 
cle," containing  much  valuable  infor- 
mation. 

ARXOT,  Hugo,  an  eminent  Scottish 
writer.  He  was  educated  for  the  bar, 
but  illness  rendering  him  unfit  for  so 
laborious  a  profession,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  literature.  His  "History  of 
Edinburgh,"  and  collection  of  celebrated 
criminal  trials,  show  him  to  have  pos- 
sessed very  considerable  abilities.  He 
only  survived  the  publication  of  this 
work  about  a  twelvemonth;  the  asthma 
male  rapid  advances  on  him,  and  long 
before  his  death  reduced  his  person  al- 
most to  a  shadow.  Harry  Erskine, 
meeting  hiin  one  day  eating  a  dried 
haddock  or  spelding,  is  said  to  have 
accosted  him  thus:  •'Mr.  Arnot,  I  am 
glad  to  see  you  looking  like  your  meat." 
Mr.  Arnot  when  at  the  bar  was  so  little 
of  a  casuist,  that  he  would  nc  er  under- 
take a  case,  unless  perfectly  satisfied  as 
to  its  justice.  One  being  brought  before 
him,  of  the  merits  of  which  he  had  a 
very  bad  opinion,  he  said  to  the  intend- 
ing'litigant,  in  a  serious  manner,  "  Pray, 
what  do  you  suppose  me  to  be '" 
"Why,"  answered  the  client,  J' I  un- 
derstand you  to  be  a  lawyer."  "  I 
thought,  sir,"  said  Arnot  sternly,  "you 
took  me  for  a  scoundrel."  B.  1749 ;  d. 
1786. 

A.RNOUL,  an  eminent  French  pre- 
late of  the  l'Jth  century;  author  of  vari- 
ous works  in  prose  and  verse,  to  be 
found  in  the  Spicilegium  of  D'Acheri 
and  the  Bibliotheca  Patrum. 

ARNOULT,  Jean  Baptiste,  a  French 
Jesuit  and  author.  The  most  valuable 
of  his  works  is  "  Lc  Frecepteur,"  which 
was  the  model  of  Dodsley's  Preceptor. 
B.  16S9.  — Sophie,  a  Parisian  actress, 
famous  in  the  annals  of  gallantry  and 
wit.  She  was  on  the  stage  from  1757  to 
1778.  Her  father  kept  a  Hotel  Garni 
and  had  given  her  a  good  education. 
The  princess  of  Modena,  having  by 
chance  heard  her  sing,  during  Passion 
week,  while  the  former  was  at  the  con- 


Akt] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


71 


fessional,  brought  her  to  the  attention 
of  Madame  de  Pompadour,  who  got  her 
a  place  at  the  opera.  Her  beauty  and 
her  exquisite  performance  soon  en- 
chanted the  public.  Persons  of  rank 
and  the  literati  sought  her  acquaint- 
ance, among  the  restltotisseau,  Duclos, 
Hehetius,  Mably,  and  Diderot.  She 
was  compared  to  Ninon  de  l'Enclos  and 
Aspasia.  Her  wit  was  so  successful 
that  her  bo><,  ■'riots  were  collected.  It  is 
related  that  when  she  saw  the  heads  of 
Sully  and  Choiseul  on  a  box,  during  the 
revolution,  she  exclaimed,  Cest  la  recette 
et  la  dtpense.  While  the  priest  was  giv- 
ing her  extreme  unction  on  her  death- 
bed, she  said  to  him  suddenly,  Je  suis 
comme  Maodeleine,  leaucoi/p  <les  peches 
me  seront  remis,  car  fai  beaucoup  aime. 
B.  1740  ;  d.  1802. 

ARNULPH,  or  ERNULPHUS,  bishop 
of  Rochester  in  the  reign  of  Henry  I. ; 
author  of  "  Textua  Rotfensis,"  an  ac- 
count of  the  charters,  &c,  of  his  cathe- 
dral.    D.  1124. 

AROMATRI,  Joseph,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician ;  author  of  "  Riposte  alle  consi- 
derazione  di  Alessandro  Tassoni  Sopra 
le  rime  del  Petrarca."    B.  1586  ;  d.  1660. 

ARPINO,  Josephino,  an  Italian  paint- 
er, patronized  by  Pope  Gregory  XIII. 
B.  1560;  d.  1640. 

ARRIA,  a  Roman  lady,  who,  when 
her  husband,  Cajciua  Partus,  was  order- 
ed to  put  himself  to  death,  for  rebellion 
against  the  Emperor  Claudius,  perceiv- 
ing him  hesitate,  plunged  a  dagger  into 
her  bosom,  exclaiming,  "Pectus!  non 
dnlet." 

ARRIAN,  a  Greek  historian,  who 
took  up  his  residence  at  Rome  in  the 
2d  century.  He  was  patronized  by  the 
emperor  Adrian;  and  the  younger  Pliny 
admired  him  so  much  as  to  address  to 
him  no  fewer  than  seven  of  his  epistles. 
The  historical  writings  of  Arrian  were 
numerous,  but  two  of  them  only  remain 
entire,  viz.,  seven  books  on  the  expedi- 
tion of  Alexander,  and  a  book  on  the 
oflairs  of  India:  the  latter  being  a  se- 
quel to  the  former.  There  are  some 
historical  fragments  of  Arrian  in  Pho- 
tius.  In  addition  to  the  above,  we  have 
of  Arrian's  writing^  "Enchiridion,"  a 
moral  treatise,  an  epistle  to  Adrian,  &c. 

ARRIAZZI  Y  SUPERVIELA,  Don 
Juan  Baptista  de,  a  distinguished  poet 
of  Madrid.  His  principal  works  were 
"Emilia,"  and  "Pcesias  Patrioticas," 
and  are  more  remarkable  for  their  ele- 
gance of  diction  than  for  vigor  of  imagi- 
nation or  intensity  of  feeling.  B.  1770 ; 
d.  1.137. 


ARRIBAVENE,  John  Francis,  an 
Italian  poet  of  the  16th  century;  author 
of  "Maritime  Eclogues,"  &c. 

ARRIGHETTI,  Philip,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  Florence  ;  author  of  a  life  of  Pt,  Fran- 
cis, and  translator  of  the  Rhetoric  and 
Poetics  of  Aristotle  into  Italian.  B. 
1582;  d.  1662. 

ARRIGHETTO,  or  ARIGGO,  Henry, 
a  Florentine  poet  and  ecclesiastic  of  the 
12th  century.  His  poemsfare  still  pop- 
ular for  their  pathos  and  elegance  of 
style. 

ARRIGIIITTI,  a  Jesuit  of  the  loth 
century  ;  author  of  a  work  on  the  The- 
ory of  Fire. 

ARROWSMITH,  Aaron,  an  eminent 
geographer  and  hydrographer.  His  maps 
and  charts  are  very  numerous,  and  held 
in  high  estimation ;  and  his  tract,  enti- 
tled "  A  Companion  to  the  Map  of  the 
World,"  contains  much  valuable  infor- 
mation.   D.  1750;  d,  1823. 

ARSACES  I.,  the  founder  of  the  Par- 
thian monarchy,  and  of  the  dynasty  of 
the  Arsacides,  nourished  in  the  3d  cen- 
tury b.c.  In  revenge  for  an  ungrateful 
insult  offered  to  his  brother  by  the  gov- 
ernor of  a  province,  he  raised  the  stand- 
ard of  revolt  in  Parthia  against  Seleucus ; 
and,  having  succeeded  in  emancipating 
his  countrymen,  they  elected  him  their 
king.  He'  reigned  prosperously  for  38 
years. 

ARSENIUS,  a  Roman  deacon  of  the 
4th  century,  and  tutor  to  Arcadius,  son 
of  Theodosius.  The  emperor  coining 
into  his  study,  and  seeing  the  pupil  sit- 
ting and  the  master  standing,  ordered 
his~son  to  rise,  and  receive  his  lessons 
in  a  becoming  posture,  which  so  irri- 
tated the  prince,  that  he  directed  an 
officer  to  dispatch  Arsenius;  but  tho. 
officer  gave  him  information  of  the 
prince's  baseness,  on  which  he  fled  into 
Egypt,  where  be  d.  at  the  age  of  95. 

ARSILLA,  Francesco,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician of  the  16th  century;  author  of  a 
poem,  "De  Poetis  Urbanis."    D.  1540. 

ARTALIS,  Joseph,  a  Sicilian  gentle- 
man, who  distinguished  himself  for 
courage  at  the  memorable  siege  of  Can- 
dia;  author  of  "La  Pasife,"  an  opera, 
and  numerous  poems.    B.  1628;  d.  1679. 

ARTAXERXES  I.,  surnamed  Longi- 
manus,  was  the  third  son  of  Xerxes, 
king  of  Persia.  He  slew  his  brother 
Darius  on  suspicion  of  his  being  guilty 
of  the  murder  of  his  father.  Artaxerx- 
es  then  ascended  the  throne  465  b.  c, 
and  in  his  time  peace  was  restored  be- 
tween Persia  and  Athens,  after  a  war  of 
51  years.     D.  424  b.c. — II.,  surnamed 


72 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[art 


Mnemon,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Darius 
Nothus,  and  began  his  reign,  404  b.  o. 
He  d.  at  the  age  of  94,  after  reigning  62 
years. — III.,  succeeded  his  father,  the 
preceding  monarch,  859  b.  c.  He  mur- 
dered two  of  his  brothers,  and  after- 
wards put  to  death  all  the  remaining 
branches  of  the  family.  In  Egypt  he 
slew  the  sacred  bull  Apis,  and  gave  the 
flesh  to  his  soldiers ;  for  which  his 
eunuch,  Bagoas,  an  Egyptian,  caused 
him  to  be  poisoned,  and  after  giving 
the  carcass  to  the  cats,  made  knife  han- 
dles of  his  bones. 

ARTAXEEXES  BEBEGAN,  or  AED- 
SIIIK,  the  first  king  of  Persia,  of  the  race 
of  Saasanides,  was  the  son  of  a  shep- 
herd. <  )n  the  death  of  his  grandfather, 
fie  solicited  the  government,  but  being 
refused,  lie  retired  to  Persia  Proper, 
where  he  excited  the  people  to  revolt. 
He  defeated  and  slew  Ardavan  and  his 
son.  He  married  the  daughter  of  Ar- 
davan, who  attempted  to  poison  him, 
for  which  she  was  sentenced  to  death. 
The  officer,  however,  to  whom  the  exe- 
cution was  committed,  concealed  the 
queen,  who  was  in  a  state  of  pregnancy, 
and  she  was  afterwards  delivered  of  a 
son.  The  secret  being  discovered  to 
the  king,  he  applauded  the  conduct  of 
the  officer,  and  acknowledged  the  child 
as  his  heir.     He  d.  a.  d.  240. 

AKTEAGA,  Stephen,  a  Spanish  Jes- 
uit of  the  ISth  century;  author  of  a 
Treatise  on  Ideal  Beauty ;  a  History  of 
Italian  Theatrical  Music',  &c.     D.  1799. 

ARTEDI,  Peter,  a  Swedish  physician 
and  naturalist.  After  his  death,  his 
"Bibliotheca  Icthyologica,"  and  "Phi- 
losophia  Icthyologica,"  were  edited  by 
Linnajus.  B.  1705 ;  accidentally  drown- 
ed, 1735. 

ARTEMIDORUS,  Daldianus,  an 
Ephesian ;  author  of  a  Treatise  on 
Dreams.  He  lived  in  the.  reign  of  An- 
toninus Pius. — Also  an  Ephesian  Au- 
thor of  a  geographical  work,  of  which 
only  some  fragments  remain.  He  flour- 
ished in  the  1st  century  b.  c. 

ARTEMISIA,  queen  of  Caira,  and 
one  of  the  allies  of  Xerxes  at  the  famous 
battle  of  Salamis. — Another  queen  of 
Caira,  whose  splendid  monument  to  her 
husband,  Mausolus,  was  the  origin  of 
the  word  mausoleum.  This  monument 
was  regarded  as  one  of  the  seven  won- 
ders of  the  world.  The  greatest  artists 
of  Greece  labored  upon  it:  Bryaxes, 
Seopas,  Leochares,  Timotheus,  and  some 
pay,  Praxiteles.  It  was  an  oblong  square, 
400  feet  in  circumference,  and  130  feet 
high.    The  principal  side  was  adorned 


with  36  columns,  and  24  steps  led  to  the 
entrance.     D.  351  b.  c. 

ARTEMON,  the  inventor  of  the  bat- 
tering ram  and  the  testudo,  was  a  native 
of  Clazomene,  and  cotemporary  with 
Pericles. — Also  a  heretic  of  the  3d  cen- 
turv. 

ARTEVELDE,  James  von,  a  rich 
brewer,  of  Ghent,  who  by  his  wealth, 
eloquence,  and  talents,  acquired  un- 
bounded influence  over  his  countrymen. 
Having  compelled  the  count  of  Flanders 
to  take  refuge  in  France,  he  formed  an 
alliance  with  Edward  III.  of  England, 
and  strove  to  transfer  the  Flemish  sov- 
ereignty to  the  Black  Prince.  He  was 
killed  in  a  popular  tumult,  at  Ghent,  in 
1345. — Philip,  his  son,  a  man  of  restless 
but  determined  spirit,  was  chosen  the 
leader  of  the  Flemings  in  their  revolt  of 
1382.  He  made  himself  master  of 
Bruges,  but  the  same  year  was  defeated 
and  killed  at  the  battle  of  Rosbee.  The 
leading  events  of  his  life  have  been 
wrought  into  a  beautiful  drama,  by  Mr. 
Henry  Taylor — a  drama  which  is  to  be 
numbered  among  the  most  pleasing  and 
noble  specimens  of  English  literature. 

ARTHUR,  sometimes  called  Artus, 
an  ancient  British  prince,  whose  story 
is  so  interwoven  with  the  romantic  fic- 
tion of  a  later  age,  that  it  is  difficult  to 
separate  the  genuine  incidents  of  his 
life  from  those  which  are  fictitious.  He 
was  born  about  501,  of  an  adulterous 
connection  between  the  princess  Igeina 
of  Cornwall,  and  Uther  a  chief  of  the 
Britons.  He  married  the  celebrated 
Ginevra,  of  the  family  of  the  dukes  of 
Cornwall,  established  the  famous  order 
of  the  Round  Table,  performed  many 
heroic  deeds  against  the  Picts,  Scots, 
and  Saxons,  and,  as  the  poets  relate, 
against  the  Danes,  French,  and  Norse, 
killing  the  giants  of  Spain,  crushing  re- 
bellion at  home,  and  performing  a  jour- 
ney to  Rome.     D.  542. 

ARTIGUS,  Don  John,  was  born  at 
Monte  Video,  in  1760,  and  was  originally 
in  the  Spanish  service,  but  quitted  it  to 
fight  for  the  independence  of  his  coun- 
try. After  having  greatly  contributed 
to  establish  the  republic  of  Buenos 
Ayres,  he  became  an  object  of  suspicion 
to  the  government  of  that  state,  was 
declared  a  traitor,  and  compelled  to 
take  up  arms.  For  some  years  he  kept 
possession  of  the  territory  called  the 
Banda  Oriental.  At  length,  however, 
he  was  defeated,  and  compelled  to  seek 
refuo-e  in  Paraguay,  where  he  cl.  in  1820. 

ARTIZENIUS,' Henry,  professor  of 
rhetoric    and    history    at    Niineugen; 


AScJ 


auttor  of  a  treatise  "De  Nuptiis  inter 
Fratem  et  Sororem,"  &c.  B.  1702 ;  d. 
1759. — John  Henry,  son  of  the  above, 
professor  of  law  at  Utrecht ;  author  of 
a  work  "  On  the  Jurisprudence  of  the 
Netherlands,"  and  editor  of  the  works 
of  Arator,  <fec.  B.  1734;  d.  1797.— 
Otho,  uncle  of  the  last  named,  professor 
of  the  belles  lettres  at  Amsterdam,  au- 
thor of  a  dissertation  "De  Milliario 
Aureo,"  &c.     B.  1703  ;  d.  1763. 

ABTTTSI,  Giovanni  Maria,  an  ecclesi- 
astic of  Bologna ;  author  of  "  The  Art  of 
Counterpoint,"  and  other  musical  works. 

ARUNDEL,  Thomas,  son  of  the  earl 
of  Arundel,  was  made  bishop  of  Ely, 
though  only  21  years  old,  under  Ed- 
ward' III.,  and  afterwards  translated  to 
York,  and  from  thence  to  Canterbury. 
He  also  held  with  the  primacy  the  office 
of  lord  chancellor.  His  quarrel  with 
Richard  II.  obliged  him  to  leave  the 
kingdom,  and  to  fly  to  Rome,  and  to 
his  'resentment  may  in  some  degree  be 
attributed  the  succe'ss  with  which  Henry 
IV.  invaded  England,  and  seized  the 
crown.  He  was  a  zealous  defender  of 
the  temporal  power  of  the  church,  and 
he  persecuted  the  followers  of  Wickliff 
witti  great  severity,  and  forbade  the 
translation  of  the  Bible  into  the  vulgar 
tongue.  D.  1414.  —  Thomas  Howard, 
ear!  of,  is  famous  for  the  discovery  of 
the  Parian  marbles  which  bear  his 
name,  and  which  he  gave  to  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford.  Prideaux,  Chandler, 
and  Mattaire  are  in  the  number  of 
those  wno  published  an  account  of 
these  valuable  relics  of  antiquity. — 
Blanche,  daughter  of  Lord  Worcester, 
and  wife  of  Lord  Arundel,  is  celebrated 
for  her  brave  defence  of  Wardour  cas- 
tle against  the  parliamentary  forces. 
Though  assisted  only  by  25  men,  she 
resisted  the  attack  of  1300  men,  and  at 
last  capitulated  on  honorable  terms, 
which  the  conquerors  basely  violated. 
B.  1603;  d.  1669. 

ARVIEUX,  Laurent  d',  a  native  of 
Marseilles,  who,  during  12  years  resi- 
dence in  Palestine,  acquired  the  oriental 
languages,  and  was  employed  as  a  use- 
ful "negotiator  for  the  French  court. 
His  name  deserves  to  be  mentioned 
with  every  mark  of  respect,  for  his  de- 
liverance of  380  captives  from  the  dun- 
geon of  Tunis,  who,  in  mark  of  their 
gratitude,  presented  him  with  a  nurse 
of  600  pistoles,  which  he  generously  re- 
fused. He  also  redeemed  240  slaves  at 
Algiers,  and  served  his  country  at  Con- 
stantinople, Aleppo,  and  other  places. 
B.  1635 ;  d.  1702. 

7 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


73 


ASAPH,  Saint,  a  British  monk  of  the 
5th  century,  who  wrote  a  life  of  Vor- 
tigern.  The  Welsh  See  has  taken  ita 
name  from  this  saint. 

ASBURY,  Francis,  senior  bishop  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  church  in  the 
United  States.  He  was  born  in  En- 
gland, but  passed  the  most  of  his  life  in 
the  ardent  service  of  the  American 
Methodists.     B.  1745;  d.  1816. 

ASCHAM,  Roger,  an  eminent  En. 
glish  writer,  born  at  Kirkby  Wiske 
near  Northallerton,  in  Yorkshire,  about 
the  year  1515.  He  was  entered  at  Cam' 
bridge  in  1530,  chosen  fellow  in  1534. 
and  tutor  in  1537.  It  was  then  a  period 
of  literary  and  religious  revolution,  and 
Ascham  joined  the  party  of  those  who 
were  endeavoring  to  enlarge  the  bounds 
of  knowledge  and  truth.  He  became  a 
Protestant,  and  applied  himself  par- 
ticularly to  the  Greek  language,  in 
which  he  attained  to  an  excellence  pe- 
culiar to  himself,  and  as  there  was  no 
public  lecturer  in  Greek  read  it  publicly 
in  the  university  with  universal  ap- 
plause. In  order  to  relax  his  mind  after 
severe  studies,  he  thought  some  diver- 
sion necessary ;  and  shooting  with  the 
bow  was  his  favorite  amusement,  as  ap- 
pears by  his  "Treatise  on  Archery," 
which  he  dedicated  to  King  Henry 
VIII. ,  who  settled  a  pension  upon  him, 
at  the  recommendation  of  Sir  William 
Paget.  Mr.  Ascham,  being  remarkable 
for  writing  a  fine  hand,  was  employed 
to  teach  this  art  to  Prince  Edward,  the 
lady  Elizabeth,  and  the  two  brothers, 
Henry  and  Charles,  dukes  of  Suffolk. 
In  Feb.  1548,  he  was  sent  for  to  court, 
to  instruct  the  lady  Elizabeth  in  the 
learned  languages,  and  had  the  honor 
of  assisting  this  lady  in  her  studies  for 
two  years ;  when  he  desired  leave  to 
return  to  Cambridge,  where  he  resumed 
his  office  of  public  orator.  He  was 
afterwards  Latin  secretary  to  King  Ed- 
ward, Queen  Mary,  and  Queen  Eliza- 
beth. Being  one  day  in  company  with 
Eersons  of  the  first  distinction,  there 
appened  to  be  high  disputes  about  the 
different  methods  of  Education ;  this 
gave  rise  to  his  treatise  on  that  subject, 
entitled  "The  Schoolmaster,"  which 
he  undertook  at  the  particular  request 
of  Sir  Richard  Saekville.  This  work 
was  in  high  esteem  among  the  best 
judges,  and  is  frequently  quoted  by 
Dr.  Johnson  in  his  Dictionary.  His 
style,  in  his  own  age,  was  mellifluous 
and  elegant,  and  is  still  valuable  as  a 
specimen  of  genuine  English.  D.  1568. 
— Anthony,   an   ambassador  of  Crom- 


74 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


[ash 


well  to  Spain  in  the  year  1640,  where  he 
and  Ins  interpreter  were  assassinated, 
it  is  supposed  by  some  of  the  adherents 
to  the  cause  of  the  royal  family.  A  dis- 
course on  the  "Revolutions  and  Con- 
fusions of  Government,"  was  the  work 
of  his  pen. 

ASCLE1TADES,  a  famous  physician 
of  Bithynia,  who  flourished  at  Rome 
during  the  time  of  Pompey,  and  founded 
a  new  medical  sect,  about  20  years  b.  c. 
The  new  order  preserved  their  secrets 
as  an  hereditary  possession,  and  gave 
themselves  out,  at  the  same  time,  as 
physicians,  prophets,  and  priests.  They 
lived  in  the  temple  of  the  god  Escula- 
pius,  and  by  exciting  the  imaginations 
of  the  sick  prepared  them  to  receive 
healing  dreams  and  divine  apparitions; 
observed  carefully  the  course  of  dis- 
ease ;  applied,  besides  their  conjurations 
and  charms,  real  magnetic  reme  lies, 
and  noted  down  the  results  of  their 
practice.  They  were,  therefore,  the 
founders  of  scientific  medicine.  In  the 
course  of  time  strangers  were  initiated 
into  their  mysteries! 

ASCOLI,  Lecco  di,  a  Bolognese  math- 
ematician burned  to  death  as  a  heretic, 
at  Florence,  in  the  year  135$. 

A.SDRUBAL,  the  brother-in-law  of 
Hannibal,  who  succeeded  Hamilear,  in 
the  command  of  the  Carthaginian  army 
in  Spain.  Carthagena,  or  as  it  was  then 
called,  New  Carthage,  was  built  by  him, 
and  he.  extended  the  Carthaginian  con- 
quests greatly  by  his  courage  ami  ability. 
He  was  assassinated,  220  b.  c. 

ASELLIUS,  Caspar,  a  professor  of 
anatomy  at  the  university  of  Padua, 
who  discovered  the  lactcals,  a  system 
of  vessels  whose  office  is  to  absorb  the 
chyle  formed  in  the  intestines.  They 
were  observed  as  he  was  dissecting  a 
dog,  and  published  in  1627. 

ASGILL,  Sir  Charles,  a  military  of- 
ficer, who  was  to  have  suffered  death 
by  order  of  Washington,  in  retaliation 
for  the  death  of  the  American  captain 
Hardy,  but  was  spared  at  the  interces- 
sion of  the  queen  of  France.  D.  1823. — 
John,  au  English  barrister,  whose  wit 
and  whose  misfortunes  alike  were  re- 
markable. He  was  brought  up  at  Lin- 
coln's inn  under  the  patronage  of  Judge 
Eyre  in  King  William's  reign,  and  his 
abilities  were  such  that  he  rose  to  con- 
sequence and  employment.  Two  trea- 
tises replete  with  humor  and  sarcasm 
had  already  given  him  popularity,  when 
he  published  another  on  the  possibility 
of  avoiding  death,  which  drew  down 
upon  him  the   .>dium  of  the  friends  of 


the  church,  and  particularly  of  Dr. 
Sacheverell ;  so  that,  when  he  after- 
wards went  to  Ireland,  and  by  success 
in  the  law  purchased  an  estate,  and  pro- 
cured a  seat  in  the  house  of  commons, 
he  was  ignominiously  expelled  for  the 
contents  of  his  pamphlet.  On  his  re- 
turn to  England,  he  was  returned  for 
Bramber,  in  Sussex;  and  here  the  mo- 
rality of  his  writiugs  was  also  called  in 
question,  and  though  he  made  an  elo- 
quent defence  in  favor  of  his  opinions, 
which  he  refused  to  retract,  he  was  ex- 
pelled as  a  disgraced  and  unworthy 
member.  This  blow  hastened  the  ruin 
of  his  fortunes,  he  became  a  prisoner  of 
the  King's  Bench  and  afterwards  of  '.lie 
Fleet,  where  he  continued  to  subsist 
by  writing  political  pamphlets,  and 
by  transacting  some  professional  busi- 
ness. After  30  years  thus  spent  in 
confinement  and  poverty,  he  expired 
in  November,  1738,  aged  upwards  of 
80. 

ASH,  John,  a  Baptist  divine,  pastor 
of  a  congregation  at  Pershore.  He  was 
author  of  a  "  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Langiage,"  and  he  also  wrote  an  "In- 
troduction to  Lowth's  Grammar," 
which  has  passed  through  a  vast  num- 
ber of  editions.     B.  1724;  d.  1779. 

ASHBURTON.  Alexander  Baring, 
Lord,  the  second  son  of  Sir  Francis 
Baring,  Bart.,  and  for  many  years  the 
head  "of  the  'great  mercantile  house, 
Baring  Brothers  &  Co.,  was  b.  in  1774. 
After  due  initiation  into  business  in 
London,  he  came  to  the  United  States, 
where  he  aided  in  swelling  Uie  fortunes 
of  his  firm.  His  political  life  com- 
menced in  1812  as  member  for  Taunton, 
which  he  continued  to  represent  till 
1820 ;  after  which  he  sat  for  Callington 
in  successive  parliaments  till  1831,  and 
in  1832  he  was  returned  for  North  Es- 
sex. Lord  Ashburton  commenced  life 
as  a  Whig.  On  the  formation  of  the 
Peel  ministry  in  iS34,  he  became  presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Trade;  and  in  1835 
he  was  raised  to  the  peerage.  In  1842 
he  was  appointed  by  Sir  Robert  Peel  as 
a  special  commissioner  to  settle  the  dis- 
putes about  the  Oregon  territory,  which 
then  threatened  to  involve  this  country 
in  a  war  with  England.  Lord  Ashbur- 
ton continued  to  support  the  policy  of 
Sir  Robert  Peel,  until  the  final  measure 
of  free  trade  in  corn  was  proposed  in 
1846,  when  his  position  as  a  peer  and  a 
great  land-owner  probably  overcome  hia 
convictions  as  a  man.  Lord  Ashbnrtua 
married,  in  1798,  the  daughter  of  Wil- 
j  Ham   Bingham,  Esq.,   of  "PI  iladelphia, 


ash] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


and  by  that  lady,  who  survived  him,  he 
left  a  numerous  family.     D.  1848. 

ASHE,  Simeon,  a  nonconformist, 
chaplain  to  Lord  Warwick  during  the 
civil  wars.  He  was  a  man  of  property, 
and  of  great  influence  among  his  per- 
suasion. Pie  was  educated  at  Emmanuel 
college,  and  settled  in  Staffordshire, 
where  he  became  acquainted  with  Dod, 
Ball,  Hildersham,  Langley,  and  others. 
His  principles  were  offensive  to  Crom- 
well's party,  and  it  is  said,  that  he  was 
greatly  instrumental  in  the  restoration 
of  Charles  II.  He  d.  1662.  He  pub- 
lished sermons,  and  also  edited  Ball's 
works. 

ASHLEY,  Robert,  a  native  of  Nash- 
hill  in  Wilts,  educated  at  Harthall,  Ox- 
ford, and  the  Middle  Temple,  London. 
He  was  called  to  the  bar,  and  distin- 
guished himself  as  an  eminent  writer, 
as  a  collector  of  books,  in  Holland, 
France,  &c,  and  as  a  benefactor  to  the 
society  to  which  he  belonged.  He  pub- 
lished a  "  Relation  of  the  Kingdom  of 
Cochin  China,"  and  the  "  Life  of  Al- 
manzcr,"  &c.,  and  d.  October,  1641,  in 
an  advanced  old  age. 

ASHMUN,  John  Hooker,  a  distin- 
guished American  scholar,  was  b.  at 
Stanford,  Mass.,  on  the  3d  July,  1800. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  university 
in  1818,  and  appointed  professor  of  law 
in  the  same  institution,  in  1820.  Al- 
though he  did  not  reach  the  age  of  33 
years  he  acquired  an  enviable  reputa- 
tion. "  The  honors  of  the  university," 
says  Judge  Story,  in  his  funeral  dis- 
course, "were  never  more  worthily  be- 
stowed, never  more  meekly  worn,  and 
never  more  steadily  brightened.  He 
gathered  about  him  all  the  honors, 
which  are  usually  the  harvest  of  the 
ripest  life."  D.  1833.  —  Jeiiudi,  an 
agent  of  the  American  Colonization  So- 
ciety, was  b.  at  Champlain,  N.  Y.,  edu- 
cated at  Burlington  college,  and  made 
a  professor  in  the  Bangor  theological 
school.  He  afterwards  joined  the  Epis- 
copal church,  and  edited  the  "  Theolo- 
gical Repository."  Being  appointed  to 
take  charge  of  a  reinforcement  to  the 
colony  at  Liberia,  he  embarked  for  Af- 
rica, June  19,  1822,  and  arrived  at  Cape 
Monserado,  August  8th.  About  three 
months  after  his  arrival,  while  his  whole 
force  was  35  men  and  boys,  he  was  at- 
tacked by  800  armed  savages,  but  by 
his  energy  and  desperate  valor  the  as- 
sailants were  repulsed,  ar  d  again,  in  a 
few  days,  when  they  returned  with  re- 
doubled numbers,  were  utterly  defeated. 
When  ill  health  compelled  him  to  take 


a  voyage  to  America,  he  was  escorted  to 
the  place  of  embarkation  by  three  com- 
panies of  the  militia :  and  the  men,  wo- 
men, and  children  of  Monrovia  parted 
with  him  with  tears.  He  left  a  com- 
munity of  1200  freemen.  He  arrived  at 
New  Haven,  August  10,  1828,  a  fort- 
night before  his  death.  He  was  a  per- 
son of  great  energy  of  character,  and 
most  devoted  piety,  and  his  services  to 
the  infant  colony  were  invaluable. 

ASHMOLE,  Elias,  a  celebrated  En- 
glish philosopher  and  antiquary,  and 
founder  of  the  Ashmolean  museum  at 
Oxford,  was  born  at  Lichfield,  in  Staf- 
fordshire, the  23d  of  May,  1617.  Be- 
sides filling  several  offices,  civil  and 
military,  he  was  a  diligent  and  curious 
collector  of  manuscripts.  In  1650  he 
published  a  treatise  written  by  Dr. 
Arthur  Dee,  relating  to  the  philoso- 
pher's stone ;  together  with  another 
tract  on  the  same  subject,  by  an  un- 
known author.  About  the  same  time 
he  was  busied  in  preparing  for  the 
press  a  complete  collection  of  the  works 
of  such  English  chemists  as  had  till 
then  remained  in  manuscript:  this  un- 
dertaking cost  him  great  labor  and  ex- 
pense ;  and  at  length  appeared  towards 
the  close  of  the  year  1652.  The  title  of 
this  work  was,  "Theatrum  Chemicum 
Britannicuin,"  &c,  &c.  He  then  ap- 
plied himself  to  the  study  of  antiquity 
and  records.  In  165S  he  began  to  col- 
lect materials  for  his  "History  of  the 
Order  of  the  Garter;"  which  he  lived 
to  finish,  and  thereby  did  no  less  honor 
to  the  order  than  to  himself.  In  Sep- 
tember following  he  made  a  journey  to 
Oxford  ;  where  die  set  about  a  full  and 
particular  description  of  the  coins  given 
to  the  public  library  by  Archbishop 
Laud.  Upon  the  restoration  of  King 
Charles  II.,  Mr.  Ashmole  was  appointed 
to  give  a  description  of  his  medals, 
which  were  accordingly  delivered  into 
his  possession  ;  and  King  Henry  VIII. 's 
closet  was  assigned  for  his  use.  On  the 
8th  of  Mav,  1672,  he  presented  his  "  In- 
stitution, Laws,  and  Ceremonies,  of  the 
most  noble  Order  of  the  Garter,"  to  the 
king,  who  received  it  very  graciously, 
and,  as  a  mark  of  his  approbation, 
granted  him  a  privy  seal  for  £400.  In 
1679  a  fire  broke  out  in  the  Middle 
Temple,  in  the  next  chamber  to  Mr. 
Ashinole's,  by  which  he  lost  a  noble 
library,  with  a  collection  of  9000  coins 
ancient  and  modern,  and  a  vast  repos 
itory  of  seals,  charters,  and  other  an 
tiquities  and  curiosities;  but  his  manu 
scripts,  and  his  most  valuable  gold  med- 


76 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[iSP 


nls,  were  at  his  house  at  South  Lam- 
beth. In  1633  the  university  of  Oxford 
having  finished  a  magnificent  repository 
near  the  theatre,  Mr.  Ashmole  sent 
thither  his  carious  collection  of  rarities  ; 
and  this  benefaction  was  considerably 
augmented  by  the  addition  of  his  man- 
uscripts and  library  at  his  death,  in 
1692.  ' 

ASHTON,  Charles,  a  learned  critic, 
was  elected  master  of  Jesus  college, 
Cambridge,  July  5,  1701,  and  installed 
in  a  prebend  of  Ely  on  the  14th  of  the 
same  month.  His  great  knowledge  in 
ecclesiastical  antiquities  was  excelled  by 
none,  and  equalled  by  few. — Thomas, 
rector  of  St.  Botolph,  Bishopsgate,  a 
popular  preacher  and  excellent  divine. 
B.  1716;  d.  1775. 

ASHWELL,  George,  an  English  di- 
vine of  the  17th  century :  author  of 
several  religious  works.  B.  1612;  d. 
1693. 

ASHWORTH,  Caleb,  a  native  of 
Northamptonshire,  who,  from  the  hum- 
ble employment  of  carpenter,  rose,  by 
the  instruction  and  patronage  of  Dr. 
Doddridge,  to  the  respectability  of  min- 
ister of  a  dissenting  congregation,  and  at 
last  successor  in  the  school  of  his  able 
master.  He  wrote  Paradigms  of  Hebrew 
verbs,  and  other  works,  and  was  respect- 
ed as  a  man  and  as  a  scholar.  B.  1709  ; 
d.  1774. 

ASKEW,  Anne,  an  accomplished  lady, 
daughter  of  Sir  William  Askew,  of  Kel- 
say,  in  Lincolnshire.  B.  in  1529.  She 
received  a  learned  education,  and  in 
early  life  showed  a  predilection  for  the- 
jlogical  studies.  By  these  she  was  led 
to  lavor  the  Reformation ;  in  conse- 
quence of  which  she  was  arrested,  and, 
having  confessed  her  religious  prinei- 

Eles,  committed  to  Newgate.  She  was 
rst  racked  with  brutal  cruelty  in  the 
Tower,  and  afterwards  burned  alive  in 
Smithfield,  July  16,  1546  ;  a  punishment 
which  she  endured  with  amazing  courage 
and  firmness. — Anthony,  a  physician 
and  scholar  of  the  18th  century  ;  author 
of  an  appendix  to  the  Greek  Lexicon  of 
Scapula,  &c.  R  at  Kendal,  1722;  d. 
1784. 

ASPASIA,  a  celebrated  female,  native 
of  Miletus,  who  went  as  an  adventurer 
to  Athens  in  the  time  of  Pericles,  and  by 
the  combined  charms  of  her  manners 
and  conversation,  completely  won  the 
iffections  of  that  eminent  man.  Her 
Btation  had  freed  her  from  the  restraints 
which  custom  had  laid  upon  the  educa- 
tion of  the  Athenian  matron,  and  she 
had  enriched  her  mind  with  accomplish- 


ments rare  even  among  men.     After 
parting  with  his  wife,  by  mutual  eon- 
sent,  Pericles  attached  himself  to  Aspa- 
sia,  by  the  most  intimate  ties  which  the 
laws   allowed   him   to   contract   with   a 
foreign  woman,  and  she  acquired  an  as- 
cendency over  him  which  soon  became 
notorious,    furnished    themes    for    the 
comic  satirist,  and  subjects  for  grayer 
strictures  by  his  more  serious  enemies. 
But  many  of  the  rumors  which  were  set 
afloat  in  regard  to  them  were  unques- 
tionably without  foundation.     They  had 
their  origin  in  the  peculiar  nature   of 
Aspasia' s  private  circles  ;  which,  with  a 
bold  neglect  of  established  usage,  were 
composed  not  only  of  the  most  intelligent 
men  to  be  found  at  Athens,  but  also  of 
matrons,  whose  husbands  carried  them 
thither  to  profit   by  her  conversation. 
This  must  have  been  instructive  as  well 
as  brilliant,  indeed,  since  Plato  did  not 
hesitate  to  describe  her  as  the  precep- 
tress of  Socrates,  and  to  assert  that  she 
both  formed  the  rhetoric  of  Plato,  and 
composed    one    of   his    most    admired 
harangues,  the    funeral   oration.     Her- 
mippus,  the  comic  poet,  brought  a  crim- 
inal  prosecution    against    her,    on    the 
ground  of  offences  against  religion,  and 
as  a  corrupter  of  the  Athenian  women; 
but  the  indictment  was  not  sustained. 
After  the  death  of  Pericles,  Aspasia  at- 
tached herself  to  an  obscure  youth  named 
Lysicles,  whom  she  fitted  for  and  raised 
to  some  of  the  highest  employments  in 
the  republic. — There  was  another  of  the 
same  name,  a  native  of  Phocoea,  in  Asia 
Minor,  who  seems  to  have  been  almost 
as  extraordinary  a  person  as  the  first. 
She  was  so  remarkable  for  her  beauty 
that  a  satrap  of  Persia  carried  her  off  and 
made  her  a  present  to  Cyrus  the  Young- 
er.    Her  modesty  and  grace  won  his  af- 
fections, and  he  lived  with  her  as  with  a 
wife,  so  that  their  attachment  was  cele- 
brated throughout  Greece.     Her  original 
name  had  been  Milto,  but  Cyrus  changed 
it  to  Aspasia.     When  he  died  she  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Artaxerxes,  whom  she 
despised,  and  who  relinquished  her  to 
his   son   Darius.      She   was   afterwards 
made  a  priestess  of  Diana  of  Ecbatana, 
but  Justin  savs  a  priestess  of  the  sun. 

ASPINWALL,  William,  a  skilful 
and  noted  physician,  was  b.  in  1743,  at 
Brookline,  in  Massachusetts,  and  took 
his  decree  at  Harvard  college,  during  the 
revolution.  He  was  appointed  a  surgeon 
in  the  army,  and  at  the  battle  of  Lexing- 
ton fought' as  a  volunteer.  He  was  par- 
ticularly successful  in  the  treatment  of 
small-pox  ;  yet  when  vaccine  inoculation 


ast] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


77 


was  introduced,  he  warmly  adopted  the 
practice,  and  abandoned  his  hospital, 
although  it  greatly  reduced  his  profes- 
sional emoluments.     D.  1823. 

ASSALINI,  Pletro,  a  physician  of 
Modena,  who  was  surgeon-major  in  the 
French  army,  and  accompanied  Napo- 
leon in  his  expedition  to  Egypt.  He  saw 
a  great  deal  of  the  plague  at  Jaffa,  and 
wrote  intelligently  of  that  pest.  He  also 
wrote  on  yellow  fever,  dysentery,  dis- 
eases of  the  eyes,  and  improved  several 
surgical  instruments. 

ASSAEOTTI,  OcTAvrus.  B.  at  Genoa 
in  1753,  and  d.  there  in  1829.  The 
Abbe  Assarotti  was  one  of  those  few 
noble  spirits  whose  lives  are  devoted 
to  the  amelioration  of  the  miseries  of 
their  fellow-creatures.  He  was  the  great 
rival  of  the  Abbe  l'Epee  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  institutions  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  deaf  and  dumb  :  a  model  of 
piety,  humanity,  and  charity. 

ASSELYN,  John,  a  Dutch  painter  of 
the  17th  century,  was  pupil  to  Isaiah 
Vandervelde.  and  afterwards  went  to 
Eome.  Settling  at  Amsterdam,  in  1645, 
he  obtained  great  reputation  by  the  pro- 
ductions of  his  pencil,  which  consisted 
principally  of  historical  paintings,  battle- 
pieces,  and  landscapes  with  ruins,  and 
were  distinguished  for  their  adherence 
to  nature,  and  a  correct  style  of  coloring. 
A  set  of  his  landscapes  (24  in  number) 
has  been  engraved  by  Perelle.  D.  1650. 
ASSEMANI,  Joseph  Simon,  an  arch- 
bishop of  Tyre,  and  librarian  at  the  Vat- 
ican. He  was  profoundly  skilled  in  the 
oriental  languages,  and  published  sev- 
eral learned  works,  such  as  the  "  Bibli- 
otheca  Orientaliea,"  "  Italicae  Historic, 
&c,"  "  Kalendica,"  "  Ecclesiae  Univer- 
sal" &e.  B.  16S7;  d.  1768.— Stephen 
Evonirs,  his  nephew,  bishop  of  Apamca, 
succeeded  him  as  keeper  ot  the  Vatican 
library,  and  was  also  an  oriental  scholar. 
He  published  an  Oriental  Catalogue,  and 
"  Acta  Sanctorum  Martyrum."  &c. 

ASSER,  a  Rabbi  of  the  5th  century  ; 
one  of  the  compilers  of  the  Babylonian 
Talmud.     D.  4-_'7. 

ASSER1US  MENEYENSIS,  a  learned 
ecclesiastic,  the  tutor,  friend,  and  biog- 
rapher of  Alfred  the  Great,  by  whom  he 
was  made  bishop  of  Sherborne.  His 
"Annals"  contain,  at  once,  the  fullest 
ind  most  authentic  account  of  the  life 
of  his  august  sovereign  and  friend.  D. 
909. 

AST,  George  Anthony  Frederick,  a 

German  philologist.     B.  at  Gotha,  who 

wrote  an  introduction  to  the  study  of 

the  works  of  Plato,  which  is  one  of  the 

7* 


best  of  the  kind.  He  also  put  forth  an 
admirable  edition  of  those  works,  with 
a  Latin  translation,  and  able  and  ex- 
panded commentaries,  to  wrhich  was 
added  subsequently,  a  "Lexicon  Pla- 
tonicum."  He  was  professor  at  the 
university  of  Landschut,  and  afterwart's 
at  that  of  Munich.     B.  1778  ;  d.  1841. 

ASTELL,  Mary,  b.  at  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne,  about  the  year  16S8.  Her 
uncle,  a  clergyman,  observing  marks  of 
a  promising  genius,  took  her  under  his 
tuition,  and  taught  her  mathematics, 
logic,  and  philosophy.  She  left  the 
place  of  her  nativity  when  she  was 
about  20  years'  of  age,  and  spent  the  re- 
maining "part  of  her  life  at  London  and 
Chelsea,  in  writing  for  the  advancement 
of  learning,  religion,  and  virtue,  and  in 
the_  practice  of  those  religious  duties 
which  she  so  zealously  commended  to 
others.     D.  1731. 

ASTLE,  Thomas,  an  eminant  archreo- 
logical  writer,  and  author  of  a  Treatise 
"On  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  Wri- 
ting," &c.,  &e.  D.  1803.— John,  a  por- 
trait painter,  pupil  of  Hudson,  who 
married  Lady  Daniel,  and  gained  great 
wealth.     D.  1787. 

ASTLEY,  Philip,  author  of  "Re- 
marks on  the  Profession  and  Duty  of  a 
Soldier,"  "  A  system  of  Equestrian  Ed- 
ucation," &c. ;  but  better  known  as  the 
founder,  and  for  many  years  the  man- 
ager of  the  Amphitheatre  in  London, 
which  still  goes  by  his  name.  B.  1742; 
d.  1814. 

ASTON,  Sir  Arthur,  a  brave  com- 
mander of  the  royalist  troops  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.,  who  greatly  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  battle  of  Edtre- 
hill,  &e.  He  was  governor  of  Drogheda 
in  1649,  when  it  was  taken  by  Cromwell, 
and  is  said  to  have  had  his  brains  beaten 
out  with  his  own  wooden  leg. — Sir 
Thomas,  also  a  royalist,  who,  in  the  civil 
wars,  raised  a  troop  of  horse  for  the 
king's  service:  and  was  higrn  sheriff  of 
Cheshire,  in  1635.  He  was  killed  while 
attempting  to  escape  after  being  cap- 
tured  by  the  republicans,  in  1645, 

ASTOR,  John  Jacob,  a  New  York 
merchant,  noticeable  for  the  enterprise 
and  energy  by  which  he  accumulated  oi  e 
of  the  largest  fortunes  in  Arneik-a,  was 
b.  at  Waldorf,  Germany,  in  1763.  He 
came  to  this  country,  in  1784,  a  poor 
orphan  boy,  landing  at  Baltimore ;  sup- 
ported himself  as  he  could  for  a  while, 
but  gradually  got  into  the  fur  business, 
which  rapidly  enlarging  by  a  profitable 
trade  he  carried  on' with  the  Mohr  /k 
Indians,  when  New  York  was  a  wil   iT- 


78 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


[ath 


ness,  enabled  liira  to  project  that  stu- 

Eendous  expedition  across  the  Rocky 
fountains,  and  around  Cape  Horn,  by 
which  the  American  fur  trade  was  es- 
tablished on  the  coasts  of  the  Pacific. 
Washington  Irving,  in  his  "  Astoria," 
and  "  The  Adventures  of  Captain  Bon- 
neville," has  written  charming  descrip- 
tions of  the  various  incidents  of  these 
gigantic  enterprises.  He  was  subse- 
quently engaged  in  the  Canton  trade. 
By  his  will,  Mr.  Astor  established  a 
public  library  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
which  bids  fair  to  become  one  of  the 
most  extensive  and  valuable  institutions 
of  the  kind  within  the  limits  of  the 
United  States.     D.  1848. 

ASTOKGA,  a  Spanish  marquis  and 
grandee,  declared  a  traitor  by  Napoleon, 
in  L808. 

ASTORGAS,  Marchioness  d',  a  wo- 
luau  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  of  Spain, 
who  killed  with  her  own  hands  a  beau- 
tiful mistress  to  whom  her  husband  was 
attached.  She  afterwards  prepared  the 
heart  of  her  victim  for  her  husband  to 
eat,  which,  when  he  had  done  so,  she 
rolled  the  bleeding  head  of  his  mistress 
before  him  on  the  table.  This  wretched 
woman  escaped  into  a  convent,  where 
she  became  insane  through  rage  and 
jealousy. 

ASTORI,  John  Anthony,  secretary  to 
the  academy  of  the  Ancmosi,  at  Venice, 
and  also  to  that  of  the  academy  at  Rome, 
who  wrote  copiously  on  Greek  and  Ro- 
man literature  and  antiquities.  B.  1672  ; 
d.  1743. 

ASTORINI,  Elias,  a  professor  of 
mathematics  and  natural  philosophy,  at 
Cosenza,  who  published  a  dissertation 
on  the  life  of  the  Foetus,  a  translation 
of  Euclid's  Elements,  and  another  of 
Apollonius  Pergams  on  Conic  Sections. 
D.  17o2. 

ASTRUC,  John,  a  French  physician, 
who  wrote  several  medical  dissertations, 
and  a  Natural  History  of  Lauguedoc. 
B.  16S4;  d.  17Gi>. 

ATAHUALPA,  or  ATABALIPA, 
the  last  of  the  Incas,  succeeded  his 
father,  in  1529,  on  the  throne  of  Quito, 
whilst  his  brother  Huascar,  obtained 
the  kingdom  of  Peru.  They  soon  made 
war  against  each  other,  and  when  the 
latter  was  defeated,  his  kingdom  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Atahualpa.  The 
Spaniards,  under  Pizarro,  taking  advan- 
tage of  these  internal  disturbances,  in- 
vaded Pern,  where  they  were  entertained 
with  no  little  hospitality  by  the  king  and 
uis  people;  but,  instead  of  returning 
Ihe  kindness,  they  took  Atahualpa  cap- 


tive, and  requested  him  to  acknowledge 
the  king  of  Spain  as  his  master,  and 
embrace  the  Christian  religion.  Upon 
his  asking  their  authority  for  this  re- 
quest, the  friar  Valverde  gave  him  the 
breviary  as  authority.  Atahualpa  put- 
ting it  to  his  ear,  said,  "  It  tells  mo 
nothing  ;"  and  then  threw  it  away.  This 
was  made  a  pretext  for  a  massacre  of 
the  people  and  the  imprisonment  of  the 
Inca.  He  offered  a  large  sum  of  gold  as 
a  ransom  :  this  the  Spaniards  took,  but 
still  kept  him  prisoner.  At  last,  he  was 
burnt,  in  1533. 

ATAIDE,  Don  Louis  d1,  a  Portuguese 
noble  and  military  officer,  who  was  ap- 
pointed viceroy  of  India,  in  156'J,  at  a 
period  when  all  the  native  powers  wero 
combined  to  expel  the  Portuguese.  His 
efforts  t">  quell  the  revolt  were  success- 
ful, and  he  returned ;  but  on  being  sent 
out  a  second  time,  he  d:  at  Goa,  l.">so. 

ATANAGI,  Denis,  an  Italian  authoi 
and  editor,  who  lived  at  Urbino.  Among 
his  works  are  a  "Treatise  on  the  Excel- 
lence and  Perfection  of  History ;"  and  an 
e  lit  ion  of  the  "Rhetoric  of  Aristotle," 
a  translation  of  the  "Lives  of  Illustrious 
Men,"  ascribed  to  Pliny,  but  really  writ- 
ten by  Aurelius  Vietro.  He  was  per- 
sonally chastised  for  the  publication  of 
the  latter,  by  a  student  who  called  the 
translation  his  own,  and  denounced 
Atanagi  as  a  barefaced  plagiarist.  D. 
about  1570. 

ATH  A,  a  famous  Turkish  impostor, 
who  flourished  during  the  8th  century  at 
Meron.  He  was  originally  a  fuller,  but 
entered  as  a  soldier  in  the  army  of  Abu 
Moslem,  who  was  a  leader  of  a  fanati- 
cal sect,  to  the  command  of  which  Ath-. 
succeeded.  He  pretended  to  divine  in- 
spiration, and  when  he  was  attacked  and 
besieged  in  the  castle  of  Recli,  by  the 
troops  of  the  reigning  caliph,  he  set  firo 
to  the  place  and  destroyed  himself,  his 
wives,  and  his  followers  in  the  flames. 
D'Herbelot  says  that  he  caused  them  to 
drink  poisoned  wine.  Having  been  de- 
prived of  one  eye  in  battle,  he  wore  a 
golden  veil,  and  was  therefore  called 
Mokanna.  Moore's  beautiful  poem  of 
the  Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorassan  is 
founded  upon  his  storv. 

ATHANASIUS,  St.",  bishop  of  Alex- 
andria, a  renowned  father  of  the  church. 
B.  in  that  city  about  the  year  296.  Ho 
had  a  Christian  education,  and  came  into 
the  family  of  Alexander,  afterwards  arch- 
bishop of  Alexandria,  whose  private 
secretary  lie  became.  He  then  went  to 
St.  Anthony,  led  an  ascetic  life  with  ",hat 
renowned  anchorit;,  bu*  at  length  re- 


ath] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


79 


turned  to  Alexandria,  where  he  became 
B  deacon.  Alexander  took  him  to  the 
council  at  Nice,  where  he  gained  the 
highest  esteem  of  the  fathers,  by  the 
talents  which  be  displayed  in  the  Arian 
controversy.  He  had  a  great  share  in 
the  decrees  passed  here,  and  thereby 
drew  on  himself  the  hatred  of  the  Ariaus. 
After  six  months  he  was  appointed  the 
successor  of  Alexander.  The  complaints 
and  accusations  of  his  enemies  induced 
the  Emperor  Constantine  to  summon 
him,  in  334,  before  the  councils  of  Tyre 
and  Jerusalem.  Athanasius  brought  to 
light  the  iniquitous  arts  which  had  been 
practised  against  him,  and  threw  his 
judges,  who  were,  likewise  his  enemies, 
into  such  confusion,  that  the  imperial 
deputies  could  with  difficulty  rescue  him 
from  their  anger.  They  could  do  noth- 
ing, however,  further  than  suspend  him 
from  his  office.  He  still  continued  in 
the  discharge  of  his  duties,  until  the 
emperor,  deceived  by  new  falsehoods, 
banished  him  to  Treves.  At  the  end  ot 
a  year  and  some  months,  Constantius, 
having  succeeded  his  tather  as  emperor 
of  the  East,  recalled  him  from  banish- 
ment. His  return  to  Alexandria  resem- 
bled a  triumph.  The  Arians  made  new 
complaints  against  him,  and  he  was  con- 
demned by  ninety  bishops,  assembled  at 
Antioch.  On  the  contrary,  a  hundred 
bishops,  assembled  at  Alexandria,  de- 
clared^ him  innocent;  and  Pope  Julius 
confirmed  this  sentence  in  conjunction 
with  more  than  300  bishops  assembled 
at  Sardis,  from  the  East  and  West.  In 
consequence  of  this,  he  returned  a  second 
time  to  his  diocese.  But  when  Con- 
stans,  emperor  of  the  West,  died,  and 
Constantius  became  master  of  the  whole 
empire,  the  Arians  ventured  to  rise  up 
against  Athanasius.  They  condemned 
him  in  the  councils  of  Aries  and  Milan, 
and,  as  he  refused  to  listen  to  any  thing 
but  an  express  command  of  the  emperor, 
when  he  was  one  day  preparing  to  cele- 
brate a  festival  in  the  church,  5000  sol- 
diers suddenly  rushed  in  to  make  him 
prisoner.  But  the  surrounding  priests 
and  rr.onks  placed  him  in  security.  Dis- 
placed for  a  third  time,  he  fled  into  the 
deserts  of  Egypt,  and  composed  many 
writings,  full  of  eloquence,  to  strengthen 
the  faith  of  the  believers,  or  expose  the 
falsehood  of  his  enemies.  When  Julian 
the  apostate  ascended  the  throne,  he  re- 
called the  orthodox  bishops  fro  their 
ehurches.  Athanasius  therefore  return- 
sd,  after  an  absence  of  six  years.  The 
jiildness  which  lie  exercised  towards 
bj.i  enemies  was  imitated  in  Gaul,  Spain, 


Italy,  and  Greece,  and  restored  peace  to 
the  church.  But  this  peace  was  inter- 
rupted by  the  complaints  of  the  heathen, 
whose  temples  were  kept  empty  by  his 
zeal.  They  excited  the  emperor  against 
him,  and  he  fled  to  Thebais.  He  re- 
turned under  Valens  eight  months  after, 
but  was  again  compelled  to  fly.  He  con- 
cealed himself  in  the  tomb  of  his  fatl  er, 
where  he  remained  four  months,  when 
Valens  allowed  him  to  return,  and  he 
remained  undisturbed  in  his  office  till 
his  death,  in  373.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  mind,  noble  heart,  invincible  eour- 
age,  unaffected  humility,  and  lofty  elo- 
quence. His  writings  were  on  polem- 
ical, moral,  and  historical  subjects,  tho 
latter  especially  of  great  importance  in 
church  history.  His  style  was  remark- 
able in  that  age  for  clearness  and  moder- 
ation, his  Apology,  addressed  to  Con- 
stantine, berno1  a  masterpiece. 

ATHELSTAN,  an  illegitimate  son  of 
Edward  the  Elder,  king  of  England, 
who  succeeded  his  father  in  925,  in  pref- 
erence to  the  legitimate  children,  because 
of  his  maturer  age  and  acknowledged 
capacity.  He  repressed  the  Danes  at 
Northumberland,  and  defeated  a  com- 
bination of  the  Welsh  and  Scotch.  Ho 
reigned  16  vears. 

ATHELI'NG,  Edgar,  grandson  of 
Edmund  Ironside,  regarded  as  the  fu- 
ture monarch,  but  defeated  by  the  in- 
trigues of  Harold.  He  was  in  the  first 
crusade  under  Baldwin  I.,  and  behaved 
with  great  intrepidity. 

ATHENAGO'RAS,  an  Athenian  phi- 
losopher of  the  2d  century.  He  became 
a  convert  to  Christianity,  and  Clement 
of  Alexandria  was  among  his  pupils. 
He  wrote  an  "  Apology  for  the  Chris- 
tians," and  a  treatise  "  On  the  Resur- 
rection of  the  Dead,"  written  about  178. 

ATHEN^EUS,  a  learned  grammarian. 
B.  at  Naucratis,  in  Egypt,  in  the  3d  cen- 
tury. The  only  work  of  his  now  extant 
is  "  The  Deipnosophists,  or  the  Table 
Talk  of  the  Sophists. "—One  of  the  same 
name,  of  Byzantium,  was  an  engineer  in 
the  time  ot  the  Emperor  Gallienus,  and 
an  author  of  a  treatise  on  the  Machines 
of  War. 

ATHENAIS,  empress  of  the  West, 
the  daughter  of  an  Athenian  sophist,  but 
whose  learning  and  beauty  induced  The- 
odosius  the  Younger  to  marry  her,  and 
she  took  the  name  of  Eudoxia.  The 
emperor,  however,  became  jealous  of 
her,  and  she  was  banished  to  Jerusalem, 
where  she  died,  in  460.  Among  her 
writings  was  a  poetical  translation  of  part 
of  the  Old  Testament 


80 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


[att 


ATHEATON,  Humphrey,  a  major- 
general  who  came  to  this  country  in 
1636,  and  was  much  employed  in  nego- 
tiations with  the  Indians.     I).  1661. 

ATHOL,  John  Murkay,  duke  of,  a 
governor-general  of  the  Isle  of  Man.  D. 
1830. 

ATKINSON,  Theodore,  chief  justice 
of  New  Hampshire,  and  a  delegate  to  the 
C">n<7Tess  at  Albany  in  1754.  D.  1779. — - 
TwitAS,  a  miscellaneous  writer  of  some 
note,  was  b.  at  Glasgow,  1801.  Among 
other  works,  he  published  (in  two  senses, 
for  he  was  a  bookseller  as  well  as  an 
author)  the  Chameleon  and  the  Ant,  a 
weekly  periodical,  and  was  an  extensive 
contributor  to  many  of  the  local  publica- 
tions.    D.  1833. 

ATKYNS,  Sir  Robert,  a  distinguished 
lawyer  and  patriot,  who  aided  in  the  de- 
fence of  Lord  William  Russel,  and  con- 
ducted that  of  Sir  W.  Williams,  speaker 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  when  pros- 
ecuted for  signing  the  orders  to  print 
Dangerfield's  narrative  of  the  popish 
plot.  He  also  distinguished  himself  by 
his  opposition  to  the  arbitrary  measures 
of  James  II.,  and  at  the  revolution  was 
made  chief  baron  of  the  exchequer.  He 
subsequently  was  made  speaker.  B. 
1621  ;  d.  1709. — -Sir  Robert,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  the  author  of  the  "  An- 
cient and  Present  State  of  Gloucester." 
B.  1646;  d.  1711. — Richard,  of  the  same 
familv,  wrote  the  "  Origin  and  Growth 
of  Printing."     D.  1677. 

ATLEE,  Samuel  John,  a  colonel  in 
the  old  French  war,  who  also  acquired 
distinction  at  the  battle  of  Long  Island. 
In  1780  he  was  elected  to  Congress.  D. 
1786. 

ATRATUS,  Hugo,  an  English  cardi- 
nal, known  as  Hugh  the  Black  ;  a  skilful 
mathematician  and  natural  philosopher; 
author  of  "  Canones  Medicinales,"  &c. 

ATTAIGNANT,  Gabriel  Charles  de 
t',  a  French  ecclesiastic  and  poet ;  author 
of  "  Pieces  Derobees  a  un  Ami,"  &c. 
B.  1697  ;  d.  1779. 

ATTEEBUl'.Y,  Francis,  a  celebrated 
English  prelate,  was  born  in  1662,  and 
received  his  education  at  Westminster, 
where  he  was  elected  a  student  of 
Christ-church  college,  Oxford.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  university  as 
a  classical  scholar,  and  gave  proofs  of 
an  elegant  taste  for  poetry.  In  1687  he 
took  his  degree  of  M.A.,  and  for  the 
Srst  time  appeared  ae  a  controversialist 
in  a  defence  of  the  character  of  Luther, 
entitled  "  Considerations  on  the  Spirit 
of  Martin  Luther,"  &c.  He  was  also 
thought  to  have  assisted  his  pupil,  the 


Hon.  Mr.  Boyle,  in  his  famous  contro- 
versy with  Bentley  on  the  Epistles  of 
Phalarius.  Having  taken  orders  in 
1691,  he  settled  in  London,  where  he 
became  chaplain  to  William  and  Mary, 
preacher  of  Bridewell,  and  lecturer  of 
St.  Bride's,  and  soon  distinguished  him- 
self by  the  spirit  and  elegance  of  his 
pulpit  compositions,  but  not  without 
incurring  opposition,  on  the  score  of 
their  tendency  and  doctrine,  from 
Hoadly  and  others.  Controversy,  how- 
ever, was  altogether  congenial  to  the 
disposition  of  Attcrbnry,  who,  in  1706, 
commenced  one  with  Doctor  Wake, 
which  lasted  4  years,  on  the  rights, 
privileges,  and  powers  of  convocations. 
For  this  service,  he  received  the  thanks 
of  the  lower  house  of  convocation,  and 
the  degree  of  doctor  of  divinity  from 
Oxford.  Soon  after  the  accession  of 
<4ucen  Anne,  he  was  made  dean  of  Car- 
lisle, and,  besides  his  dispute  with 
Hoadly  on  the  subject  of  passive  obe- 
dience, he  aided  in  the  defence  of  the 
famous  Sacheverell,  and  wrote  a  "Rep- 
resentation of  t lie  present  State  of  Re- 
ligion," which  was  deemed  too  violent 
to  be  presented  to  the  queen,  although 
privately  circulated.  In  1712  he  was 
made  dean  of  Christ-church,  and,  in 
1713,  bishop  of  Rochester  and  dean  of 
Westminster.  The  death  of  the  queen, 
in  1714,  put  an  end  to  his  hopes  of  fur- 
ther advancement;  for  the  new  king 
treated  him  with  great  coolness,  doubt- 
less aware  of  either  the  report  or  the 
fact  of  his  offer,  on  the  death  of  Anne,  to 
proclaim  the  Pretender  in  full  canon- 
icals, if  allowed  a  sufficient  guard.  At- 
terbury  not  only  refused  to  sign  tho 
loyal  declaration  of  the  bishops  in  the 
rebellion  of  1715,  but  suspended  a  cler- 
gyman for  lending  his  church,  for  the 
performance  of  divine  service,  to  the 
Dutch  troops  brought  over  to  act  against 
the  rebels.  Not  content  with  a  con- 
stitutional opposition,  he  entered  into 
a  correspondence  with  the  Pretender's 
party,  was  apprehended  in  August, 
1722,  and  committed  to  the  Tower; 
and,  in  the  March  following,  a  bill  was 
brought  into  the  house  of  commons  for 
the  infliction  of  pains  and  penalties. 
This  measure  met  with  considerable  op- 
position in  the  house  of  lords,  and  was 
resisted  with  great  firmness  and  elo- 
quence by  the  bishop,  who  maintained 
his  innocence  with  his  usual  aenteness 
and  dexterity.  His  guilt,  however,  has 
been  tolerably  well  proved  by  docu- 
ments since  published.  He  was  de- 
prived of  his  dignities,  and  outlawed, 


A.UBJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


81 


an  1  went  to  Paris,  where  he  chiefly  oc- 
cupied himself  in  study,  and  in  corre- 
spondence with  men  of  letters.  But. 
even  here,  in  1725,  he  was  actively  en- 
gaged in  fomenting  discontent  in  the 
Highlands  of  Scotland.  D.  1731.  As  a 
composer  of  sermons,  he  still  retains 
a  great  portion  of  his  original  reputa- 
tion. His  letters,  also,  are  extremely 
easy  and  elegant;  hut,  as  a  critic  and  a 
controversialist,  he  is  deemed  rather 
dexterous  and  popular,  than  accurate 
and  profound. — -Lewis,  an  elder  brother 
of  the  above,  author  of  some  "  Ser- 
mons," "Tracts  against  Popery,"  &c. 
B.  1656;  d.  1731. 

ATTICUS,  son  of  Julius  Atticus,  and 
a  descendant  from  the  family  of  Mil- 
tiades,  acquired  so  much  reputation  as 
a  teacher  of  eloquence  at  Athens,  that 
he  was  invited  by  Titus  Antoninus  to 
superintend  the  education  of  his  adopted 
sons,  Marcus  Aurelius  and  Lucius  Ve- 
rus.  He  subsequently  became  consul, 
prefect  of  the  free  cities  of  Asia,  &c. 
He  employed  his  great  wealth  in  public 
works ;  but  at  the  close  of  his  life  he 
retired  to  Marathon,  his  native  place, 
where  he  d.,  a.  d.  185. — Titus  Pompo- 
nius,  a  Roman  knight,  whose  vast 
wealth  enabled  him  to  aid  men  of  all 
parties,  while  his  prudence  prevented 
him  from  siding  with  any  of  them  in 
their  public  measures.  He  thus  escaped 
injury  amid  the  contentions  of  Cinna 
and  Marias,  Cajsar  and  Pompey,  and  in 
the  horrible  times  of  the  Triumvirate. 
Of  the  ability  and  influence  of  Atticus, 
we  may  form  some  opinion  from  the 
correspondence  between  him  and  Cicero. 
He  is  said  to  have  written  "  Annals" 
of  great  value;  but  it  is  for  his  pru- 
dence, his  wealth,  and,  above  all,  his 
friendship  with  Cicero,  that  he  is  now 
remembered.     D.  33  b.  c. 

ATT1RET,  John  Francis,  a  French 
Jesuit  and  painter.  Being  appointed 
missionary  to  Pekin,  he  acquired  by 
means  of  his  pictures,  great  tavor  with 
the  Emperor  Kien  Long,  of  whose  gar- 
dens he  wrote  a  very  amusing  account. 
B.  1702;  d.  1768. 

AT  WOOD,  George,  an  eminent 
mathematician,  author  of  a  "  Disser- 
tation on  the  Construction  and  Prop- 
erties of  Arches,"  and  many  other 
valuable  works  on  mechanical  and 
mathematical  science.  B.  1745  ;  d.  1807. 
—Thomas,  an  eminent  musician  and 
compos.'.r,  who  commenced  his  musical 
cducatk  n  under  Dr.  Nares.  In  1783  he 
set  out  for  Naples,  and  after  studying 
for  a  time  with  Filippo  Cinque  and  La- 


tilla,  he  proceeded  to  Vienna,  where  he 
reaped  great  advantages  from  the  cele- 
brated Mozart.  In  1796  he  was  ap- 
pointed organist  of  St.  Paul's  cathedral, 
and  composer  to  the  chapel  royal;  he 
also  held  the  situation  of  organist  at  the 
chapel  of  the  Pavilion,  Brighton.  His 
compositions  consist  of  several  dramatic 
pieces,  numerous  services  and  anthems, 
songs,  glees,  sonatas,  and  other  pieces 
for  the  pianoforte.     B.  1767  ;  d.  1838. 

AUBAIS,  Charles  de  Baschi,  Mar- 
quis of,  an  ingenious  Frenchman,  who 
published  a  work  on  "Historical  Ge- 
ography," and  furnished  materials  for 
Menard's  "Pieces  fugitives  pour  1'  His- 
toire  de  France."     D.  1777. 

AUBAT,  Abbe,  censeur  royal  in  1784; 
a  sarcastic  French  fabulist,  whom  Vol- 
taire pronounces  first  after  La  Fontaine. 

AUBIGNE,  Theodore  Agrippa  d',  a 
French  Calvinist  of  good  family,  re- 
markable for  his  attachment  to  Henry 
IV.,  and  for  the  honesty  with  which  he 
spoke  the  truth  to  that  king  even  when 
it  was  least  agreeable.  He  spent  the 
latter  part  of  his  life  in  retirement  at 
Geneva.  D.  1630.— Constant  n',  son  of 
the  above,  and  father  of  the  notorious 
Madame  de  Maintenoh.  His  moral 
character  was  very  inferior  to  that  of 
his  father;  but  as  an  author,  his  "  Uni- 
versal History,"  and  his  satires,  poems, 
memoirs,  &c,  do  him  considerable 
credit. 

AUBLET,  John  Baptist  Christopher 
Fuvee,  an  able  French  botanist,  author 
of  "Histoiresdcs  Plantes  de  la  Guienne 
Francoise."  It  was  in  honor  of  him 
that  Linnaeus  gave  the  name  of  Verbena 
Aubletia  to  a  species  of  vervain.  B. 
1720:  d.  1778. 

AUBREY,  John,  an  eminent  English 
topographer  and  antiquary.  He  left  a 
vast  number  of  MSS.,  evincing  great  re- 
search,  of  which  Wood  has  availed  him- 
self in  his  Oxford  biographies;  but  he 
only  published  one  work,  entitled  "  Mis- 
cellanies," a  collection  of  popular  super- 
stitions. Many  of  his  MSS.  are  in  the 
Ashmolean  Museum  at  Oxford.  B.  1626 ; 
d.  1700. 

AUBRIET,  Claude,  a  French  painter 
of  natural  history  subjects.     D.  1740. 

AUBRIOT,  Hugh,  a  French  merchant, 
mayor  of  Paris,  and  superintendent  ot 
finance  to  Charles  V.  He  was  im- 
prisoned for  heresy,  but  the  populace, 
who  had  risen  against  the  taxes  termed 
Maillotins,  released  him,  and  he  escaped 
to  Burgundy.  It  was  from  him  that  the 
French  reformers  had  the  name  of  Hu- 
guenots. 


82 


CYCLOPAEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[aud 


AUBRY  DE  MONTDIDIER,  a 
French  knight  of  the  time  of  Charles 
V.,  who,  according  to  tradition,  was 
baeely  murdered,  in  1371,  by  his  com- 
panion in  arms,  Richard  de  Maeaire. 
The  murder  was  discovered  by  means 
of  a  dog  of  the  deceased,  who  showed 
the  most  hostile  disposition  to  the  mur- 
derer. The  king  compelled  Maeaire  to 
Sight  with  his  accuser,  the  dog,  in  order 
1,0  decide  the  case ;  and  the  murderer 
was  conquered.  From  this  story  the 
drama  of  "  The  Dog  of  Montargis"  has 
been  taken. — John"  Baptist,  a  French 
prior  who  wus  deprived  of  his  situation 
at  the  revolution,  author  of  "Questions 
Philosophiques  sur  la  Religion  Natu- 
relle,"  &c.  B.  1735 ;  d.  1809.— Mlle.,  a 
figurante  of  the  French  opera,  who,  in 
17'.»:i,  publicly  personated  the  "God- 
dess of  Reason"  at  Paris. — A  Parisian 
librarian,  and  profound  mathematician, 
author  of  a  work  addressed  to  the  legis- 
lative body  in  17'JK,  "  On  Weights  and 
Measures,  and  another,  "On  the 
Decimal  System."  B.  1740.  — John 
Francis,  a  Pr  nch  physician  of  the  18th 
century,  author  ot  "Les  Oracles  de 
Cos,"  a  review  of  the  practice  of  Hip- 
pocrates, and  other  ancient  physicians. 
■ — Dubo.vchet  N.,  a  deputy  of  the 
Tiers  Etats  in  1789;  and  author  of  sev- 
eral works  on  political  economy.  —  F., 
one  of  the  French  committee  of  public 
safety  in  17.94,  who  aimed  at  counter- 
revolution. He  deprived  Bonaparte, 
after  the  siege  of  Toulon,  of  military 
employments,  and  reduced  him  to  great 
distress;  the  latter  revenged  himself 
afterwards,  by  preventing  his  re-entry 
into  France  after  his  deportation  to 
Cayenne,  on  the  return  of  some  of  his 
fellow-victims;  —  De  Gouges,  Marie- 
Olymiue,  a  female  republican,  celebrated 
for  her  beauty  and  talents.  She  founded 
the  popular  female  societies  called  Tri- 
coteuses,  and  was  a  perfect  enthusiast 
in  her  political  opinions.  At  length  she 
was  pit  to  death  by  Robespierre's  party, 
n  consequence  of  her  having  denounced 
them  in  a  'pamphlet  called  the  "Trois 
Urnes."  She  died  with  heroic  spirit. 
She  is  the  author  of  the  "  Memoires  de 
Madame  do  Valmont ;"  of  "  L'  Esclavage 
des  Negres."  a  tnelodrame;  "Le  Mar- 
riage de  Cherubim,"  a  comedy;  and 
"Molicre  chez  Ninon,"  an  episodical 
piece,  &c.     B.  1755. 

AUBUSSON,  Peter  d',  surnamed  the 
Buckler  of  the  Church,  after  having 
Berved  with  great  distinction  under  the 
Emperor  Sigismund  against  the  Turks, 
entered  the  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jeru- 


salem, became  grand-master,  and,  in 
1430,  compelled  Mahomet  II.  to  raise 
the  siege  of  Rhodes.     D.  1508. 

AUCHMUTY.  Sir  Samuel,  a  distin- 
guished English  general.  He  served 
with  great  zeal  and  ability  in  North  and 
South  America,  and  when  commanding 
in  India,  reduced  to  the  dominion  of 
Great  Britain  the  rich  settlements  of 
Java  and  Batavia.  On  his  return  to 
Europe,  he  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  Ireland,  where  he  d.  in  1322. 

AUCKLAND,  William  Eden,  Lord, 
an  able  negotiator,  who  was  the  third 
son  of  Sir  Robert  Eden,  Bart.,  of  West 
Auckland,  Durham.  Be  was  appointed 
under-secretary  of  state  in  177-';  went 
to  Ireland  in  1780  with  Lord  Carlisle,  as 
chief  secretary ;  in  1788  was  ambassa- 
dor to  Spain  ;  and  in  the  year  following 
was  ambassador  to  Holland.  He  wrote 
"The  Principles  of  Penal  Laws,"  "The 
History ofNew  Holland,"  and  numerous 
other  valuable  works.    B.  1744;  d.  1814 

AUDE,  Joseph,  knight  cf  Malta,  sec- 
retary to  the  Neapolitan  philosophical 
minister.  Carraccioli,  and  subsequently 
to  the  French  Pliny,  Button,  whose  life 
he  published  in  1788.  He  is  the  author 
of  several  dramas;  "Le  Heline  An- 
gloise,"  "  Le  Retour  de  Camille,"  "  Le 
Nouveau  Ricco,"  and  some  melodrames; 
"The  Exiles  of  Siberia,"  &c.     B.  1755. 

AUDEBERT,  Germain,  a  French 
lawyer  of  the  16th  century,  author  of 
"Roma,"  "Venetia,"  and  other  Latin 
poems.  D.  1598 — John  Baptist,  a  cele- 
brated French  engraver  of  natural  his- 
tory. The  spirit  of  his  engravings  of 
monkeys,  snakes,  birds,  &e.,  is  inim- 
itable.   B.  1759;  d.  1800. 

AUDIFRE1  >I,  John  Baptist,  a  famous 
Italian  astronomer,  author  of  "  Demon- 
stra/ione  della  Stazione  della  Comcta, 
1769,"  &e.     B.  1714. 

ATJDIFFREDY,  Therese,  born  in 
Guinea  in  L757.  When  returning  thither, 
at  18,  from  Bordeaux,  she  was  exposed, 
through  the  ett'ect  of  her  youth  ful  beauty, 
to  the  rejected  love  of  the  captain  of  the 
vessel,  but  was  relieved  from  his  ottered 
violence  by  Sonnini  and  the  Chevalier 
Audiffredy,  the  latter  of  whom  she 
married;  and  becoming  on.;  of  the 
richest  proprietors  in  Cayenne,  she 
saved  Piehegru,  and  the  numerous  de- 
ported victims  of  the  18th  Fructidor, 
from  being  starved  to  death. 

AUDINOT,  founder  of  the  Theatre 
Audinot,  and  the  inventor  of  melo- 
drames. He  was  a  favorite  actor  in,  as 
well  as  author  of,  many  of  the  latter. 
B.  1750 ;  d.  1801. 


aud] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


83 


Al'D-LEY,  Thomas,  chancellor  of  En- 
gland, during  tbe  reign  of  Henry  VIII., 
was  b.  iu  1488,  of  a  noble  family  in  tbe 
county  of  Essex,  and  in  addition  to  con- 
siderable abilities  and  erudition,  was 
possessed  of  an  ample  fortune.  How- 
ever, notwithstanding  all  these  advan- 
tages, he  was,  during  the  whole  period 
of  his  public  life,  one  of  the  most  vile 
and  fawning  hirelings  of  the  kin?.  He 
was  appointed  to  succeed  Sir  Thomas 
More,  as  chancellor,  having  long  acted 
as  a  mere  instrument  as  speaker  of  the 
parliament,  so  justly  denominated  the 
''Black  Parliament," — and  although 
Queen  Ann  Boleyn  had  been  in  many 
instances  his  patroness,  yet  be  sat  in 
judgment  upon  her,  and  also  ou  his  pre- 
decessor Sir  Thomas  Mere,  and  Bishop 
Fisher.  In  the  affairs  of  Ann  of  Cleves 
and  Catharine  Howard,  lie  was  likewise 
made  an  active  tool,  and  in  short,  re- 
fused no  undertaking,  however  incon- 
sistent and  miserable,  imposed  upon  him 
by  the  wayward  and  haughty  Henry. 
As  a  reward  for  these  base  services,  the 
title  of  Lord  Audley  of  Walden  was 
conferred  upon  him  ;  he  also  received 
the  order  of  the  Garter.  He  d.  in  1544, 
ha \iiii.'  been  a  liberal  patron  to  Magdalen 
college,  Oxford. 

AUDOUIN.  Jean  Victor,  one  of  the 
most  diligent  zoologists  of  his  day.  He 
was  professor  of  the  Museum  of  Natural 
History  at  Paris,  and  lectured  as  well  as 
wrote  extensively  on  entomology.  B. 
1797  :  d.  1841. 

AUDBAN,  the  name  of  a  family  of 
French  artists,  of  whom  the  following 
are  the  most  eminent — Charles,  the 
elder,  whose  works  are  numerous  and 
excellent.  B.  1594;  d.  1679.— Claude. 
a  nephew  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at 
Lyons,  in  1639,  and  studied  under  his 
uncle.  He  was  employed  by  Le  Brim 
in  painting  part  of  the  pictures  of  Alex- 
ander's battles  at  Versailles,  and  became 
professor  of  painting  in  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy of  Paris,  where  he  d.  in  1684. — 
Girard,  the  brother  of  the  last-men- 
ticned.  and  the  most  celebrated  of  the 
family,  was  b.  at  Lyons,  in  1640  :  studied 
under  Le  Brim  at  Paris  :  and  engraved 
that  artist's  pictures  in  a  masterly  style. 
D.  1708. — Oladdk,  a  nephew  of  Girard, 
was  b.  at  Lyons,  in  16S">.  He  was  cele- 
brated for  ornamental  designs  ;  appoint- 
ed hire's  painter.  D.  1704. — John,  bro- 
ther ot  Claude,  was  b.  in  1667;  studied 
engraving  under  his  uncle,  and  d.  at 
Paris,  in  17o6. 

AUDBIEN,  Yves  M.,  a  French  ec- 
ilesiastic,  who  joined   Robespierre,  de- 


clared for  the  revolution,  and  proposed 
his  "  Plan  d'  Education,"  to  withdraw 
the  education  of  youth  from  the  priest- 
hood. In  1800,  while  proceeding  to  his 
bishopric,  he  was  dragged  out  of  his 
carriage  by  the  Chouans,  and  assassin- 
ated. 

AUDI"  BON,  John  James,  an  eminent 
American  ornithologist,  whose  fame  be- 
longe  to  the  world,  while  it  is  the  pecu- 
liar pride  of  America,  was  the  son  of  an 
admiral  in  the  French  navy,  living  on  a 
plantation  in  Louisiana,  who  took  him 
to  France,  where  he  received  a  varied 
and  accomplished  education.  At  the 
age  of  17  he  returned  from  France — then 
in  the  midst  of  its  revolution — to  the 
woods  of  the  new  world,  with  fresh 
ardor,  and  began  a  collection  of  draw- 
ings, under  the  title  of  the  "Birds  of 
America. "  This  collection  multiplied 
upon  his  hands,  and  after  many  years 
"i  devoted  toil,  he  was  persuaded  to 
undertake  the  publication  of  his  great 
work,  and  with  the  view  of  obtaining 
subscribers  he  visited  Europe  in  1S24. 
Everywhere  was  he  well  received.  On 
the  Continent,  Herschel,  Cuvier,  and 
Humboldt,  whom  lie  had  encountered  in 
America,  gave  him  a  hearty  reception. 
Iu  Edinburgh  he  was  warmly  received 
by  Brewster,  Jeffrey,  Wilson,  and  Sir 
Walter  Scott.  Professor  Wilson  gives  a 
graphic  description  of  Audubon  in  an 
article  in  "  Blackwood's  .Magazine,''  and 
he  was  everywhere  hailed  as  the  Amer- 
ican backwoodsman,  who  shared  the 
highest  elevations  of  science  with  Er~o- 
pean  celebrities.  He  published,  after 
his  second  return  to  America,  a  work  on 
the  Animal-  similar  to  his  work  on  Birds. 
He  pursued  the  objects  of  his  pursuit 
into  their  native  haunts,  sometimes 
Bpending  years  away  from  his  family, 
and  painted  them  from  nature.  The 
life-like  fidelity  and  beauty  of  his  delin- 
eations placed  him  in  the  first  rank  as  an 
artist,  whilst  his  minute  accuracy  in 
describing  their  habits  proves  him  to 
have  been  the  closest  observer.  He  was 
a>  stanch  as  a  man  as  he  was  renowned 
as  a  naturalist.  The  childlike  simplicity 
of  his  manners,  and  cheerfulness  of 
temper,  were  worthy  of  all  imitation, 
and  made  him  beloved  by  all  who  knew 
him.  At  the  aee  of  60  years,  when  he 
was  first  personally  known  to  the  writer 
of  this  sketch,  he  had  all  the  sprightli- 
ness  and  vigor  of  a  young  man.  In 
person  he  was  tall,  and  remarkably  well 
made.  His  aspect  sweet  and  animated. 
His  whole  head  was  remarkably  striking. 
The  forehead  high,  arched,  and  uncloud 


84 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[auq 


ing;  the  hairs  of  the  brow  prominent, 
particularly  at  the  root  of  the  nose, 
which  was  long  and  aquiline ;  chin 
prominent,  and  mouth  characterized  by 
energy  and  determination.  The  eyes 
were  dark  gray,  set  deeply  in  the  head, 
and  as  restless  as  the  glance  of  the 
eagle.     D.  1851. 

AUERBACH,  Henry,  the  builder  of 
the  court  and  cellar  at  Leipsic,  men- 
tioned in  Goethe's  Faust.  His  real  name 
was  Stpumer,  but  according  to  the  fashion 
of  the  time,  he  took  the  name  of  the  place 
where  he  was  born.  The  building  was 
erected  in  1530,  and  tradition  says  that 
five  years  afterwards  Doctor  Faust  was 
seen  riding  out  of  it  in  a  barrel  of  wine. 

AUGEREAU,  Pierre  F.  Charles, 
duke  of  (Jastiglione,  marshal  of  France, 
was  the  son  of  a  fruit  merchant,  served 
as  a  carbinier  in  the  French  army,  went 
from  thence  into  the  Neapolitan  service, 
established  himself  at  Naples,  in  1787, 
as  a  fencing  master,  and  was  banished 
thence,  in  1792,  with  the  rest  of  his 
countrymen.  He  served,  afterwards,  as 
a  volunteer  in  the  army  of  Italy,  in  which 
his  talents  and  courage  soon  gained  him 
promotion.  He  distinguished  himself 
in  1794,  as  general  of  brigade  in  the  army 
of  the  Pyrenees,  and  in  1796,  as  general 
of  division  in  the  army  of  Italy.  He 
took  the  pass  of  Millesimo ;  made  him- 
Belf  master  of  the  intrenched  ramp  of 
the  Piedmontese  at  Ceva,  afterwards 
of  that  at  Casale  ;  threw  himself  on  the 
bridge  of  Lodi,  and  carried  it  with  the 
enemy's  intrenchments.  June  16th,  he 
passed  the  Po,  and  made  prisoners  the 
papal  troops,  together  with  the  cardinal 
legate  and  the  general's  staff.  Aug.  1st, 
he  came  to  the  assistance  of  Massena; 
maintained,  during  a  whole  day,  a  most 
obstinate  struggle  against  a  superior 
number  of  troops,  and  took  the  village 
of  Castiglione,  trom  which  he  derived 
his  ducal  title.  In  the  battle  of  Arcole, 
when  the  French  columns  wavered,  he 
seized  a  standard,  rushed  upon  the  ene- 
my, and  gained  the  victory.  The  direc- 
tory bestowed  this  standard  on  him, 
Jan.  27th,  1797.  He  was  the  instrument 
of  the  violent  proceedings  of  the  18th  of 
Fructidor,  and  was  saluted,  by  the  deci- 
mated legislative  body,  as  the  saviour  of 
his  country.  In  1799  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  council  of  five  hundred, 
and,  therefore,  resigned  his  command. 
He  then  obtained  from  the  consul,  Bona- 
parte, the  command  of  the  army  in  Hol- 
land. He  led  the  French  and  Bataviau 
army  on  the  Lower  Rhine  to  the  support 
of  Moreau,  passed  the  river  at  Frank- 


fort, and  fought  with  the  imperial  gen- 
eral, with  various  success,  until  the  battle 
of  Hohenlinden  ended  the  campaign. 
In  October,  1801,  being  superseded  by 
General  Victor,  he  remained  without 
employment  till  1803,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  lead  the  army,  collected  at 
Bayonne,  against  Portugal.  When  this 
enterprise  tailed,  he  went  back  to  Paris. 
and,  May  19th,  1S04,  was  named  marshal 
of  the  empire^  and  grand  officer  of  the 
legion  of  honor.  ■  At  the  end  of  1805,  ho 
was  at  the  head  of  a  corps  of  the  great 
army  in  Germany,  formed  of  troops  col- 
lected under  his  command  at  Brest.  He 
contributed  to  the  successes  which  gave 
birth  to  the  peace  of  Presburg,  and  in 
March,  1806,  had  possession  of  Wetzler 
and  the  cou-utry  around,  until,  in  the 
autumn  of  this  year,  a  new  war  called 
him  to  Prussia.  'The  wounds  which  he 
received  in  the  battle  of  Eylau  compelled 
him  to  return  to  France.  He  was  after- 
wards made  a  peer  by  Louis  XVIII.; 
quarrelled  with  Napoleon,  who  proclaim- 
ed him  a  traitor  in  1815.     D.  1816. 

Alii  ER,  Athanasius,  a  learned  abbe, 
and  professor  of  rhetoric  at  the  college 
of  St.  Rouen.  He  published  several 
political  works  (among  others  "Cate- 
cbisme  du  Citoyen  Francois,"  &c.)  in 
favor  of  the  revolution.  His  learned 
publications  are  numerous  :  "  Constitu- 
tion des  Remains;"  "  Dc  la  Tragedie 
Grecqne  ;"  the  complete  works  of  Iso- 
crates,  Lysias,  Xenophon,  &c.  B.  1734; 
.1.  17'.''-'.  ' 

AUGURELLO,  Giovanni  Aurei.io.  an 
Italian  poet  and  professor  of  the  Belles 
Lettres  ;  author  of  "  Chrysopaeia,"  and 
other  poems,  Latin  and  Italian.  B.  1440 ; 
d.  1524. 

AUGUSTIN,  St.,  bishop  of  Hippo, 
and  one  of  the  fathers  of  the  Christian 
church,  was  b.  at  Tagaste,  in  Africa, 
a.  d.  354.  He  was  in  his  youth  attached 
to  the  Manichean  doctrines,  and  of  very 
loose  morals  ;  but  his  conversion  from 
his  errors  was  complete  ami  permanent ; 
and  he  wrote  with  great  zeal,  and  very 
voluminously,  against  all  the  sects  which 
the  church  held  to  be  heretical.  D.  430. 
— Saint  Anthony,  a  Spanish  prelate  of 
the  16th  century;  author  of  some  trea- 
tises on  law  and  on  medals.  D.  1586.— 
One  called  the  Apostle  of  the  English, 
flourished  at  the  close  of  the  6th  century 
He  was  sent,  with  40  monks,  by  Gregory, 
to  introduce  Christianity  into  the  Saxon 
kingdoms.  He  was  kindly  received  by 
Ethelbert,  king  of  Kent,  whom  he  soon 
converted:  arid  such  was  his  success 
with  his  subjects,  that  he  is  said  to  have 


aur] 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


85 


baptized  10,000  in  one  day.  This  suc- 
cess may  be  attributed  to  his  reputation 
of  miraculous  power  in  the  restoration 
of  sight  and  life,  more  probably  than 
any  other  cause.  He  has  the  merit  of 
allowing  no  coercive  measures  to  be 
used  in  the  propagation  of  the  gospel. 
Elated  by  the  rapid  progress  he  had 
made,  Augustin  became  ambitious  of 
possessing  the  supreme  authority  over 
the  English  churches  as  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  and  received  the  arehiepis- 
copal  pall  from  the  pope,  with  instruc- 
tions to  establish  12  sees  in  his  province. 
The  British  bishops  in  Wales,  successors 
of  the  British  converts  of  the  2d  century, 
had  never  submitted  to  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  church  of  Rome,  and  Augustin 
endeavored  to  persuade  them  to  unite 
with  the  new  English  church.  They 
asserted  their  independence,  and  1200 
"Welsh  monks  were  soon  after  put  to  the 
sword,  as  thought,  at  his  instigation. 
D.  604. 

AUGUSTULUS,  Romulus,  the  last 
emperor  of  the  West,  was  raised  to  the 
throne  by  his  father,  the  patrician 
Orestes,  who  deposed  Julius  Nepos,  in 
476  ;  but  his  reign  was  little  more  than 
nominal,  and  of  very  short  duration  ; 
being  soon  after  conquered  and  de- 
throned by  Odoacer,  king  of  the  Heruli, 
who  spared  his  life,  and  "allowed  him  a 
pension. 

AUGUSTUS,  Caius  Julius  Cesar  Oc- 
tavianus,  a  Roman  emperor,  was  the  son 
of  Caius  Octavius  and  Accia,  niece  of 
Julius  Caesar,  who,  on  the  death  of  his 
father,  which  happened  when  he  was 
only  four  years  old,  adopted  him  as  his 
son.  When  Ca?sar  was  assassinated. 
Octavius  (for  by  that  name  he  was  called 
before  his  accession  to  the  throne)  was 
in  Epirus,  whence  he  immediately  re- 
turned to  secure  his  inheritance,"  and 
entered  into  an  alliance  with  Antony 
and  Lepidus,  though  he  at  first  was  in- 
imical to  the  former.  The  triumvirate 
thus  formed  shed  the  best  blood  of 
Rome ;  and  Octavius  was  fully  as  guilty 
as  either  of  his  associates.  At  length 
Lepidus  was  deposed,  Antony  hurried 
to  ruin  and  death,  and  Octavius,  then  36 
years  of  age,  became  emperor,  with  the 
title  of  Augustus.  As  emperor,  his 
course  was  wise  and  beneficent ;  litera- 
ture and  the  arts  flourished  under  his 
auspices  ;  good  laws  were  enacted  ;  and 
he  was  in  many  respects  deserving  of 
the  lavish  praise  heaped  upon  him  by 
the  writers  of  that  time.  B.  63  b.  c.  ;  d. 
a.  d.  14. 

AUL1SIO,  Dominic,  a  Neapolitan  pro- 


fessor of  civil  law,  but  more  celebrated 
as  a  linguist,  and  for  his  great  proficien- 
cy in  general  science  and  the  belles 
lettres.  He  was  author  of  "  Commen- 
taries on  Civil  Law,"  a  "  History  of  the 
Rise* and  Progress  of  Medicine,"  &c. 
B.  1639;  d.  1717. 

AULNAGE,  F.  H.  S.  de,  a  Spanish 
writer.  B.  in  1739  ;  author  of  a  work  on 
ancient  pantomime,  and  of  "  Histoire 
Generate  des  Religions, "  &c. 

AULUS  GELLIUS,  a  grammarian  in 
the  reigns  of  Trajan  and  Marcus  Aure- 
lius ;  chiefly  remembered  for  his  "  Noctes 
Atticse." 

AUNGERVILLE,  Richard,  or  Rich- 
ard df.  Bury,  was  the  tutor  of  Edward 
III.,  by  whom  he  was  made  bishop  of 
London,  lord  high  chancellor,  lord  high 
treasurer,  &c.  He  was  a  munificent 
patron  of  learning,  and  the  author  of  a 
learned  work,  entitled  "  Philobiblion." 
B.  1281;  d.  1345. 

AUNOY,  countess  of,  a  lively  French 
authoress  of  the  17th  century.     D.  1705. 

AUREL1AN,  Lucius  Domitius,  a  Ro- 
man emperor,  was  the  son  of  a  peasant, 
and  b.  in  Pannonia,  about  the  year  220. 
Having  throughout  an  active  life  greatly 
distinguished  himself  as  a  skilful,  val- 
iant, and  successful  general,  he  was 
chosen  emperor  on  the  death  of  Claudius 
II.  in  270.  He  drove  the  barbarians 
from  Italy,  conquered  Tetricus,  who  had 
assumed  the  purple  in  Gaul,  and  van- 
quished the  celebrated  Zenobia,  of  Pal- 
myra, and  carried  her  a  prisoner  to 
Rome  ;  but  while  on  his  march  towards 
Persia,  in  275,  he  was  assassinated  by 
his  mutinous  troops. 

AURELIO,  Louis,  an  Italian  monk  of 
the  17th  century;  author  of  an  account 
of  the  Bohemian  rebellion.  He  also 
abridged  the  Universal  History  of  Tur- 
sellinus,  and  other  works.     D.  1637. 

AURIA,  Vin'centio,  author  of  a  his- 
torv  of  eminent  Sicilians.  B.  1625 ;  d. 
17l'o. 

AURIGNI,  Giles,  a  French  lawyer 
and  poet  of  the  16th  century;  author 
of  a  poem,  entitled  "Tuteur  d' Amour," 
and  some  other  works  of  no  great  value. 

AURUNGZEBE,  the  great  Mogul,  or 
emperor  of  Hindostan,  was  the  third 
son  of  Shah  Jehan.  His  early  life  was 
marked  by  gravity  and  seeming  devo- 
tion, but  these  were  merely  the  disguise 
of  an  ambitious  and  crafty  spirit.  He 
deposed  his  father,  put  to  death  two  of 
his  brothers,  and  the  son  of  the  elder 
of  them,  and  assumed  the  sovereign  au- 
thority. Ill,  however,  as  he  obtained 
his   power,  he   used  it  with   skill  and 


86 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[avi 


Courage.  He  subdued  Golconda,  the 
Carnatic,  Pisapour,  and  Bengal,  and 
routed  the  pirates  who  had  infested  the 
mouth  of  the  Ganges.  His  achieve- 
ments obtained  him  the  respect  of  Eu- 
ropean as  well  as  Asiatic  powers.  But 
the  close  of  his  life  was  embittered  by 
the  rebellious  conduct  of  his  sons,  who 
aimed  at  deposing  him,  as  he  had  de- 
posed his  father.  After  the  death  of 
Aurunjrzebe,  the  might  and  splendor  of 
the  Mogul  empire  rapidly  declined.  B. 
1618 ;  d.  1707. 

AUSEGIUS,  a  French  abbot  of  the 
9th  century,  who  made  a  collection  of 
the  capitularies  of  Charlemagne  and  his 
sou  Louis,  which  has  been  several  times 
reprinted.     D.  834. 

AUSONIUS,  Decius  Magnus,  a  Ro- 
man poet  of  the  4th  century;  son  of 
Julius  Ausonius,  a  physician  of  Bor- 
deaux. He  early  trave  proof  of  genius, 
and  was  appointed  tutor  to  Gratian,  son 
of  the  emperor  Valentinian ;  and  when 
his  pupil  came  to  the  throne,  he  made 
him  prsetorian  prefect  of  Gaul,  and  sub- 
sequently raised  him  to  the  consulship. 
His  poems  are  various  both  as  to  sub- 
ject and  merit  :  but  though  they  contain 
much  that  is  beautiful,  they  arc  but  too 
frequently  deformed  by  licentiousness. 

AUSTEN.  .Jam:,  the  celebrated  au- 
thoress of  "Pride  and  Prejudice," 
"Sense  and  Sensibility,"  and  other 
prose  fictions,  was  the  daughter  of  a  cler- 
gyman in  Hampshire.  B.  1775;  d.  1817. 
AUSTREA,  D.  Juan,  a  Spanish  ad- 
miral. B.  in  1545;  remembered  as  the 
conqueror  of  the  Turks  at  Lepanto. 

AUVERGNE,  Anthony,  a  French 
musician  and  composer  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury, who  composed  the  first  comic  opera 
ever  performed  in  France.     D.  1797. 

AVALOS,  Ferdinand,  marquis  of 
Peseara.  a  brave  Neapolitan  soldier,  and 
the  author  of  a  "  Dialogue  on  Love," 
•which  he  wrote  while  a  prisoner  of  war, 
and  dedicated  to  his  wife,  the  beautiful 
Vittoria  Colonna.  B.  1489 ;  d.  1525.— 
Alpiionso,  marquis  del  Vasto,  nephew 
of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Naples,  in 
1502,  and  obtained  the  command  of  the 
imperial  army  at  his  uncle's  death,  for 
the  brilliant  'valor  he  displayed  at  the 
siege  of  Pavia.     D.  1548. 

AVAUX,  Claude  de  Mesne,  count  of, 
a  celebrated  French  diplomatist,  and  an 
accomplished  scholar.     D.  1650. 

AVELL  AN  ED  A,  Alphonsus  Fernan- 
dez de,  a  Spanish  writer,  who,  to  the 
great  annoyance  of  Cervantes,  wrote  a 
jontinuati  >n  of  the  first  part  of  Don 
Quixote. 


AVELLONE,  F.,  an  Italian  dramatic 
writer,  whose  pieces  are  numerous,  and 
many  of  them  successful ;  "  Lanterne 
Magique,"  "Jules  "Willenvel,"  &c.  B. 
1756. 

AVENTINE,  John,  a  native  of  Bava- 
ria; author  of  the  "Annals  of  Bavaria," 
and  of  a  curious  work,  entitled  "  Nn- 
merandi  per  Digitos,"  &c.  B.  1466 ;  d. 
1534. 

AYEXZOAR,  or  EBN  ZOAR,  an 
Arabian  physician  of  the  12th  century. 
B.  at  Seville;  author  of  a  medical  com- 
pendium, entitled  "  Al  Theiser." 

AVERANI,  Benedict,  a  Florentine, 
was  a  learned  and  voluminous  prose  wri- 
ter and  poet.  B.  1645;  d.  1707.— Joseph, 
brother  of  the  above  ;  author  of  various 
scientific  treatises,  and  of  a  defence  of 
Galileo. 

AVERDY,  Clement  Charles  de  l', 
comptroller-general  of  France  in  the 
18th  century;  author  of  "Code  Penal," 
and  other  useful  works.  He  was  guil- 
lotined in  17i>4,  on  a  charge  of  having 
cause  1  the  scarcity  of  wheat  which  then 
afflicted  France. 

AVERROES,  or  AVEN  ROSCH,  an 
Arabian  philosopher  and  physician  of 
the  12th  century.  His  talents  caused 
him  to  be  made  chief  ruler  of  Morocco, 
by  the  caliph,  Jacob  Almanzor,  but  be- 
Lng  accused  of  heresy  by  the  Mahometan 
priests,  he  was  imprisoned  and  other- 
wise persecuted.  Again,  however,  he 
acquired  both  the  royal  favor  and  the 
popular  confidence,  and  d.  at  Morocco, 
in  1198,  in  possession  of  the  highest 
honors  below  the  sovereignty.  He  was 
author  of  a  paraphrase  of  Plato's  Repub- 
lic, and  several  other  works. 

AVIGNY,  a  national  French  poet.  B. 
at  Martinique,  in  1760;  author  of 
"  Jeanne  d'Arc,"  "  Le  Depart  de  la  Pe- 
rouse;"  and  some  successful  dramas, 
"Les  Lettres,"  "  Les  Deux  Jockeys," 
"  Doria,"  &c.  His  best  prose  produc- 
tion is  on  the  progress  of  the  British 
power  in  India,  inserted  in  Michard's 
"  Histoire  de  Mysore." 

AVI  LA,  John  n\  a  Spanish  priest, 
who  for  the  space  of  40  years  journeyed 
through  the  Andalusian  mountains  and 
forests,  enforcing  by  his  precepts  and 
example,  the  doctrine  of  the  trospel ;  on 
which  account  he  acquired  the  appella- 
tion of  the  Apostle  of  Andalusia.  D. 
1569. 

A  VILA  Y  ZUN1GA,  Louis  d',  a  dis- 
tinguished diplomatist,  warrior,  and  his- 
torian, under  Charles  V.  He  wrote 
"Commentaries"  on  the  wars  of  his 
sovereign,  who  si  much  admired  them. 


A.ZU] 


that  he  deemed  himself  more  fortunate 
than  Alexander,  in  having  such  an  his- 
torian. 

AVIEON,  James  le  Batiielier,  a 
French  lawyer  of  the  16th  century ; 
author  of  ""Commentaries  on  the  Pro- 
vincial Laws  of  Normandy." 

AVISON,  Chakles,  a  composer  and 
musician  ;  author  of  "  Essays  on  Musi- 
cal Expression,"  &c.     D.  1770. 

AV1TUS,  Marcus  M^cilius,  raised  to 
the  empire  of  the  West,  on  the  death 
of  Maxiinus,  in  455,  but  deposed  after  a 
reign  of  only  14  months. 

AVOGADRO,  Lucia,  an  Italian  poet- 
ess, whose  earlv  talents  won  the  praise 
of  Tasso.     D.  1568. 

AYALA,  Peter  Lopez  d',  a  learned, 
brave,  and  eloquent  Spanish  statesman, 
was  b.  in  Murcia,  in  1332.  After  serv- 
ing under  four  Castilian  monarehs,  both 
in  the  council  and  the  field,  he  distin- 
guishing himself  also  as  a  man  of  erudi- 
tion.    D.  1407. 

AYESHA,  daughter  of  Abubeker,  and 
favorite  wife  of  Mahomet.  On  the  death 
of  her  husband  she  resorted  to  arms  to 
oppose  the  succession  of  Ali;  but  though 
conquered  by  him,  she  was  dismissed 
in  safety,  and  d.  in  retirement,  at  Mecca, 
in  677. "  The  Mussulmans  venerate  her 
memory,  and  designate  her  the  proph- 
etess. 

AYLMER,  John,  bishop  of  London 
in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  He 
was  a  ready,  but  not  very  rigidly  prin- 
cipled writer ;  and  was  more  disposed 
to  intolerance  than  is  consistent  with 
the  character  of  a  true  Christian.  B. 
1521 ;  d.  1594. — The  true  name  of  Jack 
Cade. 

AYLOFFE,  Sir  Joseph,  an  able  anti- 
quary of  the  18th  century.  He  was 
keeper  of  the  state  papers,  and  author 
of  "The  Universal  Librarian,"  besides 
numerous  other  works.   B.  1708 ;  d.  1781. 

AYMON,  John,  a  Piedmontese  priest 
of  the  17th  century.  He  abjured  Pa- 
pacy for  the  doctrines  of  Calvin,  but  re- 
turned to  his  original  faith,  and  had  a 
pension  from  the  Cardinal  de  Noailles. 
Availing  himself  of  his  intimacy  with 
Ihe  librarian  of  the  royal  collection  at 
Paris,  he  stole  some  MSS.,  one  of  which, 
an  account  of  the  synod  of  Jerusalem  in 
1672,  he  published  in  Holland.  He  wrote 
a  "Picture  of  the  Court  of  Rome,"  and 
Borne  other  works. 

AYRAULT,  Pierre,  a  French  lawyer 
.»f  the  16th  century  ;  author  of  a  treatise 
"De  Patris  Jure,"  occasioned  by  the 
seduction  of  his  son  by  the  Jesuits,  and 
Dther  works.    B.  1526";  d.  1601. 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


87 


AYRTON,  Edmund,  a  composer  of 
cathedral  music,  and  one  of  the  directors 
of  the  Commemoration  of  Handel.  B. 
1734;  d.  1808. 

AYSCOUGH,  George  Edward,  son 
of  the  dean  of  Bristol,  by  a  sister  of  the 
first  Lord  Lyttleton.  lie  was  the  author 
of  a  volume  of  "Travels  on  the  Conti- 
nent," "  Index  to  Shakspeare,"  and  the 
"Tragedy  of  Scmirainis."  D.  1779. — ■ 
Samuel,  an  industrious  literary  charac- 
ter of  the  last  century.  He  contributed 
largely  to  the  British  Critic  and  other 
rjeriodicals ;  and  compiled  a  variety  of 
laborious  indexes,  of  which  his  index  to 
Shak^.eare  is  the  principal.  He  was 
curate  of  St.  Giles  s,  and  lecturer  at 
Shorcditch.     B.  1745 ;  d.  1804. 

AYSCUE,  Sir  George,  a  distinguished 
admiral  in  the  time  of  Cromwell,  and 
one  of  the  coadjutors  of  Blake  in  his 
famous  action  with  the  Dutch  admiral, 
Van  Tromp.  At  the  restoration  he  was 
made  rear-admiral  of  the  blue  ;  and  be- 
ing captured  in  Albemarle's  action  off 
Dunkirk,  remained  many  years  a  pris- 
oner. 

AYTON,  Sir  Robert,  a  native  of  Fife- 
shire,  in  Scotland,  a  poet  of  considerable 
merit.  He  wrote  in  Greek,  Latin,  and 
French,  as  well  as  English.  B.  1570; 
d.  1638. 

AZA1S,  P.  H.,  author  of  a  "  Systeme 
Universe],"  and  the  editor  of  several  lite- 
rary and  political  works,  "  Le  Mercure," 
"  Aristarque  "  <Kc.    B.  1706. 

AZARA,  Don  Joseph  Nicholas  d',  a 
Spanish  grandee,  born  in  Aragon,  1721 ; 
ambassador,  first  to  Rome,  and  next  to 
France ;  a  good  writer  in  Spanish,  Italian, 
and  French ;  a  ripe  antiquarian,  and  a 
great  patron  of  the  fine  arts.  His  "  Suite 
de  Pierres  Gravees,"  published  in  Spain, 
is  much  esteemed.  He  translated  into 
Spanish  "  Middleton's  Life  of  Cicero," 
"  Bowles's  Natural  History  of  Spain," 
"Seneca,"  and  "Bodoni's  Horace,"  D. 
1804. — Felix  d',  a  Spanish  naturalist 
and  traveller  of  the  ISth  century  ;  author 
of  a  "  Natural  History  of  Paraguay,"  and 
other  valuable  works.     B.  1746. 

AZNAR,  count  of  Gaseony,  distin- 
guished for  quelling  an  insurrection  of 
the  Navarrese  Gascons  in  824 ;  but  being 
discontented  with  Pepin,  king  of  Aqui- 
taine,  for  whom  he  put  down  the  insur- 
gents, he  subsequently,  in  831,  seized  on 
a  part  of  Navarre,  and  became  the  foun- 
der of  the  kingdom  of  that  name.  D. 
836. 

AZUNI,  Dominic  Albert,  a  Sardinian, 
author  of  "Systeme  Universel  du  Droit 
Maritime  de  l'Europe,"  &c,  a  work  of 


88 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


the  highest  merit,  written  in  the  purest 
French  Made  president  of  the  Genoese 
board  of  trade  by  Napoleon ;  he  fell  with 
bis  rjatron,  and  retired  to  private  life. 
B.  1760 ;  d.  1827. 


[bab 


AZZO,  Poktius,  an  Italian  jurist  of 
the  13th  century;  author  of  '•  A  Sum- 
mary of  the  Codes  or  Institutes."  Tie  ia 
said  to  have  been  executed  for  killing  a 
man  in  a  personal  conflict. 


B. 


BAADER,  Francis,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  thinkers  of  Germany,  who  wrote 
on  politics,  theology,  and  the  philosophi- 
cal sciences.  He  produced  no  formal 
system,  in  any  department  of  thought, 
but  is  commonly  classed  with  the  mys- 
tics. He  was  appointed  professor  in  the 
university  of  Munich  when  the  king  of 
Bavaria  wished  to  oppose  the  pantheistic 
tendencies  of  Schclling,  Hegel,  and  other 
German  authorities.  "His  chief  writings 
were  the  "  Absolute  Extravagance  of 
the  Practical  Reason  of  Kant,"  1797 ;  a 
"  Memoir  upon  Elementary  Physiology," 
1797  ;  a  "  Memoir  on  Physical  Dynam- 
ics," 1809  ;  "  Demonstration  of  Morals 
by  Physics,"  1813  ;  "  Principles  of  a 
Theory  destined  to  give  Form  and  Foun- 
dation to  Human  Life,"  1820;  "Lectures 
upon  Religious  Philosophy  in  opposition 
to  the  Irreligion  of  both  Ancient  and 
Modern  Times,"  1727;  "Christiau  Idea 
of  Immortality,  as  opposed  to  Unshris- 
tian  Doctrhfes","  1836. 

BAAHDIN,  Mahomet  Gebet  Amali, 
a  Persian  author,  who  wrote  a  "  Sum- 
mat;  of  the  Canon  and  Civil  Law,"  by 
the  order  of  Abbas  the  Great. 

BAAN,  John  De,  a  portrait  painter, 
born  at  Harlaem,  in  1633.  His  celebrity 
got  him  employment  under  Charles  II. 
of  England,  whose  whole  family  were 
painted  by  him.  He  was  subsequently 
patronized  by  the  duke  of  Tuscany.  D. 
1702. — James,  a  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  of  the  same  profession,  but  not  so 
distinguished.     D.  1700. 

BAARSDAP,  Cornelius,  a  physician 
under  Charles  V.,  who  wrote  the  "  Me- 
thodus  Universal  Artis  Medical."  D. 
1565. 

BAART  Peter,  a  Flemish  author, 
who  wrote  chiefly  in  Latin.  His  works 
were,  the  "  Flemish  Georgics,"  and  "  Le 
Triton  de  Frise."  He  flourished  during 
the  18th  ccutury. 

BABA,  a  Turkish  fanatic,  who  about 
the  year  1260  proclaimed  himself  a  mes- 
senger of  God ;  and  collecting  a  con- 
siderable body  of  adherents,  laid  waste 


to  Aretolia.  He  was  finally  routed,  and 
his  sect  destroyed. 

BABBINGTON,  Anthony,  a  Catholic 
of  Derbyshire,  who  conspired  with  seve- 
ral other  gentlemen  to  assassinate  Queen 
Elizabeth  of  England,  and  rescue  Mary, 
queen  of  Scots.  He  joined  in  the  un- 
dertaking, it  is  said,  in  hope  that  the 
latter  lady  would  in  gratitude  become 
his  wife.  The  plot  was  discovered,  and 
he  was  executed  in  1586.  A  touching 
account  of  the  affair  is  to  be  found  in 
Leigh  Hunt's  "  London  Journal." — Ger- 
vase,  an  English  bishop,  who  was  a  great 
benefactor  to  the  cathedral  library  at 
Worcester,  and  wrote  notes  on  the  Pen- 
tateuch. D.  1610. — William,  a  noted 
physician  and  lecturer  at  Guy  hospital, 
who  wrote  a  new  "  System  of  Mineral- 
ogy," and  other  scientific  works.  B. 
1757;  d.  1833. 

BABEK,  a  Persian  fanatic,  who  gath- 
ered a  multitude  of  followers,  as  the 
apostle  of  a  new  religion ;  and  for  more 
than  twenty  years  barrled  all  the  efforts 
made  to  suppress  his  influence.  When 
he  was  finally  conquered  by  the  caliph, 
who  succeeded  A'mamar,  he  was  pub- 
licly executed.  He  began  his  career 
about  837,  and  was  called  "  The  Im- 
pious." 

BABEAUF,  Francis  Noel,  a  French 
reformer  and  enthusiast,  who  was  born 
at  St.  Quentin.  He  was  of  humble  ex- 
traction, and  for  a  time  served  in  a  menial 
capacity.  But  he  parted  with  his  em- 
ployer," and  became  an  attorney.  Im- 
prisoned at  Arras  for  some  trivial  offence, 
he  escaped  to  Paris,  where,  strongly 
sympathizing  with  the  democrats  of  the 
revolution,  he  issued  a  paper  called  the 
Tribune,  which  had  great  acceptance 
among  the  people.  His  doctrines  were 
those  of  the  communistic  revolutionists, 
and  he  vindicated  a  system  of  equal 
risrhts  and  common  property.  When 
Robespierre  died,  he  was  considered  by 
his  associates  the  next  best  man  to  gov- 
ern France;  but  he  was  betrayed  by 
some  of  his  friends,  and  guillotined  in 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


BAC] 


1797.  His  trial  produced  a  prodigious 
sensation,  and  was  published  in  three 
volumes. 

BABIN,  Francis,  a  French  divine  of 
Angers,  who  edited  the  "  Conferences" 
of  that  diocese.     D.  1734. 

BABOUR,  the  founder  of  the  great 
Mogul  dynasty,  a  descendant  of  Timour, 
or  Tamerlane,  as  he  is  called ;  who  un- 
dertook the  conquest  of  Sarnarcand,  and 
was  deprived  of  his  dominions  by  the 
Usbecks.  He  recovered  his  fortunes, 
however,  and  overthrew  Ibrahim,  the 
last  Hindoo  emperor,  whose  throne  he 
usurped.  After  an  active  reign  he  died 
in  1530.  He  was  an  accomplished  but 
voluptuous  prince,  and  wrote  a  history 
of  his  own  life. 

BABRIAS,  a  Greek  poet,  quoted  by 
Suidas. 

BABYLAS,  a  bishop  of  Antioeh,  put 
to  death  during  the  persecution  of  De- 
cius,  251. 

BACAI,  Ibrahim,  a  Mahometan  au- 
thor.    D.  835  of  the  Hegira. 

BACCAINI,  Benedict,  professor  of 
ecclesiastical  history  at  Modena.  B. 
1657;  d.1721. 

BACCULARY  SAUNA,  Vincent,  a 
commander  and  statesman  under  Charles 
II.  and  Philip  V.  of  Spain,  and  who  also 
wrote  the  memoirs  of  Philip  V.  D.  1726. 
BACCHYLIDES,  a  Greek  lyric  poet, 
cotemporary  with  Pindar,  and  whom 
Horace  is  said  to  have  imitated.  He 
flourished  about  450  b.  c. 

BACCIO,  Andrew,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician and  author  of  the  16th  century. — 
Della  Porta,  more  generally  known 
as  Fra  Bartolomeo,  was  a  celebrated 
painter,  born  at  Sarignano,  in  Tuscanv, 
1469.  His  teacher  was  Ccsimo  Roselti, 
of  Florence,  under  whom,  by  the  study 
of  the  works  of  Leonarda,  he  acquired 
great  grandeur  of  style,  and  vigor  of 
coloring  and  outline.  The  famous 
fresco  in  the  hospital  of  Santa  Maria 
Nuova,  representing  the  last  judgment, 
was  begun  by  him  and  finished  by 
Albertinelli.  He  enlisted  in  the  cause 
of  Savonarola,  and  was  imprisoned  in 
the  monastery  of  San  Marco,  which  was 
besieged ;  when  he  made  a  vow,  that 
if  he  escaped  he  would  become  a  monk. 
In  consequence  of  this,  he  assumed  the 
Dominican  habit  in  1500,  and  went  under 
the  name  of  Brother  Bartolomeo.  For 
four  years  he  did  not  paint  at  all,  and 
afterwards  only  sacred  subjects.  Raphael 
visited  him  in  1504,  and  some  years  af- 
terwards he  himself  met  Michael  Angelo 
and  Raphael  at  Rome,  where  he  acknowl- 
edged their  merits.     His  style  of  paint- 


89 


ing  was  severe  and  elevated,  but  at  the 
same  time  graceful ;  in  the  use  of  color 
resembling  Titian  or  Giorgone. 

BACELLAR,  Anthony  Barbosa,  a 
Portuguese  poet,  historian,  and  civilian, 
who  wrote  a  celebrated  defence  of  the 
house  of  Braganza. 

BACH,  John  Sebastian,  a  musical 
author  who  occupies  the  highest  rank 
among  the  composers  of  Germany.  He 
was  b.  at  Eisenach  in  16S5,  and  studied 
at  Luneburg,  where  he  made  himself 
familiar  with  the  French  style  of  music, 
by  frequenting  the  chapel  of  the  duke 
of  Halle  In  1707  he  was  appointed 
organist  at  Muhlhausen,  the  next  year 
at"  Weimar,  in  1717  chapel-master  at 
Cothen  ;  in  1723  chanter  and  director  of 
music  at  Leipsic,  and  in  1736  composer 
at  the  electoral  court  of  Saxony.  As  a 
performer  on  the  harpsichord  and  organ 
he  was  without  a  rival  in  his  time,  while 
his  compositions  are  marked  by  great 
originality,  strength,  and  fervor.  D. 
1750. — Charles  Philip  Emanuel,  the 
second  son  of  the  above,  known  as  Bach 
of  Berlin,  was  chapel-master  to  the 
Princess  Amelia  of  Prussia,  and  after- 
wards director  of  music  at  Hamburgh. 
He  was  b.  in  1714,  and  as  a  composer 
attained  a  celebrity  as  wide  as  that  of  his 
father.  Haydn  seems  to  have  regard- 
ed him  as  a  master. — John  Christian, 
another  son  of  Sebastian,  by  a  second 
wife,  known  as  Bach  of  Milan,  was  a 
scholar  of  Emanuel,  under  whom  he  be- 
came a  fine  performer  on  keVed  instru- 
ments. He  afterwards  went  to  Italy, 
where  his  success  as  a  composer  of  vocal 
music  got  him  the  place  of  organist  of 
the  Duomo  of  Milan.  In  1763  he  was 
engaged  by  Matteuceo  to  compose  for 
the  opera  in  London,  where  he  produced 
"  Orione,"  which  was  extremely  ap- 
plauded for  the  richness  of  its  harmo- 
nies, the  ingenious  texture  of  its  parts, 
and  its  new  and  skilful  use  of  wind 
instruments.  In  connection  with  Abel, 
he  opened  weekly  subscription  concerts, 
which  were  kept  up  for  more  than  20 
vears  with  uninterrupted  prosperity. 
He  was  the  first  composer  who  observed 
the  law  of  contrast  as  a  principle  of  har- 
mony. His  symphonies  are  regarded 
generally  as  more  original  than  his  songs 
or  piece's  for  the  harpsichord.  D.  1782. 
— John  Christopher,  another  of  the 
Bachs,  was  the  greatest  contrapuntist 
and  most  expert  organist  in  Germany, 
where  he  was  court  and  town  organist 
at  Eisenach.  He  w  is  also  an  uneomn.on 
master  of  full  harmony,  as  is  proved  by 
his  "Es  erhab  sich  ein  Streit,"  a  piece 


90 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bag 


of  church  music,  having  20  obligate 
parts,  yet  perfectly  pure  in  its  harmo- 
nies. 

BACH AUMONT,  Francis  le  Coigeau 
de,  was  a  counsellor  of  the  parliament 
of  Paris,  of  which  his  father  was  presi- 
dent. In  the  disturbance  of  1648  he 
took  part  against  the  court,  and  a  mot 
of  his  at  that  time  originated  the  name 
of  the  Fronde.  He  said  that  the  parlia- 
ment reminded  him  of  the  school-boys 
vrho  played  with  slinks  on  the  boule- 
vards,— they  dispersed  at  the  sight  of  a 
police  officer,  and  collected  again  as  soon 
as  he  was  gone.  The  comparison  struck 
the  general  mind,  and  the  enemies  of 
Mazarin,  adopting  a  hat-band  in  the 
form  of  a  sling  (frande)  were  called 
Frondeurs.  During  the  war  of  the 
Fronde,  and  afterwards,  he  was  dis- 
tinguished as  a  poet  and  author.  His 
book  called  "  A  Journey  to  Montpelier" 
is  lively  and  spirited.  B.  1624;  d.  1702. 
— Loris  Petit,  the  writer  of  a  volumin- 
ous "Secret  Memoirs  towards  a  History 
of  the  French  Republic  of  Letters."  D. 
1771. 

PACIIE,  Richard,  a  postmaster-gen- 
eral of  the  United  States  from  1776  to 
1782.  He  was  the  son-in-law  of  Dr. 
Franklin.  D.  1811. — Benjamin  Frank- 
lin, the  editor  of  a  print  called  the 
"  Aurora,"  which  vehemently  opposed 
the  administrations  of  Washington  and 
Adams.     D.  1799. 

BACHELTER,  Nicholas,  a  French 
sculptor,  pupil  of  Michael  Angelo.  Sev- 
eral of  his  productions  are  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  Toulouse,  his  native  city.  D. 
1554. — John  James,  a  French  painter. 
B.  in  1724;  was  director  of  the  royal 
porcelain  manufactory  of  Sevres,  and 
.the  discoverer  of  an  encaustic  composi- 
tion for  the  preservation  of  marble  sta- 
tues. He  devoted  a  fortune  of  60,000 
francs  to  the  establishment  of  a  school 
for  gratuitously  teaching  the  art  of  draw- 
jig."    D.  1805. 

BACHER,  George  Frederic,  a  Ger- 
oian  physician  of  the  18th  century ; 
uithor  of  "  Treatises  on  Dropsy,"  a  dis- 
ease which  he  was  very  skilful  in 
reating. — A  son  of  the  preceding,  and 
f  the  same  profession,  was  the  author 
f  a  work  on  law,  and  a  contributor  to 
le  "Journal  de  Medeeine."     D.  1807. 

PACIIOVTUS.  Rkinier,  a  German 
<ri\?lianof  the  16th  century;  author  of 
a  catechism  in  vindication  of  Calvinism. 
— R."a\ter,  son  of  the  above ;  professor 
of  civil  law  at  Heidelberg  ;  author  of  a 
treatba  "  De  Actionibus,"  &c. 

BACHMEISTER,  H.  L.  0.,  a  miscel- 


laneous writer.  B.  at  Hernhorn,  in  tho 
principality  of  Nassau-Dillenbourg,  in 
1736;  author  of  "  An  Abridgment  of 
the  Geography  of  the  Russian  Empire  ;" 
"  A  Collection  of  Memoirs  relating  to 
Peter  I. ;"  "  The  Russian  Library,"  11 
vols.,  &c.     D.  1806. 

BACICI,  John  Baptist  Gauli,  an 
Italian  painter,  chiefly  of  scriptural  sub- 
jects and  portraits.     B.  1639  ;  d.  1709. 

BACKER,  James,  a  Dutch  historical 
painter  of  great  ability.  B.  1530;  d. 
1560. — Jacob,  a  portrait  and  historical 
painter.     B.  at  Harlingen,  160  J ;  d.  1651. 

BACKHOUSE,  William,  an  English 
astronomer  and  alchemist;  author  of 
"The  Complaint  of  Nature,"  "The 
Golden  Fleece,"  &c.     D.  1662. 

BACKHUYSEN,  Ludolf;  a  painter 
of  the  Dutch  school,  distinguished  main- 
ly for  his  sea-pieces.  He  was  b.  in  1631 
at  Embden,  and  was  originally  destined 
for  mercantile  pursuits.  But' instead  of 
poring  over  ledgers  he  made  pen  sketches 
of  vessels  and  shipping  scenes,  which, 
attracting  attention,  he  was  induced  to 
devote  his  life  to  art.  He  took  regular 
instructions,  and  soon  acquired  extra- 
ordinary facility.  It  was  his  custom, 
when  storms  approached,  to  embark  on 
the  boats,  to  observe  the  commotion  of 
the  waters,  the  gathering  of  the  clouds, 
and  the  breaking  of  the  swell  upon  tho 
shore.  He  carried  his  enthusiasm  to 
such  a  pitch  that  the  terrified  sailors 
were  often  forced  to  carry  him  to  land  in 
the  face  of  his  most  earnest  entreaties  to 
remain.  Full  of  what  he  had  seen,  he 
put  upon  canvas,  while  the  impression 
was  fresh,  and  with  admirable  fidelity, 
the  varying  features  of  those  scenes. 
This  courageous  zeal  procured  his  pic- 
tures an  eminent  rank  in  their  class. 
Truth  was  their  prevailing  characteristic, 
though  his  coloring  was  excellent,  and 
his  touch  free  and  effective.  He  also 
attempted  poetry,  but  not  with  the  same 
success.     D.  1709. 

BACKLER,  d'Albe,  Baron  Anbert 
Louis,  a  French  geographer  and  en- 
gineer, who  was  the  author  of  the 
"('hart  of  the  Theatre  of  War  in  Na- 
poleon's first  Italian  Campaigns."  B. 
1761;  d.  1824. 

BACKUS,  Azel,  D.D.,  the  first  pres- 
ident of  Hamilton  college,  and  author 
of  several  published  sermons.  B.  1767; 
d.  1824. — Isaac,  a  distinguished  Baptist 
preacher  of  Norwich,  Ct.  He  wrote  a 
history  of  that  sect,  in  3  vols.,  which 
was  greatly  indebted  to  his  exertions 
for  its  prosperity.     B.  1724;  d.  1806. 

BACON,  Anne,  wife  of  Sir  Nicholas, 


BAC] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


91 


remarkable  for  her  learning,  translated 
the  sermons  of  Ochinus  from  the  Ita'ian, 
and   "Bishop  Jewel's  Apology  for  the 
Church  of  England,"    from  the  Latin. 
B.  152S;    d.  1600. — Anthony,  an  elder 
brother  of  the  chancellor,  a  skilful  poli- 
tician and  learned  man,  was  the  friend 
of  the  earl  of  Essex,  and  a  favorite  of 
Henty  IV.  of  France.     He  passed  his 
time    in   the    pursuit  of   knowledge. — 
John,  an  eminent  sculptor  who  invented 
a  method  of  making  statues  in  artificial 
stone.     His  chief  works  were  a  bust  of 
George   III.,   a    figure   of   Mars,    Lord 
Chatham's  monuments  in  Guildhall  and 
Westminster,    and   those   of  Guy,   the 
founder   of   the   hospital,    and    of   Dr. 
Johnson  and  Howard  in  St.  Paul's.    B. 
1740;  d.  1799. — John,  an  English  monk, 
called  the  Resolute  Doctor,  who  wrote  a 
"Compendium  of  the  Law  of  Christ." 
D.  1346. — Francis,  viscount  of  St.  Al- 
bans,   one   of   the   most    extraordinary 
men  that  any  age  can  boast, — a  scholar, 
a  wit,  a  lawyer,  a  judge,  a  statesman,  a 
politician  and  philosopher,  whose  wri- 
tings will  endure  as  long  as   the  lan- 
fuages  in  which  they  are  written  can 
e  read.     He  was  born  at  London,  Jan. 
22,  1561,  and  from  his  earliest  childhood 
evinced  the  greatest  aptitude  for  learn- 
ing,   and    a     remarkable    capacity    of 
thought.     He  entered  Cambridge  in  his 
13th    year,    and    was    speedily  distin- 
guished for  his  progress  in  the  sciences. 
Before   he   was   16    he   wrote   a  thesis 
against     the     Aristotelian     philosophy 
then    in    vogue.        His    precocity    led 
Queen  Elizabeth,  when   he  first  made 
her    acquaintance,     to     call     him    her 
"  youns  lord  keeper."     At  the  close  of 
his   collegiate   studies,   he   went,   as   it 
was  then  the  custom  with  young  men, 
to  the  Continent  for  the  purposes   of 
travel.       Ho   was   in  the   suite   of  Sir 
Amias  Paulet,  who  sent  him   back  to 
England  on  an  important  errand,  which 
he  managed   so  discreetly  that   he   at- 
tracted the   regard  of  the  queen,   and 
was  at  once  established  in  court  favor. 
Returning  to  France,  he  completed  his 
travels,  and  then,  though  but  19  years 
of  ago,  wrote  an  essay  on  the  state  of 
Europe,   which   gave    astonishing  evi- 
dence of  extensive  observation  and  ma- 
ture judgment.     The  death  of  his  father 
recalled  him  to  England,  where  he  en- 
gaged  in   the   study  of  jurisprudence, 
and  before  he  was  28  was  made  counsel 
extraordinary  to  the  queen.     His  con- 
nection with  Burleigh,  the  lord  treasurer, 
ind  Sir  Robert  Cecil,  first  secretary  of 
state,  would  have  led  to  his  instant  ad- 


vancement, but  for  the  feud  of  the  latter 
with  Essex.     In  1593  he  was  returned  a 
member  of  parliament   for   Middlesex, 
where  he  at  ni>t  conducted  himself  with 
great  dignity  and  discretion,  voting  with 
the  popular  party  against  the  measures 
of  the  ministers,  but  towards  the  end 
of   Elizabeth's   reign,    his   poverty   be- 
trayed  him   into   acts   of  servility  un- 
worthy of  his  character.     Under  James 
I.,  a  prince  ambitious  of  the  title  of  a 
patron  of  letters,  he  was  knighted  in 
1703.     Commissioned  to  make  a  report 
on  the   oppressions  committed   by  the 
royal   purveyors  in  the  king's  name,  he 
executed  the  task  with  so  much  satis- 
faction both  to  the  king  and  parliament, 
that    the    commons    voted    hint    their 
thanks,  and   James   made   him   king's 
counsel,  with  a  pension  of  £100.     He 
soon  after  contracted  an  advantageous 
marriage,  was  created  lord  keeper  of  the 
seals  in   1617,  and  lord  high  chancellor 
and  baron  of  Verulam  in  1619,  and,  in 
1620,  viscount  of  St.  Albans.     But  his 
rapid  preferment  was  only  the  precursor 
to  a  still  more  rapid  fall.     He  was  ac- 
cused before  the  house  of  lords  of  hav- 
ing received  money  for  grants  of  office 
and  privileges  under  the  seal  of  state. 
He  was  unable  to  justify  himself,  and 
finally  confessed  the  bulk  of  the  charges., 
throwing  himself  on  the  mercy  of  the 
peers.     He  was  sentenced  to  pay  a  fine 
of  £40,000,    to    be   imprisoned   in   the 
Tower,  and  to  be  declared  incapable  of 
holding  office,  or  to  appear  within  the 
verge  of  the  court.    Basil  Montague,  in 
his  admirable  life  of  Bacon,  ingeniously 
attempts  to  excuse  bis  crimes,  but  his 
arguments  are   scattered   like   chaff  iu 
Mr.   Macaulay's  essay  on  Bacon,  to  be 
found  in   his   Miscellanies.      The   sen- 
tence was  not  rigorously  executed;  he 
was  soon  released  from  the  Tower,  and 
the  rest  of  his  penalty  remitted.     Yet 
he   survived    his   disgrace   only  a  few 
years,  and  died  in  1726.      During  his 
active  political  life,  and  in  his  ti.ll,   he 
had  still  been  devoted  to  philosophy. 
His   universal   genius    had    made    him 
master  of  all  the  scieuces,  and  his  im- 
mortal writings,  the  "Advancement  of 
Learning,"    and   the    "  Novum    Oiga- 
num,"    laid    the    foundations   of  truo 
scientific   method,  which   changed   the 
philosophy  of  the  world.      He  treated 
also,    in    the    "Sylva  Sylvannin,"    of 
natural  history,  wrote  several  works  on 
medicine,  and  suggested  extensive  and 
wise  reforms  of  law.     His  moral  "  Es- 
says" are  a  treasure  of  profound  thought, 
eloquently  expressed.   Indeed,  in  nearly 


92 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bac 


all  departments  of  human  investigation, 
he  displayed  prodigious  capacity,   and 
was  as  copious  and  beautiful  as  a  writer 
as  he  was  original  and  comprehensive 
as  a  thinker.    In  mathematics  and  as- 
tronomy he  was,  perhaps,  behind  others 
of  his  day,  but  in  every  other  respect, 
he   soared  to   such  a  height,   that  his 
cotemporaries    scarcely    estimated    the 
greatness   of  his   views    and    the    im- 
portance  of  his    discoveries. — Roger, 
an  English  monk,  whose  genius  would 
render'  the   name  of  Bacon    illustrious 
even  if  it  had  not  belonged  to  the  great 
counsellor  whose    life   is  given   above. 
He  was  born  in  1214,  at  Ilchester,  in 
Somerset,  and  educated  first  at  Oxford 
and  then  at  Paris,  where  he  took  a  de- 
gree as  doctor  of  theology.     In  1240  he 
returned  to  Oxford,  where  he  joined  the 
order  of  Franciscans.      His  inquisitive 
spirit,  however,  directed  his  taste  rather 
to  learning  than  religion,   and  he  was 
soon  distinguished  for  the  extent  as  well 
as  variety  of  his  attainments.    His  favor- 
ite pursuit  was  natural  philosophy  ;  in 
the   prosecution  of  which,   having  ex- 
hausted his  own  means,  he  relied  upon 
the  contributions  of  friends.     He  dis- 
covered many  valuable  facts  in  science; 
but  such  was  the  ignorance  and  super- 
stition of  the  day,  that  his  labors  were 
regarded  as  heretical  and  their  results  as 
sorcery  or  magic.      He  replied  by  de- 
nouncing the  ignorance  and  corruption 
of  the  priests,  who  could  not  compre- 
hend his  elevated  aims,  and  they,  in  re- 
venge, denounced  him  at  the  court  of 
Rome.    The  pope  silenced  his  teachings 
at  the  university ;  and  not  long  after  he 
was  thrown  into  prison,  where  he  was 
shut  out  from  all  human  converse,  and 
almost  deprived  of  food.    But  the  next 
pope,  Clement  IV.,  a  more  enlightened 
man,  liberated  him  from  confinement, 
and  requested  him  to  publish  his  works, 
which  he  did  in  the  shape  of  what  is  now 
known  as  the  "  Opus  Majus."    Clement's 
successor,  Nicholas  III.,  was  not  so  favor- 
able to  him,  and  his  writings  were  again 
condemned  and  his  person  imprisoned. 
He  suffered  during  ten  years,  and  was 
only  released  by  the  intercession  of  some 
learned  Englishmen.     He  died  in  1294. 
His  opinions  were  many  of  them  those 
of  his  age,  but  he  was  in  most  respects 
greatly  in  advance  of  it.     His  views  on 
optics  were  new  and  ingenious  ;  he  had 
investigated  the  refraction  of  light,  knew 
the  property  of  lenses,  and  was  either 
th<;  inventor  or  improver  of  the  telescope. 
The  camera  obscura  and   the  burning 
glass  were  not,  unknown  to  him,  and  he 


made  several  discoveries  in  cher.iistry. 
He  knew  the  secret  of  manufacturing 
gunpowder,  was  familiar  with  geography 
and  astronomy ;   wrote  Hebrew,  Latin, 
and  Greek  with  elegance ;  and  has  left 
behind  admirable  precepts  in  moral  phi- 
losophy.   Altogether  he  was  perhaps  the 
most  wonderful   man  of  his   age.— Sir 
Nicholas^  keeper  of  the  great  seal  under 
Elizabeth,  was  born  1510.    He  was  em- 
ployed under  Henry  VIII.,  to  whom  he 
proposed   a  plan,  which   however  was 
never  adopted,  for  the  erecting  of  a  col- 
lege to  instruct  young  statesmen  in  all 
the  branches  of  political  knowledge.   He 
was  knighted  by  Elizabeth,  and  made 
keeper  of  the  seals  in  the  room  of  Heath, 
archbishop  of  York  ;  but  as  he  favored 
the  Suffolk  succession  he  was   treated 
with  coldness,  and  suspected  of  assisting 
Hales  in  writing  a  tract  to  favor  the  claims 
of  the  duchess  of  Suffolk  against  the 
rights   of  the   queen  of  Scotland.    He 
was,  however,  soon  after  reinstated  in 
the  queen's  good  opinion  by  the  inter- 
ference of  Sir  William  Cecil,  and  he  died 
20th  February,  1579. — Nathaniel,  a  Vir- 
ginia genera!,  one  of  the  earliest  patriots 
of  the  New  World,  was  educated  at  the 
Inns  of  Court  in  England,  and  after  his 
arrival    in   this   country  was   chosen  a 
member  of  the  council.    The  murder  of 
six  Indian  chiefs  induced  the  savages 
to  take  terrible  vengeance,  inhumanly 
slaughtering   sixty   for  the  six.     Their 
incursions   caused  the   frontier   planta- 
tions to  be  abandoned.   Governor  Berke- 
ley built  a  few  forts  on  the  frontiers,  but 
this  wretched   expedient  produced   no 
beneficial  effect,  for  the  savages  quickly 
found  out,  as  an  old  history  has  it,  "  where 
the  mouse-traps  were  set."     The  people 
were  for  wiser  and  more  active  measures. 
They  chose  Bacon  for  their  leader,  who 
after  sending  to  the  governor  for  a  com- 
mission,   which  was   refused,   marched 
without  one  at  the  head  of  80  or  90  met 
and  defeated  the  Indians.     For  this  act 
he  was  proclaimed  a  rebel.  He  was  taken, 
tried,  and  acquitted,  restored  to  the  coun- 
cil, and  promised  also  in  two  days  a  com- 
mission as  general  for  the  Indian  war, 
agreeably  to  the  passionate  wishes  of  the 
people.  *  As  the  governor  refused  to  sign 
the  promised   commission,  Bacon  soon 
appeared  at  the  head  of  500  men  and 
obtained  it  by  force.    The   people  had 
not  misjudged  his  capacity  to  serve  them : 
for  by  the  wise  and  energetic  measures 
he  adopted,   he  restored   his   scattered 
friends  to  their  plantations.     While  ho 
was  thus  honorably  employed,  the  gov- 
ernor again  proclaimed  him  a  rebel.  Tin's 


bag] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


93 


measure  induced  him  to  countermarch 
to  Williamsburg,  whence  he  issued  his 
declaration  against  the  governor,  and 
Boon  drove  him  across  the  bay  to  Aeco- 
mae.  He  also  exacted  of  the  people  an 
oath  to  support  him  against  the  forces 
employed  by  the  governor.  He  then 
prosecuted  the  Indian  war.  The  gov- 
ernor was  again  routed,  and  Jamestown 
burned.  To  prevent  an  attack  by  the 
governor  when  besieged  by  him,  he 
seized  the  wives  of  several  of  the  gov- 
ernor's adherents,  and  brought  them  into 
camp;  sending  word  to  their  husbands, 
that  they  would  be  placed  in  front  of  his 
men.  Entirely  successful  on  the  western 
shore,  Bacon  was  about  to  cross  the  bay 
to  attack  the  governor  at  Accomac,  when 
he  was  arrested  by  death,  October  1st, 
1676.  He  appears  to  have  been  a  man 
of  noble  impulses,  great  sagacity,  and 
chivalric  valor.  His  story  has  been 
wrought  into  a  novel  by  Mr.  Caruthers 
of  Virginia  ;  and  Mr.  Parke  Godwin,  we 
are  told,,  has  an  unpublished  drama,  of 
which  Bacon  is  the  hero. — Phanuel, 
D.  D.,  an  Oxford  divine,  celebrated  for 
his  wit  ana  humor.  In  1735  he  became 
rector  of  Baldon,  Oxfordshire,  where  he 
died,  January  2,  1783.  He  wrote,  be- 
sides five  plays,  published  in  1757,  anele 
gant  poem  called  "  The  Artificial  Ki» 
first  printed  in  1719,  and  inserted  in  the 
Gentleman's  Magazine,  1753. — Thomas, 
an  Episcopal  minister  at  Frederietown, 
Maryland,  died  in  1768.  He  compiled 
"A  Complete  System  of  the  Revenue  of 
Ireland,"  published  in  1737;  also  "a 
Complete  Body  of  the  Laws  of  Mary- 
land," fol.,  1765.  He  also  wrote  other 
valuable  pieces. 

BACONTHORPE,  John,  called  the 
Resolute  Doctor,  nn  English  monk,  au- 
thor of  a  "Compendium  of  the  Law  of 
Christ,"  etc.     D.  1346. 

BACQUET,  a  French  advocate,  au- 
thor of  various  law  treatises,  of  which 
an  edition,  in  2  vols.,  was  published  at 
Lvons,  in  1744.     D.  1597. 

'BACQDE,  Leo,  a  bishop  of  Pamiers, 
who  wrote  a  Latin  poem  on  the  educa- 
tion of  princes.     B.  1600;  d.  1694. 

BACQUERRE,  Benedict  de,  a  phy- 
sician who  wrote  the  "Stimma  Medi- 
eus." 

BADCOCK,  Samuel,  an  English  di- 
vine and  author  of  no  mean  celebrity, 
but  chieflv  known  by  his  critiques  in 
the  Monthly  Re\iew.     B.  1747  ;  d.  1788. 

BADEN,"  James,  professor  of  Latin 
and  eloquence  in  the  university  of  Co- 
penhagen, author  of  a  "  Danish  and 
Oennan   Dictionary,"    a  translation  of 


Tacitus,  and  honored  as  one  of  the 
founders  of  Danish  letters.  B.  1735  ;  d. 
1805. — Richard  de,  chancellor  of  Cam- 
bridge in  1326,  when  he  founded  Uni- 
versity Hall.  That  building  being  burnt 
down,  a  new  one  was  built  by  the  daugh- 
ter of  Gilbert  de  Clare,  and  called  Clare- 
Hall. 

BADEXS,  Francis,  an  historical  and 
portrait  painter  of  Antwerp.  B.  1571 ; 
d.  1603. 

BADGER,  Louis,  a  native  of  Lyons, 
has  immortalized  his  memory  by  an 
heroic  instance  of  fraternal  affection. 
To  save  his  brother,  who  had  assisted 
in  defending  Lyons  against  the  repub- 
licans, and  who  was  consequently  ox- 
posed  to  the  penalty  of  death  after  the 
surrender,  he  assumed  his  name,  and 
cheerfully  suffered  for  him. 

BADIA  Y  ZEBLICH,  Domingo,  <* 
Spanish  traveller,  who  became  a  Mus- 
sulman in  order  to  travel  through  the 
East,  where  he  was  everywhere  received 
with  favor,  as  a  true  believer.  It  is  now 
known  that  he  was  employed  as  a  po- 
litical agent  by  the  Prince  of  Peace,  at 
the  instigation  of  Bonaparte;  and  on 
his  return  to  his  native  country  he  es- 
poused the  French  cause  there.  After 
the  battle  of  Vittoria  he  took  refuge  in 
France.     B.  1766;  d.  1824. 

BADILE,  Antonio,  an  Italian  painter, 
celebrated  for  the  accuracy  and  coloring 
of  Ins  portraits,  but  deriving  still  greater 
honor  from  having  two  such  disciples 
as  Paul  Veronese  and  Baptista  Zelotti. 
B.  1480;  d.  1560. 

BADUEL,  Claude,  a  French  Prot- 
estant divine,  author  of  some  theologi- 
cal treatises,  &c.     D.  1561. 

BAERKlUS,orVEKENSTIL,  Henry, 
a  printer  and  mathematician  of  the  16th 
century.  He  resided  at  Louvain,  and 
there  published,  in  1528,  "Tables  of 
the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  the 
Planets,"  &c. 

BAERSTRAT,  a  Dutch  painter, 
chiefly  of  sea-pieces.    D.  1 687. 

BAFFIN,  William,  an  English  navi- 
gator of  the  17th  century,  famous  for 
his  discoveries  in  the  Arctic  regioiis, 
was  born  in  1584.  He  visited  West 
Greenland  in  1612,  again  in  1615,  and 
made  a  voyage  to  Spitzbergen  in  1614. 
In  1623  and  1624  he  ascertained  the 
limits  of  that  vast  inlet  of  the  sea  since 
distinguished  by  the  appellation  of  Baf- 
fin's Bav. 

BAF'KARKAH,  or  ABU  ZOHAL, 
an  Arabian  commentator  on  Euclid. 

BAGDEDIN,  Mahomet,  an  Arabian 
mathematician  of  the  19th  century,  an- 


94 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPHY. 


[bai 


thor  of  a  treatise  "  On  the  Division  of 
Superficies,"  of  which  there  is  a  Latin 
version  by  John  Dee. 

BAGE,  Egbert,  an  English  novelist, 
was  born  at  Derby,  in  1728,  and  died  at 
Tamworth,  in  1801.  During  the  greater 
part  cf  his  life  he  followed  the  occupa- 
tion of  a  paper-maker.  "Mount  Ken- 
neth," "Barhain  Downs,"  "The  Fair 
Syrian,"  &c.,  owe  their  existence  to 
hi  in. 

BAGFOED,  John,  a  book  collector 
and  antiquary,  whose  letters  are  in  the 
British  Museum.    B.  1651;  d.  1716. 

BAGGEE,  John,  a  learned  Dane, 
bishop  of  Copenhagen,  and  author  of 
several  treatises  in  Latin  and  Danish. 
B.  1646;  d.  1693. 

BAGGESEN,  Emmanuel,  a  Danish 
poet.  He  usually  wrote  in  the  German 
language,  and  his  chief  productions  are 
a  pastoral  epic,  entitled,  "  Parthenaise, 
oder  die  Alpenriese,"  and  a  mock  epic, 
entitled,  "  Adam  and  Eve,"  but  his 
songs  and  short  poems  are  very  numer- 
ous and  popular.     B.  1764;  d.  1826. 

BAGLIONE,  Giovanni,  an  Italian 
painter  of  the  17th  century,  distin- 
guished for  his  works  in  fresco ;  many 
of  which  adorn  the  walls  and  ceilings 
of  the  churches  at  Rome.     D.  1644. 

BAGLIONI,  John  Pact,,  an  Italian 
soldier  of  fortune  of  the  16th  century. 
He  was  put  to  death  by  Leo  X.,  in  1520. 

BAGLIVI,  George,  an  illustrious 
Italian  physician,  born  at  Apulia,  and 
elected  professor  of  anatomy  at  Kome  ; 
was  author  of  "The  Praxis  Medica, 
and  several  works  connected  with  his 
profession,  all  of  which  were  written  in 
Latin.    B.  1667:  d.  1706. 

BAGNIOLI,  Julius  Caesar,  an  Italian 
poet,  author  of  "The  Judgment  of 
Paris,"  a  poem,  &c.     D.  1600. 

BAGOT,  Lewis,  an  English  prelate, 
and  brother  to  the  first  Lord  Bagot,  was 
born  in  1740.  He  was  at  first  a  canon 
of  Christ-church,  Oxford,  then  dean, 
and  successively  became  the  bishop  of 
Bristol,  Norwich,  and  St.  Asaph.  He 
was  the  author  of  "Sermons  on  the 
Prophecies,"  &c.     D.  1802. 

BAGEATION,  K.  A.,  a  Russian 
prince  and  counsellor,  who  especially 
distinguished  himself  in  the  campaigns 
in  Italy  under  Suwarrow,  and  was  mor- 
tallv  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Moscow 
in  1812. 

BAGSHAW,  William,  an  English 
divine,  ejected  from  his  living  for  non- 
conformity, in  1662.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  some  works  on  practical  divinity. 
D.  1703. — Edward,  an  English  civilian 


of  the  17th  century.  In  the  commence- 
ment of  the  rebellion  he  sided  with  the 
parliament,  but  subsequently  became  a 
royalist.  He  wrote  several  works  on 
law  and  politics. — Edward,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  a  clergyman,  and  an  op- 
ponent of  Baxter. 

BAHIER,  John,  a  French  priest,  and 
the  author  of  some  Latin  poems  which 
are  in  the  collection  of  De  Brienne.  D. 
1707. 

BAHRDT,  Charles  Frederic,  a  Gcr- 
man  divine  and  author.  He  was  born 
at  Bischofswerda,  and  studied  at  Leip- 
sic,  where  a  prosecution  having  been 
commenced  against  him  at  Vienna  for 
the  heterodoxy  of  his  writings,  he  fled 
to  Prussia;  and  at  length  he  settled  at 
Halle,  took  a  farm  and  an  inn,  and 
openly  avowed  himself  a  deist.  D.  1792. 

BAIAN,  or  BAION,  Andrew,  a  na- 
tive of  Goa,  who  was  converted  to 
Christianity,  and  ordained  a  priest  at 
Rome  about  1630.  He  translated  the 
uEneid  into  Greek  verse,  and  the  Lusiad 
into  Latin. 

BAIER,  John  William,  a  German 
divine,  author  of  a  "Compendium  of 
Theology,"  &c.  B.  1647;  d.  1694.— 
John  James,  a  German  physician,  and 
director  of  the  botanical  garden  at  Alt- 
dorf ;  author  of  "  De  Hortis  celebriori- 
bus  Germanic,  et  Horti  Medici  Acade- 
miei  Altdorflni  Hist.,"  &c,  &c.  B. 
1677 ;  d.  1735. 

BAIF„  Lazarus,  a  French  abbot,  and 
counsellor  to  the  parliament  of  Paris,  in 
the  16th  century;  author  of  treatises 
"  De  re  Navali,"  "  De  re  Vcstiaria." — ■ 
John  Antony,  son  of  the  above,  and 
author  of  some  poems.     D.  1592. 

BAIL,  Louis,  a  French  divine  of  the 
17th  century,  author  of  an  "  Account 
of  Celebrated  Preachers,"  a  "  Summarv 
of  Councils,"  &e. 

BAILEY,  Nathan,  an  English  lexicog- 
rapher, was  a  schoolmaster  at  Stepney. 
Besides  several  school  books,  he  was 
the  author  of  "  Dietionarium  Domesti- 
cum ;"  but  fcis  principal  work  was  an 
"Etymological  English  Dictionary," 
which  may  fairly  be  regarded  as  the 
basis  of  Dr.  Johnson's  unrivalled  work. 
D.  1742.— Peter,  author  of  "Sketches 
from  St.  George's  Fields,"  "The 
Queen's  Appeal,"  &c.    D.  1823. 

BAILLET,  Adrian,  a  learned  French- 
man, born  of  poor  parents  at  Neuville, 
1649,  in  Pieardy,  and  educated  by  the 
humanity  of  the  fathers  of  a  neighbor- 
ing convent.  He  early  distinguished 
himself  by"  his  great  application,  and 
the  extent  of  his  learning.     In  1680  he 


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CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


95 


became  library  keeper  to  M.  de  La- 
moiguon,  ami  began  to  form  an  index 
of  every  subject  which  was  treated  in 
the  books  which  he  possessed  ;  and  so 
voluminous  were  his  labors,  that  they 
were  contained  in  35  folio  volumes,  ami 
all  written  with  his  own  hand.  His 
next  work  was  "Jugemens  des  Sa- 
vans,"  which  had  a  very  rapid  sale,  and 
which  he  totally  gave  to  the  bookseller 
requesting  only  a  few  copies  for  his 
friends.  As  in  this  work  he  mentioned 
not  only  the  praises  but  the  censures 
passed  on  different  authors,  he  met  with 
violent  opposition  from  those  who  suf- 
fered under  the  severity  of  his  criticism. 
The  Jesuits  were  particularly  severe 
against  him,  because  he  had  spoken 
disrespectfully  of  their  society;  and,  on 
the  other  hand,  expressed  himself  in 
handsome  terms  of  the  gentlemen  of  the 
Port  Royal.  Besides  these,  his  inde- 
fatigable labors  produced  a  prolix  "  Life 
of  Descartes,1'  2  vols.  4to.,  a  "His- 
tory of  Holland,"  the  "  Lives  of  Saints," 
4  vols,  folio,  and  several  theological 
works;  and  he  formed  the  plan  of  "An 
Universal  Ecclesiastical  Dictionary," 
which  was  to  contain  a  perfect  system 
of  divinity,  supported  by  authorities 
from  scripture  and  from  the  fathers  of 
the  church,  but  died  1706,  before  it  was 
completed. 

BAILLIE,  Roche,  surnamed  La  Ri- 
viere, physician  to  Henry  IV.  of  France, 
and  author  of  "  A  Summary  of  the 
Doctriucs  of  Paracelsus."  He  pretended 
to  great  skill  in  astrology.  D.  1605. — 
Robert,  a  Scotch  divine,  born  in  Glas- 
gow, 1599.  He  was  one  of  the  deputa- 
tion sent  to  London  to  exhibit  charges 
against  Archbishop  Laud ;  and  also  one 
of    the   commissioners   sent    from    the 

feneral  assembly  of  Scotland  to  Charles 
I.  at  the  Hague.  His  letters,  and  a 
journal  of  his  transactions  in  England, 
were  published  in  1775,.  D.  1662. — 
Matthew,  M.D.,  a  celebrated  anatomist 
and  physician,  was  born  in  1671  at  the 
mause  of  Shotts,  in  Lanarkshire,  Scot- 
land. He  succeeded  Dr.  Hunter  as  lec- 
turer on  anatomy,  in  conjunction  with 
Mr.  Cruickshank,  at  St.  George's  Hos- 
pital;  he  was  also  one  of  the  physicians 
in  ordinary  to  their  majesties  George 
III.  and  IV.,  and  was '  held  in  high 
esteem  among  his  professional  brethren. 
His  professional  income  at  one  time 
amounted  to  £10,000  per  annum,  and 
no  physician  since  the  days  of  Dr.  Syd- 
enham had  attained  such  a  supremacy. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  highly 
«hteemed  works,  as  well  as  of  many  im- 


portant papers  in  the  Philosophical 
transactions,  etc. ;  and  he  presented  to 
the  College  of  Physicians  a  valuable  mu 
seum  of  anatomical  specimens.  D.  1823.— 
Joanna,  his  sister,  became  distinguished 
as  one  of  the  greatest  female  writers  of 
Great  Britain.  She  was  born  at  Both- 
well  about  the  .year  1765,  and  at  an  early 
age,  manifested  a  strong  predilection  for 
literary  pursuits.  Her  first  dramatic 
efforts  were  publishediD  1798,  under  the 
title,  "A  Series  of  Plays,"  in  which  it  is 
attempted  to  delineate  the  stronger  pas- 
sions of  the  mind,  each  passion  being 
the  subject  of  a  tragedy  and  a  comedy, 
A  second  volume  was  published  in  1802, 
and  a  third  in  1812.  During  the  interval 
she  gave  the  world  a  volume  of  miscel- 
laneous dramas,  including  the  "  Family 
Legend,"  a  tragedy  founded  upon  a  story 
of  one  of  the  Macleans  of  Appin,  and 
which,  principally  through  Sir  Walter's 
endeavors,  was  brought  out  at  the  Edin- 
burgh theatre.  She  Visited  Scott  in  Ed- 
inburgh in  1S08.  In  the  following  year 
the  drama  in  question  was  played  with 
great  temporary  success,  and  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  enthusiasm  in  its  favor  communi- 
cating itself  to  Edinburgh  society,  tho 
drama  ran  fourteen  nights.  In  1814  it 
was  played  in  London.  The  only  "  Play 
of  the  Passions"  ever  represented  on  a 
stage  was  "  De  Montfort,"  brought  out 
by  John  Kemble,  and  played  for  elev- 
en nights. — In  1821  it  was  revived  for 
Edmund  Kean,  but  fruitlessly.  Miss 
O'Neill  played  the  heroine.  In  fact, 
like  all  Joanna's  dramatic  efforts,  it  was 
a  poem — a  poem  full  of  genius  and  tho 
true  spirit  of  poetry — but  not  a  play. 
Scott,  liowever,  was  strongly  taken  by 
it ;  his  lines  are  well  known : 


"Till  Avon's  swans — while  rang  the  grove 
With  Montfort's  hate,  and  BasiVs  love  ! — 
Awakening  at  the  inspiring  strain 
Deem'd  their  own  Shakspeare  lived  again  1" 

In  1836  the  authoress  published  threo 
more  volumes  of  plays.  Previous  to  this, 
in  1823,  a  long-promised  collection  of 
poetic  miscellanies  appeared,  containing 
Scott's  dramatic  sketch  of  "  Macduff's 
Cross,"  with,  inter  alia,  some  of  Mrs. 
Heman's  poetry  and  Miss  Catharine  Fan- 
shaw's  jenx  dSesprit.  She  always  lived 
in  retirement,  and  latterly  in  strict  se- 
clusion, in  her  retreat  at  Hampstead. 
The  literary  fame  which  she  had  ac- 
quired by  her  own  works,  aided  in  no 
small  degree  by  the  long  and  loudly  ex- 
pressed admiration  of  Walter  Scott,  who 
always  visited  her  when  in  London, 
never  succeeded  in  drawing  her  gener- 
ally into  societv.     D.  1850.    During  the 


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CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


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greater  part  of  her  life  she  lived  with  a 
maiden  sister,  Agnes — also  a  poetess — 
to  whom  she  addressed  her  beautiful 
Birthday  poem.  They  were  of  a  family 
in  which  talent  and  genius  were  he- 
reditary. Their  father  was  a  Scottish 
clergyman,  and  their  mother  a  sister  of 
the  celebrated  Dr.  William  Hunter. — 
John,  an  active  and  able  officer  of  the 
East  India  Company,  went  out  to  India 
as  a  cadet,  in  1791*,  where  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  Mahratta  war  he  ef- 
fected the  peaceable  transfer  to  the 
British  dominions  of  a  territory  yielding 
an  annual  revenue  of  £225,000.  On  re- 
turning to  England,  Colonel  Baillie  was, 
in  1820,  elected  M.  P.  for  Hendon ;  and 
subsequently  represented  the  burghs  of 
Inverness,  &c.     D.  1833. 

BAILLON,  William  de,  a  French 
physician,  and  author  of  Conciliorum 
Me'dicinaiium.     B.  1538;  d.  1616. 

BAILLY,  David,  a  painter,  engraver, 
and  author,  of  Ley  den.  B.  1630. — John 
Sylvain,  a  famous  astronomer.  B.  at 
Paris,  loth  September,  1736.  The  acci- 
dental friendship  of  the  abbe  de  laCaille 
directed  him  in  the  pursuit  of  science ; 
and  in  1763  he  introduced  to  the  acad- 
emy his  observations  on  the  moon,  and 
the  next  year  his  treatise  on  the  zodiacal 
stars.  In  1766  he  published  his  essay 
on  the  satellites  of  Jupiter,  and  in  other 
treatises  enlarged  further  on  the  import- 
ant subiect.  In  1775  the  first  volume 
of  his  history  of  ancient  and  modern 
astronomy  appeared,  and  the  third  and 
last  in  1779;  and  in  1787  that  of  Indian 
and  oriental  astronomy,  in  3  vols.  4to. 
He  was  drawn  from  his  literary  retire- 
ment to  public  view  as  a  deputy  to  the 
first  national  assembly ;  and  such  was 
his  popularity,  that  he  was,  on  July  14th, 
1789,  nominated  mayor  of  Paris.  In  this 
dangerous  office  he  conducted  himself 
in  a  very  becoming  manner,  which  of- 
fended the  terrorists,  and  at  the  same 
time  showing  sympathy  with  the  royal 
family,  he  became  unpopular.  He  re- 
signed his  office,  and  in  1793  was  guil- 
lotined by  order  of  the  sanguinary 
tribunal  of  Robespierre,  showing  in  his 
death  as  in  his  life,  resignation,  firmness, 
and  dignity. 

BAILY,"  Francis,  famous  in  the  annals 
of  astronomical  science,  was  the  son  of 
a  banker  at  Newbury,  and  for  many 
years  well  known  on  the  Stock  Ex- 
change, in  which  busy  arena  he  realized 
an  ample  fortune.  The  Astronomical 
Society  was  organized  by  him,  and 
throughout  life  he  was  the  most  consid- 
erable contributor  to  its  memoirs.    Sys- 


tematic order  and  steady  perseverance 
were  the  secrets  of  his  success.  D.  1844, 
aged  70. 

BAINBRIDGE,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent 
physician  and  astronomer.  B.  in  1582. 
He* gained  considerable  reputation  by  his 
work  entitled  a  "Description  of  the  late 
Comet  in  1628,"  and  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy  at  Oxford.  D.  1643. 
— William,  a  commodore  of  the  United 
States  navy,  was  b.  at  Princeton,  N.  J., 
May  7th,  1774.  He  was  apprenticed  to 
the* sea-service  at  an  early  period  ot  his 
life,  and  at  the  age  of  19  rose  to  the  com- 
mand of  a  merchant  vessel.  In  1798  he 
entered  the  naval  sendee  with  the  rank 
of  lieutenant.  In  1S00  he  sailed  for  Al- 
giers as  commander  of  the  frigate  George 
Washington  ;  and  in  1803  he  sailed  for 
Tripoli,  as  commander  of  the  frigate 
Philadelphia,  in  consequence  of  the 
grounding  of  which  he  was  captured. 
On  the  29th  of  December,  1812,  having 
the  frigate  Constitution  under  his  com- 
mand,"he  captured,  after  a  severe  action, 
the  British  Irigate  Java;  and  his  gener- 
osity to  the  prisoners  gained  for  him  a 
strong  expression  of  their  gratitude. 
Since  the  close  of  the  war  Commodore 
Bainbridge  commanded,  with  great  rep- 
utation and  popularity,  at  several  naval 
stations ;  and  for  several  years  filled  the 
office  of  a  commissioner  of  the  Navy 
Board.  He  d.  at  Philadelphia,  July 
27th,  1833,  in  his  60th  year. 

BAINE,  Michael,  a  divine,  deputy 
at  Trent,  whose  writings  were  condemn- 
ed as  Calvinistic.    B.  1513  ;  d.  1589. 

BAINES,  a  noted  friend  of  civil  and 
religious  liberty  in  the  British  parlia- 
ment. He  was  originally  a  printer  at 
Leeds,  but  in  1833  was  electee!  to  parlia- 
ment, where  he  served  7  years.  He  wrote 
a  "  Historv  of  the  reign  of  George  III.," 
&c.     B.  1774;  d.  1848. 

BAIED,  Sir  David,  a  distinguished 
English  general,  who  served  in  the  East 
Indies,  Egypt,  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
Spain,  &e.    D.  1829. 

BAJAZET  I.,  a  warlike,  but  tyranni- 
cal sultan  of  Turkey,  who  succeeded 
Amurath,  his  father,  in  1389,  having 
strangled  his  rival  brother,  Jacob.  The 
greatness  and  rapidity  of  his  conquests 
got  him  the  name  of  11  Derim,  or  the 
Lightning.  In  three  years  he  acquired 
Bulgaria,  Macedonia,  a  part  of  Servia, 
Thessaly,  and  the  states  of  Asia  Minor. 
Constantinople  was  besieged  by  him  for 
ten  years,  which  at  last  yielded.  He 
was  "finally  defeated  by  Tamerlane  on 
the  plains  of  Agora.  He  d.  in  Timour's 
camp  in  1403.— There  was  a  second  sill- 


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CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


97 


tan  of  this  name,  who  was  poisoned  in 
1512. 

BAKER,  David,  an  English  monk  of 
the  Benedictine  order,  originally  a  Pro- 
testant, but  being  converted  to  the 
Romish  faith,  he  came  to  England  as  a 
missionary  from  Italy.  He  wrote  an  ex- 
position of  Hyl ton's  "Scale  of  Perfec- 
tion." D.  in  1641. — Sir  Richard,  author 
of  a  "  Chronicle  of  the  Kings  of  En- 
gland," &c.  B.  1568  ;  d.  1645.— Thomas, 
a  divine  and  antiquary ;  author  of  "  Re- 
flections on  Learning,"  &c,  &e.  B. 
1656  ;  d.  1740. — Henry,  a  diligent  and 
ingenious  naturalist.  He  was  originally 
brought  up  as  a  bookseller,  and  married 
one  of  the  daughters  of  the  celebrated 
Daniel  De  Foe.  He  obtained  the  gold 
medal  of  the  Royal  Society,  for  his  mi- 
croscopical experiments  on  saline  par- 
ticles;  and  wrote  "The  Universe,  a 
poem,  "The  Microscope  made  Easy," 
&c.  B.  1704  ;  d.  1774.- — David  Erski'ne, 
son  of  the  above,  was  author  of  the 
"  Companion  to  the  Playhouse,"  subse- 
quently enlarged  by  Stephen  Jones,  and 
published  under  the  title  of  "  Biographia 
Dramatica."  D.  1774. — Sir  George, 
M.D.,  b.  in  1722,  was  a  physician  of 
considerable  reputation,  and  a  fellow  of 
the  Royal  and  Antiquarian  Societies.  D. 
1809. 

BAKEWELL,  Robert,  a  country  gen- 
tleman of  small  fortune,  who  acquired 
considerable  notoriety  as  a  grazier  at 
Dishley,  in  Leicestershire.  He  greatly 
improved  his  breeds  of  cattle  and  sheep. 
B.  1726 ;  d.  1795. 

BAKKER,  Peter  Huzinga,  a  Dutch 
poet ;  author  of  a  poem  on  the  Inunda- 
tion of  1740,  and  ot  numerous  songs  and 
satires  on  England.     B.  1715  ;   d.  1801. 

BALAMIO,  Ferdinand,  a  Sicilian 
physician ;  translator,  into  Latin,  of  sev- 
eral treatises  by  Galen.    B.  1555. 

BALASSI,  Mario,  a  Florentine  paint- 
er.    B.  1604  ;  d.  1667. 

BALBI,  Adrian,  a  geographer.  B.  at 
Venice,  in  1784.  He  wrote  a  statistical 
Essay  on  the  Kingdom  of  Portugal,  an 
Ethnographic  Atlas  of  the  Globe,  and 
an  Abridgment  of  Geography,  all  works 
of  profound  and  extensive  research, 
which  have  made  him  an  authority  both 
in  Europe  and  America.     D.  1848. 

BALBINUS,  Decimds  Celius,  chosen 
emperor  of  Rome,  in  conjunction  with 
Maximus,  in  237  ;  and  murdered  by  the 
soldiery  in  the  following  year. 

BALBOA,  Vasco  Nunez  de,  a  Castil- 
ian,  one  of  the  first  who  visited  the 
"vV>st  Indies.  He  established  a  colony 
on  the  isthmus  of  Panama,  where  he 


built  the  first  town  on  the  continent  of 
South  America,  penetrated  into  the  in- 
terior, discovered  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
obtained  information  respecting  the  em- 
pire of  Peru.  Jealous  ot  his  talents  and 
success,  rival  adventurers  accused  him 
of  disloyalty,  and  he  was  put  to  death  in 
1517,  by  Pedrarias  Davila,  the  Spanish 
governor  of  Darien. 

BALBUENA,  Bernardo  de,  a  Span- 
ish poet,  and  bishop  of  Porto  Rico.  D. 
1627. 

BALBUS,  Lucius  Cornelius  Theo- 
phanes,  a  native  of  Cadiz,  whose  military 
exploits  caused  Pompey  to  obtain  for 
him  the  privileges  of  a  Roman  citizen; 
and  he  subsequently  became  consul, 
being  the  first  toreigner  on  whom  that 
dignity  was  conferred. 

BALCANQUAL,  Walter,  a  Scotch 
divine,  who  accompanied  James  I.  to 
England.  He  was  made  dean  of  Roches- 
ter and  bishop  of  Durham,  but  in  the 
civil  wars  he  was  a  severe  sufferer,  being 
driven  from  place  to  place  for  shelter. 
He  wrote  the  "  Declaration  of  Charles  i. 
concerning  the  late  Tumults  in  Scot- 
land," &c.     D.  1642. 

BALCHEN,  Johx,  an  English  admiral, 
who  was  lost,  with  all  his  crew,  on  board 
his  ship  the  Victory,  in  a  violent  storm 
off  Jersev,  October  3,  1744. 

BALDERIC,  bishop  of  Dol  in  Britan- 
ny,  in  the  12th  century;  author  of  a 
history  of  the  Crusade  to  the  year  1099. 

BALDI,  Bernard,  an  Italian  mathe- 
matician and  poet;  author  of  Italian 
poems,  lives  of  mathematicians,  &c.  He 
was  a  man  of  almost  universal  genius, 
and  abbot  of  Gnaitallo.  B.  at  Urbino, 
1553;  d.  1617. — De  Ubaldis,  an  Italian 
lawyer  and  author.  B.  1319;  d.  1400.— 
James,  a  German  Jesuit  and  poet.  B 
1603;  d.  1668.  — Lazzaro,  a  Tuscan 
painter,  employed  by  Alexander  VII.  to 
paint  the  gallery  at  Monte  Cavallo.  D. 
1703. 

BALDTNGER,  Ernest  Godfrey,  a 
German  physician  and  author.  B.  1738 ; 
d.  1804. 

BALDINUCCI,  Philip,  a  Florentine 
artist  and  connoisseur ;  author  of  "  A 
General  History  of  Painters,"  &e.  B. 
1634;  d.  1696.  " 

BALDOCK,  Ralph  de,  bishop  of  Lon- 
don, and  lord  high  chancellor  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  I.  :  author  of  a  "His- 
tory of  British  Affairs,"  which  was  ex- 
tnnt  in  Leland's  time,  but  is  now  lost. 
D.  1307. — Robert  de,  a  divine,  who  was 
favored  by  Edward  II.  He  shared  his 
royal  master's  misfortunes,  and  died  in 
Newgate. 


98 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[pal 


BALDWIN,  William,  an  English 
writer  of  the  16th  century ;  one  of  the 
chief  authors  of  "The  Mirror  for  Magis- 
trates."— Thomas,  a  Baptist  minister  of 
Boston,  who  was  a  while  at  the  head  of 
his  denomination  in  New  England.  D. 
1828. — Francis,  a  learned  civilian  of  the 
16th  century,  much  employed  by  the  po- 
tentates of  his  time,  lie  wrote  "  Leges 
de  Re  rustica  Novella,"  &c.,  &c. — Abka- 
iiam,  a  president  of  the  university  of 
Georgia,  member  of  the  convention 
which  passed  the  constitution  of  the 
IJ.  S.,  and  subsequently  a  member  of 
congress.     D.  1807. 

BALDWIN  I.,  a  distinguished  leader 
in  the  4th  crusade.  On  the  conquest  of 
Constantinople  by  the  Latins  in  1204,  he 
was  elected  emperor  of  the  East;  but 
being  taken  prisoner  by  the  Greeks,  he 
was  never  afterwards  heard  of. — II., 
succeeded  his  brother  Robert,  as  empe- 
jor  of  the  East,  in  1228.  On  the  taking 
of  Constantinople,  in  1261,  by  Michael 
Pala?ologus,  Baldwin  escaped  to  Italy, 
where  lie  d.  1273. 

BALDWIN,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury. This  prelate  accompanied  Rich- 
ard' I.  to  Palestine,  and  d.  there,  1291. 
His  writings  were  published  by  Tissier, 
in  1682. 

BALDWIN  I.,  king  of  Jerusalem, 
succeeded  to  that  dignity  in  1100,  took 
Antipatris,  Ca?sarea,  and  Azo^us  in 
1101,  and  Acre  in  1104.  D.  1118.— II., 
king  of  Jerusalem,  succeeded  the  above 
in  1118;  Eustace,  brother  of  Baldwin  I., 
having  renounced  his  claim  to  the  throne. 
Baldwin  II.  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Saracens  in  1124,  and  gave  them  the 
city  of  Tyre  as  his  ransom.  D.  1131. — 
111.  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  1143. 
He  took  Ascalon  and  other  places  from 
the  infidels.  D.  1163.— IV.,  the  son  of 
Amaury,  succeeded  his  father  on  the 
throne  of  Jerusalem  in  1174.  He  subse- 
quently resigned  in  favor  of  his  nephew. 
J).  1185. — V.,  nephew  and  successor  of 
the  last  named,  was  poisoned  in  1186. 

BALE,  John,  an  English  ecclesiastic. 
B.  at  Cove,  in  1495,  who  became  bishop 
of  Ossory,  in  Ireland.  Educated  a  Ro- 
manist, he  was  converted  to  Protestant- 
ism. His  clergy  opposed  and  forsook 
him,  and  so  furious  was  their  opposition, 
that  in  one  tumult  five  of  his  servants 
were  murdered  in  his  presence.  He 
was  obliged  to  fly,  and  after  enduring 
many  hardships,  found  shelter  in  Swit- 
zerland, where  he  remained  till  the  death 
of  Mary.  On  his  return  to  England,  he 
made  no  attempt  to  recover  his  Irish 
diocess,   but  settled   as  a  prebend   of 


Canterbury,  in  1563.  He  wrote  "An 
account  of  the  Ancient  Writers  of  Bri- 
tain," several  Scripture  plays,  and  nu- 
merous polemical  tracts. — Robert,  prior 
of  the  Carmelites  of  Norwich ;  author 
of  "Annales  Ordinis  Cannelitarum," 
&c.     D.  150S. 

BALECHOU  Nicholas,  a  French  en- 
graver, whose  works  are  held  in  high 
estimation.     B.  1710;  d.  1765. 

BALEN,  Heindrich  van,  a  Dutch 
painter,  whose  "Judgment  of  Paris" 
and  "  Drowning  of  Pharaoh"  are  much 
admired.  John  van  Balen,  his  son,  was 
a  distinguished  historical  and  landscape 
painter.     B.  1560;  d.  1632. 

BALES,  Peter,  a  skilful  penman,  em- 
ployed by  Secretary  Walsingham  to  im- 
itate writings.  He  published  a  work 
called  "The  Writing  Master."  B.  1547; 
d.  1600. 

BALESTRA,  Antony,  a  Veronese  his- 
torical painter.    B.  1666;  d.  1720. 

BALFOUR,  Alexander,  a  novelist 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  a  native 
of  Forfarshire,  Scotland.  He  was  the 
author  of  "Highland  Man-,"  besides 
other  novels  and  poems,  and  for  many 
vears  a  contributor  to  various  Scottish 
periodicals.  B.  1767;  d.  1829.— Sir  An- 
drew, an  eminent  botanist  and  physi- 
cian, and  one  to  whom  medical  science 
in  Scotland  owes  a  lasting  debt  of  grati- 
tude for  a  botanic  garden,  museum,  &c. 
B.  1630;   d.  1694. 

BALGUY,  John,  an  eminent  divine 
of  the  church  of  England,  and  a  theo- 
logical writer,  was  b.  at  Sheffield,  in 
1686,  and  in  1727  became  a  prebendary 
of  Salisbury.  He  engaged  deeply  in  the 
Bangorian  controversy;  and  among  his 
several  works  may  be  noticed  "An  Es- 
say on  Redemption,"  a  "  Letter  to  a 
Deist  on  the  Beauty  and  Excellence  of 
Moral  Virtue,"  &c*  D.  1748.— Thomas, 
son  of  the  above,  prebend  and  archdea- 
con of  Winchester;  author  of  "Divine 
Benevolence,  asserted  and  vindicated," 
a  sermon  on  church  government,  &c. 
B.  1716;  d<  1795. 

BALIOL,  Sir  John  de,  a  native  of 
Durham,  who,  on  the  marriage  of  the 
daughter  of  Henry  III.  to  Alexander 
III.  of  Scotland,  was  made  one  of  tho 
guardians  of  the  royal  pair.  He  found- 
ed Baliol  college,  Oxford;  and  having 
Bided  with  Henry  III.  against  his  re- 
volted barons,  the  latter  seized  upon 
his  lands.  D.  1269. — John  de,  son  of 
the  preceding,  laid  claim  to  the  crown 
of  Scotland  on  the  death  of  Queen  Mar- 
garet. His  claim  was  disputed  by  sev- 
eral competitors,  one  of  whom  was  the 


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CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


99 


famous  Robert  Rruee.  But  Edward  I., 
to  whom  the  matter  was  referred,  de- 
cided in  favor  of  Baliol.  He  soon  gave 
offence  to  Edward :  and  being  defeated 
by  him  in  a  battle  near  Dunbar,  he  was 
sent,  together  with  his  son,  to  the  Tow- 
er of  London.  The  intercession  of  the 
pope  having  procured  his  release,  he 
retired  to  France,  where  he  d.  in  1314. 

BALL,  John,  a  puritan  divine,  who 
while  he  disapproved  of  the  discipline 
of  the  church,  wrote  against  separa- 
tion from  it  on  that  ground.  B.  1585; 
d.  1640. 

BALL  AXDEX,  John,  a  Scotch  divine 
of  the  16th  century ;  author  of  various 
works,  and  translator  of  Hector  B "e- 
thius's  History  of  Scotland.     D.  1550. 

BALLANTYNE,  James,  a  printer  of 
considerable  note  in  Edinburgh,  and  at 
whose  press  the  whole  of  the  produc- 
tions of  Sir  Walter  Scott  were  printed, 
was  a  native  of  Kelso,  where  he  first 
opened  an  office  for  the  "  Kelso  Mail," 
of  which  he  was  the  editor.  For  many 
vears  he  also  conducted  the  "  Edin- 
burgh Weekly  Journal."  He  survived 
his  friend  and  patron  but  a  few  months, 
dying  in  January,  1833. — Tonx,  his 
brother,  was  the  confidant  of  Sir  Walter, 
in  keeping  the  secret  of  the  authorship 
of  "  W  averley."  He  was  a  man  of  fine 
humor,  with' an  inexhaustible  fund  of 
anecdotes.     D.  1821. 

BALLARD,  George,  a  native  of 
Campden,  in  Gloucestershire,  who,  while 
the  obscure  apprentice  of  a  habit-maker, 
employed  the  hours  which  his  com- 
panions devoted  to  sleep  to  the  acquisi- 
tion of  the  Saxon  Language,  and  recom- 
mended to  the  patronage  of  Lord 
Chedworth,  he  went  to  Oxford,  where, 
by  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Jenner,  he  was 
made  one  of  the  eight  clerks  of  Magdalen 
college,  and  afterwards  one  of  the  beadles 
of  the  university.  His  weakly  constitu- 
tion was  impaired  by  the  severity  of  his 
studies,  and  he  d.  June,  1755,  in  the 
prime  of  life.  His  access  to  the  Bodleian 
was  the  means  of  his  increasing  his  val- 
uable collections  ;  but  he  published  only 
"  Memoirs  of  British  Ladies  celebrated 
for  their  Writings,"  in  4to.,  175'2. — Vo- 
lant Vashon.  a  rear-admiral  of  the  Brit- 
ish navy,  was  b.  in  1774.  On  entering 
naval  life  he  accompanied  Vancouver  on 
ais  laborious  voyage  of  discovery  to  the 
northwest  coast  of  America,  in  which 
be  was  absent  from  England  nearly  five 
vears.  In  1807,  when  captain  of  the 
Blonde  frigate,  he  captured  five  French 
privateers.  He  afterwards  distinguish- 
ed himself  at  the  taking  of  Guadaloupe  ; 


and  eventually  attained  the  rank  of  rear 
admiral,  in  1825.     D.  1882. 

BALLEEIXL  Peter  and  Jerome,  two 
priests  and  brothers,  natives  of  Verona, 
who,  in  the  ISth  century,  conjointly 
wrote  some  works,  and  edited  several 
editions  of  ecclesiastical  authors. 

BALLESTEROS,  Francis,  an  eminent 
Spanish  officer.     B.  1770. 

BALLEXFERD,  X.,  a  citizen  of  Ge- 
neva, author  of  a  treatise  on  the  "  Phys- 
ical Education  of  children,"  <fec.  B. 
1726  ;  d.  1774. 

BALLI.  Joseph,  a  Sicilian  divine  ;  au- 
thor of  a  treatise  "De  Morte  Corportun 
Xaturalium."  &c.     D.  1640. 

BALLIAXI,  John"  Baptist,  a  senator 
of  Genoa ;  author  of  a  treatise  on  the 
"  Natural  Motion  of  Heavy  Bcdies."  B. 
1586  ;  d.  1666. 

BALLIN,  Clatoe,  a  skilful  artist  of 
chased  work  in  gold  and  silver.  He  was 
b.  at  Paris  in  1615,  and  brought  up  tc 
the  occupation  of  a  goldsmith  under  his 
father,  who  exercised  that  art.  He 
studied  drawing,  and  improved  his  taste 
as  a  designer  by  copying  the  pictures  of 
Poussin.  When  only  19  he  made  four 
silver  basins,  decorated  with  figures  rep- 
resenting the  four  ages  of  the  world. 
These  were  purchased  1  »y  Cardinal  Riche- 
lieu. He  was  subsequently  employed 
in  making  plate  services  for  Louis  XIV., 
of  which  it  is  said  the  workmanship 
added  ten  times  to  the  value  of  the  ma- 
terial.   D.  1678. 

BALMEZ,  James  Lucien,  one  of  the 
most  renowned  of  the  late  Spanish  wri- 
ters, and  an  ecclesiastic,  whose  phi- 
losophical, theological,  and  political 
treatises  have  given  him  a  European 
fame.  He  was  b.  at  Vich,  in  Catalonia, 
in  1810.  He  was  early  distinguished  for 
his  acquirements,  and  in  1833  was  ap 
pointed  to  the  chair  of  mathematics  in 
his  native  place.  His  writings  were 
chiefly  in  defence  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
church,  which  he  endeavored  to  restore 
to  its  ancient  dignity  and  influence.  His 
"  Protestantism  and  Catholicism  com- 
pared in  their  Effects  on  the  Civilization 
of  Europe,"  a  very  able  book,  has  been 
translated  into  English,  French,  and 
German.     D.  1S48. 

BALTHASAR,  Christopher,  a  king's 
advocate  at  Auxerre,  who  abandoned 
the  emoluments  of  his  office,  and  the 
Catholic  religion,  to  embrace  the  tenets 
of  the  Protestants,  in  whose  favor  he 
wrote  several  controversial  treatises, 
especially  against  Barouius,  which  were 
received  with  great  avidity.  The  synod 
of  Loudun  granted  him,  in  1659,  a  pen- 


100 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bam 


sion  of  750  livres,  for  his  literary  ser- 
vices.— J.  A.  Felix  de,  author  of  a 
''Defence  of  William  Tell,"  and  presi- 
dent of  the  council  of  Lucerne.  D. 
1310. 

BALTHAZARINI,  surnamed  Beau- 
joyeux,  an  Italian  musician,  recommend- 
ed" by  Brissac,  governor  of  Piedmont,  to 
Henry  III.  of  France,  by  whom  he  was 
liberally  patronized,  and  for  the  enter- 
tainment of  whose  court  he  wrote  several 
ballads  and  pieces  of  music.  He  com- 
posed a  ballet  called  Ceres  and  her 
nymphs,  for  the  nuptials  of  the  Due  de 
Joyeuse  with  the  queen's  sister,  Made- 
moiselle de  Vaudemont ;  and  this  is  re- 
garded as  the  origin  of  the  heroical  ballet 
of  France. 

BALTUS,  John  Francis,  a  Jesuit  of 
Metz,  author  of  several  works,  especially 
of  an  answer  to  Fontenelle's  history  of 
oracles,  printed  at  Strasburg,  Svo.  Baltus 
possessed  considerable  learning  and  tal- 
ents, which  he  wholly  employed  in  de- 
fence of  Roman  Catholic  orthodoxy.  He 
d.  librarian  of  Eheims,  1743,  at  the  age 
of  76. 

BALDE,  John,  a  cardinal,  b.  of  mean 
parents,  in  Poitou.  He  raised  himself 
to  consequence  by  flattery  and  merit, 
and  gradually  became  bishop  of  Evreux 
and  of  Arras.  He  was  made  a  cardinal 
by  Paul  II.,  and  when  honored  with  the 
confidence  of  Louis  XL,  became  his 
minister,  and  acted  as  general  over  his 
troops.  Ungrateful  to  his  duty  and  to 
his  master,  he  formed  intrigues  with  the 
dukes  of  Burgundy  and  Berri ;  and  when 
at  last  discovered  by  the  king,  he  was 
imprisoned  for  eleven  years,  in  an  iron 
cage,  after  which  he  repaired  to  Rome, 
and  rose  to  new  preferments.  He  after- 
wards came  to  France  as  pope's  legate, 
though  he  had  so  ill  deserved  of  the  con- 
fidence and  honor  of  his  country.  He 
d.  at  Ancona,  1491. 

BALUZE,  Stephen,  a  native  of  Tulles 
in  Guienne,  patronized  by  Peter  de 
Marca,  archbishop  of  Toulouse,  by  Tel- 
lier,  afterwards  chancellor  of  France, 
and  by  Colbert.  He  employed  his  lei- 
Mire  hours  in  enriching  the  libraries  of 
his  patrons  with  valuable  manuscripts, 
till  in  his  39th  year  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  canon  law  in  the  royal 
college  with  every  mark  of  distinction. 
His  lives  of  the  '"Popes  of  Avignon" 

E roved  so  interesting  to  the  king,  that 
e  granted  the  author  a  pension,  but 
his  attachment  to  the  duke  of  Bouillon, 
the  history  of  whose  family  he  had  un- 
dertaken to  write,  but  in  which  he  in- 
serted some  offensive  remarks,  was  soon 


after  productive  of  trouble.  When  tha 
duke  was  banished  he  shared  the  dis- 
grace, and  was  confined  by  a  lettre  de 
cachet  at  Orleans  ;  he  however  was  re- 
stored to  favor,  though  he  was  not  re- 
placed in  his  directorial  chair  of  the 
royal  college,  which  he  before  held. 
He  died  2Sth  of  July,  1718,  in  his  87th 
year,  and  left  behind  him  the  character 
of  an  indefatigable  collector  of  curious 
manuscripts  and  annotations. 

BALZAC,  John  Louis  Guez  de,  a 
French  writer  of  great  reputation,  which 
he  chiefly  owed  to  the  elegance  of  his 
style,  author  of  "Letters,"  "The 
Prince,"  "The  Christian  Socrates," 
&c.  B.  1594 ;  d.  1654.— Honore  de, 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  as  well  as 
prolific  novel  writers  of  modern  times, 
was  born  at  Tours,  1799.  Having  com- 
pleted his  studies  at  Vendome,  he  pub- 
fished,  between  1821  and  1829,  twenty 
or  thirty  volumes  under  various  pseudo- 
nvmes,  with  very  equivocal  success; 
but  after  this  trying  apprenticeship,  he 
put  forth  all  his'  powers  under  his  own 
name,  with  what  result  those  who  have 
read  "  La  Peau  de  Chagrin,"  "  Les 
Chouans,"  "  La  Physiologie  de  Ma- 
nage," "Le  Pere  Goriot,"  "  La  Femme 
de^Trente  Ans,"  &c,  can  best  testify. 
Since  that  period  his  productions  suc- 
ceeded one  another  with  wonderful  ra- 
pidity ;  and  it  may  be  truly  said  that 
his  iiterary  strength  grew  with  hia 
years,  for  his  "  Medecinde  Campagne," 
and  his  "  Parens  Pauvres,"  his  last 
works,  are  his  best.  In  addition  to  his 
romances,  Balzac  wrote  some  theatrical 
pieces,  and  for  some  time  edited  and 
contributed  to  the  "Revue  Parisienne;" 
but  his  romances  exhibit  the  highest 
evidences  of  genius.  Since  the  re  ra- 
tion of  1848,  Balzac  was  engaged  in 
visiting  the  battle-fields  of  Germany 
and  Russia,  and  in  collecting  materials 
for  a  series  of  volumes,  to  be  entitled 
"Scenes  de  la  Vie  Militaire."  Next  to 
his  celebrity  as  an  author,  the  most  re- 
markable feature  in  his  career  was  the 
deep  passion  which  he  formed  for  a 
Russian  princess,  who  finally  compen- 
sated him  for  long  years  of  untiring  de- 
votion by  the  gift  of  her  hand  in  1848. 
D.  1850." 

BAMBRIDE,  Christopher,  arch- 
bishop of  York,  was  sent  ambassador 
from  Henry  VIII.  to  Pope  Julius  II., 
who  made  him  a  cardinal.  Died  of 
poison  administered  by  his  servant, 
1514. 

BAMFIELD,  Francis,  a  nonconfor- 
mist divine,  author  of  a  work  on  the 


BAN  J 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


101 


"  Obsei  ranee  of  the  Sabbath."  He  was 
committed  to  Newgate  for  holding  a 
sonventicle,  and  died  there,  1684. 

BAMPFYLDE,  Sir  Charles  War- 
wick, Bart.,  a  descendant  of  one  of  the 
oldest  and  most  distinguished  families 
in  Devonshire,  and  during  seven  suc- 
cessive parliaments  one  of  the  members 
for  Exeter,  hi  1823,  when  he  was  71 
years  of  age,  he  was  assassinated  close 
to  his  own  house,  in  Montague  square, 
by  a  man  named  Moorland,  who  blew 
his  own  brains  out  immediately  after. 

BANGUI,  Seraphin,  a  priest  of  the 
Dominican  order  at  Florence,  to  whom 
a  fanatic,  named  Barriere,  disclosed  his 
intention  to  assassinate  Henry  IV.  Ban- 
chi's  information  saved  the  king,  who 
rewarded  him  with  the  archbishopric 
of  Angouieme. 

BANCK,  Lawrence,  a  Swedish  law- 
yer, author  of  several  works  against  Pa- 
pal usurpation.     D.  1662. 

BANCROFT,  Richard,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  a  distinguished  opponent 
of  the  Puritans  and  a  supporter  of  the 
English  church.  B.  1544;  d.  1610. — 
John,  nephew  of  the  above,  bishop  of 
Oxford,  and  builder  of  the  palace  of 
Cuddesden  for  the  bishops  ot  that  see. 
D.  1640. — Aaron,  a  distinguished  Uni- 
tarian pastor  of  Massachusetts,  and  au- 
thor of  a  '-Life  of  Washington."  B. 
1755 ;  d.  1839. 

BANDELLO,  Matthew,  a  Dominican 
monk  of  the  Milanese.  He  wrote  tales 
in  the  manner  of  Boccaeio,  and  proceed- 
ing to  France  obtained  the  bishopric  of 
Airen.     D.  1561. 

BANDINELLI,  Baccio,  a  Florentine 
sculptor  and  painter.  His  group  of  the 
Laocoon  is  highly  esteemed.  B.  14S7  ; 
d.  1559. 

BANDINI,  Angelo  Maria,  an  Italian 
antiquary  and  bibliographer,  author  of 
"  De  Florentini  Juntarum  Tvpographia," 
&c.     D.  1800. 

BANDURI,  An'selm,  a  Benedictine, 
who  wrote  several  valuable  antiquarian 
works.     D.  1743. 

BANGIUS,  Peter,  a  Swedish  pro- 
fessor of  theology  at  Abo,  who  wrote 
an  "Ecclesiastical  History  of  Sweden." 
D.  16lJ6. — Thomas,  a  professor  of  di- 
vinity and  Hebrew  at  Copenhagen,  who 
compiled  a  "Hebrew  Lexicon."  B. 
1600;  d.  1661. 

BANIER,  Anthony,  an  industrious 
French  author  and  compiler,  who  wrote 
some  thirty  different  "  Belles  Lettres 
Essavs."  and  an  "Historical  Explana- 
tion of  Fables,"  &c,  &c.  B.  1673;  d. 
1741. 

9* 


BANIM,  John,  an  Irish  novelist  of 
distinction,  was  born  near  Kilkenny  in 
1800.  E.irl/  iv  Si.--  he  gave  h;  lijc&ftona 
of  poeticvd  ability.  aiM  at  the  &gk  »f  17 
became  editor  of  the  "  Leinsti  r  Jour- 
nal." The  nest  yeaM-e  ptdiifce^  Ihi 
somewhat.  f.tmous'  in"cl<*dr;mi  i  $>1  ■  •  '  >-,- 
mon  and  Pythias."  At  20  he  was  editor 
of  the  "  Literary  Register,"  but  his 
fame  began  with  the  success  of  the 
••  O'Hara  Tales,"  in  1825.  In  these  he 
was  the  first  to  depart  from  the  path 
chosen  by  the  Edgeworths  and  the 
Morgans,  and  to  exhibit  the  crime,  the 
passion,  and  the  tragedy  of  the  Irish 
cabin  in  all  their  dark  "colors.  They 
were  followed  in  rapid  succession  by 
"Boyne  Water,"  "The  Croppy,"  "The 
Denounced,"  "The  Smuggler,''  "The 
Mayor  of  Windarap,"  &c.,  <fcc.  Bu*- 
popular  as  his  tales  were,  they  afforded 
him  only  a  precarious  subsistence.  He 
was  compelled  in  his  latter  days,  though 
enjoying  a  small  pension  from  govern- 
ment, to  depend  on  the  bounty  of 
friends.     D.  1842. 

BANISTER,  Johx,  a  learned  phy 
sician  of  the  16th  century,  who,  after 
studying  at  Oxford  and  proceeding  there 
to  his  first  degree  in  physic  in  1573,  re- 
moved to  Nottingham,  where  he  ac- 
quired great  reputation.  He  was  author 
of  several  works  on  physic  and  surgery. 
— John,  the  first  performer  of  celebrity 
on  the  violin,  and  the  composer  of  tho 
music  to  Davenant's  ojjera  of  Circe.  D. 
1679. 

BANKES.  Sir  John,  chief  justice  of 
the  Common  Pleas  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
I.  His  wife,  with  the  family,  being  at 
their  seat  at  Corfe  Castle,  were  sum- 
moned to  surrender  it,  but  she  success- 
fully defended  it  against  the  parliamen- 
tary troops,  till  relieved  by  the  arrival 
of  Lord  Carnarvon,  with  a  body  of  horse. 
Sir  John  d.  in  1644. 

BANKS,  John,  a  bookseller,  and  au- 
thor of  a  "  Critical  Review  of  the  Life  of 
Cromwell,"  &c.  B.  If09;  d.  1751. — 
John,  an  English  dramatist  of  the  ISth 
century;  author  of  the  "  Earl  of  Essex," 
a  tragedy,  <fec. — Sir  Joseph,  an  eminent 
English  naturalist,  and  for  many  years 
president  of  the  Royal  Society.  Hi's  en- 
thusiasm in  the  study  of  natural  history 
may  be  judged  of  from  the  fact,  that  it 
led  him  to  accompany  Cook  in  his  first 
circumnavigation  of  the  world.  He  pub- 
lished only  one  small  work,  a  treatise  on 
the  "Blight,  Mildew,  or  Rust  in  Corn." 
B.  1743;  d.  1820.— Thomas,  an  eminent 
English  sculptor.  Among  the  best  of 
his  works  are  "Caractacus  taken  Prison- 


102 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ban 


er  to  Rome,"  and  "  Achilles  mourning 
the  Loss  of  Briseis."  He  also  executed 
the,  admirable  mommusnt'  hi  Westmin- 
ster abbey,  to  the  njemb^os  Sir  Eyre 
Coote.     B.  1735;  d.  1305. 

BANXAXK1V  i:i:..jAMix,.a  negro  of 
Maryland./  wfeo  bydi:'s  own  unaidyd  ef- 
forts mastered  the  asiroiibmicai  works 
and  tables  of  Ferguson,  and  gained  a 
complete  knowledge  of  the  mathematics, 
so  that  for  years  he  was  the  calculator 
and  publisher  of  the  Maryland  Epheme- 
rides. 

BANNIER  John,  a  Swedish  general 
who  served  under  Gustavus  Adolphus, 
and  at  the  death  of  that  prince  became 
commander-in-chief.     B.  1601;  d.  1641. 

BANNISTER,  John,  an  admirable 
comic  actor,  the  son  of  Charles  Bannis- 
ter, well  known  as  a  singer  and  a  wit, 
was  born  in  London,  in  1760.  Having 
secured  the  favor  of  the  great  Garrick, 
he  made  his  debut  at  Drnry  lane  thea- 
tre, as  "Master  J.  Bannister,"  when 
twelve  years  of  age ;  he  then  quitted  the 
boards  for  a  time,  but  obtained  a  perma- 
nent engagement  in  1779.  At  first  he 
aspired  to  tragedy,  and  gave  it  a  decided 
preference;  but  his  talents  so  clearly  lay 
in  an  opposite  direction,  that  on  the  death 
of  Edwin  he  at  once  supplied  his  place, 
giving  proofs  of  first-rate  powers,  and 
establishing  himself  as  a  public  favorite. 
The  parts  in  which  he  excelled  were 
mainly  Sylvester  Dagfferwood,  Lingo, 
Trudge,  the  Three  Singles,  Bobadil.  Dr. 
Pangloss,  Job  Thornberry,  Colonel 
FeignwelL  and  Walter  in  "The Children 
in  the  Wood."  Being  much  afflicted 
with  the  gout,  he  retired  from  the  stage 
in  1815,  having  had  the  good  fortune  to 
earn  a  competence  by  his  profession,  and 
the  prudence  to  keep  it.  He  d.  Novem- 
ber 8,  1836,  respected  and  beloved  by  all 
who  knew  him.  Nature  had  done  much 
for  Bannister,  physically  as  well  as  men- 
tally :  his  face,  figure,  and  voice  were 
excellent ;  his  spirits  exuberant ;  and  an 
open  manly  countenance  was  a  faithful 
index  to  the  heart  of  "  Gentleman  Jack." 

BANTI,  Brioida  Georgi,  a  celebrated 
female  Italian  singer,  was  the  daughter 
of  a  Venetian  gondolier,  and  in  her  youth 
nothing  more  or  less  than  a  street  singer 
in  Georgi,  her  native  town ;  where  a  no- 
bid  amateur,  having  noticed  the  brilliancy 
of  her  voice,  had  her  instructed  in  sing- 
ing  at  his  expense.  It  was  probable  she 
was  shortly  after  advised  to  try  her  for- 
tune in  a  foreign  country,  for  she  soon 
left  Venice  on  her  road  to  Paris  ;  not 
however,  as  it  would  seem,  in  prosperous 
circumstances,  since  she  sang  at  coffee- 


houses  and  inns  at  Lyons,  ai  d  other 
towns,  for  small  sums  collected  from  the 
guests.  M.  de  Visnes,  who  was  then 
manager  of  the  opera  at  Paris,  relates, 
that,  in  the  year  1778,  he  stopped  one 
evening  at  a  coffee-house  on  the  boule- 
vards, being  struck  by  the  sound  of  a 
very  beautiful  voice ;  it  was  Band  whom 
he  heard,  as  she  was  singing  in  the  cof- 
fee-room. He  put  a  louis  cl'or  into  her 
hand,  desiring  her  to  call  on  him  the 
next  morning.  The  result  was,  that 
Monsieur  de  Visnes  engaged  her  imme- 
diately for  the  Opera  Buffa,  where  she 
made  her  debut,  by  an  air  sung  between 
the  second  and  third  acts  of  "  Iphigenie 
en  Aulide,"  and  created  a  universal  sen- 
sation of  delight.  After  the  departure 
of  the  celebrated  Agujari  from  London, 
the  managers  of  the  Pantheon  engaged 
Madame  Banti  for  three  seasons,  upon 
condition  that  £100  a  year  should  be  de- 
ducted from  her  salary,  for  the  payment 
of  an  able  master  to  cultivate  her  voice. 
Sacchini  was  the  first  appointed  to  this 
office  ;  but  he  found  her  so  idle  and  ob- 
stinate, that  he  soon  quitted  her  as  an 
incurable  patient.  She  was  next  assigned 
to  Piozzi,  whose  patience  was  likewise 
soon  exhausted  by  her  incorrigible  in- 
attention. Her  last  master  in  England 
was  Abel ;  soon  after  which  she  left  this 
country,  and  sang  with  enthusiastic  ap- 
plause at  several  of  the  German  courts, 
and  subsequently  at  almost  every  princi- 
pal town  in  Italy.  Her  great  success 
certainly  exemplified  most  strongly  the 
truth  of  the  old  adage,  "  That  there  are 
a  hundred  requisites  necessary  to  con 
stitute  a  good  singer,  of  which,  whoever 
possesses  a  fine  voice,  is  already  in  pos- 
session of  ninety-nine."  After  several 
years  absence,  Banti  returned  to  England 
in  the  spring  of  1790,  when  her  perform- 
ance and  singing1  in  Gluck's  opera  of 
"  Alceste."  was  thought  to  be  most  per- 
fect; every  look,  every  action,  every 
note,  appearinsr  to  he  strictly  appropriate 
to  the  character  she  had  assumed,  end 
to  no  other.  Soon  after  this,  on  the  oc- 
casion of  Lord  Howe's  victory,  Banti 
introduced  in  one  of  her  cantatas  the 
national  air  of  "God  Rave  the  king,"  in 
a  style  which  perfectly  electrified  the 
audience.  In  the  year  1799  she  enrap- 
tured every  hearer  by  her  performance 
in  "Ines  de  Castro,"  composed  by  Bi- 
anchi,  and  then  first  produced.  The 
celebrated  prayer  in  it,  "  Gran  Dio  che 
regoli,"  was  given  in  a  style  of  tender- 
ness and  appropriate  devotion,  which 
perhaps  has  never  been  exceeded  on  the 
stage.      We  b'lieve  that  the  year  1802 


bar] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


103 


was  the  last  season  of  Banti's  singing  in 
England.  She  died  at  Bologna,  in  1806, 
aged  about  50.  It  is  said,  that,  on  open- 
ing her  body,  the  lungs  were  found  to  be 
of  an  unusually  large  size. 

BAPTIST,  John,  a  native  of  Lisle, 
resident  for  some  time  in  England,  as  a 
painter  of  flowers.  He  studied  atAnt- 
werp,  and  assisted  Le  Brun  in  painting 
the  palace  of  Versailles,  in  which  the 
flowers  were  his  execution.  The  duke 
of  Montague,  who  was  ambassador  in 
France,  employed  him  with  La  Fosse  and 
Kousseau  in  the  decoration  of  Montague 
house,  now  the  British  Museum.  A 
Looking-glass  which  he  adorned  with  a 
garland  of  flowers  for  Queen  Mary  is 
still  preserved  at  Kensington  palace. 
There  is  a  print  of  him  from  a  painting 
by  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller,  in  VS  alpole's 
Anecdotes.  He  died  1699. — His  '  son 
Anthony  distinguished  himself  also  in 
flower  painting. — Another  of  the  same 
name,  who  was  born  at  Antwerp,  paid 
a  visit  to 'England  during  the  civil  wars, 
and  was  engaged  in  General  Lambert's 
service,  and  after  the  restoration  he 
painted  the  attitudes  and  draperies  of 
Sir  Peter  Lely's  portraits.  He  died  in 
1691. 

BARAHONA  Y  SOTO,  Louis,  a 
Spanish  physician  and  poet,  a  native  of 
Luceria,  in  Andalusia,  continued,  under 
the  title  of  the  Tears  of  Angelica,  the 
romance  of  Ariosto,  and  executed  his 
task  in  such  a  manner  as  to  gain  the 
applause  of  Cervantes.  He  is  also  the 
author  of  some  eclogues,  stanzas,  and 
sonnets. 

BAKANZANO,  Redemptus,  a  Barna- 
bite  monk,  who  corresponded  with  Lord 
Bacon,  by  whom  he  was  highly  esteem- 
ed for  his  proficiency  in  mathematics. 
He  wrote  "  Uranosconia,"  "  Campus 
Philosophorum,"  &c.     B.  1590  ;  d.  1622. 

BARATIER,  John  Philip,  a  person  of 
prodigious  memory.  B.  1721,  at  Schwo- 
bach,  in  the  margravate  of  Anspach. 
At  the  age  of  4  he  conversed  with  his 
mother  in  French,  with  his  father  in 
Latin,  and  with  his  servants  in  German. 
The  rapidity  of  his  improvements  aug- 
mented with  his  years,  so  that  he  became 
perfectly  acquainted  with  Greek  at  6, 
with  Hebrew  at  8,  and  in  his  11th  year 
translated  from  the  Hebrew  into  French 
the  travels  of  the  rabbi  Benjamin  of 
Tudela,  which  he  enriched  with  valu- 
able annotations.  His  proficiency  in 
mathematics  was  so  great  that  he  sub- 
mitted to  the  Royal  Academy  of  Science, 
at  Berlin,  a  plan  for  finding  the  longi- 
tude at  sea,  marked  witt  wonderful  in- 


fenuity,  so  that  he  was  elected  a  member, 
n  1735  he  went  with  his  father  to  Halle; 
at  which  university  he  was  offered  tha 
degree  of  master  of  arts,  or  (as  they  call 
it)  doctor  in  philosophy.  Baratier  drew 
up  that  night  14  theses  in  philosophy 
and  the  mathematics  ;  these  he  sent  im- 
mediately to  the  press,  and  defended 
the  next  day  so  very  ably,  that  all  who 
heard  him  were  delighted  and  amazed  : 
he  was  then  admitted  to  his  degree.  But 
this  great  application  injured  his  health, 
and  he  d.  before  he  was  20  years  old. 

BAEBARINO,  Francesco,  an  early 
Italian  poet,  who  wrote  "  Document 
d'Amore."     B.  1264;  d.  1343. 

BARBARO,  Francis,  a  noble  Vene- 
tian, distinguished  by  his  learning  as 
well  as  his  political  talents.  He  defend- 
ed Brescia,  of  which  he  was  governor, 
against  the  Duke  of  Milan,  and  obliged 
the  besiegers  to  retreat.  He  is  princi- 
pally known  by  a  partial  translation  of 
Plutarch's  works,  and  a  treatise  "DeRo 
Uxoria."  The  latter  was  published  in 
1515  at  Paris.  Some  familiar  epistles  of 
his  were  also  published  as  late  as  1743. 
D.  1454. — Hermolao,  the  elder,  nephew 
to  Francis,  was  bishop  of  Trevisa,  and 
afterwards  of  Verona,  where  he  d.  1470. 
He  translated  some  of  ^Esop's  fables  into 
Latin,  when  only  12  years  old. — Her- 
molaus,  grandson  of  Francis,  a  learned 
Venetian,  employed  by  his  countrymen 
as  ambassador  to  the  Emperor  Frederic, 
to  his  son,  Maximilian,  and  to  Pope  In- 
nocent VIII.  He  was  honored  by  the 
pope  with  the  vacant  patriarchate  of 
Aquileia  against  the  wishes  of  his  coun- 
trymen, who  had  passed  a  law  that  their 
ambassadors  should  accept  no  favor  from 
the  Roman  pontiff;  and  so  inexorable 
were  the  Venetians,  that  Barbaro'M  fa- 
ther, who  was  far  advanced  in  years,  and 
intrusted  with  the  first  offices  of  tho 
state,  was  unable  to  avert  their  resent- 
ment, and  died,  in  consequence,  of  a 
broken  heart.  Barbaro  wrote  some  ex- 
cellent treatises  as  well  as  poetry  ;  and 
in  translations  from  Plutarch  and  Dios- 
corides  he  showed  his  abilities  as  a 
Greek  scholar.  D.  1493. — Daniel,  co- 
adjutor of  the  patriarchate  of  Aquileia, 
with  his  uncle  Hermolao,  was  sent  as 
ambassador  from  Venice  to  England, 
where  he  continued  till  1551.  He  d. 
1570,  and  left  several  learned  works  be- 
hind him,  among  which  were  a  "Trea- 
tise on  Eloquence,"  "Venice," — an 
Italian  translation  of  Vitruvius,  and  the 
"Practice  of  Perspective,"  folio. 

BARBAROSSA,  Aruch,  a  well-known 
pirate,  who  made  himself  master  of  Al- 


104 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bar 


giers,  and  murdered  the  king  Selim 
Entenii,  whom  he  had  come  to  assist 
and  defend  against  his  Spanish  invaders. 
He  afterwards  made  himself  master  of 
Tunis,  and  of  Tremecen,  whose  sover- 
eign was  assassinated  by  his  own  sub- 
jects. His  success  was  stopped  by  the 
marquis  of  Gomares,  governor  of  Oran, 
whom  the  heir  of  the  Tremecen  domin- 
ions had  invited  to  his  support;  but 
when  besieged  in  the  citadel  he  made 
his  escape  by  a  subterraneous  passage  ; 
but  being  overtaken-he  was  cut  to  pieces 
with  Ins  followers.  D.  1518. — Cheredin, 
a  brother  of  the  above,  was  an  admiral 
under  Selim  II.  He  obtaineoVwssession 
of  Tunis,  but  was  checked  by  Charles 
V.,  after  which  he  plundered  several 
towns  of  Italy,  and  then  advanced  to 
Yemen  in  Arabia,  which  he  conquered. 
He  d.  in  1547,  aged  80,  leaving  his  son 
Asan  in  possession  of  the  kingdom. — 
Hayradin,  or  Khatr  Eddin,  younger 
brother  of  the  preceding.  He  was  left 
by  Aruch  to  secure  Algiers,  when  he 
marched  against  Tunis,  and,  on  his 
death,  was  proclaimed  king  in  his  place. 
Finding  his  authority  insecure,  he  made 
application  to  the  Ottoman  Sultan  Soli- 
man,  offering  to  recognize  his  superior- 
ity, and  become  tributary,  provided  a 
force  was  sent  to  him  sufficient  to  main- 
tain him  in  his  usurpation.  Soliman 
agreed  to  his  proposals,  and,  ordering 
him  a  reinforcement  of  janizaries,  in- 
vested him  with  the  dignity  of  viceroy 
or  pacha  over  the  kingdom  of  Algiers. 
Thus  reinforced,  Hayradin  built  a  wall 
for  the  improvement  of  the  harbor, 
strengthened  it  with  fortifications,  and 
may  be  deemed  the  founder  of  that  mis- 
chievous seat  of  piracy,  as  it  has  ever 
since  existed.  Such  was  his  reputation 
for  naval  and  military  talents,  that  Soli- 
man  II.  made  him  his  capitan  pacha. 
In  this  capacity  he  signalized  himself  by 
a  long  course  of  exploits  against  the 
Venetians  and  Genoese ;  and,  in  1543, 
when  Francis  I.  made  a  league  with 
Soliman,  he  left  Constantinople,  and, 
with  a  powerful  fleet,  having  the  French 
ambassador  on  board,  took  Reggio,  and 
sacked  the  coast  of  Italy.  In  conjunction 
with  the  French,  he  also  besieged  and 
took  Nice,  and  refitting  during  the  win- 
ter at  Toulon,  again  ravaged  the  coast 
and  islands  of  Italy  in  the  ensuing  spring, 
and  returned  with  many  prisoners  and 
much  spoil  to  Constantinople.  From 
this  time  he  seems  to  have  declined 
active  service,  and  to  have  given  him- 
self up  to  a  voluptuous  life  among  his 
female   captives,   until  the  age   of  80, 


when  he  d.,  and  his  bq.  lessor  Hassan 
became  possessed  of  his  authority  and 
riches.  With  the  ferocity  of  a  Turk 
and  a  corsair,  he  possessed  some  gener- 
ous sentiments,  and  obtained  a  character 
for  honor  and  fidelity  in  his  engage- 
ments. 

BARBAULD,  Ann  Letitia,  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  John  Aikin,  was  born  at 
Kibworth,  in  Leicestershire,  June  20. 
1743.  She  received  from  him  a  classical 
education,  and  early  showed  a  disposi- 
tion for  poetry.  Her  earliest  produc- 
tion was  a  small  volume  of  miscellaneous 
poems,  printed  in  1772,  which,  in  the 
year  following,  was  succeeded  by  a  col- 
lection of  pieces  in  prose,  published  in 
conjunction  with  her  brother,  Dr.  John 
Aikin  of  Stoke  Newington.  In  1774 
she  accepted  the  hand  of  the  Rev. 
Rochemont  Barbauld,  with  whom  she 
took  up  her  residence  at  Palgrave,  in 
Suffolk,  and  there  composed  the  works 
on  which  the  durability  of  her  reputa- 
tion is  most  securely  founded,  viz., 
"  Early  Lessons  and  Hymns  for  Chil- 
dren,'' pieces  which  are  justly  con- 
sidered as  of  standard  merit.  In  1785 
she  accompanied  her  husband  on  a 
tour  to  the  Continent,  and  on  his  re- 
turn, resided  for  several  years  at  Hamp- 
steacl,  but  in  1802  again  removed  to 
Stoke  Newington,  in  order  the  moro 
constantly  to  enjoy  her  brother's  so- 
ciety. In  1812  appeared  the  last  of  her 
separate  publications,  entitled  "  Eigh- 
teen Hundred  and  Eleven,"  a  poem  of 
considerable  merit ;  previous  to  which 
she  had  edited  a  collection  of  English 
novels,  and  a  similar  collection  of  the 
best  British  essayists  of  the  time  of 
Anne,  with  Richardson's  correspond- 
ence, and  a  memoir  of  his  life  and 
writings.     D.  1824. 

BARBAZAN,  Arnold  William,  was 
a  brave  and  noble  French  general, 
whose  valor,  probity,  and  disinterested- 
ness during  a  long  and  successful  career 
under  the  reigns  of  Charles  VI.  and 
VII.  gained  for  him  the  glorious  appel- 
lation of  "the  Irreproachable  Knight." 
D.  1432. — Stephen,  a  French  writer,  au- 
thor of  a  "  Father's  Instructions  to  his 
Son,"  and  editor  of  various  old  French 
tales  and  fables.     B.  1696  ;  d.  1770. 

BARBATELLI,  Bernardino,  an  Ital- 
ian painter,  particularly  excellent  in  de- 
lineating flowers,  fruits,  and  animals. 
B.  1542;  d.  1612. 

BARBEAU  DES  BRUYERES,  Jean 
Louis,  son  of  a  wood-monger  at  Paris, 
rose  by  the  strength  of  his  genius  from 
the  mean  occupation  of  his  father.    He 


bar] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


101 


resided  10  or  15  years  in  Holland,  and 
on  his  return  he  assisted  for  23  years 
M.  Bauche  in  the  completion  of  his 
works.  His  first  publication  in  1759, 
was  his  map  "  De  Monde  Historique," 
an  ingenious  chart,  in  which  was  united 
all  the  information  which  geography, 
chronology,  and  history  could  produce. 
He  published  besides  the  "  iablettes 
Chronologiqaes,"  of  Lenglet,  a  transla- 
tion of  Strahlemberg's  Description  of 
Russia,  Le  Croix's  Modern  Geography, 
besides  large  contributions  to  the  works 
of  his  friends,  and  the  two  last  volumes 
of  the  "Bibliotheque  de  France,''  byLe  j 
Long.  Barbeau  had  to  struggle  through 
life  against  poverty,  but  it  dill  not  ruffle 
his  temper,  or  render  him  unwilling 
freely  to  communicate  to  others  from 
the  vast  store  of  his  knowledge  in  geog- 
raphy and  history.     D.  1781. 

BARBERIXO,  Francis,  an  Italian 
poet,  author  of  "Precents  of  Love." 
B.  1264;  d.  1343. 

BARBEYRAO,  Charles,  a  French 
physician,  whom  Lock?  compared  to 
Sydenham,  author  of  "  Questions  Me- 
dic* Duodecim,"  &c.  B.  16'29;  d.  1699. 
— John,  nephew  of  the  above,  professor 
of  law  at  Berne,  and  subsequently  at 
Groningen.  To  the  performance  of  his 
duty  as  a  lecturer,  he  added  most  labo- 
rious exertions  as  an  author.  He  trans- 
lated the  most  valuable  portions  of  Gro- 
tius,  Putfendorf,  and  other  able  civilians 
into  French,  and  wrote  a  "  History  of 
Ancient  Treatises,"  <fec.  B.  1674;  d. 
1747. 

BARBIER,  Antonie  Alexandre,  bib- 
liographer, was  born  at  Coulomniers,  in 
1765,  and,  at  the  beginning  of  the  rev- 
olution, was  a  vicar.  In  the  year  1794, 
he  went  to  Faris,  where  he  was  chosen 
a  member  of  the  committee  appointed 
to  collect  works  of  literature  and  art 
existing  in  the  monasteries,  which  were 
then  suppressed.  This  was  the  cause 
of  his  being  appointed,  in  179S,  keeper 
of  the  library  of  the  conseil  d'etat,  col- 
lected by  himself,  and,  when  it  was 
transported  to  Fontainbleau,  in  1807, 
Napoleon  appointed  him  his  librarian. 
At  the  return  of  the  king,  he  had  the 
care  of  his  private  library.  He  died  in 
1825.  His  excellent  "Catalogue  de  la 
Bibliotheque  de  Conseil  d'Etat,"  Paris, 
1801-3,  2  vols.,  folio,  is  now  very  rare. 
His  "  Dictionnaire  des  Ouvrages  Ano- 
nymes  et  Pseudonymes,"  is,  on  account 
of  its  plan,  excellent.  But  he  did  not 
succeed  so  well  with  his  "Examen  Cri- 
tique et  Complement  des  Dictionnaires 
Historiques,"  1  vol.,  Paris,  1820,  since 


the  narrow  circle  of  his  studies  and  re- 
searches was  not  sufficient  for  such  an 
extensive  plan. 

BARBIERI,  John  Francis,  also  call- 
ed GUERCINI,  an  eminent  historical 
painter.  B.  1590;  d.  1666. — Paul  An- 
thony, brother  of  the  above,  an  eminent 
painter  of  still-life  subjects.     D.  1640. 

BARBOSA,  Arias,  a  learned  Portu- 
guese professor  of  Greek  at  Salamanca, 
author  of  a  treatise  "On  Prosody,"  and 
some  Latin  Poems.  D.  1540. — Peter, 
chancellor  of  Portusral,  author  of  trea- 
tises ••  On  the  Digests."  D.  1596.— Au- 
CiUstin,  son  of  the  last  named  bishop  of 
Ugento,  author  of  a  treatise  "  De  Officio 
Episcopi,"  &c.     D.  1648. 

BARBOUR,  John,  a  Scotch  poet  and 
divine,  chaplain  to  David  Bruce,  of 
whose  life  and  actions  he  wrote  a  his- 
tory. B.  1320;  d.  137S.  — Thomas,  a 
whig  of  the  American  revolution,  and 
in  1769  a  member  of  the  house  of  bur- 
gesses of  Virginia,  which  made  the  first 
protest  against  the  stamp  act.  He  died 
in  1825,  aged  90. — James,  a  Virginian 
statesman,  who  after  serving  in  various 
offices  in  the  state,  was  subsequently 
governor,  senator  of  the  United  States, 
and  minister  of  war  under  John  Quincy 
Adams.  In  1828  he  was  sent  minister 
to  St.  James,  but  was  recalled  by  Gen. 
Jackson.  He  then  retired  to  private 
life,  and  devoted  himself  mainly  to 
agricultural  pursuits.  D.  1824. — Philip 
Pendleton,  a  younger  brother  of  the 
former,  was  also  distinguished  as  a  law- 
yer and  statesman.  In  1836  he  was  an 
associate  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States.  He  was  a  man 
of  acute,  sound,  and  penetrating  mind. 
D.  1841. 

BARCHAM,  John,  a  learned  divine 
and  antiquary.  B.  at  Exeter,  about 
1572.  He  assisted  Speed  in  his  "  His- 
tory of  England;"  and  was  author  of  a 
"  Display  of  Heraldrie,"  folio,  1611 ;  but 
having  composed  this  in  his  youth,  and 
thinking  it  too  light  a  subject  to  ac- 
knowledge, he  gave  it  to  John  Gwillin, 
a  herald  of  his  acquaintance,  under 
whose  name  it  has  been  repeatedly 
printed.     D.  1642. 

BARCLAY,  an  English  poet  of  some 
note,  originally  chaplain  of  St.  Mary  Ot- 
tcry,  in  Devonshire,  and  afterwards  a 
Benedictine  monk  of  Ely.  His  death 
took  place  in  1552,  a  short  time  after  he 
had  been  presented  to  the  living  of  All- 
Hallows,  in  Loudon.  His  principal  work 
is  a  satire,  entitled  ''  The  Ship  of  Fools," 
a  translation  or  imitation  ot  a  German 
composition.   He  also  wrote  "Eclogue*," 


10G 


CrCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


[bab 


which,  according  to  Wartoii,  the  histo- 
rian of  English  poetry,  are  the  earliest 
compositions  of  the  kind  in  our  language. 
— John,  was  b.  at  Pont-a-Mousson,  and 
educated  in  the  Jesuits1  college  at  that 
place.    He   accompanied   his   father   to 
England,  where  he  was  much  noticed 
by  James  I.,  to  whom  he  dedicated  one 
of  his  principal  works,  a  political  and 
satirical    romance,    entitled    "  Euphor- 
mio,"  in  Latin,  chiefly  intended  to  ex- 
pose   the    Jesuits,    agaiirst   whom    the 
author  adduces  some  very  serious  accu- 
sations.    He  wrote,  also",  several  other 
works,  among  which  is  a  singular  ro- 
mance, in  elegant  Latin,  entitled  "  Ar- 
genis,"  a  political  allegory,  of  a  character 
similar  to  that  of  '*  Euphormio,"  and 
alluding  to  the  political  state  of  Europe, 
and  especially  France,  during  the  league. 
— Robert,  trie  celebrated   apologist   of 
the   Quakers,   was    b.  during    1648,    at 
Gordonstown,  in  the  shire  of  Moray,  of 
an  ancient  and  honorable  family.     The 
troubles    of   the   country   induced    his 
father  to  send  him  to  Paris,  to  be  edu- 
cated under  the  care  of  his  uncle,  who 
was  principal  of  the  Scots  college  in  that- 
capital.      Under    his    influence   he  was 
made  a  convert  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
religion,  upon  which  his  father  sent  for 
him   to   return   home;  and,  soon   after 
becoming  a  Quaker,  the  son  soon  fol- 
lowed his  example.     His  first  treatise  in 
support  of  his  adopted  principles  was 
published  at  Aberdeen,  in  1670,  under 
the  title  of  "Truth  cleared  of  Calum- 
nies," &c,  being  an  answer  to  an  attack 
on  the  Quakers  by  a  Scottish  minister 
of  the  name  of  Mitchell.     It  is  written 
with  great  vigor,  and  with  his  subse- 
quent writings  against  the  same  oppo- 
nent, tended  materially  to  rectify  pub- 
lic sentiment  in  regard  to  the  Quakers, 
hs  also  to  procure  them  greater  indul- 
gence from  government.     To  propagate 
the  doctrines,  as  well  as  to  maintain  the 
credit  he  had  gained  for  the  sect,  he 
published,  in  1675,  a  regular  treatise,  in 
order  to  explain  and  defend  the  system 
of  the  Quakers,  which  production  was 
also  very  favorably  received.    These  and 
similar  labors  involved  him  in  contro- 
versies with   the   leading   members   of 
the  university  of  Aberdeen,  and  others  ; 
but,  notwithstanding  so  much  engross- 
ment, his  mind  was,  at  the  same  time, 
busy  with    his    great   work,    in    Latin, 
"An  Apology  for"  the  true  Christian  Di- 
vinity, as  the  same  is  preached  and  held 
forth  by  the  People  in  scorn  called  Qua- 
Kers."     It  was  soon  reprinted  at  Am- 
sterdam, and  quiekly  translated  into  the 


German,   Dutch,  French,  and  Spanish 
languages,  and,  by  the  author  himself, 
into  English.     It  met,  of  course,  with 
many  answers;  but  his  fame  was  now 
widely  diffused,  and  in  his  travels  vv:th 
the  famous  William  Penn,  through  the 
greater  part  of  England,  Holland,  and 
Germany,  to  spread  the  opinions  of  the 
Quakers,  he  was   received  everywhere 
with  the  highest,  marks  of  respect.     The 
last  of  his  productions,  in  defence  of  the 
theory  of  the  Quakers,  was  a  long  Latin 
letter,  addressed,  in  1676,  to  Adrian  de 
Paets,  "On  the  Possibility  of  an  Inward 
and  Immediate  Revelation."    It  was  not 
published  in  England  until  1686;  from 
which  time  Barclay,  who  had  endured 
his  share  of  persecution,  and  been   nore 
than  once  imprisoned,  spent  the  l  main- 
ing  part  of  his  life,  in  the  bosom  of  a 
large  family,  in  quiet  and  peace,     He  d. 
after  a  short  illness,  at  his  own  house, 
in  TJry,  in  1690,  in  the  42d  year  of  his 
age.     With  few  exceptions,  both  parti- 
san?; and  opponents  unite  in  the  profes- 
sion of  great  respect  for  his  character 
and  tsients.     Besides  the  works  already 
mentioned   or   alluded   to,  he   wrote   a 
treatise  "On  Universal  Love,"  and  va- 
rious replies  to  the  most  able  opponents 
of  his  "  Apology." — William,  a  learned 
civilian,  was  b.  in  Aberdeenshire,  about 
1541.    He  spent  the  early  part  of  his 
life,  and  much  of  his  fortune,   at  the 
court    of  Mary   queen    of  Scots,   from 
whose  favor  he  expected  preferment.    In 
1573,  he  went  over  to  France,  and  at 
Bruges  commenced  student  of  civil  law 
under  the   famous   Cujacius.      Having 
continued  some  years  in  that  seminary, 
he  took  a  doctor's  degree,  and  was  soon 
after  appointed  professor  of  civil  law  in 
the  university  ot  Pont-a-Mousson,  then 
first  founded'  by  the  duke  of  Lorraine. 
Having  parted  with  his  patron,  Barclay 
embarked  for  Britain,  where  King  James 
I.,  who  had  now  succeeded  to  the  two 
crowns,  offered  him  considerable  prefer- 
ment,  provided    he    would    become    a 
member  of  the  church  of  England.    Not 
choosing,  however,  to  comply  with  this, 
he  returned  to  France  in  1604,  and  soon 
after  his  arrival  was  appointed  professor 
of  civil  law  in  the  university  ot  Angers, 
where  he  died  the  year  following,  and 
was  buried  in   the  Franciscan  church. 
He  was  esteemed  a  learned  civilian,  and 
wrote  elaborately  in  the  defence  of  the 
divine  right  of  kings,  in  answer  to  Bu- 
chanan and  others. 

BARCOCHEBAS,  a  Jewish  impostor, 
in  the  2d  century,  who,  during  the 
reign  of  the   emperor   Adrian,  caused 


bar] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


107 


nimself  to  be  proclaimed  the  Messiah 
and  king  of  the  Jews.  Under  his  stand- 
ard they  rose  in  rebellion  against  the 
Romans.  He  fortified  himself  with  his 
deluded  followers,  in  various  places,  and 
committed  great  barbarities,  particularly 
against  the  Christians,  whom  he  massa- 
cred in  vast  numbers.  Julius  Severus, 
the  greatest  general  of  the  time,  took  the 
conduct  of  the  war  against  him,  and 
adopted  the  policy  of  attacking  and  cut- 
ting Ins  followers  off  separately.  He  fell 
at  the  sie^je  of  Bitten,  atter  fifty  thousand 
Jews  had  perished  in  consequence  of 
his  acts. 

BARCOS,  Martdj  de,  a  learned  Jan- 
senist,  who  wrote  a  work  called  "  Petrus 
Aurelius,"  "La  Grandeur  de  L'Egiise 
Komaine,"  a  treatise  on  the  "  Authority 
of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,"  and  many 
controversial  tracts.     D.  1678. 

BARD,  John,  a  learned  physician. 
He  engaged  in  business  in  Philadelphia, 
and  afterwards  removed  to  New  \  ork, 
where  he  remained  till  within  a  few 
mouths  of  his  death.  In  the  year  1795, 
when  the  yellow  fever  had  put  to  flight 
a  number  of  physicians,  who  were  in 
the  meridian  of  life,  the  veteran  Dr.  Bard 
remained  at  his  post.  He  was  the  author 
of  several  papers  on  the  yellow  fever  in 
the  American  Medical  Register.  In  1750 
he  assisted  Dr.  Middleton  in  the  first 
recorded  dissection  in  America.  D. 
1799. — Samuel,  M.D.,  to  obtain  a  thor- 
ough medical  education,  he  spent  five 
years  in  France,  England,  and  Scotland. 
He  received  his  degree  at  Edinburgh  in 
1765.  Dr.  Bard  formed  the  plan  of  the 
medical  school  of  New  York,  which  was 
established  within  a  year  after  his  return. 
He  was  appointed  professor  of  the  prac- 
tice of  physic.  Medical  degrees  were 
first  conferred  in  1769.  By  his  exertions 
the  hospital  was  founded.  In  1774  he 
delivered  a  course  of  chemical  lectures. 
In  1813  he  was  appointed  president  of 
the  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons. 
His  discourses  on  conferring  degrees 
were  very  impressive.    B.  1742;  d.  1821. 

BARDE,  John  de  la,  an  historian  and 
diplomatist  of  the  reign  of  Louis  le  Grand, 
who  wrote  a  history  of  France  from  the 
time  of  Louis  XIII.  to  1652.  B.  1602 ; 
d.  1692. 

BARDES  ANES  the  Gnostic,  a  Syrian, 
who  lived  in  the  latter  half  of  the  second 
century,  at  Edessa,  and  was  a  favorite 
of  the  king  Agbar  Bar  Maanu,  is  memor- 
able for  the  peculiarity  of  his  doctrines. 
He  considered  the  evil  in  the  world  only 
its  an  accidental  reaction  of  matter,  and 
all  life  as  the  offspring  of  male  and  fe-  i 


male  ^Eone.  He  considered  Jesus  to  be 
the  JSon  destined  for  the  salvation  of 
souls,  only  a  feigned  man,  and  his  death 
only  a  feigned  death,  but  his  doctrine 
the  £  are  means  to  fill  the  souls  of  men 
with  ardent  desires  for  their  celestial 
home,  and  to  lead  them  back  to  God,  to 
whom  they  go  immediately  after  death, 
and  without  a  resurrection  of  the  earthly 
body.  He  propagated  this  doctrine  i.* 
Syrian  hymns,  and  is  the  first  writer  of 
hymns  in  this  language.  His  son  Ilar- 
monius  studied  in  Athens,  and  strove, 
also,  by  means  of  hymns.,  to  procure  the 
reception  of  his  doctrine,  l  et  the  Bar- 
desanists  did  not  formally  separate  them- 
selves from  the  orthodox  Christian 
church.  They  maintained  themselves 
until  the  5th  century. 

BARDIN,  Pierre,  a  French  writer 
author  of  "  Le  Grand   Chambellan   dc 
France,"   &e.      He   lost   his   life   while 
attempting  to  rescue  a  drowning  man, 
1637. 

BARDNEY,  Richard,  an  English 
monk;  author  of  the  "Life  of  Robert 
Grosthcad,  bishop  of  Lincoln."    D.  1504. 

BAREBONE,  Praise-God,  a  notorious 
fanatic  of  the  time  of  Cromwell,  from 
whom  the  famous  Barebone's  Parlia- 
ment took  its  name.  He  was  originally 
a  leather-dealer,  but  a  man  of  consider- 
able energy  and  influence.  He  was  ar- 
rested in  1661  with  Major  Wildman  and 
Harrington  for  a  plot  against  the  govern- 
ment, and  committed  to  the  Tower. 
What  became  of  him  on  his  release  is 
not  known. 

BARENT,  Dietrich,  a  Dutch  histori- 
cal and  portrait  painter.  B.  1534;  d. 
1582. 

BARERE,  Bertrand,  one  of  the  most 
conspicuous  actors  in  the  first  French 
revolution,  was  born  in  1755  at  Tarbes, 
in  Gascony,  where  his  father  possessed 
the  small  estate  of  Vieuzac.  He  was 
educated  for  the  bar  at  Toulouse,  prac- 
tised as  an  advocate  with  considerable 
success,  and  besides  occupying  himself 
with  literary  pursuits  of  a  trivial  charac- 
ter, wrote  a  dissertation  which  procured 
him  a  seat  in  the  Toulouse  Academy  of 
Sciences.  In  1785  he  was  elected  one 
of  the  representatives  of  the  Third  Es- 
tate. When,  in  1792,  the  legislative  as- 
sembly invited  the  nation  to  elect  an 
extraordinary  convention,  Barere  was 
chosen  one  of  its  members  by  his  own 
department.  He  voted  for  the  death  of 
the  king,  "sans  appel  et  sans  stirs!*," 
in  words  that  have  been  oft  repeated, 
"  L'arbre  de  la  libcrte  ne  croit  qu'arrose' 
par  le  sang  des  tyrans."     After  the  fall 


f08 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bar 


of  the  monarch,  he  acted  with  the  Gi- 
rondists, to  whom  he  made  himself 
useful  by  the  ease  and  fluency  with 
which  he  could  draw  up  reports.  But 
he  soon  made  common  cause  with  the 
Mountain,  whose  designs  he  carried  out ; 
and  he  bore  a  large  share  in  the  schemes 
subsequently  planned  during  the  "  Reign 
of  Terror,"  earning  for  the  levity  with 
which  he  discharged  his  office  the  nick- 
names of  the  Witling  of  Terror,  and 
the  Anacreon  of  the  Guillotine.  He 
fawned  on  Robespierre  up  to  the 
8th  of  Thermidor,  and  on  the  9th  he 
moved  that  Robespierre  should  be  be- 
headed without  a  trial.  On  the  fall  of 
the  convention  he  was  sent  a  prisoner 
to  the  isle  of  Oleron ;  but  he  made  his 
escape  to  Bordeaux,  where  he  remained 
four  years  in  obscurity ;  and  on  the  estab- 
lishment of  Napoleon's  government  he 
enlisted  in  its  service,  and  for  some  years 
officiated  in  the  double  capacity  of  a  wri- 
ter and  a  spy.  On  the  fall  of  Napoleon, 
in  1814,  he  again  became  a  royalist.  Du- 
ring the  hundred  days  he  was  chosen  by 
his  native  district  a  member  of  the  cham- 
ber of  representatives ;  but  on  the  final 
return  of  the  Bourbons,  in  1815,  he  was 
compelled  to  retire  into  Belgium,  where 
he  resided  till  1830.  The  revolution 
which  then  called  Louis  Philippe  to  the 
throne,  enabled  him  to  return  to  France ; 
but  he  was  reduced  to  extreme  indi- 
gence, and  a  small  pension  from  the 
king  and  the  government  alone  saved 
him  from  the  necessity  of  begging  his 
bread.  D.  1841.  Those  who  wish  to 
see  an  instance  of  the  literary  tomahawk 
skilfully  applied,  will  find  it  in  an  arti- 
cle devoted  to  Barere's  life  and  character 
in  the  Edinburgh  Review,  vol.  lxxix.,  by 
Macaulav. 

BARETTI,  Joseph,  the  son  of  an 
architect  of  Turin,  b.  in  1718,  and  who 
went  to  England  in  1750,  where  he  re- 
sided (with  a  short  interval)  the  remain- 
der of  his  life.  Baretti  had  the  good 
fortune  to  be  introduced  to  Dr.  Samuel 
Johnson,  and  between  them  a  very  long 
intimacy  had  place.  From  the  time  of 
his  arrival  in  England  he  subsisted  by 
teaching  the  Italian  language  and  by 
the  sale  of  his  writings.  In  1760  he 
made  a  tour  to  Italy,  through  Portugal 
and  Spain,  and  returned  to  England 
after  an  absence  of  six  years.  In  1769 
he  was  tried  at  the  Old  Bailey  for  having 
stabbed  a  man  who  violently  assaulted 
him  in  the  Haymarket.  He  made  a 
most  admirable  defence ;  which,  added 
to  the  bad  reputation  of  his  prosecutors, 
impressed  the  court  much  in  his  favor. 


He  was  acquitted  of  the  murder,  and  of 
the  manslaughter:  the  verdict  was  self- 
defence.  After  this  unfortunate  trims- 
action  he  again  sat  down  to  his  studies, 
and  in  1770  published  his  "Travels," 
for  which,  it  is  said,  he  received  £500. 
On  the  establishment  of  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy, he  was  appointed  foreign  secretary, 
a  post  of  more  honor  than  profit.  He 
died  May  5,  1789,  without  a  struggle  or 
sigh,  the  moment  after  taking  a  glass  of 
wine,  preserving  his  faculties  to  the  last 
moment. 

BARGRAVE,  Isaac,  dean  of  Canter- 
bury and  chaplain  to  James  I.     D.  1642. 

BARHAM,  Richard  Harris,  better 
known  by  his  authorial  name  of  Thomas 
Ingoklsby,  was  a  native  of  Canterbury, 
and  a  graduate  of  Oxford,  who  adopted 
the  clerical  profession  and  discharged 
its  duties,  but  who  was  far  more  of  a 
wit  than  a  sermonizer.  He  became  a 
minor  canon  of  St.  Paul's,  and  the  friend 
of  Sydney  Smith,  whom  in  some  respects 
he  resembled.  His  contributions  to  the 
leading  English  periodicals  were  remark- 
able for  fancy  and  humor,  but  his  fame 
will  rest  upon  the  "  Ingoklsby  Iftgends," 
which  are  full  of  quaint  wit  and  happy 
turns  of  thought  and  expression.  A 
novel  of  his,  called  "My  Cousin  Nicho- 
las," was  popular  at  the  time  of  its  pub- 
lication.   B.  1789;  d.  1845. 

BARKER,  Edmund  Henry,  a  classical 
scholar,  who  edited  Stephens'  Greek 
Thesaurus,  Prolegomena  to  Homer, 
Lempriere,  &c.,  and  was  a  leading  sup- 
porter of  the  classical  journal,  the  British 
Critic  and  the  Monthly  Magazine,  to 
which  he  contributed  valuable  disserta- 
tions on  questions  of  philology  and  an- 
tiquities. B.  1788;  d.  1839.— George, 
an  eminent  lawyer  of  Birmingham,  who 
aided  Watt  and  Boulton  in  their  gigantic 
railroad  and  other  schemes.  B.  1776 ;  d. 
1845. — Robert,  inventor  of  the  pano- 
rama, was  b.  at  Kells,  in  Ireland,  about 
1740 ;  and,  having  failed  in  business, 
became  a  miniature  and  portrait  painter. 
He  settled  at  Edinburgh  in  that  capacity ; 
and,  while  viewing  the  landscape  from 
the  Calton  Hill,  was  first  struck  with  the 
idea  of  representing  similar  scenes  in  a 
circular  picture.  Eminent  artists  treat- 
ed the  project  as  chimerical ;  but  he 
persisted,  and  ultimately  succeeded  in 
accomplishing  what  may  be  considered 
as  the  triumph  of  pictorial  illusion.  It 
was  in  1787  that  his  first  attempt  was 
exhibited;  and  his  exhibition  soon  be- 
came so  popular  that  he  gained  a  con- 
siderable fortune.  D.  1806.— Matthew 
Henry,  a  sea-captain,  who  i  a  the  latter 


bar] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


10ft 


part  ofliis  life  took  to  writing  sea-novels, 
in  which  he  attained  great  success,  under 
the  name  of  the  Old  Sailor.  His  "  Tough 
Yarns,"  "  Jim  Bunt,"  "  Land  and  Sea 
Tales,"  etc.,  have  considerable  merit. 
D.  1846. — George  P.,  a  distinguished 
lawyer  and  politician  of  Buffalo,  attor- 
ney-general of  the  state  of  New  York, 
who'd,  in  1848,  before  he  had  fulfilled 
his  promise. 

BAEEUAM,  John,  a  native  of  Exeter, 
who,  after  studying  at  Oxford,  and  hold- 
ing several  places  of  preferment,  d.  at 
Booking,  in  Essex,  of  which  he  was  rec- 
tor and  dean.  He  is  mentioned  by 
Speed,  and  others,  as  possessing  "  learn- 
ing, virtue,  and  courtesy."  His  valuable 
collection  of  coins  and  medals,  which  he 
gave  to  Laud,  was  presented  to  the  uni- 
versity. Though  lie  never  published 
any  thing,  yet  his  friends  had  reason  to 
acknowledge  his  great  erudition,  so  that 
Guillim's  display  of  heraldry,  and  Speed's 
John  and  Henry  II.  are  attributed  to 
him. 

BARKSDALE,  Clement,  a  native  of 
Winchcomb,  Gloucestershire,  educated 
at  Abingdon  school  and  Oxford.  He  was 
elected  master  of  Hereford  school,  but 
during  the  civil  wars  he  left  his  situation, 
and  took  pupils  at  Hawling,  in  Glouces- 
tershire. On  the  restoration  he  was 
presented  to  the  living  of  Taunton, 
where  he  d.  1687,  aged  78.  His  works 
are,  besides  several  sermons,  and  some 
tracts,  "  Monumenta  Literaria,"  "Sive 
Obitus  et  Elogia,"  "  Doctorum  Yirorum 
ex  Historiis  Thuani,"  "  Nymplia  Libe- 
thris,  or  the  Corswold  Muse,"  1651 ; 
"  The  Life  of  Grotius,"  1652  ;  "  Memo- 
rials of  Worthy  Persons,"  1661. 

BAR  LA  AM",  a  Greek  monk,  who,  in 
1339,  was  sent  into  the  West,  by  the 
younger  Andronicus,  the  Greek'  em- 
peror, to  solicit  assistance  against  the 
Turks,  and  to  negotiate  a  union  between 
the  Latin  and  Greek  churches.  On 
his  return  he  was  censured,  as  hetero- 
dox, by  a  council ;  upon  which  he  went 
back  to  Italy,  and  obtained  the  bishopric 
of  Hieracium,  in  Calabria.  He  d.  about 
It  18.  Barlaam  introduced  the  study  of 
Grecian  literature  into  Italy ;  and  Pe- 
trarch and  Boccacio  wore  his  disciples. 

BARL^EUS,  Gasparaus,  a  Latin  poet 
of  Antwerp,  appointed  subprincipal  of 
the  college  of  Leyden,  but  afterwards  re- 
jected from  his  office  for  the  zealous 
6hare  which  he  took  in  the  disputes  of 
the  Arminians.  He  now  took  his  de- 
grees in  physio  at  Caen,  and  in  1631  was 
invited  by  the  magistrates  of  Amster- 
dam to  fill  the  chair  of  professor  of  phi- 
10 


losophy,  which  he  held  till  his  death  in 
1648,  in  his  64th  year,  though  his  wri- 
tings  in  favor  of  Arminius  raised  him  a 
number  of  enemies,  who  loudly  called 
for  his  dismission.  His  orations  are 
admired  for  their  wit  and  purity,  and 
his  poems  for  their  elegance  and  correct- 
ness. Two  volumes  of  his  letters  were 
published  after  his  death.  He  wrote 
also  an  account  of  Count  Maurice's  gov- 
ernment in  Brazil. 

BARLETTA,  Gabriel,  a  Dominican, 
b.  at  Barletta,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples, 
He  acquired  some  celebrity  as  a  writel 
and  as  a  preacher,  and  it  became  pro- 
verbial to  say,  neicit  pr<xdicare  qui  nescit 
Barletta  re.  It  is  reported  that  his  ser 
moiis  rapidly  passed  through  20  editions, 
but  so  incongruous  was  the  composition, 
so  full  of  serious  reflections  and  ridicu- 
lous levities,  of  obsolete  words,  and  of 
modern  and  ancie  t  Idioms,  that  more 
singular  and  extraordinary  performances 
scarcely  ever  appeared.  The  best  edition 
is  that  of  Venice,  1577,  two  vols.  8vo. 
He  was  b.  about  1040,  but  the  time  of 
his  death  is  unknown. 

BARLOW,  Thomas,  an  English  pre- 
late, was  b.  in  1607,  at  Langhill,  in 
Westmoreland,  and  educated  at  Oxford. 
He  was  raised  to  the  bishopric  of  Lin- 
coln in  1675,  and  held  it  till  his  death, 
in  1691.  His  principles  were  any  thing 
but  inflexible.  He  wrote  against  popery 
during  the  reign  of  Charles  II.;  vindi- 
cated the  regal  power  of  dispensing  with 
the  laws,  under  James  II. ;  and  finally 
gave  his  allegiance  to  William  III.  Noi 
did  he  properly  fulfil  his  episcopal  duties 
He  was,  however,  a  learned  and  a  toler 
ant  man.  His  works  consist  of  some 
tracts  ;  a  Collection  of  Cases  of  Consci- 
ence Resolved  ;  and  Genuine  Remains. 
— Joel,  was  b.  at  Reading,  in  Connect! 
cut,  about  1755,  and  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1778.  After  leaving  college  he 
engaged  for  a  short  time  in  the  study  of 
the  law,  but  soon  changed  it  for  theolo- 
gv,  and  became  a  chaplain  in  the  army, 
which  station  he  retained  until  the  return 
of  peace.  From  1783  to  1795  Mr.  Bar- 
low was  occupied  with  various  private 
pursuits,  in  America  and  Europe  ;  and 
in  the.  latter  year  was  appointed  by  Pres- 
ident Washington  consul  at  Algiers, 
with  powers  to  negotiate  a  treaty  of 
peace  with  the  Dey,  and  redeem  the 
American  captives  on  the  coast  of  Bar- 
bary.  He  concluded  a  treaty  with  Al- 
giers, and  also  negotiated  one  with 
Tripoli,  and  rescued  many  American 
citizens  from  slavery.  In  1797  he  re- 
signed his  consulship.     In  1805  he  re- 


110 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[BAh 


turned  to  the  United  States.  In  1811  lie 
was  bent  as  minister  plenipotentiary  to 
the  French  government.  He  failed  in 
the  object  of  his  mission,  but  in  October, 
1812,  he  was  invited  to  a  conference  with 
the  emperor  at  Wilna.  The  fatigue  and 
exposure  to  which  he  subjected  himself, 
to  comply  with  this  invitation,  caused 
his  death  at  Zarowiteh,  an  obscure  vil- 
lage near  Cracow,  in  December,  1812. 
"While  in  college  Mr.  Barlow  was  a  votary 
of  the  muses,  and  by  that  means  ac- 
quired the  friendship  of  Dr.  Wright, 
who  himself  occasionally  dabbled  in 
vei>e.  His  "American  Poems"  were 
printed  at  Litchfield,  shortly  after  he 
left  college.  The  "  Vision  of  Columbus"' 
appeared  in  17S7.  He  prepared  a  new 
version  of  Watts'  Psalms  for  the  clergy 
of  bis  native  state.  While  in  France  he 
became  a  warm  friend  of  the  leading 
Girondists.  In  England,  about  1791,  he 
printed  his  "  Advice  to  the  Privileged 
Orders,"  and  afterwards  the  "Conspir- 
acy of  Kings,"  and  a  "  Letter  to  the 
National  Convention."  But  his  most 
popular  poem  was  a  mock  heroic,  in 
three  cantos,  called  " Hasty  Pudding," 
in  which  he  celebrated  a  national  New 
England  dish.  Returning  to  America, 
in  1808,  he  published  a  noticeable  poem 
called  the  Columbiad,  which  is  still  ex- 
tant, and  some  people  read. 

BAELOWE,  William,  a  bishop  of 
Bath  and  Wells  under  Queen  Mary, 
and  bishop  of  Winchester  under  Eliza- 
beth. D.  1653. — William,  his  son.  arch- 
deacon of  Sarum,  skilled  in  natural  phi- 
losophy, and  the  first  English  writer 
on  the*  properties  of  the  loadstone.  D. 
1625. 

BARNARD,     Theodore,     a     Dutch 

Eainter  who  settled  in  England,  said  to 
ave  painted  the  kings  and  bishops  in 
Chichester  cathedral.— John,  D.D.,  pre- 
bendary of  Lincoln  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  II.,  author  of  a  "  Life  of  Dr. 
Ileylyn,"  &e.  D.  1683.— Sir  John,  lord 
mayor  of  London,  and  one  of  its  repre- 
sentatives in  parliament  for  forty  years. 
He  was  an  able  speaker,  and  a  remark- 
ably conscientious  and  religious  man  ; 
and  so  greatly  was  he  respected  by  his 
fellow-citizens,  that  they  erected  a  statue 
to  his  memorv  in  the  Roval  Exchange. 
B.  at  Reading,  1685 ;  d.  1764. 

BARN  AVE,  Anthony  Peter  Joseph. 
an  eloquent  and  popular  member  of  the 
French  national  assembly.  He  was 
charged  with  the  conveyance  of  the 
king  from  Varennes  to  Paris;  on  which 
occasion  he  conducted  himself  with 
great  delicacy  and  respect.    Though  he 


had  retired  to  private  life,  he  was  ar- 
rested by  the  faction  then  in  power,  and 
guillotined  in  17'j4. 

BARNES,  Juliana,  prioress  of  St. 
Alban's  in  the  15th  century,  author  of 
treatises  on  "  Hunting,  Hawking,  and 
Heraldry." — Robert,  D.D.,  chaplain  to 
Henry  VIII.  ;  burnt  to  death  in  Smith- 
field  for  Lutheranism,  in  1540;  authot 
of  a  treatise  on  "  Justification,"  &c. — 
Joshua,  a  learned  divine,  educated  at 
Christ's  hospital,  London,  and  Emman- 
uel college,  Cambridge,  author  of  the 
"Life  of  Edward  111.."  and  a  poem 
"  On  the  History  of  Esther,"  and  editor 
of  the  works  of  Euripides,  Anacreon, 
and  Homer.  B.  1654  ;  d.  1712.— Thomas, 
a  srentleman  of  famous  literary  ability, 
and  principal  editor  of  "  The  Times," 
which  journal  owes  much  of  its  celebrity 
and  influence  to  the  powerful  political 
leaders  that  came  from  his  pen,  as  well 
as  to  the  rare  skill  and  discrimination 
he  evinced  in  the  general  control  and 
adaptation  of  the  articles  furnished  by 
his  coadjutors,  &c.  Notwithstanding 
the  share  he  necessarily  took  in  the 
strife  of  politics,  it  is  recorded  to  his 
honor  that  he  retained  the  friendship 
of  all  who  had  once  intimately  known 
him,  how  much  soever  they  mi<rht 
chance  to  differ  on  questions  of  public 
interest.  Mr.  Barnes  was  educated  at 
Christ's  hospital  and  Pembroke  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  B.A.  and 
M.A.  degrees.  D.  1841,  aged  55. — 
Daniel  II.,  a  distinguished  conchol- 
ogist,  who,  with  Dr.  Griscom,  originated 
and  conducted  with  great  reputation 
the  high  school  of  New  York.  He  was 
also  a"  Baptist  preacher.  On  Sunday, 
the  day  before  his  death,  he  preached 
at  New  Lebanon  from  the  text,  "Ye 
know  not  what  shall  be  on  the  mor- 
row ;"  on  the  next  day,  the  driver  hav- 
ing been  thrown  from  his  seat,  Mr. 
Barnes  in  his  alarm  jumped  from  the 
carriage,  fractured  his  skull,  and  died 
soon  after.  His  learned  communications 
on  conchology  were  published  in  Silli- 
man's  journal,  with  explanatory  plates. 
BARNEY,  Joshua,  a  distinguished 
commander  in  the  American  navy.  He 
was  employed  in  the  public  service  du- 
ring the  war  of  the  revolution,  and  was 
twice  captured.  In  a  vessel  named  the 
Ilyder  Ali,  carrying  4  nini  and  12  si? 
pounders  he  captured,  after  an  action, 
of  26  minutes,  the  Gen.  Monk  of  18 
guns,  nine-pounders,  with  the  loss  of  4 
men  killed,  and  11  wounded.  The  Gen. 
Monk  lost  30  killed,  and  53  wounded, 
lie  sailed  in  the  Gen.  Monk  with  dis- 


bar] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


11. 


Eatches  for  Dr.  Franklin  at  Paris,  and 
rought  back  a  valuable  loan  from  the 
king  of  Franco.  In  1790  he  went  to 
France  with  Mr.  Munroe,  deputed  the 
bearer  of  the  American  flag  to  the  Na- 
tional Convention.  In  1813  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  the  flotilla 
for  the  defence  of  the  Chesapeake.     He 

Eartieipated  in  the  battle  of  Bladeus- 
urg,  and  was  wounded  by  a  ball  in 
the  thigh.  In  1815  he  was  sent  on  a 
mission  to  Europe.  He  d.  in  1819,  aged 
59.  lie  had  been  41  years  in  public 
service,  and  engaged  in  26  battles. 

BARN  E  VELDT,  John-  d'  Oldex,  a 
Dutch  statesman  of  great  abilities,  am- 
bassador to  Elizabeth  in  England,  and  to 
Henry  IV.  of  France.  His  attempts  to 
limit  ti  c  authority  of  Maurice  the  second 
stadtholder  of  Holland,  raised  him  ene- 
mies, by  whose  virulence  he  was  accused 
of  designs  to  deliver  the  country  to  the 
Spaniards,  and  in  consequence  of  this 
false  charge,  he  was  tried  and  beheaded 
in  1619.  His  sons.  William  and  Rene, 
resented  the  cruelty  exercised  against 
their  father,  and  though  the  elder  es- 
caped, Rene  felt  the  punishment  due  to 
a  conspirator.  The  mother  stepped  in 
in  defence  of  her  son',  and  when  Maurice 
expressed  surprise  to  see  her  eager  to 
save  him  when  she  had  seen  his  father 
fall  uulamented,  she  indignantly  re- 
plied, '•  I  would  not  solicit  a  pardon  for 
my  husband,  for  he  was  innocent.  I 
ask  it  for  my  son  because  he  is  guilty." 
BARO  or  BARONI,  Peter,  a  native 
of  Estampes,  in  France,  who  left  his 
country  on  account  of  his  attachment  to 
Protestantism,  and  found  a  hospitable 
asylum  in  England,  in  the  house  of 
Lord  Burleigh,  and  at  Cambridge  with 
Dr.  Pierce,  by  whose  influence  he  was 
chosen  Margaret  professor  of  divinity, 
1574.  The  tranquillity  of  his  residence 
was  however  of  short  duration.  He  op- 
posed Whitaere,  Tindal,  and  Chadder- 
ton,  who  violently  supported  the  tenets 
of  ?bsolute  predestination,  and  whilst 
he  gave  a  more  moderate  explanation  to 
tho  doctrine  in  his  sermons  and  in  his 
lectures,  he  found  himself  cited  before 
the  vice  chancellor,  and  accused  before 
Archbishop  Whitgift ;  and  though  Lord 
Burleigh,  the  chancellor,  disapproved 
of  the  virulence  of  his  prosecutors,  he 
found  himself  obliged  to  leave  Cam- 
bridge for  Crutchedfriars,  London, 
tvhere  he  died.  His  writings  were  on 
divinity  subje--,  and  in  Latin. 

BAROCCIO,  Frederic,  a  painter  of 
Urbino,  who  learnt  sculpture  of  his  fa- 
ther,  and  architecture,  geometry,    and 


perspective  of  his  uncle,  and  drew  the 
Inads  of  his  Virgins  after  the  features 
ot  his  sister,  and  those  of  his  Jesuses 
after  his  nephew.  Cardinal  de  la  Ro- 
vere  became  early  his  patron,  but  the 
jealousy  of  his  rivals  proved  nearly 
fatal.  lie  was  maliciously  poisoned, 
and  though  he  recovered  by  the  im- 
mediate application  of  medicine,  his 
constitution  grew  weak  and  languid, 
and  he  lingered  in  an  unhealthy  state, 
till  his  S4th  year,  1(512.  His  paintings 
are  in  good  esteem,  his  historical  pieces 
are  deservedly  admired,  but  he  shines 
with  superior  lustre  in  the  execution  of 
his  devotional  portraits.  His  merits 
were  universally  admitted,  and  his  in- 
firmities alone  prevented  him  from  ac- 
cepting the  honors  which  were  liberally 
ottered  to  him  by  the  duke  of  Tuscany, 
the  Emperor  Rodolph  II.,  and  Philip 
II.  of  Spain.  In  correctness  he  is  great; 
he  understood  well  the  effects  of  light 
and  shade,  and  though  the  attitudes  of 
some  of  his  figures  are  out  of  propor- 
tion, he  may  be  said  to  approach  the 
softness  and  graces  ofCorreggio: 

BARON,  BonavbntOKE.  a  native  of 
Clonniel,  Ireland,  educated  by  his  undo 
Luke  Wadding,  and  afterwards  em- 
ployed as  divinity  professor  at  Rome, 
where  he  spent  60  years,  and  died  blind 
in  a  good  old  age,  March  18th,  1696. 
He  was  a  learned  and  voluminous 
writer.  His  "  Theologia,"  in  6  vols., 
is  his  best  performance.  See  a  list  of 
his  works  in  Sir  James  Ware's  writers 
of  Ireland,  p.  253. — Michael,  son  of  a 
merchant  ot  Issondun,  became  cele- 
brated as  a  player.  His  powers  in  ex- 
pressing the  passions  were  unusually 
great,  and  he  was  deservedly  called  the 
Roseius  of  his  time.  He  was  not  insen- 
sible to  the  popularity  which  he  enjoyed, 
and  with  arrogance  and  vanity  he  ob- 
served, that  once  in  a  century  a  Csesar 
might  arise,  but  that  2000  years  were 
requisite  to  produce  a  Baron.  His  su- 
perior excellence  was  in  a  great  degree 
owing  to  his  own  exertions,  so  that  Ra 
cine  in  representing  his  Andromache  to 
the  actors,  with  the  judgment  and  cor- 
rectness of  a  poet  and  of  a  man  of  feel- 
ing, paid  him  the  highest  compliment, 
assuring  him  that  he  could  give  him  no 
instructions,  "  for,"  added  he,  "  your 
own  heart  will  tell  you  more  than  any 
lessons  of  mine  can  suggest."  He  died 
at  Paris,  22d  Dec.  1729,  aged  77.  Three 
volumes  in  12mo.  of  theatrical  pieces, 
appeared  in  1760,  under  his  name,  or 
which,  however,  some  suppose  that  he 
was  not  the  authoi.      His  dialogue  ia 


112 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


[bar 


lively,  and  his  scenes  diversified ;  but 
there  is  not  very  little  of  brilliancy 
of  coloring  which  an  acquaintance  with 
the  manners  of  the  great  could  have 
supplied. 

BARONI,  Adrians  Basile,  a  native 
of  Mantua,  sister  to  the  poet  Basile. 
She  was  so  admired  for  her  beauty,  her 
wit,  and  her  accomplishments,  that  vol- 
umes were  written  in  her  praise.  Her 
daughter  Leonora  possessed  equal 
charms,  and  met  equal  admiration,  and 
in  1639,  a  collection  of  pieces  in  Latin, 
Greek,  Spanish,  Italian,  and  French, 
was  published,  in  which  her  beauty  and 
her  perfections  were  portrayed  with  all 
tiie  graces  of  poetry.  She  also  wrote 
some  poetical  trifles.  The  daughter  had 
profound  skill  in  music,  a  sweet  voice, 
and  the  utmost  delicacy  of  manner.  Mr. 
Bayle  styles  her  one  of  the  finest  singers 
in  the  world. 

BARONIUS,  Cesar,  confessor  to  Cle- 
ment VIII.,  who  made  him  cardinal  and 
librarian  of  the  Vatican  ;  author  of 
"  Ecclesiastical  Annals."  B.  at  Sora, 
158S;  d.  1607. 

BAROZZI,  James,  a  celebrated  archi- 
tect, successor  to  Michael  Angclo  as  ar- 
chitect of  St.  Peter's  ;  author  of  "  Rules 
for  the  Five  Orders  of  Architecture," 
&c.    B.  1507  ;  d.  1577. 

BARRAL,  Peter,  a  French  abbe ; 
author  of  a  "  Dictionary  of  Roman  An- 
tiquities," &c.  D.  1772. — Louis  Mat- 
thias de,  bishop  of  Troyes,  was  a  native 
of  Grenoble.  He  emigrated  at  the  rev- 
olution ;  but  returning  to  France  in  1801, 
Bonaparte  made  him  bishop  of  Meaux, 
and  afterwards  archbishop  of  Tours,  and 
almoner  to  the  Empress  Josephine.  D. 
1816. 

BARR  AS,  Paul  Francis  John  Nicho- 
las, Count  de,  was  originally  a  sub- 
lieutenant in  the  regiment  of  Languedoc, 
and  served  for  some  time  in  India. 
Embracing  revolutionary  principles,  he 
assisted  at  the  attack  on  the  Bastile,  and 
voted  in  the  National  Convention  for 
the  death  of  the  unfortunate  Louis  XVI. 
He  subsequently  became  one  of  the 
chiefs  of  the  government,  but  retired 
from  public  life  when  Bonaparte  as- 
sumed the  direction  of  affairs.  For  some 
yea^s  he  resided  at  Rome,  but  returned 
to  France  in  1814,  and  remained  there 
till  his  death  in  1829. 

BARRE,  William  Vincent,  a  native 
of  France,  who,  after  serving  in  the  Rus- 
sian navy  with  credit  in  his  youth,  re- 
turned to  his  own  country  on  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  French  revolution,  joined 
bis  countrymen  in  arms,  and  was  ovent- 


m  Hy  appointed  interpreter  to  the  French 
government;  but  having  indulged  his 
vein  of  sarcasm  on  the  legitimacy  of 
the  First  Consul,  he  was  put  under  ar- 
rest. He  escaped  the  vigilance  of  his 
enemies,  and  got  to  London,  where  he 
published  a  "History  of  the  First  Con- 
sulate." He  translated  into  French  Sir 
Sydney  Smith's  pamphlet  on  the  expedi- 
tion into  Egypt ;  for  which  the  English 
government  rewarded  him.  While  at 
Dublin,  in  1829,  he  committed  suicide. 

BARRELIER,  James,  a  friar  and  bot- 
anist ;  author  of  "  T  antie  per  Galliam, 
Hispaniam,"  &c.    B.  16a6  ;  d.  1763. 

BARRERE,  Pierre,  a  French  physi- 
cian ;  author  of  a  "  Dissertation  sur  la 
couleur  des  Negres,"  &q.     D.  1755. 

BARRET,  George,  a  landscape  paint- 
er, of  considerable  eminence.  He  was 
b.  in  Dublin,  but  passed  most  of  his  life 
in  England,  and  was  a  chief  founder  of 
the  Royal  Academy.     B.  1730;  d.  1784. 

BARRETT,  William,  an  English  to- 
pographer; author  of  a  "History  of 
Bristol."     D.  1789. 

BARRINGTON,  John  Shute,  the  first 
Viscount  Barrington  ;  author  of  "  An 
Essay  on  the  several  Dispensations  of 
God  to  Mankind,"  the  "  Rights  of  Dis- 
senters," &c,  &c.  B.  1678';  D.  1734.— 
Daines,  fourth  son  of  Viscount  Barring- 
ton,  was  bred  to  the  law,  and  rose  to  the 
office  of  second  justice  of  Chester.  He 
was  author  of  "  Observations  on  the 
Statutes,"  &c.  B.  1727  ;  d.  1800.— Sam- 
uel, youngest  brother  of  the  last-named, 
entered  early  into  the  navy,  ana  became 
rear-admiral  of  the  white..  He  took  St. 
Lucia,  in  the  face  of  a  superior  force . 
and  was  conspicuous  for  his  zeal  and 
courage  at  the  memorable  relief  of  Gib- 
raltar, by  Lord  Howe.  D.  1800. — Shute, 
bishop  of  Durham,  was  the  sixth  son  of 
the  first  Viscount  Barrington,  and  b.  in 
1734.  After  obtaining  a  fellowship  at 
Merton  college,  Oxford,  and  taking  his 
degrees,  he  was  appointed  royal  chaplain 
on  the  accession  ot  George  III.  In  1768 
lie  was  made  a  canon  of  St.  Paul's,  and 
in  the  following  year  was  raised  to  the 
bishopric  of  Llandaff.  In  1782  he  was 
promoted  to  the  see  of  Salisbury,  whence 
in  1791  he  was  translated  to  that  of  Dur- 
ham. He  engaged  in  some  controversial 
disputes  both  with  the  Calvinists  and 
Catholics  ;  but,  though  hostile  to  the 
doctrines  of  the  latter,  he  was  a  liberal 
benefactor  of  the  French  "Wgy  who  took 
refuge  in  England  dun  .^,  the  revolu- 
tion ;  and  few  men  were  more  munifi- 
cent in  their  charitable  support  of  be- 
nevolent institutions.      D.   1826. — Tho 


bar] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


113 


Hon.  George,  M.  P.,  was  b.  at  Durham 
in  1794,  and  entered  the  naval  service  at 
the  usual  age.  He  obtained  the  rank  of 
post-captain  in  1826  ;  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  married  Lady  Caroline,  third 
daughter  of  Earl  Grey,  who,  on  becom- 
ing prime  minister,  appointed  him  a  lord 
of  the  Admiralty.  He  was  returned  one 
of  the  members  for  the  newly-created 
borough  of  Sunderland  in  1832,  from 
which  he  afterwards  retired  in  conse- 
quence of  ill  health,  which  continued 
until  his  death,  in  June,  1835. 

BARROS,  John  de,  a  learned  Portu- 
guese, treasurer  of  the  Indies,  and 
author  of  a  "  History  of  Asia  and  the 
Indies."     D.  1570. 

BARROW,  Isaac,  a  learned  mathema- 
tician and  divine  of  an  ancient  family  in 
Suffolk,  was  b.  in  London.  He  was  ad- 
mitted pensioner  of  Peter-house,  Cam- 
bridge, 1643;  but  two  years  after  he 
became  member  of  Trinity  college,  after 
being  ejected  from  Peter-house  for  wri- 
ting against  the  covenant.  He  was  after- 
wards chosen  fellow  of  the  college.  His 
studies  were  directed  to  divinity ;  but 
when  he  observed  the  connection  which 
exists  between  chronology  and  astrono- 
my, he  applied  himself  with  indefatiga- 
ble zeal  to  those  higher  sciences,  and 
made  a  rapid  progress  besides  in  anato- 
my, botany,  and  chemistry.  Upon  his 
disappointment  in  not  being  elected 
Greek  professor,  on  the  death  of  Dr. 
Duport,  he  resolved  to  travel,  and  to 
supply  his  expenses  he  parted  with  his 
books,  and  left  the  kingdom,  1655.  He 
visited  Paris,  Leghorn,  and  Florence, 
and  everywhere  enriched  his  mind  by 
observation  and  inquisitive  researches. 
From  Leghorn  he  passed  to  Smyrna,  and 
in  his  voyage  displayed  his  uncommon 
courage  by  assisting  the  crew  of  the  ves- 
sel in  beating  off  an  Algerine  corsair 
that  threatened  them  with  death  or 
slavery.  He  passed  from  Smyrna  to  Con- 
stantinople, where  he  resided  one  year, 
and  returned  to  England  through  Venice, 
Germany,  and  Holland,  in  1659.  He  now 
took  orders,  agreeable  to  the  statutes  of 
his  college,  and  in  1660  he  was  elected 
to  the  Greek  professorship  of  the  uni- 
versity, and  two  years  after  to  that  of 
geometry  in  Gresham  college.  The  next 
year  he  was  made  Lucasian  mathemati- 
cal lecturer  at  Cambridge,  an  office 
which,  in  1669,  he  resigned  to  his  great 
friend  Isaac  Newton,  that  lie  might  with 
■jloser  application  devote  himself  to  di- 
vinity. He  now  received  the  preferment 
which  was  due  to  his  merit  from  his 
uncle,  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  and  from 
10* 


Ward,  bishop  of  SaV^ury.  and,  m  1672, 
the  king,  whom  he  served  oy  his  con- 
duct, and  flattered  by  his  poetry,  raised 
him  to  the  mastership  of  Trinity  college, 
observing,  that  he  gave  it  to  the  best 
scholar  in  England.  He  was  vice  chan- 
cellor in  1675;  but  his  public  services 
were  of  short  duration.  He  died  of  a 
fever,  4th  May,  1677,  aged  47,  and  was 
buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  where 
his  friends,  by  contribution,  erected  a 
monument  over  him,  of  which  the  epi- 
taph was  written  by  Dr.  Mapletoft.  The 
writings  of  Barrow  are  i..unerous  and 
valuable,  and  chiefly  on  mathematical 
subjects.  As  a  divine  he  was  great  as 
well  as  exemplary.  His  sermons  are 
highly  esteemed,  and  have  been  fre- 
quently edited.  His  works  in  English 
were  published  together  by  Dr.  Tillot- 
son,  in  3  vols,  folio. — Sir  John,  Bart., 
for  many  years  a  secretary  to  the  En- 
glish admiralty,  an  extensive  traveller, 
and  a  voluminous  writer  of  travels,  bi* 
ographies,  &c.     B.  1764;  d.  1848. 

BARRUEL,  Augustin,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, and  of  some  note  as  a  man  of 
letters  during  the  French  revolution, 
was  born  in  1741.  He  was  for  some 
years  editor  of  "  Le  Journal  Ecclesi- 
astique  ;"  but  as  the  principles  he  there 
advocated  were  opposed  to  the  revolu- 
tion, he  was  obliged  to  fly  to  England, 
where,  in  1794,  he  published  his  "His- 
tory of  the  French  Clergy,1'  &c. ;  but  his 
bes't  known  work  is  entitled  "  Memoirs 
for  a  History  of  Jacobinism,  Impiety, 
and  Anarchy,"  in  5  vols.  Svo. ;  a  pro- 
duction in  which  fact  and  fiction  are  so 
closely  interwoven  as  to  destroy  its  an 
thenticity.  He  returned  to  France  in 
1802,  and  died  there  in  1820. —  De 
Beauvert,  Anthony  Joseph,  Count  de, 
was  born  at  the  castle  of  Beauvert, 
near  Marseilles,  in  1756.  In  1790  he 
belonged  to  the  national  guard  at  Bag- 
nols ;  and  on  the  flight  of  the  royal  fam- 
ily to  Varcnnes  he  offered  himself  as  a 
hostage  for  Louis  XVI.  In  1795  he  was 
editor  of  the  journal  entitled  "  Les  Actes 
des  Apitres ;"  for  which  he  was  sen- 
tenced to  deportation,  but  escaped.  For 
a  time  during  the  consulate  he  was  under 
the  surveillance  of  the  police ;  but  at 
length  obtaining  the  protection  of  the 
Empress  Josephine,  he  was  appointed 
to  an  office  in  the  department  of  Jura; 
where  he  died  in  1817.  He  wrote  the 
"  Life  of  Rousseau,"  and  various  works 
relative  to  the  Bourbons  during  their 
exile. 

BARRY,    Girald,   better    known   as 
Giraldus  Cambrensis ;  author  of  "  Topo- 


114 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF     BIOGRAPHY. 


[bar 


graphia  Hiberniea,"  "  Itinerarinm  Cam- 
bria:," &c.     He  nourished  in  the  12th 
century. — Spranger,  a  celebrated  actor, 
and,   lor  a  time,  the  rival  of  Garrick, 
and,  in  the  higher  walks  of  the  drama, 
is   supposed    t>v  many  to  have  greatly 
excelled  him.   B.  171y";  d.  1777.— "James, 
lord  ot'Sautry,  chief  justice  of  the  King's 
Bench  in  Ireland;  author  of  "The  I  'ase 
of  Tenures  upon  the  Commission  of  De- 
fective  Titles."      D.    1673. — Fames,   an 
eminent   painter,   born   at  Cork,    1742; 
having  early  discovered  great  genius  for 
the  art,  he  was  patronized  by  Mr.  Burke, 
and  brought  to  London,  where  he  be- 
came a  pupil  to  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds. 
When  Mr.  Burke  came  into  administra- 
tion with  the  marquis  of  Rockingham, 
he  sent  Mr.  Barry  to  Italy  at  Ins  sole 
expense.   After  visiting  all  the  celebrated 
schools  of  the  continent,  in   which  he 
occupied   three    years,    he    returned   to 
London;    and   in    1V75  published  "An 
Inquiry   into  the   Real  and   Imaginary 
Obstructions  to  the  Acquisition  of  the 
Arts    in    England.''      About   two   years 
after  this  he  was  elected  a  royal   acade- 
mician, and  in  1786  made  professor  of 
painting  to  the  Boyal  Academy;  but  in 
17'j;>,  on  an  alleged  addiction  to  demo- 
cratic principles,  was  removed  from  that 
office.      He    seems    soon    afterwards    to 
have   taken    disgust    at    society;     from 
which  he  retired  into  obscurity,  living 
unattended,  and  half-starved,  till   some 
friends  raised  about    E1000,  with  which 
they    purchased    an    annuity    for   him; 
but  before  the  first  'punter's  payment 
of  it  became  due  he  died.   1806.     His 
greatest  effort  of  art  is  a  series  of  alle- 
gorical pictures,  which  he  painted  gra- 
tuitouslv  for  the  great  room  of  the  Society 
of  Arts  in  the  Adelphi. — William  T.,  an 
American  statesman,  postmaster-gener- 
al  under  Jackson,  and  afterwards  minis- 
ter to  Spain.    B.  1785;  d.  1835.— John, 
a    distinguished    naval    officer    in    the 
service  of  the   United    States,   horn   at 
"Wexford,  in  Ireland,  who  was  of  great 
assistance   to    Washington    during   the 
revolutionary  war.    He  took  many  prizes, 
and  conquered  the  British  ship  of  war 
Atalanta.       B.  1745;    d.    1803.— Makie 
Jeanne  Gomart  de  Vaubernier,  Coi  % 
tess  i)i'.  a  celebrated  mistress  of  Louis 
XV.  of  France,  was  the  daughter  of  a 
commissioner  of  the  customs  at  Vau- 
couleurs,  became  a  milliner  at  Paris,  and, 
on  being  seen  by  the  king,  soon  took 
the  place  of  Madame  de   Pompadour. 
She  was  married  to  the  Count  du  Parry, 
and  acquired  prodigious  influence  at  the 
tourt.      She    caused    the    ruin   of   the 


haughty  Duke  de  Choiseul,  and  pro- 
moted the  Duke  d'Aiguillon.  When 
the  king  died  she  was"  banished  to  an 
abbey  near  Meaux.  During  the  revolu- 
tion she  was  condemned  to  death  and 
executed.  Her  conduct  in  her  last  mo- 
ments betrayed  the  greatest  weakness 
and  fear.     B'.  1744;  d.  1793. 

BART  AS,  William  de  Saixtjst  du,  a 
French  poet,  warrior,  and  statesman; 
confidentially  employed  by  Henry  IV.; 
author  of  "  the  Week  of  the  Creation," 
&C      D.  1590. 

BARTH,  John,  a  French  naval  officer, 
remarkable  for  his  skill  and  daring  as  a 
privateer.  B.  at  Dunkirk,  1551  ;  d.1602. 
BARTHE,  Nicholas  Thomas,  a 
French  dramatic  writer,  and  translator 
of  "Ovid's  Art  of  Love''  into  French, 
&c.    B.  1733 :  d.  17  So. 

BARTIIELEMI,  Nicholas,  a  monk 
of  the  15th  century;  author  of  a  treatise 
"<  )n  the  Active  and  Contemplative  Life, 
&c. 

BARTHELEMY,  John  James,  the 
learned  author  of  "The  Voyage  of  the 
Younger  Anacharsis  in  Greece;"  was 
1).  at  Cassis,  in  Provence,  1716;  d.  1795. 
BARTHEZ,  Pur  Joseph,  an  eminent 
French  physician,  was  horn  at  Montpe- 
(icr  in  1784,  where  he  founded  a  medical 
school,  which  acquired  great  reputation 
throughout  Europe.  For  many  years 
he  practised  in  Paris,  and  was  consulted 
apon  the  most  important  cases ;  he  also 
wrote  in  the  "Journal  des  Savons,"  the 
"  Encyclopedic,''  Arc,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  almost  e\er\  learned  society.  Du- 
ring the  revolution  he  suffered  greatly 
in  his  fortune  ;  but  Napoleon,  who  knew 
his  great  merits,  restored  him,  in  his 
old  age,  to  wealth  and  honors.  D. 
1806. 

BARTHOLDY,  Jacob  Solomon,  a 
Prussian  diplomatist,  horn  a  Jew,  but 
after  travelling  in  Greece  be  abjured 
Judaism,  and  became  a  Protestant.  Iu 
1807  he  served  against  the  French  a*  an 
officer  in  the  land-wehr  of  Vienna,  and 
wrote  a  tract  called  "The  War  of  the 
Tyrol,"  which  produced  a  great  sensa- 
tion.    D.  1S-26. 

BARTHOLEMON,  Francis  Hippo- 
lite,  a  musical  composer  and  violinist, 
was  horn  at  Bordeaux,  in  1741,  but 
resided  chiefly  in  London,  and  was  for 
many  years  leader  at  the  opera-house. 
As  a  composer  be  was  remarkable  for 
rapidity;  and  as  a  performer  for  taste 
and  execution.     D.  1808. 

BARTLETT,  Josiah,  a  governor  of 
New  Hampshire,  who  was  originally  a 
physician  of  merit,  then  commanded  a 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


bar] 


regiment  of  militia  in  the  revolution, 
was  u  member  of  the  continental  con- 
gress, ami  was  the  first  who  voted  for, 
and,  after  the  president,  Bi.no. I  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence.  B.  1729  ;  d. 
1795. 

BAETOLI,  or  BARTOLUS,  a  learned 
civilian,  who  is  said  to  have  contributed 
more  than  any  of  his  predecessors  to 
the  elucidation  of  U>gal  science.  B. 
1312;  d.  1:3-36.  —Daniel,  a  learned  Jes- 
uit; author  of  a  "History  of  the  Jes- 
uits," &c.  B.  at  Ferrara,  1608;  d.  1685. 
— Cosmo,  an  Italian  writer  of  the  16th 
century;  author  of  a  "Life  of  Frederic 
Barbarossa,"  &c. 

BART OLO,  an  Italian  lawyer  of  the 
14th  century;  professor  of  law  at  Pisa, 
and  author  of  numerous  works  on  law 
and  other  subjects. 

BARTOLOZZI,  Francis,  an  engraver 
of  first-rate  merit,  was  born  at  Florence 
in  1728;  went  to  England  in  1764;  was 
admitted  a  member  of  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy in  1769,  and  went  to  Lisbon,  at  the 
invitation  of  the  prince-regent  of  Portu- 
gal, in  1802.  The  productions  of  his 
graver  are  numerous,  highly  esteemed, 
and  eagerly  sought  after.     1».  1815. 

BARTON,  Bebnabd,  the  "Quaker 
poet,"  was  born  near  Loudon,  17^4.  In 
1810  he  became  a  clerk  in  Alexander's 
bank,  at  Woodbridge,  where  he  officiated 
almost  to  the  day  of  his  death.  I  lis  first 
volume  of  poetry  was  published  in  1811, 
and  this  was  succeeded  by  numerous 
others,  most  of  them  devoted  to  homely 
subjects,  but  all  of  them  animated  by 
the  purest  feeling  and  the  most  glowing 
fancv.  But  it  was  not  only  for  his  merits 
as  a  poet,  that  Bernard  Barton  deserves 
to  be  held  in  remembrance.  He  was  en- 
dowed witli  every  quality  which  endears 
a  man  to  all  that  come  within  his  influ- 
ence. His  genial  good-humor  and  vast 
stores  of  information  made  him  a  wel- 
come guest  wherever  he  appeared;  and 
the  native  sincerity  of  his  character, 
which  was  set  forth'  in  every  act  of  his 
life,  was  enhanced  by  a  benignity,  lib- 
erality, and  charity  in  entire  accordance 
with  the  preeepts'of  his  faith.  D.  1849. 
— Benjamin  S.,  a  noted  physician  and 
naturalist  of  Philadelphia,  educated  at 
Gottinijen,  and  a  contributor  to  the 
transactions  of  the  American  Philosoph- 
ical Society.  He  was  for  many  years 
professor  of  natural  history  and  botany 
in  the  university  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
succeeded  Dr.  Rush  in  the  chair  of  med- 
icine. B.  1766;  d.  1815.— Elizabeth,  a 
country  girl  of  Aldington,  in  Kent, 
^therefore    called    the   "holy   maid    of 


116 


Kent,")  of  whom  English  Protestants 
give  this  account.  She  was  used  as  an 
instrument,  by  the  Catholics  and  adhe- 
rents of  Queen  Catherine,  to  excite  the 
English  nation  against  the  proposed  di- 
vorce of  Henry  VIII.  from  his  first  wife, 
and  the  apprehended  separation  of  the 
English  church  from  Rome,  witli  which 
the  king  then  threatened  the  pope.  Her 
delirium,  in  a  violent  nervous  illness, 
was  made  use  of  by  the  parson  of  Al- 
dington, and  by  a  canon  of  Canterbury, 
to  persuade  her  that  she  was  a  prophet- 
ess inspired  by  God,  and  destined  to 
prevent  this  undertaking  of  the  king. 
During  her  paroxysms,  she  cried  out 
against  this  divorce,  and  against  the  pre- 
vailing sins  and  heresies.  The  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  and  bishop  of 
Rochester  encouraged  her  to  continue 
her  revelations,  which  she  pretended 
were  communicated  to  her  by  a  letter 
from  heaven.  By  the  prophecy,  that 
Henry,  if  he  persisted  in  his  purpose 
of  divorce  and  second  marriage,  would 
not  be  king  for  one  month  longer,  and 
would  die  a  shameful  death,  she  excited 
many  monks  and  nuns  to  violence 
against  the  king.  Her  revelations  pro- 
duced such  a  fermentation  among  the 
people,  that  Henry  ordered  the  appre- 
hension and  examination  of  Elizabeth 
and  her  accomplices  before  the  star- 
ehamber.  After  they  had  there  con- 
fessed  the  imposture,  they  were  con- 
demned to  make  a  public  confession 
and  sailer  imprisonment:  and  when  it 
was  found  that  the  party  of  the  queen 
were  laboring  to  make  them  retract 
their  confession,  they  were  adjudged 
guilty  of  high  treason,  for  a  conspiracy 
against  the  king,  and  executed,  April 
3oth,  1584. 

BARTR  AM,  John,  an  eminent.  Amer- 
ican botanist,  was  b.  in  Chester  county^ 
Pennsylvania,  in  1701.  He  formed  _ a 
botanic  garden  near  Philadelphia,  said 
to  have  been  the  first  establishment  of 
the  kind  in  America :  and  so  intimate 
an  acquaintance  had  he  with  the  vege- 
table kingdom,  that  Linnaeus  pronounced 
him  "  the  greatest  natural  botanist  in  the 
world."  D.  1777.— William,  a  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  also  a  distinguished 
naturalist.  At  the  request  of  Dr.  Fother- 
gill,  he  travelled  through  the  Floridas, 
Carolina,  and  Georgia,  for  the  purposes 
of  making:  researches  in  natural  history, 
and  transmitted  to  his  employer  in  Lou- 
don the  valuable  collections  and  draw- 
ings which  he  had  made.  His  "  Amer- 
ican Ornithology"  may  be  considered 
the   precursor   of   Wilson's    invaluable 


116 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


[bas 


work.  His  "  Travels,"  also,  is  a  rare 
and  curious  book.     D.  1823. 

BARWICK,  Johs,  an  English  divine, 
who  exerted  himself  with  considerable 
zeal  and  ability  on  the  royal  side  in  the 
civil  wars.  B.  1612;  d.' 1664.— Peter, 
brother  of  the  above,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian ;  author  of  a  "  Defence  of  Harvey's 
Doctrines  of  the  Circulation  of  the 
Blood."  &c.     D.  1705. 

BASEDOW,  John  Bernard,  a  Ger- 
man writer,  and  professor  of  moral  phi- 
losophy and  belles  lettres.  His  novel 
plans  of  education  excited  great  atten- 
tion in  Germany  :  and  in  the  seminary 
he  established  at  Dessau,  called  "The 
Philanthropinum/'many  excellent  teach- 
ers were  formed,  and  great  good  effected. 
An  account  of  him  is  to  be  found  in 
Goethe's  Autobiography.  B.  1723 ;  d. 
1790. 

BASEVI,  George,  a  distinguished 
architect.  Among  the  edifices  built  or 
.obtored  by  him  are  the  churches  in  the 
early  English  style  at  Twickenham  and 
Brompton,  the  Norman  church  at  Hove, 
near  Brighton,  anil  St.  Mary'a  Hall,  at 
Brighton,  in  the  Elizabethan  style.  Bel- 
grave  square,  in  the  metropolis,  was 
erected  from  his  designs;  and  he  was 
joint  architect  with  Mr.  Smirke  of  the 
Conservative  Club,  iu  St.  James's-street. 
Having  gone  to  inspect  the  west  bell- 
tower  of  Ely  cathedral,  then  under  re- 
pair, he  accidentally  fell  through  an 
aperture,  and  was  killed  on  the  spot. 
B.  1795:  d.  1845. 

BASIL,  St.,  called  the  Great,  to  dis- 
tinguish him  from  other  patriarchs  of 
the  same  name,  was  b.  in  829,  and  was 
made,  in  37",  bishop  of  Ctesarea.  in  Cap- 
padocia,  where  he  d.  in  379.  He  is  the 
most  distinguished  ecclesiastic  among 
the  Grecian  patriarchs.  His  efforts  for 
the  regulation  of  clerical  discipline,  of 
the  divine  service,  and  of  the  standing 
of  the  clergy  ;  the  number  of  his  ser- 
mons ;  the  success  of  his  mild  treatment 
of  the  Arians  ;  and,  above  all,  his  en- 
deavors for  the  promotion  of  monastic 
life,  for  which  he  prepared  vows  and 
rules,  observed  by  himself,  and  still  re- 
maimng  in  force,  prove  the  merits  of 
this  holy  man.  The  Greek  church 
honors  him  as  one  of  its  most  illustrious 
patron  saints,  and  celebrates  his  festival 
January  1st.  His  followers  are  far 
spread  ;  there  are  even  some  of  them  in 
America.  They  lead  an  ascetic  life. 
The  vows  of  obedience,  chastity,  and 
poverty,  framed  by  St.  Basil,  are  the 
rules  of  all  the  orders  of  Christendom, 
although  he  is  particularly  the  father  of 


the  eastern,  as  St.  Benedict  is  the 
patriarch  of  the  western  orders. 

BASILIUS  I.,  the  Macedonian,  em- 
peror of  the  East ;  killed  by  a  stag  while 
hunting,  in  S36.— II.,  succeedecf  John 
Zimisces,  in  976.  He  was  guilty  of 
abominable  cruelty  in  his  war  with  the 
Bulgarians.  D.  1025.— There  was  also, 
of  tins  name,  an  impostor,  who  excited 
a  revolt  in  the  eastern  empire,  in  934,  and 
was  burnt  to  death  at  Constantinople. 

BASILOWITZ,  John,  emperor  of 
Russia;  he  added  Astracan  to  his  em- 
pire, and  was  the  first  who  assumed  the 
style  and  title  of  Czar.     D.  1584. 

BAS  IRE,  Isaac,  a  learned  divine, 
prebend  of  Durham.  On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  war  he  lost  all  his  prefer- 
ments ;  on  which  he  made  a  journey  to 
the  Morea,  where  he  preached  with  great 
success  among  t lie  Greek  Christians: 
and  on  his  return  wrote  an  account  of 
his  travels.     B.  1607  ;  d.  1676. 

BASKEKvTLLE.  John,  an  English 
artist,  deserving  of  notice  for  his  im- 
provements in  printing  and  type-found- 
ing. He  was  horn  at  Wofverly,  in 
Worcestershire,  in  1706,  and,  inheriting 
a  small  estate,  was  brought  up  to  no 
profession.  lie,  however,  acquired  a 
particular  skill  in  penmanship  and 
carving  letters  on  stone;  and,  at  the 
age  of  20,  he  settled  at  Birmingham  an  a 
writing  master.  He  subsequently  en- 
gaged  in  the  manufacture  of  japanned 
works  :  and,  in  1750,  commenced  his 
labors  in  the  branch  of  art  which  ac- 
quired tor  him  so  much  celebrity.  His 
first  great  performance,  as  a  printer,  was 
an  edition  of  Virgil,  in  royal  4to.,  1756, 
which  was  followed  by  many  of  the 
Latin  classics,  and  some  English  ones, 
in  4to.  and  smaller  sizes.  The  beauty 
of  his  typographical  productions  was 
superior  to  any  thing  which  had  previ- 
ously appeared  from  an  English  press; 
and  when  it  is  considered  that  the  paper 
and  ink,  as  well  as  the  types  and  work- 
manship, were  the  fruits  of  one  man's 
skill  and  ingenuity,  it  must  be  admitted 
that  he  possessed  great  merit.  He  d. 
in  177o :  and  his  types  and  matrices 
were  afterwards  sold  at  Paris,  for  £3700, 
toBeaumarchais,  who  printed  with  them, 
at  Kehl,  a  superb  ectition  of  Voltaire. 
Baskerville  was  an  enemy  to  all  outward 
forms  of  divine  service,  which  he  de- 
clared to  be  mere  superstition.  He 
ordered,  in  his  will,  that  bis  body  should 
not  be  buried  in  a  burying-ground, — Sir 
Simon,  an  English  physician  of  great 
eminence  and  wealth;  knighted  by 
Charles  I.     D.  1641. 


BAS] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


117 


BASN AGE,  Benjamin,  a  French  Prot- 
estant divine  ;  author  ot'  "  A  Treatise 
on  the  Church."  B.  1580 :  d.  1652. — 
Anthonv,  sou  of  the  above  ;  imprisoned 
at  Havre  de  Grace  on  account  of  his  re- 
ligion.   B.  1610;  d.  1691. 

"BASS AX,  (whose  real  name  was 
Giacomo  de  Ponte,)  a  painter,  born  in 
1510.  He  was  surnamed  Bassau,  from 
the  place  Bassano,  where  his  father  lived. 
His  pictures  are  scattered  all  over  Eu- 
rope. He  painted  historical  pieces,  land- 
scapes, flowers,  ifcc.  and  al*o  portraits ; 
among  others  the  doge  of  Venice,  Ari- 
oato,  Tas&o,  and  other  persons  of  emi- 
nence. He  lived  to  the  age  of  B2,  dying 
in  1592.  Several  of  his  best  works  arc 
in  the  churches  of  Bassano,  Venice, 
Vicenza,  and  other  towns  of  Italy.  He 
left  four  suns,  who  all  became  pai 
— Francisco  was  employe  1  by  the  Vene- 
tian republic,  with  Paul  Veronese  and 
Tintoret.  to  adorn  the  palace  of  St.  Mark. 
He  was  of  a  melancholy  turn,  and  once 
thought  himself  pursued  by  archers,  so 
that  iu  a  tit  of  self-created  terror  he 
threw  himself  out  of  a  window,  and  d. 
16y4,  age  1  44. — Leander,  another  bro- 
ther, obtained  as  a  reward  f>r  his  - 
the  collar  of  St.  Mark,  from  the  doge  of 
Venice,  anl  a  gol  1  medal  from  the  Empe- 
ror Rodolphns  II. — John  Baptete  and 
Jerome  were  eminent  as  imitators  of 
the  style  and  manner  of  their  father. 

BASSANO,  Hughes  Bi  bnard  Maret, 
Duke  of,  a  celebrated  French  political 
writer  and  statesman,  «  lofan 

eminent  physician  at  Dijon.  On  the 
first  outburst  of  the  French  revolution 
he  enthusiastically  embrace  I  its  ex- 
tremest  principles,  and  published  a 
paper  under  the  title  of  the  '"Bulletin 
de  l'Assemblee,"  which  he  continued 
until  a  bookseller  started  the  Moniteur, 
of  which  Maret  was  appointed  editor, 
and  which  spec  lily  become  the  official 
organ  of  the  government.  He  became 
acquainted  with  Bonaparte  just  as  that 
.extraordinary  man  began  to  rise  into 
celebrity  and  influence,  an  I  was  place! 
by  him  ill  the  important  office  of  chef 
de  division  in  the  foreign  office.  In 
1811  he  was  made  Due  de  Bassano  and 
minister  of  foreign  atfairs;  and  in  1812 
he  con  lucted  a*>d  signe  1  the  well-known 
treaties  between  France.  Austria,  and 
Prussia,  preparatory  to  the  fatal  ex- 
pediti  on  to  Russia.  When  the  emperor 
was  sent  to  Elba,  in  lsl4,  the  Due  de 
Bassano  retired  from  public  life  ;  but 
immediately  after  the  return  of  the  em- 
peror, he  joined  him.  and  was  very 
nearly  being  taken  prisoner  at  Waterloo. 


On  the  utter  ruin  of  Napoleon,  the  duke 
was  banished  from  France,  but  at  the 
revolution  of  July,  1830,  he  was  recalled, 
and  restored  to  aill  the  honors  of  which 
he  had  been  deprived.  In  1838  he  was 
made  minister  of  the  interior,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  council,  but  the  ministry  of 
which  he  formed  a  part,  survived  only 
three  days.     B.  175S;  d. 

BASSANTIN,  James,  a  Scotchman, 
who  af  er  studying  astronomy  and  the 
mathematics  at  Glasgow,  travelled , 
through  the  Netherlands,  Switzerland, 
Italy,  and  Germany,  and  at  last  settled 
at  Paris,  where  he  acquired  both  repu- 
tation and  money,  as  a  mathematical 
teacher.  He  returned  in  1502  to  his 
native  country,  and  becoming  early  ac- 
quainted with  Sir  Robert  Melvil,  a 
strong  partisan  of  Mary  queen  of  Scots, 
he  afterwards  supported  the  pretensions 
and  ambitious  views  of  the  earl  of  Mur- 
ray. In  his  religion  he  was  a  zealous 
Protestant,  as  a  man  of  learning  he  was 
strongly  tinctured  with  the  failings  and 
the  superstition  of  the  time.  He  placed 
great  confidence  in  astrology,  and  with 
more  zeal  than  good  sense  asserted  the 
influence  of  the  planets  on  the  atfairs  of 
the  world.  His  works  are  all  on  math- 
ematical subjects,  and  though  not  free 
from  pedantry,  and  improbable  conclu- 
.  they  yet  bear  strong  testimony  to 
his  merits  as  a  philosopher.     D.  156 

BASSET,  Richard,  governor  of  Dela- 
ware, was  a  member  nf  the  old  congress 
in  17s7.  and  was  appointed  a  senator 
under  the  new  constitution.  In  1801 
he  was  placed  on  the  bench  of  the  fed- 
eral judiciary  ;  but  the  repeal  of  the  act 
constituting  the  courts,  deprived  him 
of  his  "dice  in  1802.     I ».  1815. 

BASSI,  Laura,  wife  of  Joseph  Verati, 
honored  in  1782  with  the  decree  of  doe- 
tor  of  philosophy  for  her  high  mental 
accomplishments,  which  she  displayed 
in  her  lectures  on  experimental  philos- 
ophy. Her  private  lite  was  also  deserv- 
ing of  the  highest  encomiums,  and  ex- 
hibited her  as  the  possessor  of  every 
amiable  virtue.     D.  1778. 

BASSOMPIERRE,  Francois  de,  a 
marshal  of  France,  of  a  family  of  dis- 
tinction in  Lorraine,  was  confined  in 
the  B.istile  by  Richelieu,  who  dreaded 
the  power  of  his  satire.  He  remained 
in  this  confinement  10  years  till  the 
death  of  his  persecutor,  and  employed 
his  time  in  writing  his  memoirs,  which 
are  interesting,  though  occasionally 
trivial.  On  his  release  he  received  the 
otfer  of  500,000  livres  from  the  duchess 
of  Aiguillou,  niece  of  Richelieu,  which 


118 


CYCLOPAEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[bat 


he  politely  refused,  adding,  "Madam, 
your  uncle  has  done  me  too  great  an 
injury,  to  allow  me  to  receive  so  much 
good  from  you."  He  was  employed  in 
embassies  by  Louis  XIII.,  and  he  pos- 
sessed all  the.  requisites  of  a  courtier, 
with  great  presence  of  mind,  affability, 
wit,  and  uncommon  generosity.  He 
spoke  the  languages  of  Europe  with 
great  fluency.  Pie  was  found  dead  in 
Lis  bed,  in  1646,  in  his  67th  vear. 

BASTIAT,  Frederic,  a  French  polit- 
ical economist,  who  achieved  a  wide 
reputation  by  his  writings.  Without 
being  a  discoverer  of  new  truths,  he 
possessed  the  rare  faculty  of  expanding, 
with  clearness,  vivacity,  and  vigor,  the 
grounds  and  the  ctfects  of  complex 
natural  laws  already  developed  by  the 
technical  processes  of  philosophy.  The 
whole,  or  nearly  the  whole,  of  the  tracts 
written  by  M.  Bastiat,  under  the  generic 
title  of  ''Sophismes  Eeonomiques," 
originally  appeared  in  the  Journal  d-es 
Lcenomistes,  a  periodical  of  which,  for 
the  last  six  years,  he  has  been  a  prin- 
cipal supporter.  M.  Bastiat  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  French  national  assen.My; 
and  he  bore  the  highest  character  as  an 
able,  upright,  and  zealous  servant  of  his 
constituents  and  his  country.     D.  1850. 

BASTIHE,  John  Francis  de  la,  an 
industrious  French  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  born  at  Marseilles  in  1724.  He 
settled  in  Paris,  where  he  engaged  in 
various  literary  enterprises ;  of  which 
the  most  voluminous  were  the  "Bibli- 
otheque  Universelle  des  Romains,"  in 
112  vols.,  and  the  "Chois  des  Aneiens 
Mercures,"  in  108  vols. 

BASTWICK,  John,  an  English  phy- 
sician, and  a  famous  writer  against  the 
church  in  the  time  of  Charles  I.  B.  at 
Writtle,  in  Essex,  1593;  d.  1650. 

BATE,  George,  physician  to  Charles 
I.,  Oliver  Cromwell,  and  Charles  II., 
and  one  of  the  first  members  of  the 
Koyal  Society.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
Latin  historv  of  the  civil  wars,  and  some 
medical  works.  B.  1593;  d.  1669.— 
Julius,  an  English  divine,  author  of  a 
"  Hebrew  Lexicon,"  &c.    D.  1771. 

BATKCUMBF:,  William,  an  English 
mathematician  of  the  15th  century,  au- 
thor of  a  treatise,  "'  De  Sphasra  Solida," 
&c. 

BATEMAN,  William,  bishop  of  Nor- 
wich, a  learned  prelate,  and  the  founder 
of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge.     D.  1354. 

BATES,  William,  a  non- conformist 
divine,  author  of  "Lives  of  Learned 
and  Pious  Men,"  &e.  B.  1625  ;  d.  1699. 
—John,  an  eminent  musician,  born  at 


Halifax,  Yorkshire,  in  1740.  He  was 
unanimously  chosen  conductor  of  the 
commemoration  of  Handel  at  West- 
minster Abbey;  and  till  the  year  1793 
he  conducted  the  choral  performances 
of  ancient  music,  when  he  retired,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Greatorcx.  His 
wife  was  a  first-rate  singer.     D.  1799. 

BATHALMUSI,  an  Arabian  writer, 
author  of  a  work  on  "  Genealogies," 
&c.     D.  421  of  the  Hegira. 

BATHE,  William,  an  Irish  Jesuit, 
governor  of  the  Irish  seminary  at  Sala- 
manca.    D.  1641. 

BATHUKST,  Rali  R,  dean  of  Wells, 
author  _>f  some  elegant  Latin  poems, 
and  o'.e  of  the  founders  of  the  Royal 
Society.  B.  1620;  d.  1704. —Allen, 
Ear'  i  zealous  opposer  of  the  measures 
of  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  and  the  intimate 
friend  of  Bolingbroke,  Pope,  Addison, 
and  the  other  eminent  writers  of  his 
time.  B.  1634;  d.  1775.— Henry,  Earl, 
son  .if  the  above,  and  lord  chancellor  of 
England,  author  of  the  "  Theory  of  Evi- 
dence," &c.  B.  1714  ;  d.  1794.— Henry, 
bishop  of  Norwich,  was  born  at  Brack- 
ley,  in  Northamptonshire,  in  1744;  and 
'■durated  at  Winchester,  and  New  col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  was  presented  to  the 
rectory  of  Witching-ham,  in  Norfolk,  in 
1770,  subsequently  became  dean  of  Dur- 
ham, and,  in  1305,  was  consecrated 
bishop  of  Norwich.  In  the  house  of 
lords,  Dr.  Bathurst  was  a  strenuous 
supporter  of  the  Catholic  claims  :  in  his 
diocese,  an  exemplary  prelate.  D.  1837. 
— Henry,  archdeacon  of  Norwich,  eldest 
son  of  the  preceding,  and  rector  of  the 
valuable  livings  of  North  Creake,  Nor- 
folk, and  of  Hollesley,  Suffolk,  was  the 
author  of  "  Memoirs"  of  his  right  rev- 
erend father ;  a  work  overflowing  with 
spleen  and  expressions  of  disappoint- 
ment, that  one  so  faithful  to  his  old 
friends,  the  Whigs,  should  have  never 
been  preferred  to  a  richer  diocese  !  D. 
1844. 

BATHYLLAS,  the  cotemporary  of 
Pylades,  and  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
pantomimists  of  antiquity,  was  born  at 
Alexandria,  and  became  the  slave  of 
Maecenas,  who  enfranchised  him.  The 
art  of  these  celebrated  mimics  consisted 
in  expressing  the  passions  by  gesture, 
attitudes,  <fcc,  not  by  the  modern  fool- 
eries of  harlequin,  clown,  and  scenic 
changes.  Bathyllus  excelled  in  repre- 
senting comedy;  Pylades  in  tragedy. 

BATONI,  P'ompeo  Girolamo,'  an  Ital- 
ian painter,  who  was  the  restorer  of  the 
modern  Roman  school  and  had  no  rival 
but  Mengs.     All  his  pieces  are  takm 


bad] 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


119 


from  nature.  The  manner  in  which  he 
executed  his  }  aintings  was  peculiar.  He 
covered  his  sketch  with  a  cloth,  and 
began  to  paint  the  upper  part  on  the 
left  hand,  and  proceeded  gradually  to- 
wards the  right,  never  uncovering  a  new 
place  before  the  first  was  entirely  fin- 
ished. Boni,  who  compares  him  with 
Metis's,  calls  the  latter  the  "  painter  of 
philosophy;"  the  former,  the  "painter 
of  nature."  Batoni  painted  many  altar- 
pieces,  and  numerous  portraits ;  for 
instance,  that  of  the  Emperor  Joseph 
and  the  Empress  Maria  Theresa,  in  the 
imperial  gallery.  His  "  Magdalen,"  in 
Dresden,  and  his  "  Return  of  the  Prodi- 
gal Son,"  in  Vienna,  are  celebrated. 

BATOU,  or  BATU  KHAN,  grandson 
of  Zeughis  Khan,  and  his  successor  in 
the  northern  part  of  his  vast  empire. 
He  died,  after  a  long  reign  and  very 
numerous  conquests,  in  1276. 

BATSCH,  Augustus  John  George 
Charles,  an  eminent  German  naturalist ; 
author  of  "  Elenehus  Fungorum,"  &c. 
B.  1761  ;  <1.  1801. 

BATTELY,  John,  archdeacon  of  Can- 
terbury, and  chaplain  to  Archbishop 
Saneroft;  author  of  "  Antiquitates  Ru- 
tupina?,"  etc.    B.  1747 ;  d.  1708. 

BATTEUX,  Charles,  a  French  phi- 
losopher, eminent  for  his  erudition,  as 
well  as  for  his  private  virtues,  and  the 
humanity  which  was  directed  to  the 
maintenance  of  a  numerous  and  im- 
poverished family.  His  works  are  vari- 
ous,  but  chiefly  on  classical  literature, 
in  which  he  displays  frequently  more 
method  and  labor  than  eloquence  or 
purity  or  depth  of  thought.  It  is  said 
that  his  death  was  accelerated  by  grief 
in  observing  that  the  elementary  book 
which  he  wrote  for  the  military  school 
of  Paris,  did  not  succeed  so  well  as  he 
wished.  Among  other  works  he  pub- 
lished the  four  poetics  of  Aristotle,  Hor- 
ace, Vida,  and  Boileau,  with  notes.  D. 
1780. 

BATTHYANI,  Count,  a  noble  Hun- 
garian who  took  an  indirect  part  in  the 
attempt  to  redress  the  wrongs  of  his 
country  in  1848.  He  was  one  of  the 
deputation  who  undertook  the  recon- 
ciliation of  the  authorities  and  the  people. 
But  the  deputation  failed  in  its  object, 
and  this  was  his  last  public  act.  On  the 
8th  of  January,  he  was  arrested  in  the 
drawing-room  of  his  sister-in-law,  at 
Pesth,  transferred  successively  to  Oeden- 
burg,  Laybach,  and  Pesth,  and,  after 
nine  months'  imprisonment,  was  tried 
by  court-martial,  declared  guilty  of  high- 
treason,  and  sentenced  to  die  on  the  gal- 


lows, October  6, 1849.  He  heard  the  sen- 
tence with  tranquillity  and  composure. 
Having  taken  leave  of  his  wife,  he  en- 
deavored in  the  course  of  the  night  to 
open  the  veins  of  his  neck  by  means  of 
a  blunt  paper-knife,  and  thus  to  escape 
the  last  indignity  of  what  the  Austrian 
called  the  "  law.'"  But  his  attempt  was 
discovered  and  his  life  preserved  till  he 
was  formally  executed,  or  rather  mur- 
dered, lie  was  never  in  open  rebellion, 
and  his  efforts  mainly  had  been  to  reform 
and  improve  rather  than  revolutionize. 
But  the  detestable  and  cruel  spirit  of 
despotism  makes  no  distinctions. 

BATTISIIALL,  Jonathan,  an  emi- 
nent musical  composer,  who  added  to 
profound  knowledge  great  taste  and  a 
fine  imagination.  His  "  Kate  of  Aber- 
deen" will  be  celebrated  (among  numer- 
ous other  of  his  compositions')  as  long 
as  pure  melody  shall  be  admired.  B. 
1738:   d.  1801. 

BATTIC,  William,  ft  physician  of 
eminence  who  was  skilful  in  the  treat- 
ment of  diseases  of  the  mind,  and  wrote 
a  "Treatise  on  Mental  Madness."  B. 
170S;  d.  1776. 

BAUDELONQUE,  John  Louis,  a 
French  surgeon  of  distinction,  appoint- 
ed by  Napoleon  to  be  midwife  to  Maria 
Louisa.  His  works  on  midwifery  are 
in  repute.     B.  1746  ;  d.  1810. 

BAUDIEK,  Michael,  a  native  of  Lan- 
guedoc,  historiographer  of  France  under 
Louis  XIII.  He  wrote  the  "  History  of 
the  Mahometan  Religion,"  the  "  Life  of 
Cardinal  Amboise,"  of  "  Marechal  de 
Toiras,"  1644,  of  "Ximenes,"  "  Suger," 
and  others ;  and  though  his  style  is 
heavy  and  inelegant,  yet  his  works  are 
curious  and  interesting,  and  valuable 
for  their  authenticity  and  the  variety  of 
his  matter. 

BAUD1N,  Nicholas,  a  well-known 
navigator,  who  contributed  many  speci- 
mens of  natural  history  to  the  collections 
of  Europe.  B.  1750;"  d.  1803. — Peter 
Charles,  a  member  of  the  French  na- 
tional assembly  and  convention,  and 
author  of  anecdotes  "Sur  le  Constitu- 
tion."    B.  1751 ;  d.  1799. 

BAUDIUS,  Dominique,  a  native  of 
Lisle,  who  studied  at  Aix  la  Chapelle, 
Leyden,  and  Geneva.  He  visited  En- 
gland in  the  suite  of  the  ambassador  of 
the  states  of  Holland,  and  formed  an 
acquaintance;  with  Sir  Philip  Sidney, 
and  afterwards  he  went  to  France,  where 
he  staid  10  years,  and  by  means  of 
Achilles  de  Harlai  he  was  admitted  ad- 
vocate of  the  parliament,  of  Paris.  He 
next  went  to  Leyden,  where  he   waa 


120 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bau 


raised  to  the  professorial  chair  of  elo- 
quence, and  with  Meursius  named  his- 
toriographer of  the  states  of  Holland  in 
1611.  lie  was  a  man  of  genius  as  well 
as  erudition,  and  in  his  Latin  poems 
he  displayed  taste  and  elegance  of  com- 
position.    D.  1613. 

BAUDOT  DE  JUILLI,  Nicholas,  a 
native  of  Vendome,  son  of  a  collector  of 
excise,  and  author  of  several  historical 
pieces',  written  with  method  and  inge- 
nuity, though  too  much  in  the  spirit  of 
romance.  His  "History  of  the  Conquest 
of  Ensrland,  by  William  of  Normandy," 
of  "Philip  Augustus,"  and  "Charles 
VII.."  are  his  best  pieces.  He  wrote 
besides  the  "  History  of  Catherine  of 
France,  queen  of  England  :"  "  Germaine 
de  Foix ;"  the  "Secret  History  of  the 
Constable  of  Bourbon;"  "Spain  Inva- 
ded by  the  Moors,"  four  vols.,  &c.  D. 
1759.  ' 

BAUDRAND.  Michael  Antoine,  an 
ecclesiastic,  born  at  Paris.  He  visited 
Rome,  Germany,  and  England,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  "  Dictionnaire 
Geographique,"  two  vols,  fob,  printed 
first  in  Latin,  and  afterwards  in  French. 
B.  1633  ;  d.  1700. 

BAUHINUS,  or  BAUHIN,  John,  a 
French  physician  and  celebrated  bota- 
nist; author  of  "  Historia  Plantarum," 
&c.  B.  1541;  d.  1613.— Gaspakd,  brother 
of  the  above ;  an  excellent  botanist, 
author  of  "  Institntiones  Anatomicse," 
"  l'hvtop'max,"  "  Pinax,"  ami  numerous 
other  wm-ks.     B.  1560;  d.  1W4. 

BAULDRI,  Paul,  professor  of  sacred 
history  at  Utrecht;  author  of  "Chrono- 
logical Tables,"  &c.  B.  1639  ;  d.  1706. 
BAULOT,  James,  a  French  lithoto- 
mist,  whose  method  was  adopted  and 
improved  upon  by  the  celebrated  Ches- 
eldcn.     B.  1651 ;  d.  1720. 

BAUME,  James  Francis  de  la,  a 
French  divine;  author  of  "The  Chris- 
tiade,"  &c.  &c.  1).  1757.— Anthony,  a 
French  chemist  ;  author  of  a  "  Treatise 
on  Theoretical  and  Experimental  Chem- 
istry," "  A  Manual  of  Pharmacy,"  &c. 
D.  1805. — Nicholas  Augustus  de  la, 
marquis  of  Montrevel,  and  a  marshal  of 
France,  was  born  1636.  It  is  related  of 
him,  that  although  from  his  earliest 
youth  he  had  been  distinguished  by  his 
daring  valor,  and  had  frequently  braved 
death  in  the  field  of  battle,  yet  such  was 
his  ridiculous  superstition,  that  on  the 
contents  of  a  salt-cellar  having  been  ac- 
cidentally thrown  on  him,  he  instant- 
ly exclaimed  that  he  was  a  dead  man, 
and  expired  from  the  terror  with  which 
it  inspired  him.     D.  1716. 


BAUMER,  John  William,  a  German 
physician  ;  author  of  a  "Natural  Histo- 
ry of  the  Mineral  Kingdom,"  &c.  B 
1719;  d.  1788. 

BAUMGARTEN,    Alexander  Got 
lieb,  an  acute  and  clear  thinker  of  the 
school  of  Wolf,  was  born  in   1714,   at 
Berlin,  studied  at  Halle,  and  was  for  a 
time  professor  extraordinary  there.     In 
1740  he  was  made  professor  of  philoso- 
phy at  Frankfort  on  the  Oder,  and  died 
there  in   1762.     He  is  the   founder  of 
aesthetics  as  a  science,  and  the  inventor 
of  this  name.     He  derived  the  rules  of 
art  fsom  the  works  of  art  and  their  ef- 
fects.    His  ideas  of  this  science  he  first 
developed  in  his  academical  discussion, 
"De    Nonnullis   ad   Poema  pertinenti- 
bus."     Meir's  "Principles  of  all  Liberal 
Sciences"  originated  from  his  sugges- 
tions.     Eight  years  later,   Baumgarten 
published    his' "  iEsthetica,"    a    work 
which  death  prevented  him  from  com- 
pleting.     His  theories  of  art  are  now 
superseded   in   Germany  by  the   more 
profound  and  extensive  works  of  Schil- 
ler, Schelling,  Hegel,  and  their  followers. 
BAUR,  Frederic  William  Von,  a  na- 
tive of  Hessian   Hanau,  who  served  in 
the  Hessian  troops  in  the  pay  of  Britain 
1755.    In  1757  he  was  made  a  general, 
and  was   ennobled  by  Frederic  II.   of 
Prussia,  and  in  1769  he  entered  into  the 
service   of  the   Russians,   and   was  ap- 
pointed by  Catherine  inspector  of  the 
salt-works  of  Novogorod.     His  abilities 
as  an  engineer  and  mechanic  were  also 
employed    in   supplying    Moscow   with 
water,  and  in  making  deeper  the  canal 
of  Petersburg,   and   in   constructing  a 
capacious  harbor  at  its  extremity.    He 
was  also  author  of  "  Mcmoires  Histori- 
ques     et    Geographiques    sur  la   Vala- 
chia,"  and  of  a  "Chart  of  Moldavia,"  to 
illustrate  the  war  between   the   Turks 
and  Russians,  in  seven  sheets.     D.  1783. 
— John    William,  a  painter   of   Stras- 
burgh  ;    chiefly  noted  for  his  architec- 
tural subjects.     B.  1610;  d.  1640. 

BAUSE,  John  Frederic,  a  distin- 
guished German  engraver.  B.  1738  ; 
d.  1813. 

BAUSSET,  Cardinal  Louis  Francis 
de,  an  eminent  French  prelate,  born  at 
Pondicherry  in  174S,  was  educated  in 
France,  and  was  made  bishop  of  Alais 
before  the  revolution.  Napoleon  patro- 
nized him  ;  and  Louis  XVIII.  made  him 
a  peer,  and  obtained  for  him  the  cardi- 
nal's hat.  He  is  the  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  Fenelon,"  and  of  a  "  History  of 
Bossuer,"  both  works  of  merit.  D.  1824. 
BAUTRU,    William,   a  Frenchman, 


bay] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


121 


ferrous  for  his  wit,  which  he  displayed 
<vith  great  freedom  and  efficacy  at  the 
court  and  among  the  ministers.  After 
seeing  the  Escurial  in  Spain  attended  by 
an  ignorant  librarian,  he  told  the  king 
.hat  it  would  be  advantageous  for  him 
to  make  his  librarian  his  treasurer,  be* 
cause,  said  he  to  the  monarch  who  in- 
quired why,  he  never  touches  what  he 
is  intrusted  with.     B.  159S ;  d.  1665. 

BAWDWEEN,  William,  an  English 
divine  and  antiquary;  editor  of  two 
volumes  of  Doomsday  Book.  He  pro- 
posed tc  complete  the  work  in  eight 
Other  vo' .unes,  but  died  before  he  could 
effect  it,  in  1616. 

BAXTER,  Richabd,  an  eminent  non- 
conformist divine,  was  born  Nov.  12, 
1615,  at  Rowton,  near  High  Ercal,  in 
Shropshire,  and  died  1691.  He  was  or- 
dained in  1633.  It  was  not  long  after, 
however,  that  the  oath  of  universal  ap- 
probation of  the  doctrine  and  discipline 
of  the  church,  called  the  "  Et  Cetera" 
oath,  drove  him  and  others  from  the 
establishment.  In  1640  he  was  invited 
to  be  minister  at  Kidderminster,  but  the 
civil  war,  which  broke  out  soon  after, 
exposed  him  to  persecution,  as  he  es- 
poused the  cause  of  the  parliament.  He 
retired  to  Coventry,  and  continued  his 
ministerial  labors  till  the  success  of  the 
republicans  recalled  him  to  his  favorite 
flock  at  Kidderminster.  The  ascenden- 
cy of  Cromwell  gave  him  great  offence, 
and  he  even  presumed  to  argue  in  pri- 
vate with  him  on  the  nature  and  illegal- 
ity of  his  power,  but  in  the  only  sermon 
which  he  preached  before  him,  he  wisely 
confined  his  subject  to  the  dissensions 
which  existed  in  the  kingdom  on  re- 
ligious matters.  He  was'  in  London 
after  Cromwell's  death,  and  preached 
before  parliament  the  day  before  the 
king's  return  was  voted,  and  likewise 
before  the  lord  mayor  for  Monk's  suc- 
cesses. Charles  II.  made  him  one  of  his 
chaplains,  and  Chancellor  Clarendon 
offeicd  him  the  bishopric  of  Hereford, 
which  he  declined.  He  was,  however, 
soon  involved  in  the  general  persecution 
of  the  non-conformists.  His  paraphrase 
on  the  New  Testament  drew  upon  him, 
in  16S5,  the  vengeance  of  Jeflries,  and 
he  was  condemned  to  be  imprisoned  for 
two  years,  from  which  punishment, 
six  months  after,  he  was  discharged  by 
the  interference  of  Lord  Powis  with 
Kin?  James.  He  wrote  a  vast  number 
of  books  ;  Mr.  Long,  of  Exeter,  says  80 ; 
Dr.  Calamy,  120  ;  but  the  author  of  a 
note  in  the  Biographia  Britannica  tells 
us  that  he  had  seen  145  distinct  treatises 
11 


of  Mr.  Baxter's :  his  practical  works 
have  been  published  in  four  vols,  folio. 
Bishop  Burnet,  in  the  History  of  his  Own 
Times,  calls  him  "  a  man  of  great  piety ;" 
and  suys,  "  that  if  he  had  not  meddled 
with  too  many  things,  he  would  have 
been  esteemed  one  of  the  most  learned 
men  of  the  age  ;  that  he  had  a  moving 
and  pathetieal  way  of  writing;  and  was, 
his  whole  life  long,  a  man  of  great  zeal 
and  much  simplicity ;  but  was  unhap- 
pily subtle  and  metaphysical  in  every 
thing. — William,  an  eminent  critic  and 
grammarian,  nephew  to  the  foregoing. 
B.  at  Lanlugany,  in  Shropshire,  1650 ; 
d.  1723.  He  published  excellent  editions 
of  "  Anacreon,"  and  "  Horace,"  was 
author  of  a  "  Latin  Grammar,"  1679, 
and  of  a  "  Glossary  of  the  Roman  An- 
tiquities," which,  however,  goes  no  far- 
ther than  the  latter  A.,  and  was  printed 
1726. — Andrew,  a  writer  in  metaphysics 
and  natural  philosophy.  Born  in  1686. 
at  Aberdeen,  where  he  received  his 
education  at  King's  college.  His  prin- 
cipal employment  was  that  of  a  private 
tutor.  His  celebrated  work,  "  An  In- 
quiry into  the  Nature  of  the  Human 
Soul,"  was  first  published  in  4to.,  and 
has  been  several  times  reprinted.  Bishop 
Warburton  calls  it  "the  most  finished 
book  of  the  kind  that  the  present  times 
have  produced."  Baxter  drew  up,  for 
the  use  of  his  pupils,  a  piece  entitled 
"  Matho  ;  sive  Cosmotheoris,  Puerilis, 
Dialogus,"  &c,  which  he  afterwards 
greatlv  enlarged,  and  published  in  En- 
glish.'^ D.  1750. 

BAYARD,  James  A.,  an  American 
lawyer,  a  representative  in  congress  from 
Delaware,  and  afterwards  senator,  who 
distinguished  himself  in  the  famous  de- 
bate on  the  judiciary,  and  in  1814  was 
one  of  the  commissioners  who  treated 
for  peace  between  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain  at  Ghent.  B.  at  Philadel- 
phia in  1767  ;  d.  1815. — Pierre  dc  Ter- 
rail,  Chevalier  de,  called  the  knight 
without  fear  and  without  reproach.  B. 
1476,  in  the  castle  of  Bayard,  near 
Grenoble,  was  one  of  the  most  spotless 
characters  of  the  middle  ages.  He  was 
simple  and  modest;  a  true  friend  and 
tender  lover  ;  pious,  humane,  and  mag- 
nanimous. At  the  age  of  13  he  was  re- 
ceived among  the  pages  of  the  duke  of 
Savoy,  the  ally  of  France.  Charles  VIII., 
who  saw  him  at  Lyons,  in  the  suite  of 
this  prince,  was  struck  with  the  dexter- 
ity with  which  the  youth  managed  his 
horse  ;  he  begged  him  of  the  duke,  and 
committed  hira  to  the  care  of  Paul  of 
Luxemburgk,    count   de    Ligny.      The 


122 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bay 


tournaments  were  his  first  field  of  glory. 
At  the  age  of  18  Bayard  accompanied 
Charles  VIII.  to  Italy,  and  distinguished 
himself  greatly  in  the  battle  at  Verona, 
where  he  took  a  standard.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  reign  of  Louis  XII.,  in  a 
battle  near  Milan,  he  pursued  the  fugi- 
tives with  such  eagerness,  that  he  enter- 
ed the  city  with  them,  and  was  taken  as 
a  prisoner.  Ludovico  Sforza  returned 
him  his  arms  and  his  horse,  and  dis- 
missed him  without  ransom.  While  the 
French  were  in  Apulia,  he  defeated  a 
Spanish  corps,  and  made  their  leader, 
Dan  Alonzo  de  Sotomayor,  prisoner, 
treating  him  with  generosity.  Soto- 
mayor, however,  not  only  violated  his 
parole  by  flight,  but  calumniated  Bayard, 
who,  according  to  the  custom  of  that 
time,  challenged  him  and  killed  him. 
Afterwards,  like  Iloratius  Codes,  he  de- 
fended a  bridge  over  the  Garigliano 
singly  against  the  Spaniards,  and  saved 
the  French  army  by  checking  the  ad- 
vance of  the  victorious  enemy.  For  this 
exploit  he  received,  as  a  coat  of  arms,  a 
porcupine,  with  the  motto,  "  Vires  ag- 
m/iwiti  units  habeV  He  distinguished 
himself  equally  against  the  Genoese  and 
the  Venetians.  When  Julius  II.  de- 
clared himself  against  France,  Bayard 
went  to  the  assistance  of  the  duke  of 
Ferrara.  He  did  not  succeed  in  his  plan 
of  taking  the  pope  prisoner;  but  he  re- 
fused witli  indignation  an  offer  made  to 
betray  him.  Being  severely  wounded 
at  the  assault  of  Brescia,  he  was  carried 
into  the  house  of  a  nobleman,  who  had 
fled,  and  left  his  wife  and  two  daughters 
exposed  to  the  insolence  of  the  soldiers. 
Bayard  protected  the  family,  refused 
the  reward  of  2500  ducats,  winch  they 
offered  to  him,  and  returned,  as  soon  as 
he  was  cured,  into  the  camp  of  Gaston 
de  Foix,  before  Kavcnna.  In  an  engage- 
ment, which  shortly  after  ensued,  he 
took  two  standards  from  the  Spaniards, 
and  pursued  the  fugitives.  Gaston,  the 
hope  of  France,  perished  through  his 
neglect  of  the  advice  of  Bayard,  who,  in 
•he  retreat  from  Pavia,  was  again  wound- 
id,  and  carried  to  Grenoble,  whore  his 
ife  was  in  danger.  "  I  grieve  not  for 
death,"  he  said,  "  but  to  die  on  my  bed, 
like  a  woman."  In  the  war  commenced 
oy  Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  he  displayed 
beyond  the  Pyrenees  the  same  talents, 
the  same  heroism,  which  had  distin- 
guished him  beyond  the  Alps.  The 
fatal  reverses  which  imbittereei  the  last 
years  of  Louis  XII.,  only  added  a  bright- 
er splendor  to  the  personal  glory  of 
Bayard.     Henry  VIII.  of  England,  in  al- 


liance with  Ferdinand  and  Maximilian 
threatened  Picardy  in  1  £.15,  and  besieged 
Terouane.  The  French  army  disgrace- 
fully took  to  flight.  Bayard,  with  his 
accustomed  intrepidity,  made  an  inef- 
fectual resistance  to  the  enemy  :  over- 
powered by  superior  numbers,  his  troop 
was  on  the  point  of  laying  down  their 
arms,  when  perceiving  an  English  officer 
at  some  distance,  he  immediately  gal- 
loped towards  him,  presented  his  sword 
to  his  breast,  and  cried,  "  Yield  or  die  !" 
The  Englishman  surrendered  his  sword, 
when  he  immediately  gave  him  his  own, 
saying,  "I  am  Bayard,  and  your  cap- 
tive, as  you  are  mine.  The  boldness 
and  ingenuity  of  this  action  pleased  the 
emperor  and  the  king  of  England,  who 
decided  that  Bayard  needed  no  ransom, 
and  that  both  captives  were  released 
from  their  parole.  When  Francis  I. 
ascended  the  throne,  he  sent  Bayard 
into  Dauphine,  to  open  for  his  army  a 
passage  over  the  Alps,  and  through 
Piedmont.  Prosper  Colonna  lay  in  wait 
tor  him  on  his  march,  expecting  to  sur- 
prise him,  but  Bayard  made  him  prison- 
er. This  brilliant  exploit  was  the 
prelude  to  the  battle  of  Marignano,  in 
which  Bayard,  at  the  side  of  the  king, 
performed  wonders  of  bravery,  and  de- 
cided the  victory.  When  king  Charles 
V.  invaded  Champagne  with  a  large 
army,  and  threatened  to  penetrate  into 
the  heart  of  France,  Bayard  defended 
the  weakly  fortified  town  of  Mezieres 
against  every  assault,  until  the  dissen- 
sions of  the  hostile  leaders  compelled 
them  to  retreat.  Soon  afterwards,  Genoa 
revolted  from  France,  when  his  presence 
reduced  it  to  obedience;  but,  after  the 
surrender  of  Lodi,  fortune  changed,  and 
the  French  troops  were  expelled  from 
their  conquests.  Bonnivet  was  obliged 
to  retreat  through  the  valley  of  Oasta  ; 
his  rear  was  beaten,  and  he  himself 
severely  wounded.  The  safety  of  the 
army  was  then  committed  to  him,  and 
it  being  necessary  to  pass  the  Sessia  in 
presence  of  a  superior  enemy,  he  vigor- 
ously attacked  the  Spaniards,  when  a 
stone,  from  a  blunderbuss,  struck  his 
right  side,  and  shattered  his  backbone. 
The  hero  fell,  exclaiming,  "  Jesus,  my 
God,  I  am  a  dead  man  !"  They  hasten- 
ed towards  him.  "Place  me  under  yon 
tree,"  he  said,  "that  I  may  see  the  ene- 
my," and  died,  April  the  80th,  in  the 
year  1524:,  surrounded  both  by  friends 
and  enemies,  who  all  shed  tears  of  ad- 
miration and  grief. 

BAYER,  John,  a  German  i  stronome? 
of  the  17th  century  ;  author  of  "  Uran> 


bat] 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


123 


metria,"  a  celestial  atlas. — Theophilus 
Siegfred,  a  German  philologist ;  author 
of  a  very  curious  and  able  work,  enti- 
tled "  Musseum  Sinicum,"  B.  1694;  d. 
1738. 

BAYLE,  Pierre,  author  of  the  "His- 
torical and  Critical  Dictionary,"  was  b.  at 
Carlat,  in  the  county  of  Foix,  (Langue- 
doc,)  in  1647,  and  received  his  first  in- 
structions from  his  father,  a  Calvinistic 
preacher.  He  gave  early  proofs  of  an 
astonishing  memory,  and  of  singular 
vivacity  of  mind.  At  the  age  of  19  he 
entered  the  college  of  Puy-Laurenes,  to 
finish  his  studies.  The  ardor  with 
which  he  devoted  himself  to  them 
weakened  his  constitution.  All  books 
were  eagerly  devoured  by  him  ;  his  taste 
for.  logic  led  him  particularly  to  study 
religious  controversies,  but  Amyot's 
Plutarch  and  Montaigne  were  his  favor- 
ite works.  In  Toulouse,  he  studied  phi- 
losophy with  the  Jesuits.  The  arguments 
of  his  professors,  and,  still  more,  his 
friendly  discussions  with  a  Catholic 
priest,  who  dwelt  near  him,  confirmed 
his  doubts  of  the  orthodoxy  of  Protest- 
antism, so  that  he  resolved  to  change 
his  religion.  His  conversion  was  a 
triumph  to  the  Catholics.  His  family, 
however,  tried  all  means  to  regain  him, 
an>l  after  17  months  he  returned  to  his  old 
faith.  In  order  to  escape  from  the  pun- 
ishment of  perpetual  excommunication 
which  the  Catholic  church  then  pro- 
nounced against  apostates,  he  went  to 
Geneva,  and  thence  to  Copet,  where 
Count  Dohna  intrusted  him  with  the 
education  of  his  sons,  and  where  he 
studied  the  philosophy  of  Des  Cartes. 
But  after  some  years  he  returned  to 
France,  and  settled  in  Paris.  In  1675 
he  obtained  the  philosophical  chair  at 
Sedan,  where  he  taught  with  distinction 
until  the  suppression  of  this  academy  in 

1681.  The  appearance  of  a  comet,  in 
16S0,  which  occasioned  an  almost  uni- 
versal alarm,  induced  him  to  publish,  in 

1682,  his  "  Pensees  diverses  sur  la 
Comete,"  a  work  full  of  learning,  in 
which  he  discussed  various  subjects  of 
metaphysics,  morals,  theology,  history, 
and  polities.  It  was  followed  by  his 
"  Critique  generale  de  l'Histoire  dii  Cal- 
vinisme  de  Maimbourg."  This  work, 
received  with  equal  approbation  by  the 
Catholics  and  Protestants,  involved  him 
in  many  disputes.  He  afterwards  un- 
dertook a  periodical  work,  "  Nouvelles 
de  la  Kepublique  des  Lettres,"  in  1684. 
The  death  of  his  lather  and  of  his  two 
brothers,  together  with  the  religious 
persecution*  in  France,  induced  him  to 


undertake  his  "  Commentaire  Philoso- 
phique  sur  ces  Paroles  cle  TEvangile; 
Contrains-les  d'Eutrer  j"  which,  in  re- 
gard to  style  and  tone,  is  not  worthy  of 
him.  He  next  devoted  all  his  attention 
to  the  composition  of  his  "Dietionnaire 
Historique  et  Critique,'"  which  he  first 
published  in  1096,  2  vols.,  fol.  This  was 
the  first  work  which  appeared  under  his 
name.  He  died,  so  to  speak,  with  the 
pen  in  his  hand,  in  1706,  at  the  age  of 
59.  "Bayle,"  says  Voltaire,  "is  the 
first  of  logicians  and  skeptics.  His  great- 
est enemies  must  confess  that  there  is 
not  a  line  in  his  works  which  contains 
an  open  aspersion  of  Christianity ;  but 
his  warmest  apologists  must  acknowl- 
edge that  there  is  not  a  page  in  his  con- 
troversial writings  which  does  not  lead 
the  reader  to  doubt,  and  often  to  skepti- 
cism." Bayle  compares  himself  to  Ho- 
mer's cloud-compelling  Jupiter. 

BAYLEY,  Anselm,  an  English  di- 
vine, author  of  "  A  Grammar  of  the 
Hebrew  Language,"  &c,  &c.  D.  1791. 
— Sir  John,  a  learned  and  upright  judge, 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1792,  and  ap- 
pointed a  serjeant-at-law  in  1799.  In 
1808  he  was  made  one  of  the  justices  of 
the  King's  Bench,  and  received  the 
honor  of  knighthood.  He  was  a  man 
of  liberal  education  and  enlarged  no- 
tions. His  work  on  "  The  Law  of  Bills 
of  Exchange"  has  long  been  a  standard 
book  in  the  profession,  and  its  value  in 
the  commercial  world  is  universally  ac- 
knowledged. B.1773;  d.l841.-RiCHARD, 
an  eminent  American  physician,  was  b. 
in  Connecticut,  in  1745.  After  study- 
ing at  home,  he  completed  his  profes- 
sional education  in  London,  and  settled 
at  New  York.  In  1792  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  anatomy  in  the  college  of 
Columbia,  where  he  acquired  great  ce- 
lebrity. In  1799  he  published  his  work 
on  yellow  fever,  wherein  he  proved  it 
to  oe  a  local  malady.  D.  1801. — Mat- 
thias, remarkable  for  longevity,  died 
about  the  year  1789  at  Jones'  creek,  a 
branch  of  the  Pedee,  in  North  Carolina, 
aged  136  years.  He  was  baptized  at  the 
age  of  134.  His  eyesight  remained 
good,  and  his  strength  was  very  re- 
markable till  his  death. 

BAYLY,  Thomas  Hatxes,  a  lyrical 
poet  of  some  merit,  and  the  author  of 
several  dramatic  pieces,  and  one  or  two 
novels.  Though  very  popular  in  his 
own  day,  the  majority  of  nis  writings 
are  already  rapidly  passing  into  oblivion. 
B.  1797;  d.  1839.—  Lewis,  bishop  of 
Bansror,  author  of  "  Practice  of  Piety." 
X).  1632. — William,  an  astronomer,  wh<l 


124 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bea 


went  out  with  Captain  Cook  in  the  last 
two  voyages  of  that  celebrated  circum- 
navigator.    D.  1810. 

BEACON,  Thomas,  prebendary  of 
Canterbury  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, author  of  numerous  works  against 
popery. 

BEARD,  John,  known  for  his  em- 
inence as  an  actor,  first  appeared  at 
Drury-lane,  as  Sir  John  Loverule,  in 
the  ''Devnto  Pay,"  1737,  but  his  suc- 
cess was  interrupted,  for  a  few  years,  by 
a  marriage  with  Henrietta,  daughter  of 
the  earl  of  Waldegrave.  He  afterwards 
exchanged  Drury-lane  for  Covent-gar- 
den.  His  wife  died  in  1753,  and  six  3  ears 
after  he  married  the  daughter  of  Mr. 
Kieh,  whom  he  succeeded  in  the  man- 
agement of  Covent-garden.  In  1759  he 
appeared  in  the  character  of  Macheath, 
and  divided  the  applauses  of  the  town 
for  fifty-two  successive  nights,  with 
Miss  Brent,  as  Polly.  In  1768  he  re- 
tired from  the  stage,  and  died  that  year, 
aged  74,  much  respected  for  his  private 
character. 

BEATON  or  BETHUNE,  a  cardinal, 
and  archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  in  Scot- 
land, whose  infamous  persecutions  of 
his  Protestant  countrymen  caused  him 
to  be  assassinated  in  his  castle,  in  1546. 
— James,  nephew  of  the  above,  and 
bishop  of  Glasgow,  author  of  "  A  His- 
tory of  Scotland."     B.  1530;  d.  1603. 

BEATTIE,  James,  a  pleasing  poet 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  at 
Lawreneekirk,  county  of  Kincardine,  in 
17:'>">.  In  1765  he  published  a  poem 
called  the  "Judgment  of  Paris,"  which 
proved  to  be  a  failure.  In  1770  his 
"  Essay  on  Truth,"  written  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  skepticism  of  Hume,  gave 
him  his  first  fame.  Five  large  editions 
were  sold  in  four  years.  A  few  months 
after,  he  published  the  first  book  of  the 
"  Minstrel,"  4to.,  and,  in  1774,  the 
second,  which  pleasing  poem  is  likely 
to  be  the  bulwark  of  his  fame.  It  was 
at  first  published  anonymously,  but  its 
language  spoke  to  the  heart  and  feelings 
pf  all  classes ;  the  learned  descanted 
upon  the  critical  merits  of  its  structure, 
and  the  unlearned  traced  in  it  the  ef- 
fusions of  a  heart  alive  to  the  beauties 
of  nature,  and  warmed  with  the  kindly 
sympathies  of  humanity.  To  a  splendid 
edition  of  his  "  Essay  on  Truth,  pub- 
lished by  subscription  in  1776,  he  added 
some  miscellaneous  "  Dissertations  on 
Poetry  and  Music,  Laughter  and  Lu- 
dicrous Composition,  &e."  In  1783  he 
published  "  Dissertations,  Moral  and 
Critical,"  4to. ;    and  in  1786,  appeared 


his  "Evidences  of  the  Christian  Rcli- 
gion,"  2  vols.  12mo.  In  1790  he  pub- 
lished the  first  volume  of  his  "  Elements 
of  Moral  Science,"  the  second  of  which 
followed  in  1793,  and  to  the  latter  was 
appended  a  dissertation  against  the 
slave-trade.  His  last  publication  was 
an  "  Account  of  the  Life,  Character,  and 
Writings  of  James  Henry  Beattie,"  his 
eldest  son,  an  amiable  and  promising 
young  man,  who  died  at  the  age  of  22, 
in  1790.  This  great  affliction  was  fol- 
lowed, in  1796,  by  the  equally  premature 
death  of  his  youngest  and  only  survi- 
ving son,  in  his  18th  year ;  which  losses, 
added  to  the  melancholy  loss  of  reason 
by  his  wife,  wholly  subdued  his  con- 
stitution; and,  after  two  strokes  of 
palsy,  he  died  at  Aberdeen,  in  August, 
1803.  Beattie  was  a  religious  and  amia- 
ble man,  as  well  as  a  fascinating  and 
respectable  controversialist. 

BEATTY.  Sir  William,  who  was  pre- 
sent during  the  last  moments  of  the 
hero  of  Trafalgar,  an  "  Authentic  Nar- 
rative" of  whose  death  he  published  in 
1831.     D.  1842. 

BEAUCHAMP,  Joseph,  a  French  as- 
tronomer and  Bernardine  monk,  horn 
at  Vesoul,  in  1752.  During  the  revolu- 
tion he  was  employed  on  a  secret  mis- 
sion by  Napoleon,  but  falling  into  the 
hands  of  the  English,  they  delivered 
him  up  to  the  Turks,  by  whom  he  was 
imprisoned  as  a  spy.  He  was  subse- 
quently released,  and  d.  at  Nice,  1802. 
—  Richard,  an  English  prelate,  admi- 
rably skilled  in  architecture.  He  was 
surveyor  of  the  works  at  Windsor,  and 
rebuilt  the  chapel  there  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  IV.  The  great  hall  in  the  epis- 
copal palace  of  Salisbury,  and  the  se- 
pulchral chapel  in  the  cathedral,  are  also 
monuments  of  his  taste  and  science. 
D.  1481, 

BEAUCHATEAU,  Francis  Matthias 
Chatelet  de,  a  French  poet,  remarkable 
for  his  precocious  talents,  author  of  "  La 
Lyre  dn  jeune  Apollon,"  published 
when  he  was  only  twelve  years  old. 
B.  1645. 

BEAUCLERK,  Topham,  a  gentleman 
of  great  literary  talents,  and  a  friend  of 
Dr^  Johnson,  who  said  that  "  Beau- 
clerk's  talents,  were  those  which  he  had 
felt  himself  more  inclined  to  envy 
than  those  of  anv  one  else  he  had  ever 
known."     B.  1739;  d.  1780. 

BEAUFORT,  Henry,  the  half-brother 
of  Henry  IV.  of  England,  was  a  cardinal, 
bishop  of  Winchester,  and  chancellor  of 
the  kingdom.  He  was  proud,  ambitious. 
and  immensely  rich;  but  the  hospital 


BE  a] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


125 


of  St.  Cross,  at  Winchester,  -which  he 
founded,  and  numerous  charitable  be- 
quests, prove  that  his  riches  were  ulti- 
mately well  applied.  D.  1447. — Marga- 
ret, countess  of  Richmond  and  Derby, 
mother  of  Henry  VII.  She  founded 
St.  John's  college,  and  Christ's  college, 
Cambridge,  and  distinguished  herself 
likewise  as  an  author.  B.  1441 ;  d.  1509. 
— Francis  de  Vendome,  duke  of,  son 
of  Caesar,  duke  of  Vendome,  was  im- 
prisoned by  Cardinal  Mazarin.  On  his 
escape,  he  broke  out  into  open  violence, 
but  soon  succeeded  in  making  his  peace, 
and  was  appointed  admiral  of  France. 
Killed  at  the  siege  of  Candia,  1669. — 
Louis  de,  author  of  "  Dissertations  upon 
the  Uncertainty  of  the  First  Five  Ages 
of  the  Roman  Republic,"  and  other 
learned  works.     D.  1795. 

BFAUHARNOIS,  Alexander  de,  a 
French  nobleman  who  took  part  in  the 
revolution,  and  after  having  been  at  one 
time  president  of  the  national  assembly, 
and  served  in  the  armies  of  France  with 
distinction,  was  put  to  death  by  the  rev- 
olutionary tribunal  just  previous  to  the 
fall  of  Robespierre,  in  1794.  B.  1760.— 
Francis,  marquis  de,  elder  brother  of 
Alexander,  was  born  in  1756.  He  was 
appointed  major-general  in  the  army  of 
the  Prince  ofConde,  in  1792;  protested 
against  the  unlawful  treatment  of  the 
king,  in  a  letter  to  the  president  of  the 
national  assembly;  and  when  Bonaparte 
became  first  consul,  he  exhorted  him  to 
restore  the  sceptre  to  the  house  of  Bour- 
bon. He  was  afterwards  appointed  am- 
bassador to  the  court  of  Spain,  but  fell 
into  disgrace  with  Napoleon,  and  was 
banished.  He  returned  to  Paris  after 
the  restoration.  D.  1819. — Eugene  de, 
son  of  the  above,  was  born  in  1780;  en- 
tered the  army  early,  and  became  one 
of  Napoleon's  generals,  and  his  viceroy 
in  Italy,  which  office  he  filled  with  credit 
and  distinction,  from  1805  to  1814  ;  when 
on  his  patron's  reverses  he  retired  to 
Bavaria,  married  the  king's  daughter, 
and  was  made  duke  of  Leuchtenberg. 
D.  1824. — Hortense  Eugenie,  ex-queen 
of  Holland,  ami  duchess  of  St.  Leu,  was 
born  at  Paris,  in  1753,  being  the  daughter 
of  Viscount  Beauharnois  (who  perished 
by  the  guillotine  in  1794)  by  nis  wife 
Josephine,  afterwards  the  consort  of 
Napoleon.  Hortense  was  married  to 
Louis  Bonaparte  in  1802,  but  it  was  an 
ill-starred  union,  and  they  separated  in 
.807,  after  she  had  given  birth  to  three 
bons ;  the  driest  of  whom  (Napoleon 
Charles)  died  in  childhood  ;  the  second 
(Napoleon  Louis)  was  killed  in  an  hi- 
ll* 


surrection  at  Romagi.a,  in  1832;  and 
the  youngest  (Louis  Napoleon)  is  the 
first  president  of  the  French  republic, 
established  in  1848.     D.  1837. 

BEAUL1EU,  Sebastian  de  Pontault 
de,  a  celebrated  French  engineer  and 
field-marshal  under  Louis  XIV.,  author 
of  "  Views  and  Plans  of  the  Battles  and 
Sieges  of  Louis  XIV."     D.  1674. 

BEAUMARCHAIS,  Pierre  Augustin, 
baron  of,  was  the  son  of  a  watchmaker 
of  Paris,  b.  in  1732,  whose  father  des- 
tined him  to  the  same  trade,  but  early 
giving  indications  of  fine  musical  talent, 
he  became  teacher  of  the  harp  to  iLe 
daughters  of  Louis  XV.,  and  was  ad- 
mitted into  their  society.  By  a  rich 
marriage  he  laid  the  foundation  of  his 
immense  wealth.  He  now  aspired  to 
literary  reputation.  His  "Eugenie"  ap- 
peared in  1767,  and  "  Les  deux  Amis" 
in  1770,  the  first  still  holding  its  place 
on  the  stage.  He  showed  uncommon 
talents  in  his  lawsuit  against  Goe*man 
and  La  Blanche,  when  he  wrote  against 
the  former  (who  belonged  to  the  parlia- 
ment Ma-upeou,  which  was  engaged  in 
a  dispute  with  the  ministry)  his  cele- 
brated "  Memoires,"  which  entertained 
all  France.  Had  he  remained  more  quiet 
he  probably  would  have  gained  his  pro- 
cess. The  fame  of  his  "  Memoires" 
alarmed  even  Voltaire,  who  was  jealous 
of  every  kind  of  glory.  The  "Barber 
of  Seville"  and  the  "  Marriage  of  Figaro" 
have  given  him  both  permanent  and  uni- 
versal reputation.  Shortly  before  the 
revolution  he  was  involved  in  the  pro- 
cess against  the  banker  Kornmann.  In 
1792  he  wrote  "La  Mere  coupable,"  but 
never  regained  his  former  fame.  He 
was  once  more  in  his  true  element  in 
his  memoir  "  Mes  six  Epoques.''  Hi.-, 
contract  to  supply  the  Unite  1  States 
with  military  stores,  during  their  revo- 
lutionary war,  had  increased  his  fortune, 
of  which  he  always  made  a  noble  use; 
but  he  lost  about  a  million  livres  by  his 
famous  edition  of  the  works  of  Voltaire, 
the  very  imperfect  execution  of  which 
was  not  answerable  to  the  immense  cost 
of  it.  He  lost  still  more  at  the  end  of 
1791,  by  his  attempt  to  provide  the 
French  army  with  60,000  muskets.  Dis- 
contented with  the  present,  despairing 
of  the  future,  wearied  with  struggling 
against  the  revolution  and  his  creditors 
for  the  ruins  of  his  wealth,  he  died  at 
the  age  of  69  years,  without  any  partic- 
ular disease,  in  May,  1799.  His  biog- 
raphy appeared  in  1802;  and  in  1809  an 
edition  of  his  works,  in  7  vols.  Beau- 
marchais  was  a  singular  instance  of  ver- 


126 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[be  A 


satility  of  talent,  being  at  once  an  artist, 
politician,  projector,  merchant,  and  dra- 
matist. He  was  passionately  attached 
to  celebrity.  His  "  Marriage  of  Figaro" 
excited  one  of  those  extraordinary  sen- 
sations for  which  Paris  has  always  been 
remarkable.  The  English  modifications 
of  this  comedy  convey  but  a  slight  no- 
tion of  the  mischievous  subtlety  and 
deep  spirit  of  intrigue  in  the  original. 
Pie  left  to  his  heirs  a  claim  against  the 
United  States  of  a  million  of  francs,  for 
supplies  furnished  during  the  war, 
which  has  been  repeatedly  presented  to 
congress,  but  always  rejected  on  the 
ground  that  he  acted  only  as  the  agent 
of  the  French  government,  and  had 
been  paid  by  it. 

BEAUMELLE,  Laurence,  a  French 
writer  and  critic;  author  of  "Letters  to 
Voltaire,"  of  whom  he  was  a  decided 
opponent;  "  Commentary  on  the  Hen- 
riade,"  &c.    B.  1727;  d.  1773. 

BEAUMONT,  Franxis,  and  FLET- 
CHER, John,  two  eminent  English  dra- 
matic writers.  The  former  was  b.  in  15S5 
studied  at  Oxford,  and  d.  in  101(3;  the 
latter  was  b.  at  London  in  1576,  and  d. 
there  in  1625,  of  the  plague.  Animated 
by  the  same  inclination,  they  both  devo- 
ted themselves  to  poetry.  Their  plays, 
about  fifty,  appeared  under  their  joint 
names,  and  it  is  impossible  now  to  de- 
termine their  respective  shares  in  sever- 
al of  these  productions.  According  to 
the  testimony  of  some  of  their  cotem- 
poraries,  Fletcher  was  the  inventing 
genius,  while  Beaumont,  though  the 
younger  of  the  two,  was  more  distin- 
guished for  maturity  and  correctness  of 
judgment.  Shakspeare  was  their  model, 
and",  like  him,  they  intermix  pathetic 
and  low  comic  scenes  ;  but  their  attempts 
to  surpass  their  model  sometimes  lead 
them  into  extravagances.  Their  desire, 
also,  of  pleasing  the  public  at  times,  in- 
duces them  to  deviate  from  a  correct 
standard  of  ta^te.  They  succeed  best  in 
their  comic  scenes.  Their  cotempora- 
rics  preferred  them  even  to  Shakspeare, 
as  much  as  posterity  have  reversed  the 
judgment. — Elie  de,  a  French  advocate, 
distinguished  for  his  memoir  in  favor 
of  the  unfortunate  family  of  Calas.  B. 
1732  ;  d.  1785. — Madame  le  prince  de, 
a  French  lady,  who  devoted  her  talents 
to  the  instruction  of  youth,  and  wrote 
many  pleasing  moral  works ;  among 
others,  "  Magazin  des  Adolescens," 
"  Magazin  des  Jennes  Dames,"  some 
;  ovels,  &c.  B.  1711  ;  d.  1780.— Sir 
George,  a  distinguished  amateur  ar- 
tist, was  b.  at  Dunmow,  Essex,  in  1753 ; 


d.  1827. — John  Thomas  Barber,  was  b. 
in  London,  in  1774,  his  paternal  name 
being  Barber.  In  his  youth  he  mani- 
fested a  strong  desire  to  obtain  eminence 
as  a  painter.  He  afterwards  became  an 
author,  and  published  a  "  Tour  in 
Wales,"  besides  several  tracts  upon  the 
best  mode  of  arming  the  population,  so 
as  most  effectually  to  repel  the  threatened 
French  invasion ;  and  he  at  length  put 
in  practice  what  he  had  so  strenuously 
recommended  to  others,  by  organizing 
a  matchless  rifle  corps,  known  by  the 
name  of  the  "  Duke  of  Cumberland's 
Sharp-shooters,"  of  which  corps  he  was 
appointed,  in  1803,  captain  commandant. 
In  1806  he  established  the  Provident 
Institution,  which  gave  rise  to  the  vari- 
ous similar  establishments,  now  better 
known  as  "  saving  banks,"  throughout 
the  kingdom.  He  died  in  May,  1841, 
having  bequeathed  the  bulk  of  his  prop- 
erty to  his  children,  except  the  sum  of 
10,000Z.  to  establish  a  philosophical  in- 
stitution in  Beaumont  square,  Mile-end. 

BEAUMONT  DE  PEEEFIX,  Har- 
doi'in,  tutor  to  Louis  XIII.,  and  subse- 
quently archbishop  of  Paris  ;  author  of 
a  '•  History  of  Henry  IV."     D.  1670. 

BEAUNE,  Floriment  de,  a  French 
mathematician  ;  discoverer  of  a  method 
to  determine  the  nature  of  curves  by  the 
properties  of  their  triangles.     D.  1652. 

BEAURAIN,  John  de,  geographer  to 
Louis  XV.;  author  of  a  "Description 
of  the  Campaigns  of  Luxembourg,  from 
1690  to  1694."     B.  1697  ;  d.  1771. 

BEAURIEU,  Gaspard  Guilliabd  de, 
a  French  writer  ;  author  of  "  L'Eleve 
de  la  Nature,"  &c.      B.  1727  ;  d.  1795. 

BEAUSOBRE,  Isaac  de,  a  French 
Protestant  divine,  who  settled  at  Berlin, 
and  became  chaplain  to  the  king  of 
Prussia ;  author  of  "  Defense  de  la  Doc- 
trine ties  Reformes,"  &c.  B.  1650;  d. 
173^. — Louis,  counsellor  to  the  king  of 
Prussia  ;  author  of  "  Philosophical  Dis- 
sertations on  the  nature  of  Fire,"  &c. 
B.  1709  ;  d.  1783. 

BEAUVAIS,  William,  author  of  a 
work  on  the  medals  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire. B.  1698;  d.  1773.— Charles  Nich- 
olas, a  French  physician,  member  of  the 
Convention  at  the  revolution  ;  author  of 
"Essais  Hist^riques  sur  Orleans,"  &c. 
B.  1745  ;  d.  1794. 

BEAUVILLIERS,  Francis  de,  duke 
de  St.  Aignan,  a  soldier,  courtier,  and 
poet,  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  B. 
1607;  d.  1687. — Paul  de,  eldest  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  highly  distinguished 
for  talents  and  probity.  He  held  high 
offices  in  the  state,  and  shared  with  the 


BEc] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


127 


virtuouti  archbishop  of  Cambfay,  in  the 

education  of  the   duke   of   Burgundy. 
P.  1714. 

BEAUZEE,  Nicholas,  an  eminent 
French  critic  and  grammarian;  the  au- 
thor of  several  works,  and  a  contributor 
to  the  Encyclopedic     B.  1717;  d.  1789. 

BEAVER,  John,  a  monk  of  West- 
minster in  the  14th  century  ;  author  of 
a  "  Chronicle  of  the  Affairs  of  Britain," 
Ac. 

BECCADELLI,  Lours,  an  Italian  ec- 
clesiastic ;  preceptor  to  prince  Ferdinand 
of  Tuscany,  and  author  of  the  Lives  of 
Cardinals  Pole  and  Bembo.  D.  1572.— 
Antonio,  of  Palermo  ;  author  of  a 
"  History  of  Alphonso,  kinir  of  Aragon," 
&c.    B.  1374;  d.  1471. 

BECCARI,  Augustine,  the  first  Italian 
pastoral  poet.      D.  1520. 

BECCARI  A,  Cesare  Bonesana,  M  ar- 
ch ese  ni,  author  of  the  well-known 
"Treatise  on  Crimes  and  Punishments," 
was  born  at  Milan,  in  1735.  He  was 
early  excited  by  Montesquieu's  "  Lettres 
Persanes,"  to  the  cultivation  of  his  phi- 
losophical talents,  and  afterwards  favor- 
ably know  as  a  philosophical  writer  by 
his  memorable  work  full  of  noble  phi- 
lanthropy, "  Die  Delitti  e  delle  Pene," 
(On  Crimes  and  Punishments,)  and 
several  others.  With  the  eloquence  of 
true  feeling,  and  a  lively  imagination,  he 
opposes  capital  punishments  and  the 
torture.  This  work  led  to  the  establish- 
ment of  more  settled  and  more  correct 
principles  of  penal  law  and  contributed 
to  excite  a  general  horror  against  inhu- 
man punishments.  Beecaria  was  a  true 
friend,  a  good  son,  a  tender  husband, 
and  a  real  philanthropist.  He  is  also 
known  ill  Italy  as  the  author  of  a  philo- 
sophical grammar  and  theory  of  style, 
"  Ricerche  interno  alia  Natura  d'ello 
Stilo,"  and  of  several  good  treatises  on 
rhetorical  ornament,  &c,  contained  in 
the  journal  "  II  Caffe,"  edited  by  him, 
in  conjunction  with  his  friends  Visconti, 
Verri,  and  others.  A  fit  of  apoplexy  put 
nn  end  to  his  useful  life  in  November, 
1793. — Giovanni  Battista,  an  ingenious 
practical  philosopher,  was  born  in  1716 
at  Mondovia.  He  went  to  Rome  in  1732, 
where  he  studied  and  afterwards  taught 
grammar  and  rhetoric;  at  the  same  time 
he  applied  himself  with  success  to  mathe- 
matics. He  was  appointed  professor  of 
philosophy  at  Palermo,  and  afterwards 
at  Rome.  Charles  Emmanuel,  king  of 
Sardinia,  invited  him  to  Turin  in  1748, 
to  fill  the  professorship  of  natural  phi- 
losophy at  the  university  there.  Electri- 
city   had    at    that    time,    through    the 


experiments  of  Franklin  and  others, 
become  an  object  of  universal  interest. 
He  therefore  published  his  "  Dell1  Elet- 
tricismo  nnturale  ed  artifieiale."  The 
experiments  which  this  work  contains 
on  atmospherical  electricity  are  so  nu- 
merous and  various,  that  Priestley  af- 
firmed in  his  History  of  Electricity,"  that 
Beccaria's  labors  far  surpass  all  that  had 
been  done  before  and  after  him  on  this 
subject.  The  academies  of  London  and 
Bologna  elected  him  a  member.  He 
wrote  many  other  valuable  works  on 
this  subject.  The  most  important  "Dell' 
Elettricismo  artifieiale"  contains  all  tiiat 
was  Mien  known  of  electricity.  Franklin, 
who  esteemed  his  works",  had  them 
translated  into  English.  In  1759  the 
king  employed  him  to  measure  a  degree 
of  the  meridian,  in  Piedmont.  He  began 
the  task  in  1760,  together  with  the  abbot 
Canonica,  and  published  the  result  in 
1774.  The  doubts  expressed  by  Cassini 
of  the  exactness  of  this  measurement 
drew  from  him  his  "Lcttred'un  Itali- 
anoad  mi  Parigino,"  in  which  he  showed 
the  influence  of  the  proximity  of  the  Alps 
on  the  deviation  of  the  pendulum.  As 
his  thoughts  were  entirely  absorbed  by 
his  studies,  .e  often  neglected  the  nicer 
rules  of  good  breeding,  without  losing 
however  the  general  esteem.  He  died 
April  the  27th,  1781. 

BECHER,  John  Joachim,  authoi  of 
the  first  theory  of  chemistry,  was  born 
at  Spire,  in  1635.  He  finished  his  rest- 
less life  at  London,  in  1685,  after  having 
resided  in  many  parts  of  Germany.  Ho 
had  many  enemies,  and  has  been  accused, 
not  entirely  without  justice,  of  charla- 
tanry; yet  his  influence  on  the  science 
of  chemistry  gives  him  still  a  claim  to 
remembrance.  He  brought  it  into  a 
nearer  connection  with  physics,  and 
sought  for  the  causes  of  all  the  phenom- 
ena of  the  inorganic  universe  in  these 
two  departments  of  science.  This  is  the 
object  of  his  principal  work,  "Physica 
Subterranea."  At  the  same  time  he  be- 
gan to  form  a  theory  of  chemistry,  and 
conceived  the  idea  of  a  primitive  acid, 
of  which  all  the  others  were  only  modi- 
fications. He  also  made  researches  into 
the  process  of  combustion. — Daniel, 
physician  to  the  elector  of  Branden- 
burgh;  author  of  "  Coinmentarius  de 
Theriaca,"  &e.     D.  1670. 

BECKET,  Thomas  a,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury ;  a  man  raised  from  a  com- 
paratively low  station  to  the  very  highest; 
offices  by  Henry  IT.,  but  proud,  insolent., 
ami  ungrateful.  Having  shown  himselr 
the  violent  opponent  of  his  royal  patron, 


128 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bee 


the  latter  gave  utterance  to  some  hasty 
expressions  respecting  him  in  the  pres- 
ence of  his  courtiers,  and  he  was  at 
length  assassinated  at  the  altar  of  Can- 
terbury cathedral,  in  1170.  After  his 
death  he  was  canonized. 

BECKFOED,  William,  one  of  the 
mosi  remarkable  men  of  modern  times, 
was  the  son  of  alderman  Beckford,  of 
London,  who  bequeathed  him  West  In- 
dian and  other  property,  said  to  amount 
to  upwards  of  £100,000  per  annum.  He 
had  a  strong  passion  for  building ;  and 
in  erecting  Foiithill  Abbey  he  spent 
in  a  very  tew  years  the  enormous  sum 
of  £273,000 !  One  tower  of  immense 
costliness,  employed  460  men  both  by 
night  and  by  day  through  an  entire  win- 
ter, the  torches  used  by  the  nocturnal 
workmen  being  visible  to  the  astonished 
travellers  at  miles  distant.  As  might  be 
expected,  the  mortar  and  cement  used 
had  no  time  to  set  properly,  ere  a  vio- 
lent gale  of  wind  brought  the  vast  struc- 
ture to  the  ground.  Merely  remarking 
that  he  should  have  been  glad  to  witness 
the  sublime  fall  of  such  a  mass  of  mate- 
rials, he  gave  orders  for  the  erection  of 
another  tower  of  276  feet  in  height ;  this 
also  fell  to  the  earth  in  the  year  1825. 
Building,  however,  did  not  alone  occupy 
Mr.  Beckford.  An  excellent  scholar,  and 
possessed  of  a  fine  taste  in  almost  every 
branch  of  art,  he  collected  in  the  fantas- 
tic but  costly  "  Abbey,"  one  of  the  finest 
and  most  extensive  libraries  in  England, 
and  his  pictures  and  curiosities  were  al- 
most unequalled.  His  vast  expenses, 
and  the  loss  in  chancery  of  a  large  por- 
tion of  his  West  Indian  property,  ren- 
dered it  necessary  for  him  to  sell  the 
abbey,  and,  with  a  few  exceptions,  all 
its  rich  and  rare  contents,  in  1822. 
When  the  sale  was  announced,  public 
curiosity  was  so  generally  excited,  that 
the  enormous  number  of  7200  catalogues 
were  sold  at  one  guinea  each  !  Though 
his  eccentric  and  more  than  princely 
lavislmess  of  outlay  caused  Mr.  Beck- 
ford to  be  much  talked  of,  both  in  En- 
gland and  in  Portugal,  where  he  built  a 
residence,  his  true  claim  to  any  notice 
here  rests  upon  his  undoubted  talents 
as  an  author  in  many  walks  of  literature, 
and  his  genius  as  displayed  in  the  wild 
and  singular  tale  of  "  Vathek,"  which  is 
bo  splendid  in  description,  so  true  to 
eastern  costume,  and  so  wild  and  vivid 
in  imagination,  that  Lord  Byron  con- 
sidered it  difficult  to  credit  that  it  was 
written  by  a  European,  and  said,  "  Even 
Rasselas  must  bow  before  it;  the  happy 
valley  will  not  bear  a  comparison  with 


the  hall  of  Eblis."  In  addition  to  thi-j 
work,  upon  which  his  fame  securely 
rests,  Mr.  Beckford  wrote  a  satirical 
work,  entitled  "Memoirs  of  Extraordi- 
nary Painters;"  "Italy,  with  Sketches 
of  Portugal  and  Spain ;"  and  "  Recol- 
lections of  an  Excursion  to  the  Monas- 
teries of  Alcobaca  and  Batalha."  D.  1844. 
BECKINGHAM,  Charles,  an  English 
dramatist;  author  of  "Scipio  Africa- 
nus,"  a  tragedy,  &c.     D.  1730. 

BECKMANN,  John  Anthony,  a  na- 
tive of  Hanover,  and  a  professor  at  Got- 
tingen,  where  he  lectured  for  many 
years  on  subjects  connected  with  rural 
and  political  economy,  &e.  He  was 
the  author  of  several  works,  of  which 
his  "History  of  Discoveries  and  Inven- 
tions" is  the  best  known.  B.  173lJ ;  d. 
1811. 

BECLARD,  Peter  Augustus,  an  em- 
inent French  anatomist,  was  born  at 
Angers,  in  1785 ;  became  professor  of 
anatomy  and  physiology  at  Paris,  where 
he  attained  the  highest  reputation  as  a 
lecturer  and  man  of  science.  He  wrote 
"Anatomical  Memoirs,"  &c.     D.  1825. 

BEDA,  or  BP^DE,  an  eminent  eccle- 
siastic of  the  8th  century,  usually  called 
the  Venerable  Bede,  was  born  in  the  year 
672  or  673,  near  Wearmouth,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Durham.  From  the  age  of 
7  to  that  of  19  he  pursued  his  studies  in 
the  monastery  of  St.  Peter,  at  Wear- 
mouth.  Being  then  ordained  deacon, 
he  was  employed  in  the  task  of  edu- 
cating the  youth  who  resorted  to  the 
monastery  for  instruction,  and  pursued 
his  own  studies  with  unremitting  ardor 
In  his  30th  year  he  was  ordained  priest, 
and  his  fame  for  zeal  and  erudition 
reaching  the  ears  of  Pope  Sergius,  he 
was  invited  to  Rome,  but,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  death  of  that  pontiff, 
never  went  there.  It  is  not  even  certain 
that  he  ever  left  Northumberland,  which, 
of  course,  reduces  the  incidents  of  his 
life  to  his  literary  pursuits  and  domestic 
occupations,  as  he  accepted  no  benefice, 
and  never  seems  to  have  interfered  with 
civil  transactions.  His  "Church  His- 
tory" was  published  in  731.  His  last 
literary  labor  was  a  translation  of  the 
Gospel  of  St.  John  into  Saxon,  which  he 
completed,  with  difficulty,  on  the  very 
day  and  hour  of  his  death.  The  wri- 
tings of  Bede  were  numerous  and  im- 
portant, considering  the  time  in  which 
they  were  written,  and  the  subjects  of 
which  they  treat,  which  extended  to 
ecclesiastical  affairs,  religion,  and  edu- 
cation only.  His  "  English  Ecclesiasti- 
cal History"   is  the  greatest  and  most 


b^d] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRArMr. 


129 


popular  of  Ms  works,  and  has  acquired 
additional  celebrity  by  the  translation 
of  King  Alfred.  The  collections  which 
he  made  for  it  were  the  labor  of  many 
years.  Besides  his  own  personal  inves- 
tigations, he  kept  up  a  correspondence 
with  the  monasteries  throughout  the 
heptarchy,  to  obtain  archives  and  rec- 
ords for  his  purpose;  and  thus  nearly 
all  the  knowledge  possessed  of  the  early 
state  of  Christianity  in  this  country  is 
due  to  Bede.  There  have  been  several 
editions  of  the  original  Latin,  which  is 
easy,  although  not  elegant.  While  the 
number  and  variety  of  the  writings  of 
Bede  show  the  extent  of  his  erudition, 
his  probity,  moderation,  and  modesty 
insured  him  general  respect ;  and  his 
disinterestedness  is  proved  by  the  tact, 
that  he  was  never  any  thing  higher  than 
an  unbeneficed  priest.  A  letter  of  ad- 
vice, which  he  wrote  late  in  life,  to  Eg- 
bert, archbishop  of  York,  proves  at  once 
the  purity  of  his  morals,  the  liberality 
of  his  sentiments,  and  the  excellence  of 
his  discernment ;  his  wish  being  to  cur- 
tail the  number  of  monasteries,  and  to 
increase  the  efficacy  and  respectability 
of  the  secular  clergy.  Notwithstanding 
the  veneration  with  which  he  was  re- 
garded, not  a  single  miracle  is  recorded 
of  him ;  and  as  monks  were  the  great 
miracle-mongers,  and  his  views  of  mo- 
nastic reform  such  as  we  have  mention- 
ed, this  is  not  surprising.  The  manner 
of  the  death  of  this  virtuous  ecclesiastic 
was  striking  and  characteristic.  He  was 
dictating  a  translation  of  the  Gospel  of 
St.  John  to  an  amanuensis.  The  young 
man  who  wrote  for  him  said,  "  There  is 
now,  master,  but  one  sentence  wanting ;" 
upon  which  he  bade  him  write  quickly ; 
and  when  the  scribe  said  "  It  is  now 
done,"  the  dying  sage  ejaculated,  "  It  is 
now  done,"  and  a  few  minutes  after- 
wards expired,  in  the  act  of  prayer,  on 
the  floor  of  his  cell,  in  the  63d  year  of 
his  a^re,  in  the  year  735. 

BEDDOES,  Thomas,  a  physician  and 
author,  b.  17(50,  at  Shitfnal,  in  Shrop- 
shire ;  d.  1808.  He  made  great  pro- 
gress at  school,  in  classical  studies,  and 
distinguished  himself  at  Oxford  by  his 
knowledge  of  ancient  and  modern  lan- 
guages and  literature.  The  great  dis- 
coveries in  physic,  chemistry,  and 
physiologv  irresistibly  attracted  him. 
He  continued  his  studies  with  success 
in  London  and  Edinburgh.  In  his  26th 
year  he  took  his  doctor's  degree,  after- 
wards visited  Paris,  and  formed  an 
acquaintance  with  Lavoisier.  On  his 
'et"rn  he  was  appointed  professor  of 


chemistry  at  Oxford.  There  he  publish- 
ed some  excellent  chemical  treatises,  and 
"  Observations  on  the  Calculus,  Sea- 
Scurvy,  Consumption,  Catarrh,  and  Fe- 
ver.-' But,  by  showing  his  sympathy 
with  the  people  of  France  during  the 
first  French  revolution,  he  offended  some 
of  his  former  admirers,  and  excited  such 
a  clamor  of  the  dominant  faction  in  this 
country  against  him,  by  the  publication 
of  his  political  opinions,  that  he  resigned 
his  professorship,  and  retired  to  the 
house  of  his  friend  Mr.  Reynolds,  in 
Shropshire.  There  he  composed  his 
"  Observations  ol.  the  Nature  of  Demon- 
strative Evidence,"  in  which  he  endeav- 
ors to  prove,  that  mathematical  reason- 
ing proceeds  on  the  evidence  of  the 
senses,  and  that  geometry  is  founded 
on  experiment.  He  also  published  the 
"  History  of  Isaac  Jenkins,"  which  was 
intended  to  impress  useful  moral  lessons 
on  the  laboring  classes  in  an  attractive 
manner.  Above  40,000  copies  of  this 
popular  work  were  sold  in  a  short  time. 
After  he  had  married,  .u  1794,  he  form- 
ed the  plan  of  a  pneumatic  institution, 
for  curing  diseases,  particularly  con- 
sumption, by  means  of  factitious  airs  or 
gases.  He  succeeded,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  the  celebrated  Wedgewood,  in 
opening  this  institution,  in  179S.  He 
eiiLraured,  as  a  superintendent  of  the 
whole,  a  young  man,  Humphrey  Davy, 
the  foundation  of  whose  future  fame 
was  laid  here.  The  chief  purpose  of 
the  institution,  however,  was  never  re- 
alized, and  Beddoe's  zeal  gradually  re- 
laxed, so  that  he  relinquished  it  one 
year  before  his  death,  after  having  pub- 
lished a  number  of  valuable  works  upon 
the  application  of  factitious  airs.  In  the 
last  years  of  his  life,  he  acquired  the 
reputation  of  the  best  medical  writer  in 
Great  Britain,  particularly  by  his  "  Hy- 
geia,"  in  three  vols.,  a  popular  work, 
which  contains  passages  ot  extraordinary 
eloquence.  His  political  pamphlets,  from 
1795-97,  are  forgotten  ;  but  will  proba- 
bly be  viewed  with  more  interest  by  the 
spirit  of  the  present  day. 

BEDELL,  William,'  bishop  of  Kil 
more  and  Armagh ;  greatly  reverenced 
in  Ireland  for  his  learning,  piety,  and 
benevolence.  B.  1570;  d.  1641. — Greg- 
ory T.,  D.D.,  an  eloquent  and  popular 
clergyman  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
church.  He  was  born  on  Staten  Island, 
October  the  28th,  1793,  and  was  gradu- 
ated at  Columbia  college,  New  York,  in 
1811.  His  father  was  Israel  Bedell,  and 
his  mother  was  a  sister  of  the  Rt.  Rev, 
Richard  Channing  Moore,  D.D,,  bishoj. 


130 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bee 


of  Virginia.  Soon  after  leaving  college 
ho    commenced    preparation    tor    hoiy 

orders,  and  was  ordained  deacon  by 
Bishop  Hobart,  on  the  4th  of  November, 
1814,  within  one  week  after  he  had  at- 
tained the  canonical  age.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1815  he  accepted  a  rectorship  in 
Hudson,  on  the  North  River.  In  the 
latter  part  of  the  year  1818  he  left  Hud- 
son, and  removed  to  Fayetteville,  N.  C. 
He  was  after  that  rector  of  St.  Andrews, 
in  Philadelphia.     D.  1834. 

BEDFORD,  Hilkiah,  an  English  di- 
vine, who  was  heavily  fined  as  the  au- 
thor of  "The  Hereditary  Right  of  the 
Crown  of  England  asserted,"  a  Jacobite 
work,  which  was  in  reality  written  by 
George  Harbin.  D.  1724. — John",  duke 
.of,  third  son  of  King  Henry  IV.  of  En- 
gland, and  one  of  the  most  successful 
commanders  ever  opposed  to  the  French. 
He  was- appointed  regent  of  France  by 
the  will  of  Henry  V.,  and  well  sustained 
the  glory  of  his  country  during  the  ar- 
duous struggle  there.  1).  1435. — Iohn 
Rusaell,  6th  duke  of  Bedford,  K.  G.,  an 
English  nobleman,  distinguished  even 
among  his  own  distinguished  race  for 
practical  patriotism,  and  a  princely  pat- 
ronage of  the  fine  arts,  and  every-  branch 
of  industry  which  tends  to  the  improve- 
ment of  the  social  condition.  A  mem- 
ber of  several  learned  societies,  and  em- 
inently versed  in  science  and  fond  of 
literature,  he  was  no  less  attached  to 
agriculture,  to  the  improvement  of  which 
he  devoted  many  years  and  large  sums 
of  money.  Of  his  liberality,  when  any 
useful  object  was  in  view,  some  opinion 
may  be  formed  from  the  fact,  that  he 
expended  upwards  of  £40,000  in  re- 
building Covent-Garden  market,  in  such 
a  style  as  to  render  it  one  of  the  great- 
est ornaments  of  that  part  of  London. 
B.  17-66;  d.  1839. 

BEDLOE,  William,  captain,  an  infa- 
mous informer,  noted  for  his  perjuries, 
and  rewarded  with  £500  for  pretended 
information  respecting  a  popish  plot, 
and  the  death  of  Sir  Edmundbury  God- 
frev.     D.  1680. 

BEECHEY,  Sir  William,  an  eminent 
English  portrait-painter,  but  he  did  not 
wholly  confine  himself  to  that  branch 
of  the  art,  having  painted  some  histor- 
ical compositions  of  more  than  common 
merit,  especially  his  "  Iris  bearing  to 
Somnus  the  command  of  Juno  to  warn 
Alcyone  by  a  dream  of  the  fate  of  her 
husband  Ceyx."  His  chief  excellence, 
however,  lay  in  portrait-painting,  to 
which,  indeed,  he  chiefly  confined  him- 
self and  in  which  he  greatly  surpassed 


most  of  his  cotemporary  artists  in 
number.     Died  aged  80  years,  in  1839. 

BEER,  Michael,  a  learned  Jew  of 
Paris.  B.  at  Nancy  in  1784,  was  the 
first  of  his  religion  who  pursued  the 
profession  of  an  advocate  in  France. 
His  success  in  this  career  was  brilliant, 
but  he  soon  gave  himself  up  exclusively 
to  literature,  and  received  the  honor 
never  before  conferred  upon  a  Jew,  of 
being  admitted  into  the  learned  acade- 
mies of  France.  He  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
of  the  Philotechnic  Society,  of  the  acad- 
emies of  Nancy,  Strasburg,  Nantes,  and 
Gottingen.  Napoleon  invited  him,  in 
1807,  to  the  assembly  of  Jews,  who  were 
to  advise  concerning  the  amelioration  of 
that  people;  and  the  general  sanhedrim 
for  France  and  Italy  chose  him  their 
secretary.  At  the  erection  of  the  king- 
dom of  Westphalia,  on  account  of  his 
knowledge  of  the  language  of  the  coun- 
try, he  "received  an  appointment  in  the 
ministry  of  the  interior,  and,  afterwards, 
was  appointed  to  a  corresponding  of- 
fice in  the  French  ministry ;  he  also 
delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on  Ger- 
man literature  in  the  Athenaeum  of 
Paris. 

BEERING,  Vitus,  a  captain  in  the 
Russian  navy,  was  born  at  Horsens,  in 
Jutland.  Being  a  skilful  seaman,  he 
was  employed  by  Peter  the  Great  in  the 
navy  established  at  Cronstadt.  His  tal- 
ents, and  the  undaunted  courage  dis- 
played by  him  in  the  naval  wars  against 
the  Swedes,  procured  him  the  honor  of 
being  chosen  to  command  a  voyage  of 
discovery  in  the  sea  of  Kamtschatka. 
He  set  out  from  St.  Petersburg,  Feb. 
5th,  1725,  for  Siberia.  In  the  year  1728 
he  examined  the  northern  coasts  of 
Kamtschatka  as  far  as  hit.  67°  18'  N., 
and  proved  that  Asia  is  not  united  to 
America.  It  remained,  however,  to  bo 
determined  whether  the  land  opposite 
to  Kamtschatka,  was,  in  reality,  the 
coast  of  the  American  continent,  or 
merely  islands  lying  between  Asia  and 
America.  June  4th,  1741,  he  sailed, 
with  two  ships,  from  Ochotsk,  and 
touched  on  the  northwestern  coast  of 
America,  between  lat.  35°  and  39°  N. 
Tempests  and  sickness  prevented  him 
from  pursuing  his  discoveries;  he  was 
cast  on  a  desolate  island,  covered  with 
snow  and  ice,  where  he  grew  danger- 
ously sick,  anil  died  Dec.  8th,  1741, 
The  straits  between  Asia  and  America 
have  received  the  name  of  Beering's 
Straits,  and  the  island  on  which  he  died 
that  of  Beering's  Island. 


beh] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


131 


BEETHOVEN,  Louis  vox,  b.  in 
Bonn,  1772,  was  the  son  of  a  man  who 
had  been  a  tenor  singer  there ;  but  ac- 
cording to  another  account,  a  natural 
son  of  Frederic  William  II.,  king  of 
Prussia.  His  great  talent  for  music  was 
early  cultivated.  He  astonished  in  his 
eighth  year  all  who  heard  him,  by  his 
execution  on  the  violin,  on  which  he 
was  in  the  habit  of  performing,  with 
great  diligence,  in  a  little  garret.  In  his 
eleventh  year  he  played  Bach's  "  Wohl 
Tempcrirtes  clavier,"  and,  in  his  thir- 
teenth, composed  some  sonatas.  These 
promising  appearances  of  great  talent 
induced  the  then  reigning  elector  of  Co- 
logne, to  send  him,  in  17»2,  in  the  char- 
acter of  his  organist,  and  at  his  expense, 
to  Vienna,  that  he  might  accomplish 
himself  there  in  composition,  under  the 
instruction  of  Haydn.  Under  Haydn 
and  Albrecbtsberger  he  made  rapid  pro- 
gress, and  became,  likewise,  a  great 
player  on  the  pianoforte,  astonishing 
every  one  by  hi>  extempore  perform- 
ances. In  1809  he  was  invited  to  the 
new  court  of  the  king  of  Westphalia,  at 
which  several  men  of  distinction  per- 
suaded him  to  remain  by  the  promise 
of  a  yearly  salary.  He  composed  his 
principal  works  after  1801.  A  few  years 
before  his  death,  a  cold,  which  he  had 
caught  by  composing  in  the  open  air, 
produced  a  deafness,  which  became,  by 
degrees,  very  great.  He  lived,  after- 
wards, very  much  retired,  in  the  village 
of  Modlingen,  near  Vienna.  Instru- 
mental music  has  received  from  his 
compositions  a  new  character.  Beetho- 
ven united  the  humor  of  Haydn  with 
the  melancholy  of  Mozart,  and  the  char- 
acter of  his  music  most  resembles  Che- 
rubim's. His  boldness  is  great;  though 
the  more  powerful  nature  and  richer 
imagination  of  Mozart  embraced  a  wider 
field,  and  many  of  his  compositions  ex- 
press the  whole  height  and  depth  of  his 
character.  Besides  the  great  sympho- 
nies and  overtures  of  Beethoven,  his 
quintets,  quartets,  and  trios  for  stringed 
instruments,  his  numerous  sonatas,  his 
variations,  and  other  pieces  for  the  pia- 
noforte, in  which  he  shows  the  great 
richness  of  his  imagination,  he  also 
composed  vocal  music,  with  scarcely 
less  success.  To  this  department  be- 
longs his  opera  "Leonore,"  (in  its  alter- 
ed state,  called  "  Fidelio,")  some  masses, 
tin  oratorio,  (the  "Mount  of  Olives,") 
and  songs  for  the  piano-forte,  among 
which  the  composition  of  Matthison's 
"Adelaide,"  called  by  us,  "Rosalie," 
and  some  songs  of  Goethe  are  celebrated. 


He  died  March  26th,  1827,  near  Vienna, 
in  great  poverty. 

BEHAIM,  Martin,  b.  at  Nuremberg 
about  1480,  is  distinguished  as  one  of 
the  most  learned  mathematicians  and 
astronomers  of  his  age.  He  was  engaged 
in  commerce,  and  travelled  for  the  pur- 
pose of  carrying  on  his  business  from 
1455  to  1479 ;  but  he  also  devoted  him- 
self to  the  study  of  the  mathematical 
and  nautical  sciences,  in  which  Rcgio- 
montanus  is  said  to  have  been  his  mas- 
ter. He  went  from  Antwerp  to  Lisbon 
in  14S0,  where  he  was  received  with 
marks  of  distinction.  He  sailed  in  the 
fleet  of  Diego  Can  on  a  voyage  of  dis- 
covery, and  explored  the  islands  on  the 
coast  of  Africa  as  far  as  the  river  Zaire. 
He  is  also  said  to  have  discovered,  or  at 
least  to  have  colonized,  the  island  of  Fay- 
al,  where  he  remained  for  several  years, 
and  assisted  in  the  discovery  of  the  other 
Azores.  He  was  afterwards  knighted, 
and  returned  to  his  native  country  where 
he  constructed  a  terrestrial  globe  in  1492, 
which  bears  the  marks  of  the  imperfect 
acquaintance  of  that  age  with  the  true 
dimensions  of  the  earth.  Benhaim  died, 
after  several  voyages,  in  Lisbon,  in  1506. 
Sonic  ancient  Spanish  historians  assert 
that  he  made  several  discoveries,  find 
that  he  gave  to  his  friend  Columbus  the 
idea  of  another  hemisphere.  Robertson 
i  in  his  History  of  America)  and  other 
historians  contradict  this  statement.  It 
is  also  rejected  by  Irving. 

BEHN,  Apiiar'a,  a  lady  of  some  celeb- 
rity as  a  writer  of  plays  and  novels,  was 
descended  from  a  good  family  in  Canter- 
bury of  the  name  of  Johnson,  and  was 
born  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  TUMc 
father,  through  the  interest  of  his  rela- 
tion Lord  Willoughby,  being  appointed 
lieutenant-general  of  Surinam,  embark- 
ed with  his  family  for  the  West  Indies, 
taking  with  him  Aphara,  who  was  then 
very  young.  The  father  died  at  sea; 
but'  his  family  arrived  safely  at  Surinam, 
and  remained  there  for  some  years,  du- 
ring which  time  Aphara  gained  the 
acquaintance  of  the  American  prince 
Oroonoko,  whom  she  made  the  subject 
of  a  novel  subsequently  dramatized  by 
Southern.  On  her  return  to  England 
she  married  Mr.  Behn,  a  London  mer- 
chant, of  Dutch  extraction;  but  was 
probably  a  widow  when  selected  by 
Charles' II.  as  a  proper  person  to  acquire 
intelligence  on  the  continent  during  the 
Dutch"  war.  She  accordingly  took  up 
her  residence  at  Antwerp,  where  she 
engaged  in  gallantries  for  the  good  of 
her  country;   and  it  is  said  that,  by 


132 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bel 


means  of  one  of  her  admirers  she  ob- 
tained advice  of  the  intention  of  the 
Dutch  to  sail  up  the  Thames,  which  she 
transmitted  to  England.  This  intelli- 
gence although  true,  being  discredited, 
she  gave  up  politics,  returned  to  En- 
gland, and  devoted  herself  to  intrigue 
and  writing  for  support;  and,  as  she 
had  a  good  person  and  much  conversa- 
tional talent,  she  became  fashionable 
among  the  men  of  wit  and  pleasure  of 
the  time.  She  published  three  volumes 
of  poems  by  Rochester,  Etherege,  Crisp, 
and  others,  with  some  poetry  of  her 
own ;  and  wrote  seventeen  plays,  the 
heartless  licentiousness  of  which  was 
disgraceful  both  to  her  sex  and  to  the 
age  which  tolerated  the  performance  of 
them.  She  was  also  the  authoress  of  a 
couple  of  volumes  of  novels,  and  of  the 
celebrated  love-letters  between  a  noble- 
man and  his  sister-in-law.  Pope,  in  his 
character  of  women,  alludes  to  Mrs. 
Behn,  under  her  poetical  name  of  "  As- 
trea:" 

"  TIip  stage  how  loosely  does  Astrea  trend, 
Who  fairly  puts  her  charwstera  to  bud." 

She  died  in  1689,  between  forty  and  fifty 
years  of  age,  and  was  buried  in  the  clois- 
ters of  Westminster  abbey. 

BEICII.  Joachim  Francis,  a  native  of 
Suabia,  eminent  as  a  painter  of  cattle 
pieces  and  landscapes.    13.165");  d.  1-748. 

BE1NASCHI,  John  Baptist,  a  native 
of  Piedmont,  an  eminent  historical  paint- 
er.    B.  1634;  d.  1688. 

BEK,  or  BEAK,  Anthony  de,  bishop 
of  Durham,  a  bold  and  spirited  prelate, 
who  united  the  skill  and  courage  of  a 
soldier  to  the  austerity  of  a  divine.  He 
led  the  van  of  the  English  army  under 
Edward  I.  in  an  expedition  against  the 
Scots  ;  built  Barnard  castle  and  other 
fortresses,  and  performed  many  gallant 
exploits :  but  at  length  broke  his  heart 
at  being  excommunicated  by  the  arch- 
bishop of  York,  in  1310. — David,  aDutch 
painter,  pupil  of  Vandyke,  and  portrait 
painter  to  Christina,  queen  of  Sweden. 
B.  1621  ;  d.  1656. 

BEKKIIER,  Balthasar,  a  divine  of 
Amsterdam  ;  suspended  from  his  func- 
tions for  publishing  "The  World  Be- 
witched," a  refutation  of  the  popular 
errors  in  witchcraft,  &C.  B.  1634 ;  d. 
1698. 

BEKKER,  Elizabeth,  an  ornament  of 
Dutch  literature  in  the  department  of 
the  belles  lettres.  Few  female  authors 
have  united  with  so  great  talents  so 
much  dignity  and  purity  of  morals.  The 
influence  of  her  numerous  works  was 
much  increased  by  her  character,  and 


several  of  them  are  considered  classics 
in  Dutch  literature,  particularly  her  ro- 
mances, "  Willein  Leevend,"  in  8  vols. ; 
"Letters  of  A.  Blankart  to  C.  Wild- 
schut,"  and  the  "History  of  Sara  Burger- 
hart."  She  wrote  her  most  i  nportant 
works  in  conjunction  witli  her  friend 
Agatha  Deken,  and  the  share  of  each  in 
the  composition  of  them  is  unknown. 
Elizabeth  was  born  at  Flushing,  in  1738, 
and  died  at  the  Hague,  in  1804.  "er 
inseparable  friend  in  life  followed  her 
nine,  days  later  in  death. 

BEL,  John  James,  a  counsellor  of 
Bordeaux,  compiler  of  the  "  Diction- 
naire  Neologique,"  and  author  of  "Let 
ters  on  Voltaire's  Marianne,"  &c.  D 
1738. — Matthias,  an  Hungarian  divine, 
historiographer  of  the  Emperor  Charles 
VI.,  author  of  "  Apparatus  ad  Historian) 
Hungaricc,"  &c.  B.  1684;  d.  1749.— 
Charles  Andrew,  son  of  the  above,  li- 
brarian and  professor  of  poetry  to  the 
university  of  Leipsic.  B.  1717  ;  d.  by 
his  own  hand,  L782. 

BELCHER,  Jonathan,  governor  of 
Massachusetts  and  New  Jersey.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1699. 
Not  long  after  the  termination  of  his 
collegiate  life,  he  visited  Europe,  and 
after  the  lapse  of  several  years,  returned, 
and  commenced  business  as  a  merchant 
in  Boston.  He  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  council,  and  in  1729  was  sent  as 
an  agent  of  the  province  to  England. 
After  the  death  of  Governor  Burnet,  he 
was  appointed  to  the  government  of 
Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire,  in 
1730.  In  this  station  he  continued  11 
years,  when  he  was  superseded.  On 
repairing  to  England,  he  so  far  suc- 
ceeded in  vindicating  his  character  and 
conduct,  as  to  obtain  the  appointment 
of  governor  of  the  province  of  New 
Jersey,  where  he  arrived  in  1747,  and 
spent  the  remaining  years  of  his  lite. 
lie  enlarged  the  charter  of  Princeton 
college,  and  was  its  chief  patron  and 
benefactor.  He  d.  in  1757,  aged  76. — ■ 
Jonathan,  chief  justice  of  Nova  Scotia, 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college,  in 
1728.  He  studied  law  at  the  Temple,  in 
London.  He  was  among  the  first  settlers 
of  Chebucto,  afterwards  sailed  Halifax, 
and  being,  in  1760,  senior  counsellor,  on 
the  death  of  Governor  Lawrence  he  was 
appointed  lieutenant-governor,  in  which 
office  he  was  succeeded  by  Col.  Wilmot, 
in  1763.  In  1761  he  received  his  ap- 
pointment of  chief  justice.  B.  170S ;  d. 
1776. 

BELCIIIER,  John,  was  born  at  King- 
ston, Surrey,  and  after  an  Eton  educa- 


bel] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


133 


tion  was  put  apprentice  to  Cheselden, 
the  most  celebrated  surgeon  of  Ills  age. 
Perseverance  and  assiduity  soon  ren- 
dered him  eminent  in  his  profession, 
and  in  17i>6  he  succeeded  Craddock  as 
surgeon  in  Guy's  hospital.  In  this  em- 
ployment he  became  respected  and  be- 
loved for  his  attention,  and,  unlike  the 
mercenary  practitioners  of  the  times,  he 
considered  not  the  emoluments  of  his 
office,  but  the  character  of  his  station, 
and  treated  with  unwearied  patience 
and  humanity  those  whom  diseases  or 
misfortunes  had  placed  under  his  care. 
In  his  private  life  he  was  equally  ami- 
able, his  whole  time  was  devoted  cither 
to  his  friends  or  to  the  improvement  of 
his  profession,  and  many  are  the  in- 
genious communications  with  which  he 
favored  the  Philosophical  Transactions 
and  other  publications.  He  respected 
the  name  of  Guy  almost  to  adoration, 
observing,  that  no  other  man  would 
have  sacrificed  £150,000  for  the  relief 
of  his  fellow-creatures.  B.  1700  ;  d.  1785. 

BELDEN,  Joshua,  physician.  After 
graduating  at  Yale  college,  in  1787,  he 
studied  physic  with  Dr.  L.  Hopkins. 
Besides  his  useful  toils  as  a  physician, 
he  was  employed  in  various  offices  of 
public  trust.  He  was  a  zealous  sup- 
porter of  all  charitable  and  religious  in- 
stitutions.    B.  1768;  d.  1818. 

BELESIS,  a  Chaldean,  who  raised 
Arbaces  to  the  throne  of  Media,  and 
was  rewarded  with  the  government  of 
Babylon. 

BELGRADO,  James,  an  Italian  Jesuit, 
eminent  as  a  poet,  antiquary,  and  math- 
ematician, author  of  a  treatise  entitled 
'•  The  Existence  of  God  demonstrated 
Geometrically,"  <fec.  B.  1704;  d.  1789. 
— Manuel,  an  active  partisan  and  com- 
mander in  the  cause  of  South  American 
independence,  whose  disinterested  con- 
duct proved  highly  favorable  to  Buenos 
Avres  and  the  neighboring  states.  D. 
1820. 

BELIDOR,  Bernard  Forest  de,  an 
eminent  French  engineer  and  mathema- 
tician, author  of  "  Dictionnaire  portatif 
de  ringenieur,"  &c.     B.  1695 ;  d.  1761. 

BELING,  Richard,  an  Irish  gentle- 
man, who  took  part  in  the  rebellion  of 
1641,  but  recovered  his  estate  at  the 
restoration;  author  of  "  Vindicias  Cath- 
olicorum  Hiberniae."    B.  1613;  d.  1677. 

BELISARIUS,  a  Roman  general,  one 
of  the  most  celebrated  of  his  age,  first 
[served  with  ."L'inction  in  the  guards  of 
Justinian,  s__  subsequently  rose  to 
military  eminence  under  that  emperor. 
He  defeated  Cabades,  and  subsequently 
12 


Cosroes,  king  of  Persia,  dethroned  Gel- 
imer,  king  of  the  Vandals,  routed  the 
Goths  in  Sicily  and  Italy,  and  performed 
other  glorious  actions.  Justinian,  how- 
ever, confiscated  his  estates,  but  at 
length  restored  them,  and  took  him 
again  into  favor.  The  story  of  his  blind- 
ness and  beggary  is  a  fiction  added  by 
the  more  modern  writers.     D.  5fi5. 

BELKNAP,  Jeremy,  an  American 
historian  and  divine,  was  born  at  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts,  in  1744,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1762. 
He  was  first  settled  in  the  Christian 
ministry  at  Dover,  New  Hampshire,  and 
afterwards  in  his  native  town.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society,  and  devoted  much 
of  his  time  to  the  promotion  of  its  ob- 
jects and  interests.  His  published 
works  are  the  "  History  of  New  Hamp- 
shire," "American  Biography,"  and  a 
number  of  political,  literary,  and  reli- 
gious tracts.  His  writings  are  charac- 
terized by  great  research,  clear  arrange- 
ment, and  perspicuity  of  style.    D.  1798. 

BELL,  Andrew,  an  English  divine, 
the  projector  and  founder  of  those  ex- 
cellent establishments  called  National 
Schools,  author  of  "  An  Experiment  in 
Education  at  the  Male  Asylum,  Madras," 
"  Instructions  for  conducting  Schools  on 
the  Madras  System,"  &c,  &c.  Dr. 
Bell  had  acquired  considerable  property 
in  the  East  Indies,  and  had  some  lucra- 
tive preferments  in  England,  all  of 
which  he  bequeathed  to  institutions 
connected  with  education  and  literature. 
B.  at  St.  Andrews,  Scotland,  1753;  d. 
1832. — Benjamin-,  an  eminent  surgeon, 
and  writer  on  surgery ;  author  of  a 
"Treatise  on  the  Management  of  Ul- 
cers," &c,  &c.  B.  at  Dumfries,  1749; 
d.  1806.  —  Henry,  the  first  successful 
applier  of  steam  to  the  purposes  of  nav- 
igation in  Europe,  was  born  in  Linlith- 
gowshire, in  1767.  After  serving  an 
apprenticeship  to  his  uncle,  who  was  a 
millwright,  he  went  to  London,  and  was 
in  the  employ  of  Mr.  Rennie,  the  cele- 
brated engineer;  but  it  was  not  till  the 
year  1812  that  he  produced  a  vessel  cal- 
culated to  establish  the  practicability 
and  important  uses  of  steam-navigation  ; 
and  though  Mr.  Fulton,  an  Amciicau 
engineer,  had  launched  a  boat  upon  the 
same  principle  five  years  before,  which 
had  performed  lon^r  voyages  upon  the 
Hudson  river,  yet  Bell  must  be  at  least 
allowed  the  praise  of  having  done,  in 
his  own  country,  what  all  other  men, 
notwithstanding  the  superior  advan- 
tages of  skill  and  capital,  had  failed  in 


134 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bel 


doing.  Died,  at  Helensburgh,  1830. — 
James,  an  eminent  geographical  writer, 
was  born  at  Jedburgh,  in  17G9.  He  was 
brought  up  as  a  weaver,  and  became  a 
manufacturer  of  cotton  goods  at  Glas- 
gow, but  left  tli.it  business,  and,  being 
an  indefatigable  student,  became  a 
teacher  of  the  classics  to  young  men 
preparing  for  the  university.  He  was 
the  author  of  "A  System  of  Popular 
and  Scientific  Geography,"  in  6  vols. : 
"  A  Gazetteer  of  England  and  Wales." 
D.  1833. — Charles,  an  eminent  anato- 
mist and  professor  of  surgery  in  the 
university  of  Edinburgh,  of  which  city 
he  was  a  native,  being  born  there  in 
1778.  I..  1806  he  went  to  London,  and 
was  soon  distinguished  as  a  popular 
lecturer  on  anatomy  and  surgery,  at  the 
academy  founded  by  the  celebrated 
Hunter,  in  Windmill-street,  where,  as 
subsequently,  when  appointed  a  pro- 
fessor at  the  royal  college  of  surgeons, 
the  benches  were  crowded  with  atten- 
tive auditors.  He  was  the  author  of 
many  professional  works  of  high  repute, 
on  anatomy,  surgical  operations,  and 
the  nervous  system  ;  all  admirably  illus- 
trated from  drawings  made  bv  himself. 
On  the  accession  ot  William  IV.  he  re- 
ceived the  honor  of  knighthood.  As  in 
his  professional  career  Sir  Charles  was 
respected  for  his  great  talents,  so  in 
private  life  was  he  admired  for  the 
bland  simplicity  of  his  manners.  B. 
177s;  d.  1842. — John,  a  distinguished 
citizen  of  New  Hampshire,  of  great 
judgment,  decision,  and  integrity,  died 
at  Londonderry,  Nov.  80,  1828,  aged  95 
years.  His  father,  John,  was  an  early- 
settler  of  that  town.  During  the  revolu- 
tionary war,  he  was  a  leading  member 
of  the.  senate  Two  of  his  sons,  Samuel 
and  John,  have  been  governors  of  New 
Hampshire.  The  former  was  twelve 
years  a  senator  of  the  United  States. 

BELLA,  Steeano  della,  an  eminent 
Florentine  engraver,  b.  in  1610,  was  for 
a  considerable  time  employed  by  Cardi- 
nal Richelieu,  to  engrave  the  conquests 
of  Louis  XIII.;  and,  after  his  return 
home,  was  liberally  patronized  by  the 
house  of  Medici.  The  number  of  his 
plates  is  said  to  amount  to  one  thousand 
four  hundred.     D.  1684. 

BELLAMY,  Joseph,  a  distinguished 
Congregational  minister  of  Woodbury., 
Conn.  He  was  b.  at  New  Cheshire  in 
that  state,  1719,  and  graduated  at  Yale 
college,  in  1735.  In  1750  lie  published 
a  work  entitled  "True  Religion  Delin- 
eated." Such  was  his  reputation,  that 
many  young  men,  studying  for  the  min- 


istry, placed  themselves  under  his  in- 
struction. He  was  reckoned  one  of  the 
most  learned  divines  of  the  country. 
His  works  were  published  in  three  vols. 
1811.  B.  1729  ;  d.  1790.— James,  a  Flem- 
ish poet,  wras  b.  at  Flushing  in  the 
year  1757,  and  d.  in  1790.  He  was  twen- 
ty-five years  old,  and  followed  the  trade 
of  a  baker,  when,  in  1772,  the  second 
secular  festival,  in  commemoration  of 
the  foundation  of  the  republic,  xas  cel- 
ebrated throughout  Holland.  Bis  genius 
suddenly  inflamed  by  the  love  of  his 
native  land,  rendered  him  a  poet,  and 
his  first  productions  met  with  success. 
He  studied  Latin,  made  himself  better 
acquainted  with  his  mother  tongue,  and 
composed  several  pieces  of  merit  suffi- 
cient to  induce  the  society  of  arts  at  the 
Hague  to  incorporate  them  in  their  col- 
lections. He  published  his  patriotic 
songs  under  the  title  of  "  Vaderlandse- 
Gezengen,"  which  secure  him  a  place 
among  the  first  poets  of  his  nation. 
Bellamy  sung,  likewise,  the  praise  of 
love.  The  later  works  of  this  poet  be- 
tray a  certain  melancholy,  which  renders 
them  still  more  interesting.  A  biograph- 
ical account  of  him  has  been  written  by 
Kniper.  He  may  be  placed  by  the  side 
of  Bilderdyk,  Ilehners,  Loots,  K.  Fcyth, 
&c.,  as  one  of  the  restorers  of  modern 
Dutch  poetry; 

BELLEGABDE,  John  Baptist  Mor- 
van  he,  a  French  Jesuit,  expelled  from 
the  society  for  Cartesianism  ;  translator 
of  St.  Ch'rvsostom,  Thomas  a  Kempis, 
&c.     D.  1734. 

BELLEISLE,  Charles  Louis  Augus- 
tus F"ouquet,  Count  de,  a  French  mar- 
shal, whose  talent  and  eminent  successes 
were  rewarded  by  his  sovereign,  Louis 
XV.,  with  the  highest  dignities.  B. 
1684;  d.  1771. 

BELLEXDEN,  William,  a  Scottish 
writer  of  the  17th  century,  distinguish- 
ed for  the  elegance  of  his  Latin  style. 
Be  was  educated  at  Paris,  where  he  was 
professor  of  belles  lettres  in  1602,  and 
though  he  was  made  master  of  requests 
by  James  L,  he  still  continued  to  reside 
in  the  French  metropolis.  In  1608  ha 
published  a  work  entitled  "  Cicero  Prin- 
ceps,"  containing  a  selection  from  the 
works  of  Cicero,  consisting  of  passages 
relating  to  the  duties  of  a  prince,  &c. 
He  afterwards  republished  this  work, 
with  some  other  treatises,  in  his  "  Bcllen- 
denus  de  Statu,  libri  tres."  This  work 
was  published  again  in  17S7,  by  an 
anonymous  editf  r,  since  known  to  have 
been*  Dr.  Parr,  who  added  a  Latin  pref- 
ace on  the  politics  of  that  time.     From 


bel] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


135 


Bellenden's  work,  Middleton's  "Life  of 
■Cicero,"  was  almost  entirely  compiled 
without  acknowledgment — a  plagiarism 
denounced  by  Warton  and  Parr. 

BELLENGER,  Francis,  a  doctor  of 
theSorbonne  ;  author  of  a  "  Critical  Es- 
say on  the  Works  of  Rollin,"  &c.  D. 
1749. 

BELLET,  Charles,  a  French  writer; 
author  of  "L' Adoration  Chretienne  dans 
la  Devotion  Rosoire,"  &c.  D.  1771. — 
Isaac,  a  French  physician;  author  of 
a  "  History  of  Cataiine's  Conspiracy," 
&c.     D.   1778. 

BELLIARD,  Augustin  Daniel,  Count 
de,  a  distinguished  French  general  and 
diplomatist,  was  b.  in  1773,  in  La  Ven- 
dee. He  entered  the  military  service 
early,  and  was  soon  made  an  officer  of 
Dumouricz's  staff:  he  afterwards  served 
with  Bonaparte  in  Italy  and  Egypt ; 
and,  returning  from  the  latter  country, 
he  participated  in  the  victories  of  l.'lni 
aucl  Austerlitz,  and  fought  in  all  the 
great  battles  in  the  war  with  Prussia. 
He  next  went  to  Spain  ;  but  in  1812 
joined  the  army  destined  for  the  invasion 
of  Russia,  and  particularly  distinguished 
himself  in  the  battle  of  Moskwa.  At 
Leipsic,  a  cannon-ball  carried  away  his 
arm.  After  Napoleon's  abdication,  _  he 
was  made  a  peer  of  France,  and  major- 
general  of  the  army  under  the  Duke  de 
Berri.  When  the  emperor  returned 
from  Elba,  he  dispatched  Belliard  to 
king  Joachim  at  Naples,  but  the  vessel 
was"  intercepted  by  a  British  ship,  and 
driven  back  to  France.  On  the  return 
of  the  Bourbons,  he  was  for  a  short  time 
imprisoned,  but  soon  taken  into  favor 
again.  When  Louis  Philippe  ascended 
the  throne,  he  sent  Belliard  to  Berlin,  to_ 
treat  respecting  the  acknowledgment  of 
the  new  dynasty  ;  and  during  his  em- 
bassy to  Brussels,  he  contributed  more 
than' any  other  diplomatist  to  the  forma- 
tion of  the  new  Belgian  government. 
D.  1822. 

BELLIEVRE,  Pomponius  de,  a  French 
statesman,  chancellor  to  Henry  IV.  B. 
1529;  d.  1607. 

BELLIN,  James  Nicholas,  a  French 

feographer;  author  of  "  Hydrographie 
rancoisc,"  &c.  D.  1772. 
BELLINI,  Laurence,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician ;  author  of  several  anatomical  and 
medical  works  in  Latin.  B.  1043  ;  d. 
1702. — Vincenzo,  a  celebrated  musical 
composer,  was  b.  at  Catania  in  Sicily, 
in  1806.  He  was  educated  at  Naples 
under  Zingarelli,  and  before  he  had 
completed  his  20th  year  he  had  produced 
"  Bianco  e  Fernando"  at  the  theatre  San 


Carlo.  This  was  sue  eeded  by  various 
others,  of  which  u  II  Pirati,"  "LaSom- 
nambula,"  "  Norma,"  and  "  I  Puritani" 
are  the  best,  and  have  gained  for  him  an 
undying  celebrity.  His  moral  character 
stood  high,  and  his  manners  and  com- 
positions were  in  harmonious  accord- 
ance ; — agreeable,  tender,  and  elegant. 
D.  near  Paris,  1835. — James,  and  his  two 
sons,  Gentile  and  Giovanni,  who  sur- 
passed their  father,  celebrated  painters, 
who  made  a  new  epoch  in  the  Venetian 
school.  Of  James's  works  nothing  has 
been  left ;  but  several  of  Gentile's  have 
reached  our  times.  In  the  year  1479, 
Gentile  went  to  Constantinople,  Ma- 
homet II.  having  sent  to  Venice  for  a 
skilful  painter.  He  is  said  to  have  there 
copied  the  bas-reliefs  of  the  column  of 
TheoJosius,  and  to  have  died  at  Venice 
in  the  year  1501.  The  most  distinguish- 
ed of  the  family  was  Giovanni,  born  at 
Venice,  about  1424,  and  who  died  about 
1516.  He  studied  nature  diligently,  and 
his  drawing  was  good.  He  contributed 
much  to  make  oil  painting  popular,  and 
has  left  many  excellent  pictures,  of  which 
one,  the  "  Saviour  pronouncing  his  Ben- 
ediction," is  to  be  found  in  the  gallery 
of  Dresden.  His  own  reputation  was 
much  increased  by  that  of  his  celebrated 
disciples,  namely,  Titian  and  Giorgione. 
As  their  instructor,  he  is  sometimes 
called  the  founder  of  the  Venetian  school. 

BELLMAN,  Charles  Michael,  the 
most  original  among  the  Swedish  poets, 
was  born  at  Stockholm,  in  1741,  and 
grew  up  in  the  quietude  of  domestic  life. 
The  first  proofs  which  he  gave  of  his 
poetical  talents  were  religious  and  pious 
effusions.  The  dissipated  life  of  young 
men,  at  Stockholm,  devoted  to  pleasure, 
was  afterward  the  subject  of  his  poems. 
By  these  his  name  was  spread  over  all 
Sweden.  Even  the  attention  of  Gus- 
tavus  III.  was  attracted  to  him,  and  ho 
received  from  the  king  an  appointment, 
which  enabled  him  to  devote  himself 
almost  entirely  to  poetical  pursuits,  in 
an  easy  independence,  until  his  death, 
in  1795*.  His  songs  are  truly  national, 
principally  describing  scenes  of  revelry. 

BELLOCQ,  Pierre,  valet-de-chambre 
to  Louis  XIV. ;  author  of  a  poem  on  the 
Hotel  des  Invalides,  &c.     D.  1704. 

BELLOI,  Pierre  Laurent  Burette 
de,  the  first  French  dramatist  who  suc- 
cessfully introduced  native  heroes  upon 
the  French  stage,  instead  of  those  of 
Greece  and  Rome,  or  the  great  men  of 
other  nations,  was  born  at  St.  Flour,  in 
Auvergne,  during  1727.  He  went  to 
Paris  when  a  chUd,  lost  his  father  soon 


136 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[BEjj 


niter,  and  was  supported  by  his  unele,  a 
distinguished  advocate  in  the  parliament 
of  Paris,  who  designed  him  for  the  same 
profession.  He  applied  himself  to  this 
profession  with  reluctance,  while  he 
showed  much  genius  for  the  drama. 
His  uncle  opposed  this  taste,  and  the 
young  man  secretly  left  his  house  and 
retired  to  Russia,  where  he  betook  him- 
self to  the  stage.  He  now  made  his  ap- 
pearance at  several  northern  courts,  as 
an  actor,  under  the  name  of  Dormont  de 
Belloi.  Everywhere  his  character  gain- 
ed him  love  and  esteem.  He  spent  sev- 
eral years  in  Petersburgh,  where  the 
Empress  Elizabeth  showed  him  much 
kindness.  In  1758  he  returned_  to 
France,  where  he  produced,  from  time 
to  time,  his  uncle  having  died,  his  tra- 
gedies of  Titus,  Zelmaire,  Siege  de 
Calais,  Gastu  et  Bayard,  &e.,  &c.  D. 
1775. 

BELLOMONT,  Richaud,  earl  of, gov- 
ernor of  New  York,  Massachusetts,  and 
New  Hampshire,  was  appointed  to  these 
offices  early  in  May,  1695,  but  did  not 
arrive  at  New  York  until  May,  1698.  ^  He 
remained  in  the  province  of  New  York 
about  a  year.  He  reached  Boston,  May 
26,  1699";  he  was  received  with  the  great- 
est respect,  as  it  was  a  new  thing  to  see 
a  nobleman  at  the  head  of  the  govern- 
ment. Twenty  companies  of  soldiers, 
and  a  vast  concourse  of  people  met  "  hit. 
lordship  and  countess"  on  his  arrival. 
"  There  were  all  manner  of  expressions 
of  joy,  and  to  end  all,  fireworks  and  a 
gocjd' drink  at  night."  He  took  every 
method  to  ingratiate  himself  with  the 
people;  his  success  may  be  justly  ap- 
preciated, by  the  remark  of  one  of  his 
biographers,  that  by  his  wise  conduct  he 
obtained  a  larger  stun  as  a  salary,  and  as 
a  gratuity,  than  any  of  his  predecessors 
or  successors.  Though  he  remained  but 
fourteen  months,  the  grants  made  to 
him  were  £1875  sterling.  His  time  was 
much  taken  up  in  securing  the  pirates, 
and  their  effects,  to  accomplish  which, 
was  a  principal  reason  of  his  appoint- 
ment. During  his  administration  Cap- 
tain Kidd  was  seized,  and  sent  to 
England  for  trial.  In  1700  he  returned 
to  New  York,  and  died  there  in  1701. 

BELLONI,  Jerome,  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man banker,  created  a  marquis  by  Pope 
Benedict  XIV.  :  author  of  an  "Essay  on 
Commerce."     D.  1760. 

BELLORI,  John  Peter,  a  celebrated 
Italian  antiquary  and  connoisseur  in  the 
polite  arts ;  author  of  "Lives  of  Modern 
Painters,  Architects,  and  Sculptors,"  &c. 
D.  1696. 


BELLOTI,  Peter,  an  Italian  painter, 
chiefly  of  portraits.    B.  1625 ;  d.  1700. 

BELOE,  William,  a  divine  and  critic, 
was  born  at  Norwich  in  1756,  and  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge.  After  having  been 
assistant  to  Dr.  Parr,  who  was  then  head 
master  of  Norwich  school,  he  took  or- 
ders, and  obtained  church  preferment. 
He  was  finally  rector  of  Allhallows,  a 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  and  librarian 
of  the  British  Museum.  The  latter  situ- 
ation however  he  lost,  in  consequence 
of  a  visitor  to  the  museum  having  pur- 
loined some  valuable  prints.  In  con- 
junction with  Dr.  Nares,  he  established 
the  "  British  Critic."  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Anecdotes  of  Literature"  and  "  Scarce 
Books  ;"  the  "  Sexagenarian  ,"  and  other 
works;  and  the  translator  of  "Herod- 
otus and  Aulus  Gellius."  He  died  in 
1817. 

BELON,  Peter,  an  eminent  French 
naturalist  and  physician  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury, was  born  in  Maine,  about  1518, 
travelled  into  Palestine,  Greece,  Arabia, 
and  England;  published  in  155S  a  very 
interesting  account  of  his  travels ;  and 
was  assassinated  in  1564.  He  is  the 
author  of  several  valuable  works  on 
natural  history,  particularly  on  fishes. 
Belon  is  considered  as  the  inventor  of 
comparative  anatomy,  and  one  of  the 
founders  of  natural  history. 

BELOS1ELSKY,  Prince,  a  Russian 
noble;  author  of  "Poesies  Francoises 
d'un  Prince  Etranger,"  &c.     D.  1S09. 

BELOT,  John  de  Blols,  advocate  to 
the  privy  council  of  Louis  XIV. ;  author 
of  "  Apologie  de  la  Langue  Latine." 

BELSIlAM,  Thomas,  an  eminent  Uni- 
tarian divine  ;  author  of  a  discourse  "On 
the  Importance  of  Faith,  and  the  Duty 
of  making  Open  Professions  of  it,"  &c. 
D.  in  his  80th  year,  1829.— William, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  an  eminent 
writer;  author  ot  "Essays,  Political  and 
Literary,"  "  History  of  Great  Britain, 
from  the  Revolution  to  the  Treaty  or 
Amiens,"  in  12  vols.  8vo.,  &c.  D.  aged 
75,  in  1827. 

BELSUNCE  DE  CASTLE  MORON, 
Henry  Francis  Xavier  de,  a  virtuous 
and  humane  French  prelate,  was  b. 
in  1671,  at  the  castle  of  La  Force,  in 
Perigord.  In  1709  he  was  made  bishop 
of  Marseilles,  and  when  that  city  was 
visited  by  the  plague  in  1720,  instead  of 
deserting  his  flock,  he  hourly  hazarded 
his  life  to  afford  them  succor  and  con- 
solation. As  a  reward,  he  was  offered 
the  rich  bishopric  of  Laon,  which  con- 
ferred the  title  of  duke;  but  he  replied, 
that  "  he  woald  not  quit  a  church  to 


bem] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


in 


which  he  had  devoted  his  life."  A  col- 
lege was  founded  by  him  in  his  episcopal 
city.  This  exemplary  pastor  wrote  a 
"  History  of  the  JBishops  of  his  Dio- 
cese:" "Pastoral  Instructions;"  and  the 
"Life  of  Mademoiselle  deFoix."  D.  1755. 

BELUS,  celebrated  in  profane  history 
as  the  founder  of  the  Babylonian  empire. 
He  was  deified  after  his  death,  and  a 
temple  was  erected  to  him  at  Babylon. 
He  is  probably  the  Baal  of  Phoenicia, 
and  the  Nimrod  cf  Scripture.  Flour- 
ished 1322  b.  c. 

BELYN,  a  British  prince  and  com- 
mander under  Caractacus. 

BELZOXI,Gi.vmbattlsta,  that  is,  John 
Baptist,  an  enterprising  traveller,  was 
born  at  Padua,  and  educated  at  Rome. 
He  was  destined  for  the  monastic  life, 
but  left  the  city  when  it  was  occupied 
by  the  French  armies,  and  in  1803,  went 
to  London,  where  he  exhibited  as  the 
Pdtagonian  Samson,  at  various  minor 
theatres.  There  he  acquired,  besides  an 
acquaintance  with  the  English  language, 
much  knowledge  of  the  scienco  of  hy- 
draulics, the  study  of  which  had  been 
his  chief  occupation  in  Rome,  and  which 
afterwards  carried  him  to  Egypt.  He 
left  this  country,  after  a  residence  of 
nine  years,  accompanied  by  his  wife, 
and  took  his  way  through  Portugal, 
Spain,  and  Malta,  to  Egypt.  There  he 
lived  from  1315  to  1819,  at  first  as  a  dan- 
cer, till  he  won  the  favor  of  the  pacha, 
who  made  use  of  his  services.  Belzoni, 
though  often  alone  amidst  the  rude  in- 
habitants of  the  country,  kept  them  in 
awe  by  his  extraordinary  stature  and 
strength.  He  succeeded  in  opening,  not 
only  the  pyramid  of  Ghiza,  which  had 
been  already  opened  in  the  17th  century 
by  Pietro  delta  Valle,  and  to  which  the 
French,  during  their  expedition  to  Egypt, 
could  not  find  the  entrance,  but  also  a 
second,  known  by  the  name  of  Ceplirenes, 
and  several  catacombs  near  Thebes,  es- 
pecially one  in  a  fine  state  of  preservation 
in  the  valley  of  Biban  el  Molook,  which 
is  considered  to  be  the  mausoleum  of 
Psammis,  in  400  b.  c.  The  drawings 
which  he  has  furnished  of  these  antiqui- 
ties are  the  most  exact  which  wc  possess. 
In  the  year  1816  his  perseverance  and 
skill  succeeded  in  transporting  the  bust 
of  Jupiter  Memnon,  together  with  a  sar- 
cophagus, of  alabaster,  found  in  the  cata- 
combs, from  Thebes  to  Alexandria,  from 
whence  they  came  to  the  British  Mu- 
seum. On  the  1st  of  August,  1817,  he 
opened  the  temple  of  Ipsambul,  near  the 
»econd  cataract  of  the  Nile,  which  two 
Fren^Jimen,  Cailliaud  and  Drovetti,  (the 
12* 


French  consul-general,)  had  discover  ii 
the  year  before,  but  had  not  succeed  id 
in  opening.  Belzoni  found  a  subter- 
raneous temple  in  its  ruins,  which  until 
that  time  had  been  unknown.  He  then 
visited  the  coasts  of  the  Red  Sea,  sind 
the  city  of  Berenice,  and  made  an  expe- 
dition into  the  oasis  of  Jupiter  Ammom 
His  journey  to  Berenice  was  rewarded 
by  the  discovery  of  the  emerald  mines 
of  Zubara.  Belzoni  refuted  Cailliaud's 
assertion,  that  he  had  found  the  far  ions 
Berenice,  the  great  emporium  of  Europe 
and  India,  by  subsequent  investigations 
on  the  spot,  and  by  the  actual  discovery 
of  the  ruins  of  that  great  city,  four  days' 
journey  from  the  place  which  Cailliaud 
bad  taken  for  Berenice.  His  "  Narrative 
of  the  Operations  and  recent  Discoveries 
within  the  Pyramids,  Temples,  Tombs, 
and  Excavations  in  Egypt  and  Nubia; 
and  of  a  Journey  to  the  Coast  of  the  Red 
Sea  in  search  of  Berenice :  also  of  an- 
other to  the  Oasis  of  Jupiter  Ammon," 
(London,  1820,)  accompanied  by  a  folio 
vol.  of  forty-four  copperplates,  was  re- 
ceived with  general  approbation.  Padua, 
his  native  city,  requited  his  present  of 
two  Egyptian  statues  from  Thebes  with 
an  honorary  medal.  In  the  year  1823, 
this  enterprising  traveller  had  made 
preparations  for  passing  from  Benin  to 
Houssa,  and  Timbuctoo,  when  he  died 
at  Gato,  on  his  way  to  Benin,  Dec.  tho 
3d,  1823.  He  believed  the  Nile  and 
Niger  to  be  different  streams,  and  that 
the  Niger  empties  its  waters  into  the 
Atlantic  ocean ;  opinions  which  have 
eventually  been  proved  to  be  correct. 
The  following  inscription  was  placed 
over  his  grave : 

M  Here  lies  the  remains  of 
G.  Belzoni, 
Who  was  attacked  with  dvsenterv,  at  Benin, 
(On  his  way  to  Ho  :ssa  and  Timbuctoo,) 
On  the  26th  of  November,  and  died  at  this  place,  Decem- 
ber 3d.  1823. 
The  gentleman  who  plftced  this  inscription  over  Ihp  grave 
of  this  intrepid  and  enterprising  traveller,  hopes  that 
every  European  visiting  this  spot  will  cause  the  ground 
to  be  cleared,  and  the  fence  round  the  grave  to  i»«  re- 
paired, if  necessary." 

BEMBO,  Pietro,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  of  the  Italian  scholars  that 
adorned  the  16th  century,  was  born  at 
Venice  in  1470.  He  very  early  learned 
the  Latin,  and  afterwards,  at  Messina, 
under  the  direction  of  Lascaris,  the 
Greek  language ;  after  which  he  return- 
ed to  his  native  country,  and  there  pub- 
lished a  small  treatise  on  mount  Etna. 
In  compliance  with  the  will  of  his  father, 
he  entered  upon  the  career  of  public 
business,  but,  soon  conceiving  a  dislike 
for  it  he  devoted  himself  to  science  and 


138 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ben 


the  theological  profession.  At  Ferrara, 
where  he  completed  his  philosophical 
Studies,  he  entered  into  a  connection 
With  Ercole  Strozzi,  Tibaldeo,  and  par- 
ticularly with  Sadoleto.  From  Ferrara 
he  returned  to  Venice,  where  a  literary 
society  had  been  established,  in  the 
house"  of  the  printer  Aldus  Manutius. 
Bembo  became  one  of  its  principal  mem- 
bers, and,  for  some  time,  took  pleasure 
in  correcting  the  beautiful  editions  which 
proceeded  from  this  celebrated  press. 
After  visiting  Home,  he  went,  in  1506, 
to  the  court  of  Urbino,  at  that  time  one 
of  those  Italian  courts  where  the  sci- 
ences stood  highest  in  esteem.  He  lived 
there  about  six  years,  and  gained  sev- 
eral powerful  friends.  In  1512  he  went 
to  Rome  with  Giulio  de  Medici,  whose 
brother,  pope  Leo  X.,  made  him  secre- 
tary, and  gave  him  his  friend  Sadoleto 
for  a  colleague.  About  this  time  he  be- 
came acquainted  with  the  young  and 
beautiful  Morosina,  with  whom  he  lived, 
in  the  most  tender  union,  during  22 
years.  She  presented  him  with  two 
sons  and  a  daughter,  whom  he  educated 
with  tlw  greatest  care.  His  many  la- 
bore,  arising  from  his  office  as  well  as 
his  literary  pursuits,  and,  perhaps,  too 
great  an  indulgence  in  pleasure,  having 
impaired  his  health,  he  was  using  the 
ba'hs  of  Pa:lua,  when  he  was  apprised 
of  the  death  of  Leo  X.  Being  by  this 
time  possessed  of  several  church  bene- 
fices, he  resolved  on  withdrawing  en- 
tirely from  business,  and  on  passing  his 
days  at  Padua,  (the  air  of  which  he  had 
found  very  beneficial,)  occupied  only 
with  literature  and  science,  and  enjoy- 
ing the  society  of  his  friends.  The 
learned  members  of  the  famous  univer- 
sity of  this  city  eagerly  frequented  his 
house,  and  strangers  also  Hocked  thither. 
Bembo  collected  a  considerable  library; 
he  had  a  cabinet  of  medals  and  antiqui- 
ties, which  at  that  time  passed  for  one 
of  the  richest  in  Italy,  and  a  fine  botan- 
ical garden.  He  spent  the  spring  and 
a»Himn  at  a  villa  called  Bozza,  which 
had  always  belonged  to  his  family.  He 
devoted  the  leisure  of  a  country  life 
principally  to  his  literary  pursuits.  In 
the  year  1529,  after  the  death  of  An- 
dreas Navagero,  the  office  of  histori- 
ographer of  the  republic  of  Venice  was 
offered  to  him,  winch  lie  accented  after 
some  hesitation,  declining  the  salary 
connected  with  it.  At  the  same  time, 
he  was  nominated  librarian  of  the  library 
of  St.  Mark.  Pope  Paul  III.  having  re- 
solved upon  a  new  promotion  of  cardi- 
nals from  the  most  distinguished  men 


of  his  time,  conferred  on  him,  in  1539, 
the  hat  of  a  cardinal.  From  that  time 
Bembo  renounced  the  belles-lettres,  and 
made  the  Fathers  and  the  Holy  Scrip- 
tures his  chief  study.  Of  his  former 
labors  he  continued  only  the  "History 
of  Venice."  Two  years  later,  Paul  III. 
bestowed  the  bishopric  of  Gnbbio  on 
him,  and  soon  after  the  rich  bishopric 
of  Bergamo.  He  died,  loaded  with 
honors,  1547,  in  the  77th  year  of  his 
age.  Bembo  united  in  his  person,  his 
character,  and  conversation,  all  that  is 
amiable.  He  was  the  restorer  of  a  pure 
style,  as  well  in  Latin  composition,  in 
which  Cicero,  Virgil,  and  Julius  Ciesar 
were  his  constant  models,  as  in  the  Ital- 
ian, in  which  he  chiefly  imitated  Pe- 
trarca.  He  was  so  rigorous  witli  regard 
to  purity  of  style,  that  he  is  said  to  have 
had  forty  different  partitions,  through 
which  his  writings,  as  he  polished  them 
by  degrees,  successively  passed  ;  nor  did 
he  publish  them  till  they  had  sustained 
these  forty  examinations.  A  collection 
of  all  his  works,  which  were  frequently 
printed  singly,  appeared  in  1729.  at  Ven- 
lce,  in  four  'folio  volumes.  The  most 
important  of  them  are,  -'History  of 
Venire,"  from  1-1^7  to  l'l",  in  twelve 
books,  which  he  wrote  both  in  Latin 
and  Italian;  "  Lc  Prose,"  dialogues,  in 
which  the  rules  of  the  Italian  language 
are  laid  down;  "Gli  Asolani,"  dialogues 
on  the  nature  of  love;  "  Le  Rime,"  a 
collection  of  beautiful  sonnets  and  can- 
zonets; his  letters,  both  in  Latin  and 
Italian;  "  De  Virgilii  Culice  ct  Terentii 
Eabtilis  Liber;  Cannina,"  which  are 
ingenious  and  elegant,  but  more  free 
than  the  author's  profession  would  lead 
us  to  expect,  besides  several  others. 

BENAVIDES,  an  outlaw  and  pirate, 
who,  for  several  years,  proved  the 
scourge  of  the  southern  parts  of  Chili." 
He  was  a  native  of  Quirihue,  in  the 
province  of  Conception,  and  entered  the 
patriot  army  as  a  common  soldier  at  the 
commencement  of  the  revolution.  Hav- 
ing deserted  to  the  Spaniards,  and  being 
made  prisoner  by  the  Chilians,  at  the 
battle  of  Membri'lla,  in  1814,  he  was  to 
have  been  tried  for  desertion,  but  effect- 
ed his  escape.  Being  made  prisoner 
again  at  the  battle  of  Maypu,  1818,  he 
was  sentenced  to  be  shot,  and  was  sup- 
posed to  have  been  killed  ;  but,  al- 
though shockingly  wounded,  and  left" 
for  dead,  he  recovered,  and  having  ob- 
tained a  commission  from  the  Spanish 
commander,  Sanchez,  he  commenced  a 
war  upon  the  southern  frontier  of  Chili, 
never  surpassed  in  savage  cruelty.     Ha 


ben] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


139 


laid  waste  the  country  with  fire  and 
sword,  murdered  his  prisoners,  and  per- 
petrated the  most  horrid  cruelties  upon 
the  unarmed  peasants,  including  women 
and  children,  who  chanced  to  fall  into 
his  power.  Notwithstanding  repeated 
engagements  with  the  Chilian  forces  of 
the  province  of  Conception,  lie  sustained 
himself  for  a  long  time  in  this  atrocious 
course.  At  length  he  undertook  to  es- 
tablish a  navy,  and,  for  this  purpose, 
piratically  seized  upon  several  English 
and  American  vessels,  which  unsus- 
pectingly stopped  for  refreshment  not 
tar  from  the  town  of  Arauco,  the  centre 
of  his  operations.  So  intolerable  had 
the  grievance  become,  that  in  1821  the 
Chilians  fitted  out  an  expedition  against 
Arauco,  and  succeeded  in  breaking  up 
the  robber's  stronghold.  He  attempted 
to  escape  to  Peru  in  a  launch,  but  being 
capture  1,  was  condemned  to  death,  and 
executed  Feb.  23d,  1822. 

BENBOW,  John,  an  English  naval 
character  of  distinguished  merit,  was 
b.  in  Shrewsbury,  about  1650,  and 
brought  up  to  the  sea  in  the  merchant- 
service.  He  fought  so  desperately  against 
a  pirate  from  Bailee,  in  one  of  his  trips 
to  the  Mediterranean,  about  the  year 
1686,  as  to  beat  her  otf,  though  greatly 
his  superior  in  men  and  metal.  For 
this  gallant  action,  he  was  promoted  at 
once  by  James  II.  to  the  command  of 
a  ship  of  war.  William  III.  employed 
him  m  protecting  the  English  trade  in 
the  Channel,  which  he  did  with  great 
effect.  His  Valor  and  activity  secured 
him  the  confidence  of  the  nation,  and 
he  was  soon  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
rear-admiral,  and  charged  with  the 
blockade  of  Dunkirk.  But  the  squad- 
ron in  that  port,  under  the  command  of 
Jean  Baert,  managed  to  slip  out  of  port, 
nor  could  Benbow,  though  he  sailed  in- 
stantly in  pursuit,  overtake  it.  In  1701 
he  sailed  to  the  West  Indies  with  a  small 
fleet,  having  accepted  a  command  pre- 
viously declined  by  several  of  his  se- 
niors, from  the  supposed  superiority  of 
the  enemy's  force  in  that  quarter.  In 
August  of  the  following  year,  he  fell  in 
with  the  French  fleet  under  Du  Casse, 
and  for  five  days  maintained  a  running 
fight  with  them,  when  he  at  length  suc- 
ceeded in  bringing  the  enemy's  stern- 
most  ship  to  close  quarters.  In  the 
heat  of  the  action  a  chain-shot  carried 
away  one  of  his  legs,  and  he  was  taken 
below;  but  the  moment  the  dressing 
had  been  applied  to  the  wound,  he 
caused  himself  to  be  brought  again  on 
deck,   and   continued  the   actioxi.      At 


this  critical  instant,  being  most  dis 
gracefully  abandoned  by  several  of  the 
captains  under  his  command,  who  sign- 
ed a  paper  expressing  their  opinion  that 
"  nothing  more  was  to  be  done,"  the 
whole  fleet  effected  its  escape.  Ou  his 
return  to  Jamaica,  he  brought  the  de- 
linquents to  a  court-martial,  by  which 
two  of  them  were  convicted  of  coward- 
ice and  disobedience  of  orders,  and  con- 
demned to  be  shot ;  which  sentence,  on 
their  arrival  in  England,  was  carried 
into  execution  at  Plymouth.  Benbow, 
who  suti'ered  equally  in  mind  and  body 
from  this  disgraceful  business,  gradually 
sank  under  his  feelings,  and  expired  at 
Jamaica,  Nov.  4th,  1702. 

BENCIO,  Francis,  an  Italian  Jesuit; 
author  of  Latin  poems,  &c.     D.  1594. 

BENEDETTO,  Castiglione,  an  Italian 
painter,  chiefly  of  pastoral  scenes.  B. 
1616;  d.  1670. 

BENEDICT,  St.  founder  of  the  first 
religious  order  in  the  west,  was  born  at 
Noreia,  in  Spoletto,  in48o.  In  the  four- 
teenth year  of  his  age  he  retired  to  a 
cavern  situated  in  the  desert  of  Subiaco, 
forty  miles  from  Rome,  and,  in  515,  drew 
up  a  rule  for  his  monks,  which  was  first 
intro  luced  into  the  monastery  of  Monte 
Cassino,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Naples, 
founded  by  him  (629)  in  a  grove  of 
Apollo,  after  the  temple  had  been  de- 
molished. This  gradually  became  the 
rule  of  all  the  western  monks.  The 
abbots  of  Monte  Cassino  afterwards  ac- 
quired episcopal  jurisdiction,  and  a  cer- 
tain patriarchal  authority  over  the  whole 
order.  With  the  intention  of  banishing 
idleness,  he  prescribed  in  addition  to 
the  work  of  God,  (as  he  called  prayer  and 
the  reading  of  religious  writings,)  the 
instruction  of  youth  in  reading,  writing, 
and  ciphering,  in  the  doctrines  of  <  'hris- 
tianity,  in  manual  labors,  (includingme- 
chanic  arts  of  every  kind,)  and  in  the 
management  of  the  monastery.  With 
regard  to  dress  and  food,  the  rule  was 
severe,  but  not  extravagant.  Be  caused 
a  library  to  be  founded,  for  which  the 
aged  and  infirm  brethren  were  obliged 
to  copy  manuscripts.  By  this  means  he 
contributed  to  preserve  the  literary  re- 
mains of  antiquity  from  ruin;  for, 
though  he  had  in  view  only  the  copying 
of  religious  writings,  yet  the  praetico 
was  afterwards  extended  to  classical 
works  of  every  kind  ;  and  the  learned 
world  is  indebted,  for  the  preservation 
of  great  literary  treasures,  to  his  order. 
He  died  about  the  age  of  sixty-seven. 

BENEZET,  Anthony,  a  distinguish 
ed  philanthropist,  b.  at  St.  Quentin,  in 


HO 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ben 


France.  January,  1713.  His  parents 
were  opulent,  and  of  noble  descent.  On 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes, 
the  family  associated  themselves  with 
the  Huguenots  ;  and,  on  this  account,  his 
father's  estate  was  confiscated,  in  1715, 
who  thereupon  sought  temporary  refuge 
in  Holland,  and  afterwards  in  England, 
where  Anthony  received  his  education. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  society  of 
Friends  about  the  14th  year  of  his  age. 
In  1731  he  arrived,  along  with  his  par- 
ents, in  Philadelphia.  His  first  employ- 
ment was  that  ot  an  instructor  of  youth 
at  Germantown — a  calling  which  led  him 
to  prepare  and  publish  several  elementa- 
ry books  for  the  use  of  schools.  About 
the  year  1750  he  was  particularly  struck 
with  the  iniquity  of  the  slave-trade,  and 
the  cruelty  which  was  exercised  by  too 
many  of  those  who  purchased  and  em- 
ployed the  negroes.  His  voice  and  his 
pen  were  now  employed  in  behalf  of  this 
oppressed  portion  of  his  fellow-beings, 
finding  the  blacks  in  Philadelphia  nu- 
merous, and  miserably  ignorant,  he  es- 
tablished an  evening  school  for  them, 
and  taught  them  himself  gratuitously. 
His  first  attempts  to  rouse  public  feeling 
on  the  subject  of  slavery  consisted  in 
short  essays  in  almanacs  and  newspa- 
pers, which  he  was  indefatigable  in  circu- 
lating. He  soon  published  a  variety  of 
more  elaborate  and  extensive  tracts. 
These  were  printed  at  his  own  expense, 
and  distributed,  without  charge,  wher- 
ever he  thought  they  would  make  an  im- 
pression. He  addressed  them  directly, 
with  suitable  letters,  to  most  of  the 
crowned  heads  of  Europe,  and  to  many 
of  the  most  illustrious  divines  and  phi- 
losophers. The  fervor  of  his  style  and 
the  force  of  his  facts  obtained  for  his 
philanthropic  efforts  the  notice  which  he 
sought  for  the  benefit  of  his  cause. 
Great  personages,  on  both  sides  of  the 
Atlantic,  corresponded  with  him,  and  it 
is  certain  that  he  gave  the  original  im- 
pulse to  those  dispositions  and  measures 
which  led  the  way  to  the  abolition  of  the 
slave-trade  by  Britain  and  the  United 
States.  Clarkson,  the  English  philan- 
thropist, whose  labors  contributed  so 
largely  to  the  accomplishment  of  that 
object,  acknowledges  that  his  under- 
standing was  enlightened  and  his  zeal 
kindled  by  one  of  Benezet's  books,  when 
le  was  about  to  treat  the  question  sub- 
rutted  to  the  senior  bachelors  of  arts  in 
the  university  of  Cambridge,  Anne  liceat 
invito  in  servitutem  dare  ?  About  the 
year  1763,  the  wrongs  inflicted  on  the 
aboriginal  race  of  North  America  excited 


his  susceptible  mind,  and  prompted  him 
to  publish  a  tract,  entitled,  "Some  Ob- 
servations on  the  Situation,  Disposition, 
and  Character  of  the  Indian  Natives  of 
America."  He  addressed  the  British 
government  and  military  commanders, 
about  the  effect  of  hostilities  against  the 
natives,  with  characteristic  boldness  and 
pathos.  His  various  philanthropical  ef- 
forts and  his  excellent  qualities  obtain- 
ed for  him  peculiar  consideration  in  the 
society  of  Friends.  In  17S0  he  wrote 
and  published  a  "  Short  Account  of  the 
religious  Society  of  Friends,  commonly 
called  Quakers  ;"  and,  in  1782,  a  "  Dis- 
sertation on  the  Plainness  and  innocent 
Simplicity  of  the  Christian  Religion." 
His  private  habits,  morals,  and  pursuits 
were  adapted  to  endear  and  dignify  his 
public  career.  He  died  at  Philadelphia, 
May  the  5th,  in  1784,  aged  seventy-one. 
When  it  was  announced  that  he  was  se- 
riously ill,  a  multitude  of  his  fellow-cit- 
izens presented  themselves  at  his  house 
with  anxious  inquiries  ;  and  lie  convers- 
ed lucidly  with  hundreds  after  his  case 
was  pronounced  to  be  hopeless.  There 
is  extant  a  full  and  interesting  memoir 
of  his  life,  by  Robert  Vaux. 

BENGER,  .Miss  Elizabeth  Ogilvt, 
b.  in  1778,  at  Portsmouth,  was  the 
daughter  of  a  purser  in  the  navy,  who 
died  in  1796,  and  left  his  wife  and 
daughter  with  a  slender  provision.  In 
L802  she  removed  with  her  mother  to 
London.  She  soon  attracted  attention 
by  her  verses,  and  Miss  Sarah  Wesley 
early  became  her  patron.  She  composed 
some  theatrical  pieces,  which  did  not 
meet  with  success.  Mr.  Bowyer,  the 
engraver,  employed  her  to  write  a  poem 
on  the  '"Slave-Trade,"  which,  with  two 
others,  was  published  in  quarto,  with 
engravings,  in  1812.  She  successively 
published  "  Memoirs  of  Mrs.  Elizabeth 
Hamilton,"  "Memoirs  of  John  Tobin," 
the  dramatist,  and  "Notices  of  Klop- 
stock  and  His  Friends,"  prefixed  to  a 
translation  of  their  letters  from  the  G:r- 
man.  These  writings  were  followed  by 
the  "History  of  Anne  Boleyn,"  which 
was  translated  into  French,"  "  Memoirs 
of  Elizabeth,  queer,  of  Bohemia,"  and 
"  Memoirs  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots." 
D.  1827. 

BENI,  Paul,  an  eminent  Italian  phi- 
lologer,  author  of  "  Remarks  on  Ariosto 
and  Tasso,"  &c.    D.  1627. 

BENJAMIN  OF  TUDELA,  one  of 
the  earliest  travellers  of  the  middle  age9 
who  visited  the  central  regions  of  Asia; 
author  of  a  Hebrew  work  of  travels, 
which,  though  interesting  and  romantic, 


BEX  J 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


141 


is  remarkable  chiefly  for  its  misrepre- 
sentations.    D.  1173. 

BEN1NI,  Vincent,  a  learned  Italian 
physician,  author  of  "  Notes  on  Celsus," 
&c.     B.  1713;  d.  1764. 

BENNET,  Christopher,  an  English 
physician,  author  of  "  Tabidorum  The- 
atrum,  seu  Phthisios,"  <fce.  D.  1685. — 
Henry,  earl  of  Arlington,  born  in  1618, 
was  educated  at  Christ-church,  Oxford, 
and  espoused  the  royal  cause  during  the 
civil  wars.  He  was  knighted  at  Bruges, 
by  Charles  II.,  who  employed  him  as 
his  minister  at  Madrid,  and  after  the 
restoration  as  his  secretary  of  state. 
Though  lie  was  one  of  the  rive  minis- 
ters, Clifford,  Ashley,  Buckingham,  Ar- 
lington,, and  Lauderdale,  denominated 
cabal,  he  did  not  enter  into  their  views, 
nor  support  the  schemes  formed  to 
render  tne  monarch  absolute.  When 
accused  for  the  ill  success  of  the  Dutch 
war,  he  ably  defended  himself  before 
the  commons,  and  was  acquitted  by  a 
small  majority.  After  serving  the  king 
twelve  years  as  secretary,  lie  retired 
upon  the  indolent  office  of  chamberlain, 
and  was  afterwards  employed  as  a  nego- 
tiator with  the  prince  of  Orange;  but 
was  unsuccessful  in  his  endeavors  to 
procure  a  general  peace.  Arlington, 
who  died  in  1685,  is  described  by  Bur- 
net as  a  proud  man,  but  his  abilities 
■were  so  strong,  and  at  the  same  time 
so  versatile,  that  he  was  the  only  person 
who  could  manage  with  success  the 
kind's  temper.  lie  was  a  Catholic  in 
religion,  though  in  power  he  inveighed 
with  bitterness  against  the  Roman  Cath- 
olics. 

BENNINGSEN,  Levin  Augustus, 
baron  of,  Russian  commander-in-chief, 
b.  at  Banteln,  in  Hanover,  1745,  early 
entered  into  the  Russian  service,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  great  gallantry 
in  the  war  against  Poland,  under  the 
Empress  Catherine  II.  He  acted  a  chief 
part  in  the  conspiracy  of  the  palace 
against  the  Emperor  Paul  I.  In  1806 
he  was  appointed  to  command  the  Rus- 
sian army  which  hastened  to  the  assist- 
ance of  the  Prussians ;  but,  before  his 
arrival,  the  Prussians  were  defeated  at 
Jena.  He  afterwards  fought  the  mur- 
derous battle  of  Eylau,  (next  to  that  of 
Mojaisk,  perhaps  the  most  bloody  in 
military  history,)  and  the  battle  of  Fried- 
land.  After  the  peace  of  Tilsit,  he  re- 
tired to  his  estates.  In  1813  he  led  a 
Russian  army  called  "  the  army  of  Po- 
land,'' into  Saxony,  took  part  in  the 
oattle  of  Leipsic,  and  blockaded  Ham- 
hurgh.     After  commanding  the  army  in 


the  south  of  Russia,  he  finally  settled  in 
his  native  country,  and  died  Oct.  3d, 
1826.  He  is  the  author  of  "Thoughts 
on  certain  Points  requisite  for  an  Officer 
of  Light  Cavalry  to  be  acquainted  with  " 
Riga,  1794  ;   W'ilna,  1805. 

BENNITSKI,  Alexander  Petro- 
vitsch,  a  Russian  poet,  author  of  "  Ko- 
mala,"  a  poem  ;  a  translation  of  Ossian, 
&c.     B.  1780;  d.  1808. 

BENOIT,  Elias,  a  learned  Protestant 
divine,  pastor  of  the  church  of  Delft, 
author  of  a  "History  of  the  Edict  of 
Nantes."     B.  1640  :  d.  1723. 

BENSERADE,  Isaac  de,  a  French 
poet,  born  near  Rouen.  Though  poor, 
his  wit  and  his  poetical  talents  rendered 
him  popular;  he  was  noticed  by  Riche- 
lieu, to  whom,  according  to  some  he  was 
related,  and  a  pension  was  settled  upon 
him.  After  the  death  of  Richelieu  he 
attached  himself  to  the  duke  de  Breze, 
and  he  was  named  as  envoy  to  Chris- 
tina, queen  of  Sweden,  an  employment 
which  he  did  not  undertake.  As  a  poet 
his  talents  were  such  that  for  a  time  he 
divided  the  applauses  of  the  town  with 
Voiture.  His  rondeaus  on  Ovid  are  his 
worst  performances.  In  the  last  part 
of  his  life  he  retired  to  Gentilly,  where 
he  employed  himself  in  works  of  piety, 
and  translated  almost  all  the  psalms. 
He  was  so  afflicted  with  the  stone,  that 
he  reluctantly  submitted  to  the  operation 
of  cutting,  but  the  surgeon  punctured 
an  artery,  ran  away  instead  of  checking 
the  effusion  of  blood,  and  the  unfor- 
tunate patient  expired  iu  the  arms  of 
his  confessor,  during  the  year  ltjuo. 

BENTHA.M,  Jeremy,  the  celebrated 
writer  on  politics  and  jurisprudence-, 
was  b.  in  1749.  He  st'udieet  English 
law,  but  never  appeared  at  the  bar,  be- 
ing enabled,  by  easy  circumstances.  *o 
devote  himself  entirely  to  literary  com- 
positions. He  did  not,  however,  pub- 
lish his  chief  works  himself.  They  were 
arranged  and  translated  into  French  by 
his  friend  M.  Dumont,  and  printed 
partly  in  Paris  and  partly  in  London. 
Among  them  are  "  Traites  de  Legisla- 
tion, Civile  et  Penale,  &c.,"  and  "The- 
orie  des  Peines  et  des  Recompenses." 
He  advocated  a  thorough  correction  of 
civil  and  criminal  legislation.  His 
"  Fragments  on  Government,"  in  op- 
position to  Blackstone,  appeared  anony- 
mously in  1776,  and  with  his  name,  at 
London,  in  1823.  In  France,  his  liter- 
ary labors  found  a  better  reception  than 
in  England  or  Germany.  A  small 
pamphlet  on  the  liberty  of  the  press, 
was  addressed  by  him  to  the  Spanish 


142 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[beh 


Cortes,  during  their  discussion  of  this 
subject;  and,  in  another,  "Three  Tracts 
relative  to  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese 
Affairs,"  London,  1821,  he  refuted  the 
idea  of  the  necessity  of  a  house  of  peers 
in  Spain,  as  well  as  Montesquieu's  pro- 
position, that  judicial  forms  are  the  de- 
fence of  innocence.  One  of  his  latest 
works  was  the  "  Art  of  Packing,"  that 
is,  of  arranging  juries  so  as  to  obtain 
any  verdict  desired.  His  previous  work, 
"  Essai  sur  la  Tactique  des  Assemblies 
Legislatives,"  edited,  from  the  author's 
papers,  by  Dumont,  and  translated  into 
German,  contains  many  useful  observa- 
tions. His  "  Introduction  to  the  Prin- 
ciples of  Morals  and  Legislation,"  treats 
of  the  principal  objects  of  government 
in  a  profound  and  comprehensive  man- 
ner. Zanobelli  has  translated  his  "The- 
ory of  Legal  Evidence,"  into  Italian. 
Among  his  earlier  works  was  a  "  De- 
fence of  Usury,"  showing  the  impolicy 
of  the  present  legal  restraints  on  the 
terms  of  pecuniary  bargains:  1787.  Mr. 
Bcntham  died  in  London,  June  6,  1832, 
leaving  his  body  to  be  dissected  for  the 
benefit  of  science.  He  was  a  man  of 
primitive  manners,  unblemished  char- 
acter, and  undoubted  earnestness  in 
the  cause  of  the  people  at  large.  lie  is 
considered  as  the  father  of  the  Utilita- 
rians, or  those  moral-political-econo- 
mists, who  view  every  thing  as  it  is  af- 
fected by  the  principle  of  "the  greatest 
happiness  of  the  greatest  number." 

BENTINCK,   William,  first  earl  of 
Portland,  was  descended  from  a  noble 
family  in  Holland.      When  the   prince 
cf  Orange  was  seized  with  the  small-pox, 
it  was  recommended  that  he  should  re- 
ceive the  warmth  of  a  young  person  in 
the  same  bed.   Bentinck  offered  himself, 
and  caught  the  same  disease  in  a  violent 
degree,  but  the  danger  to  which  he  sub- 
mitted was  amply  repaid  by  the  favor 
of  the  prince.     'William  brought  him 
with  him  to  England,  raised  him  to  the 
peerage,  and  granted  him  valuable  lands. 
The  "earl,    faithful    to    his    principles, 
served  the  king  in  various  offices,  civil 
and  military,  and  attended  him  in  his 
last     moments.       D.    1709.  —  William 
Henry  Cavendish,  third  duke  of  Port- 
land, was  born  in  1738,  and  educated  at 
Christ-church,   Oxford.     He  was  called 
to  the  house  of  lords  by  the  death  of  his 
father  in  1762,  having  sat  for  some  time 
n  the  house  of  commons  as  member  for 
Weobley ;  after  his  accession  to  the  up- 
per house  he  voted  with  the  marquis  of 
Rockingham,  under  whose  administra- 
tion he  was  lord  chamberlain.     During 


the  American  war  he  acted  with  the  op- 
position, and  was  appointed  lord  lieu- 
tenant of  Ireland  in  1782,  but  in  con 
sequence  of  the  breaking  up  of  the 
administration,  by  the  death  of  the 
marquis  of  Rockingham,  he  only  con- 
tinued in  that  office  three  months.  The 
memorable  coalition  succeeded,  which 
fell  before  the  rising  fortunes  of  Mr. 
Pitt,  and  from  that  time  the  duke  voted 
with  the  whig  opposition  until  he  was 
elected  chancellor  of  Oxford  in  1792. 
He  soon  after  joined  with  Mr.  Burke  in 
his  alarm  at  the  French  revolution, 
agreeing  with  this  orator  and  other 
seceders,  on  the  score  of  French  poli- 
tics, to  support  the  administration.  He 
was  accordingly  appointed  secretary  of 
state  for  the  home  department  in  17'J4, 
and  continued  in  that  office  until  the 
resignation  of  Mr.  Pitt  in  1801,  when  he 
was  made  president  of  the  council,  which 
he  held  until  1805.  He  succeeded  Lord 
Grenville  as  first  lord  of  the  treasury  in 
1807,  which  office  he  resigned  soon  after, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Percival.  D. 
1808. — Lord  Geokge',  a  British  states- 
man of  considerable  ability,  the  fourth 
son  of  the  duke  of  Portland,  who  en- 
tered parliament  in  1828,  first  as  a  mod- 
erate whig,  but  subsequently  he  became 
a  tory,  and  opposed  Sir  Robert  Peel's 
movements  in  favor  of  free-trade.  D, 
1848. 

BENTIVOGLIO,  Cornelio,  cardinal 
and  poet,  b.  at  Ferrara,  1668, -early  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  progress  in 
the  fine  arts,  literature,  philosophy,  the- 
ology, and  j  urisprudence.  Pope  Clement 
XL  made  him  his  domestic  prelate,  and 
secretary  to  the  apostolic  chamber,  and 
sent  him,  in  1712,  as  nuncio  to  Paris, 
where,  during  the  last  years  of  the  reign 
of  Louis  XIV.  he  acted  an  important 
part  in  the  affairs  of  the  bull  Unigenitns. 
The  pope,  in  171'J,  bestowed  on  him  the 
hat  of  a  cardinal.  Poetry  had  rccupied 
the  leisure  hours  of  the  learned  cardinal. 
Some  sonnets  composed  by  him  are  to 
be  found  in  Gobbi's  collection,  vol.  3, 
and  in  other  collections  of  his  time. 
Under  the  name  of  Selvaggio  Porpora 
he  translated  the  "  Thebais"  of  Statins 
into  Italian.  He  delivered  several  ad- 
dresses before  societies  for  the  promo- 
tion of  the  fine  arts.  His  discourse  in 
defence  of  the  utility  and  moral  influ- 
ence of  painting,  sculpture,  and  archi- 
tecture, delivered  in  the  academy  of 
design,  at  Rome,  1717,  was  reprinted  by 
the  academy  of  the  Arcadians,  in  the 
second  volume  of  the  "Prose  degli  Ar- 
eadi."     D.  1732. — Guido,  celebrated  as 


ben] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


143 


n  cardinal  and  an  historian,  was  b.  at 
Ferrara,  in  1570.  He  studied  at  Padua 
with  great  reputation,  and  afterwards, 
fixing  his  resilience  at  Eome,  acquired 
general  esteem  by  his  prudence  and  in- 
tegrity. He  was  nuncio  in  Flanders 
from  1607  to  1616,  and  afterwards  in 
France  till  1621.  His  character  stood  so 
high  that,  on  the  death  of  Urban  VIII., 
in  1644,  he  was  generally  thought  to  be 
the  most  likely  person  to  succeed  him ; 
but,  on  entering  the  conclave,  in  the 
hottest  and  most  unhealthy  season  of 
the  year,  he  was  seized  with  a  fever,  of 
which  he  died,  aged  65.  He  lived  in  a 
magnificent  style,  and  was  much  em- 
barrassed at  the  time  of  his  death — a 
circumstance  attributed  to  his  canvass 
for  the  papacy.  He  wrote  a  "  History 
of  the  Civil  Wars  in  Flanders,"  in  Ital- 
ian; an  ';  Account  of  Flanders"  during 
his  legation,  also  translated  by  the  earl 
of  Monmouth  ;  his  own  "  Memoirs ;" 
and  a  "Collection  of  Letters,''  which 
are  reckoned  among  the  best  specimens 
of  the  Italian  language. 

BENTLEY,  Richard,  a  celebrated  En- 
glish divine  and  classical  scholar,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  polemical  writer,  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  17th  century,  was  born 
near  Wakefield,  in  Yorkshire,  in  1662. 
His  father  is  said  to  have  been  a  black- 
smith. In  16S4  he  took  the  degree  of 
A.M.  at  Cambridge,  and,  in  1689,  obtain- 
ed the  same  honor  at  the  sister  univer- 
sity. His  first  published  work  was  a 
Latin  epistle  to  doctor  John  Mill,  in  an 
edition  of  the  "Chronicle  of  John 
Malea,"  which  appeared  in  1691.  Dr. 
Stillingfleet,  having  been  raised  to  the 
bishopric  of  Worcester,  made  Bentley 
his  chaplain,  and,  in  1602.  collated  him 
to  a  prebend  in  his  cathedral.  In  1693 
he  was  appointed  keeper  of  the  royal 
library  at  St.  James's — a  circumstance 
which  incidentally  led  to  his  famous 
controversy  with  the  honorable  Charles 
Boyle,  afterwards  earl  of  Orrery,  rela- 
tive to  the  genuineness  of  the  Greek 
Epistles  of  Phalaris,  an  edition  of  which 
was  published  by  the  latter,  then  a  stu- 
dent at  Christ-church,  Oxford.  In  this 
dispute,  Bentley  was  victorious,  though 
opposed  by  the  greatest  wits  and  critics 
of  the  age,  including  Pope,  Swift,  Garth, 
Atterbury,  Aldrich,  Dodwell,  and  Con- 
fers Middleton,  who  advocated  the  opin- 
ion of  Boyle  with  a  degree  of  warmth 
and  illiberality  that  appears  highly 
extraordinary.    In    1699,   having   three 

J  [ears  before  been  made  D.D.,  he  pub- 
ished  his  "  Dissertation  on  the  Epistles 
»f  Phalaris,"  in  which  he  satisfactorily 


proved  that  they  were  not  the  composi- 
tions of  tho  tyrant  of  Agrigeutum,  who 
lived  more  than  five  centuries  before  the 
Christian  era,  but  were  written  by  some 
sophist  under  the  borrowed  name  of 
Phalaris,  in  the  declining  age  of  Greek 
literature.  Soon  after  this  publication, 
he  was  presented  by  the  crown  to  the 
mastership  of  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
worth  nearly  £1000  a-year.  He  now  re- 
signed the  prebend  of  Worcester,  and, 
in  1701,  was  collated  to  the  archdeacon- 
ry of  Ely.  In  1711  he  published  an 
edition  of  Horace,  at  Cambridge,  in  4to., 
which  was  reprinted  at  Amsterdam; 
ami  in  1713  appeared  his  "  Remarks  on 
Collins's  Discourse  on  Free-thinking," 
under  the  form  of  a  Letter  to  F.  H. 
[Francis  Hare]  D.D.,  by  Phileleutherus 
Lipsiensis.  He  was  appointed  regius 
professor  of  divinity  in  1716,  and,  in  the 
same  year,  issued  proposals  for  a  new 
edition  of  the  Greek  Testament — an  un- 
dertaking for  which  he  was  admirably 
qualified,  but  which  he  was  prevented 
from  executing,  in  consequence  of  the 
animadversions  of  his  determined  ad- 
versary, Middleton.  In  1726  he  pub- 
lished an  edition  of  Terence  and  Phse- 
drus  ;  and  his  notes  on  the  comedies  o*" 
the  former  involved  him  in  a  dispmV 
with  Bishop  Hare,  on  the  metres  rf 
Terence,  which  provoked  the  sarcastic 
observation  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  that 
"  two  dignified  clergymen,  instead  of 
minding  their  duty,  had  fallen  out  about 
a  play-book."  His  last  work  was  an 
edition  of  Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  with 
conjectural  emendations,  which  appear- 
ed in  1732.  This  added  nothing  to  his 
reputation,  and  may,  in  one  word,  be 
characterized  as  a  failure.     D.  1742. 

BENYOWSKY,  Count  Mauimtius 
Augustus  de,  magnate  of  Hungary  and 
Poland,  was  b.  1741,  in  the  Hungarian 
province  of  Nittria.  He  embraced  early 
the  profession  of  arms,  and  after  serving 
in  the  imperial  armies,  joined  the  con- 
federation of  the  Polish  nobility.  He 
accepted  a  high  command  in  the  army, 
and  distinguished  himself  against,  the 
Russians  in  various  skirmishes,  till  sev- 
eral wounds  disabled  him,  and  he  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  The  tri- 
umph of  the  Russians  was  great  in  pos- 
sessing the  person  of  such  an  adversary ; 
but,  instead  of  respecting  his  misfor- 
tunes, they  insulted  his  fate,  and  load- 
ing him  with  irons,  confined  him  in  a 
prison,  where  the  dead  carcasses  of  his 
companions  in  misery  threatened  a 
pestilential  contagion.  He  escaped,  but 
again    was    taken,   and    hurried    away 


144 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ber 


'„hrongh  the  deserts  of  Siberia  to  Kam- 
Btchatka,  where  he  found  himself  an  in- 
sulted exile  and  degraded  prisoner,  1770. 
In  this  distant  retreat  he  formed  the  de- 
sign of  escaping,  and  the  daughter  of  M. 
Nilon,  the  governor  of  the  place,  con- 
sented to  share  his  fortunes,  and  assist 
him  in  his  flight.  He  succeeded  in  his 
attempt,  made  himself  master  of  Kam- 
stchatka  by  force,  and,  accompanied  by 
eight-six  faithful  followers  and  nine 
women,  among  whom  was  his  fair  pro- 
tector, he  sailed  on  the  11th  May,  1771, 
from  the  harbor,  and  passing  by  the 
island  of  Formosa  and  the  coast  of 
China,  reached,  Sept.  17th,  the  port  of 
Macao,  from  whence  he  departed  for 
Europe  in  a  French  vessel.  He  no 
sooner  landed  in  France,  than  he  was 
encouraged  by  the  French  court  to  form 
a  settlement  at  Madagascar.  He  eagerly 
embraced  the  proposal,  and  after  a  res- 
idence of  scarce  seven  months  in  Europe, 
set  sail  for  Africa.  On  landing  at  Mad- 
agascar, the  governor  of  the  isle  of  France 
sent  a  small  force  to  oppose  him.  He 
met  the  invaders  with  Ins  usual  bravery, 
but  his  adherents  were  few  and  timid, 
and  the  hero,  abandoned  by  the  thirty 
natives  that  were  with  him,  and  assisted 
only  by  two  Europeans,  found  himself 
overpowered.  A  ball  having  struck  him 
on  the  right  breast  decided  the  fortune 
of  the  day.  He  fell  behind  the  parapet, 
but  his  inhuman  enemies,  dragging  him 
by  the  hair,  saw  him  expire  in  a  few 
minutes  after,  May  the  23d,  1786.    ' 

BERCHTOLDT,  Leopold,  Count,  was 
b.  in  1758,  and  devoted  his  life  to  the 
relief  of  the  wretched.  He  spent  thir- 
teen years  in  travelling  through  Europe, 
and  four  in  travelling  through  Asia  and 
Africa,  to  assuage  human  misery.  The 
results  of  his  experience  are  contained 
in  his  "Essay  to  direct  and  extend  the 
Inquiries  of"  Patriot  Travellers."  He 
wrote  several  pamphlets  on  "  The  Means 
of  Reforming  the  Police,"  which  he  caus- 
ed to  be  printed  in  different  European 
countries,  at  his  own  expense,  and  to  be 
distributed  giatis.  His  prize  questions 
gave  rise  to  many  pamphlets  and  treati- 
ses on  the  means  of  saving  the  drowned 
and  seemingly  dead.  He  offered  a  prize 
of  looo  florins  for  the  best  treatise  on 
beneficient  institutions  and  was  himself 
the  founder  of  many.  From  1795  till 
1797  he  travelled  through  Asiatic  and 
European  Turkey,  chiefly  for  the  pur- 
pose of  counteracting  the  ravages  of  the 
plague.  At  a  later  period  he  was  en- 
gaged in  making  vaccination  more  exten- 
Bively  known.     During  the  famine  that 


raged  in  the  Eiesengebirge,  from  1805 
to  1806,  he  procured  corn  and  other  pro- 
visions from  distant  regions.  lie  fitted 
up  the  palace  Buchlowitz  on  his  estate 
Buchlau,  in  Moravia,  as  an  hospital  for 
the  sick  and  wounded  Austrian  soldiers. 
Here  this  patriot  and  philanthropist  was 
carried  oft'  by  a  contagious  nervous  fever, 
July  the  26th,  1809. 

BERENGARIUS,  or  BERENGER,  of 
Tours,  a  teacher  in  the  philosophical 
school  in  that  city,  and  in  1040  archdea- 
con of  Angers,  is  renowned  for  his  phi 
losophical  acuteness  as  one  of  the  scho- 
lastic writers,  and  also  for  the  boldness 
with  which,  in  1050,  he  declared  himself 
against  the  doctrine  of  transubstantia- 
tion,  and  for  his  consequent  persecu- 
tions. He  was  several  times  compelled 
to  recant,  but  always  returned  to  the 
same  opinion,  that  the  bread  in  the 
Lord's  supper  is  merely  a  symbol  of  the 
body  of  Christ,  in  which  he  agreed  with 
the  Scotsman,  John  Erigena.  The  Cath- 
olics ranked  him  among  the  most  dan- 
gerous heretics.  He  was  treated  with 
forbearance  by  Gregory  VII.,  but  the 
scholastics  belonging  to  the  party  of  the 
great  Lanfranc,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, were  so  irritated  against  him,  that 
he  retired  to  the  isle  of  St.  Gosmas,  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Tours,  In  the  year 
1030,  where  he  closed  his  life  at  a  great 
a°;e  in  pious  exercises  in  10S8.  This 
Berenger  must  not  be  confounded  with 
Peter  Eerenger,  of  Poitiers,  who  wrote 
a  life  of  Abelard. 

BERENGER  I.,  king  of  Italy,  who 
assumed  the  sovereignty  on  the  death 
of  Charles  I.  in  888.  He  was  defeated 
by  Rodolph  of  Burgundy,  in  922,  and 
shortly  afterwards  assassinated. — II., 
became  king  of  Italy  in  9."0,  but  wa3 
subsequently  deposed  for  his  tyranny, 
and  died  in  confinement  in  Germany. — 
James,  a  celebrated  anatomist  and  phy- 
sician of  the  16th  century,  born  at  Carpi, 
in  Italy,  and  died  at  Ferrara,  1550.  He 
made  several  important  anatomical  dis- 
coveries, and  is  said  to  be  the  first  who 
used  mercury  in  syphilitic  diseases. — 
Laurence  Peter,  a  native  of  Provence, 
professor  of  rhetoric  at  Orleans  previous 
to  the  revolution  ;  and,  after  the  restora- 
tion of  the  Bourbons,  professor  at  the 
Lyceum  of  Lyons,  and  inspector  of  acad- 
emies ;  author  of  "  Les  Soirees  Pro- 
vencales,"  &c.     D.  1822. 

BERENICE,  daughter  of  Ptolemy 
Philadelphus,  and  wife  of  Antiochus, 
king  of  Syria.  She  was  deserted  by  her 
husband  in  favor  of  his  former  wife 
Laodice,  by  whose  orders  she  was  stran 


bkr] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


145 


gled  m  her  retirement  at  Antioch,  148 
B.  o. — A  daughter  of  Ptolemy  Auletes, 
king  of  Egypt.  She  usurped  her  father's 
throne,  and  put  her  first  husband  to 
death;  but  the  Romans  replaced  Ptol- 
emy on  his  throne ;  and  he  caused  his 
rebellious  daughter  to  be  executed. — A 
daughter  of  Agrippa,  king  of  Judea,  and 
wile  of  her  father's  brother,  Herod,  who 
was  made  king  of  Chalcis  by  the  Em- 
peror Claudius.  Becoming  a  widow, 
she  gave  her  hand  to  Polemon,  king  of 
Cilicia,  out  she  soon  deserted  him,  and 
became  the  mistress  of  Titus,  who,  it  was 
thought,  would  have  made  her  his  wife 
but  for  the  murmurs  of  the  Romans. 

BERESFORD,  James,  rector  of  Kib- 
worth,  Leicestershire,  was  born  at  Up- 
ham,  in  Hampshire,  in  1764,  and  received 
his  education  at  the  Charter-house,  and 
Morton  college,  Oxford.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  variety  of  separate  works, 
besides  several  excellent  papers  in  the 
"  Looker-on,"  a  periodical  of  consider- 
able interest,  published  in  1792-3;  but 
the  work  which  obtained  for  him  the 
greatest  celebrity,  was  the  well-known 
humorous  satire  entitled  "The  Miseries 
of  Human  Life."     D.  1840. 

BERETTINI,  Peter,  an  Italian  archi- 
tect and  painter  of  great  merit.  B.  1596  ; 
d.  1669. 

BERG,  Matthias  van  dek,  a  Flemish 
painter,  pupil  of  Rubens.  B.  1615;  d. 
1687. 

BERGEN,  Dike  van  der,  a  celebra- 
ted landscape  and  portrait  painter.  D. 
1689. 

BERGHEM,  Nicholas,  an  eminent 
painter,  b.  at  Haerlem  in  1624,  aud  re- 
ceived nis  first  instruction  in  painting 
from  his  father,  Peter  of  Haerlem,  who 
was  a  very  different  artist.  He  then 
continued  his  studies  under  Van  Goyen, 
and  the  elder  Weenix.  It  is  related, 
that  once,  when  pursued  by  his  father, 
he  fled  into  the  workshop  of  Van  Goycn, 
who,  to  protect  him,  called  to  his  pupils, 
"  Berg  hem"  (conceal  him) :  this,  it  is 
said,  occasioned  his  new  name.  Love 
of  his  art,  and  the  great  demand  for 
paintings,  as  likewise  the  avarice  of  his 
wife,  prompted  him  to  labor  with  great 
assiduity.  To  buy  engravings,  of  which 
he  was  very  fond,  he  was  often  compel- 
led to  borrow  money  from  his  students, 
which  he  could  only  refund  by  deceiving 
his  wife  in  regard  to  the  price  of  his 
paintings.  In  this  manner  he  obtained 
a  rich  collection.  Bersrhem1s  landscapes 
and  representations  of  animals  adorn  the 
met  oe'eb'-ated  galleries.  The  distin- 
guishing char acieri  sties  of  his  pictures 
13 


are  the  breadth  and  just  distribution  of 
the  lights,  the  grandeur  of  his  masses  of 
light  and  shadow,  the  natural  ease  and 
simplicity  in  the  attitudes  of  his  figures, 
the  brilliancy  and  harmony,  as  well  as 
transparency  of  his  coloring,  the  correct- 
ness and  true  perspective  of  his  design, 
and  the  elegance  of  his  composition. 
Although  he  hardly  ever  left  Ins  woik- 
shop,  yet  he  had  closely  observed  nature, 
during  a  long  resideuce  in  the  palaco 
of  Benthem.  He  died  at  Haerlem,  in 
1683. 

BERGMANN,  Torbern  Olof,  a  nat- 
ural philosopher  and  chemist,  was  b. 
at  Catherineberg,  in  the  Swedish  prov 
ince  of  West  Gothland,  March  the  9th, 
1735,  and  obtained,  after  many  difficul- 
ties, the  permission  of  his  family  to  de- 
vote himself  entirely  to  the  sciences.  At 
that  time  disciples  flocked  from  all  quar- 
ters to  Linnaeus,  at  Upsal.  They  were 
joined  by  Bergmann,  in  1752,  who,  by 
his  acuteness  and  bis  discoveries,  which 
were  facilitated  by  his  attainments  in 
geometry  and  physics,  excited  the  notice 
of  this  great  man.  In  1758  he  became 
doctor  of  philosophy  and  professor  of 
physics  at  Upsal.  Upon  the  resignation 
of  the  celebrated  Wallerius  he  stood 
candidate  for  the  professorship  of  chem- 
istry and  mineralogy.  His  competitors 
charged  him  with  ignorance  of  the  sub- 
ject, because  he  had  never  written  on  it. 
To  refute  them,  he  shut  himself  up  for 
some  time  in  a  laboratory,  and  prepared 
a  treatise  on  the  manufacture  of  alum, 
which  is  still  considered  as  a  standard 
work.  In  1767  he  became  profe-ssor  of 
chemistry,  and  devoted  himself  with 
ardor  to  this  science.  He  invented  the 
preparation  of  artificial  mineral  waters, 
and  discovered  the  sulphureted  hydro- 
gen gas  of  mineral  springs.  We  are  in- 
debted to  him  for  a  knowledge  of  tho 
characters  which  distinguish  nickel  from 
other  metals.  On  a  number  of  minerals 
he  made  chemical  experiments,  with  an 
accuracy  before  uncommon.  He  pub- 
lished a  classification  of  minerals,  in 
which  the  chief  divisions  are  based  on 
their  chemical  character,  and  the  sub- 
divisions on  their  external  form.  His 
theory  of  the  chemical  relations  is  still 
esteemed,  and  If  it  has  received  sorao 
new  developments  from  the  further  re- 
searches of  Berthollet,  It  has  not  been 
overthrown.  The  order  of  Gustavus 
Vasa  was  bestowed  on  Bergmann.  He 
declined  the  invitation  of  Frederic  the 
Great  to  remove  to  Berlin.     D.  1784. 

BERKELEY,     George,     bishop     of 
Cloyne,  in  Ireland,  celebrated  for  bis 


146 


CTCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[beb 


ideal  theory.  He  was  b.  at  Kilerin, 
Ireland,  in  16S4:  became  fellow  of  Trin- 
ity college,  Dublin,  in  1707  ;  travelled  in 
Italy  as  far  as  Leghorn,  in  1713  and  1714, 
and,  at  a  later  period,  in  17-21.  he  was 
made  chaplain  to  the  lord  lieutenant  of 
Ireland,  the  duke  of  Grafton.  He,  ap- 
peared with  mnch  applause  as  an  author 
before  he  was  twenty  years  old.  His 
works  on  philosophy  and  mathematics. 
among  which  his  "  Theory  of  Vision," 
published  in  1709,  is  the  most  brilliant 

Eroof of  the  author's  acnteness,  procured 
im  a  wide-spread  fame.  In  172-1  he 
was  promoted  to  the  deanery  of  Deny, 
and  resigned  his  fellowship.  He  now 
published  his  "  Proposals  for  the  Con- 
version of  the  American  Savages  to 
Christianity."  by  the  establishment  of  a 
college  in  the  Bermuda  islands.  The 
project  was  very  favorably  receive  band 
persons  of  the  tirst  rank  raised  consider- 
able sums  by  subscription  to  aid  it :  and 
Berkeley,  having  resigned  bis  prefer- 
ment, set  sail  for  Rhode  Island,  with 
several  other  persons  of  similar  views, 
to  make  arrangements  for  earning  on 
his  college,  i  ssist  nee  of  parliament, 
which  had  been  promised,  not  bein_r  af- 
forded, his  undertaking  miscarried,  after 
he  had  spent  seven  years  and  a  consid- 
erable part  of  his  fortune  in  his  efforts  to 
accomplish  it.  He  afterwards  wrote 
numerous  philosophical,  religions,  and 
politico-economical  works;  among  the 
rest  two  treatises  on  the  utility  of  tar 
water.  D.  1753. — George,  earl  of,  one 
of  the  privy  council  of  Charles  II.;  au- 
thor of  "  Historical  Applications  and 
Occasional  Meditations."  D.  1698. — -Sir 
William,  of  the  same  family  as  the 
above :  vice-admiral  of  the  white.  He 
was  killed  in  an  action  with  the  Dutch, 
1666. — Joux  le  Franc  van.  a  Dutch 
physician,  naturalist,  and  poet ;  author 
of  "  Poems."  "  Natural  Historv  of  Hol- 
land." &c  B.  1729  ;  d.  1*12.— Sir  Wil- 
liam, governor  of  Virginia ;  author  of 
'■The  Description  and  Laws  of  Vir- 
ginia." Arc.     I).  1677. 

BERKENHoUT.  John,  an  English 
physician  and  general  writer.  II 
1;.  at  Leeds,  in  Yorkshire,  about  1730, 
end  his  father,  who  was  a  Dutch  mer- 
chant, gave  him  an  education  suitable 
to  the  same  calling  ;  but  his  turn  beinir 
to  a  military  life,  he  entered  into  the 
Prussian  service,  and  rose  to  the  rank 
of  captain.  In  1756  he  quitted  that  ser- 
vice anu  entered  into  that  of  England, 
where  he  obtained  the  same  rank.  At 
the  peace,  in  1760,  he  went  to  Edinburgh, 
»nd  began  the  study  of  physic ;  while 


there  he  published  his  "  Clavis  Anghca 
Linguse  Botanica?,"  a  book  of  great 
merit :  in  1765  he  went  to  Leyder.,  and 
took  his  degree  of  M.D.  On  "his  return 
to  England"  he  settled  at  Isle  worth,  in 

sex,  and  soon  after  published  his 
"  Pharmacopeia  Medica."  Iu  1773  he 
attended  the  British  commissioners  to 
America,  and  at  Philadelphia  he  was 
committed  to  prison,  but  he  soon  af  er- 
wards  was  set  at  liberty,  and  returned 
with  the  commissioners  to  England, 
where  he  obtained  a  pension.  D.  1791. 
BERLiailXiiEX.  Gtz,  or  Godfrey 
von,  with  the  iron  hand;  born  at  Jax- 
thausen,  in  Suabia ;  a  bold,  restless, 
warlike,  and  honorable  German  knight, 
of  the  middle  ages.  He  placed  himself 
a:  the  hea  I  of  the  rebellious  peasants,  in 
the  war  which  they  waged  against  their 
oppressors,  but  was  soon  made  prisoner. 
Before  that  time  he  had  lost  his  right 
hand,  and  therefore  wore  one  made  of 
iron.  He  died  July  the  23d,  1562.  His 
biography,  written  by  himself,  was 
printed  at  Nuremberg  iu  1731  and  1775, 
an  i.  for  the  third  time,  at  Breslan,  in 

This  book  coutains  an  excellent 
picture  of  the  social  life  and  customs  of 
the  middle  aires,  and  has  furnished 
Goethe  with  the  subject  for  his  beautiful 
drama.  "  Goetz  von  Berlichingen," 
which  Sir  Walter  Scott  translated. 

BEEN  ADOTTE.  Charles  John  XIV., 
king  of  Sweden  and  Norway,  whose 
original  name  was  John  Baptists  Jri.irs 
BLRXADoTTr:.  was  born  of  very  humble 
parents  at  Pan.  in  Bearne.  He  received 
a  good  education,  and  it  is  said  that  he 
was  designed  for  the  bar,  but  he  sud- 
denly abandoned  his  studies,  and  en- 
listed as  a  private  in  the  marines.  For 
nine  years  from  his  enlistment,  that  is, 
up  to'  the  year  1739,  the  utmost  rank 
that  Bernadotte  had  attained  was  that 
of  sergeant ;  but  in  the  opening  made 
by  the  French  revolution,  by  the  sweep- 
ing away  the  arbitrary  barrier  which  till 
then  had  rendered  plebeian  merit  of  little 
avail  in  the  French  service.  Bernadotte 
saw  his  advantage,  and  improved  it  so 
well,  that  in  1792  he  was  a  colonel  iu 
the  army  of  Custines.  In  1793  he  so 
distinguished  himself  under  the  com- 
mand of  Kleber,  as  to  be  raised  to  the 
rank  of  general  of  brigade,  and  shortly 
afterwards,  of  division.  On  the  Rhino 
an  1  in  Italy  he  more  and  more  extin- 
guished himself,  and  he  showed  that 
his  talents  were  not  those  of  a  mere  sol- 
dier, by  his  conduct  in  a  somewhat  dif- 
ficult embassy  to  Austria.  Between  him 
and  Napoleon  there  seems  to  have  been 


B£R] 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


147 


a  constant  distrust,  if  not  actual  hatred  : 
nevertheless,  Bernadotte  had  a  mar- 
shal's staff  on  the  establishment  of  the 
consulate,  and  was  created  prince  of 
Ponte  Corvo  in  1S'1»*3.  In  all  his  cam- 
paigns, Bernadotte  was  distinguished 
from  the  great  majority  of  the  French 
commanders  by  the  clemency  and  gen- 
erosity of  his  conduct  from  the  moment 
that  the  battle  was  at  an  end;  and  it 
was  this  conduct,  even  more  than  his 
brilliant  reputation  as  a  soldier,  that 
caused  him  to  be  put  in  nomination  as 
a  successor  of  Charles  XIII.  of  Sweden. 
N  Icon,  then  emperor,  could  but  with 
difficulty  be  induced  to  consent  to  Ber- 
nadotte becoming  crown-arince  and  heir 
to  the  throne.  "Whatf"  said  Berna- 
dotte, '-will  you  make  me  greater  than 
yourself  by  mating  me  refuse  a  crown  '" 
the  sarcasm  told, "and  Napoleon  merely 
replied,  "  Go  !  our  fates  must  be  accom- 

Elished !"  From  the  instant  that  he 
ecame  crown-prince  of  Sweden,  the 
fortunate  soldier  showed  a  determina- 
tion to  give  all  his  energies  to  his  adopt- 
ed country ;  he  formed  a  secret  alliance 
with  Russia  in  1812,  and.  in  1813,  he 
took  command  of  the  combined  armies 
of  Northern  Germany  against  France. 
Never  during  half  a  century  before  bis 
—  ion  had  Sweden  known  the  peace 
or  the  prosperity  in  which  he  left  her 
in  the  hands  of  liis  son  Oscar.  B.  I 
d.  1844. 

BERNARD  OF  MENTHON,  arch- 
deacon of  Aosta.  was  born  in  923,  near 
Annecy,  in  Savoy,  and  was  celebrated 
among  his  cotemporaries  for  his  learn- 
ing and  piety ;  but  Ins  claims  to  the 
notice  of  later  aires  rest  on  his  having 
been  the  benevolent  founder  of  the  two 
admirable  institutions  on  the  Great  and 
Little  Saint  Bernard,  by  means  of  which 
the  lives  of  so  many  travellers  have  been 
Baved.  D.  1008. — Of  THrp.iNGiA,  a  fa- 
natical hermit  of  the  10th  century,  who 
threw  almost  all  Europe  into  consterna- 
tion, by  preaching  that  the  end  of  the 
world  was  at  hand.  Multitudes  relin- 
quished their  occupations,  and  became 
pilgrims :  and  others  were  so  frightened 
at  'an  eclipse  of  the  sun,  which  then 
occurred,  that  they  hid  themselves  in 
caverns  and  holes  in  the  rocks.  The 
error  spread  by  this  man  was  not  whol- 
ly removed  till  towards  the  end  of  the 
eleventh  century. — Edward,  an  English 
philosopher  and  critic;  author  of  "  Ety- 
molocricum  Brittanicum."  a  "Treatise 
>n  Ancient  Weights  and  Measures," 
&&,  &e.  B.  1638;  .  1C  ".— • James,  a 
French  Protestant  divine ;  author  of  an 


-Historical  Accorjit  of  Europe,"  <fec. 
58 ;  d.  171*. — John,  an  actor;  au- 
thor of  '-Retrosjection  of  the  Stage." 
D.  1828. — Claude,  snrnamed  "the  poor 
priest,*''  was  a  native  of  Dijon,  whose 
active  benevolence  towards  the  poor  and 
sick  was  unremitting  during  the  whole 
course  of  his  life,  and  for  whose  support 
he  not  only  expended  his  whole  inher- 
itance, £20,000,  but  was  continually  em- 
ployed in  soliciting  for  thein  the  bene- 
factions of  others.  B.  15Si;  d.  1641. — 
Peter  Joseph,  a  French  amatory  poet, 
by  Voltaire,  le  gentil  Bernard,  an 
epithet  by  which  he  is  still  distinguish- 
ed. B.  at  Grenoble,  1710;  d.  177".— Sir 
Thomas,  a  gentleman  and  scholar,  to 
whom  the  Society  for  bettering  the  Con- 
dition of  the  Poor  owes  its  establishment, 
and  who  was  also  the  active  promoter 
of  many  charities,  was  born  at  Lincoln, 
1750;  d.  1818. — Duke  of  'Weimar,  the 
fourth  son  of  duke  John  of  Saxe-Wei- 
mar,  was  a  eeneral  whose  magnanim- 
ity, skill,  and  impetuous  valor  were  fre- 
quently displayed  while  cominaudir^ 
the  Swedish  army  after  the  death  jt 
Gustavus ;  and  who  afterwards,  while 
in  alliance  with  France,  did  great  ser- 
vice to  the  Protestant  cause.  He  died 
by  poison,  administered,  as  his  cotem- 
porarii  -  .  at  the  instigation  of 

the  duke  of  Richelieu,  who  had  become 
jealous  of  his  power :  but  of  this  there 
is  no  substantial  proof.  B.  1604>d.  1639. 
— Simon,  general  of  engineers  of  France, 
was  b.  at  Dole  in  177^.  The  kindness 
of  the  parish  priest  supplied  him  with 
sufficient  of  the  rudiments  of  learning 
to  allow  his  entering  the  Polytechnio 
school  at  fifteen  years  of  age.  La  Place, 
Haiiy.  and  other" great  men  were  then  at 
the  head  of  the  Polytechnic  school,  and 
so  well  did  Bernard  avail  himself  of  their 
lessons,  that  he  not  only  became  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  engineer  officers 
and  aids-de-camp  of  Napoleon,  but, 
subsequently  to  the  emperor's  fall,  exe- 
cuted works  in  the  United  States,  which 
are  most  undoubtedly  unequalled  else- 
where: the  most  distant  places  being 
united  by  canals,  actual  navigable  rivers, 
and  upwards  of  four  thousand  five  hun- 
dred miles  of  frontier  rendered  secure 
against  invasion  by  forts  and  works. 
Since  July.  1830,  he  returned  to  France, 
and  was  for  some  time  minister  of  war. 
D.  153','. — Saint,  the  abbot  of  Clairvaux, 
and  one  of  the  most  influential  ecclesi- 
astics of  the  middle  ages.  He  was  born 
of  a  noble  family  at  Fontaines,  in  Bur- 
gundy, 1091.  He  beeame  a  monk  of 
Citeaux  in  1113,  and  two  years   later, 


J  48 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[beh 


first  abbot  of  Clairvaux.  An  austere 
maimer  of  living,  solitary  studies,  bold 
language  and  eloquence,  with  the  repu- 
tation of  a  prophet,  made  him  soon  the 
oracle  of  Christian  Europe.  He  was 
called  the  honeyed  teacher,  and  his  wri- 
tings, a  stream  from  Paradise.  He  prin- 
cipally promoted  the  crusade  in  1146, 
and  quieted  the  fermentation,  caused  at 
that  time  by  a  party  of  monks,  against 
the  Jews  in  Germany.     He  declined  all 

Eromotion,  and  in  the  rank  of  abbot  of 
is  "  beloved  Jerusalem,"  as  he  used  to 
call  Clairvaux,  he  continued  with  all  hu- 
mility, but  with  great  boldness,  his  cen- 
sures of  the  clergy  and  his  counsels  to 
the  popes.  Innocent  II.  owed  to  him 
the  succession  of  the  right  of  investiture 
in  Germany,  and  Eugenius  III.  his  edu- 
cation. He  was,  at  the  same  time,  the 
umpire  of  princes  and  bishops,  and  his 
voice  in  the  synods  was  regarded  as  di- 
vine. By  his  rigid  orthodoxy  and  his 
mystical  doctrines,  which,  though  at- 
times  enthusiastic,  were  always  directed 
to  the  promotion  of  practical  Christian- 
ity, he  refuted  the  subtleties  and  dia- 
lectics of  the  scholastic  philosophers,  al- 
though his  severity  against  Abelard  and 
Gilbert  of  Poree  can  by  no  means  be 
justified.  Luther  says  of  him,  "  If  there 
has  ever  been  a  pious  monk  who  feared 
God,  it  was  St.  Bernard ;  whom  alone  I 
hold  in  much  higher  esteem  than  all 
ofher  monks  and  priests  throughout  the 
globe."  He  died  in  1153,  and  was  can- 
onize 1  by  Alexander  III.,  in  1174. 

BERNARDEZ,  Diego,  called  by  his 
countrymen  the  Portuguese  Theocritus, 
was  not  more  eminent  as  a  pastoral  poet, 
than  as  a  brave  warrior ;  and  after  nu- 
merous deeds  of  heroism,  was  taken 
prisoner  by  the  Moors  at  the  battle  of 
Alcazarquiver.     D.  1596. 

BERNARD [,  Augustus  Frederic,  a 
German  philologist,  whose  great  aim  was 
to  invent  a  universal  grammar  common 
to  all  languages,  and  who,  in  his  endeav- 
ors to  etfect  that  object,  displayed  great 
ingenuity  and  learning.  B.  at  Berlin, 
176S ;  d.  1820. — John,  a  celebrated  en- 
graver and  architect.     D.  1555. 

BERNARDINE,  a  Catholic  saint; 
canonized  for  his  zeal  in  causing  more 
han  800  monasteries  to  be  founded.  B. 
At  Massa,  in  Tuscany,  1380  ;  d.  1445. 

BERNARDIN  DE  SAINT-PIERRE, 
James  Henry,  was  b.  at  Havre,  in  1787, 
and  is  said  to  have  been  a  descend- 
ant of  the  celebrated  Eustace  cle  St. 
Pierre,  the  patriotic  mayor  of  Calais. 
&.t  the  ;\ge  of  twenty  he  entered  into  the 
engine  er  service ;    and  he  successively 


served  at  Malta,  in  Russia,  and  in  Po- 
land. On  his  revisiting  his  native  coun- 
try, he  obtained  a  captain's  commission 
in  the  engineer  corps,  and  was  sent  to 
the  Isle  of  France,  from  whence,  how- 
ever, after  a  residence  of  three  years,  he 
returned,  with  no  other  fortune  than  a 
collection  of  shells  and  insects,  and  a 
narrative  of  his  voyage.  The  latter, 
which  was  his  first  literary  effort,  was 
published  in  1773;  and  he,  thenceforth, 
devoted  himself  to  literature.  His 
"Studies  of  Nature"  appeared  in  1784, 
and  passed  rapidly  through  several  edi- 
tions. "Paul  and  Virginia"  was  pub- 
lished in  1788,  and  this  delightful  tale 
acquired  an  unprecedented  popularity, 
and  set  the  seal  on  his  reputation. 
During  the  reign  of  terror,  he  narrowly 
escaped  the  scaffold.  From  Napoleon 
and  his  brother  Joseph  he  received 
pensions,  which  gave  comfort  to  his 
latter  days.  He  d.  in  1814.  His  "  Har- 
monies of  Nature"  was  given  to  the 
press  after  his  death.  The  best  edition 
of  his  works  is  in  12  octavo  vols.  The 
philosophy  of  St.  Pierre  is  occasionally 
eccentric  ;  but  the  purity  of  his  morality, 
and  the  beauty  of  his  style,  deserve  tho 
highest  praise. 

BERNES,  or  BARNES,  Juliana,  an 
English  lady  of  the  15th  century,  of 
whom  little  more  is  known,  than  that 
she  was  prioress  of  the  nunnery  of  Sope- 
well,  near  St.  Alban"s,  and  has  her  name 
prefixed,  as  the  writer  or  compiler,  to 
one  of  the  earliest  and  most  curious  pro- 
ductions of  the  English  press.  The  title 
of  the  second  edition,  printed  in  the 
abbey  of  St.  Alban's,  in  1486,  is,  "The 
Boke  of  Ilawkyng  and  Huntyng,  with 
other  Pleasures  dy  verse,  and  also  Coot- 
annuries."  The  first  edition  (1481) 
does  not  treat  of  coat-armor  or  her- 
aldry. This  work,  under  the  title  of 
"The  Book  of  St.  Alban's,"  became  a 
popular  manual  of  sporting  science,  and 
was  several  times  reprinted  in  the  16th 
century.  As  a  typographical  curiosity, 
a  small  impression  of  it  was  published, 
in  1811,  by  Mr.  Halsewood. 

BERNI,  Francis,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  Italian  poets  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury, was  b.  at  Lamporeechio,  in  Tus- 
cany, and  d.  of  poison,  in  1536.  He 
remodelled  Bojardo's  "  Orlando  Inna- 
morato."  His  "  Rime  Burlesche,"  and 
his  Latin  "  Poems,"  are  to  be  found 
in  various  collections. — Count  Francis, 
a  civilian,  orator,  and  poet,  was  b.  at 
Ferrara,  in  1610.  He  was  greatly  in 
favor  with  Pope  Innocent  X.,  Alexande. 
VII.,  and  Clement  IX.,  and  with  two 


B2R] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHr. 


149 


successive  dukes  of  Mantua.  He  ex- 
celled in  dramatic  pieces,  of  which  he 
wrote  eleven.  A  volume  of  his  miscel- 
lanies was  published  with  the  title  of 
"Academia."     1>.  167-3. 

BERXIER,  Francis,  a  physician  and 
traveller,  was  b.  at  Angers.  In  1655. 
after  having  passed  through  Syria  and 
Egypt,  he  visited  India,  where  he  re- 
sided for  some  years,  as  physician  to 
Aurangzebe.  On  his  return  to  France 
he  published  his  "Travels,"  a  work  of 
great  interest  and  authenticity.  Ber- 
nier  was  universally  admired  for  the 
graces  of  his  mind  and  person.  His 
principal  work,  besides  his  "Travels,'' 
is  an  "Abridgment  of  Gassendi's  Phi- 
losophy," in  8  vols.     D.  1688. 

BERNINI,  John  Laurence,  who  was 
at  once  a  painter,  a  sculptor,  and  an 
architect,  and  whom  his  coteinporarics 
denominated  the  modern  Michael  An- 
gelo,  was  b.  at  Naples,  in  1598.  At 
the  early  age  of  eight  years,  he  mani- 
fested his  genius  by  sculpturing  the 
head  of  a  child  in  marble.  Some  of  his 
finest  works  were  produced  before  he 
was  twenty.  He  was  patronized  by 
Popes  Urban  VIII. ,  Alexander  VII.,  and 
Innocent  X.,  and  was  invited  to  France 
by  Louis  XIV.  His  finest  productions 
are  at  Rome.  Bernini  had  a  fine  genius  ; 
but  he  is  accused  of  mannerism,  and  of 
having  often  violated  the  principles  of 
true  taste.     D.  1680. 

BERX1S,  Cardinal  Francis  Joachim 
de  Pierres  de,  a  French  poet  and 
statesman,  was  b.  at  St.  Marcel  de  I'Ar- 
deehe,  in  171*>.  In  early  jfe,  he  pub- 
lished some  ligH  poetry,  which  gained 
him  the  patronage  of  Madame  de  Pom- 
padoui,  through  whose  influence  he 
was  pensioned,  and  received  into  the 
academy ;  he  was  subsequently  em- 
ployed to  negotiate  in  Italy,  Spain,  and 
Austria,  promoted  to  be  minister  for 
foreign  affairs,  and  gratified  with  the 
dignity  of  cardinal.  In  1764  he  was 
made  archbishop  of  Alby,  and  in  1769 
was  sent  ambassador  to  Rome.  The 
revolution  deprived  him  of  his  rev- 
enues ;  but  he  obtained  a  pension  from 
Spain.  He  left  behind  him  a  poein, 
with  the  title  of  "Religion  Avenged." 
D.  1794. 

BERXOUILLI,  a  family  of  eminent 
mathematicians,  who  emigrated  from 
Antwerp  to  Bale,  in  consequence  of  the 
religious  persecution  of  the  duke  of 
Alva.  Eight  distinguished  men  be- 
pnged  to  this  family,  whom  we  shall 
notice  in  the  order  of  seniority. — James, 
vas  b.  at  Bale,  in  1654,  and,  in  1687, 


was  elected  professor  of  mathematics  in 
that  college.  He  greatly  advanced  the 
science  of  mathematics,  by  his  applica- 
tion of  the  differential  calculus  to  the 
solution  of  geometrical  and  mathemati- 
cal problems,  his  invention  of  the  Ber- 
nouillian  numbers,  and  his  calculation 
of  curves,  spirals,  and  evolutes.  He  d. 
1705. — John,  brother  of  the  former,  was 
b.  at  Bide  in  1667,  and  became  one  of 
the  greatest  mathematicians  of  his  time. 
He  was  destined  for  the  profession  of 
a  merchant,  but  was  predilected  to  the 
sciences,  and,  in  1685,  he  published,  in 
conjunction  with  his  brother,  a  very 
valuable  work  "On  the  Differential 
Calculus,"  and  was  the  first  who  de- 
veloped the  method  of  integration. 
Four  years  after  this,  he  went  to 
France,  where  he  became  the  instructor 
ot  the  Marquis  del'Hdpital,  about  which 
time  he  discovered  the  calculus  of  ex- 
ponents, and  took  the  degree  of  M.D. 
In  1695  he  became  professor  of  math- 
ematics at  Groningen.  From  Frederic 
I.  of  Prussia,  he  received  a  gold  medal 
for  the  discovery  of  mercurial  phospho- 
rus, and  was  likewise  chosen  member 
of  the  academies  of  Berlin  and  Paris. 
In  1705  he  succeeded  his  brother  as  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  Berlin,  and 
died  in  1748. — Nicholas,  nephew  of  the 
the  former,  was  b.  at  Bate,  in  1687, 
and  although  intended  for  the  law,  de- 
voted himself  to  the  favorite  study  of 
his  uncles.  He  studied  under  John  B. 
Math,  at  Groningen  and  Bale,  and  hav- 
ing travelled  through  Switzerland,  Hol- 
land, and  England,  in  1713,  became 
member  of  the  royal  societies  of  London 
and  Berlin.  On  being  recommended  by 
Leibnitz,  he  was  chosen  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Padua,  in  1716,  but,  in 
1722,  he  went  to  Bale,  as  professor  of 
logic,  and,  in  1731,  he  was  translated  to 
the  chair  of  Roman  and  feudal  law.  He 
died  in  1790,  and  left  the  three  fol- 
lowing sons. — X'icholas,  b.  at  Bide,  in 
1695,  became,  in  1723,  professor  of  law 
there,  and  died  in  Petersburg,  in  1726. 
—  Daniel,  b.  at  Groningen,  in  1700, 
studied  medicine,  and  took  the  degree 
of  M.D.  He  became  professor  of  anat- 
omy and  botany  at  Bale,  in  1733  and, 
in  1750,  of  natural  philosophy,  and  died 
in  1782.  He  received  ten  different  prizes 
from  the  academy  of  Paris,  one  of  which 
he  shared  with  his  father,  for  investiga- 
tions in  astronomy.  He  was  one  of  the 
greatest  natural  philosophers  and  math- 
ematicians of  his  time,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  societies  of  Petersburg,  Paris, 
and  Berlin,  to   whose   transactions   h» 


150 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ber 


contributed  many  of  their  most  valuable 
papers. — John,  d.  at  Bale,  in  1710,  be- 
came professor  of  rhetoric  there,  in 
1745,  and  three  years  afterwards  was 
translated  to  the  chair  of  mathematics. 
He  died  in  1790,  and  left  the  two  fol- 
lowing sons. — John,  the  author  of  sev- 
eral excellent  works,  was  b.  at  Bale, 
1744.  became,  at  the  age  of  nineteen, 
royal  astronomer  at  Berlin,  travelled 
through  all  Europe,  and  returned,  in 
1770,  when  he  became  director  of  math- 
ematics of  the  academy,  and  died  in 
1807. — James,  b.  also  at  Bale,  in  1759, 
became  professor  of  mathematics  at  Pe- 
tersburg, and  married  the  daughter  of 
Euler. 

BERNSTORFF,  John  Hartwig  Er- 
nest, Count,  a  celebrated  statesman  in 
the  employment  of  the  king  of  Den- 
mark, and  founder  of  the  Danish  So- 
ciety of  Languages  and  the  Fine  Arts, 
and  the  Economical ,  and  Agricultural 
Society.  B.  at  Hanover,  1712;  d.  1772. 
— Andrew  Peter,  Count,  nephew  of  the 
above,  a  Danish  minister  of  slate.  Du- 
ring the  American  war  he  effected  the 
armed  neutrality  of  Russia,  Prussia, 
Denmark,  and  Sweden,  for  the  protec- 
tion of  the  trade  of  those  powers  against 
the  belligerents ;  and  it  was  chiefly 
owing  to  his  skilful  policy  that  Den- 
mark was  prevented  from  being  drawn 
into  collision  with  either  Sweden  or 
Russia,  when  the  war  broke  out  be- 
tween those  powers  in  178S.  B.  1735 ; 
d.  1797. 

BEKO ALDUS,  Philip,  an  Italian  pro- 
fessor of  eloquence.  B.  1453;  d.  1505. 
— Philip,  nephew  of  the  above,  an  Ital- 
ian poet,  librarian  of  the  Vatican  under 
Pope  Leo  X.     D.  1518. 

BEEOSUS,  priest  of  the  temple  of 
Belus,  at  Babylon,  in  the  time  of  Ptol- 
emy Philadelphia.  He  wrote  a  "  His- 
tory of  Chnldsea,"  some  fragments  of 
which  are  preserved  by  Josephus. 

BERQU1N  Arnauld,  an  elegant 
French  writer,  author  of  "  Idyls," 
"L'Amides  Enfans,"  and  other  inter- 
esting works  for  youth.  B.  1749 ;  d. 
1791. 

BERRETINI,  Nicholas,  an  eminent 
historical  painter,  pupil  of  Carlo  Muratti. 
B.  1617;  d.  1632. 

BERRI,  Charles  Ferdinand  de  Bour- 
bon, duke  de,  second  son  of  the  Count 
d'Artois,  afterwards  Charles  X.  of 
France;  assassinated  by  one  Louvel, 
who  attacked  him  just  as  he  had  left 
the  opera-house,  and  was  on  the  point 
of  stepping  into  his  carriage,  Feb.  I"., 
1820      lie  shared  hi  common  with  the 


Bourbons  all  the  reverses  they  were 
doomed  to  suft'er;  and  he  deserved  a 
better  fate,  if  it  were  only  for  the  be- 
nevolence of  his  character.  Bis  son 
Henri,  born  posthumously,  commonly 
called  the  Due  de  Bordeaux,  or  the 
Comte  de  Chainbord,  is  the  legitimate 
heir  to  the  throne  of  France. 

BERR1MAN,  William,  an  English 
divine,  author  of  5  vols,  of  sermons,  &c. 
B.  less;  d.  1750. 

BEERUYER,  Joseph  Isaac,  a  French 
Jesuit,  whose  writings  were  condemned 
at  Rome  for  their  too  great  liberality, 
author  of  a  "  History  ot  the  People  of 
God,"  &c.     D.  1658. 

BERRY,  Sir  John,  an  English  naval 
commander,  knighted  for  Ins  distin- 
guished bravery  at  the  battle  of  South- 
wold  Bay.  lie  "died  of  poison,  adminis- 
tered to  him  on  board  his  ship,  1691. — ■ 
Sir  Edward,  a  rear-admiral  of  England. 
This  officer  was  the  only  one  in  the 
royal  navy  who  had  received  three  med- 
als for  his  services,  having  commanded 
a  line-of-battle  ship  in  the  memorable 
battles  of  the  Nile,  Trafalgar,  and  St. 
Domingo.     D.  1831. 

BERSMANN,  George,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, author  of  "  Notes  on  some  of  the 
Classics,"  and  a  Latin  version  of  the 
"Psalms  of  David."     B.  1538  ;  d.  1611. 

BERTAUT,  John,  a  French  prelate 
and  poet,  chaplain  to  Catherine  de  Me- 
dici, and  secretary  of  the  cabinet  of 
Henry  III.  •  B.  1562;  d.  1611. 

BERTH  IER,  Alexander,  prince  of 
Neufchatel  and  Wagram,  a  marshal  and 
vice-constable  of  France,  was  b.  at 
Versailles,  in  1753,  and  served  with  La- 
fayette in  the  war  of  American  inde- 
pendence. At  the  commencement  of 
the  French  revolution  he  was  made  a 
general  officer,  fought  gallantly  in  La 
Venice,  and  was  at  the  head  of  Bona- 
parte's staff  in  Italy,  Egypt,  and  Ger- 
many. He  was,  in  fact,  the  companion 
of  Napoleon  in  all  his  expeditions,  di- 
ning and  travelling  in  the  same  carriage ; 
and  his  skill  in  drawing  up  dispatches, 
joined  to  his  unwearied  application  and 
methodical  habits,  proved  of  incalcula- 
ble value  to  the  emperor  in  the  vast 
pressure  of  his  affairs.  On  the  restora- 
tion of  Louis,  however,  in  1814,  ho  rec- 
ognized his  authority,  and  was  created 
a  peer;  but  when  his  former  master 
returned  from  Elba,  ho-  retired  to  his 
family  at  Bamberg,  where,  as  soon  as 
the  music  of  the  Russian  troops,  on 
their  march  to  the  French  borders,  was 
heard  at  the  gates  of  the  city,  he  put  an 
end  to  his  life  in  a  fit  of  frenzy  or  ro 


l!rJ 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


15* 


morse,  by  throwing  himself  from  a  win- 
dow of  his  palace,  June  1, 1815. — Joseph 
Stephen,  a  French  philosopher  of  the 
Bocirty  of  the  Oratory ;  author  of  "  Phy- 
sique des  Cometes,"  &c.  B.  1710;  d. 
17b3. — William  Francis,  a  learned  Jes- 
uit, one  of  the  editors  of  the  •'  Dietion- 
naire  Trevou,"  and  translator  of  the 
Psalms  into  French.     B.  1704;  d.  1782. 

BERTIIOLLET,  Claude  Louis,  Count, 
one  of  the  most  eminent  chemists  of  the 
day,  was  b.  at  Talloire,  Savoy,  in  1748, 
and  studied  medicine  at  Turin.  He 
afterwards  settled  in  Paris,  where  he 
became  intimate  with  Lavoisier,  was 
admitted  a  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences,  and  made  professor  of  the  nor- 
mal school.  He  accompanied  Bonaparte 
to  Egypt,  and  returned  with  him  ;  and, 
daring  the  emperor's  reign,  was  made 
a  senator  and  an  officer  of  the  legion  of 
honor;  notwithstanding  which  he  was 
one  of  the  first  to  desert  his  patron  when 
his  fortunes  were  on  the  decline ;  for 
which  he  received  the  title  of  count  from 
Louis  XVIII.  His  principal  work  is 
"Essai  de  Statique  Chimique,"  but  he 
wrote  many  other  valuable  essays,  and 
had  al.--o  a  large  share  in  the  reforma- 
tion of  the  chemical  nomenclature.  D. 
lb -J-.'. 

BERTHOLON,  N.  de  St.  Lazare,  a 
French  chemist  and  philosopher  of  the 
18th  century,  whose  works  <>n  aerosta- 
tion, electricity,  and  other  scientific  sub- 
i'ects,  evince  much  learning  and  ability. 
I.  at  Lyons,  and  d.  in  1799. 

BERTIIOUD,  Ferdinand,  a  skilful 
Swi:>»  clock  and  chronometer  maker ; 
author  of  "  Traite  des  Horologes  Ma- 
rine ;"  "  Histoire  de  la  Mesure  du  Temps 
par  les  Horologes,"  &c.  B.  at  Plancc- 
mont,  Neufchatel,  1727 ;  d.  1S07.  His 
nephew  Louis  inherited  his  talents,  and 
was  not  less  celebrated  than  his  uncle. 
The  accuracy  of  their  chronometers  is 
proverbial. 

BERTI,  Alexander  Pompey,  a  native 
cf  Lucca;  author  of  "La  Caduta  de' 
decemviri  della  Romana  Republica,"  &c. 
B.  1686;  d.  1752. — John  Laurence,  an 
Italian  monk,  and  general  of  the  order 
of  the  Augustines  ;  author  of  some  Ital- 
ian poetry,  a  work  ;'De  Diseiplinis  The- 
ologicis."  &c.     B.  1696;  d.  1766. 

BERTIN,  Joseph,  a  French  physician 
and  anatomist;  author  of  a  "Treatise 
on  Osteology,"  and  other  valuable  works 
on  anatomy.  B.  1712;  d.  17S1.— An- 
thony, a  French  military  officer  and  an 
elegant  poet ;  author  of  a  "  Collection  of 
Elegies,"  and  other  poems,  which  were 
greatly   esteemed.     B.   in    the   isle    of 


Bourbon,  1752 ;  d.  at  St.  Domingo, 
17i*0. — Louis  Francois,  the  principal 
founder  of  the  "Journal  des  Di-bats," 
was  an  influential  editor.  B.  in  Paris, 
1766;  d.  1842. 

BERTINAZZI,  Charles  Anthony,  a 
celebrated  comediau,  and  an  accom- 
plished wit,  was  b.  at  Turin,  in  1713, 
and  for  more  than  forty  years  was  one 
of  the  most  distinguished  comic  actors 
at  Paris.     D.  1783. 

BERTIUS,  Peter,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics, and  cosmographer  to  the  king 
of  France  ;  author  of  "  Theatruin  Ge- 
ographia  Veteris,"  &c.  B.  1565 ;  d. 
1629. 

SERTOLI,  Giovanni  Domenico,  ob- 
tained the  name  of  the  patriarch  of 
Aquilcia,  from  his  having  first  directed 
attention  to  the  antiquities  of  that  place, 
and  for  his  successful  endeavors  to  pre- 
vent the  inhabitants  from  mutilating  or 
destroying  them.     B.  1676;  d.  1758. 

BERTOX,  Henri  Montau,  an  eminent 
French  composer,  who  formed  his  style 
under  Gluck,  Piceini,  Pasiello,  and  Sac- 
chini.  He  first  appears  before  the  public 
as  a  composer  when  only  19,  in  his 
"Concert  Spirituel."  He  afterwards 
wrote  20  operas.  B.  at  Paris,  1767 ;  d. 
1832. 

BERTRAM,  Cornelius  Bonaventure, 
Hebrew  professor  at  Geneva  and  Lau- 
sanne ;  author  of  a  "  Dissertation  on  the 
Republic  of  the  Hebrews,"  &c.  B.  1531 ; 
d.  1594. 

BERTRAND,  John  Baptist,  a  French 
physician;  author  of  an  "Historical  Ac- 
count of  the  Plague  at  Marseilles,"  &c. 
B.  P570;  d.  1752.— Henry  Gratica, 
Count,  a  distinguished  French  general, 
who  shared  the  exile  of  Napoleon, 
and  whose  military  achievements  were 
eclipsed  by  the  fidelity  of  his  devotion 
to  the  great  captain.  He  was  with  his 
leader  in  all  his  campaigns,  and  acted  a 
brilliant  part  at  Spandau,  Friedland, 
Lntzen,  Bautzen.     B.  1770;  d.  1844 

BERTRANDI,  John  Ambrose  Maria, 
an  eminent  surgeon  and  anatomist  ot 
Turin;  author  of  a  "Treatise  on  Surgi- 
cal Operations,"  and  various  other  pro- 
fessional works.     B.  1723  :  d.  176". 

BERULLE,  Pierre  de,  Cardinal,  foun- 
der of  the  congregation  of  the  Oratory. 
He  was  employed  in  many  affairs  of  state 
in  France ;  and  accompanied  Henrietta 
Maria,  wife  of  Charles  L,  to  England. 
D.  H>29. 

BERWICK,  James  Fitzjames,  dnko 
of,  natural  son  of  James  II.  and  Arabella 
Churchill,  sister  of  the  duke  of  Marlbo- 
rough ;  a  distinguished  and  gallant  sol 


152 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bei 


dier,  and  author  of  a  valuable  volume  ] 
of  memoirs.     Killed  at  the  siege  of  Phil- 
ipsburgh,  in  1734. 

BEKYLLUS,  an  Arabian  bishop  of 
the  3d  century ;  converted  by  Origen 
from  his  heterodox  opinion,  that  Christ 
had  no  existence  prior  to  his  incarna- 
tion. 

BERZELIUS,  Baron,  one  of  the  great 
chemists  of   modem   times,  was   b.  id 
177.'.  in  Ostgothland,  a  province  of  Swe- 
den,   where   his   father   kept   a   village 
Bchool.     After  graduating  at  Upsala  in 
1804,  he  repaired  to  Stockholm,  where 
he  became  an  assistant  to  Spawrnmann, 
who  had  accompanied  Captain  Cook  in 
one  of  his   voyages   round  the  world  ; 
and  at  his  death,  in  1806,  he  succeeded 
him  in  the  chair  of  chemistry,  which  he 
continued  to  fill  for  forty-two  years.     It 
would  be  impossible  within  i  ur  limits 
to  give  even  a  summary  of  his  labors 
during  this  period  ;  suffice  it  to  say,  that 
in  a  century  which  has  produced  a  great- 
er number  of  distinguished    chemists 
than  perhaps  of  any  other  class  of  men 
of  science,  Berzelius  stood  out  as  a  star 
of   the   first   magnitude.      His    patient 
labors,    and    ingenious    investigations, 
have  done  more  to  lay  the  foundation  of 
organic  chemistry   than   those   of   any 
other  chemist,    'lb  him  pre-eminently 
belongs  the  honor  of  applying  the  great 
principles  which   had  been  established 
by  Dalton,  Davy,  Gay-Lussac,  and  him- 
self, in  inorganic  chemistry,  to  unfolding 
the  laws  which  regulate  the  combinations 
forming  fhe   structures   of  the   animal 
and   vegetable   kingdoms:  and  in  thus 
opening  the  way  for  the  discoveries  of 
Mulder,  Liebig,  Dumas,  and  others.   To 
him  chemistry  is  indebted  for  the  dis- 
covery of  several  new  elementary  bodies, 
more* especially  selenium,  morium,  and 
'   pei'ium  ;  and  t'o  his  skill  as  a  manipula- 
tor may  be  traced  many  of  the  analytical 
processes   at  present    in    use.      Under 
these  circumstances  it  is  not  surprising 
that   all   the   scientific   societies  of  the 
world  contended  for  the  honor  of  enroll- 
ing his  name  among  their   members ; 
and  the  various  minor  honors  which  he 
received  from  his  own  sovereign  from 
time  to  time,  were  finally  crowned  by 
his  being  made  a  knight  grand  cross  of 
the  order  of  Vasa  in  1829,  and  his  eleva- 
tion to  the  rank  of  a  baron  in  1835.     D. 
V848. 

BESOLDE,  Christopher,  a  counsellor 

of  Vienna  ;  author  of  a   "  Synopsis  of 

Politics,"  a  "History  of  the   Ottoman 

Empire,"  &c.     B.  1577  ;  d.  1638. 

BESSARIAN,  John,  a  Greek  priest, 


one  of  the  most  eminent  revives  of 
learning  in  the  15th  century,  and  founder 
of  the  noble  library  of  St.  Mark,  at 
Venice.  He  translated  from  Aristotle, 
Xenophon,  &c:  and  zealously  defended 
Plato  against  the  attacks  of  George  of 
Trebizond.  He  was  made  a  cardinal  by 
Pope  Eugene,  and  had  the  title  of  patri- 
arch of  Constantinople  given  him  by 
Pins  II.     B.  1395;  d.  1472. 

BESSEL,  Dr.  Frederick  William,  a 
distinguished  Prussian  astronomer,  b. 
1784.  He  was  professor  of  astronomy  in 
the  university  of  Berlin  ;  and  such  was 
the  skill  and  assiduity  with  which  he 
prosecuted  his  favorite  study,  that  he 
was  twice  presented  with  a  gold_ medal 
from  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  of 
London,  for  the  number  and  accuracy  of 
his  observations.     D.  1846. 

BESS1EPES,  John  Baptist,  duke  of 
Istria,  and  a  French  marshal,  was  b. 
at  Poitou,  in  1769.  He  distinguished 
himself  in  many  memorable  battles,  and 
was  highly  esteemed  by  Napoleon  for 
his  honor,  skill,  and  bravery.  He  fell 
in  the  combat  that  preceded  the  battle 
of  Lutzen. 

BETHENCOURT,  John  de,  a  Norman 
baron,  and  a  military  adventurer,  who 
conquered  the  Canary  Islands,  and  after- 
wards held  them  as' a  fief  of  the  crown 
of  Castile.     D.  1425. 

BETHLEM-GABOR,  the  son  of  a 
poor  Transyl vanian  Cal vinist  gentleman, 
was  patronized  by  Gabriel  Battori,  then 
dethroned  him,  and,  in  1613,  proclaimed 
himself  prince  of  Transylvania.  In  1618 
he  reduced  Hungary,  assumed  the  title 
of  king,  and  invaded  Austria  aud  Mo- 
ravia f  whence,  however,  he  was  ex- 
pelled by  Tilly.  A  treaty  ensued,  and 
he  relinquished  his  Hungarian  con- 
quests ;  but  remained  sovereign  of 
Transylvania  till  his  death,  in  1629. 

BETHUNE,  Divie,  an  eminent  phi- 
lanthropist and  Christian,  was  b.  at 
Dingwall,  Rosshire,  Scotland,  in  1771. 
In  early  life  he  resided  at  Tobago,  where 
his  onlv  brother  was  a  physician.  He 
removed  to  the  United  States  in  1792, 
and  settled  as  a  merchant  in  New  York. 
Before  a  tract  society  was  formed  in  this 
country,  Mr.  Bethune  printed  10,000 
tracts  at  his  own  expense,  and  himself 
distributed  many  of  them.  He  also  im- 
ported bibles  for  distribution.  From 
1803  to  1816  he  was  at  the  sole  expense 
of  one  or  more  Sunday  schools.  D.  1824. 
BETTERTON,  Thomas,  a  celebrated 
actor,  was  b.  in  1635,  at  Westminster, 
and  began  life  as  an  apprentice  to  a 
bookbinder.     At  the    age  of  twenty, 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


153 


however,  lie  went  upon  the  stage,  and 
ultimately  acquired  a  high  degree  of 
reputation  as  a  tragic  actor ;  especially 
in  some  of  Shakspeare's  principal  char- 
acters. In  1695  he  opened  a  new  theatre 
in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  ;  but  this  spec- 
ulation was  unsuccessful.  Several  pieces 
were  altered  by  him  for  the  stage.  D. 
1710. 

BETTINELLI,  Xaviee,  an  elegant 
Italian  writer,  was  b.  at  Mantua,  in 
1718,  and  became  a  member  of  the  soci- 
ety of  Jesuits.  For  some  years  he  had 
the  direction  of  the  college  of  nobles  at 
Parma,  and  afterwards  was  professor  of 
eloquence  at  Modena.  He  continued  his 
literary  career  till  his  death,  which  took 
place  at  Venice  in  180S.  His  works  oc- 
cupy 24  vols.  12mo.,  of  which  two  are 
occupied  by  tragedies,  and  three  by 
poems.  Of  his  prose  works,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  is  "  Letters  of  Virgil." 

BETTS,  John,  an  English  physician 
of  the  time  of  Charles  11. ;  author  of  a 
treatise  "  l)e  Ortu  et  Natura  Sanguinis," 
&c. 

BETUSSE,  Joseph,  an  Italian  poet  of 
the  16th  century ;  he  translated  into 
Italian  the  Latin  works  of  Boccaccio, 
and  wrote  a  life  of  him. 

BEUCKELS,  William,  a  fisherman,  a 
native  of  Dutch  Flanders,  is  one  of 
those  men  who  have  a  claim  to  be  con- 
sidered as  benefactors  of  their  country. 
About  the  beginning  of  the  15th  century 
ho  discovered  the  art  of  curing  and  bar- 
relling herrings ;  a  discovery  which 
proved  in  the  highest  degree  beneficial 
to  his  native  land.  His  countrymen 
erected  a  statue  to  his  memory.  D. 
1449. 

BEUF,  John  le,  a  French  antiquary ; 
author  of  "  Memoirs  of  the  History  of 
Auxerre,"  &c.     B.  1607  ;  d.  1670. 

BEUKNON  VILLE,  PeterRiel,  count 
of,  a  French  marshal,  was  b.  in  Bur- 
gundy, in  1752,  served  in  the  East  In- 
dies, and  under  Dumourier,  and  was 
made  minister  of  war  in  1793.  He  was 
one  of  the  republican  commissioners 
whom  Dumourier  gave  up  to  the  Aus- 
trians,  and  was  imprisoned  at  Olmutz 
till  1795.  On  his  return  to  France  he 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
armies  of  the  Sambre  and  the  Meuse, 
and  of  Holland.  During  the  consulate 
he  was  ambassador  at  Berlin  and  Ma- 
drid ;  and,  under  the  empire,  was  grand 
officer  of  the  legion  of  honor,  senator, 
and  count.  He  voted  for  the  deposition 
of  Napoleon,  followed  Louis  to  Ghent, 
and  was  rewarded  with  the  title  of  mar- 
shal.   D  1821. 


BEVEE,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  English  civil- 
ian; a  judge  of  the  Cinque  Forts,  and 
author  of  a  treatise  on  "  The  Legal 
Polity  of  the  Romans,"  &c.     D.  1791. 

BEVEEIDGE,  William,  bishop  of 
St.  Asaph  ;  an  eminent  orientalist,  critic, 
and  theologian,  and  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished scholars  that  ever  adorned 
the  prelacy,  was  b.  at  Barrow,  Lin- 
colnshire, in  1688,  and  educated  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge.  He  was  the 
author  of  numerous  works;  among  which 
are  12  volumes  of  "  Sermons,"  "Private 
Thoughts  on  Religion,"  "  Institutionum 
Chronologic-arum  Libri  duo,"  &c.  He 
bequeathed  the  principal  part  of  his 
property  to  charitable  uses.     D.  1707. 

BEVERLY,  John  of,  tutor  to  the 
Venerable  Bede,  and  subsequently  arch- 
bishop of  York.  He  was  one  of  the 
most  learned  men  of  his  time,  and  sev- 
eral of  his  devotional  treatises  are  still 
extant.     D.  721. 

BEVERNIKCK,  Jerome  van,  a  Dutch 
statesman  ;  greatly  instrumental  in  pro- 
moting the  treaty  of  Nimeguen,  which 
produced  a  general  peace.  B.  1614 ;  d. 
1690. 

BEVEEW1CK,  John  db.  a  Dutch 
physician ;  author  of  some  valuable 
works  on  professional  subjects.  B. 
1594 ;  d.  1647. 

BEWICK,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  en- 
graver on  wood,  which  art  he  acquired 
under  a  Mr.  Beilby,  of  Neweastle-on- 
Tync,  with  whom  he  went  into  partner- 
ship. He  was  considered,  when  lie  died, 
at  the  head  of  his  art. — John,  brother  of 
the  preceding,  who  also  attained  great 
excellence  in  the  art  of  engraving  on 
wood.  These  ingenious  nien  carried 
their  art  to  a  state  of  perfection  which 
will  not  easily  be  surpassed.  The  first 
work  that  attracted  the  notice  of  the 
public,  and  at  once  established  their 
reputation,  was  a  "  History  of  Quadru- 
peds," published  in  1790,"  with  figures 
on  wood.  It  was  eagerly  sought  after 
by  the  curious,  and  has  been  followed 
by  many  other  proofs  of  their  abilities, 
the  last  of  which  is  a  "  History  of  Brit- 
ish Birds,"  8vo,  published  in  1797,  two 
years  after  the  death  of  John. 

BEZA,  Theodore  de,  was  b.  in 
1519,  at  Vezelay,  a  small  town  of  Bur- 
gundy, of  a  noble  family.  He  was  con- 
fided to  the  care  of  the  celebrated 
professor  Melchoir  Wolmar,  who  taught 
him  the  Scriptures.  But  these  pious  in- 
structions seemed  at  first  smothered  un- 
der the  passions  of  youth.  Surrounded 
in  Paris  with  all  that  could  lead  astray, 
amiable,  rich,  and  full  of  spirit,  he  lived 


154 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bio 


as  a  man  of  the  world,  published  a  vol- 
ume of  light  poetry,  under  the  name  of 
"Juvenilia,"  and  contracted  a  secret 
marriage,  because  one  of  his  uncles,  who 
was  in  orders,  had  bequeathed  to  him  the 
revenues  of  some  ecclesiastical  benefices. 
A  severe  sickness  awakened  his  consci- 
ence. ••  Hardly  had  I  strength  to  rise," 
lie  writes  to  Wolmar,  "  when,  breaking 
all  ties,  and  packing  up  my  small  effects, 
I  left  at  once  my  country,  parents, 
friends,  to  follow  Christ.  1  exiled  my- 
self voluntarily,  and  retired  to  Geneva 
with  my  wife."  His  marriage  was  pub- 
licly consecrated  in  the  church,  and  he 
renounced  all  his  youthful  sins.  This 
occurred  in  the  month  of  November, 
1548.  He  made  the  acquaintance  of 
Calvin,  whose  life  he  subsequently  wrote, 
and  became  his  intimate  friend.  He  was 
appointed  professor  of  the  Greek  lan- 
guage at  Lausanne,  and  afterwards  pro- 
fessor  of  theology,  rector  of  the  academy, 
an  1  a  pastor  in  Geneva.  He  composed 
many  writings,  mostly  of  a  polemical 
character;  among  the  rest  a  defence  of 
the  right  to  punish  heretics.  His  largest 
works  are  Commentaries  on  the  New 
Testament,  collections  of  Sermons,  the 
translation  into  French  verse  of  a  part 
of  the  Psalms,  and  the  History  of  the  Re- 
formed Church  of  France,  to  the  year 
1562.     D.  1565. 

BEZOUT,  Stephen,  a  celebrated  math- 
ematician, and  mathematical  examiner 
of  the  naval  and  artillery  schools,  was 
b.  at  Nemours,  in  1730,  and  d.  in  the 
Gatinois,  in  178-3.  He  is  the  author  of 
a  "  General  Theory  of  Algebraic  Equa- 
tions," and  two  "Courses  of  Math- 
ematics," the  one  in  4  vols.,  and  the 
other  in  6,  for  the  use  of  the  royal  ma- 
rine and  artillery  schools.  One  anecdote 
proves  the  kindness  and  courage  of  Be- 
zout.  Though  he  had  never  had  the 
«mall-pox,  he  ventured  to  the  bedside 
of  two  youths  of  the  naval  academy,  who 
were  laboring  under  it,  and  who  would 
have  been  thrown  back  a  year  in  their 
promotion,  had  he  not  examined  them. 
BIANCHI,  Antonio,  a  Venetian  gon- 
dolier of.the  18th  century,  who  obtained 
great  note  by  his  poetical  talents,  author 
of  "II  Tcmpli  ovvero  di  Solomone," 
and  "  A  Treatise  on  Italian  Comedy." — 
John,  known  also  by  the  Latin  name  of 
Janus  Plancus,  a  celebrated  Italian  phy- 
sician, anatomist,  and  naturalist,  and 
the  reviver  of  the  Academy  of  the  Le- 
.ncei.  B.  at  Rimini,  16.*3 ;  d.  1775. — 
Francis,  a  musical  composer,  born  at 
Cremona,  author  of  "  Disertor  Fran- 
chise," "  Semiramide,"  &c.     He  went 


to  England,  wrote  "Castore  e  Polluce" 
for  Madame  Storaee,  and  "Inez  de  Cas- 
tro" for  Mrs.  Billington ;  and  died  early 
in  the  present  century. 

BIANCHINI,  Francis,  a  philosopher 
and  mathematician  of  Verona,  author  of 
"  Istoria  Universale  provata  con  Monu- 
menti  et  Figurata  eon  symbol]  degli 
Antichi,"  and  a  vast  number  of  scien- 
tific and  literary  treatises.  B.  1662;  d. 
1729. 

BIART,  Pierre,  a  Jesuit  missionary, 
who  came  to  Acadia  in  1611,  and  who 
wrote  a  relation  of  the  events  of  his 
voyage  and  visit.  The  next  year  he  as- 
cended the  Kennebec,  and  in,  1613  ar- 
rived at  St.  Saveur  on  the  Penobscot. 
He  was  taken  prisoner  and  carried  to 
England  by  Argall. 

BIAS,  called  oue  of  the  wise  men  of 
Greece,  b.  at  Priene,  a  small  town  of 
Oaria,  about  570  b.  c.  Though  born  to 
great  wealth,  he  lived  without  splendor, 
expending  his  fortune  in  relieving  the 
needy.  On  one  occasion,  certain  pirates 
brought  several  young  women  to  sell  as 
slaves  at  Priene.  Bias  purchased  them, 
and  maintained  them  until  he  had  ah 
opportunity  of  returning  them  to  their 
friends.  This  generous  action  made 
him  be  styled  "The  Prince  of  Wise 
Men." 

BIBIENA,  Bernardo  da,  a  Roman 
cardinal,  raised  from  a  low  origin  by 
Leo  X.,  author  of  a  comedy  entitled 
"La  Calandria,"  greatly  admired  in 
Italy.  B.  1470 ;  d.  by  poison,  as  it  is 
supposed,  1520. — Ferdinand  Galli.  an 
eminent  painter  and  architect.  B.  at 
Bologna,  1657:  d.  1743. 

BICIIAT,  Maria  Francois  Xavier,  a 
celebrated  French  physician,  who,  du- 
ring a  short  career,  gave  an  impulse  to 
the  science  which  he  cultivated  that  has 
not  yet  ceased  to  be  felt,  was  b.  at  Tho- 
irett,  in  the  department  of  the  Aim 
Nov.  11,  1771.  At  Paris,  he  studied 
under  the  direction  of  Desault,  who 
treated  him  as  a  son.  On  the  death  of 
that  distinguished  professor,  Biehat  su- 
perintended the  publication  of  his  surgi- 
cal works,  and,  in  17i'7,  began  to  lecture 
upon  anatomy,  in  connection  with  ex- 
perimental physiology  and  surgery.  In 
1800  appeared  his  "Traitc  des  Mem- 
branes, which  passed  through  numer- 
ous editions,  and  immediately  after  pub- 
lication, was  translated  into  almost  all 
the  languages  of  Europe.  In  the  same 
year  was  published  his  celebrated  work 
"Recherches  sur  la  Vie  et  la  Mort," 
which  was  followed  the  next  year  by 
his  "Anatomie  Generale,"  a  complete 


bid] 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


155 


code  of  modern  anatomy,  physiology, 
and  medicine.  In  the  28th  year  of  his 
age,  Bichat  was  appointed  physician 
of  the  Hotel-Dieu,  in  Paris,  and",  with 
the  energy  characteristic  of  true  genius, 
began  bis  labors  in  pathological  anat- 
omy. In  a  single  winter,  he  opened  no 
less  than  600  "bodies.  Bichat  is  the 
founder  of  the  medical  theory  at  present 
received.  He  is  the  creator  of  general 
anatomy,  or  of  the  doctrine  of  the  iden- 
tity of  the  texture  of  the  different  organs, 
which  is  the  fundamental  principle  of 
modern  medicine.     D.  1302. 

BICKERSON,  Sir  Richard  Husset, 
admiral  of  the  red,  and  general  of  ma- 
rines, was  b.  Oct.  11,  1759,  and  entered 
the  royal  navy  at  an  early  period.  D. 
1832. 

BICKERSTAFF,  Isaac,  a  dramatic 
writer  of  the  18th  century,  author  of 
"  Love  in  a  Village,"  "Lionel  and  Cla- 
rissa," &e. 

B1DDERMAN,  John  Gottlieb,  a 
German  writer,  and  rector  of  the  public 
Bcnool  at  Friedburg,  author  of  treatises 
"De  Latinitate  Maccaronica,"  "Deln- 
Bolentia,  Titolorum  Librariorum,"  &c. 
D.  1772. 

BIDDLE,  Jonx,  a  celebrated  Socinian 
writer,  was  b.  1615,  at  Wotton-under- 
Edge.  Being  led  to  doubt  of  the.  doc- 
trine of  the  Trinity,  he  drew  up  twelve 
arguments  on  the  subject ;  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  was  committed  to 
jail  by  the  parliamentary  committee  then 
sitting  at  Gloucester,  but  was  liberated, 
on  security  being  given  for  his  appear- 
ance when  called  for.  About  six  months 
afterwards,  he  was  examined  before  a 
committee  of  the  parliament,  and  his 
pamphlet  ordered  to  be  burned  by  the 
common  hangman.  He  however  per- 
sisted in  his  opinion,  and,  in  1648,  pub- 
lished two  tracts,  containing  his  "Con- 
fession of  Faith,  concerning  the  Holy 
Trinity,  and  the  Testimonies  of  Irenseus, 
Justin  Martyr,  and  several  other  early 
writers  on  the  same  subject."  These 
publications  induced  the  assembly  of 
divines  to  solicit  parliament  to  decree 
the  punishment  of  death  against  those 
who  should  oppugn  the  established 
opinions  respecting  the  Trinity.  He 
was,  some  time  after,  again  remanded 
to  prison,  by  the  zeal  of  President  Brad- 
shaw,  and  remained  tor  some  years  in 
confinement,  subjected  to  the  greatest 
privations.  A  general  act  of  oblivion, 
m  1631,  restored  him  to  liberty,  when 
he  immediately  disseminated  his  opin- 
ions. Cromwell  banished  him  to  St. 
Mary's  castle,  Scilly,  where  he  remained 


three  years,  until  the  protector  liberated 
him  in  1658.  He  then  became  pastor 
of  an  Independent  congregation,  and 
continued  to  support  his  opinions  until 
fear  of  the  Presbyterian  parliament  of 
Richard  Cromwell  induced  him  to  retire 
into  the  country.  On  the  restoration, 
he  was  apprehended  at  one  of  the  pri- 
vate assemblies,  and  upon  process  of 
law,  fined  £180  and  ordered  to  lie  in 
prison  until  it  was  paid.  He  fell  a  mar 
tyr  to  this  sentence,  by  catching  one  of 
the  distempers  so  common  at  that  time 
in  jails,  and  d.  during  September  of  this 
year,  in  the  47th  year  of  his  age,  a  mar- 
tyr to  religious  intolerance.  Toulmin 
styles  him  the  father  of  the  modern  Uni- 
tarians.— Nicholas,  an  American  naval 
commander,  b.  1750.  He  was  regularly 
bred  to  the  sea,  and  was  a  thorough 
seaman.  In  1770  he  went  to  London, 
and  entered  the  British  navy.  After 
the  commencement  of  the  revolution, 
he  returned  to  Philadelphia.  Being  ap- 
pointed commander  of  the  Andrea  Do- 
ria,  a  brig  of  14  guns  and  130  men,  he 
sailed  under  Commodore  Hopkins,  in 
the  successful  expedition  against  New 
Providence.  After  refitting  at  New 
London,  he  was  ordered  to  proceed  otf 
the  bank  of  Newfoundland.  He  cap- 
tured, in  1776,  among  other  prizes,  two 
ships  from  Scotland,  with  400  Highland 
troops.  Being  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  Randolph,  a  frigate  of  32 
guns,  he  sailed  from  Philadelphia  in 
Feb.  1777.  He  soon  carried  into  Charles- 
ton, four  valuable  prizes  bound  from 
Jamaica  to  London,  one  of  them,  the 
True  Briton,  of  20  guns.  A  little  fleet 
was  now  fitted  out  under  his  command, 
with  which  be  cruised  in  the  West  In- 
dies. In  an  action  with  the  British  ship 
Yarmouth,  of  64  guns,  March  7,  1778, 
Capt.  Biddle  was  wounded,  and,  in  a 
few  minutes  afterwards,  while  he  was 
under  the  hands  of  the  surgeon,  the 
Randolph,  with  a  crew  of  315,  blew  up, 
and  he,  and  all  his  men  but  4,  perished. 
— Nicholas,  a  son  of  Charles  Biddle 
who  was  distinguished  in  the  revolu- 
tionary war,  made  himself  known  as  a 
president  of  the  bank  of  the  United 
States.  He  was  b.  in  Pennsylvania, 
educated  at  Princeton,  studied  law  un- 
der Gen.  Armstrong,  edited  the  Port 
Folio  with  Deunie,  was  a  member  of 
the  Pennsylvania  legislature,  and  finally 
president  of  the  bank  at  the  time  it  was 
destroyed  bv  the  policy  of  Gen.  Jack- 
son.    D.  1844. 

BIDLAKE,  John,  a  divine  and  p  >ct, 
was  b.  at  Plymouth  in  1755.    lie  was 


156 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bii. 


educated  at  the  school  of  his  native  place, 
and  after  taking  his  first  degree  in  arts 
at  Christ-church,  Oxford,  he  became 
master  of  the  same  seminary,  which  he 
conducted  with  reputation.  He  pro- 
ceeded to  his  doctor's  degree,  and  in 
1811  was  appointed  to  preacli  the  Hamp- 
ton Lectures  ;  but  in  the  act  of  deliver- 
ing the  third  discourse,  he  was  suddenly 
seized  with  an  epileptic  tit,  which  pro- 
duced total  blindness.  Besides  some 
single  sermons  on  different  occasions, 
he  published  two  volumes  of  discourses ; 
the  "Bampton  Lectures;"  "Introduc- 
tion to  the  Study  of  Geography ;"  Poems, 
"The  Sea,  a  Poem;"  "The  Country 
Parson,  a  Poem ;"  "  Eugenio,  or  the 
Precepts  of  Prudentius,  a  Tale;"  "The 
Summer  Eve,  a  Poem;"  "Virginia,  a 
Tragedy ;"  "  Youth,  a  Poem ;"  and  "The 
Year,  a  Poem."     D.  1814. 

BIDLOO,  Godfrey,  a  native  of  Am- 
sterdam, eminent  as  a  physician  and  an 
anatomical  writer.  He  was  professor  at 
the  Hague,  and  afterwards  at  Leyden, 
and  physician  to  King  William,  whom 
he  attended  in  England.  Some  of  his 
poems  in  Low  Dutch  were  published  in 
1719.  His  great  work  is  "Anatomia 
Corporis  Humani,"  Amsterdam,  1685. 
D.  1713. 

BIEFIELD,  James  Frederick,  baron 
de,  a  native  of  Hamburgh,  employed  by 
the  king  of  Prussia  as  secretary  of  le- 
gation, "and  afterwards  as  preceptor  to 
his  brother,  Ferdinand,  and  in  1747 
made  curator  of  the  universities,  and 
afterwards  baron  and  privy  councillor. 
He  spent  the  last  part  of  his  life  in  lite- 
rary retirement.  He  is  the  author  of 
several  works  not  highly  esteemed.  D. 
1770. 

BIEVKE,  Marquis  de,  a  marshal  of 
France,  who  acquired  a  high  reputation 
as  a  wit  and  punster.  When  he  was 
introduced  to  Louis  XV.  the  king  de- 
sired that  he  should  make  a  pun.  "  Give 
me  a  subject,  sire,"  he  replied.  "  Oh  ! 
make  one  on  me,"  rejoined  the  monarch. 
"  Nay,"  said  the  marquis,  as  quick  as 
thought,  "the  king  is  never  a  subject." 
He  wrote  two  comedies,  one  called  the 
"  Seducer,"  which  still  keeps  possession 
of  the  French  stage  ;  the  other  "  Repu- 
tations," which  has  not  so  much  merit. 
He  went  to  one  of  the  Spas  for  his  health, 
and  while  there,  on  his  death-bed,  could 
not  resist  the  temptation  to  play  upon 
words.  As  he  was  dying,  he  said.  '' Je 
m'en  vms  de  ce  pas,  (de  Spa.)'*  B. 
1747  ;  d.  1789. 

BIGLAND,  John,  a  voluminous 
writer,  originally  a  village  P  ;hoohnaster, 


whose  first  publication  did  not  appear 
till  he  was  50  years  of  age;  author  of 
"  A  System  of  Geography  and  History," 
"  Histories  of  Spain  and  England,'' 
"  Letters  on  English  and  French  His- 
tory."    B.  1750;  "d.  1832. 

BIGNE,  Marquerin  de  la,  a  doctor 
of  the  Sorbonne ;  compiler  of  the  first 
edition  of  the  "  Bibliotheca  Patrum." 
B.  1546 ;  and  d.  at  Paris  about  the  close 
of  the  16th  century. 

BIGNEY,  Grace  de  la,  a  French 
ecclesiastic;  author  of  a  poem  entitled 
"  Le  Roman  des  Oiseaux."     D.  1374. 

BIGN1COURT,  Simon  de,  a  counsellor 
of  Rheims ;  author  of  "Pensecs  et  Re- 
flexions Philosophiques."  B.  1709;  d. 
1775. 

BIGNON,  Jerom»,  a  learned  French 
writer ;  author  of  treatises  "  On  Rome 
and  its  Antiquities,"  "On  the  Election 
of  the  Pope,"  &e. ;  and  editor  of  the 
"Formulaa"  of  Marculphus.  B.  1589; 
d.  1656. — John  Paul,  grandson  of  the 
above,  librarian  to  the  king  of  France  ; 
author  of  "  Les  Aventures  d'Abdalla 
fils  d'Hnniff,"  cVc.     D.  1743. 

BIGOT,  Americ,  an  eminent  French 
scholar.  He  assisted  in  the  publication 
of  several  works  :  and  having  discovered 
Palladius's  Life  of  Chrysostom  in  the 
duke's  library  at  Florence,  he  published 
both  the  Greek  text  and  his  own  Latin 
translation  of  it.     B.  1626;  d.  1689. 

BILDIiRDYK,  William,  an  eminent 
Dutch  poet,  was  b.  at  Amsterdam,  1750. 
In  1776  he  obtained  from  the  society  of 
Leyden  the  first  prize  for  a  poem  on  the 
influence  of  poetry  upon  government. 
In  the  following  year  he  obtained  from 
the  same  society  two  prizes  for  an  ode 
and  a  didactic  poem,  "  On  True  Patriot- 
ism." Since  that  period,  he  has  ranked 
with  Feith,  and  Madame  de  Launoy, 
among  the  first  Dutch  poets.  In  1780 
he  obtained  a  new  prize  for  a  poem  "  On 
the  Connection  of  Poetry  and  Eloquence 
with  Philosophy."  He  added  to  this 
poem,  some  time  afterwards,  an  import- 
ant commentary,  which  showed  him  to 
be  a  man  of  learning  and  a  philologer. 
Bilderdyk,  besides  devoted  himself  to 
law,  at  the  Hague,  with  great  success. 
On  the  invasion  of  the  Netherlands  by 
the  French,  he  left  his  country  on  ac- 
count of  his  adherence  to  the  hereditary 
stadtholder,  and  removed  to  Brunswick, 
and  afterwards  to  London,  where  he 
delivered  in  the  French  language  lec- 
tures on  literature  and  poetry,  which 
were  numerously  attended.  After  th« 
new  order  of  things  was  firmly  estab- 
lished in  Holland,  ho  returned  in  1799, 


BIOJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


157 


and  soon  afterwards  published  some 
of  his  principal  works.  Among  these 
are  a  didactic  poem  on  astronomy,  and 
the  masterly  imitations  of  Delille's 
"L'Homme  des  Champs,"  and  "Pope's 
Essay  on  Man."  Louis  Bonaparte,  on 
his  accession  to  the  throne,  appointed 
him  his  teacher  of  Dutch,  and  one  of  the 
first  members  of  the  national  institute 
founded  by  him.  After  the  incorpora- 
tion of  Holland  into  the  French  empire, 
his  muse  was  silent;  but  she  rose  the 
more  vigorously  after  the  deliverance  of 
his  country.     1).  1831. 

BILF1NGER,  George  Bernard,  a 
German  writer  and  professor  of  philoso- 
phy and  theology.  He  was  a  man  of 
most  extensive  learning,  and  the  author 
of  "  Dilucidationes  Philosophic*,"  &c. 
B.  1688;  d.  1750. 

BILGUER,  John  Elric,  a  Swiss  sur- 
geon ;  author  of  several  professional 
treatises,  in  one  of  which  he  maintains 
the  utility  of  amputation  in  cases  of  gun- 
shot wounds,     1).  1796. 

BILLAUD,  Varennes  de,  the  son  of 
a  French  advocate  at  Rochclle,  was  edu- 
cated at  the  same  college  as  Fouche,  and 
proved  himself  one  of  the  most  violent 
and  sanguinary  characters  of  the  French 
revolution.  He  bore  a  principal  part  in 
the  murders  and  horrid  massacres  which 
followed  the  destruction  of  the  Bastile  ; 
voted  immediate  death  to  the  unfortu- 
nate Louis  XVI. ;  and  officiated  as  presi- 
dent of  the  convention  on  the  18th  of 
Oct.,  1793.  He  was  afterwards  deported 
to  Cayenne,  and  subsisted  on  a  small 
pension  allowed  him  by  Pethion.  D.  at 
St.  Domingo,  in  1819. 

BILLING,  Sigismond,  a  French  liber- 
al, b.  at  Calmar,  in  Alsace,  in  1773.  He 
entered  the  army  at  the  very  commence- 
ment of  the  revolution,  and  distinguished 
himself  at  the  battle  of  Genappe  and  on 
other  occasions  ;  was  commissary  of  war 
to  the  armies  of  the  North,  the  Rhine, 
&c,  in  1792,  and  to  the  army  of  Ger- 
many at  the  time  of  General  Moreau's 
retreat,  and  was  present  in  many  cele- 
brated battles  and  sieges.  When  the 
reverses  of  Napoleon  had  endangered 
the  safety  of  France,  Billing,  as  the  com- 
mander of  a  legion  of  the  national  guard, 
surrounded  and  defended  the  chamber 
of  representatives  while  it  was  in  the 
act  of  pronouncing  the  emperor's  for- 
feiture, and  was  otherwise  active  in 
bringing  about  his  abdication.  He  was 
also,  in  concert  with  General  Lafayette, 
preatly  instrumental  in  effecting  the 
revolution  of  1S30,  which  seated  Louis 
Philippe  on  the  throne.  D.  in  1832. 
14 


BILLINGTON,  Elizabeth,  one  of  the 
greatest  female  singers  of  her  own,  or 
perhaps  any  other  time,  was  of  German 
origin,  but  b.  in  England  during  1770. 
At  an  early  age  she  studied  the  piano- 
forte under  Schroeter,  and  attained  to 
an  extraordinary  proficiency.  At  four- 
teen, she  made  her  first  appearance  as  a 
singer  at  Oxford,  and  two  years  after- 
wards married  Mr.  Billington,  a  per- 
former on  the  double-bass.  She  appeared 
at  Co  vent- garden,  for  the  first  time,  as 
Rosetta,  in  "Love  in  a  Village,"  with 
such  success  as  to  secure  her  an  imme- 
diate engagement  at  what  was  then  con- 
sidered the  enormous  salary  of  £1000  for 
the  rest  of  the  season,  besides  a  benefit ; 
the  managers  afterwards  voluntarily 
giving  her  the  profits  of  a  second  night. 
In  1785,  she  appeared  at  the  concerts  of 
ancient  music  with  Madame  .Mara,  whose 
brilliant  performance  she,  to  say  the  least, 
fully  equalled.  From  this  p'eriod,  till 
1793,  no  music  meeting,  opera,  or  eon- 
cert  of  reputation  was  considered  com  ■ 
plete  without  her.  In  the  last-named 
year  she  visited  Italy,  and  performed, 
accompanied  by  her  brother  C.  Weichsel, 
at  the  theatre  of  San  Carlos  at  Naples; 
Bianchi  composing  expressly  for  her  his 
celebrated  opera  "  Inez  de  Castro."  In 
1801,  her  wonderful  powers  being  then 
in  their  meridian,  she  returned  to  tho 
London  stage,  appearing  alternately  at 
either  house.  In  1817,  she  quitted  'En- 
gland for  ever,  and  d.  after  a  short  ill- 
ness, at  her  villa  of  St.  Artien,  an  estate 
she  had  purchased  in  the  Venetian  ter- 
ritories. 

BINGLEY,  the  Garriek  of  the  Dutch 
stage,  was  b.  at  Rotterdam,  in  1755,  of 
English  parents.  In  1779,  in  his  twenty- 
fourth  year,  he  made  his  debut  at  Am- 
sterdam. The  public  odium  was  then 
excited  against  England,  on  account  of 
its  ships  having  captured  vessels  under 
the  Dutch  flag,  without  any  previous 
declaration  of  war,  and  Bingley  was 
unfavorably  received.  But  he  soon  con- 
quered this  prejudice,  and  continued  to 
be  the  favorite  of  the  public.  In  1796 
he  was  di  ector  of  a  company  of  actors, 
who  played  principally  at  Rotterdam 
and  the  Hague,  but  also  visited  other 
cities  of  Holland.  One  of  his  last  repre- 
sentations, in  which  he  was  assisted  by 
the  great  actress  Wattier  Ziesenis,  was 
the  part  of  Farnese,  in  Lnlain's  tragedy 
of  "Maria,"  acted  in  1818,  before  the 
royal  family.  In  the  same  year,  he  d.  at 
the  Hague. 

BIOERNSTAEHL,  James  Jonas,  a 
distinguished   traveller,   b.  at  Rotarbo. 


158 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


in  the  Swedish  province  of Sundennann- 
land,  in  1731,  studied  at  Upsal,  after- 
wards entered  the  family  of  Baron  Rud- 
beek  as  tutor,  and  travelled  with  his  son 
to  England  and  the  continent  of  Europe. 
While  residing  in  Paris  he  studied  Ori- 
ental languages.  On  the  return  of  his 
pupil  to  Sweden,  he  was  appointed  by 
Gustavus  III.  to  make  the  tour  of 
Greece,  Syria,  and  Egypt,  receiving  at 
the  same  time,  the  title  of  professor  at 
the  university  of  Lund.  He  now  went, 
at  the  king's  expense,  to  Constantinople, 
in  1 7 7 'J ,  where  he  remained  for  some 
time,  to  learn  the  Turkish  language. 
lie  then  proceeded  on  his  travels  as  tar 
as  Saloniki,  where  he  d.  of  the  plague, 
1779.  He  nad  given  an  account  of  his 
travels,  in  the  form  of  letters  to  his 
friend  Gloerwell,  who  at  first  published 
them  separately  in  a  journal,  which  ap- 
peared in  Stockholm;  and  afterwards 
in  separate  works. 

BION,  b.  in  Smyrna  or  in  its  neighbor- 
hood ;  a  Grecian  pastoral  poet,  of  whose 
life  no  account  is  to  be  found.  Among 
the  few  poems  written  by  him,  which 
have  descended  to  our  times,  his  elegy 
on  Adonis  is  considered  as  the_  best. 
His  poems  together  with  those  of  Mos- 
chus  are  generally  found  as  an  appendix 
to  the  idyls  of*  Theocritus,  and  have 
been  well  translated  by  Fawkes.— Nich- 
olas, a  French  mathematician  ;  author 
of  a  "Treatise  on  the  Use  of  the  Globes," 
<fcc,     D.  1733. 

BIRAGUE,  Clement,  an  engraver  on 
gems,  said  to  have  been  the  first  discov- 
erer of  the  art  of  engraving  on  diamonds. 
He  was  b.  at  Milan,  and  flourished  du- 
ring the  middle  of  the  16th  century.— 
Bene  de,  a  Milanese  of  noble  family, 
who  sought  shelter  in  France  from  the 
vengeance  of  Louis  Sforza,  and  became 
a  cardinal  and  chancellor  of  France.  He 
is  infamously  memorable  as  one  of  the 
authors  of  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew.    B.  1509;  d.  1583. 

BIRCH.  Thomas,  an  industrious  histo- 
rian and  biographer,  was  b.  at  London, 
in  1705.  He  became  usher  in  three 
different  schools,  and  afterwards  took 
orders  in  the  church,  and  obtained 
in  1732,  a  living  in  Essex,  under  the 
patronage  of  the  attorney-general,  after- 
wards Lord  Hardwicke.  In  1734  he  en- 
caged with  some  coadjutors  in  writing 
the  "General  Historical  and  Critical 
Dictionary,"  founded  on  that  of  Bayle, 
and  completed  in  10  vols,  folio,  1741. 
H  ■  subsequently  obtained  various  pre- 
ferments in  the  church.  In  January, 
1765,  he  wan  killed  by  a  fall  from  his 


horse,  on  the  road  between  London  and 
Hampstead.  Birch  had  formed  verj 
extensive  manuscript  collections,  which, 
together  with  his  library  of  printed  books, 
he  bequeathed  to  the  British  Museum. 
He  was  one  of  the  pioneers  of  literature. 
Dr.  Johnson  was  repeatedly  obliged  to 
him  for  literary  information,  bestowed 
on  him  a  Greek  epigram,  and  for  many 
years  corresponded  with  him.  The  lit- 
erature of  his  country  is  much  indebted 
to  the  activity  and  diligence  of  this  per- 
severing writer. — Samuel,  who  for  many 
years  played  a  distinguished  part  as  a 
member  of  the  corporation  of  London, 
was  b.  in  that  city  in  1757,  and  succeed- 
ed his  father  in  his  well-establisbed 
business  of  a  pastry-cook,  in  Cornhill. 
He  was  the  first  to  propose  the  measure 
of  arming  and  training  the  inhabitants 
as  volunteers;  and  he  bad  the  honor, 
successively,  to  become  lieutenant,  ma- 
jor, and  lieutenant-colonel  commandant 
of  the  first  regiment  of  Loyal  London 
Volunteers.  Yet,  although  never  un- 
mindful of  his  position  as  a  party  man 
in  politics,  he  found  leisure  to  employ 
his  pen  in  various  walks  of  literature. 
He  was  also  among  the  earliest  and  most 
active  supporters  of  the  Literary  Fund 
Society,  to  which  he  continued  attached 
till  his  decease,  and  had  long  been  the 
senior  member  of  its  council.  In  1S14 
he  filled  the  civic  chair.  D.  1341.— 
Harvey,  the  assumed  name  of  Enoch 
Crosby,  a  person  employed  as  a  spy  for 
the  American  army,  and  whose  adven- 
tures have  given  occasion  to  one  of  the 
creations  of  Cooper,  the  American  nov- 
elist. 

BIRD,  William,  an  eminent  musician 
in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.  He  chiefly 
composed  sacred  music,  and  to  him 
"  Non  nobis  Domine"  is  attributed.  B. 
1543 ;  d.  1653. — John,  an  eminent  math- 
ematical instrument  maker;  author  of 
"The  Method  of  constructing  Mural 
Quadrants,"  &c.  D.  1766.— Edward,  a 
painter,  chiefly  of  comic  subjects,  but 
who  also  executed  many  religions  and 
historical  pieces,  and  was  made  histori- 
cal painter  to  the  Princess  Charlotte  of 
Wales.     B.  1772  ;  d.  1819. 

BIREN,  John  Ernest  de,  duke  of 
Courland,  the  son  of  a  peasant,  whoso 
handsome  person  and  address  obtained 
him  an  unbounded  influence  over  Anne, 
daughter  of  Peter  I.,  and  duchess  of 
Courland,  who,  when  she  ascended  the 
throne  of  Russia,  committed  the  reins 
of  government  to  his  hands,  made  him 
duke  of  Courland,  and  at  her  death,  in 
1740,  left  him  regent  of  the  empire.     He 


bis] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


159 


was  subsequently  banished  to  Siberia; 
recalled  by  Peter  III.,  and  his  duchy  re- 
stored t(  him  by  Catherine,  in  1763,  but 
which,  ~.x  years  afterwards,  he  relin- 
quished In  favor  of  his  eldest  son.  B. 
16S7:  d.  1772. 

BIRKBECK,  George,  M.D.,  president 
of  the  London  Mechanics'  Institute,  was 
the  son  of  a  merchant  and  banker  at 
Settle,  in  Yorkshire,  where  he  was  b  in 
1776.  In  his  boyhood  he  displayed  a 
strong  inclination  for  those  mechanical 
pursuits  to  which  he  afterwards  became 
so  devoted ;  but  his  friends  having  de- 
termined that  ho  should  embrace  the 
medical  profession,  he  first  studied  for 
this  object  at  Leeds,  then  removed  to 
London  to  become  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Baillie, 
and  subsequently  went  to  Edinburgh  to 
complete  his  education.  At  the  age  of 
twenty-one  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  natural  history  in  the  Andcrsonian 
Institution  of  Glasgow ;  and  having 
while  there  successfully  established  a 
mechanics1  class,  he  was  induced,  in 
1822,  to  found  the  London  Mechanics' 
Institute  in  Chancery  Lane,  to  which  so- 
ciety he  generously  lent  £3000  for  erect- 
ing a  museum,  lecture-room,  &c.  Of 
this  institution  Dr.  Birkbeek  was  elect- 
ed president,  and  from  it  nearly  all  the 
various  mechanics'  institutes  throv.gh- 
out  Great  Britain  have  been  established 
D.  1841. — Morris,  an  English  gentleman 
who  emigrated  to  America,  where  he 
purchased  so  vast  a  tract  of  land  as  to 
acquire  the  title  of  "  Emperor  of  the 
Prairies  ;"  author  of  "  Letters  from  Illi- 
nois. "Notes  of  a  "Journey  in  Amer- 
ica," &c.  He  was  accidentally  drowned 
in  1825. 

BIRKENHEAD,  Sir  John,  a  political 
writer  of  the  17th  century ;  several  times 
imprisoned  during  the  commonwealth 
for  writing  in  favor  of  the  exiled  king. 
B.  1615  ;  d.  1679. 

BIRKHEAD,  Henry,  a  modern  Latin 

Eoet,   b.  in  1617;    author  of   "  Otium 
literarium,"  &c.     He  d.  at  the  latter 
end  of  the  17th  century. 

BIRON,  Armand  de  Gontaut,  baron 
de,  a  celebrated  French  general,  honor- 
ed with  the  friendship  of  Henry  IV. 
He  was  slain  at  the  siege  of  Epernay,  in 
Champagne,  in  1592. — Charles  de  Gon- 
taut, duke  de,  son  of  the  above ;  ad- 
miral and  marshal  of  France,  and  a 
favorite  of  Kerry  IV.,  who  appointed 
him  his  ambassador  to  England,  &c, 
and  raised  him  to  the  dukedom.  He 
was,  however,  seduced  by  the  intrigues 
of  the  court  of  Spain  to  join  in  a  conspir- 
acy against  his  royal  and  truly  generous 


friend  ;  for  which  crime  he  was  tried, 
condemned,  and  beheaded,  in  1602. — 
Duke  de  Lauzun,  b.  about  1760  ;  one  of 
the  most  celebrated  men  of  the  French 
revolution,  remarkable  at  once  for  his 
amours,  his  attachment  to  liberty,  and 
his  military  exploits.  He  served  with 
Lafayette  in  America,  and  attached  him- 
self to  the  party  of  the  duke  of  Orleans, 
on  his  return.  In  1792  he  was  joined 
with  Talleyrand  in  a  mission  to  this 
country;  on  his  return,  served  under 
Roehambean,  in  Flanders  ;  and  perish- 
ed by  the  guillotine  at  the  end  of  1793, 
on  a  charare  of  counter-revolution.  Ho 
d.  stoically,  ordering  oysters,  and  drink- 
ing wine  with  the  executioner. 

BISCHOP,  John  de,  a  Dutch  histor- 
ical and  landscape  painter.  B.  1646  ;  d. 
16S6. — Samuel,  an  English  divine  and 
poet.     B.  1731 ;  d.  1795. 

BISCOE,  Richard,  an  English  divine : 
author  of  "  The  History  of  the  Acts  of 
the  Apostles,  confirmed  by  other  Au- 
thors.'*   D.  1748. 

BISI,  Bonaventure,  an  esteemed  Bo- 
loiciiese  miniature  and  historical  painter. 
D.  1662. 

BISSET,  Charles,  an  able  physician, 
and  a  writer  on  fortification,  which  art 
he  studied  while  in  the  42d  regiment, 
and  received  promotion  for  his  skill  in 
it  at  the  siejre  of  Bergen-op-Zoom,  by  the 
duke  of  Cumberland.  B.  1716  ;  d.  1791 
— James,  an  ingenious  artist  and  amusing 
writer,  was  b.  at  Perth,  in  1762,  but  set- 
tled early  in  life  at  Birmingham,  where 
he  established  a  museum  and  shop  for 
curiosities,  which  he  afterwards  removed 
to  Leamington.  He  had  a  remarkable 
facility  in  writing  rhymes  ;  and  being 
ever  ready  to  make  his  muse  subserve 
the  cause  of  loyalty,  or  aid  the  progress 
of  art,  his  various  works  present  a  mot- 
ley appearance,  and  are  often  singularly 
droll  and  epigrammatic.  "Guides," 
"  Directories,  and  "  Poetic  Surveys" 
of  the  towns  in  which  he  lived,  look 
oddly  enough  when  placed  in  juxta- 
position with  "  Patriotic  Clarions," 
"Critical  Essays,"  and  "Comic  Stric- 
tures on  the  Fine  Arts ;"  yet  such  were 
among  his  numerous  productions,  all  of 
which  are  more  or  less  indebted  for  their 
notoriety  to  the  jingle  of  rhyme.  D. 
1832. — Robert,  a  native  of  Scotland; 
author  of  a  "  Life  of  Burke  ;"  a  "  Sketch 
of  Democracy,"  &c.     D.  1805. 

BISSON.  Pierre  T.  J.  G.,  b.  1767  ;  a 
French  general,  who  fouirht  in  most  of 
Napoleon's  campaigns,  till  his  death,  at 
his  return  in  1811.  He  was  of  prodigi- 
ous size,  strength,  and  appetite,  and  was 


160 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHT. 


[bla 


always  supplied  with  double  rations  of 
food,  by  order  of  Napoleon. 

B1TAUBE,  Paul  Jeremiah,  the  son 
of  French  refugee  parents  at  Konigs- 
berg,  where  he  was  b.  in  1732,  but  in 
after  life  settled  in  Paris.  He  was  an 
author  of  considerable  repute,  and 
patronized  by  Frederick  II.  of  Prussia, 
and  by  Napoleon.  He  translated  Homer, 
and  wrote  "  Joseph,"  and  other  poems. 
D.  1808. 

BIVAE,  Don  Eodrigo  Dias  de,  or  the 
Gid,  a  hero  of  Spain,  whose  astonishing 
valor  in  various  encounters  with  the 
Moors,  and  his  unjust  banishment,  af- 
forded rich  materials  both  for  history 
and  romance.  B.  at  Burgos,  1040  ;  d.  at 
Valencia,  1099. 

BIZOT,  Pierre,  a  French  writer ;  au- 
thor of  a  curious  work,  entitled  "  His- 
toire  Medailliqne  de  la  R£publique  de 
Hollande."     B.  1686;  d.  1696. 

BLACK,  Joseph,  a  celebrated  chemist, 
b.  at  Bordeaux,  of  Scottish  parents,  in 
172S,  studied  medicine  at  Glasgow.  Dr. 
Cullen,  Ins  instructor,  inspired  him  with 
a  taste  for  chemical  studies.  In  1754  he 
.vas  made  doctor  of  medicine,  at  Edin- 
burgh, and  delivered  an  inaugural  dis- 
sertation, "  De  Humore  acido  a  Cibis 
orto  et  Magnesia  alba,"  which  exhibits 
the  outline  of  his  discoveries  relative  to 
carbonic  acid  and  the  alkalies.  In  1756 
he  published  his  Experiments  on  White 
Magnesia,  <4uicklimc,  and  several  other 
Alkaline  Substances,  in  the  2d  volume 
of  the  Essays,  Physical  and  Literary,  of 
the  Edinburgh  Society.  He  demon- 
strates the  existence  of  an  aerial  fluid  in 
these  substances,  which  he  calls  fixed 
air,  the  presence  of  which  diminishes 
the  corrosive  power  of  the  alkalies  and 
the  calcareous  earths.  This  discovery 
formed  the  basis  of  all  those  winch  have 
immortalized  the  names  of  Cavendish, 
Priestley,  Lavoisier,  &c,  and  gave  a 
new  form  to  chemistry.  In  1751  he  en- 
riched this  science  with  his  doctrine  of 
latent  heat,  which  has  led  to  such  im- 
portant results.  In  1756  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  medicine  and 
lecturer  on  chemistry  in  the  university 
at  Glasgow,  in  the  place  of  Dr.  Cullen, 
and,  in  1765,  when  Cullen  left  the  pro- 
fessor's chair  in  Edinburgh,  he  was 
there  also  succeeded  by  Black.  No 
teacher  inspired  his  disciples  with  such 
a  zeal  for  study;  his  lectures,  therefore, 
contributed  much  to  make  the  taste  for 
chemical  science  general  in  England. 
Upon  Lavoisier's  proposal,  the  Academy 
of  Sciences,in  Paris,  had  appointed  him 
one  of  its  eight  foreign  members.    His 


habits  were  simple,  his  character  cold 
and  reserved.  Though  of  eminent  abil- 
ity as  a  chemist,  he  injured  himself  by 
his  long  opposition  to  the  reception  of 
the  new  chemical  theory.  At  length, 
however,  he  was  convinced  of  its  supe- 
rior accuracy,  and  did  justice  to  its  mer- 
its.    D.  1799. 

BLACKADDER,  John,  a  distinguish- 
ed preacher  among  the  Scottish  Cove- 
nanters. 

BLACKBURNE,  Francis,  an  English 
divine,  eminent  as  a  theological  writer, 
and  remarkable  for  the  publication  or 
works  favoring  dissent  from  the  church 
to  which  he  belonged,  was  b.  at  Rich- 
mond, in  Yorkshire,  in  1705,  and  was 
educated  at  Cambridge.  In  1750,  he  was 
made  archdeacon  of  Cleveland.  He  was 
a  friend  to  religious  liberty,  and  hostile 
to  confessions  of  faith.  On  this  subject 
he  was  deeply  involved  in  controversy. 
The  most  celebrated  of  his  performances 
on  it  is  the  Confessional,  which  appeared 
in  1776.  His  works  have  been  collected 
in  six  volumes  octavo.     He  d.  in  1787. 

BLACKBURN,  William,  eminent  as 
an  architect  and  surveyor,  was  b.  Decem- 
ber 20th,  1750,  in  Soutlnvark.  His  na- 
tive genius  overcame  the  disadvantages 
of  a  contracted  education,  and  he  ob- 
tained a  medal  from  the  Royal  Academy, 
and  the  more  flattering  commendation 
of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  for  the  best 
drawing  of  St.  Stephen's  church,  Wal- 
brook.     D.  1790. 

BLACKLOCK,  Thomas,  a  divine  and 
poet,  was  b.  at  Annan,  in  Dumfries,  in 
1721,  and  lost  his  sight  by  the  small-pox 
when  he  was  only  six  months  old.  To 
amuse  and  instruct  him,  his  father  and 
friend  used  to  read  to  him,  and  by  this 
means  he  acquired  a  fund  of  information, 
and  even  some  knowledge  of  Latin.  At 
the  age  of  12  he  began  to  versify,  and  his 
devotion  to  the  Muses  was  continued 
through  life.  Considering  his  circum 
stances,  his  poems  have  great  merit.  He 
studied  at  the  university  of  Edinburgh 
for  ten  years,  and  his  progress  in  the 
sciences  was  very  considerable.  He  was 
ordained  minister  of  Kircudbright,  but, 
being  opposed  by  the  parishioners,  he 
retired  on  an  annuity,  and  received  stu- 
dents at  Edinburgh  as  boarders,  and  as- 
sisted them  in  their  studies.  Besides 
his  poems,  he  is  the  author  of  some  the- 
ological works,  and  an  article  on  the  ed- 
ucation of  the  blind :  the  latter  was 
printed  in  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica. 
He  d.  in  July,  1791,  regretted  by  all  his 
friends. 
BLACKMORE,  Sir  Richard,  a  poet 


bla] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


161 


and  physician,  was  b.  in  Wiltshire,  ed- 
ucated at  Oxford,  took  his  degree  at  Pad- 
ua, and  was  knighted  by  William  III., 
who  also  appointed  him  his  physician. 
He  was  afterwards  physician  to  Queen 
Anne.  In  1696  he  published  his  first 
poem,  Prince  Arthur,  which  was  rapidly 
Buccee  Jed  by  other  works  ;  nor  was  he 
deterred  from  pursuing  his  career  by  the 
ridicule  which  was  heaped  upon  him  by 
Dryden,  Pope,  and  nearly  all  the  wits  of 
the  age,  whose  dislike  of  him  was  sharp- 
ened by  his  whig  principles.  He  is  the 
author  of  nearly  thirty  works,  in  verse 
and  prose  ;  of  the  latter  many  are  on 
medical  subjects.  His  best  poem  is  en- 
titled Creation.  Blackmore  was  an  in- 
different poet,  but  he  was  undoubtedly 
possessed  of  considerable  talent,  ami 
was  a  pious  and  worthy  man.  He  d.  in 
1729. 

BLACKSTONE,  Sir  William,  an  em- 
inent lawyer,  was  the  third  son  of  a  silk 
mercer,  and  was  b.  at  Loudon,  in  1723. 
After  having  been  for  several  years  at 
the  Charter  house,  he  completed  his 
education  at  Pembroke  college,  Oxford, 
and  at  both  seminaries  displayed  supe- 
rior talent.  When  he  was  only  29  he 
composed,  for  his  own  use,  a  Treatise  on 
the  Elements  of  Architecture.  Having 
chosen  the  profession  of  the  law,  and 
entered  the  Middle  Temple,  in  1741  he 
wrote  his  eloquent  valedictory  poem,  the 
Lawyer's  Farewell  to  his  Muse.  In  1743 
he  was  elected  a  fellow  of  All  Souls,  and 
in  1746  he  was  called  to  the  bar,  and 
went  the  circuit,  but  obtained  little  prac- 
tice. He  remained  in  comparative  ob- 
scurity till  1753,  when  he  began  to  de- 
liver, at  Oxford,  his  beautiful  lectures 
on  the  English  laws  ;  which,  in  1765  and 
the  four  following  years,  he  published, 
with  the  title  of  "  Commentaries  on  the 
Laws  of  England."  In  consequence  of 
these  lectures,  he  was  elected  Vinerian 
professor  of  law  in  the  university,  and 
obtained  a  great  accession  of  business. 
In  1761  he  sat  in  parliament  as  member 
for  Ilindon,  and  was  made  king's  coun- 
6el,  and  solicitor-general  to  the  queen. 
In  1770  he  was  offered  the  place  of  so- 
licitor general,  but  declined  it,  and  was 
made  a  judge  of  the  King's  Bench, 
whence  he  was  soon  after  transferred  to 
the  Common  Pleas.  His  Law  Tracts 
were  published  in  1762,  and  his  Reports, 
two  volumes  folio,  after  his  death. 
Blackstone  was  the  first  who  wrote  on 
the  dry  and  repulsive  subject  of  English 
lav/  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  excite 
disgust  in  a  reader  of  taste.  Like  al- 
most all  lawyers,  he  leans  to  the  side  of 
14* 


prerogative  ;  nor  is  there  much  more  of 
enlargement  in  his  principles  of  reli- 
gious liberty.  For  this  reason  he  waa 
exposed  to  attack  from  Priestley,  Ben- 
tham,  and  Junius.     D.  1780. 

BLACKW  ALL,  Anthony,  an  English 
divine,  author  of  a  "  Latin  Grammar," 
an  "  Introduction  to  the  Classics,"  &c. 
D.  1730. 

BLACKWELL,  Thomas,  Greek  pro- 
fessor of  Aberdeen,  author  of  "  An  In- 
quiry into  the  Life  and  Writings  of 
Homer,"  "Memoirs  of  the  Court  of 
Augustus,"  &c.  B.  1701 ;  d.  1757. — 
Alexander  and  Elizabeth,  husband  and 
wife  :  the  latter,  a  woman  of  talent,  who 
in  order  to  procure  subsistence  for  her 
husband  while  in  prison  for  debt,  pub- 
lished a  "  Herbal"  in  2  vols.,  folio,  with 
500  plates,  drawn,  engraved,  and  colored 
by  herself,  all  in  the  space  of  four  years. 
The  work  succeeded,  and  her  husband 
was  liberated ;  but  he  seemed  doomed 
to  be  the  sport  of  fortune ;  for  after  hav- 
ing been  invited  to  Stockholm,  and  pen- 
sioned by  the  king  of  Sweden,  in  eon- 
sequence  of  his  being  the  author  of  a 
work  on  agriculture  which  attracted  the 
notice  of  that  monarch  ;  and  having  also 
had  the  merit  of  successfully  prescribing 
for  his  majesty  when  he  was  danger- 
ously ill,  he  was  charged  with  being 
concerned  in  a  plot  with  Count  Tessin 
for  overturning  the  kingdom,  tried,  and 
beheaded,  in  1747. 

BLACKWOOD,  Sir  Henry,  a  merito- 
rious British  admiral,  was  the  sixth  son 
of  Sir  John  Blackwood,  Bart.,  and  b.  in 
1770.  He  was  present  at  Dogger-Bank, 
and  with  Nelson  at  Aboukir,  and  at 
Trafalgar.  D.  1832.— Adam,  a  Scotch 
writer,  author  of  "The  Martyrdom  of 
Marv  Stuart,"  written  in  French,  &c. 
B.  1539  ;  d.  1613. 

BLADEN,  Maktin,  a  military  officer 
under  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  author 
of  "  Orpheus  and  Eurydice,"  a  masque  ; 
"  A  Translation  of  Caesar's  Commen- 
taries," &c.     D.  1746. 

BLAEU,  or  JEMSSEN,  William,  a 
celebrated  geographer,  and  the  disciple 
of  Tycho  Brahe.  He  was  the  author  of 
a  very  magnificent  atlas.     D.  1638. 

BLAIR,  John,  a  Scotch  divine  of  the 
14th  century,  author  of  a  Latin  poem  on 
the  "  Death  of  Wallace." — Patrick,  an 
eminent  Scotch  physician  and  botanist, 
of  the  18th  century,  author  of  "Botanio 
Essays,"  &c. — John,  a  prebend  of  West- 
minster, author  of  "  Chronological  Ta- 
bles," and  "  Lectures  on  the  Canon  of 
the  Old  Testament."  D.  1782.— Robert, 
a  Scotch  divine,  author  of  the  well- 


162 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bla 


known  and  admirable  poem,  "  The 
Grave."  B.  1700;  d.  1746.— Hugh,  a 
celebraled  divine,  b.  at  Edinburgh  in 
1718.  He  was  educated  at  the  university 
of  his  native  city,  where  he  took  his 
master's  degree  in  1736.  He  was  soon 
invited  to  the  second  charge  of  the  Can- 
nougate  church  of  Edinburgh,  and  in 
1758  he  was  promoted  to  the  High 
church,  and  honored  with  the  degree 
of  D.I),  by  the  sister  university  of  St. 
Andrew's.  In  1759  he  appeared  before 
the  public  as  lecturer  in  rhetoric  and 
belles  lettres,  and  with  such  effect,  that 
the  king  in  1762  erected  for  his  encour- 
agement, with  a  salary  of  £70  a  year,  a 
professorship  on  that  branch  of  litera- 
ture in  the  university.  His  dissertation 
in  support  of  the  authenticity  of  Osian'a 
poems,  appeared  in  1763,  and  in  1777  he 
published  the  first  volume  of  his  "Ser- 
mons," which  met  with  such  applause 
that  in  1779  he  printed  a  second  volume, 
and  afterwards  three  volumes  more  ap- 
peared. These  discourses  became  pop- 
ular, not  only  in  Scotland  and  England, 
but  were  translated  into  foreign  lan- 
guages, and  claimed  the  admiration  of 
the  learned  on  the  Continent.  At  the 
instance  of  the  queen,  to  whom  the  ser- 
mons were  dedicated,  the  worthy  pro- 
fessor obtained  a  pension  of£200n  year, 
which  was  increased  £10  I  more  in  178  '>, 
when  his  infirmities  obliged  him  to  re- 
sign his  public  offices.  His  "  Lectures," 
in  3  vols.,  appeared  in  1783,  and  obtained 
as  rapid  a  sale  and  as  wide  a  circulation 
as  his  sermons.  D.  at  Edinburgh,  1800. 
— John,  one  of  the  associate  judges  of 
the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States, 
d.  in  1800,  aged  68.  He  was  a  judge  of 
the  court  of  appeals  in  Virginia  in  L787, 
and  in  the  same  year,  lie  was  a  member 
of  the  general  convention  which  formed 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States. 
To  that  instrument  the  names  of  Blair 
and  Madison  arc  affixed  as  the  deputies 
from  Virginia.  When  the  new  govern- 
ment  commenced  its  operation,  he  was 
appointed  by  Washington  to  the  office, 
which  he  held  till  his  death.— Samuel, 
a  Presbyterian  minister,  was  a  nati\  e  of 
Ireland,  and  came  to  America  in  early 
life.  In  1743  he  established  an  academy 
at  Fos's  Manor,  Chester  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, and  took  the  pastoral  care  of 
the  church  in  that  place.  He  occupied 
the  first  rank  among  his  cotemporaries 
in  talents,  learning,  piety,  and  useful- 
ness, both  as  a  preacher  and  an  academ- 
ical instructor.     D.  about  1751. 

BLAIZE.  a  bishop  martyred  by  the 
Empeivi  jJ.oclesian,  but  principally  cel- 


ebrated as  the  inventor  of  wool-comb- 
ing. 

BLAKE,  Kobert,  a  famous  English 
admiral,  b.  Aug.  15,  1599,  at  Bridge- 
water,  in  Somersetshire,  where  he  was 
educated  at  the  grammar-school.  Hav 
ing  served  some  years  in  the  parliament 
army,  he  was  in  Feb.  1648-9  appointed 
to  command  the  fleet,  in  eonjunct;on 
with  Col.  Deane  and  Col.  L'cpham. 
During  nine  years'  active  service  in  the 
navy  lie  performed  exploits  that,  for  the 
skill  with  which  they  were  conducted, 
and  the  success  that  attended  them, 
were  never  surpassed.  His  four  vic- 
tories over  the  Dutch  fleet  under  Van 
Tromp  were  his  most  brilliant  exploits. 
He  d.  as  the  fleet  was  entering  Fly- 
mouth,  the  17th  of  Aug.,  1657,  aged  58. 
His  body  was  conveyed  to  West  minster 
abbey,  and  interred  in  Henry  Vllth's 
chapel;  but  disgracefully  disinterred 
from  thence  in  1661,  by  Charles  II.  and 
flung  into  a  hole  in  St.  Margaret's 
churchyard. — William,  an  engraver  of 
great  merit,  but  of  eccentric  taste;  ho 
was  a  pupil  of  Basire.  B.  1759;  d.  1^27. 
■ — John  Beadlky,  b.  in  London,  1745, 
and  educated  at  Westminster  school. 
After  acquiring  a  deep  knowledge  of 
chemistry  and  mathematics,  in  the  pur- 
suit of  his  favorite  study  of  botany,  ho 
went  to  China  as  supercargo  of  the  India 
company,  and  with  laudable  assiduity 
collected  and  sent  to  Europe  the  seeds 
of  all  the  vegetables  of  that  remote 
country  used  by  the  natives  for  pur- 
poses cither  of  medicine,  food,  or  man- 
ufactures. He  began  likewise  a  valu- 
able collection  of  ores  and  fossils,  but 
his  great  application  weakened  his  con- 
stitution, he  was  afflicted  with  the  stone, 
and  the  complaint  when  attended  by  a 
fever  proved  fatal.  D.  at  Canton,  1773. 
—Joachim,  a  Spanish  general,  was  b.  at 
Velez  Malaga,  and  served,  first  as  cap- 
tain, and  next  as  major,  in  the  war, 
from  1793  to  1795,  between  France  and 
Spain.  When  Napoleon  seized  the 
crown  of  Spain,  Blake  espoused  the 
cause  of  his  country;  but  with  more 
valor  and  zeal  than  success.  Though 
defeated  at  Rio  Seco  and  Espinosa,  ho 
still  sustained  his  military  character. 
In  1810  he  was  appointed  one  of  tho 
regency,  from  which  rank  lie  was  trans- 
ferred to  that  of  captain-general.  Hav- 
ing  been  defeated  at  Murviedro,  he  shut 
himself  up  with  his  army  in  "Valencia, 
but  was  ?.*■  length  compelled  to  surren- 
der. In  ':  o20,  on  the  establishment  of 
the  constitution,  lie  was  admitted  into 
the  council  of  state;  and  his  attachment 


bla] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGEAPHY. 


16S 


to  that  constitution  subsequently  ex- 
posed him  to  danger.  D.  1827. — Joseph, 
governor  of  South  Carolina,  was  a  pro- 
prietary and  a  nephew  of  the  famous 
Admiral  Blake.  He  was  governor  but 
one  year.  During  Blake's  administra- 
tion "a  pet  of  41  articles,  called  "The 
last  Fundamental  Constitutions,"  was 
sent  from  England,  by  the  earl  of  Bath, 
the  palatine,  "and  other  patentees  ;  but 
the  change  in  the  government  was  never 
confirmed  by  the  Carolina  assembly.  D. 
1700.  —  William,  a  comedian  of  great 
accomplishments  and  talent,  whose  per- 
formances at  Coveut-garden  were  long 
the  delight  of  London.     D.  1835. 

BLAKELY,  Johnston,  a  captain  in 
the  United  States'  navy  during  the  late- 
war,  was  b.  in  Ireland  in  1781.  Two 
years  after  his  father  emigrated  to  the 
United  States,  and  settled  in  North  Caro- 
lina. Young  Blakely  was  placed,  in 
1796,  at  the  university  oi'  North  Caro- 
lina, but  circumstances  having  deprived 
him  of  the  means  of  adequate  support, 
he  left  college,  and  in  1800  obtained  a 
midshipman  s  warrant.  In  1813  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Wasp, 
and  in  this  vessel  took  his  Britannic 
Majesty's  ship  Reindeer,  after  an  action 
of  nineteen  minutes.  The  Wasp  after- 
wards put  into  L'Orient;  from  which 
port  she  sailed  August  '27.  On  the  eve- 
ning of  the  1st  of  September,  1814,  she 
fellin  with  four  sail,  at  considerable  dis- 
tances from  each  other.  One  of  these 
was  the  brig-of- war  Avon,  which  struck 
after  a  severe  action  ;  but  captain  B.  was 
prevented  from  taking  possession  by 
the  approach  of  another  vessel.  The 
enemy  reported  that  they  had  sunk  the 
Wasp  by  the  first  broadside,  but  she 
was  afterwards  spoken  by  .a  vessel  off 
the  Western  Isles.  After  this  we  hear 
of  her  no  more.  Captain  Blakely  was 
considered  a  man  of  uncommon  courage 
and  intellect.  In  testimony  of  respect 
to  his  memory,  the  legislature  of  North 
Carolina  educated  his  only  child,  a 
daughter,  at  the  public  expense. 

BLAMPINI,  Thomas,  a  Benedic- 
tine monk,  editor  of  a  splendid  edi- 
tiDii  of  the  works  of  St.  Augustan.  D. 
1710. 

BLANC,  Antony  de  Guillet  de,  a 
French  dramatist;  author  of  "  Manco 
Capac,"  a  tragedv,  and  various  other 
dramas.  B.  1780;  d.  1799.— John  Ber- 
nard le,  a  French  writer,  author  of 
"Letters  on  the  English  Nation,"  &c. 
P.  1707;  d.  1781. 

BLANCHARD,  James,  an  eminent 
tiainter,  who   bears  the   honorable   de- 


nomination of  the  French  Titian.  He 
was  an  indefatigable  artist,  and  left 
many  pictures.  His  finest  work  is  the 
"  Descent  of  the  Holy  Ghost,"  which  is 
considered  as  one  of  the  best  produc- 
tions of  the  French  school.  B.  1600  ;  d. 
1638. — Francis,  a  celebrated  French  aero- 
naut, b.  in  1738,  was  distinguished  from 
his  youth  by  his  mechanical  inventions. 
After  making  his  first  aerostatic  voyage 
in  1784,  he  "crossed  the  Channel  from 
Dover  to  Calais,  1785,  for  which  exploit 
he  was  rewarded  by  the  king  of  France 
with  12,000  francs,  and  a  pension  of 
1200  fr.  He  first  made  use  of  a  para- 
chute in  London,  in  1785 ;  went  through 
various  countries  on  the  Continent,  ex- 
hibiting his  aeronautic  skill;  visited 
America  with  the  same  object ;  and  re- 
turning in  1798,  ascended  in  Kouen  with 
16  persons  in  a  large  balloon,  and  de- 
scended at  a  place  15  miles  distant.  D. 
ISi .19. —Madame  Blanchard,  his  wife, 
continued  to  make  aerial  voyages,  but 
in  June,  1819,  having  ascended  from 
Tivoli,  in  Paris,  her  balloon  took  fire, 
at  a  considerable  height,  owing  to  some 
fireworks  which  she  carried  with  her, 
the  ear  fell,  and  the  hapless  aeronaut 
was  dashed  to  pieces. — John  Baptist,  a 
French  Jesuit,  and  professor  of  rhetoric, 
author  of  "The  Temple  of  the  Muses," 
&c  B.  1731;  d.  1797. — Laman,  a  grace- 
ful periodical  writer,  was  b.  at  Great 
Yarmouth,  in  1808.  His  father  having 
removed  to  London  when  he  was  5 
years  of  age,  he  received  his  education 
at  St.  Olave's  school,  Lambeth,  and  here 
was  laid  the  groundwork  of  those  lit- 
erary tastes  and  habits  which  distin- 
guished him  through  life.  His  first 
occupation  was  that  of  reader  at  Cox 
and  Baylis'  printing-office  in  Great 
Queen-street ;  in  1827  he  became  secre- 
tary to  the  Zoological  Society,  and  in 
1881,  editor  of  the  Monthly  Magazine. 
He  subsequently  became  connected  with 
the  True  Sun,"  the  Constitutional,  the 
<  ourier,  the  Court  Journal,  and  the  Ex- 
aminer, and  was  a  constant  contributor 
to  the  lighter  periodicals  of  the  day.  D. 
by  suicide,  1845. 

"BLANCHE,  of  Castile,  queen  of 
Louis  VIII.  of  France.  She  died  of 
grief,  on  account  of  the  defeat  and  im- 
prisonment of  her  son,  Louis  IX.,  in 
Palestine,  1252. 

BLANCH ELANDE,  Pierre,  b.  1735, 
governor  of  St.  Domingo  when  the  de- 
cree of  instant  emancipation  for  the 
slaves  caused  a  universal  tumult.  He 
urged  the  suspension  of  the  decree,  and, 
being  arrested  as  a  counter-revolutionist, 


164 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


was  conducted  to  Paris,  and  perished  by 
the  guillotine  in  1793. 

BLANCHET,  Francis,  the  son  of 
parents  in  humble  life,  was  b.  in  1707, 
at  Angerville,  and  educated  at  the  col- 
lege of  Louis  XIV.  He  was  first  a  pro- 
fessor in  two  provincial  colleges,  next 
em  ployed  himself  in  private  tuition,  and 
lastly,  obtained  an  office  in  the  king's 
library  and  cabinet.  Blanchet  was  one 
of  the  most  amiable  of  men,  and  the 
most  affectionately  paternal  of  tutors. 
As  an  author  he  has  great  merit.  His 
"  Apologues  and  Tales"  are  told  with 
spirit  and  grace.     B.  1748. 

BLAND,  Maria  Theresa,  an  actress 
and  vocalist,  was  b.  at  Caen,  in  Nor- 
mandy, in  1770,  and  went  to  England 
with  "her  parents,  who  were   Italians, 
shortly  after.     When  under  5  years  ot 
age  slie  sang  (as  Miss  Romanizi)  at  Sad- 
ler's Wells  ;  obtained  an  engagement  at 
Drury-lane  theatre  in  1789;    and  sub- 
sequently appeared  as  the   heroine   in 
the  musical  dramas  written  by  Colman 
for  his  theatre  in  the  Haymarket.     In 
1790  she  was   married  to   Mr.  George 
Bland,   brother  of  the  celebrated  Mrs. 
Jordan.     She  continued  on  the  boards 
of  Drury  till  that  theatre  was  burnt,  in 
1809  ;  and  for  many  years  delighted  the 
lovers  of  simple  melody  with  her  strains 
at  Vauxhall  Gardens.     Her  latter  years 
were  clouded  by  a  degree  of  mental  im- 
becility which  prevented  her  appearing 
in  public:  but  in  1834,  by  the  proceeds 
of  a  benefit  which  was  granted  to  her  at 
Drury-lane,  together  with  a  sum  liber- 
ally given  by  the  late  Lord  Egremont, 
an  annuity  of  £70  was  secured  to  her 
for  life.     D.  1837.— Elizabeth,  an  En- 
glish lady,  eminent  for  her  knowledge 
of  Hebrew.     A  phylacterv  of  her  writ- 
ings is  preserved  by  the  Royal  Society. 
T>.  172o. — Richard,  a  political  writer  of 
Virginia,  was  for  some  years  a  principal 
member  of  the  house  of  burgesses.     In 
1768  he  was  one  of  a  committee  to  re- 
monstrate with  parliament  on  the  sub- 
ject of  taxation ;  in  1773  one  of  the  com- 
mittee  of  correspondence ;    in    1774  a 
delegate   in    congress.      He   was   again 
chosen  a  deputy  to  congress  in  1775. 
Though  he  declined   the   appointment 
from  "old  age,   he  declared,   he  should 
ever  be  animated,  "  to  support  the  glo- 
rious cause,  in  which  America  was  en- 
gaged."    D.  1778. — Theodoric,  a  patriot 
and  statesman,  was  a  native  of  Virginia. 
He  was  bred  to  medicine,  but  at  the 
commencement    of    the    revolutionary 
war,  he  took  an  active  part  in  the  cause 
of  his  country.     He  soon  rose  to  the 


bleJ 


rank  of  colonel,  and  had  the  command 
of  a  regiment  of  dragoons.  In  1779  he 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
convention  troops  at  Albemarle  barracks 
in  Virginia.  He  was  chosen  a  repro 
sentative  from  Virginia,  in  the  first  con- 
gress under  the  present  constitution  of 
the  United  States.     D.  1790. 

BLANDRATA,  George,  an  Italian 
physician,  who  renewed  all  the  tenets 
of  Arms  with  respect  to  the  Trinity. 
He  fled  from  the  persecution  of  the  in- 
quisitors of  Pavia  to  Geneva,  and  after- 
wards to  Poland,  where  the  king,  Ste- 
phen Battori,  made  him  a  privy  coun- 
cillor. He  attempted  to  make  the  king 
a  follower  of  his  opinions,  but  failed. 
He  was  strangled  by  his  nephew,  a 
worthless  character,  to  whom  he  had 
left  his  property,  1593. 

BLANKOF,  "John  Fennisz,  a  Dutch 
marine  painter  of  considerable  eminence. 
He  was  at  the  outset  a  scholar  of  Ever- 
dingen,  but  finished  his  studies  at  Rome. 
His  best  pictures  represent  storms  on 
the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  in  which 
he  combined  Flemish  fidelity  with  Ital- 
ian grandeur.     B.  1628. 

BLASIUS,  Gerard,  a  Flemish  phys:- 
cian,  who  distinguished  himself  by  his 
researches  in  anatomy  and  physioiogy. 
He  was  graduated  at  Leyden,  and  was 
afterwards  a  professor  at  Amsterdam. 
He  was  the  earliest  writer  of  importance 
on  comparative  anatomy.  His  chief 
works  were  "Observata  Anatomiea," 
&c,  and  "  Zootonical,  sen  Anatomse 
variorum  Animaliuiu."     D.  1682. 

BLAYNEY,  Benjamin,  a  divine  and 
biblical  critic,  wa9  educated  at  Oxford, 
where  he  became  M.A.  in  1753,  and 
D.D.  in  1787.  He  was  professor  of  He- 
brew at  that,  university,  canon  of  Christ- 
church,  and  rector  of  Polshot,  Wilts. 
He  translated  Jeremiah,  the  Lamenta- 
tions, and  Zechariah  ;  edited  the  Oxford 
Bible  in  1769  ;  and  wrote  a  Dissertation 
on  Daniel's  Seventy  Weeks.     D.  1801. 

BLEDDIN,  a  British  bard  of  the  13th 
century,  many  of  whose  pieces  are  in 
the  AVt-lsh  Archaeology. 

BLEDRI,  bishop  of  Lkndraff  in  1023 ; 
surnamed  the  wise  on  acc.unt  of  his  great 
learning. 

BLEECKER,  Ann  Eliza,  a  lady  of 
some  literary  celebrity  in  New  York, 
daughter  of* Mr.  Brandt  Schuyler,  and 
wife" of  John  J.  Bleeckcr.  She  resided 
after  her  marriage  at  Tomhanic,  a  soli- 
dary and  beautiful  place  18  miles  above 
Albany,  but  was  driven  from  it  in  the 
night  by  the  approach  of  Burgoync's 
army.    Her  writings,  both  in  prose  and 


BLOJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


1G5 


poetry,  were  published  in  1793,  by  her 
daughter,  who  likewise  distinguished 
herself  as  a  writer,  Margaret  V.  Fau- 
geres.  B.  1752;  d.  1783. — Anthony,  a 
poet  of  the  city  of  New  York,  educated 
at  Columbia  college,  and  attained  a  re- 
spectable position  as  a  lawyer.  For 
nearly  thirty  years  he  was  a  leading  con- 
tributor to  the  periodicals  of  New  York 
and  Philadelphia.     B.  1778  ;  d.  1827. 

BLEFKEN,  Dithmar,  a  voyager  of  the 
16th  century  ;  author  of  an  exceedingly 
curious  "Account  of  Iceland,"  &e. 

BLEISWICK,  Peter  van,  b.  in  1724; 
grand  pensionary  of  the  Dutch  states- 
general  at  the  revolution,  by  which  he 
was  divested  of  his  office.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  valuable  work,  "DeAggeribus." 

BLESSINGTON,  Margaret  Power, 
Countess  of,  celebrated  for  her  beauty, 
accomplishments,  and  literary  produc- 
tions, was  b.  in  the  county  of  \\raterford 
in  1789.  At  the  early  age  of  15  she  con- 
tracted an  ill-fated  marriage  with  Captain 
Farmer,  and  soon  after  his  death  the 
Earl  of  Blcssintrton  sought  and  obtained 
her  hand  in  1818.  After  her  marriage 
she  passed  several  years  abroad,  but  they 
are  chiefly  remarkable  for  having  led  to 
her  acquaintance  with  Lord  Byron, 
which  soon  ripened  into  intimacy,  and 
enabled  her  subsequently  to  publish  one 
of  the  most  interesting  works,  her  "  Con- 
versations with  Lord  Byron."  Soon  af- 
ter her  husband's  death  in  1829,  she  fixed 
her  residence  in  London,  where  she  gain- 
ed a  distinguished  place  in  literary  and 
so-called  fashionable  society.  Her  house 
became  the  centre-point  of  every  variety 
of  talent ;  and  there  were  few  literary 
celebrities,  native  or  foreign,  who  did  not 
share  in  the  hospitalities  of  Gore  House. 
Besides  the  "Conversations"  above  men- 
tioned, she  published  many  novels,  of 
which  "  Grace  Cassady,  or  the  Repeal- 
ers,"  "  The  Two  Friends,"  "Meredith," 
"  Stratherne,"  "  The  Lottery  of  Life," 
"  The  Victims  of  Society,"  etc.,  are  the 
chief;  and  several  works  full  of  person- 
al anecdote,  epigram,  sentiment,  and 
description,  such  as  "The  Idler  in  Ita- 
ly," "  The  Idler  in  France,"  "  Memoirs 
of  a  Femme  de  Chambre,"  "The  Belle 
of  the  Season,"  &c.  For  many  years 
phe  edited  the  far-famed  annuals,  "  The 
Book  of  Beautv"  and  "  The  Keepsake." 
P.  at  Paris,  1849. 

BLETTER1E,  John  Philip  Rene  de 
.oA,  b.  at  Rennes.  He  was  professor  of 
lloquence  at  the  Royal  College,  and  a 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Belles 
Let.tres.  He  wrote  Lives  of  Julian  and 
Jovian  ;  and  translated  part  of  Tacitus. 


Gibbon  highly  praises  the  Lives,  and  his 
countrymen  consider  them  as  models  of 
impartiality,  precision,  elegance,  and 
judgment.    B.  1696  ;  D.  1772. 

BLIGH,  George  Miller,  was  the  son 
of  Admiral  Sir  R.  R.  Bligh.  He  entered 
the  navy  in  1794.  He  fought  under  Nel- 
son in  the  battle  of  Trafalgar,  in  which 
he  was  severely  wounded.  He  was  made 
a  commander  in  1806.     D.  1835. 

BLIN  DE  SAINMORE,  Andrew  Mi- 
chael Hyacinth,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in 
1733.  At  the  very  outset  of  his  career 
he  lost  all  Ins  fortune,  but  his  literary 
talents  procured  him  friends,  and  he 
successfully  filled  several  honorable  of- 
fices connected  with  literature,  the  last 
of  which  was  that  of  conservator  of  the 
library  of  the  arsenal.  He  is  the  author 
of  Orpheus,  a  tragedy,  and  of  many  he- 
roic epistles  and  fugitive  poems  of  no 
common  merit.      D.  1807. 

BLIZZARD,  Sir  William,  a  surgeon 
and  anatomist  of  considerable  eminence, 
was  b.  in  1742.  During  a  long  life  of 
professional  activity  and  experience  he 
maintained  a  high  reputation  ;  and  was 
for  many  years  professor  of  anatomy  to 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  and  a 
fellow  of  the  Royal  and  Antiquarian  so- 
cieties. He  was  also  the  author  of  sev- 
eral valuable  works,  viz.  "  Suggestions 
for  the  Improvements  of  Hospitals," 
"Reflections  on  Police."  "Lecture  on 
the  Large  Blood-vessels."    D.  1635. 

BLOCH,  Marcus  Eliezer,  an  ingeni- 
ous naturalist  and  physician,  and  a  Jew 
by  birth,  was  b.  at  Anspach,  of  mean 
parentage  ;  but  entering  into  the  service 
of  a  physician,  he  studied  medicine, 
anatomy,  and  natural  history  with  great 
success,  and  became  particularly  emi- 
nent in  the  last-named  science.  His 
"  Ichthyology,"  produced  at  Berlin  in 
1785,  at  the  expense  of  the  wealthiest 
princes  of  Germany,  is  a  magnificent  na- 
tional work.  His  treatise  "  On  Intesti- 
nal Worms"  is  also  in  high  estimation. 
B.  1723 ;  d.  1799. — Joanna  Koerten,  a 
female  of  Amsterdam,  who  excelled  in 
cutting  landscapes,  sea-picecs,  flowers, 
and  even  portraits,  out  of  paper,  with 
the  most  perfect  resemblance  of  nature. 
Her  productions  sold  at  enormous  prices, 
and  she  was  patronized  by  several  sov- 
ereigns. B.  1650  ;  d.  1715. — John  Eras- 
mus, a  gardener  of  Copenhagen,  who 
published  a  "  Horticultura  Danica"  in 
1647. — Benjamin,  Jacob,  and  Daniel,  of 
a  family  in  Pomerania,  distinguished  as 
painters  of  architectural  and  historical 
pieces  and  portraits,  Daniel  excelling  in 
the  latter    especially. — George    Casto- 


166 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAi  HT. 


[bio 


rens.  a  native  of  Denmark,  bishop  of  Ri- 
pp.u,  who  wrote  a  botanical  work  in- 
tended to  illustrate  the  Old  Testament, 
called  "  Testamen  riioanieologices  Sa- 
crse."     D,  1773. 

BLOEMART,  Abraham,  a  Dutch 
painter,  b.  at  Gorcum,  1565,  d.  at  Utrecht 
in  1647.  His  paintings  are  reproached 
with  various  faults,  yet  lie  is  distinguish- 
ed by  the  brilliancy  of  his  colors,  and 
the  richness  of  his'  invention.  In  the 
representation  of  the  ch:aro-oscuro  he 
may  be  called  great.  He  painted  all 
sorts  of  objects ;  but  his  landscapes  are 
the  most  esteemed.  He  had  four  sons, 
of  whom  the  youngest  Cornelius,  is 
the  most  distinguished.  He  was  b.  at 
Utrecht,  1603,  and  d.  at  Rome,  1680. 
He  was  an  engraver,  and  his  engravings 
are  distinguished  for  purity,  elegance, 
and  softness.  He  was  the  founder  of  a 
new  school,  from  which  proceeded  Bau- 
dot, Poillv,  Chasten,  Speier,  Koullat,  &c. 

BLOMEF1ELD,  Francis,  an  English 
topographer  and  divine  ;  author  of  "  Col- 
lectanea <  'antahrigiensia,1'  <fcc.     D.  1755. 

BLOMFIELD,  Edward  Valentine, 
a  distinguished  classical  scholar,  who 
receive!  his  e  lucation  at  Caius  college, 
Cambridge,  where,  besides  other  prizes, 
he  gained,  in  1809,  a  medal  tor  writing 
his  beautiful  ode,  "  In  Desiderium  Por- 
Boni."     B.  1786;  d.  1816. 

BLOND,  James  Christopher  le,  a 
miniature  painter;  and  author  of  a  trea- 
tise on  a  method  of  engraving  in  colors. 
B.  1670;  d.  1741. 

BLONDEL,  a  minstrel,  and  favorite 
of  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion,  whom  he  is 
6aid  to  have  discovered  in  his  German 
dungeon,  by  singing  beneath  its  walls 
the  first  part  of  a  song  of  their  joint  com- 
position.— David,  a  Protestant  writer 
and  minister,  was  b.  in  1591,  at  Chalons 
sur  Marne.  In  1650  he  was  invited  to 
Amsterdam,  to  succeed  Vasorius,  as  pro- 
fessor of  history,  and  he  d.  there  in  1665, 
after  having  lost  his  sight  in  consequence 
of  the  humidity  of  the  climate.  Blonde! 
was  a  man  of  learning,  had  a  minute  ac- 
quaintance with  history,  and  was  a  fluent 
speaker.  Among  his  works,  one  of  the 
most  curious  is  his  refutation  of  the  silly 
6tory  of  Pope  Joan.  He  has  the  merit 
of  naving  written  in  favor  of  liberty 
of  conscience. — Francis,  an  eminent 
French  architect  and  diplomatist,  was  b. 
in  1617,  at  Ribemont,  in  Picardy.  Aft  it 
having  been  sent  as  envoy  to  Constanti- 
nople, ho  was  appointed  counsellor  of 
state,  one  of  the  dauphin's  preceptors, 
professor  of  the  royal  college,  and  mem- 
W  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences.     The 


noble  triumphal  arch  of  St.  Denis  was 
erected  by  him.  He  wrote  various 
works  on  literary,  architectural,  and  mil- 
itary subjects.  D.  1686. — James  Fran- 
cis, was  b.  at  Rouen,  in  1705,  and,  like 
his  uncle,  was  an  architect  of  great 
talent.  The  merit  of  a  course  of  archi- 
tectural lectures,  which  he  delivered  at 
Paris,  obtained  him  the  appointment  of 
professor  at  the  academy.  In  his  final 
illness,  he  had  himself  removed  to  his 
school  at  the  Louvre,  that  he  might 
yield  up  his  last  breath  where  he  Lad 
taught  his  art.  Blondel  is  the  author 
of  French  Architecture,  a  Course  of 
Civil  Architecture,  and  other  works  of 
a  similar  kind.     D.  1775. 

BLOOD,  Thomas,  a  singular  and  des- 
perate character,  who  was  originally  an 
officer  in  Cromwell's  army.  His  first  re- 
markable enterprise  was  an  attempt  to 
surprise  the  castle  of  Dublin,  which  was 
frustrated  by  the  duke  of  Ormond.  He 
subsequently  seized  the  duke  in  the 
streets  of  London,  with  the  intention  of 
hanging  him  at  Tyburn,  and  was  very 
near  accomplishing  his  purpose.  His 
last  exploit  was  an  attempt  to  carry  away 
the  crown  and  regalia  from  the  Tower. 
For  some  inexplicable  reason,  Charles 
II.  not  only  pardoned  him,  but  gave  him 
an  estate  of  £500  per  annum.     D.  1630. 

BLOOMFIELI),  Robert,  a  poet,  b.  at 
Honington,  in  Suffolk,  in  17'i'j,  was  the 
son  of  a  tailor,  and  was  early  left  father- 
less. He  was  taught  to  read  by  his  mo- 
ther, who  kept  a  village  school,  and  this 
was,  in  fact,  his  only  education.  At  the 
aye  of  eleven  he  was  employed  in  such 
husbandry  labor  as  he  could  perform ; 
but,  his  constitution  being  delicate,  he 
was  subsequently  apprenticed  to  the 
trade  of  shoemaking,  at  which  he  work- 
ed as  a  journeyman  for  many  years. 
His  leisure  hours  were  spent  in  reading, 
and  in  the  composition  of  verses.  His 
poem  of  the  Farmer's  Boy  was  at  length 
Drought  before  the  public,  by  the  benev- 
olent exertions  of  Capcl  Loft,  and  it  pro- 
cured the  author  both  fame  and  profit. 
He  subsequently  published  other  poems, 
among  which  may  be  mentioned  Wild 
Flowers,  Hazlewood  Hall,  and  the  Banks 
of  the  AVye.  Ill  health  and  misfortune 
clouded  the  latter  years  of  this  modest 
and  meritorious  writer,  and  he  d.  in 
1823,  when  he  was  almost  on  the  verge 
of  insanity. — Joseph,  governor  of  New 
Jersey.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the  revolu- 
tion. In  the  war  of  1*12  he  was  a 
brigadier-general.     D.  1823. 

BLOUNT,  Sir  Henry,  was  b.  at  Tit- 
tenhangher,  in  Hertfordshire,  in  1602; 


liLUj 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


167 


travelled  in  the  East  in  1634,  1635,  and 
1636 ;  fought  under  the  banner  of  Charles 
at  Edgehill ;  was,  nevertheless,  employ- 
ed by  Cromwell ;  and  d.  in  16S2.  He  is 
the  author  of  a  Voyage  to  the  Levant ; 
the  Exchange  Walk,  a  satire ;  and  other 
works.— Sir  Thomas  Pope,  eldest  son  of 
Sir  Henry,  was  b.  in  1649,  and  d.  in  1697. 
He  produced  Censura  Celebriorum  Auc- 
torum ;  De  Ec  Poetica ;  Essays  on  sev- 
eral subjects  ;  and  Natural  History. — ■ 
Chat.les,  the  youngest  son  of  Sir  Henry, 
was  b.  in  1654,  and  made  himself  con- 
spicuous by  his  deistical  opinions,  and 
by  considerable  talent.  His  "Anima 
Mundi"  was  suppressed,  and  publicly 
burnt.  This  work  he  followed  up  by 
throe  of  the  same  kind  :  The  Life  of 
Apollonius  Tyaneus ;  Great  is  Diana  of 
the  Ephesians  ;  and  Eeligio  Laici.  Of 
the  revolution  of  16S8  he  was  a  warm 
friend ;  but  he  acted  little  in  consonance 
witli  its  principles,  when  he  published 
his  "King  William  and  Queen  Alary 
Conquerors,"  to  assert  their  right  to 
the  crown  by  conquest.  The  commons 
ordered  this  tract  to  be  burnt  by  the 
hangman.  He  shot  himself  in  1693,  in 
consequence  of  the  sister  of  his  deceased 
wife  having  refused  to  marry  him. — 
Thomas,  was  b.  at  Bardesley,  in  Wor- 
cestershire,  in  1618,  and  d.  in  1679.  He 
published  Glossographia ;  a  Law  Dic- 
tionary; and va-'ous  other  works;  the 
most  curious  and  valuable  of  which  is, 
"  Fragmcnta  Antiquitatis,  or  Ancient 
Tenures  of  Land,  and  Jocular  Customs 
of  Manors." 

BLOW,  John,  a  musician,  was  b.  in 
1648,  at  North  Callingham,  in  Notting- 
hamshire, received  a  doctor's  degree 
from  Archbishop  Sancroft;  and,  on  the 
death  of  Purcell,  became  organist  of 
Westminster  abbey.  He  d.  in  1708. 
His  secular  compositions  were  collected, 
in  1700,  under  the  title  of  "  Amphion 
Anglicus."  His  church  music  receives 
qualified  praise  from  Dr.  Burney. 

BLUCIIER,  Gebaral  Lebrecht, 
Prince  von,  a  Prussian  field-marshal,  b. 
at  Kostock,  Dec.  16,  1742.  He  served 
45  years  in  the  army;  and  his  celebrity 
in  the  field,  though  rarely  victorious, 
obtained  him  the  name  of  "  Marshal 
Forwards."  He  aided  Wellington  in 
gaining  tic  battle  of  Waterloo,  by  his 
timely  arrival  at  the  most  decisive  mo- 
ment. In  reward  for  his  services  the 
kin?  of  Prussia  created  a  special  order  of 
Knighthood.     D.  at  Kriblowizt,  1819. 

BLUM,  Joachim  Christian,  a  Ger- 
man; author  of  "Lyrical  Poems," 
"The    Promenades,"    "Dictionary    of 


Proverbs,"  "The  Deliverance  of  Ra- 
thenau,"  &c.  B.  1739 ;  d.  1790. — Robert, 
whose  commanding  eloquence  during 
his  brief  political  career  gained  for  bird 
a  high  name,  was  b.  at  Cologne  in  1807. 
Cradled  in  poverty,  his  education  was 
completely  neglected ;  but  from  his 
earliest  years  he  manifested  a  thirst  for 
learning.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  was 
apprenticed  to  a  goldsmith;  he  after- 
wards worked  as  a  journeyman  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  Germany,  especially  at 
Berlin;  but  on  his  return  to  Cologne  in 
1830,  he  was  obliged  to  accept  the  hum- 
ble office  of  box-opener  in  the  theatre  of 
that  city.  Amid  all  the  difficulties  with 
which  he  had  to  struggle,  he  acquired  a 
high  degree  of  cultivation,  and  succeed- 
ed in  the  management  of  various  liter- 
ary and  political  journals  of  Lcipsic.  In 
1847  he  became  a  bookseller.  The 
events  of  March,  1S48,  brought  him  out 
as  a  politician.  He  represented  Leipsic 
in  the  parliament  at  Frankfort.  On  the 
breaking  out  of  the  second  revolution  at 
Vienna,  in  October,  1848,  he  repaired 
thither  with  some  other  members  of  his 
party,  to  offer  a  congratulatory  address 
to  the  Viennese.  Here  he  harangued 
the  people  with  great  power  and  effect ; 
but  after  the  suppression  of  the  rebel- 
lion he  was  arrested,  tried  by  court- 
martial,  and  condemned  to  be  shot,  Nov. 
9,  1848.  The  news  of  his  arrest  and 
execution  caused  great  consternation 
throughout  Germany  ;  but  it  has  not  yet 
been  resented,  as  it  unquestionably  will 
be,  when  the  people  rise  once  more  to 
vindicate  tluiv  rights. 

BLUMAUER,  Lewis,  a  German  satir- 
ical poet ;  author  of  a  "Travesty  of  the 
^Eneid,"  <fce.     B.  1755;  d.  1798. 

BLUMENBACH,  JohannFriederich, 
one  of  the  greatest  naturalists  of  modern 
times,  was  b.  at  Gotha  in  1752.  He 
early  displayed  a  great  aptitude  for  sci- 
entific pursuits,  and  before  he  had  com- 
pleted his  24th  year,  his  fame  as  an 
inquirer  into  nature  had  spread  through- 
out the  civilized  world.  In  1776,  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  medicine  hi  the 
university  of  Gottingen,  where  he  had 
been  educated ;  and  here,  for  the  long 
period  of  61  years,  he  continued,  by  his 
lectures  and  his  works,  to  extend  the 
science  of  comparative  anatomy,  which 
has  been  so  successfully  cultivated  in 
more  recent  times,  and  of  which  he  may 
be  truly  said  to  have  been  the  founder. 
D.  1837. 

BLUTEAU,  Dom  Raphael,  a  Ro- 
man Catholic  priest,  b.  in  Linden,  of 
French  parents  ;   author  of  a  valuable 


168 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[BC<3 


Portuguese  and  Latin  Dictionary.     D. 
1734. 

BOABDIL,  or  ABOUABOULA,  the 
last  Moorish  king  of  Granada ;  he  was 
expelled  for  the  last  time  from  Granada 
by  Ferdinand  of  Castile  and  Aragon,  in 
1491 ;  and  afterwards  resided  in  Africa, 
where  he  was  killed  in  battle  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  king  of  Fez. 

BO  ADEN,  James,  a  dramatic  author 
and  critic.  Educated  for  the  law,  he 
was,  like  many  young  men  similarly 
situated,  a  great  lover  and  frequenter  of 
the  theatre  ;  and,  from  loving  the  stage, 
he  got  to  writing  for  it.  His  plays  are 
numerous,  but  we  believe  there  is  nut 
one  of  them  that  now  keeps  possession 
of  the  stage.  Far  more  important  are  his 
dramatic  "memoirs,  which  are  probably 
the  best  records  we  have  of  John  Kein- 
ble,  Mrs.  Sichlons,  Mrs.  Jordan,  and 
Mrs.  Inchbald.  His  "Inquiry  into  the 
authenticity  of  the  various  Pictures  and 
Prints  of  Shakspeare,"  and  a  tract  on 
"  The  Sonnets  of  Shakspeare,"  are  also 
very  valuable  works.  B.  1762  ;  d.  1839. 
BOADICEA,  or  BONDUCA,  queen 
of  the  Ieeni,  in  Britain,  during  the  reign 
of  Nero,  having  been  treated  in  the  most 
ignominious  manner  by  the  Romans, 
headed  a  general  insurrection  of  the 
Britons,  attacked  the  Roman  settle- 
ments, reduced  London  to  ashes,  and 
put  to  the  sword  all  strangers,  to  the 
number  of  70,000.  Suetonius,  the  Bo- 
man  general,  defeated  her  in  a  decisive 
battle,  and  rather  than  fall  into  the  hands 
of  her  enemies,  she  put  an  end  to  her 
life  by  poison.  This  battle  was  fought 
a.  r>.  61.  Cowper's  beautiful  poem  on 
her,  is  one  of  his  most  delightful  pro- 
ductions. 

BOBROFF,  Simon  Sehgievitsch,  a 
Russian  poet,  who  enjoyed  considerable 
reputation  at  St.  Petei'sburgh.  His  best 
poem  is  said  to  be  "The  Chersonide,  or 
a  Summer's  Day  in  the  Crimea."  His 
lyrical  works  have  been  collected  in  four 
volumes.     D.  1810. 

BOCCACIO,  Giovanni,  one  of  the  most 
enduring  of  the  Italian  prose  writers, 
was  born  at  Paris,  of  an  illicit  connec- 
tion, which  his  father  formed  in  that 
city,  in  1313.  His  family  came  original- 
ly from  Certaldo,  in  Tuscany,  whence 
he  derives  the  appellation  sometimes 
given  him  of  Da  Certaldo.  He  was  ori- 
ginally intended  by  his  father  for  a 
mercantile  profession  ;  but  after  spend- 
ing six  years  with  a  merchant  at  Flor- 
ence and  Paris,  and  turning  his  thoughts 
to  the  canon  law,  he  abandoned  the  pur- 
suits which  interest  or  authority  dicta- 


ted, and  devoted  himself  totally  to  liter- 
ature.   He  studied  under  his  friend  and 
patron  Petrarch,  by  whose  suggestions 
he  retired  from  the"  tumults  and  factions 
of  Florence,  and  visited  Naples,  where 
he  was  received  with  kindness  by  king 
Robert,  of  whose  natural  daughter  he 
became    enamored,    anel    to   whom  he 
often  pays  his  homage,  in  his  various 
poetical  pieces,  as  Fiammetta.    Placed 
in  fortunate  circumstances,  with  a  lively 
and  cheerful  disposition,  of  a  soft  and 
pleasing  address,   the  favored  lover  of 
a    king's   daughter,   he    regarded   with 
more  aversion  than  ever  the  station  for 
which  he  had  been  intended.   The  fond- 
ness of  the  princess  for  poetry  ;  his  own 
intimacy  with  scientific  and  literary  men  ; 
the  tomb  of  Virgil,  near  Naples,  which 
he  used  to  visit  in  his  walks  ;  the  pres- 
ence of  Petrarch,  who  was  received  with 
the  highest  distinction  at  the  court  of 
Naples,  and  who  went  from  that  city  to 
Rome,  to  be  crowned  with  the  poetic 
laurel ;   the  intimacy  which  had  arisen 
between   the    two    poets — all    operated 
powerfully  on  Boccacio,  to  strengthen 
and  fix  his  natural  inclination  for  poetry 
and  literature.     After  living  two  years 
at  Florence  with  his  father,  he  returned 
to  Naples,  where  he  was  very  graciously 
received   by  the   queen  Joanna.     It  is 
thought  that  it  was  no  less  to  gratify  the 
young  queen,  than  his  Fiammetta,  that 
he  wrote  his  "  Decameron,"  which  has 
raised  him  to  the  rank  of  the  first  Italian 
prose  writer.     On  the  death  of  his  fa- 
ther, becoming  master  of  his  own  incli- 
nations, he  settled  at  Florence,  where 
his  first  work  was  a  description  of  the 
plague,  which  forms  the  opening  of  the 
"  Decameron."     He  passed  the  remain- 
der  of   his   life   in  his   native   village, 
where   his   constitution  was  weakened 
by  his  great  application,  and  where  he 
d.,  of  a  sickness  in  the  stomach,  1375. 
His  works  are  some  in  Latin  and  some 
in   Italian.     He   possessed    uncommon 
learning,   and    he    may    honorably    be 
reckoned  as  one  of  those   whose  great 
exertions  contributed  most  to  the  revi- 
val  of  learning  in  Europe.    His  best- 
known  composition  is  the  before-men- 
tioned "  Decameron,"  a  romance  occa- 
sionally licentious,  but  abounding  with 
wit,  satire,  and  elegance  of  diction.    Ilia 
"  Life  of  Dante,"  his  "  Genealogy  of  tha 
Gods,"  his  "History  of  Rome,"  and  hig 
"Thesis,"  are  much  admired.     Though 
his  poetry  does  not  possess  the  sweet- 
ness of  Petrarch's  lines,  his   prose   is 
unequalled   for  its    graceful  simplicity 
and  varied  elegance. 


BODJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    Ox'    BIOGRAPHT. 


169 


BOCCAGE,  Marie  Anne  du,  a  cele- 
brated French  poetess,  was  b.  at  Rouen, 
1710,  became  the  wife  of  a  receiver  of 
taxes  in  Dieppe,  who  died  soon  after  the 
marriage,  leaving  her  a  youthful  widow. 
She  concealed  her  talents,  however,  till 
the  charms  of  youth  were  past,  and  first 
published  her  productions  in  1746.  The 
first  was  a  poem  on  the  mutual  influence 
of  the  fine  arts  and  sciences.  This  gained 
the  prize  from  the  academy  of  Rouen. 
She  next  attempted  an  imitation  of 
"Paradise  Lost,"  in  six  cantos;  then, 
of  the  "  Death  of  Abel ;"  next  a  tragedy, 
the  "  Amazons ;"  and  a  poem  in  ten 
cantos,  called  the  "  Columbiad."  There 
in  a  great  deal  of  entertaining  matter  in 
the  letters  which  she  wrote  on  her  travels 
in  England  and  Holland,  and  in  which 
one  may  plainly  see  the  impression  she 
made  upon  her  cotemporaries.  Her 
works  have  been  translated  into  En- 
glish, Spanish,  German,  and  Italian.  D. 
1802. 

BOCCALINI,  Trajan,  an  Italian  sat- 
irist ;  author  of  the  "  Political  Touch- 
stone," a  "Satire  on  the  Spaniards," 
&c.  His  writings  gave  so  much  offence 
to  the  Spanish  court,  that  it  caused  him 
to  be  murdered  at  Venice,  1613. 

BOCCHERINI,  Luigi,  a  celebrated 
composer  of  instrumental  music,  pen- 
sioned for  his  merit  by  the  king  of 
Prussia,  and  warmly  patronized  by  the 
king  of  Spain.     B.  1740 ;  d.  1805. 

BOCCHI,  Achilles,  a  Bologncse,  of  a 
noble  family,  who  distinguished  himself 
in  the  16th  century  by  his  attachment 
to  literature ;  author  of  "  Apologia  in 
Plautnm,"  and  numerous  other  works. 

BOCCOLD,  John,  or  JOHN  OF  LEY- 
DEN,  a  fanatic  of  that  city  in  the  16th 
century,  who  headed  some  revolters, 
and  rnade  themselves  masters  of  Mun- 
ster,  where  he  assumed  the  characters 
of  king  and  prophet.  The  city  was  at 
length  taken  by  the  bishop,  and  Boccold 
was  hanged. 

BOCCONE.  Paul,  an  Italian  natural- 
ist; author  ot  "Museadi  Plante  rare." 
B.  1633;  d.  1704. 

BOCCUCI,  Joseph,  a  Spanish  author, 
b.  in  1775.  He  served  at  first  in  the 
army,  in  the  campaigns  of  1793  and  1794, 
against  republican  France,  but  after- 
wards devoted  himself  to  letters.  He  is 
the  author  of  several  comedies  played  at 
the  Madrid  theatre. 

BOCHART,  Samuel,  a  French  Prot- 
estant divine  ;  author  of  "  Geographia 
Sacra,"  a  treatise  on  the  "  Terrestrial 
Paradise,"  &c.     B.  1599;  d.  1667. 

BOCH.  or  BOCHIUS,  John,  a  Flemish 
15 


writer  of  the  16th  century;  author  of 
various  Latin  works,  and  styled,  from 
his  skill  in  Latin  poetry,  the  Belgic  Vir- 
gil.    B.  1555;  d.  1609. 

BOCQUILLOT,  Lazarus  Andrew,  a 
French  divine  ;  author  of  a  "  Treatise  on 
the  Liturgy,'  "  Life  of  the  Chjvalier 
Bayard,"  &c.    D.  1728. 

BODARD  DE  TEZAZ,  N.  M.  F.,  b. 
in  1758;  a  French  poet  and  diplomatist; 
ambassador  to  Naples  for  the  republic 
in  1799 ;  author  of  "  Lc  Ballon,"  a 
comedy;  "  Allonsko,"  a  melodrame; 
"  Minctte  et  Marine,"  an  opera,  &c. 

BODE,  John  Joachim  Christopher,  a 
German  writer.  He  .was  originally  a 
musician  in  a  Hanoverian  regiment;  he 
then  became  a  bookseller,  and  finally  rose 
to  be  privy  councillor  to  the  landgrave 
of  Hesse  Darmstadt.  He  translated 
some  of  the  best  French  and  English 
authors  into  German  with  considerable 
taste  and  judgment.  D.  1793. — Chris- 
topher Augustus,  a  learned  German 
linguist  and  critic  j  who  edited  the  New 
Testament  in  Ethiopic,  all  the  Evange- 
lists in  Persian,  St.  Matthew  in  Arabic, 
&c.  B.  1723  ;  d.  1796.— John  Elert,  an 
astronomer,  b.  at  Hamburg,  1747,  early 
discovered  an  inclination  for  mathemati- 
cal science,  in  which  his  father,  and 
afterwards  the  famous  J.  G.  Busch, 
instructed  him.  He  gave  the  first  public 
proof  of  his  knowledge  by  a  short  work 
on  the  solar  eclipse  of  August  5th,  1766. 
The  approbation  which  this  received 
encouraged  him  to  greater  labors,  and 
in  1768,  appeared  his  "Introduction  to 
the  Knowledge  of  the  Starry  Heavens," 
a  familiar  treatise  on  astronomy,  which 
has  done  much  to  extend  correct  views 
upon  the  subject,  and  continues  to  do 
so,  as  it  has  kept  pace  in  its  successive 
editions  with  the  progress  of  the  science, 
In  1772  the  Berlin  academy  chose  him 
their  astronomer,  and  ten  years  after- 
wards he  was  made  a  member  of  that 
institution.  His  best  works  are  his 
"Astronomical  Almanac,"  (commencing 
1774,)  a  work  indispensable  to  every 
astronomer ;  and  his  large  "  Celestial 
Atlas"  (Himmes  atlas,)  in  twenty  sheets, 
in  which  the  industrious  editor  has 
given  a  catalogue  of  17,240  stars,  (12,000 
more  than  in  any  former  charts.)  In 
1825  he  was  released,  at  his  own  wish, 
from  his  duties  in  the  academy  of 
science,  and  the  observatory  in  Berlin. 
D.  1827. 

BODIN,  John,  a  native  of  Angers, 
who  studied  law  at  Toulouse,  where  he 
acquired  reputation  by  his  lectures.  He 
came  to  Paris,  but  not  succeeding  at  the 


170 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[BOA 


bar,  he  devoted  himself  totally  to  wri- 
ting books.  Ilia  wit,  as  well  as  his 
merit,  recommended  him  to  public  no- 
tice. Henry  III.  visited  and  admired 
him ;  and  iii  the  company  of  the  duke 
of  Alencon,  he  visited  England,  where 
he  was  flattered  to  see  his  book  on  "  The 
Republic"  approved  and  read  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Cambridge.  Besides  his  "  De 
UvRepublique,"  he"  wrote  a  "Commen- 
tary on  Appian,"  "Discourses  on  Coins," 
'•  Methods  of  History,"  and  "  Demona- 
nia."     I),  of  the  plague,  at  Laon,  1596. 

BODLEY,  Sir  Thomas,  from  whom 
the  Bodleian  library  at  Oxford  takes  its 
name,  was  b.  at  Exeter,  March  2, 
1544.  In  1585  ho  was  made  gentleman 
usher  to  Queen  Elizabeth.  From  this 
time  to  1~>97  he  was  honorably  employed 
in  embassies  and  negotiations  with  for- 
eign powers  ;  and  on  his  revocation,  he 
set  about  the  work  of  restoring  the  pub- 
lic library  at  Oxford,  which,  in  two  years 
time,  he  brought  to  some  degree  of  per- 
fection. He  furnished  it  with  a  large 
collection  of  books,  purchased  in  for- 
eign countries,  at  a  great  expense  ;  and 
this  collection,  in  a  short  time,  became 
so  greatly  enlarged,  by  the  benefactions 
of  several  noblemen,  bishops,  and  oth- 
ers, that  neither  the  shelves  nor  the 
room  could  contain  them.  Whereupon 
Bodley  offering  to  make  considerable 
addition  to  the  building,  the  motion  was 
readily  embraced.  An  annual  speech  in 
his  praise  is  still  made  at  Oxford.  D. 
1612. 

BOOMER,  John  Jacob,  a  celebrated 
German  poet  and  scholar,  b.  at  Grei- 
ensee,  near  Zurich,  1608.  Although  he 
produced  nothing  remarkable  of  bis 
own  in  poetry,  he  helped  to  open  the 
way  for  the  new  German  literature  in 
this  department.  He  was  the  antagonist 
of  Gottsched,  in  Lcipsic,  who  aspired  to 
be  the  literary  dictator  of  the  day,  and 
had  embraced  the  French  theory  of 
taste,  while  Bodmer  inclined  to  the  En- 
glish. He  has  the  honor  of  having  had 
Kbpstock  and  Wieland  among  his  schol- 
ars, and  was  for  a  long  time  professor 
cf  history  in  Switzerland.  He  was  a 
copious  and  indefatigable  writer,  and 
though  he  entertained  many  incorrect 
views,  he  was  of  service  to  the  literature 
of  his  native  land,  which  was  then  in  a 
low  and  barbarous  state.  D.  at  Zurich, 
1780. 

BODONI,  Ciambatieta,  superintend- 
ent of  the  royal  press  at  Parma,  chief 
printer  to  the  king  of  Spain,  member  of 
several  academ'es  of  Italy,  knight  of 
several  high  ordjrs,  was  b.,  1740,  at  Sa- 


luzzo,  in  Piedmont,  where  Lis  father 
owned  a  printing  establishment.  He 
began,  while  yet  a  boy,  to  employ  him- 
self in  engraving  on  wood.  His  labors 
meeting  with  success,  he  went  in  1758 
to  Rome,  and  was  made  compositor  for 
the  press  of  the  "  Propaganda."  He 
next  established  a  printing-house  at 
Parma,  which  he  made  the  first  of  the 
kind  in  Europe,  and  gained  the  reputa- 
tion of  having  far  surpassed  all  the 
splendid  and  beautiful  productions  of 
his  predecessors  in  the  art.  The  beauty 
of  his  type,  ink,  and  paper,  as  well  as 
the  whole  management  of  the  technical 
part  of  the  work,  leaves  nothing  for  us 
to  wish,  but  the  intrinsic  value  of  his 
editions  is  seldom  equal  to  their  out- 
ward splendor.  His  Homer  is  a  truly 
admirable  and  magnificent  work ;  in- 
deed, his  Greek  letters  are.  the  most  per- 
fect imitations  that  have  been  attempted, 
in  modern  times,  of  Greek  manuscript. 
His  splendid  editions  of  Greek,  Latin, 
Italian,  and  French  classics  are  highly 
prized.     1).  at  Padua,  1613. 

BOECE,  Hector,  a  Scottish  historian, 
was  b.  at  Dundee  about  the  year  1465. 
He  studied  at  Aberdeen,  and  afterwards 
at  Paris,  where,  in  1497,  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  in  the  college  of 
Montacute.  In  1500  he  was  elected 
principal  of  the  college  of  Aberdeen, 
which  was  just  then  founded  by  Bishop  ' 
Elphinstone.  On  the  death  of  the 
bishop,  in  1514,  he  resolved  to  give  to 
the  world  an  account  of  his  life,  in  com- 
posing which  he  was  led  to  write  the 
history  of  the  lives  of  the  whole  of  the 
bishops  of  Aberdeen.  It  was  published 
in  1522.  He  next  wrote  a  "  History  of 
Scotland,"  which  was  published  at 
Paris,  1526.  A  second  edition  was 
printed  at  Lausanne  in  1574.     D.  1534. 

BOEIIM,  Jacois,  one  of  the  most  fa- 
mous mystics  of  modern  times,  was  b. 
at  Altseidcnbcrg,  Germany,  in  1575,  and 
passed  the  first  years  of  his  life,  with- 
out instruction,  in  the  tending  of  cattle 
in  the  fields.  The  beautiful  and  sub- 
lime objects  of  nature  kindled  his  ima- 
gination, and  inspired  him  with  a  pro- 
found piety.  Raised  by  contemplation 
above  his  circumstances,  and  undis- 
turbed by  exterior  influences,  a  strong 
sense  of  the  spiritual,  particularly  of  the 
mysterious,  was  awakened  in  him,  and 
he  saw  in  all  the  workings  of  nature 
upon  his  mind  a  revelation  of  God,  and 
even  imagined  himself  favored  by  di- 
vine inspirations.  The  education  which 
he  received  at  school,  though  very  im- 
perfect, consisting  only  of  writing,  spell- 


boe] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


171 


Ing,  and  reading  the  Bill  e,  supplied 
new  food  for  the  excited  imnd  ot  the 
hoy.  He  became  afterwards  a  shoe- 
maker; and  this  sedentary  life  seems 
to  have  strengthened  his  contemplative 
habits.  He  was  much  interested  in  the 
disputes  which  prevailed  on  the  subject 
of  Cryptocalvinism  in  Saxony:  though 
he  never  took  a  personal  part  in  secta- 
rian controversies,  and  knew  no  higher 
delight  than  to  elevate  himself,  undis- 
turbed, to  the  contemplation  of  the  In- 
finite. His  writings  are  very  unequal, 
but  always  display  a  profound  feeling. 
In  l."»'j4  he  became  a  master  shoemaker 
in  Gorlitz,  married,  and  continued  a 
shoemaker  during  his  life.  His  first 
work  appeared  in  1616,  and  was  call- 
ed "  Aurora."  It  contains  his  revela- 
tions on  God,  man,  and  nature.  This 
gave  rise  to  a  prosecution  against  him ; 
but  he  was  acquitted,  and  called  upon, 
from  all  sides,  to  continue  writing.  He 
did  not,  however,  resume  his  pen  until 
1610.  One  of  his  most  important  works 
is  "  Description  of  the  Three  Principles 
of  the  Divine  Being."  His  works  con- 
tain profound  and  lofty  ideas,  mingled 
with  many  absurd  and  confused  notions. 
He  died,  after  several  prosecutions  and 
acquittals,  in  16-24. — William  Anthony, 
a  learned  German  divine,  and  chaplain 
to  Prince  George  of  Denmark.  B.  1673 ; 
d.  1732. 

_  BOEIIMER,  G.  G.,  a  professor  at  Got- 
tingen,  b.  in  1761.  Always  a  liberal, 
aud  attached  to  the  French  party,  he 
edited  an  independent  journal  in  1791. 
He  congratulated  the  French  republic 
on  its  union  with  Belgium  in  1796,  and 
was  complimented  with  a  seat  in  the 
convention.  He  was  subsequently  per- 
secuted by  the  anti-French  party,  and 
imprisoned  at  Ehrenbreitstein  and  Er- 
furt. He  was  author  of  a  "  Memoir  to 
demonstrate  the  Rhine  as  the  Natural 
Boundary  of  France,"  &c.,  and  many 
political  German  works. 

BOEEHAAVE,  Herman,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  physicians  of  modern 
times,  b.  at  Woornout,  near  Leyden. 
His  knowledge  as  an  anatomist,  chemist, 
and  botanist,  as  well  as  in  the  causes, 
uature,  and  treatment  of  diseases,  was 
unrivalled ;  and  his  fame  was  spread 
over  the  world.  Peter  the  Great  visited 
him  on  his  travels;  and  a  Chinese  man- 
darin wrote  to  him  with  this  address, 
"  To  Boerhaave,  the  celebrated  physi- 
cian of  Europe."  No  professor  was  ever 
attended,  in  public  as  well  as  private 
lectures,  by  so  great  a  numher  of  stu- 
dents, from  such  different  and  distant 


parts  for  so  many  years  successively: 
none  heard  him  without  conceiving  a 
veneration  for  his  person,  at  the  same 
time  that  they  expressed  their  surprise 
at  his  prodigious  attainments;  and  it 
may  be  justly  affirmed,  that  none  in  so 
private  a  station  ever  attracted  a  more 
universal  esteem.  So  unmoved  was  he 
by  detraction,  from  which  the  best  of 
men  are  not  exempt,  that  he  used  to  say, 
"  The  sparks  of  calumny  will  be  present- 
ly extinct  of  themselves,  unless  you  blow 
them."  His  writings  are  numerous, 
among  the  principal  may  be  mentioned, 
'* Institutiones  Medico;;"  "Aphorismi 
de  Cognoscendis  et  Curandis  Morbis;" 
"Index  Plantarum  ;"  and  "  Elementa 
Ghimiaj."     B.  1668;  d.  1738. 

BOETHIUS,  Anigids  Manlius  Tor- 
quatus  Slverinus,  a  Roman  philosopher, 
whose  virtues,  services,  honors,  and 
tragical  end  all  combine  to  render  his 
name  memorable,  was  b.  470 ;  studied 
at  Rome  and  Athens ;  was  profoundly 
learned ;  and  filled  the  highest  offices 
under  the  government  of  Theodoric  the 
Goth.  He  was  long  the  oracle  of  his 
sovereign  and  the  idol  of  the  people ; 
but  his  strict  integrity  and  inflexible 
justice  raised  up  enemies  in  those  who 
loved  extortion  and  oppression,  and  he 
at  last  tell  a  victim  to  their  machinations. 
He  was  accused  of  a  treasonable  corre- 
spondence with  the  court  of  Constanti- 
nople, and  executed  in  524.  While  he 
was  at  the  helm  of  state,  he  found  rec- 
reation from  his  toilsome  occupations 
in  the  study  of  the  sciences,  and  devoted 
a  part  of  his  leisure  to  the  construction 
ot  mathematical  and  musical  muni- 
ments, some  of  which  he  sent  to  Clo- 
thaire,  king  of  France.  He  was  also 
much  given  to  the  study  of  the  old 
Greek  philosophers  and  mathematicians, 
and  wrote  Latin  translations  of  several 
of  them.  His  most  celebrated  work  is 
that  composed  during  his  imprisonment, 
"  On  the  Consolations  of  Philosophy," 
translated  by  two  of  the  most  illustrious 
English  rulers,  Alfred  and  Elizabeth. 
It  is  written  in  prose  and  verse  inter- 
mixed. The  elevation  of  thought,  the 
nobleness  of  feelincr,  the  ease  and  dis- 
tinctness of  style  which  it  exhibits,  make 
this  composition,  short  as  it  is,  far  supe- 
rior to  any  other  of  the  acre. 

BOETTCIIER,  John  'Frederic,  the 
inventor  of  the  Dresden  porcelain,  b. 
February  5th,  1682,  at  Schleiz,  in  the 
Voigtland,  in  his  15th  year  went  from 
Magdeburg,  where  he  received  his  early 
education,  to  Berlin,  as  apprentice  of 
an  apothecary.     There  he  devoted  hia 


172 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[boi 


nights  to  the  making  of  gold  out  of 
other  metals.  Oct.  1st,  1701,  he  changed, 
as  it  is  said,  in  the  presence  of  several 
witnesses,  eighteen  pieces  of  silver  into 
fine  gold.  As  this  was  much  talked  of, 
the  king  desired  to  see  him,  and 
Boettcher,  believing  he  was  to  be  arrest- 
ed as  an  adept,  fled  to  Saxony.  The 
king  of  Saxony  gave  him  large  sums  of 
money,  and  became  very  impatient  to 
see  the  gold.  Boettcher,  in  1704,  at- 
tempted to  escape,  but  was  overtaken, 
and,  with  the  assistance  of  one  Tschirn- 
hausen,  who  had  discovered  a  kind  of 
porcelain,  invented  an  improved  com- 
position of  it,  with  which  he  hoped  to 
appease  the  king,  who  was  in  the  habit 
of  spending  immense  sums  in  China- 
ware.  In  1705  Boettcher  invented  the 
Dresden  porcelain,  which  has  since  be- 
come so  famous.  He  made  use  of  a 
clay  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Meissen. 
The  king,  upon  this,  made  him  a  baron 
of  the  empire,  and  director  of  the  new 
manufactory  of  porcelain  in  Meissen, 
though  he  was  often  treated  as  a  prison- 
er, lest  the  secret  should  be  betrayed. 
He  was  finally  removed  from  his  dignity 
on  account  of  his  immoral  life.  D.1719, 
in  the  greatest  poverty. 

BOGDANOWTTSCH,  Hippolyt  Fed- 
erowitsoh,  the  Russian  Anacreon,  was 
b.  in  1743,  at  Perewolotshna,  in  White 
Russia.  His  father  was  a  physician. 
He  was  designed  for  an  engineer ;  went, 
for  the  purpose  of  studying  engineering, 
to  Moscow,  in  1754  ;  but,  having  higher 
views,  he  applied  himself  to  the  study 
of  the  fine  arts,  and  to  learning  foreign 
languages.  He  gained  patrons  and 
friends,  and,  in  1791,  was  made  inspec- 
tor in  the  university  of  Moscow,  and 
afterwards  translator  in  the  department 
of  foreign  affairs.  In  1762  he  travelled 
with  Count  Beloselsky,  as  secretary  of 
legation,  to  Dresden,  where  he  devoted 
his  whole  attention  to  the  study  of  the 
fine  arts  and  of  poetry,  till  1768.  The 
beautiful  pictures  in  the  gallery  of  that 
place  inspired  him  to  write  his  "Psyche," 
(Duschenka,)  which  appeared  in  1775, 
and  fixed  his  fame  on  a  lasting  founda- 
tion. After  this  he  devoted  himself  to 
music  and  poetry,  in  solitary  study  at 
Petersburg,  till  Catharine  called  him 
from  his  retirement.  He  then  wrote,  on 
different  occasions,  several  dramatic  and 
historical  pieces.  In  1788  he  was  made 
president  of  the  imperial  archives.  In 
1792  he  took  leave  of  the  court,  and 
lived  as  a  private  man  in  Little  Russia. 
Alexander  recalled  him  to  Petersburg, 
where  he  lived  till  1803. 


BOGORIS,  the  first  Christian  king  of 
Bulgaria ;  converted  by  his  sister,  (vho 
had  been  taken  prisoner  by  the  troops 
of  Theodosia,  and  was  restored  to  him 
by  that  empress. 

'  BOGUE,  David,  a  dissenting  minister 
of  very  considerable  acquirements  ;  pas- 
tor of  a  congregation  at  Gosport,  Hants, 
where  he  also  kept  an  establishment  for 
the  education  of  young  men  destined  for 
the  Christian  ministry,  in  connection 
with  the  Independents.  He  is  consid- 
ered as  the  father  of  the  London  Mis- 
sionary Society,  and  he  also  contributed 
greatly  to  the  formation  of  the  British 
and  Foreign  Bible  Society.  He  wrote 
an  "  Essay  on  the  Divine  Authority  of 
the  New  Testament,"  a  "  History  ot'tho 
Dissenters,"  &c.     B.  1749  ;  d.  1825. 

BOHEMOND,  the  first  prince  of  An- 
tioch.  He  took  Antioch  in  1098,  and 
subsequently  took  Laodicea.     D.  1111. 

BOHN,  John,  a  German  physician; 
author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Duties  of  a 
Physician,"  &c.     B.  1640;  d.  1719. 

BOHUN,  Edmund,  a  political  writer 
of  note  in  the  reign  of  James  II.  and 
William  III. ;  author  of  a  li  Defence  of 
King  Charles  II. 's  Declaration,"  a  "  Ge- 
qgraphical  Dictionary,"  "  Life  of  Bishop 
Jewell,"  &c.  He  was  living  at  the  ac- 
cession of  Queen  Anne,  but  the  exact 
date  of  his  death  is  uncertain. 

BOIARDO,  Matteo  Maria,  count  of 
Scandiano,  was  b.  at  a  seat  belonging 
to  his  family  near  Fcrrara,  in  1434.  From 
1488  to  1494,  the  period  of  his  death,  he 
was  commander  of  the  city  and  castle 
of  Regsrio,  in  the  service  of  his  protec- 
tor, Ercole  d'Este,  duke  of  Modena. 
This  accomplished  courtier,  scholar,  and 
knight  was  particularly  distinguished 
as  a  poet.  His  "  Orlando  Innamorato" 
is  continued  to  the  seventy-ninth  cantj, 
but  not  completed.  He  immortalized 
the  names  of  his  own  peasants,  and  the 
charms  of  the  scenery  at  Scandiano,  in 
the  persons  of  his  heroes  and  his  descrip- 
tions of  the  beauties  of  nature.  In  lan- 
guage and  versification  he  has  been  sur- 
passed by  Ariosto,  whom  he  equalled  in 
invention,  grace,  and  skilful  conduct  of 
complicated  episodes.  Domenichi,  Ber- 
Tii,  and  Agostini  new  modelled  and  con- 
tinued the  work  of  Boiardo,  without 
improving  it.  One  continuation,  only, 
will  never  be  forgotten — the  immortal 
"  Orlando"  of  Ariosto.  In  some  of  his 
works,  Boiardo  was  led,  by  the  spirit  of 
his  times,  to  a  close  imitation  of  the  an- 
cients, as  in  his  "  Capitt  li,"  also  in  a 
comedy  borrowed  from  Lucian's  "  Ti- 
mon,"  .and   in   his  Lath    eclogues  and 


BOI~| 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


173 


translations  of  Herodotus  and  Apu- 
leius. 

BOICHOT,  Jean,  a  distinguished 
French  sculptor.  The  "Colossal  Group 
of  St.  Michael,"  and  the  "  Sitting  Her- 
cules," are  among  his  best  works.  The 
baa-reliefs  of  the  rivers  on  the  Trium- 
phal Arch  of  the  Carousel  arc  his.  B. 
1738  ;  d.  1814. 

BOIELDIEU,  Adbien,  a  i  slebrated 
French  musical  composer,  b.  in  1775; 
author  of  numerous  well-known  operas  : 
"  Le  Calife  de  Bagdad,"  "Jean  de  Pa- 
ris," &c.  "Telemaque"  is  thought  his 
chef-d'ixui-re.  His  style  is  characterized 
by  a  sweet  and  natural  melody,  much 
imaginative  gayety,  and  simple  but 
pleasing  accompaniments. 

BOIGNE,  Count,  a  French  soldier  of 
fortune,  was  b.  at  Chamberry,  in  17.il. 
"When  17years  old  he  entered'the  French 
army,  which  he  quitted  for  the  Russian 
service  in  about  5  years,  and  was  taken 
prisoner  at  the  siege  of  Tenedos.  After 
being  released  he  left  Russia,  and  in  177S 
went  into  the  service  of  the  East  India 
Company  ;  but  fancying  himself  neglect- 
ed, he  ottered  himself  to  the  notice  of 
Mahajee  Scindiah,  the  celebrated  prince 
of  the  Mahrattas,  to  whom  he  was  of  the 
greatest  use  during  his  campaigns,  and 
who  loaded  him  with  honors  and  riches. 
Having  remitted  his  vast  fortune  to  En- 
gland, and  wishing  to  return  to  Europe 
for  the  sake  of  bis'  health,  he  left  India 
in  1795,  and  settled  at  Chamberry.  He 
d.  in  1830,  possessed  of  about  twenty 
millions  of  francs,  the  greater  part  of 
which  he  bequeathed  to  his  son. 

BOILEAU,    James,    b.   at    Paris,    in 

1635,  was  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonnc,  a 
eanon,  and  dean,  and  grand  vicar  of 
Sens.  He  is  the  author  of  several  theo- 
logical and  other  works  in  the  Latin 
language,  the  most  celebrated  of  which 
is  the  "  Ilistoria  Flagellantium.*'  James 
Boileau  was  caustic  and  witty.  Being 
asked  why  he  always  wrote  in  Latin,  he 
replied,  "  for  fear  the  bishops  should 
read  me,  in  which  case  I  should  be  per- 
secuted." The  Jesuits  he  designated  as 
men  "who  lengthened  the  creed,  and 
abridged  the  decalogue."  D.  1716. — 
Giles,  a  French  writer ;  author  of  a 
translation  of  Epictetus,  &c.  B.  1601 ; 
d.  1669. — John  James,  a  French  divine  ; 
author  of  "  Letters  on  Morality  and  De- 
votion," &c.  D.  1735. — Nicholas,  Sieur 
des  Preux,  a  celebrated  poet,  b.  at  Paris, 

1636.  His  father,  who  left  him  an  or- 
phan before  he  was  17,  had  not  formed 
the  most  promising  expectations  of  the 
d>owers  ot   his  mind  ;    but  the  dulness 

15* 


of  youth  disappeared  as  he  approached 
to  maturity.  He  applied  himself  to  the 
law  ;  he  was  admitted  advocate  in  1656, 
but  he  did  not  possess  the  patience  and 
application  requisite  for  the  bar,  and 
exchanging  his  pursuits  for  the  study  of 
divinity,  he  at  last  discovered  that  a  de- 
gree at  the  Sorbonne  was  not  calculated 
to  promote  the  bent  of  his  genius,  or 
gain  him  reputation.  In  the  field  of 
literature  he  now  acquired  eminence 
and  fame.  The  publication  of  his  first 
satires,  1666,  distinguished  him  above 
his  poetical  predecessors,  and  he. became 
the  favorite  of  France  and  of  Europe. 
His  art  of  poetry  added  still  to  his  repu- 
tation ;  it  is  a  monument  of  his  genius 
and  judgment.  His  "  Lutrin"  was  writ- 
ten in  1674,  at  the  request  of  Lamoignon, 
and  the  insignificant  quarrels  of  the 
treasurer  and  ecclesiastics  of  a  chapel 
are  magnified  by  the  art  and  power  of 
the  poet  into  matters  of  importance, 
and  every  line  conveys,  with  the  most 
delicate  pleasantry,  animated  descrip- 
tion, refined  ideas,  and  the  most  inter- 
esting scenes.  Louis  XIV.  was  not  in- 
sensible of  the  merits  of  a  man  who 
reflected  so  much  honor  on  the  French 
name.  Boileau  became  a  favorite  at 
court,  a  pension  was  settled  on  him,  and 
the  monarch,  in  the  regular  approbation 
from  the  press  to  the  works  of  the  au- 
thor, declared  he  wished  his  subjects  to 
partake  the  same  intellectual  gratifica- 
tion which  he  himself  had  so  repeatedly 
enjoyed.  As  a  prose  writer  Boileau  pos- 
sessed considerable  merit,  as  is  fully 
evinced  by  his  elegant  translation  of 
Longinus.  After  enjoying  the  favors 
of  his  sovereign,  Boileau  retired  from 
public  life,  and  spent  his  time  in  literary 
privacy,  in  the  society  of  a  few  select 
and  valuable  friends.     D.  1711. 

BOILLY,  N.,  an  agreeable  and  pro- 
ductive French  painter,  b.  in  1768.  His 
most  celebrated  pieces  are,  "The  Arri- 
val of  the  Diligence;"  "The  Departure 
of  the  Conscripts  ;"  and  "Interior  ot'  M. 
Isabeau's  Atelier."  He  has  some  affec- 
tation of  Dutch  coloring,  but  truth  of 
execution  is  his  great  forte. 

BOINDON,  Nicholas,  a  French  dra- 
matist; author  of  several  comedies. 
Having  d.  an  avowed  atheist,  he  was  in- 
terred without  any  religious  ceremonies. 
D.  1751. 

BOINVILLE,  De,  was  b.  of  a  noble 
family,  at  Strasburg,  in  1770.  He  quit- 
ted a  lucrative  office,  and  joined  the 
French  republican  party  in  1791.  He 
then  went  to  England  with  La  Fayette, 
as  aid-de-camp.     He  married  an  English 


174 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bol 


lady  ^f  great  talent  and  beauty,  accepted 
a  coi  inland  under  Napoleon,  and  per- 
ished  in  the  retreat  from  Moscow. 

BOIS,  John  Du,  a  French  monk,  who 
served  in  tho  army  of  Henry  III.  On 
the  death  of  Henry  IV.  he  accused  the 
Jesuits  of  having  caused  the  assassina- 
tion of  that  prince.  For  this  accusation 
he  was  confined  in  the  castle  of  St.  An- 

felo,  at  Rome.  D.  1626. — Philip  du,  a 
rench  divine ;  editor  of  an  edition  of 
Tibullus,  Catullus,  and  Propertius,  ad 
usuin  Delphini.  D.  1703. — Gerard  du, 
a  priest  or  the  Oratory ;  author  of  "  An- 
nals of  France,"  "History  of  the  Church 
of  Paris,"  &c.     D.  1696. 

BOISMORAND,  Abbe  Chiron  de,  an 
unprincipled  French  satirist.  Bred  a 
Jesuit,  he  first  satirized  that  order,  and 
then  refuted  his  own  satire.     D.  1740. 

BIOSROBERT,  Francis  le  Metel  de, 
a  French  abbot,  celebrated  for  his  wit, 
and  patronized  by  Richelieu.  His  poems, 
plays,  tales,  &c,  are  extremely  numer- 
ous.    D.  1662. 

BOISSARD,  John  James,  a  French 
antiquary  ;  author  of  "  Theatrum  Vitas 
Humanae,"  &c.    P.  1602. 

BOISSAT,  Peter  de,  an  eccentric 
Frenchman ;  at  first  a  priest,  then  a  sol- 
dier, and  at  last  a  pilgrim;  author  of 
"L'Histoire  Negropontique ;  ou,  lea 
Amours  d' Alexandre  Castriot."   D.  1662. 

BOISSY  D'ANGLAS,  Francis  An- 
thonv,  Count  de,  a  distinguished 
French  senator  and  literary  character, 
and  a  man  who  throughout  the  revolu- 
tionary frenzy  constantly  displayed  great 
firmness  and  a  disinterested  love  of  lib- 
erty. By  Napoleon  he  was  made  a 
senator  and  commander  of  the  legion  of 
honor;  and  in  1814  Louis  XVIII.  cre- 
ated him  a  peer;  but  he  was,  /or  a  time 
only,  deprived  of  his  title,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  recognition  of  the  emperor 
on  his  return  from  Elba.  His  writings 
are  on  various  subjects:  among  them 
are  "  The  Literary  and  Political  Studies 
of  an  Old  Man  ;"  an  "  Essav  on  the  Life 
of  Malesherbes,"  &c.     B.  1756  ;  d.  1826. 

BOISSY,  Louis  de,  a  French  comic 
writer,  who,  although  he  had  been  the 
author  of  numerous  successful  come- 
dies, was  reduced  to  such  extreme  dis- 
tress, that  had  he  not  been  opportunely 
rescued  by  the  marchioness  de  Pompa- 
dour, he  and  his  wife  would  have  per- 
ished through  hunger.     D.  1758. 

BOIVIN,  Francis  de,  a  French  writer; 
author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Wars  of 
Piedmont."  D.  1018. — Louis,  a  French 
advocate  ;  author  of  poems  and  some 
learned  historical  treatises.     D.  1724.— 


John,  brother  of  the  above,  professor 
of  Greek  in  the  Royal  college  of  Paris, 
and  keeper  of  the  king';;  library;  authoi 
of  a  French  version  of  the  "Birds  of 
Aristophanes,"  and  the  "  CEdipus  of 
Sophocles,"  &c,  &c.  D.  1726.  —  Dk 
Villeneuve,  John,  a  Norman  writer, 
chiefly  on  classical  literature  ;  author  of 
"  An  Apology  for  Homer,"  and  tho 
"Shield  of  Achilles,"  &e.     D.  1726. 

BOIZOT,  Louis  Simon,  b.  in  1743  ;  a 
French  painter  and  sculptor,  but  more 
distinguished  as  the  latter.  The  "Vic- 
tory" of  the  Fountain  of  the  Place  du 
Chatclet,  is  his  chef-d'aeuwe.  Elegant, 
graceful,  and  delicate  as  are  the  various 
productions  of  his  chisel,  he  is  accused 
of  too  great  monotony  in  the  attitude 
and  expression  of  his  figures,  as  well  as 
inaccuracy  of  outline. 

BOKHARI,  a  celebrated  Mussulman 
doctor;  he  was  a  predestinarian,  and 
the  author  of  a  collection  of  traditions, 
entitled  "  Tektirtch."  D.  256  of  the 
Hegira. 

BOL,  Ferdinand,  a  Dutch  historical 
and  portrait  painter,  pupil  of  Rembrandt. 
B.  1611;  d.  1681. 

BOLANGER,  John,  an  historical 
painter,  pupil  of  Guido.     D.  1660. 

BOLD,  Samuel,  an  English  divine 
and  controversial  writer;  author  of  a 
"Plea  for  Moderation  towards  Dissent- 
ers," &c.     D.  1737. 

BOLDONIC,  C,  an  Italian  writer,  b. 
in  176s ;  author  of  "La  Constituzione 
Francese,"  (published  in  1792,)  which 
contributed  to  diffuse  the  renovated 
seeds  of  freedom  over  Italy  at  that  epoch. 

BOLEYN,  Anne,  daughter  of  Sir 
Thomas  Boleyn,  is  known  in  English 
history  as  the  wife  of  Henry  VIII.,  and 
as  the  occasion  of  the  reformation.  She 
went  to  France  in  the  seventh  vear  of 
her  age,  and  was  one  of  the  attendants  of 
the  English  princess,  wife  to  Louis  XII., 
and  afterwards  to  Claudia  the  queen 
of  Francis  I.  and  then  of  the  duchess 
of  Alenqon.  About  1525  she  returned 
to  England,  and  when  maid  of  honor  to 
Queen  Catherine,  she  drew  upon  herself 
the  attention  and  affection  of  the  king, 
and  by  her  address  in  the  management 
of  the  violence  of  his  passion,  she  pre- 
vailed upon  him  to  divorce  his  wife  ;  and 
as  the  pope  refused  to  disannul  his  mar- 
riage, England  was  separated  from  the 
spiritual  dominion  of  Rome.  Henry  was 
united  to  his  favorite,  14th  Nov.  1532, 
by  whom  he  had  a  daughter,  after- 
wards Queen  Elizabeth,  but  his  passion 
was  of  short  duration,  and  Anne  Bo- 
eyn  so  long  admired,  so  long  courted  by 


bol] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


175 


the  amorous  monarch,  was  now  despised 
for  Jane  Seymour,  and  cruelly  beheaded 
May  19th,  1586.  She  bore  her  fate  with 
resignation  and  spirit;  but  though 
branded  with  ignominy  by  Catholic  wri- 
ters, she  must  appear  innocent  in  the 
judgment  of  impartial  men,  and  the  dis- 
graceful accusation  brought  against  her, 
of  a  criminal  connection  with  her  own 
brother  and  four  other  persons,  must  be 
attributed  to  the  suggestions  and  malice 
of  that  tyrant,  who,  in  every  instance, 
preferred  the  gratification  of  his  lust  to 
every  other  consideration.  Her  story  is 
a  favorite  one  with  the  dramatists  and 
poets. 

BOLINGBROKE,  Henry  St.  John, 
Lord  Viscount,  son  r»f  Sir  Henry  St. 
John,  was  b.  at  Battersoa,  in  1672,  and 
educated  at  Eton  and  Christ-church, 
Oxford.  He  obtained  a  cpat  in  parlia- 
ment in  1700,  and  in  1704  was  appointed 
secretary  of  war  and  the  marines,  but 
resigned  the  secretaryship  in  1707.  In 
1710  he  again  formed  part  of  the  minis- 
try, as  secretary  of  state,  and  had  a  prin- 
cipal share  in  the  peace  of  Utrecht.  In 
1712  he  was  created  Viscount  Boling- 
broke  ;  but,  dissatisfied  with  not  having 
obtained  an  earldom,  and  with  other  cir- 
cumstances, he  became  the  enemy  of  his 
colleague  Harley,  of  whom  he  had  long 
been  the  friend.  Chi  the  accession  of 
George  I.  an  impeachment  of  Boling- 
broke  being  meditated,  he  fled  to  France, 
and,  at  length,  accepted  the  office  of 
secretary  to  the  pretender.  He  was  soon, 
however,  dismissed  from  this  new  ser- 
vice, and,  in  the  mean  while  had  been 
impeached  and  attainted  in  England. 
After  a  residence  in  France  till  1723  he 
was  pardoned,  and  his  estates  were  re- 
stored, but  he  was  not  allowed  to  sit  in 
the  house  of  peers.  More  indignant  at 
this  exclusion  than  gratified  by  his  par- 
don, he  became  one  of  the  chief  oppo- 
nents of  Sir  R.  Walpole,  and  by  the 
power  of  his  pen  contributed  greatly  to 
the  overthrow  of  that  minister.  In  1735 
he  again  withdrew  to  France,  and  re- 
mained there  till  the  death  of  his  father, 
after  which  event  he  settled  at  Battersea, 
where  he  resided  till  1751,  when  he  d. 
of  a  cancer  in  the  face.  Bolingbroke 
was  intimate  with  and  beloved  by  Pope, 
Swift,  and  the  most  eminent  men  of  his 
age  ;  his  talents  were  of  the  first  order ; 
he  possessed  great  eloquence,  and,  in 
point  of  style,  his  writings  rank  among 
the  best  in  the  English  language. 

_  BOLIVAR,  Simon,  the  celebrated 
Liberator  of  South  America,  and  the 
<nost  distinguished  military  commander 


that  has  yet  appeared  there,  was  b.  of 
noble  parents  in  the  city  of  Caraccas, 
1783.  Having  acquired  the  elements  of 
a  liberal  education  at  home,  he  was  sent 
to  Madrid  to  complete  his  studies  ;  and 
afterwards  visited  Paris,  where  he  form- 
ed an  acquaintance  with  several  d:stin- 
guished  men.  He  then  made  the  tour 
of  Southern  Europe,  again  visited  the 
Spanish  capital,  and  married  the  young 
and  beautiful  daughter  of  the  Marquis 
de  Ustariz  del  Cro ;  but  soon  after  his 
return  to  his  native  land,  whither  she  ac- 
companied him,  his  youthful  bride  ."ell  a 
victim  to  the  yellow  fever ;  and  he  once 
more  visited  Europe  as  a  relief  to  his  sor- 
row for  one  so  fervently  beloved.  On 
returning  to  South  America,  in  1810,  he 
pledged  himself  to  the  cause  of  indepen- 
dence,and  commenced  his  military  career 
in  Venezuela,  as  a  colonel  in  the  service  of 
the  newly  founded  republic.  Soon  after 
this  he  was  associated  with  Don  Louis 
Lopez  Mendez,  for  the  purpose  of  cotn- 
municating  intelligence  of  the  change  of 
government  to  Great  Britain.  In  1811 
he  served  under  Miranda,  and  had  the 
command  of  Puerto  Cabello ;  but  the 
Spanish  prisoners  having  risen  and  seiz- 
ed the  fort,  he  was  obliged  to  quit  the 
town  and  proceed  to  Caraccas.  At  length 
Miranda  was  compelled  to  submit"  to 
Montcverde,  the  royalist  general ;  and 
Bolivar,  entering  the  service  of  the  pa- 
triots of  New  Grenada,  soon  had  another 
opportunity  of  assisting  his  old  friends 
the  Venezuelans.  For  a  while  he  was 
successful,  but  reverses  followed  ;  and 
when,  in  1S15,  theSpanish  forces  under 
Morillo  arrived,  he  threw  himself  into 
Carthagena,  and  subsequently  retreated 
to  St.  Domingo.  The  spirit  of  resist- 
ance was,  however,  by  no  means  extin- 
guished ;  he  found  new  means  to  lead 
his  countrymen  to  victory;  and  after 
many  desperate  conflicts  the  indepen- 
dence of  Columbia  was  sealed,  and  Bol- 
ivar was  chosen  president  of  the  repub- 
lic in  1821.  His  renown  was  now  at  its 
height,  and  every  act  of  his  government 
showed  how  zealously  alive  he  was  to 
the  improvement  of  the  national  institu- 
tions and  the  moral  elevation  of  the 
people  over  whom  he  ruled.  In  1823  he 
went  to  the  assistance  of  the  Pernvians, 
and  having  succeeded  in  settling  their 
internal  divisions,  and  establishing  their 
independence,  he  was  proclaimed  Liber- 
ator of  Peru,  and  invested  with  supreme 
authority.  In  1825  he  visited  Upper 
Peru,  which  detached  itself  from  the 
government  of  Buenos  Ayres,  and  was 
formed  into  a  new  republic,  named  Bo~ 


176 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bon 


livia,  in  honor  of  the  liberator;  but  do- 
mestic factions  sprung  up,  the  purity  of 
his  motives' was  called  in  question,  and 
he  was  charged  with  aiming  at  a  perpet- 
ual dictatorship  ;  he  accordingly  declar- 
ed his  determination  to  resign  his  power 
as  soon  as  his  numerous  enemies  were 
overcome,  and  to  repel  the  imputations 
of  ambition  cast  upon  him,  by  retiring 
to  seclusion  upon  his  patrimonial  estate. 
The  vice-president,  Santander,  urged 
him,  in  reply,  to  resume  his  station  as 
constitutional  president;  and  though  he 
was  beset  by  the  jealousy  and  distrust  of 
rival  factions,  he  continued  to  exercise 
the  chief  authority  in  Columbia  till  May, 
1830,  when,  dissatisfied  with  the  aspect 
of  internal  affairs,  he  resigned  the  pres- 
idency, and  expressed  a  determination 
to  leave  the  country.  The  people  ere 
long  became  sensible  of  their  injustice 
to  his  merit,  and  were  soliciting  him  to 
resume  the  government,  -when  his  death, 
which  happened  in  December,  1830,  pre- 
vented the  accomplishment  of  their 
wishes.  In  person  he  was  thin,  and 
somewhat  below  the  middle  size,  but  ca- 
pable of  great  endurance;  his  eomplex- 
•on  sallow,  and  his  eyes  dark  and  pene- 
trating. His  intellect  was  of  the  highest 
order,  and  his  general  character  of  that 
ardent,  lofty  cast,  which  is  so  well  calcu- 
lated to  take  the  lead  among  a  people 
emerging  from  the  yoke  of  tyranny. 

BOLL  AND,  Sir  William,  an  eminent 
lawyer  and  one  of  the  barons  of  Exche- 
quer, was  a  member  and  one  of  the 
originators  of  the  Roxburgh  Chib,  and 
is  often  mentioned  by  Dr.  Dibdin  among 
the  most  ardent  admirers  of  the  literature 
of  the  olden  times.     B.  1773 ;  d.  1840. 

BOLLANDUS,  John,  a  learned  Flem- 
ish Jesuit ;  one  of  the  compilers  of  the 
"  Acta  Sanctorum."     D.  1665. 

BOLOGNESE,  Francisco,  the  as- 
sumed name  of  Francis  Grimaldi,  an  ex- 
cellent landscape  painter,  pupil  of  Anni- 
bal  Caracci.     D.  16S0. 

BOLSEC,  Jerome,  a  Carmelite  friar  of 
Paris.  He  became  for  a  time  a  Protest- 
ant, but  again  returned  to  the  Catholic 
faith,  and  marked  his  zeal  against  Prot- 
estantism in  his  lives  of  Calvin  and 
Theodore  Bcza.     D.  1582. 

BOLSWEET,  Scheldt,  an  engraver  of 
the  17th  century,  a  native  of  Friesland, 
but  who  passed  most  of  his  life  in  Ant- 
werp ;  distinguished  for  the  excellence 
of  his  engravings  from  Rubens  and  Van- 
dyck. 

'BOLTON,  Edmund,  an  English  anti- 
quary of  the  17th  century ;  author  of 
''  Elements  of  Armories,"   "  Nero  Cae- 


sar, or  Monarchie  Depraved,"  &c. — Ro- 
bert, a  Puritan  divine  ;  author  of  a 
"  Treatise  on  Happiness,"  &c.  B.  1571 ; 
d.  1631. — Robert,  dean  of  Carlisle  ;  au- 
thor of  an  "Essay  on  the  Emplovinent 
of  Time,"  &c.  D.  1763.— Sir  William, 
a  captain  in  the  British  navy,  and  a  ne- 
phew of  Lord  Nelson,  commenced  his 
career  in  1733,  as  a  midshipman,  on 
board  the  Agamemnon,  commanded  by 
his  gallant  uncle  ;  under  whom  he  serv- 
ed with  credit  and  ability  on  the  most 
trying  occasions,  during  a  great  part  of 
tlie  war.  Although  he  did  not  obtaiu 
higher  promotion,  owing  chiefly  to  his 
not  being  present  in  the  ever-memora- 
ble battle  of  Trafalgar,  (which  Nelson 
emphatically  regretted  during  the  en- 
gagement.) his  merits  as  a  naval  officer, 
his  gentlemanly  deportment,  and  above 
all,  his  humanity,  deserve  to  be  record- 
ed.    B.  1777  ;  d".  1S30. 

BOLTS,  William,  an  English  mer- 
chant, of  Dutch  extraction,  b.  in  1740. 
He  was  invested  with  high  employ  in 
the  East  India  Company's  service,  and 
realized  a  large  fortune  in  India;  but 
being  accused  of  a  design  to  subvert  the 
Indian  government,  he  was  arrested, 
sent  to  England,  imprisoned,  and  sub- 
jected to  a  seven  years'  process,  which 
dissipated  his  large  fortune.  He  d.  at 
last  in  a  poor-house.  He  left  a  work 
"  On  Bengal,"  and  "  Considerations  on 
the  Affairs  of  India." 

BOLZANI,  Urbano  Valeriano,  a 
learned  monk  ;  teacher  of  Greek  at 
Venice,  and  the  first  who  wrote  a  gram- 
mar of  that  language  in  Latin.  D.  1524. 
BOMBELLI,  Sebastian,  an  eminent 
Boloamese  historical  and  portrait  painter. 
B.  1635  ;  d.  1685.— Raphael,  a  celebrated 
algebraist  of  the  16th  century,  and  the 
first  who  invented  a  uniform  method  of 
working  equations. 

BOMBERG,  Daniel,  a  Dutch  printer; 
whose  Bible  and  Talmud  are  highly 
valued.     D.  1549. 

BOMPART,  Jean  Baptiste,  a  French 
republican  vice-admiral,  b.  in  1757 ; 
brought  into  notice  by  his  fighting  a 
British  frigate  of  44  guns,  with  his  ship, 
the  Ambuscade,  36  guns,  off  New  York. 
His  ship  was  taken,  and  himself  made 
prisoner,  during  the  expedition  to  Ire- 
land in  1798.  He  always  retained  his 
steady  republican  feelings  during  Bona- 
parte's imperial  ascendency,  and  even 
during  the  Hundred  Davs. 

BON  ST.  HILARY,  Francis  Xavier, 
a  learned  French  writer;  author  of  "Me- 
moire  sur  les  Marrones  dTnde,"  && 
D.  1761. 


bon] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


177 


BONA,  John-,  Cardinal;  author  of 
Beveral  devotional  works.  Raised  to 
the  cardinalate  by  Clement  IX.   D.  1674. 

BONAMY,  Peter  Nicholas,  a  French 
ecclesiastic ;  historiographer  of  Paris, 
Librarian  of  St.  Victor,  and  conductor  of 
the  journal  of  Verdun,  a  clever  periodi- 
cal work.  He  also  contributed  largely 
to  the  Memoirs  of  the  Academy  of  In- 
scriptions. B.  1694;  d.  1770.— A  gener- 
al ;  one  of  the  conquerors  of  Naples,  in 
17S9.  In  charging  the  principal  redoubt 
at  Moskwa,  he  received  twenty  bayonet 
wounds,  and  was  left  in  the  hands  of 
the  Russians.  He  returned  to  France 
in  1814.     B.  1764. 

BONANNI,  Philip,  a  learned  Jesuit 
of  Rome;  author  of  a  ''History  of  the 
Church  of  the  Vatican;"  ''Collection  of 
the  Medals  of  the  Popes,"  &c,  &c.  D. 
1725. 

BONAPARTE.  The  name  of  a  Corsi- 
can  family  which  has  been  made  for  ever 
illustrious  by  the  prodigious  military 
genius  of  one  of  its  members,  the  late 
emperor  of  the  French.  The  most  au- 
thentic genealogical  documents  ascribe 
a  Florentine  origin  to  the  family,  and 
trace  them  back  to  the  year  1120,"  when 
one  of  them  was  exiled'  from  Florence 
as  a  Ghibelline ;  and  in  1332  we  find  that 
John  Bonaparte  was  podesta  of  that  city. 
In  1404,  his  descendant  and  namesake, 
who  was  plenipotentiary  to  Gabriel  Vis- 
conti,  duke  of  Milan,  married  the  niece 
of  Pope  Nicholas  V.  His  son,  Nicho- 
las Bonaparte,  ('written  Buonaparte  until 
after  Napoleon  s  first  Italian  campaign, 
when  the  u  was  dropped,)  was  ambas- 
sador from  the  same  pontiff  to  several 
courts,  and  vicegerent  of  the  holy  see  at 
Aseoli.  In  1567  Gabriel  Bonaparte  es- 
tablished himself  at  Ajaccio,  and  for 
several  generations  his  descendants  were 
successively  heads  of  the  elders  of  that 
city.  But  Napoleon  Bonaparte  ridiculed 
the  pride  of  ancestry,  and  was  eager  on 
ail  occasions  to  declare  that  the  exalted 
station  he  had  attained  was  due  to  his 
own  merits  alone. — Carlo,  his  father, 
was  a  respectable  advocate  at  Ajaccio, 
in  the  island  of  Corsica.  He  had  studied 
law  at  Rome,  but  resigning  the  gown 
for  the  sword,  he  fought  under  Paoli 
against  the  French,  and  when  Corsica 
surrendered  was  relnctlantly  induced  to 
live  under  the  French  government.  On 
this  submission,  beinir  much  noticed  by 
the  new  governor,  Count  de  Marboef, 
he  was  appointed  j  udge  lateral  of  Ajaccio. 
D.  in  his  39th  year,  of  cancer  in  the  sto- 
mach.— Marie  Letitie,  whose  maiden 
tome  was  Ramolini,  the  wife  of  Carlo,  a 


lady  of  great  beauty  and  accomplish- 
ments, bore  him  five  sons  and  three 
daughters,  and  lived  to  see  them  eleva- 
ted to  the  highest  positions. — Napoleon, 
was  b.  on  the  15th  August,  1769,  ak 
Ajaccio.  He  was  educated  at  the  mili- 
tary school  of  Br;enne  from  1779  to  1784. 
His  conduct  there  was  unexceptionable. 
He  seems  to  have  cultivated  mathematics 
more  than  any  other  branch  of  study 
He  was  fond  of  the  history  of  great  men, 
and  Plutarch  seems  to  have  been  his 
favorite  author,  as  he  is  with  most  young 
persons  of  an  animated  character.  For 
languages  he  manifested  little  taste.  He 
made  himself  well  acquainted  with  the 
French  classics.  From  the  military 
school  at  Brienne,  he  went  with  nigh 
recommendations  to  that  of  Paris.  In 
17S6  he  commenced  his  military  career, 
being  appointed  in  that  year  second 
lieutenant  iu  the  regiment  of  artillery  La 
Fere,  after  a  successful  examination,  one 
year  after  the  death  of  his  father.  "While 
at  the  school  in  Paris,  young  Bonaparte 
expressed  a  decided  dislike  of  the  dis- 
cipline and  mode  of  living  there,  which 
he  thought  by  no  means  fitted  to  prepare 
the  pupils  for  the  privations  of  a  military 
life.  Napoleon,  then  20,  was  at  Paris  at 
the  epocn  of  the  J  0th  of  August.  In 
September  he  returned  to  Corsica.  The 
celebrated  Paoli,  who  had  acted  as  lieu- 
tenant-general in  the  service  of  France, 
had,  meanwhile,  been  proscribed,  with 
twenty  other  generals,  as  a  traitor,  and 
a  price  set  on  his  bead.  In  May,  1793, 
Paoli  raised  the  standard  of  revolt  to 
secure  his  own  safety,  and  threw  otf  the 
yoke  of  the  convention.  He  a>sembled 
a  eonsulta  of  the  Corsican  malcontents. 
Bonaparte  openly  opposed  the  views  of 
Paoli,  and  a  war  broke  out  between  the 
adherents  of  that  leader  and  those  of 
France.  Many  excesses  were  committed, 
and  Paoli  went  so  far  as  to  make  attempts 
upon  the  persons  of  young  Bonaparte 
and  his  family.  But  Bonaparte  suc- 
ceeded in  conducting  them  safely  to 
France,  where  they  retired  to  La  Valette, 
near  Toulon,  and  at  a  later  period,  to 
Marseilles.  In  the  same  vessel  with  ".he 
Bonapartes  were  the  commissioners  of 
the  convention  and  the  French  trocps. 
^t  was  the  persuasion  of  Joseph  Bona- 
parte, one  of  the  members  of  the  depart- 
mental administration  at  the  time  of 
Paoli's  revolution,  that  engaged  his 
family  in  the  French  cause,  and  thus 
had  an  important  influence  on  the  fu- 
ture career  of  his  brother.  Bonaparte 
proceeded  to  Nice,  to  join  the  fourth 
regiment  of  artillery,  in  which  he  had 


178 


CYCLGPA2DIJ     OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[box 


been  made  captain.     This  was  in  tl  i 
years  1798  and  1794,  when  the  Mou:  • 
tain  party  developed  its  energies  wita 
an  unexampled  rapidity,  by  an  equally 
unexampled  system;    and,    finding   r.o 
foundation  for  a  rational  liberty  on  the 
first  emersion  of  the  country  from  the 
corruption    and    tyranny   of   centuries, 
strove   to   save   it'  by  terrorism*     The 
evident  talents  of  the  young  officer  com- 
mended him  to  the  leaders  of  the  con- 
vention.     He  was  present  at  the  affair 
at  Lyons,  and  soon  after  greatly  distin- 
guished himself  in  expelling  the  English 
from    Toulon.      He    was    consequently 
made  a  general  of  briirade  in  1794.     The 
same  year  he  defended  the  convention 
from  an  attack  of  the  Parisians,  defeat- 
ing and  dispersing  them.     In   1796  he 
married    Josephine    Beauharnois,    the 
widow  of  Count  de   Beauharnois,  who 
bad  been  beheaded  by  Robespierre.    He 
left  his  bride  in  three  days  for  Nice,  and 
taking   the   command   of   an   army   of 
60,000  men,  half  armed  and  in  want  of 
even'  necessary,  he  outmanoeuvred  the 
Anstrians,  and  won  the  battles  of  Monte- 
notte,  Millesimo,  Dego,   Mandovi,  and 
Lodi,  conquering  all  Piedmont  and  the 
Milanese.     His  victories  of  Louado,  Cas- 
tiglione,  Roverado,  Pnssano,  Sanoiorw-o, 
and   Areola  closed  1798.     The  following 
year  he  won  the  fields  of  Rivoli,  La  Fa- 
vorite, Tagliamento,  Lavis,  took  Mantua. 
Trieste,  and  Venice,  and  compelled  Aus- 
tria to  sign  the  treaty  of  Campo  Formio. 
On  the  19th  May,  of  the  same  year,  he 
sailed  with  an  expedition  to  Egypt,  of 
which  he  took  possession  after  fitrhtinsr 
several  battles.     In  1799  he  returned  to 
France,   finding  that  the  conquests  he 
had  made  from  Austria,  she  was  recov- 
ering ;  he  dissolved  the  national  conven- 
tion, was  declared  first  consul,  restored 
peace  in  La  Vendee,   carried  an  army 
over  the   Alps,   beat  the    Anstrians  at 
Rom  mo,  Montebcllo,  and  Marengo,  and 
made  the  emperor  sign  a  second  treaty 
of  peace.     In  1801  he  signed  the  prelimi- 
naries of  peace  with  England.     In  18^2 
he  was  declared  first  consul  for  life.     In 
1304  he  was  made  emperor.     In  1805  he 
was  declared  king  of  Italy.     Hostilities 
igain  breaking  out  with  Austria,  he  wop. 
.be  battles  of  Wertinghen,  Gurtzhnnrh, 
Memrainghen,  Elchinjren,  enptured  Ulm 
and  an  entire  army,  and  taking  Vienna 
and  fiefhtiner  the  battles  of  Piernestein, 
and  Austerlitz,  he  forced  the  Aus'rians 
to  si<m  the  treaty  of  Presbunrh.    The 
year  1806  may  be  regarded  as  the  era  of 
Lis  king-making.     New  dynasties  were 
«reated  by  him,  and  princes  promoted 


or  transferred  according  to  hi?  will ;  the 
crown   of  Naples   he   bestowed  on  his 
brother    Joseph,    that    of   Holland    on 
Louis,  and  of  Westphalia  on  Jerome ; 
while  the   Confederation  of  the  Rhine 
was  called  into  existence  to  give  stability 
to  his  extended  dominion.    Prussia  again 
declared  war:  but  the  disastrous  t>att*  i 
of  Jena  annihilated  her  hopes,  and  both 
she  and  Russia  were  glad  to  make  peace 
with  the  French  emperor  in  1Su7.     Na- 
poleon  now   turned  his  eye  on  Spain. 
After  taking   measures  to  bring  about 
the  abdication  of  Charles  IV.   and  the 
resignation  of  Ferdinand,  he  sent  80,000 
men   into  that   country,   seized   all   t he 
strong  places,  and  obtained  possession 
of  the   capital.     In   1809,  while  his  ar- 
mies  were  thus    occupied  in  the  Pen- 
insula,    Austria     again     ventured       to 
try  her  strength  with   France.     Napo- 
leon thereupon   left   Paris,  and    at   the 
head  of  his  troops  once  more  entered 
the  Austrian  capital,  gained  the  decisive 
victory  of  Wagram,  and  soon  concluded 
a  peace ;  one  of  the  secret  conditions  of 
which,    was,   that    he   should    have   his 
marriage  with  Josephine  dissolved,  and 
unite   himself  to   the  daughter   of  the 
emperor,  Francis  II.     His  former  mar- 
riage was   accordingly  annulled;    Jose- 
phine, with  the  title  of  ex-empress,  re- 
tired to  Navarre,  a  seat  about  30  miles 
from  Paris  ;  and  he  espoused  the  arch- 
duchess Maria   Louisa,  in  April,  1810. 
The  fruit  of  this  union  was  a  son,  who 
was  styled  king  of  Rome.     Dissatisfied 
with  the  conduct  of  Russia,  he  now  put 
himself  at  the  head  of  an  invading  army, 
prodigious   in    number,  and    admirably 
appointed,  and  marched  with  his  numer- 
ous allies  towards  the  enemy's  frontiers. 
This  eventful  campaign  atrainst  Russia 
may  be  said  to  have  opened  on  the  22d 
June,  on  which  day  he  issued  a  procla- 
mation, wherein,  with  his  usual  oracular 
brevity,  he  declared  that  his  "destinies 
were  about  to  be  accomplished."      On 
the  28th  June  he  entered  Wilna,  where 
he  established  a  provisional  srovernment, 
while  he  assembled  a  general  diet  at  "War- 
saw.   In  the  mean  time  the  French  army 
continued  its  march,  and  passed  the  Nie- 
men  on  the  23d,  24th,  and  25th  June, 
arriving  at  Witepsk  on  the  way  to  Smo- 
lensko,  in  the  early  part  of  July.    In  the 
march  it  obtained  several  victories,  and 
the  Russians   finding   their  enemy  too 
powerful    in    open    contest,    contented 
themselves  for  the  most  part  in  wasting 
the  country,  and  adding  to  the  severities 
and   operation  of  the   Russian   climate 
upon  a  southern  soldiery.    The  French 


bon] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


179 


army,  however,  undauntedly  proceeded, 
until  arriving  near  Moscow  on  the  10th 
September,  the  famous  battle  of  Boro- 
dino was  fought,  so  fatal  to  both  parties, 
and  in  which  60,000  are  supposed  to 
have  perished.  Napoleon  notwithstand- 
ing pressed  on  to  Moscow,  from  which 
the  Russians  retreated,  as  also  the 
greater  part  of  the  inhabitants,  who 
abandoned  it  by  order  of  the  governor, 
Count  Rostopehin.  When,  therefore, 
Napoleon  entered  the  celebrated  capital, 
four  days  after  the  battle,  he  found  it 
for  the  most  part  deserted  and  in  flames. 
This  strong  measure  saved  the  Russian 
empire,  by  completely  destroying  the 
resources  of  Napoleon.  After  remain- 
ing thirty-five  days  in  the  ruins  of  this 
ancient  metropolis,  exposed  to  every 
species  of  privation,  retreat  became  ne- 
cessary, amid  one  of  the  most  striking 
scenes  of  human  suffering  ever  experi- 
enced. Hunger,  cold,  and  the  sword 
attended  the  wretched  fugitives  all  the 
way  to  Poland,  and  the  narrative  of 
Count  Segur,  who  details  all  the  events 
and  their  effect  on  Napoleon,  possibly 
forms  the  most  appalling  picture  in 
modern  history.  On  the  18th  Decem- 
ber, Napoleon  entered  Paris  at  night, 
and  on  the  following  day  a  bulletin,  with 
no  great  concealment  of  their  extent, 
disclosed  his  losses.  Early  the  next 
month  he  presented  to  the  senate  a  de- 
cree for  levying  350,<000  men  which  was 
unanimously  agreed  to,  and  he  forth- 
with began  preparations  to  encounter 
the  forces  of  Russia  and  Prussia,  now 
once  more  in  combination.  On  the  2d 
May,  they  met  at  Lutzen,  and  the  allies 
retired,  on  which  Austria  undertook  to 
mediate,  but  not  succeeding,  the  battle 
of  Bautzen  followed,  in  which  the 
French  were  victorious.  On  the  20th 
May,  an  armistice  took  place,  and  nego- 
tiations were  opmed,  which  proved 
fruitless  ;  and  Austria  was  at  length  in- 
duced to  join  the  allies.  On  this  im- 
portant event.  Napoleon  endeavored  to 
reach  Berlin,  while  the  allies  sought  to 
occupy  Dresden,  which  attempt  induced 
him  to  return  and  repulse  them  in  the 
battle  of  Dresden,  on  which  occasion, 
Moreau,  who  had  come  from  Paris  to 
fight  under  the  banner  of  the  confeder- 
ates, was  mortally  wounded.  At  length 
these  equivocal  contests  terminated  in 
the  famous  battle  of  Leipsic,  fought  on 
the  16th,  18th,  and  19th  October,  which 
was  decisive  of  the  war  as  to  Germany. 
The  French  loss  was  immense:  Prince 
Poniatowski  of  Poland  was  killed,  fif- 
teen general  officers  were  wounded,  and 


twenty-three  taken  prisoners ;  aud  of 
184,000  men,  opposed  to  300,000,  n?t 
more  than  60,000  remained.  On  this 
great  victory,  the  Saxons,  Bavarians, 
Westphalians,  in  a  word,  all  the  con- 
tingent powers  declared  for  the  allies. 
Napoleon  returned  to  Paris,  and  inter- 
rupted the  compliment  of  address,  by 
thus  stating  the  disagreeable  fact,  that 
"  within  the  last  year  all  Europe  marched 
with  us,  now  all  Europe  is  leagued 
against  us."  He  followed  up  this  avowal 
by  another  demand  of  800,000  men. 
The  levy  was  granted,  and  on  the  26th 
January,  he  again  headed  his  army,  and 
the  allies  having  passed  the  Rhine  early 
in  the  same  month,  in  the  succeeding 
month  of  February  were  fought  the  bat- 
tles of  Dizier,  Brienne,  Camp  Aubcrt, 
and  Montmirail,  with  various  success ; 
but  now  the  advanced  guard  of  the  Rus- 
sians entered  into  action,  and  Napoleon 
was  called  to  another  quarter.  The  san- 
guinary conflicts  of  Montereau  and  No- 
gent  followed,  in  which  the  allied  forces 
suffered  very  severely,  and  were  obliged 
to  retire  upon  Troves.  Early  in  March 
the  treaty  of  alliance  was  concluded  be- 
tween Britain,  Austria,  Prussia,  and 
Russia,  by  which  each  was  bound  not 
to  make  peace  but  upon  certain  condi- 
tions. This  was  signed  at  Chatillon,  on 
the  loth  March,  and  made  known  to 
Napoleon,  who  refused  the  terms.  His 
plan  was  now  to  get  into  the  rear  of  the 
combined  army,  and  by  this  manoeuvre 
to  endeavor  to  draw  them  off  from  Paris ; 
but  the  allies  gaining  possession  of  his 
intentions  by  an  intercepted  letter,  has- 
tened their  progress,  and  on  the  30th 
March  attacked"  the  heights  of  Chau- 
mont,  from  which  they  were  repulsed 
with  great  loss.  At  length,  however, 
their  extensive  array  bore  on  so  many 
points,  that  on  the  French  being  driven 
back  on  the  barriers  of  Paris,  Marshal 
Marmont,  who  commanded  there,  sent 
a  flag  of  truce,  and  proposed  to  deliver 
up  the  city.  Napoleon  hastened  from 
Fontainbleau,  but  was  apprised  iive 
leagues  from  Paris  of  the  result.  He 
accordingly  returned  to  Fontainbleau, 
where  he  commanded  an  army  of  50,000 
men,  and  the  negotiation  ensued  which 
terminated  with  his  consignment  to  the 
island  of  Elba,  with  the  title  of  ex-em- 
peror, and  a  pension  of  two  millions  of 
livres.  He  displayed  becoming  firmness 
on  this  occasion,  and  on  the  20th  April, 
after  embracing  the  officer  commanding 
the  attendant  grenadiers  of  his  guard, 
and  the  imperial  eagles,  he  departed  to 
his  destination.    Not  long  after,  secretly 


180 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[BON 


embarking  in  some  hired  feluccas,  ac- 
companied with  about  1200  men,  he 
landed  on  the  1st  March,  1S14,  in  the 
gulf  of  Juan,  in  Provence.  He  imme- 
diately issued  a  proclamation,  announ- 
cing his  intention  to  resume  the  crown, 
of  which  "treason  had  robbed  him," 
and  proceeding  to  Grenoble,  was  at  once 
welcomed  by  the  commanding  officer, 
Labedoyere,  and  in  two  days  after  he 
entered  Lyons,  where  he  experienced  a 
similar  reception.  In  Lyons  he  pro- 
ceeded formally  to  resume  all  the  func- 
tions of  sovereignty  by  choosing  coun- 
sellors, generals,  and  prefects,  and  pub- 
lishing various  decrees,  one  of  which 
was  for  abolishing  t  le  noblesse,  of  whom 
the  restored  family  had  already  made 
the  French  people  apprehensive,  and 
another  proscribing  the  race  of  Bourbon. 
Thus  received  and  favored,  he  reached 
Paris  on  the  20th  March  without  draw- 
ing a  sword.  In  the  capital  he  was  re- 
ceive! with  the  loud  acclamations  of 
"  Vive  l'Empereur  !"  and  was  joined  by 
Marshal  Ney,  and  the  generals  Drouet, 
Lallemand,  and  Lefebvre.  On  the  fol- 
lowing day  he  reviewed  his  army,  re- 
ceived general  congratulations,  and  an- 
nounced the  return  of  the  empress.  On 
opening  the  assembly  of  representati  pes, 
on  the  7th  June  following,  he  talked  of 
establishing  a  constitutional  monarchy. 
But  by  ibis  time  the  allies  were  once  more 
in  motion,  and  having  collected  an  im- 
mense supply  of  stores  and  ammunition, 
he  quitted  Paris  on  the  12th  of  the  same 
month,  to  march  and  oppose  their  pro- 
gress. He  arrived  on  the  13th  at  Aves- 
nes,  and  on  the  1-ith  and  16th  fought 
the  partially  successful  battles  of  Fleurus 
and  Ligny.  On  the  18th  occurred  the 
signal  and  well-known  victory  of  Water- 
loo, in  which  the  British  made  so  suc- 
cessful a  stand  under  the  duke  of  Wel- 
lington, until  aided  into  decisive  victory 
by  the  timely  arrival  of  the  Prussians 
under  Bulow.  In  the  battle,  out  of 
95,000  men,  it  is  thought  that  the  French 
lost  nearly  50,0'10.  Napoleon  immedi- 
ately returned  to  Paris,  but  the  charm 
was  now  utterly  dissolved;  and,  soured 
by  the  result  of  the  battle,  and  fearing 
another  occupation  of  the  capital,  a 
strong  party  was  openly  formed  against 
him,  and  even  his  friends  urged  him  to 
abdicate.  He  was  prevailed  upon  at 
length,  with  some  difficulty,  to  take  this 
step  in  favor  of  his  son.  For  some  time 
he  entertained  the  idea  of  embarking  for 
America;  but  fearful  of  British  cruisers, 
;ie  at  length  determined  to  throw  him- 
self on  the  generosity  of  the  only  people 


who  had  never  materially  yielded  to  his 
influence.  He  accordingly  resigned  him- 
self, on  the  loth  July,  into  the  hands  of 
Captain  Maitlaud,  of  the  Bellcrophon, 
then  lying  at  Bochfort,  and  was  exceed- 
ingly anxious  to  land  in  England.  On 
giving  himself  up,  he  addressed  the 
prince  regent  in  a  well-known  letter,  in 
which  he  compared  himself  to  Themis- 
tocles.  It  is  impossible  to  dwell  on  the 
minutiae  of  his  condnct  and  reception, 
or  on  the  circumstances  attendant  on 
his  consignment  for  safe  custody  to  St. 
Helena,  by  the  joint  determination  of 
the  allies.  For  this,  his  final  destina- 
tion, he  sailed  on  the  11th  August,  1S15, 
and  arrived  at  St.  Helena  on  the  loth  of 
the  following  October.  The  rest  of  his 
life  is  little  more  than  a  detail  of  gradual 
bodily  decay ;  rendered,  however,  stri- 
king by  the  narrative  of  his  remarks, 
conversation,  and  literary  employment, 
among  the  t'aw  faithful  courtiers  and 
officers  allowed  to  accompany  him. 
After  a  few  years,  he  was  taken  with 
cancer  in  the  stomach.  He  bore  the 
excruciating  torture  of  his  disease  for 
six  weeks  with  great  firmness,  generally 
keeping  his  eyes  fixed  on  a  portrait  of 
his  son,  which  was  placed  near  his  bed. 
From  the  beginning  he  refused  medicine 
as  useless ;  and  his  last  words,  uttered 
in  a  state  of  delirium  on  the  morning  of 
his  death,  were,  "  Mon  tils  !"  soon  after- 
wards, "  tete  d'armee !"  and  lastly, 
"  France.'"  This  event  took  place  on 
on  the  5th  May,  1821,  in  the  52d  year 
of  his  age.  He  was  interred,  according 
to  his  own  desire,  near  some  willow 
trees  and  a  spring  of  water,  at  a  place 
called  Hiinc's  Valley,  his  funeral  being 
attended  by  the  highest  military  honors. 
Thus  terminated  the  eventful  and  daz- 
zling career  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  one 
ofthose  extraordinary  gifted  individuals, 
who,  falling  into  a  period  and  course  of 
circumstances  adapted  to  their  peculiar 
genius,  exhibit  the  capacity  of  human 
nature  in  the  highest  point  of  view. — 
Napoleon  Francis  Charles  Joseph, 
duke  of  Ecichstadt,  only  son  of  the  Em- 
peror Napoleon  by  his  second  wife, 
Maria  Louisa  of  Austria.  After  his  fa- 
ther's downfall,  he  was  wholly  ;;nder 
the  care  of  his  grandfather,  the  emperor 
of  Austria.  He  was  from  infancy  of  a 
weakly  constitution,  ana  a  rapid  decline 
terminated  his  life  in  1832,  at  the  early 
age  of  21.  It  would  appear,  from  a  work 
by  M.  de  Montbel,  entitled  "  Le  Due  de 
Eeichstadt,"  that  the  young  Napoleon 
possessed  many  amiable  qualities,  and 
was  greatly  beloved  by  those  who  knew 


bon] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


181 


him ;  while  he  had  all  the  enthusiasm 
and  passion  of  youth  in  extreme  force, 
alternating  with  a  distrust,  a  caution, 
and  a  rapidity  in  fathoming  the  charac- 
ters of  the  persons  with  whom  he  was 
necessarily  brought  into  contact,  which 
are  the  usual  qualities  of  age;  and  that 
he  took  the  deepest  interest  in  every 
thing  connected  with  his  father's  former 
greatness,  or  relating  to  military  affairs. 
• — Joseph,  an  elder  brother  of  Napoleon, 
was   b.   in  Corsica,   in   170S.     Educated 
for  the  law  at  the  college  of  Autun  in 
France,   he   became  a  member  of  the 
new   administration    of   Corsica  under 
PaDli;    but  soon   afterwards  emigrated 
to   Majseilles,    where   he    married    the 
daughter  of  a  banker  name  1  Clari.     In 
1796  he  was  appointed  commissary  to 
the  army  in  Italy  then  commanded  by 
his  brother  Napoleon  ;  and  in  1797,  hav- 
ing been  elected  deputy  to  the  council 
of  five  hundred  by  his  native  depart- 
ment, he  repaired  to   Paris,  whence  he 
was  shortly  afterwards  sent  by  the  ex- 
ecutive directory  as  ambassador  to  the 
Eope.      During   the    revolution    which 
roke  out  at  Kome  under  Duphot,  he 
displayed  considerable  energy ;  and  on 
his  return  to  Paris  lie  was  made  coun- 
sellor  of  state,   and  was   subsequently 
employed  by  Napoleon  to  negotiate  the 
treaties  of  Luneville  with  the  emperor 
of  Germany,  and  of  Amiens  with  En- 
gland.      When   Napoleon  attained   the 
imperial  crown,  Joseph  was  recognized 
as  an  imperial  prince,  and  in  this  capa- 
city he  headed  the  expedition   against 
Naples  in  1S06,   which  resulted  in  his 
being  proclaimed  kin?   of  Naples  and 
Sicily.     Here  he  reigned  till  1808,  effect- 
ing  beneficial  changes  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  law  and  the  institutions 
of  the   country.     In   1808  he   was   ap- 
pointed  king   of  Spain,  Murat  having 
succeeded  him  as  king  of  Naples.     But 
in  Spain  he  encountered  much  greater 
difficulties  than  at  Naples;  and  during 
the  five  years  of  his  reign  he  was  thrice 
obliged  by  the  successes  of  the  allied 
armies  to  quit  his  capital;  the  last  time. 
in  1818,  after  the  battle  of  Vittoria,  to 
return   no   more.     He   now   retired  to 
France.     In   January   of  the    following 
year,  when   Napoleon    set   out  for  the 
army,  he  was  appointed  lieutenant-gen- 
eral of  the  empire  and  head  of  the  coun- 
cil of  regency  to  assist  the  empress-re- 
gent; but  in  this  capacity  he  displayed 
little    firmness,    and    consented  to   the 
capitulation  of  Paris,  which  resulted  in 
the  ab  lication  of  Napoleon  and  his  ban- 
ishment to  Elba.      He  then  retired  to 
16 


Switzerland  ;  but  he  rejoined  Napoleoi* 
on  his  return  to  Paris  in  March,  1815. 
and  after  the  defeat  at  Waterloo  he  em- 
barked for  the  United  States,  where  he 
purchased  a  large  property,  at  Borden- 
town,  N.  J.,  and  continued  for  many 
years  to  reside  under  the  name  of  the 
Count  de  Survilliers.     D.  at  Florence, 
1844.  —  Lucien,  '  prince   of  Canino,   the 
next  brother  after   Napoleon  in  birth, 
and  after   him,  too,   the   ablest  of  the 
family.     He  was  b.  at  Ajaccio  in  1775  ; 
and  having   quitted   Corsica,   with    his 
family,  in  1793,  he  became  a  commissary 
of  the  army  in  17'.'"),  and  soon  afterwards 
was  elected  a  deputy  from  the  depart- 
ment of  Liamone  to  the  council  of  Qve 
hundred.     It  was  here  that  he  first  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  the  energy  of  his 
manner,  the  fluency  of  his  language,  the 
soundness  of  his  arguments,  and  his  ap- 
parent devotion  to  the  existing  govern- 
ment.     During  Napoleon's  absence  in 
Egypt,  he  maintained  a  constant   corre- 
spondence with  him  ;  and,  on  his  return, 
Lucien  was  the  chief  instrument  of  the 
revolution  which  followed.     When  the 
sentence   of  outlawry   was   about  to  be 
pronounced  against  his  brother,  he  op- 
posed it  with  all  the  force  of  his  elo- 
quence ;    and  when  he  perceived    that 
remonstrances  were  of  no  avail,  he  threw 
down  the  ensigns  of  his  dignity  as  pres- 
ident, mounted  a  horse,  harangued  the 
troops,  and  induced  them  to  clear  the 
hall  of  its  members.     By  his  subsequent 
energy,  coolness,  and  decision,  he  led 
the  way  to  Napoleon's  election  as  first 
consul,  and  was  himself  made  minister 
of  the  interior,  in  the  room  of  Laplace. 
But  great  as  were  the  services  which 
Lucien  had  performed  for  his  brother, 
the  latter  became  jealous  of  his  abilities, 
I  and  feared  his  popularity.     A  coolness 
between  them  soon  took  place ;    and, 
I  with   that    cunning   which   marked   so 
many  of  his  actions,  he  took  care  to  re- 
move Lucien  from  the  immediate  sceno 
of  action,  by  sending  him  ambassador 
to  Madrid.     In  the  spring  of  1802  lie  re- 
turned to  Paris,  was  outwardly  recon- 
ciled with  the  first  consul,  and  entered 
a  second  time  upon  the  tribuneship.  He 
had  married,  at  an  early  age,  the  daugh- 
ter of  a  wealthy  innkeeper ;    and,   his 
wife  having  been  now  some  time  dead, 
he  united  himself  to  one  Madame  Jou- 
berthou,  the  widow  of  a  stock-broker,  a 
woman  distinguished  for  her  gallantrie* 
This  gave  great  offence  to  Napoleon,  ano 
was  a  severe  blow  to  the  system  he  ha. 
long  contemplated  of  forming  royal  alli- 
ances  for  his   relatives.     He   therefore 


182 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[boi 


used  every  means  in  his  power  to  induce 
Lucien  to  consent  to  a  dissolution  of  the 
marriage;  but,  to  his  honor  be  it  re- 
corded, he  constantly  spurned  all  the 
proposals  that  were  made  to  him  to  sac- 
rifice his  wife.  For  several  years  he 
took  up  his  residence  at  Eome,  where 
he  was  a  welcome  visitor,  having  merit- 
ed the  gratitude  of  the  pope  by  the  zeal- 
ous support  he  had  given  the  concordat ; 
and  when,  in  1807,  he  found  that  the 
emr.ity  of  his  brother  rendered  his  stay 
in  that  city  no  longer  safe,  he  retired  to 
an  estate  which  he  had  purchased  at 
Canine,  and  which  his  holiness  had 
raised  into  a  principality.  It  was  not 
long,  however,  before  he  found  that  the 
emissaries  of  Napoleon  were  hovering 
round  his  retreat,  and  he  fled  secretly 
to  Civita  Vecchia,  from  which  place  he 
embarked  in  August,  1S10,  with  the  in- 
tention of  proceeding  to  the  United 
States.  A  storm  threw  him  on  the 
coast  of  Cagliari ;  but  the  king  of  Sar- 
dinia refused  him  permission  to  land  : 
he  was  accordingly  forced  to  put  out  to 
sea;  and  being  captured  by  two  English 
frigates,  he  was  conveyed  first  to  Malta 
and  at\er\vards  (Dec.  18)  to  England. 
After  a  time  lie  was  permitted  to  pur- 
chase a  beautiful  estate  near  Ludlow,  in 
Shropshire,  where  lie  spent  three  calm 
and  peaceful  years,  completing  during 
that  period,  a  poem  upon  which  he  had 
long  meditated,  entitled  "  Charlemagne, 
or  the  Church  Delivered."  The  peace 
of  1S14  having  opened  his  way  to  the 
Continent,  he  returned  to  his  old  friend 
and  protector,  Pius  VII.  After  the 
hattlc  of  Waterloo  he  urged  the  emperor 
to  make  a  desperate  stand  for  the  throne ; 
but  the  cause  was  hopeless;  and  Lucien, 
having  retired  to  Italy,  devoted  the  re- 
mainder of  his  days  to  literature  and  the 
fine  arts.  D.  at  Viterbo,  1840. — Louis, 
a  younger  brother  of  Napoleon  and  ex- 
king  of  Holland,  was  b.  at  Ajaccio,  in 
Corsica,  September  2, 1778.  He  entered 
the  army  at  an  early  age,  accompanied 
his  brother  to  Italy  and  Egypt,  and  on 
Napoleon's  successive  elevations  to  the 
consulship  and  the  empire  rose  to  be  a 
counsellor  of  state  and  a  general  of  divi- 
sion, and  received  the  titles  of  constable 
of  France  and  colonel-general  of  carbi- 
niers. After  having  been  successively 
appointed  governor  of  Piedmont,  and 
governor  ad  interim  of  the  capital,  in 
place  of  Murat,  he  took  the  command  of 
the  army  of  the  North  in  Holland  ;  and 
in  180(3  the  Batavian  republic  having 
been  changed  into  a  kingdom  by  Napo- 
leon. Louis  was  nominated  king  at  the 


request  of  the  states  of  Holland.  In  this 
capacity  he  conducted  himself  with 
equal  sk'll  and  humanity,  and  such  was 
the  affection  with  which  his  Dutch  sub- 
jects had  inspired  him,  that  he  refused 
without  hesitation  the  crown  of  Spain 
which  was  ottered  him  by  the  emperor. 
In  1810,  Louis,  having  long  resisted  the 
emperor's  commands  to  enforce  the  con- 
tinental blockade,  which  would,  as  he 
believed,  have  proved  detrimental  to  his 
people's  interests,  abdicated  in  favor  of 
his  son  ;  but  the  abdication  was  rejected 
by  Napoleon,  who  thereupon  united 
Holland  to  the  French  empire ;  and  the 
ex-  king  leaving  Holland  secretly,  re- 
paired to  Gratz  in  Styria,  where  he  re- 
sided several  years  under  the  title  of 
count  de  Saint"  Leu.  After  the  fall  of 
Napoleon,  he  finally  retired  to  the  Papal 
States  with  some  members  of  his  family, 
where  he  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  lit- 
erary pursuits  down  to  the  period  of  his 
death.  His  only  surviving  son,  Louis 
Napoleon  Bonaparte,  the  offspring  of 
his  marriage  with  Hortense  Eugenie  de 
Beau harn 018,  (which  see,)  daughter  of 
the  Empress  Josephine,  is  the  first  pre- 
sident of  tire  French  republic,  estab- 
lished in  1S4S.  D.  at  Leghorn,  25th 
June,  18  16. 

BON AKELLT,  Guy  Ubaldo,  an  Italian 
poet;  author  of  "  Filli  di  Scire,"  &c. 
B.  1558;  d.  1(508. 

BONASONI,  Guilio,  a  Bologneso 
painter  and  engraver  of  the  16th  centu- 
ry. In  the  latter  capacity  he  especially 
excelled  ;  and  he  engraved  many  of  the 
chefs-d'oeuvre  of  Michael  Angelo,  Raf- 
faelle,  &c.,  in  a  stvle  of  great  beauty. 

BONAVENTURE,  John  Fiuanza. 
While  only  general  of  the  order  of 
Franciscans,  his  reputation  for  probity 
and  wisdom  caused  the  cardinals  to 
leave  to  him  the  nomination  of  a  suc- 
cessor to  Clement  IV.  He  named  The- 
obald, archdeacon  of  Liege,  who  became 
pope,  with  the  title  of  Gregory  X.,  and 
made  Bonaventure  a  cardinal.  D.  1274, 
and  was  canonized,  14S2. — Of  Padua, 
made  cardinal  by  Urban  VI.  in  1378;  a 
friend  of  Petrarch,  and  the  author  of 
several  religions  pieces.  Assassinated, 
138(3. 

BONCIIAMP,  Arthur  de,  a  cele- 
brated general  of  the  Vendean  royalists, 
and  who  had  served  with  distinction  as 
an  officer  in  the  American  war.  Is  him 
humanity  was  not  less  conspicuous  than 
valor,  as  the  last  act  of  his  life  amply 
testified  ;  for  it  was  to  his  interference 
that  5,000  prisoners,  whom  the  exasper- 
ated royalists   had   taken,    were   savo4 


pon] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


183 


from  instant  death.  He  was  mortally 
wounded  in  the  battle  of  Chollet,  1793. 

BONCEKF,  P.  F.,  author  of  the  fa- 
mous pamphlet,  "  Les  Inconvenicns  des 
Droits  Feodaux,"  while  secretary  to 
Turgot.  Condemned  to  be  burned,  it 
became  the  basis  of  the  fundamental  de- 
crees of  the  Constituent  Assembly  of 
1789.  Having  been  in  the  service  of 
D'Orleaus,  he  narrowly  escaped  the 
guillotine  by  one  vote,  on  the  fall  of  his 
patron,  and  d.  from  the  shock  he  then 
sustained.     13.  1745. 

BOND,  John,  an  English  physician  ; 
author  of  critical  notes  on  Horace,  Pcr- 
sius,  and  other  classics.  D.  1612. — 
Oliver,  a  famous  Irish  associate  with 
Napper  Tandy  and  Theodore  Wolfe 
Tone,  in  the  Irish  rebellion  of  1797-8. 
He  was  arrested  in  179S  ;  terms  were 
made  with  the  government  to  send  him 
to  America ;  but  he  was  found  dead 
(with  apoplexy,  as  reported)  in  prison. 
B.  1720. 

BONDAM,  Peter,  a  famous  Dutch 
writer  of  voluminous  and  useless  com- 
mentaries.    B.  1727  ;  d.  1800. 

BONDI,  Clement,  the  poetical  Dclille 
of  the  Italians;  author  of  the  "Conver- 
sazione," which  resembles  Cowper's 
Task  ;  "  The  JSneid,"  translated  in  versi 
sciolti,  &c     D.  1816. 

BONDY,  Count  dc,  a  French  liberal, 
but  keeping  aloof  from  the  revolution- 
ary tempest  till  he  was  called  into  emi- 
nent public  service  by  Napoleon,  who 
made  him  his  chamberlain  in  1805. 
From  that  time  he  always  remained 
faithful  to  him,  attending  most  of  his 
campaigns.  As  prefect  of  the  Bhone, 
during" the  hundred  Days,  he  urged 
constitutional  and  reforming  measures 
on  his  patron.  He  always  sat  with  the 
varU'e  gauche,  when  elected  deputy  de 
LTndre,  in  1818,  and  advocated  liberal 
measures.     B.  1766. 

BONE,  Henry,  a  celebrated  enamel 
oainter,  who,  by  the  force  of  his  own 

fenius,  raised  himself  and  his  art  to  a 
igh  pitch  of  eminence.  He  was  b.  at 
Truro,  in  Cornwall,  on  the  6th  of  Feb- 
ruary, 1755,  and  was  apprenticed  to 
a  china  painter  in  Bristol,  which  place 
he  subsequently  left  for  London.  Here 
he  for  a  considerable  time  worked  for 
the  jewellers,  but  was  daring  the  whole 
of  this  period  devoting  a  very  energetic 
and  ingenious  mind  to  his  art,  which  he 
bo  thoroughly  mastered,  that  when,  in 
1794,  he  exhibited  an  enamel  after  a  pic- 
ture by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  it  attract- 
ed universal  admiration.  His  pictures 
.henceforth  were  eagerly  sought  for  by 


the  royal  family  and  the  lovers  of  art, 
and  he  obtained  very  high  prices,  and 
was  elected  into  the  Royal  Academy. 
Amongst  a  vast  number  of  paintings,  no 
produced  one  which  must  be  considered 
a  phenomenon  by  all  who  are  acquainted 
with  the  technical  processes  of  the  art; 
this  was  the  Bacchus  and  Ariadne,  after 
Titian,  the  dimensions  of  which  were 
eighteen  inches  by  sixteen.  Mr.  Bowles 
of  Wanstead  purchased  it  for  2,200 
guineas.  Mr.  Bone's  great  celebrity  was 
derived  from  his  being  the  first  to  trans- 
fer to  enamel  the  splendor  of  color, 
which  the  great  flesh  masters  had  de- 
picted in  oil.  This,  surrounded  as  it 
was  with  the  mechanical  difficulties  of 
enamelling,  was  only  perfected  by  his 
making  numerous  technical  discoveries, 
and  possessing  naturally  great  ability 
for  painting.  His  genius  for  art,  his 
mechanical  invention,  his  undaunted 
perseverance,  and  unwearied  industry, 
united  as  they  were  to  a  most  benevo- 
lent and  manly  nature,  combined  to 
render  him  a  great  man.  Besides  the 
numerous  enamels  he  annually  pro- 
duced both  for  foreign  and  English  pur- 
chasers, he  transferred  to  his  almost  in- 
destructible material,  all  the  authentic 
portraits  of  the  Elizabethan  period,  form- 
mg  a  national  series  and  a  splendid  por- 
trait gallery.  This  noble  collection  was 
unfortunately  dispersed  after  his  death, 
the  purchase  having  been  declined  by 
the  government.     D.  1834. 

BONEFACIO,  Venetiano,  an  Italian 
painter  of  eminence.     D.  1630. 

BONER,  Ulrich,  the  most  ancient 
German  fabulist,  was  a  Dominican  friar 
of  Berne,  in  the  14th  century.  He  pub- 
lished his  fables  under  the  title  of  "Der 
Edelstein,"  (The  Gem.) 
•  BONET,  Theophllus,  a  celebrated 
German  physician ;  author  of  several 
learned  works.     D.  1689. 

BONHOMME,  Dupin,  P.  J.  B.,  b.  in 
1737  ;  a  respectable  conventionalist,  and 
friend  of  modern  liberty,  who  perished 
in  1IT98  by  the  revolutionary  tribunal. 

BONIFACE,  St.,  whose  name  was 
"Wilfrid,  a  saint  of  the  Roman  calen- 
dar, was  a  native  of  England,  and  made 
archbishop  by  Henry  III.  He  travelled 
through  many  parts  of  Germany,  of 
which  country  he  was  called  the  apostle ; 
and  after  reclaiming  many  from  pagan- 
ism, he  was  slain  by  some  peasants  in 
Friesland,  in  754. — The  name  assumed 
by  nine  popes ;  but  the  lives  of  whom 
present  nothing  worthy  of  particular 
notice. — A  count  of  the  Romar  empire 
in  the  5th  century,  and    an    intimata 


184 


CYCLOPAEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[boo 


friend  of  St.  Augustin,  at  whose  desire 
he  devoted  himself  to  public  affairs.  He 
was  slain  in  a  desperate  contest  with 
Aetius,  in  4-32. 

BONIFACIO,  Balthazar,  a  learned 
Venetian,  bishop  of  Capo  d'Istria;  au- 
thor of  "  Historia  Ludicia,"  Latin  po- 
ems, &c.     D.  1659. 

BON  J  OUR,  William,  a  French  monk, 
and  missionary  to  China;  author  of 
"Dissertations  on  the  Scripture,"  &c. 
\).  1714. 

BON  NEFONS,  John,  a  French  writer 
of  Latin  poems,  which  are  printed  with 
those  of  Beza,  in  Barbau's  edition  of 
1757.     B.  1554;  d.  1014. 

BONNELL,  James,  accomptanfr-gen- 
cral  of  Ireland  in  the  reign  of  James  II.; 
remarkable  for  his  firmness  and  integri- 
ty in  the  discharge  of  his  public  duty  in 
a  troublesome  and  perilous  time.  Some 
"Meditations"  of  his,  printed  with  his 
"Life,"  written  by  Archdeacon  Hamil- 
ton, show  him  to  have  been  a  man  of 
considerable  intellect.     B.  1653;  d.  1699. 

BONNER,  Edmund,  an  English  pre- 
late, notorious  for  his  persecution  of  the 
Protestants  during  the  reign  of  Queen 
Mary.  On  the  accession  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth lie  refused  to  take  the  oath  of  su- 
premacy, and  was  committed  to  the 
Marshalsea,  where  he  remained  nearly 
ten  years.     D.  1569. 

BONNET,  Charles,  a  distinguished 
naturalist  of  Geneva;  author  of  "In- 
sectology," "Essay  on  Physiology," 
"Considerations  on  Organized  Bodies," 
&c.     B.  1720;  d.  1793. 

BONNEVAL,  Claudius  Alexander, 
count  of,  a  French  adventurer,  son-in- 
law  of  Marshal  Biron.  After  serving 
under  Prince  Eugene  against  the  Turks, 
resentment  at  having  been  imprisoned 
for  challenging  the  prince  caused  him 
to  go  over  to  the  Turks,  and  become  a 
Mussulman.  His  services  were  highly 
valued  by  the  Graud  Seignior,  who  gave 
him  the  title  of  Achmet  Pacha,  and 
raised  him  from  rank  to  rank,  till  he  be- 
cai.-.c  master  of  the  ordnance.     D.  1747. 

BONN  FATE,  Abbe,  a  great  preacher 
of  funeral  orations  over  the  Bonaparte 
family  and  Bonapartists ;  and  equally 
zealous  in  preaching  funeral  orations  for 
the  Bourbons,  after  their  fall.  "Is  the 
abba  as  virulent  against  the  tyrant  as 
ever?"  asked  Napoleon,  in  passing  his 
cure,  on  returning  from  Elba.  But  the 
abbe  had  disappeared.     B.  1704. 

BONNEVILLE,  a  poet  of  the  French 
revolution,  who  was  the  friend  of  Con- 
dorcet,  La  Fayette,  and  Paine,  and  was 
With  Kosciusko  when  he  fell.    Though 


accused  by  Marat,  in  the  National  Con- 
vention, as  an  aristocrat,  he  was  so 
far  from  beinar  an  ultra  in  his  views  as 
to  denounce  Bonaparte  (on  his  becom- 
ing emperor)  as  the  Cromwell  of  France, 
when  the  latter  suppressed  his  periodi- 
cal, the  "Bien  Informe."  Among  his 
works  are  "Theatre  Allemand,"  "  Poe- 
sies Republicanes,"  "  Nouveau  Code 
Conjugal,"  "  Esprit  des  Religions,"  &c. 
B.  1760. 

BONNIER,  a  French  republican,  who 
was  sent  as  a  plenipotentiary  to  a  "  con- 
ference" with  Prince  Metternich,  in 
1799,  at  Rastadt ;  but  the  negotiation 
was  broken  off  by  Austria,  and  Bonnier 
was  murdered  between  that  town  and 
Strasburg,  and  his  papers  taken  away 
Bonnier's  seat  in  the  Council  of  Ancients 
was  for  two  years  after  covered  with 
crape,  as  a  testimony  of  respect.  B.  1750. 

BONNINGTON,  Richard  Parses,  a 
British  artist  of  great  merit  and  of  sin 
gular  precocity.  At  3  years  old  he  could 
sketch  most  of  the  objects  he  saw,  and 
at  15  was  admitted  to  draw  in  the  Lou- 
vre at  Paris.  After  visiting  Italy  he 
brought  back  many  able  specimens  of 
his  works,  and  finished  a  successful, 
though  brief  career,  at  the  age  of  27,  in 
1823. 

BONNYCASTLE,  John,  professor  of 
mathematics  at  the  Royal  Military  Acad- 
emy, Woolwich  ;  author  of"  The  Schol  • 
lar's  Guide  to  Arithmetic,"  "The  Ele 
ments  of  Geometry,"  "A  Treatise  upon 
Astronomy,"  &c."  D.  1821. — Charles, 
a  son  of  the  preceding,  became  an  emi- 
nent professor  of  natural  philosophy,  at 
the  university  of  Virginia,  and  wrote 
several  excellent  mathematical  works. 
D.  1840. 

BONNSTETTEN,  Charles  Von,  a 
learned  and  voluminous  German  writer, 
the  friend  of  Matthison,  Salis,  and  Fred- 
cricka  Brim.     B.  1745  ;  d.  1832. 

BONo.Ml,  Joseph,  an  Italian  architect 
of  considerable  taste  and  genius,  from 
whose  desigu  the  Roman  Catholic  chapel 
near  Manchester-square  was  erected. 
D.  1803. 

BONTEMPI,  Giovanni  Andrea  An- 
gelina, an  Italian  musician  of  the  17th 
century;  author  of  "Nova  quatuor 
Vocibus  componendi  Methodus,    &c. 

BOOKER,  Luke,  a  clergyman  of  the 
church  of  England,  distinguished  for 
his  literary  acquirements,  was  b.  at  Not- 
tingham, in  1672;  took  holy  orders  in 
1785 ;  and  eventually  became  the  vicar 
of  Dudley.  Dr.  Booker  was  the  author 
of  many  works,  viz.,  "Poems"  on  vari- 
ous occasions  ;  "  Christian  Intrepidity," 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


bor] 


"Calista,  or  the  Picture  of  Modern 
Life,"  "  Euthanasia,  the  State  of  Man 
after  Death,"  "Discourses  and  Disser- 
tations;" and  a  variety  of  others.  D. 
1835. 

BOONE,  Daniel,  one  of  the  earliest 
settlers  in  Kentucky,  was  b.  in  Virginia, 
and  was  from  infancy  addicted  to  hunt- 
ing in  the  woods.  He  set  out  on  an 
expedition  to  explore  the  region  of  Ken- 
tucky, in  May,  1769,  with  five  compan- 
ions. After  meeting  with  a  variety  of 
adventures,  Boone  was  left  with  his 
brother,  the  only  white  men  in  the  wil- 
derness. They  passed  the  winter  in  a 
cabin,  and  in  the  summer  of  1770  trav- 
ersed the  country  to  the  Cumberland 
river.  In  September,  1773,  Boone  com- 
menced his  removal  to  Kentucky  with 
his  own  and  five  other  families.  He  was 
joined  by  forty  men,  who  put  them- 
selves under  liis  direction  ;  but  being 
attacked  by  the  Indians,  the  whole  party 
returned  to  the  settlements  on  Clinch 
river.  Boone  was  afterwards  employed 
by  a  company  of  North  Carolina  to  buy, 
from  the  Indians,  lands  on  the  south 
side  of  the  Kentucky  river.  In  April, 
1775,  he  built  a  fort  at  Saltspring,  where 
Boonesborough  is  now  situated.  Here 
he  sustained  several  sieges  from  the  In- 
dians, and  was  once  taken  prisoner  by 
them  while  hunting  with  a  number  of 
his  men.  In  1782  the  depredations  of 
the  savages  increased  to  an  alarming  ex- 
tent, and  Boone,  with  other  militia  offi- 
cers, collected  176  men,  and  went  in 
pursuit  of  a  large  body,  who  had  march- 
ed beyond  the  Blue  Licks,  forty  miles 
from  Lexington.  From  that  time  till 
1798  he  resided  alternately  in  Kentucky 
and  Virginia.  In  that  year,  having  re- 
ceived a  grant  of  2000  acres  of  land  from 
the  Spanish  authorities,  he  removed  to 
Upper  Louisiana,  with  his  children  and 
followers,  who  were  presented  with  800 
acres  each.  He  settled  with  them  at 
Charette,  on  the  Missouri  river,  where 
he  followed  his  usual  course  of  life, — 
hunting  and  trapping  bears — till  Sep- 
tember, 1822,  when  he  d.  in  the  85th 
vear  of  his  age.  He  expired  while  on 
his  knees,  taking  aim  at  some  object,  and 
was  found  in  that  position,  with  his  gun 
resting  on  the  trunk  of  a  tree. 

BOOTH,  Barton,  a  celebrated  actor  in 
the  reigns  of  Anne  and  George  I.,  was 
b.  in  1681,  in  Lancashire,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  school,  under  Dr. 
Busby.  At  the  age  of  seventeen,  how- 
ever, he  joined  a" strolling  company  of 
players  ;  his  talents,  at  length,  gained 
aim  a  footing  on  the  regular  theatre ; 
16* 


135 


his  popularity  continually  increased; 
and  his  performance  of  Cato,  in  1712,  set 
the  seal  upon  his  histrionic  reputation. 
In  1715  lie  became  one  of  the  joint 
patentees  and  managers  of  Drury-lane 
theatre.  Booth  was  the  author  of  a 
masque  called  Dido  and  Eneas,  and  of 
some  sougs  and  minor  pieces.  D.  1733 
— George,  Baron  Delamere,  a  zealou? 
partisan  of  Charles  II.  Being  defeated 
by  the  parliamentary  general,  Lambert, 
he  was  confined  in  the  Tower  until  the 
death  of  Cromwell.  He  then  obtained 
his  liberty,  and  was  one  of  the  twelve 
delegates  'sent  to  the  new  king.  It  was 
on  this  occasion  that  he  obtained  his 
title,  and  a  present  of  £10,000.  D.  1684. 
— Henry,  earl  of  Warrington,  son  of  the 
above.  Having  been  among  those  who 
voted  for  the  exclusion  of  the  duke  of 
York,  when  that  personage  baeame  king, 
he  was  committed  to  the  Tower,  and  was 
tried  for  high  treason,  but  acquitted,  in 
spite  of  the  efforts  of  the  infamous  Jef- 
fries. On  the  accession  of  William  III. 
he  was  made  a  privy  councillor  and 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer.  His  efforts 
to  limit  the  prerogative,  however,  caused 
him  to  fall  into  disgrace  ;  but  he  was  al- 
lowed to  retire  from  office  with  a  pen- 
sion, and  the  title  of  earl  of  Warrington 
D.  1694. 

BORA,  Catharine  von,  wife  of  Lmher 
was  b.  1499.  Her  birthplace  is  not 
known,  and  of  her  parents  we  only  know 
that  her  mother,  Anna,  was  descended 
from  one  of  the  most  ancient  families  of 
Germany,  that  of  Hangewitz.  The 
daughter  took  the  veil  very  early,  in  the 
nunnery  of  Nimptsehen,  near  Grimma. 
Notwithstanding  her  devout  disposition, 
she  soon  felt  very  unhappy  in  her  situ- 
ation, and,  as  her  relations  would  not 
listen  to  her,  applied,  with  eight  othei 
nuns,  to  Luther,  whose  fame  had  reach- 
ed them.  Luther  gained  over  a  citizen 
of  Torgau,  by  the  name  of  Leonard 
Koppe,  who,  in  union  with  some  other 
citizens,  undertook  to  deliver  the  nine 
nuns  from  their  convent.  This  was 
done  the  night  after  Good  Friday,  April 
4th,  1523.  He  brought  them  to  Torgau, 
and  from  thence  to  Wittenberg,  where 
Luther  provided  for  them  a  decent  abode. 
At  the  same  time,  to  anticipate  the 
charges  of  his  enemies,  he  published  a 
letter  to  Koppe,  in  which  he  frankly 
confessed  that  he  was  the  author  of  this 
enterprise,  and  had  persuaded  Koppe  to 
its  execution ;  that  he  had  done  so  in 
the  confident  hope  that  Jesus  Christ, 
who  had  restored  his  gospel  and  de- 
stroyed   the    kingdom    of    Autichrist, 


186 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bob 


would    be    their    protector,   though    it 

might  cost  theiu  even  their  live*.  He 
also  exhorted  the  parents  aud  relations 
of  the  nine  virgins  to  admit  them  again 
into  their  houses.  Some  of  them  were 
received  by  citizens  of  Wittenberg; 
others,  who  were  not  yet  too  old,  Luther 
advised  to  marry.  Among  the  latter 
was  Catharine,   whom  Philip  Reicheu- 

bach,  at  that  time  mayor  of  the  city,  had 
taken  into  his  house.  Luther  proposed 
to  her,  i  by  bis  friend  Nicholas  von  Ams- 
dorf.  minister  in  Wittenberg,)  doctor 
Kaspar  Glaz  and  others,  in  marriage. 
She  declined  these  proposals,  but  de- 
clared her  willingness  to  bestow  her 
hand  on  Nicholas  von  Amsdorf,  or  on 
Luther  himself.  Luther,  who.  in  L524, 
had  laid  aside  the  cowl,  was  not  averse 
to  matrimony,  yet  appears  to  have  been 
led  to  the  resolution  of  marrying  by 
reason  rather  than  by  passion.  Besides, 
he  was  not  then  favorably  inclined  to- 
wards Catharine,  because  he  suspected 
her  of  worldly  vanity,  lie  says,  how- 
ever, that  he  found  in  her  a  pious  and 
faithful  wife.  There  could  be  no  want 
of  disadvantageous  rumors  on  this  occa- 

'on,  some  of  them  as  shameful  as  they 
were  unfounded.  The  domestic  peace 
of  the  pair  was  also  drawn  into  question, 
and  Catharine,  in  particular,  was  accused 
of  being  peevish  and  domineering,  so 
that  her  husband  was  often  obliged  to 
correct  her.  Although  this  last  story  is 
without  foundation,  yet  Luther  seems 
not  to  have  hern  fully  satisfied  with  her; 
for  he  speaks  with  great  sincerity  of  the 
sufferings  as  well  as  of  the  happiness  of 
his  marriage.  When,  after  Luther's 
death,  in  1547,  Charles  V.  entered  Wit- 
tenberg in  triumph,  Catharine  saw  her- 
self obliged  to  leave  this  place,  and  to 
remove  to  Leipsic,  where  she  was  com- 
pelled to  take  boarders  for  her  support. 
She  afterwards  returned  to  Wittenberg, 
and  lived  there  till  1552,  in  want.  When 
the  plague  broke  out  in  this  place,  and 
the  university  was  removed  to  Torgau, 
she  went  thither  also,  arrived  there  sick, 
and  d.  soon  after,  December  27th,  1552. 
In  the  church  of  Torgau  her  tombstone 
is  still  to  be  seen,  on  which  is  her  image 
of  the  natural  size. 

BOKDA,  Jean  Charles,  an  engineer, 
and  afterwards  a  captain  in  the  French 
marine,  famous  for  his  mathematical 
talents,  was  b.  at  Dax,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Landes,  in  1733.  In  1 7 r> t>  he 
ivas  chosen  a  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences,  and  occupied  himself  in 
making  experiments  on  the  resistance 
of  fluids,  the  velocity  of  motion,  and 


other  topics  relating  to  dynamical  sci- 
ence. In  1767  he  published  a  disserta- 
tion on  hydraulic  wheels,  and  afterwards 
one  ou  the  construction  of  hydraulic 
machinery.  In  1771,  with  Verdune  and 
Pingre,  he  made  a  voyage  to  America, 
to  determine  the  longitude  and  latitude 
of  several  coasts,  isles,  and  shoals,  and 
to  try  the  utility  of  several  astronomical 
instruments.  In  1774  he  visited  the 
Azores,  the  Cape  Verde  islands,  and  the 
coast  of  Africa  for  the  same  purpose. 
In  the  American  war  he  was  very  useful 
to  the  Count  d*Estaing,  by  his  knowl- 
edge of  navigation.  Borda  was  the 
founder  of  the  schools  of  naval  archi- 
tecture in  France.  He  invented  an  in- 
strument, of  a  very  small  diameter, 
which  measures  angles  with  the  great- 
est accuracy,  and  has  been  used  in  meas- 
uring the  meridian;  the  reflecting  cir- 
cle, which  has  made  his  name  immortal; 
besides  an  instrument  for  measuring  the 
inclination  of  the  compass  needle,  aud 
many  others.  On  the  establishment  of 
the  National  Institute,  he  became  one 
of  its  members,  and  was  ocoupie  1,  with 
other  men  of  science,  in  framing  the 
new  system  of  weights  and  measures 
adopter]  in  France  under  a  republican 
government.  Among  the  latest  of  his 
labors  was  a  scries  of  experiments  to 
discover  the  length  of  a  pendulum  which 
could  vibrate  seconds  in  the  latitude  of 
Paris. 

BORDE,  Andrew,  an  English  physi- 
cian ;  author  of  "The  Mcrrie  Tales  ofthe 
Madman  of  Gotham,"  and  several  other 
'plaint  works.  I).  1539. — John  Benja- 
min de  la,  a  French  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter; author  of  "  Adela  de  Ponthieu;" 
"  Essais  sur  la  Musique,  aneiennc  et 
moderne ;"  "  Memoires  de  Courcy,"  <fec. 
He  was  guillotined  in  1794. 

BORDEN,  Tueopiiilus  de,  a  French 
physician;  author  of  "  Reeherches  sur 
quelqnes  pointes  de  FHistoire  de  la 
Medecine,'    &c.     D.  1776. 

BORDELON,  Laurence,  a  volumi- 
nous French  writer;  author  of  "Dia- 
logues for  the  Living;"  "Curious  Vari- 
eties ;-1  several  dramatic  pieces,  &c.  B. 
1653;  d.  1730. 

BOKELLI,  John  Alphonso,  an  Ital- 
ian philosopher  and  mathematician;  re- 
membered chiefly  for  being  the  first  who 
applied  mathematical  calculation  and 
mechanical  principles  to  account  for  the 
action  of  the  muscles.    B.  1608;  d.  1679 

BORGHESE.  A  Roman  family,  which 
derives  its  origin  from  Sienna.  They 
have  held  the  highest  offices  of  this  re- 
public, from  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth 


bor] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


181 


century.  Pope  Paul  V.,  who  belonged 
to  this  family,  and  ascended  the  papal 
chair  in  1(305,  loaded  his  relations  with 
honors  and  riches.  In  1607  he  appoint- 
ed his  brother,  Francesco  Borghese, 
leader  of  the  troops  sent  against  Venice 
to  maintain  the  papal  claims ;  bestowed 
the  principality  ot  Solmone  on  Marco 
Antonio  Borghese,  the  son  of  his  bro- 
ther, Giovanni  Battista;  granted  him  a 
revenue  of  $150, 000,  and  obtained  for 
him  the  title  of  a  grandee  of  Spain. 
Another  of  his  nephews,  Scipione  Caffa- 
relli,  he  created  cardinal,  and  made  him 
adopt  the  name  of  Borghese.  From  Mar- 
co Antonio  Borghese,  prince  of  Solmone, 
i*  ieseended  the  rich  family  of  Borghese, 
which  is  continued  in  the  prince  Ca- 
millo  Borghese,  and  his  brother,  Fran- 
cesco prince  B.  Aldobrandini. — Maria 
Pauline,  princess,  the  beautiful  sister 
of  Napoleon,  was  b.  at  Ajaccio,  October 
20th,  1780.  When  the  British  occupied 
Corsica,  in  1703,  she  went  to  Marseilles, 
where  she  was  on  the  point  of  marrying 
Freron,  a  member  of  the  convention, 
and  son  of  that  critic  whom  Voltaire 
made  famous,  when  another  lady  laid 
claim  to  his  hand.  She  afterwards  mar- 
ried Gen.  Leclerc,  with  whom  she  em- 
barked, 1801,  for  St.  Domingo,  and  was 
called  by  the  poets  of  the  lieet,  the  G(tr- 
latea  of  the  Greeks,  the  Venus  marina. 
She  was  no  less  courageous  than  beau- 
tiful, for  when  the  negroes,  under  Chris- 
tophe,  stormed  Cape  Francois,  where  she 
resided,  and  Leclerc,  who  could  no  lon- 
ger resist  the  assailants,  ordered  his  lady 
and  child  to  be  carried  on  shipboard, 
she  yielded  only  to  force.  Atter  his 
deatli  she  married,  in  1803,  the  prince 
Camillo  Borghese.  Her  son  died  at 
Rome  soon  after.  With  Napoleon,  who 
loved  her  tenderly,  she  had  many  dis- 
putes, and  as  many  reconciliations ;  for 
she  would  not  always  follow  the  caprices 
of  his  policy.  Yet  even  the  proud  style 
in  which  she  demanded  what  her  bro- 
thels begged,  made  her  the  more  attract- 
ive, to  her  brother.  Once,  however, 
wl  en  she  forgot  herself  towards  the 
empress,  whom  she  never  liked,  she 
was  obliged  to  leave  the  court.  She 
was  yet  in  disgrace  at  Nice,  when  Na- 
poleon resigned  his  crown  in  1S14; 
upon  which  occasion  she  immediately 
acted  as  a  tender  sister.  Instead  of  re- 
maining at  her  oalace  in  Rome,  she  set 
out  for  Elba  t'  join  her  brother,  and 
acte  1  the  part  of  mediatrix  between  him 
and  the  other  members  of  his  family. 
Before  1  he  battle  of  Waterloo,  she  placed 
all  her  diamonds,  which  were  of  great 


value,  at  the  disposal  of  her  brother. 
They  were  in  his  carriage!,  which  was 
taken  in  that  battle,  and  were  shown 
publicly  at  London.  He  intended  to 
have  returned  them  to  her.  She  lived, 
afterwards,  separated  from  her  husband, 
at  Rome,  where  she  occupied  part  of 
the  palace  Borghese,  and  where  she 
possessed,  from  1816,  the  villa  Sciarra. 
Her  house,  in  which  taste  and  love  of 
the  fine  arts  prevailed,  was  the  centre 
of  the  most  splendid  societv  at  Rome. 
D.  1825. 

BORGTA,  Cesar,  a  natural  son  of 
Pope  Alexander  VI.  lie  no  sooner 
heard  of  his  father's  exaltation  to  the 
papal  chair,  than  lie  left  Pisa,  where  he 
was  fixed  for  his  education;  but  the 
ambitious  prospects  which  he  had  form- 
ed were  cheeked  by  the  coolness  with 
which  Alexander  received  him.  He 
complained  to  his  mother,  Vanozza,  who 
for  a  while  quieted  his  impatience,  but 
he  was  dissatisfied  to  see  the  dukedom 
of  Gandia  conferred  upon  his  elder  bro- 
ther, Francis,  whilst  the  primacy  of 
Valenza  only  was  reserved  for  himself. 
Afterwards,  by  the  influence  of  his 
mother,  whose  greatest  favorite  he  was, 
over  three  other  sons  and  a  daughter 
called  Lucretia,  the  dignity  of  cardinal 
was  conferred  upon  him,  and  he  became 
the  friend  and  confidant  of  his  father's 
councils.  The  elevation  of  Francis,  how- 
ever, to  secular  power  continued  to  ex- 
cite his  jealousy,  so  that  at  once  to  gratify 
malice  and  revenge,  he  caused  his  un- 
happy brother  to  be  murdered,  and 
thrown  into  the  Tiber,  where  his  man- 
gled carcass  was  a  few  days  after  found. 
The  pope  bitterly  lamented  his  fate,  but 
all  his  inquiries  after  the  murderer  were 
silenced  by  Vanozza,  wdio,  justly  sus- 
pected as  an  accomplice,  terrified  the 
astonished  father,  by  declaring  that  if 
he  did  not  desist,  the  same  dagger  was 
ready  to  stab  him  to  the  heart.  Ccesar 
succeeded  to  his  brother's  honors  and 
fortune,  when  he  resigned  the  dignity  of 
cardinal,  that  he  might  with  greater  lat- 
itude gratify  his  avarice,  ambition,  and 
cruelty.  Bands  of  assassins  were  kept 
around  him,  who  sacrificed  to  his  pleas- 
ure both  friends  and  foes  ;  but  his  mur- 
derous schemes  once  liked  to  have  re- 
coiled upon  himself.  United  with  his 
father  in  the  attempt  to  poison  nine 
newly-created  cardinals,  whose  posses- 
sions they  coveted,  the  wine  was  by 
mistake  brought  to  them,  and,  drinking 
of  it,  the  pope  died,  and  Cresar  barely 
escaped.  His  crimes  were  now  too  pub- 
lic  to    be    unnoticed.      Though    lately 


188 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bor 


raised  to  the  dukedom  of  Valentinois 
by  Louis  XII.  lie  was  stripped  of  all  his 
dignities,  aud  sent  a  prisoner  to  Spain, 
but  he  escaped  to  the  court  of  his  bro- 
ther-in-law, John,  king  of  Navarre;  and 
after  trying  in  vain  to  restore  his  fallen 
fortunes,  iie  engaged  in  the  civil  war, 
by  which  his  brother's  kingdom  was 
distracted,  and  was  killed  by  the  stroke 
of  a  spear,  under  the  walls  of  Viana, 
March  12th,  1507.  He  appears  to  have 
been  a  skilful  aud  intrepid  soldier,  of 
moderation  in  his  habits,  and,  what  is 
still  more  strange,  a  lover  of  poetry  aud 
art. — Stefani,  a  cardinal,  was  a  native 
of  Valletri.  He  had  an  enthusiastic  love 
for  art,  and  throughout  life  devoted 
great  attention  to  the  collection  of  relics. 
It  was  usual  with  him  to  change  a  valua- 
ble piece  of  plate  for  some  rare  article  to 
adorn  his  museum;  and  on  oue  occasion, 
to  purchase  an  Egyptian  mammy,  he 
even  parted  with  the  plate  from  his  ta- 
ble, and  the  buckles  from  his  shoes. 
Pius  VI.  created  him  cardinal  in  1789 ; 
and  the  succeeding  pope  named  Cardinal 
Boigia  president  of  the  council  when 
the  French  garrison  evacuated  Rome. 
He  was  the  author  of  some  works  in 
support  of  the  papal  temporalities.  D. 
1804. 

BORIE,  Jean,  one  of  the  most  vio- 
lent of  the  French  revolutionists,  and 
inventor  of  the  "  Farandoles."  He 
was  a  lawyer.  B.  about  1770;  d.  1805, 
in  exile. 

BORIS,  Gadenow,  grand  master  of 
the  horse  to  Theodore  Ivanowitz,  empe- 
ror of  Russia.  He  is  said  to  have  put  to 
death  both  the  emperor's  brother  and 
the  emperor  himself;  and  it  is  certain 
that  at  the  death  of  the  latter  Boris  be- 
came emperor.  He  governed  cruelly  and 
tyrannically,  but  d.  suddenly,  just  as 
Russia  was  invaded  by  a  Polish  army, 
which  was  headed  by  a  young  monk, 
who  pretended  to  be  Demetrius,  the  de- 
ceased brother  of  Theodore,  in  1605. 

BOR  J  A,  Francis  de,  a  Spanish  poet 
and  statesman,  a  descendant  from  Pope 
Alexander  VI.,  was  appointed  viceroy  of 
Peru,  in  1014,  and  governed  that  prov- 
ince in  a  manner  which  was  honorable 
to  him.  He  returned  to  Spain  in  1621, 
and  cultivated  literature.  As  a  poet,  he 
is  most  esteemed  for  his  lyrical  compo- 
sitions.    D.  1638. 

BORLACE,  Edmund,  the  son  of  one 
of  the  lords-justices  of  Ireland,  was  edu- 
cated at  Dublin,  and  settled  as  a  physi- 
cian at  Chester.  His  principal  work  is 
a  "  History  of  the  Irish  Rebellion."  D. 
1682. 


BORL ASE,  William,  an  antiquary  aDd 
topographer,  was  b.  1695,  atPendeen,  in 
Cornwall,  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and, 
till  the  end  of  his  days,  rector  of  Ludg- 
van  aud  vicar  of  St.  Just,  in  his  native 
county.  The  first  of  these  preferments 
he  obtained  in  1722.  In  1749  he  was 
made  F.R.S.,  and,  iu  1766,  LL.D.  His 
chief  works  are,  the  "  Antiquities  His- 
torical and  Monumental  of  the  County  of 
Cornwall ;"  "  Observations  on  the  Scihy 
Islands;"  aud  a  "Natural  Historv  ot 
Cornwall.     D.  1772. 

BORN,  Ignatius,  baron  ;  an  eminent 
German  mineralogist  and  writer ;  au- 
thor of  a  treatise  on  "The  Process  of 
Amalgamation,"  &c,  &c.  B.  1742 ;  d. 
1791. 

BOROWLASKI,  Count,  the  celebra- 
ted Polish  dwarf,  who,  although  less 
than  three  feet  in  height,  was  of  perfect 
symmetry,  and  attained  the  age  of  VS. 
lie  had  been  prevailed  upon  by  some  of 
the  clergy  of  Durham,  who  had  casually 
seen  him  when  on  his  "travels,"  40 
years  before  his  death,  to  take  up  his 
abode  near  that  city.  He  spoke  several 
languages,  was  generally  well  informed 
and   witty,  and    his   company   was   ac- 


cordinglv    much    courted    by   the   gen- 

Durhai 
1887. 


try    of 


1am   and   its   vicinity.      T). 


BORRI,  Joseph  Francis,  a  native  of 
Milan,  who  distinguished  himself  by  his 
extravagant  pretensions  as  a  chemist,  a 
heretic,  and  a  quack.  After  playing  for 
some  time  the  prophet  at  Rome,  he  re- 
turned to  Milan,  where  he  attached  to 
himself  great  multitudes,  from  whose 
credulity  he  exacted  a  great  deal  of 
money,  under  oath  of  secresy,  with  the 
expectation  that  the  kingdom  of  God 
was  going  to  be  established  on  earth. 
His  sehemes  were  so  well  concerted  that 
he  nearly  seized  the  sovereign  power  by 
means  of  his  adherents,  but  was  at  last 
forced  to  fly.  The  Inquisition  passed 
sentence  of  condemnation  on  his  char- 
acter, and  publicly  burnt  his  effigy 
and  his  writings,  in  1660.  From  Stras- 
burg,  where  he  had  retired,  he  went  to 
Amsterdam,  and  there  for  some  time 
figured  as  a  character  of  superior  dignity 
and  uncommon  virtues.  He  was  respec- 
ted and  courted  as  a  universal  physi- 
cian, till  a  revolution  in  his  fortune  drove 
him  away  from  that  country  too,  yet 
loaded  with  the  borrowed  jewels  of  the 
credulous  Hollanders.  At  Hamburg  he 
obtained  the  protection  of  Christina, 
queen  of  Sweden,  by  pretending  to  find 
the  philosopher's  stone  ;  and  he  gained 
the  same  confidence  at  Copenhagen,  from 


bos] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


139 


the  king  of  Denmark.  Though  his  hy- 
pocrisy at  last  became  known  to  his 
illustrious  patrons,  he  gained  his  wishes 
in  the  liberality  of  their  rewards,  and 
attempted  to  retire  to  Hungary.  Being 
however  accidentally  seized  as  a  spy,  his 
name  was  reported  to  the  emperor  of 
Germany  in  the  presence  of  the  papal 
nuncio,  who  claimed  him  as  an  excom- 
municated heretic.  The  emperor  con- 
sented to  deliver  him  up,  provided  his 
life  was  spared,  and  Born  was  conveyed 
to  Koine,  and  condemned  to  perpetual 
imprisonment,  which  was  however  soft- 
ened by  the  interference  of  the  duke  of 
Estrees,  whom  he  cured  in  a  dangerous 
illness.  D.  at  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo, 
in  1 695   aged  70. 

BOEEICHIUS,  Olaus,  a  native  of 
Denmark,  educated  at  the  university  of 
Copenhagen,  of  which  he  became  a 
learned  professor  in  poetry,  chemistry, 
and  botany.  After  practising  with  great 
reputation  as  a  physician,  and  refusing 
the  rectorship  of  the  famous  school  of 
Hesiow,  he  began  to  travel,  and  visited 
Holland,  England,  France.  Italy,  and 
Germany,  and  after  an  absence  of  six 
years  returned  to  his  native  country,  in 
1666.  His  genius  procured  him  the 
friendship  of  the  literati  of  Europe,  and 
the  rectitude  of  his  principles  the  patron- 
age of  his  sovereign.  He  published 
several  tracts  in  Latin,  on  subjects  of 
ehemistrv,  philosophy,  and  antiquities. 
D.  1694. 

BORROMEO.  Charles,  a  saint  of  the 
Roman  church,  was  b.  2d  October,  1538, 
and  early  patronized  by  his  maternal 
uncle,  Pope  Pius  IV.,  who  made  him  a 
cardinal  anil  archbishop  of  Milan,  though 
only  22  years  of  age.  These  high  dig- 
nities, and  others  which  were  lavished 
upon  him,  were  due  to  his  merit  and  his 
virtues.  Borromeo  was  an  example  of 
meekness  and  piety  :  he  reformed  the 
abuses  of  his  clergy,  gave  relief  to  the 
necessitous,  and  provided  institutions 
for  the  reclaiming  of  profligate  and  de- 
bauched women.  This  zeal  in  the  cause 
of  humanity  enraged  the  Humilies.  an 
order  which  he  attempted  to  reform: 
and  one  of  the  brethren,  Farina,  fired  a 
gun  at  the  worthy  prelate  while  in 
prayer  with  his  domestics.  The  shot 
was  not  fatal,  and  the  assassin  was  de- 
pervedly  punished.  During  a  dreadful 
pestilence  the  attention  of  Borromeo  to 
the  distressed  of  every  description  were 
unusually  exemplary ;  yet  ingratitude 
»nd  persecution  generally  awaited  his 
good  and  benevolent  deeds.  D.  1594, 
«ged  47,  and  his  name  was  canonized  by 


Paul  V.,  1710.  He  wrote  several  works 
on  doctrinal  and  moral  subjects. — Fred- 
erick, was  cousin  to  the  preceding,  and, 
like  him,  a  cardinal  and  archbishop  of 
Milan,  and  also  a  copy  of  his  excellent 
character.  He  founded  the  Ambrosian 
Library,  and  d.  1632.  He  wrote  some 
theological  tracts. 

BORRONI,  Paul  Michael  Benedict, 
a  painter,  who  imitated  the  style  of  Cor- 
reggio,  and  had  much  of  the  taste  of 
Michael  Angelo.  Pius  VI.  made  him  a 
knight  of  the  Golden  Spur,  and  the 
king  of  Sardinia  granted  him  a  pension. 
D.  at  Voghera,  in  1819. 

BOEROMINIj  Francis,  an  architect 
of  Bissone,  pupil  of  Muderno,  who  ac- 
quired much  reputation  at  Rome,  though 
in  his  rivalship with  Le  Bernin  he  devi- 
ated from  that  simplicity,  and  those  re- 
ceived rules,  which  taste  and  judgment 
have  always  pronounced  the  basis  of  the 
beautiful.  His  best  work  is  the  college 
of  the  Propaganda.  D.  in  consequence 
of  a  wound  which  he  had  given  himself 
in  a  fit  of  madness,  1667. 

BOS,  Lambert,  professor  of  Greek  at 
Franeker  ;  author  of  the  well-known  and 
valuable  work  on  the  Greek  ellipses,  an 
excellent  edition  of  the  Septuagint,  with 
prolegomena  and  various  readings,  &c. 
B.  1670:  d.  1717. 

BOSC,  Louis  ArGrsTrs  "William,  a 
French  naturalist,  and  the  author  of  sev- 
eral agricultural  and  other  works.  He 
held  a  responsible  situation  in  the  French 
post-office ;  but,  in  1793,  being  driven 
from  his  place  by  the  Jacobins,  he 
sought  a  retreat  in  the  forest  of  Mont- 
morenci,  where  he  lived  three  years  in 
solitude,  devoting  his  time  to  tlie  study 
of  natural  history. — Peter  du,  an  emi- 
nent French  Cal'vinist  preacher  of  tlie 
17th  century;  author  ot  numerous  ser- 
mons, epistles,  poems.  &c.  <  >n  the 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  ho 
escaped  to  Holland,  where  he  d.  in 
1692. 

BOSCAN,  Almooaver  Juan,  a  Span- 
ish poet,  b.  towards  the  close  of  the  loth 
century,  at  Barcelona.  His  parents,  who 
belonged  to  the  most  ancient  nobility, 
gave  him  a  careful  education.  He  fol- 
lowed the  court  of  Charles  V.,  and,  in 
1526,  was  attached  to  it  for  some  time  in 
Granada.  His  noble  manners  and  char- 
acter gained  for  him  the  favor  of  the 
emperor.  The  education  of  the  duke 
of  Alva  was  committed  to  him,  and  his 
instructions  developed  the  great  quali- 
ties which  the  duke  afterwards  display- 
ed. After  his  marriage,  Boscan  lived  at 
Barcelona,  occupied   in   publishing   his 


190 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    MOGRAPHY. 


[bos 


works,  together  with  those  of  his  de- 
ceased friend  Garcilaso,  in  which  he  was 
employed  at  the  time  of  his  death.  Bos- 
can  was  persuaded  to  attempt  Italian 
measures  in  Spanish,  by  Antonio  Nava- 
gero,  an  Italian  scholar  and  ambassador 
of  the  republic  of  Venice  at  the  court  of 
the  emperor.  Thus  he  became  the  crea- 
tor of  the  Spanish  sonnet,  and,  with 
Garcilaso  first  ised  the  ttrzine  in  his 
poetical  t  pistles  and  elegies.  In  general 
he  distinguished  himself  by  introducing 
Italian  forms  into  Spanish  poetry,  which 
met  with  great  opposition,  and  not  less 
applause.  The  poems  of  Boscan  are  still 
esteemed.  His  other  literary  works, 
mostly  translations,  are  forgotten,  i). 
la£0. 

BOSCAWEN,  Edward,  a  brave  and 
highly  distinguished  English  admiral. 
He  served  under  Anson  in  the  engage- 
ment of  Cape  Finisterre,  and  received 
the  thanks  of  parliament  and  a  pension 
for  his  exploits  while  serving  in  the  At- 
lantic and  in  the  Mediterranean.  B. 
1711;  d.  L761. — William,  nephew  of 
the  above  ;  author  of  an  "  Essay  on  the 
Progress  of  Satire ;"  a  translation  of 
Horace,  &e.     B.  1752;  d.  1811. 

BOSCH,  Bernard,  a  Dutch  poet,  b. 
in  1746;  author  of  "Egotism"  and 
"Bosch's  Poems,"  and  co-editor  of  the 
Janus  and  Eclair  Politique. — Jerome,  a 
famous  Dutch  bibliomanist.  His  library 
catalogue  was  remarkable  for  the  number 
of  pnneeps  editions  it  contained.  B. 
1710  ;  d.  1811. — Louis,  A.  G.,  one  of  the 
first  French  naturalists  of  the  age;  b.  in 
1795  ;  patronized  by  the  minister  Roland. 
He  had  the  courage  to  accompany  Ma- 
dame Roland  to  the  foot  of  the  scaffold. 
He  wrote  "  Histoire  Naturelle  des  Co- 
quilles,"  "  Dietionnaire  d1  Agriculture," 
&c.  His  brother  (Stephen  Bosch)  also 
published  some  well- written  works  on 
agriculture  and  the  occupation  of  the 
poor. 

BOSCOVICH,  Roger  Joseph,  an  as- 
tronomer and  geometrician  of  distin- 
guished eminence  iu  the  18th  century, 
was  a  native  of  Ragusa,  in  Dalmatia. 
He  was  educated  among  the  Jesuits, 
and,  entering  into  their  order,  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  mathematics  in  the 
Roman  college,  before  he  had  entirely 
completed  the  course  of  his  studies.  He 
was  employed  by  Pope  Benedict  XIV. 
in  various  undertakings,  and,  in  1750, 
began  the  measurement  of  a  degree  of 
the  meridian  in  the  Ecclesiastical  States, 
which  operation  occupied  him  for  two 
years,  lie  afterwards  visited  the  Pon- 
tine marsh,  to  give  advice  respecting  the 


draining  of  it.  He  w;  <  then  intrusted 
by  the  republic  of  Lucca,  with  the  de- 
fence of  its  interests,  in  a  dispute  about 
boundaries  with  the  government  of  Tus- 
cany. This  affair  obliged  him  to  go  to 
Vienna,  and  having  terminated  it  with 
success,  he  visited  Paris  and  London. 
He  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, and  dedicated  to  this  body  a  Latin 
poem  on  eclipses.  Returning  to  Italy 
he  was  appointed  mathematical  profes- 
sor in  the  university  of  Pavia;  whence, 
in  1770,  he  removed  to  Milan,  and  thero 
erected  the  celebrated  observatory  at  the 
college  of  Brera.  On  the  suppression  of 
the  order  of  Jesuits  he  accepted  an  in- 
vitation to  France  from  Louis  XV.,  who 
gave  him  a  pension  of  2,000  livres.  D. 
1787." 

BOSSCHA,  a  Dutch  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer;  b.  in  1766;  author  of 
"  Belgica  Libertas,"  and  a  "  History  of 
the  Kevolntiou  of  Holland." 

BOSSI,  Baron  de,  an  eminent  modern 
Italian  poet,  b.  at  Piedmont  ;u  175S.  He 
favored  the  French  interest  on  tne  repub- 
lic's invasion  of  Italy,  and  was  rewarded 
by  posts  in  France  by  Napoleon.  He  is 
chiefly  known  by  his  exertions  in  this 
country  in  favor  of  the  Protestant  Vau- 

[>is.  "  Oromasia"  is  his  chief  work  in 
poetry. 

I>(  )SSU,  Rene  le,  an  eminent  French 
critic;  author  of  a  "Treatise  on  Epic 
Poetry,"  "  Parallel  of  the  Philosophy  of 
Descartes  and  of  Aristotle,"  <fec.  B. 
L681;  d.  1680. 

B<  »SS  I"  ET,  Jacques  Benione,  the  most 
eloquent  of  French  preachers,  and  acute 
of  controversialists;  was  b.  iu  1627  at 
Dijon,  and  after  having  studied  at  the 
college  of  Navarre,  he  became  canon  of 
Met/.  From  Metz  his  reputation  spread 
to  the  capital,  and  he  was  invited  to 
Paris  to  preach  before  the  queen-mother 
and  the  king.  There  his  fame  soon 
eclipsed  that  of  all  his  predecessors  and 
cotemporaries.  In  1669  he  was  made 
bishop  of  Condom  ;  in  1670  preceptor  to 
the  dauphin;  and,  in  1681,  bishop  of 
Meaux.  He  d.  in  1704.  His  Funeral 
Orations  are  masterpieces  of  eloquence ; 
and  in  his  controversy  with  the  Prot- 
estants he  displays  admirable  learning 
and  skill.  Of  Ins  works,  which  form  20 
quarto  volumes,  the  principal  are  his 
Sermons;  "  Discourse  on  Universal  His- 
tory ;"  "  Exposition  of  the  Catholio 
Faith  ;"  and  "  History  of  the  Variations 
of  the  Protestant  Churches." 

BOSSUT,  Charles,  an  eminent  math- 
ematician ;  was  b.  in  the  Lyonese,  in 
1730;  studied  in  the  Jesuit's  college  at 


bot] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


101 


Lyons,  was  taught  mathematics  by 
d'Alembert,  and  at  the  age  of  22  was 
professor  of  the  engineer's  school  at 
Metz.  His  chief  works  are,  a  "History 
of  Mathematics,"  and  a  "Course  of 
Mathematics;"  the  last  of  which  is 
highly  popular.     D.  1814. 

BOSTON,  Thomas,  a  Scotch  divine, 
was  b.  at  Dunse,  in  1676,  and  d.  minis- 
ter of  Ettrich,  in  1732.  He  is  chiefly 
rcmembered  by  his  "Human  Nature  in 
its  Fourfold  State,"  a  work  which  has 
gone  through  numerous  editions.— John, 
a  monk  of  St.  Edmondsbury,  in  the  loth 
century;  author  of  "Speculum  Coenobi- 
tartim,"  &c. 

BOS  WELL,  James,  the  friend  and 
biographer  of  Johnson,  was  the  eldest 
son  of  one  of  the  supreme  judges  of 
Scotland,  styled  Lord  Auchinleck,  from 
the  name  of  his  estate  in  Ayrshire.  He 
was  b.  at  Edinburgh,  in  1 7-i« »,  and 
studied  in  his  native  city,  in  Glasgow, 
in  the  Dutch  university  of  Utrecht.  He 
afterwards  resided  several  times  in  Lou- 
don, and  cultivated  the  acquaintance  of 
the  most  distinguished  men  of  his  day. 
Here  he  became  acquainted  with  John- 
sou — a  circumstance  which  lie  himself 
calls  the  most  important  event  of  his  life. 
He  afterwards  visited  Voltaire  at  Fernev, 
Eousseau  at  Neufchatel,  and  Paoli  in 
Corsica,  with  whom  he  became  intimate. 
He  then  returned  by  the  way  of  Paris  to 
Scotland,  and  devoted  himself  to  the 
bar.  In  176S,  when  Corsica  attracted  so 
much  attention,  he  published  his  valua- 
ble account  of  Corsica,  with  memoirs  of 
Paoli.  At  a  later  period  he  settled  at 
London,  where  he  lived  in  the  closest 
intimacy  with  Johnson.  In  1773  he  ac- 
companied him  on  a  tour  to  the  Scottish 
Highlands  and  Hebrides,  and  published 
an  account  of  the  excursion  after  their 
return.  After  the  death  of  Johnson,  he 
became  his  biographer.  The  minuteness 
and  accuracy  of  his  account,  and  the  store 
of  literary  anecdote  which  it  contains, 
render  this  work  the  best  of  the  kind. 
It  is,  in  short,  the  most  complete,  the^ 
most  interesting,  the  most  original,  the 
most  provoking,  contemptible,  and  de- 
lightful in  the  English  tongue.  D.  1795. 
■ — Sir  Alexander,  eldest  son  of  the  pre- 
leding,  was  b.  in  1775,  and  succeeded 
his  father  in  the  possession  of  the  family 
estate.  He  was  a  literary  autiquary  of 
no  inconsiderable  erudition,  and  he  pos- 
sessed a  great  fund  of  volatile  talent, 
and,  in  particular,  a  pungent  vein  of 
satire.  At  an  early  period  of  his  life, 
some  of  his  poetical  jeux  cFesprit  oeca- 
iionally  made  a  slight  turmoil  in  that 


circle  of  Scottish  society  in  which  he 
moved.  In  1803  he  published  a  stnaJ 
volume  entitled  "  Songs,  chiefly  in  the 
Scottish  Dialect."  Some  of  these  songs 
had  already  acquired  a  wide  acceptation 
in  the  public.  We  may  instance  "Auld 
Gudeman,  ye're  a  Drunken  Carle,"  "Jen- 
ny's Bawbee,"  "  Jenny  dang  the  Weav- 
er," &c.  He  inherited  all  the  tory  spirit 
of  his  father;  and  some  attacks  on  tho 
character  of  James  Stuart,  Esq.,  having 
appeared  in  the  "Beacon"  and  "Senti- 
nel" newspapers,  which  were  traced  to 
Sir  Alexander,  a  duel  took  place  between 
these  gentlemen,  when  the  latter  fell, 
mortally  wounded  in  the  neck,  March 
26, 1822.  Mr.  Stuart  was  tried  for  this  of- 
fence, but  honorably  acquitted. — James, 
the  second  son  of  the  biographer,  was  b. 
iu  1779,  and  educated  at  Westminster 
school.  He  possessed  talents  of  a  supe- 
rior order  and  the  skill  with  which  he 
edited  the  enlarged  and  amended  edi- 
tion of  Malone's  Shakspeare,  in  21  vols., 
affords  ample  evidence  of  his  scholar- 
ship, judgment,  and  discrimination.  In- 
deed, so  satisfied  was  Mr.  Malonc  with 
his  peculiar  fitness  for  such  a  task,  that 
he  selected  him  as  his  literary  executor. 
D.  1822. 

BOTELLO,  Don  Nuno  Alvarez  de,  a 
celebrated  viceroy  of  India,  when  the 
Portuguese  held  dominion  there ;  and 
whose  gallantry  and  skill  tended  greatlj 
to  augment  their  Hindostanic  posses- 
sions. He  gained  several  victories  over 
the  Dutch,  and  destroyed  the  fleet  and 
army  of  the  Achenese,  which  were  be- 
sieging Malacca ;  but  lost  his  life,  in  1629, 
by  being  crushed  between  his  own  ves- 
sel and  one  of  the  enemy's. 

BOTH,  John  and  Andrew,  two  Flem- 
ish painters,  were  b.  at  Utrecht,  about 
the  year  1610.  They  were  the  sons  of  a 
glass  painter,  who  instructed  them  in 
the  rudiments  of  drawing.  They  after- 
wards made  further  progress  >n  tho 
school  of  Abraham  Bolemaert,  and  went 
at  an  early  age  together  to  Italy.  John, 
attracted  by  the  works  of  Claude  Lor- 
raine, chose  him  for  his  model.  Andrew 
preferred  the  painting  of  the  human 
figure,  and  imitated  the  style  of  Bam  ■ 
boccio.  But,  although  their  inclinations 
led  them  in  different  directions,  their 
mutual  friendship  often  united  their 
talents  in  the  same  works.  Thus  An- 
drew painted  the  figures  in  the  land- 
scapes of  his  brother ;  and  their  labors 
harmonized  so  well,  that  their  pictures 
could  not  be  suspected  of  coming  from 
different  hands  The  ease  and  fine  color- 
ings in  the  beautiful  f  gures  of  John, 


192 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


JBOU 


cannot  be  overlooked,  in  spite  of  the 
excess  of  yellow  sometimes  found  in 
them.  His  fame  has  been  confirmed  by 
time,  and  his  merit,  as  well  as  his  resi- 
dence in  Italy,  has  procured  for  him  the 
name  of  Both  of  Italy.  Andrew  was 
drowned  at  Venice,  in  1650.  John,  in- 
consolable for  his  loss,  abandoned  Italy, 
and  returned  to  Utrecht,  where  he  d. 
shortly  after.  The  plates  whioh  John 
Both  has  himself  etched  from  his  prin- 
cipal works  are  much  valued. 

BOTHWELL,  James  Hepburn,  earl 
of,  who  married  Queen  Mary.  He  was 
supposed  to  have  been  concerned  in  the 
murder  of  the  unfortunate  Darnley, 
Mary's  husband,  and  that  he  was  even 
supported  by  the  deluded  queen.  He 
was  charged  with  the  crime,  and  tried, 
but  acquitted.  After  the  death  of  Darn- 
ley,  he  seized  the  queen  at  Edinburgh, 
and,  carrying  her  a  prisoner  .to  Dunbar 
castle,  prevailed  upon  her  to  marry  him 
after  he  had  divorced  his  own  wife. 
Though  seemingly  secure  in  the  posses- 
sion of  power,  and  though  created  earl 
of  Orkney  by  the  unfortunate  queen,  he 
soon  found  that  his  conduct  had  roused 
the  indignation  of  the  kingdom.  Mary 
found  not  in  him  the  fond  husband  she 
expected ;  he  became  unkind  and  brutal. 
A  confederacy  was  formed  against  him 
by  the  barons,  the  queen  was  liberated 
from  his  power,  and  he  escaped  to  the 
Orkneys,  and  afterwards  to  Denmark, 
where  he  d.  1577.  In  Ins  last  moments, 
it  is  said,  that  with  an  agonizing  con- 
science, he  confessed  his  own  guilt  and 
the  queen's  innocence,  of  the  murder  of 
Darnley. 

BOTT,  Jofin  de,  a  French  architect. 
Being  a  Protestant,  he  had  no  chance  of 
obtaining  patronage  in  his  own  coun- 
try; and  therefore  entered  into  the  ser- 
vice of  William,  prince  of  Orange,  whom 
he  accompanied  to  England.  On  the 
death  of  that  prince,  he  went  into  the 
service  of  the  elector  of  Brandenburgh, 
by  whom  he  was  made  a  major-general. 
The  fortifications  of  Wesel  and  the  ar- 
sonal  of  Berlin  are  among  the  numerous 
proofs  of  his  talent.     D.  1745. 

BOTT  A,  Carlo  Giuseppa  Gulielmo, 
a  distinguished  Italian  historian.  He 
was  b.  in  1768,  at  the  small  village  of 
San  Giorgio  di  Canavese,  in  Piedmont, 
and  was  educated  as  a  physician,  but  the 
breaking  out  of  the  French  revolution 
caused  him  to  turn  his  attention  to  the 
study  of  politics  and  history.  In  1794 
he  entered  into  the  medical  service  of 
the  French  army ;  after  Piedmont  was 
incorporated  with  France,  in  1803,  he 


was  sent  to  Paris  as  a  member  of  the 
legislative  body,  and  his  residence  con- 
tinued afterwards  in  France  ;  and  ho 
lived  many  years  previous  to  his  death 
at  Paris,  in  close  retirement,  on  account 
of  ill  health.  Having  previously  pub- 
lished several  works,  he  established  his 
reputation  as  an  historian,  by  the  pub- 
lication of  his  "History  of  the  War  of 
the  Independence  of  the  United  States 
of  America,''  in  1809.  He  afterwards 
published  "  The  History  of  Italy,  from 
1789  to  1S14,"  and  the  "Continuation 
of  Guicciardini's  History  to  1789," 
esteemed  works  of  high  merit.  In  1816 
he  published  an  heroic  poem,  entitled 
"  II  Camillo."     D.  at  Paris,  1837. 

BOUCHARDON ,  Edmund,  the  son  of 
a  sculptor  and  architect,  was  b.  in  1698, 
at  Chaumonten-Basigni,  and  applied 
himself  early  to  drawing  and  painting. 
In  order  to  devote  himself  to  statuary, 
he  went  to  Paris,  and  entered  the  school 
of  the  younger  Couston.  He  soon  gain- 
ed the  highest  prize,  and  was  made  royal 
pensioner  at  Rome.  He  studied  his  art 
partly  in  the  works  of  antiquity,  and 
partly  in  those  of  Raphael  and  Dome- 
nichino.  He  executed  several  busts,  and 
was  to  have  erected  the  tomb  of  Clement 
XL,  but  the  orders  of  the  king  recalled 
him  to  Paris  in  1732.  Here,  among 
other  works,  he  made  a  large  group  in 
stone,  representing  an  athlete  over- 
coming a  boar.  This  stood  for  a  long 
time  in  the  garden  of  Grosbois.  After- 
wards he  assisted  in  repairing  the  foun- 
tain of  Neptune  at  Versailles.  He 
executed  ten  statues,  which  adoru  the 
church  of  St.  Sulpice.  A  monument  to 
the  duchess  of  Lauranguais,  made  by 
him,  is  also  in  that  church.  The  foun- 
tain in  the  rue  de  G/'eiielle,  which  the 
city  of  Paris  ordered  to  be  constructed 
in  1739,  was  made  by  him,  and  is  con- 
sidered his  masterpiece.  A  Cupid  which 
he  made  for  the  king  was  unsuccessful. 
For  the  "Traite  des  Pierres  gravecs," 
Bouchardon  furnished  designs,  from 
.which  the  plates  were  copied.  The  exe- 
cution of  the  greatest  monument  of  that 
period,  the  equestrian  statue  of  Louis 
XV.,  which  was  erected  by  order  of  the 
city  of  Paris,  was  committed  to  him.  He 
labored  twelve  years  on  this,  with  in- 
conceivable perseverance,  and  has  left, 
in  the  horse,  a  model  which  may  be 
ranked  with  any  work  of  antiquity.  D. 
1762.  Among  his  scholars,  Louis-*  !laude 
Vasse,  who  d.  in  1772,  is  distinguished. 
Cavlus  has  written  his  life. 

BOUCHER,  Francis,  artist,  was  b.  at 
Paris  in  1704.     While  a  pupil  of  the  eel- 


bog] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


193 


ebrated  Lemoine,  lie  gained,  at  the  age 
of  nineteen,  the  first  prize  o.  th  Aacad- 
emy.  After  studying  at  Rome  for  a 
short  time,  he  returned  to  Paris,  and 
was  styled  the  Painter  of  the  Graces — a 
title  which  he  did  not  merit.  He  would, 
perhaps,  have  risen  to  excellence,  had 
lie  not  yielded  to  the  corrupt  taste  of 
his  age,  and  had  devoted  himself  more 
completely  to  his  studies.  The  ease 
with  which  he  executed  made  him  care- 
.ess.  His  drawing  is  faulty  ;  his  color- 
ing does  not  harmonize,  especially  in  his 
naked  pieces,  which  are  so  glaring  that 
they  appear  as  if  the  light  was  reflected 
on  them  from  a  red  curtain.  In  a  word, 
he  is  looked  upon  as  the  corrupter  of 
the  French  school.  He  was  neither  en- 
vious nor  avaricious,  but  encouraged 
younger  artists  as  much  as  it  was  in  his 
power.  The  great  number  of  his  paint- 
ings and  sketches  shows  with  what 
rapidity  he  produced  them.  The  Tatter 
alone  amounted  to  more  than  10,000. 
He  has  also  etched  some  plates,  and 
many  of  his  paintings  have  been  en- 
graved. D.  1770. — Luc,  a  Jacobin  lead- 
er of  the  Faubourg  St.  Antoine,  who,  on 
the  20th  May,  1795,  forced  himself  into 
the  National  Convention,  and  seizing 
Ferrand,  one  of  the  members,  beheaded 
him  in  the  lobby  with  his  own  hand, 
and  fixed  his  head  on  a  pike,  para- 
ding it  through  the  "Salle."  He  was 
afterwards  guillotined. — Jonathan,  an 
English  divine;  author  of  "The  Cum- 
berland Man,"  &c.     D.  1804. 

BOUDINOT,  Elias,  was  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia, May  2d,  1740.  He  was  descend- 
er from  one  of  the  Huguenots,  who 
t  _ught  refuge  in  America  from  religious 
/)er»ecution  in  France.  He  studied  the 
law  and  became  eminent  in  that  profes- 
sion. At  an  early  period  of  the  revolu- 
tionary war,  he  was  appointed,  by 
congress,  commissary-general  of  prison- 
ers. In  the  year  1777  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  congress,  and,  in  1782,  was 
made  president  of  that  body.  After  the 
adoption  of  the  constitution  he  entered 
the  house  of  representatives,  where  he 
continued  six  years.  He  then  succeeded 
Eittenhouse  as  director  of  the  mint  of 
tLo  United  States,  an  office  which  he  re- 
signed in  the  course  of  a  few  years,  and 
lived  from  that  time  at  Burlington,  New 
Jersey,  He  devoted  himself  earnestly 
to  biblical  literature,  and,  being  possess- 
ed of  an  ample  fortune,  made  munifi- 
cent donations  to  various  charitable  and 
theological  institutions.  The  American 
Bible  Society,  of  which  he  became  pres- 
ident, was  particularly  an  object  of  his 
17 


bounty.  He  d.  at  the  age  of  eighty-two, 
in  October,  1821. 

BOUFFLERS,  Marshal  de,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  generals  of  his  age,  was 
b.  1644.  He  was  an  eleve  of  the  great 
Conde,  of  Turenne,  Crequi,  Luxem- 
bourg, and  Catinat.  His  defence  of 
Namur,  in  1695,  and  of  Lille,  in  1708, 
are  famous.  The  siege  of  the  former 
place  was  conducted  by  King  William 
in  person,  and  cost  the  allies  more  than 
20,000  men.  The  latter  was  conducted 
by  Prince  Eugene.  An  order  was  sent 
from  Louis  XIV.,  signed  by  his  own 
hand,  commanding  Bouffiers  to  sur- 
render; but  he  kept  it  secret,  until  all 
means  of  defence  were  exhausted.  The 
retreat  of  the  French  after  their  defeat 
at  Malplaquet,  under  the  direction  of 
Bouffiers,  was  more  like  a  triumph  than 
a  defeat.  D.  1711. — Stanislaus,  cheva- 
lier de,  member  of  the  French  Academy, 
son  of  the  marchioness  of  Bouffiers, 
mistress  of  Stanislaus,  king  of  Poland, 
b.  at  Luneville,  1737,  was  considered 
one  of  the  most  ingenious  men  of  his 
time,  and  was  distinguished  for  the  ele- 
gance of  his  manners  and  conversation. 
He  was  destined  for  the  church,  but  de- 
clared that  his  love  of  pleasure  would 
interfere  with  the  duties  of  this  profes- 
sion. He  entered  the  military  career, 
was  soon  appointed  governor  of  Senegal, 
and  while  in  this  office,  made  many 
useful  regulations.  After  his  return,  ho 
devoted  himself  to  that  light  kind  of 
literature  which  distinguished  the  age 
of  Louis  XV.  He  was  much  admired 
by  the  ladies,  and  in  the  higher  circles 
of  the  capital,  as  well  as  in  the  foreign 
courts  which  he  visited.  His  reputation 
gave  him  a  seat  in  the  states-general, 
where  he  was  esteemed  for  his  modera- 
tion and  his  good  intentions.  After 
August  10th  1792,  he  left  France,  and 
met  with  a  friendly  reception  from 
Prince  Henry  of  Prussia,  at  Reinsberg, 
and  Frederic  William  II.  A  large  grant 
was  made  to  him  in  Poland  for  estab- 
lishing a  colony  of  French  emigrants. 
In  1800  he  returned  to  Paris,  where  he 
devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits, 
wdiich,  in  1804,  procured  him  a  seat  in 
the  French  Institute.  D.  January  18th, 
1815. 

BOUGAINVILLE,  Louis  Antointe  de, 
count  of  the  empire,  senator,  and  mem- 
ber of  the  Institute  in  1796,  was  b.  1729, 
at  Paris.  At  first  a  lawyer,  afterwards 
a  distinguished  soldier,  diplomatist,  and 
scholar :  he  was  always  remarkable  for 
his  energy  of  character.  He  fought 
brave  y  in  Canada,  under  the  marquis 


104 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bou 


of  Montcalm,  and  it  was  principally 
owing  to  his  exertions,  in  1758,  tliat  a 
body  of  5000  French  withstood  success- 
fully a  British  army  of  16,000  men. 
Towards  the  conclusion  of  the  battle  he 
received  a  shot  in  the  head.  After  the 
battle  of  September  13th,  1759,  in  which 
Montcalm  was  killed,  and  the  fate  of  the 
enemy  decided,  Bougainville  returned 
to  France,  and  served  with  distinction 
under  Choiseul  Stainville,  in  the  cam- 
paign of  1761,  in  Germany.  Af  er  the 
peace,  he  entered  the  navy,  and  became 
one  of  the  greatest  naval  officers  in 
France.  He  persuaded  the  inhabitants 
of  St.  Malo  to  tit  out  an  expedition  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  a  colony  in 
the  Falkland  Islands,  and  undertook  the 
command  of  the  expedition  himself. 
The  king  appointed  him  captain,  and 
Bougainville  set  sail  with  his  little  fleet 
in  1763.  But,  as  the  Spaniards  had  a 
prior  claim  to  the  islands,  France  was 
obliged  to  surrender  them,  ami  Bou- 
gainville, having  returned  to  France, 
was  commissioned  to  carry  the  sur- 
render into  execution,  on  receiving  from 
Spain  a  remuneration  for  his  expenses. 
For  this  purpose,  lie  set  sail,  with  one 
frigate  and  a  merchant  ship,  from  St. 
Main,  December  loth,  1766.  After  the 
immediate  object  of  his  voyage  was  ac- 
complished, he  circumnavigated  the 
world,  and  returned  to  St.  Malo,  March 
16th,  1769.  lie  enriched  thy  science  of 
geography  by  a  number  of  new  dis- 
coveries. In  the  American  war,  he 
commanded  several  ships  of  the  line, 
with  great  honor;  was,  in  1779,  ehef-d'es- 
ca  Ire,  and,  in  the  following  year,  fleld- 
marshal  in  the  land  forces.  After  1790 
he  devoted  himself  to  science.  D.  1811. 
— Jean  Pikrre  de,  a  French  writer,  au- 
thor of  "  Philip  of  Macedon,"  a  tragedy, 
&C  and  editor  of  Freret's  great  work 
on  '-Chronology.''     B.  1722;  d.  1763. 

BOUGEANT,  Guillaume  IIvacinthe, 
a  French  Jesuit,  author  of  "  Amuse- 
ment Philosophique  but  le  Langatre  des 
Betu*,"  <fcc.    B.  16J0;  d.  1743. 

BOUGUER,  Pierre,  a  French  math- 
ematician and  hydrographer,  author  of 
treatises  on  "  Navigation  and  Pilotage," 
and  on  the  ''Construction  of  Ships," 
and  numerous  other  valuable  works  of 
science.     D.  1758. 

BOUHIER,  John,  an  eminent  French 
writer  of  the  17th  century,  author  of 
"Letter?  on  the  Therapentse,"  "Dis- 
sertations on  Herodotus,"  &c.  B.  1673; 
d.  1746. 

BOUHOURS,  Dominic,  a  French  Jes- 
uit and  critic,  author  of  "  Les  Entretiens 


d'Ariste  et  d'Eugcne,"  "  Maniere  de 
bien  Penser  sur  les  Ouvrages  de  l'Esprit," 
&c.     B.  1628;  d.  1702. 

BOUILLE,  Francis  Claude  Amour, 
Marquis  de,  b.  1759,  a  distinguished 
French  general,  celebrated  by  his  ex- 
ploits up  to  the  era  of  the  French  revo- 
lution; from  which,  although  he  sat  ou 
liberal  principles  in  the  first  assembly 
of  notables,  lie  detached  himself,  and, 
after  making  excellent  preparations  to 
assist  the  unfortunate  JLouis  XVI.  iu 
escaping  from  Varennes,  which  his 
sovereign  refused  to  avail  himself  of, 
he  quitted  France  and  served  under  the 
allies.  His  "  Memoirs  of  the  French 
Revolution"  rank  deservedly  high.  D. 
Ia0». 

BOUILLON,  Rose,  h.  1770  ;  a  heroine 
of  the  French  revolution,  wdio  entered 
the  army  as  a  volunteer,  and  fought  as 
a  private  in  the  6th  battalion  of  the 
Haute  Saon,  at  the  battle  of  Limbach, 
where  her  husband  was  killed  by  her 
side.  She  had  a  pension  from  the  Na- 
tional Convention. 

BOUILLY,  J.  N.,  an  eminent  French 
diplomatist,  b.  1770.  In  his  views  of 
the  revolution,  he  concurred  with  his 
friend  Mirabeau.  Author  of  "Pierre 
le  Grand,"  "  1,'Abbe  de  l'Epee,"  "  L6- 
onore,"  "Helena,"  "Agnes  Sorcl," 
"  La  Vieillesse  de  Piron,"  &c.    D.  1842. 

BOULAIXV1LLIERS,  Henry  de, 
eomte  de  St.  Saire,  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  Mahomet,"  a  "History  of  the 
Arabians,"  a  "  History  of  the 'Peerage 
of  France,"  <fcc.     B.  1658;  d.  1722. 

BOULANGER,  Nicholas  Antony,  a 
French  mathematician  and  engineer,  au- 
thor of  "Traite  dn  Despotisme  Oricn- 
tale,"  &c.     B.  1722;  d.  1759. 

BOULARD,  Antoine  Marie  Henri, 
a  distinguished  French  savant,  b.  1754, 
and  member  of  the  chamber  of  deputies 
in  1815.  He  is  author  of  numerous 
translations  from  English  standard  wri- 
tings, and  was  honored  by  the  friend- 
ship of  La  Harpe,  &c.     D.  1825. 

BOULAY  DE  LA  MEURTHE,  A. 
J.  C,  b.  1761  ;  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished orators  in  the  French  revolu- 
tion, and  author  of  eminent  works  on 
political  science.  He  was  president  of 
the  civil  tribunal  at  Nancy,  in  1793,  and 
had  great  share  in  confirming  the  ex- 
patriation of  the  emigrants  in  1793,  when 
a  member  of  the  five  hundred.  Ho 
was  subsequently  faithful  to  Bonaparte 
through  all  his  changes  of  fortune  ;  and 
on  that  account  was  proscribed,  and 
banished  to  Frankfort,  by  the  Bour 
bons,  on  their  last  restoration  in  1815. 


BOu] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


195 


BOULTEE,  Hugh,  archbishop  of  Ar- 
magh, eminent  for  his  benevolent  ex- 
ertions to  alleviate  the  distress  of  the 
Irish  during  the  scarcity  of  1740,  and 
for  the  part  he  took  in  establishing 
schools  for  the  instruction  of  the  Irish 
children.     D.  1742. 

BOULTON,  Matthew,  an  eminent 
engineer,  whose  spirit  and  talent  im- 
proved innumerable  mechanical  pro- 
cesses, and  whose  name,  with  that  of 
his  partner,  Watt,  is  inseparably  con- 
nected with  that  of  the  wonderful  power 
of  whfcl  they  made  such  skilful  use, 
:he  steam-engine,  was  b.  at  Birming- 
ham, in  1728.  Among  the  many  great 
undertakings  in  which  Boulton  and 
Watt  were  engaged,  one  of  the  most 
useful  and  important  was  the  improve- 
ment of  the  coinage,  the  coins  struck  at 
the  "Soho"  manufactory  being  rarely 
surpassed  in  beauty  or  accuracy.  His 
long  life  was  uninterruptedly  devoted  to 
the  advancement  of  the  useful  arts,  and 
the  promotion  of  the  commercial  inter- 
ests of  his  country.     D.  1809. 

BOUQUET,  Madame,  b.  about  1773  ; 
a  victim  of  affection  and  hospitality,  du- 
ring the  revolution.  She  concealed  Pe- 
thion  Buzot  and  her  uncle  Guadet, 
during  one  of  the  search  warrants  of 
the  terrorists,  and  their  retreat  being 
discovered,  she  was  sent  to  the  guillo- 
tine with  them,  and  died  with  great  for- 
titude. 

BOURBON,  Charles,  duke  de,  con- 
stable of  France,  a  powerful  enemy  of 
Francis  I.,  and  his  opponent  at  Pavia 
when  Francis  was  taken  prisoner.  His 
life  was  chiefly  spent  in  warfare,  and  he 
was  killed  while  heading  the  assault  on 
Borne,  in  1527. — Robert,  the  Strong, 
duke  of  Neustria,  founder  of  the  family 
which  has  so  long  governed  France, 
Spain,  Sicily.  &c,  lost  his  life  in  a  battle 
with  the  Normans  in  866.  Historians 
differ  as  to  his  descent,  some  contend- 
ing that  Pepin,  of  Heristel,  was  his  an- 
cestor; others  trace  his  genealogy  to 
the  kintrs  of  Lombardy  :  and  some  say 
he  derived  his  origin  from  a  natural  son 
of  Charlemagne.  —  Louis,  cardinal  and 
archbishop  of  Toledo;  son  of  Louis, 
brother  of  Charles  III.  of  Spain.  After 
the  imprisonment  of  Ferdinand  at  Va- 
•encay,  he  joined  the  eortes,  and  ulti- 
mately became  president  of  the  provi- 
sional junta  before  which  the  king 
swore,  in  1820,  to  abide  bv  the  consti- 
tution of  the  eortes  of  1812.  B.  1777; 
d.  1823.  —  Louis  Hexry  Joseph,  duke 
de,  and  prince  de  Conde.  He  fought  in 
die  royalist  army ;   and  after  the  cam- 


paign in  1899,  accompanied  his  father 
to  England,  and  was  residing  with  him 
at  Wansteaddlouse  in  1804,  when  his 
son,  the  Duke  d'Enghien,  was  mur- 
dered. The  duke's  death  is  attributed 
to  the  excitement  of  his  mind  respecting 
the  revolution  of  July,  1830.  His  prop- 
erty he  left  by  will  to  the  Duke  d'Au- 
male.  third  son  of  Louis  Philippe,  king 
of  the  French,  with  the  exception  of  a 
large  bequest  to  Sophia  Dawes,  baroness 
de  Feueheres,  an  Englishwoman,  with 
whom  he  lived.  D.  1830.  —  Nicholas, 
a  French  poet,  author  of  l>  Nuga?,''  a  col- 
lection of  Latin  epigrams;  a  didactic 
poem,  called  "Ferraria;"  a  treatise 
•' De  puerorum  moribus,"  &c.  D.  1556. 
—  Nicholas,  nephew  of  the  above,  pro- 
fessor of  Greek,  author  of  "An  Impre- 
cation against  the  Parricide  of  Henry 
IV.,'-  &c.     D.  1644. 

BOUKCHIEK,  Thomas,  cardinal,  and 
archbishop  of  Canterbury.  He  crowned 
no  fewer  than  three  kings,  viz.,  Edward 
IV.,  Richard  III.,  and  Henry  VII.  D. 
148 j. — John,  Lord  Berners,  a  military 
commander  of  great  skill  and  repute  in 
the  reigns  of  Henry  VII.  and  VIII.,  by 
the  latter  of  whom  he  was  made  gov- 
ernor of  Calais,  author  of  a  translation  of 
"  Froissart,"  "  The  Life  of  Marcus  Aure- 
liu>."  &c.      1>.  1532. 

BOURDALOUE,  Louis,  a  Jesuit,  and 
a  French  preacher  of  consummate  elo- 
quence; was  b.  at  Bourges,  in  1632.  The 
reputation  which  he  acquired  by  preach- 
ing in  the  country,  induced  his  superiors 
to  send  him  to  Paris,  where  he  immedi- 
ately acquired  popularity,  and  became 
the  favorite  preacher  of  Louis  XIV.,  who 
sent  him  into  Languedoc,  to  convert  the 
Protestants.  The  latter  part  of  his 
life  was  spent  in  visiting  the  sick,  and 
the  prisons,  and  in  other  works  of 
charity.  His  sermons  occupy  16  vol- 
umes," and  have  often  been  reprinted. 
D.  1704. 

BOURDON,  Skbastian,  a  painter  of 
merit  in  various  styles,  but  particularly 
in  landscape;  was  b.  at  Montpelier,  in 
1616,  and  studied  at  Home,  where  he 
was  the  friend  of  Claude  Lorraine.  In 
1652,  wishing  to  avoid  the  civil  wars 
which  threatened  France,  he  visited 
Sweden,  and  was  patronized  by  Chris- 
tina. She  made  him  a  present  of  somo 
pictures  which  Gustavus  had  brcughf 
from  Dresden;  but  on  examining  them, 
Bourdon  disinterestedhy  told  her  that 
she  ought  not  to  part  with  so  valuable 
a  collection.  Christina  afterwards  took 
them  to  Rome,  and  they  at  length  formed 
a  part  of  the   famous   Orleans  gallery 


196 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


BOD 


He  was  an  engraver  as  well  as  a  painter. 
D.  1671. 

BOURGEOIS,  Sir  Francis,  whose  pa- 
rents were  Swiss,  was  born  in  London, 
in  1756,  and  was  designed  for  the  army, 
but  displayed  such  an  attachment  to 
painting  that  he  was  placed  under 
Loutherbourg.  After  having  travelled 
for  improvement,  he  became  a  royal 
academician.  In  17lJl  he  was  appointed 
painter  to  the  king  of  Poland ;  and,  in 
171)4,  landscape  painter  to  George  III. 
The  splendid  collection  of  pictures  which 
Mr.  Desenfans  had  bequeathed  to  him, 
Sir  Francis  left  to  Dulwich  college,  with 
ten  thousand  pounds  to  build  a  gallery 
for  them.     I).  1811. 

BOUKGOING,  John  Francis,  Baron 
de,  was  b.  at  Ne vers,  in  1743;  served 
early  in  the  army,  and  successively  acted 
as  secretary  erf  legation,  and  lastly  as  am- 
bassador at  various  courts.  Of  his  wri- 
tings, the  principal  are,  the  "Picture  of 
Modern  Spain,"  3  vols.:  and  "  Histori- 
cal and  Philosophical  Memoirs  of  Pius 
VI.     D.  1811. 

BOURIGNON,  Antoinetta,  a  fanatic, 
b.  at  Lisle,  in  1616.  She  came  into  the 
world  so  very  deformed  that  a  consulta- 
tion was  held  in  the  family  some  days 
about  stifling  her  as  a  monstrous  birth. 
But  if  she  sunk  almost  beneath  humanity 
in  her  exterior,  her  interior  seems  to 
have  been  raised  as  much  above  it ;  for 
at  4  years  of  age  she  not  only  took  notice 
that  the  people  of  Lisle  did  not  live  up 
to  the  principles  of  Christianity  which 
they  professed,  but  was  thereby  dis- 
turbed so  much  as  to  desire  a  removal 
into  some  more  Christian  country.  Hav- 
ing an  aversion  to  matrimony,  she  twice 
eloped  from  home  to  avoid  it.  The  read- 
ing of  mystical  works  inflamed  her  ima- 
gination,' and  she  believed  that  she  had 
visions  and  ecstatic  trances,  in  which 
she  was  commanded  to  restore  the  true 
evangelical  spirit  in  the  world.  She 
wandered  about  incessantly,  and  was 
expelled  from  many  countries  ;  but  she 
made  numerous  proselytes,  among 
whom  were  men  of  abilities.  U.  at 
Franeker,  in  Holland,  16S0.  Her  reve- 
ries till  22  volumes. 

BOUKL1E,  Anthony  de  Guiscakd, 
Abbe  de  la,  who  is  known  in  English 
history  as  the  Marquis  de  Guiscard;  was 
b.  in  Quercy,  in  1658,  and  entered  the 
church.  For  some  crime,  however,  he 
was  compelled  to  fly.  Failing  in  an 
attempt  to  spread  the  revolt  of  the  Ce- 
vennes,  he  took  refuge  in  England, 
where  he  received  a  pension  from  Queen 
Anne's  ministers  ;  but  having  betrayed 


them  to  his  own  government,  he  was 
summoned  before  the  privy  council. 
There  he  stabbed  Mr.  Harley,  and  in 
return,  was  so  dangerously  wounded  by 
some  of  the  counsellors  that  he  d.  in 
Newgate,  in  1711. 

BOURNE,  Benjamin,  of  Bristol, 
Rhode  Island ;  was  b.  about  the  year 
1755,  and  educated  at  Harvard  college, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1775.  He 
was  conspicuous  for  talents  and  learn- 
ing, and  spent  a  largo  part  of  his  life  in 
public  and  honorable  employments.  Ho 
was  for  some  time  a  member  of  congress, 
and  in  1801  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
circuit  court  of  the  United  States.  D. 
1S08. — Vincent,  one  of  the  most  elegant 
of  modern  Latin  poets ;  was  educated 
at  Westminster  and  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  took  his  degree  of  M.A.  in 
1721,  and  d.  undermaster  of  Westmin- 
ster school  in  1747.  Cowper  describes 
him  as  having  been  the  neatest  of  all 
men  in  his  versification,  the  most  slov- 
enly in  his  person ;  and,  as  a  poet,  he 
thinks  him  not  at  all  inferior  to  Ovid. 

BOURRIENNE,  Louis  Antoine  Fau- 
velet  de,  the  secretary  of  Napoleon,  who 
had  formed  a  friendship  with  him  when 
they  were  scholars  at  Brieune,  was  b 
1769,  and  studied  law  at  Leipsie.  When 
Napoleon  was  first  consul  he  was  made 
counsellor  of  state.  Yet  afterwards  ho 
was  accused  of  not  being  sincerely  at- 
tached to  the  government  of  Napoleon 
as  emperor.  He  was  an  inconsistent  and 
treacherous  politician,  and  even  wrote 
against  his  old  patron  and  friend.  His 
"  Memoirs  of  Napoleon"  have  been 
proved  to  be.  in  some  respects,  unworthy 
of  entire  confidence.     D.  ls;)4. 

BOURR1T,  Mark  Theodore,  a  native 
of  Geneva,  b.  1739,  was  a  chanter  in  the 
cathedral  of  his  native  city.  He  is 
known  to  the  public  by  his  various  jour- 
neys to  the  Alps,  and  particularly  to  the 
glaciers  and  Mont  Blanc ;  of  which  he 
published  narratives  in  1772  and  1785. 
The  last  of  these  works  was  reprinted 
in  1789,  with  a  "  Description  of  the  Gla- 
ciers of  the  Pennine  and  Rhetian  Alps." 
D.  1819. 

BOURSAULT,  Edmund,  a  French 
writer,  was  b.  at  Muci  l'Eveque,  in  Bur- 
gundy, 16  iS,  and  though  his  father,  a 
dissipated  officer,  to  prevent  him  from 
knowing  more  than  himself,  would  give 
him  no  education,  he  acquired  a  con- 
summate knowledge  of  the  French  lan- 
guage. He  wrote  several  comedies,  par- 
ticularly "  Esop  in  Town,"  and  "  Esop 
at  Court,"  three  romances,  and  other 
works    of   considerable    merit,   among 


bow] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


197 


which  may  be  mentioned  "  Letters  to 
Babct."  Boursault  was  a  man  of  modest 
mind  and  a  forgiving  spirit.     D.  1701. 

BOUESIEK,  Lawrence  Francis,  a 
doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  who  d.  at  Paris 
in  1749,  aged  70.  He  was  author  of 
several  controversial  books  in  divinity, 
and  of  an  able  treatise  called  "  Paction 
de  Dicu  sur  lcs  creatures,"  2  vols.  4to.  or 
C  vols.  12mo.,  which  was  attacked  by 
Malebranche.  He  wrote  also  an  address 
to  Peter  the  Great  when  he  visited  Paris, 
for  the  union  of  the  Greek  and  Latin 
churches. — Philip,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Pa- 
ris, who  was  the  first  concerned  in  the 
"Nouvelles  Ecclesiastiques"  in  1727,  in 
which  he  was  assisted  by  Berger,  d'Ete- 
niare,  de  Fcrnanville,  and  others.  D. 
1767. 

BOURVALAIS,  Paul  Poisson,  a  fa- 
mous French  financier,  who  rose  from 
obscurity  to  opulence  and  consequence, 
by  industry,  and  afterwards  by  dishon- 
est means.  He  was  accused  of  having 
amassed  a  princely  fortune  from  the  dis- 
tresses of  the  state  during  the  Spanish 
succession  war,  and  his  vast  wealth  was 
forfeited.  lie  was  some  time  indemni- 
fied ;  but  his  disgrace  had  broken  a  heart 
naturally  fierce  and  impatient.     D.  1710. 

BOUTERWEK,  Frederick,  profes- 
sor of  moral  philosophy  at  Gottingeu,  a 
man  of  much  merit  as  an  academical  in- 
structor and  a  writer  on  literature,  was 
b.  April  loth,  17t>H,  at  Oker,  a  village  not 
far  from  Goslar,  in  North  Germany. 
After  applying  himself  to  many  depart- 
ments of  learning,  jurisprudence,  poe- 
try, &c.,  he  at  last  became  entirely  de- 
voted to  philosophy  and  literary  history. 
Bouterwek  has  gained  a  permanent 
reputation  by  his  "History  of  Modern 
Poetry  and  Eloquence,"  published  1801 
-1S21,  a  work  which,  though  unequal 
in  some  respects,  and  in  parts,  especial- 
ly in  the  first  volume,  partial  and  super- 
ficial, is  an  excellent  collection  of  notices 
and  observations,  and  may  be  considered 
one  of  the  best  works  of  the  kind  in 
German  literature.     D.  1S28. 

BOWDICIi,  Thomas  Edward,  a  wri- 
ter in  the  service  of  the  English  African 
Company,  was  a  native  of  Bristol.  He 
was  selected  to  conduct  a  mission  to 
the  king  of  Ashantee,  of  which  mission 
he  published  a  very  interesting  account. 
He  again  set  out  to  explore  the  interior 
of  Africa,  and  had  already  reached  the 
river  Gambia,  when  a  fever,  produced 
chiefly  by  anxiety,  terminated  his  life  in 
1824.  He  was  an  excellent  linguist  and 
a  pleasing  writer  ;  and  besides  the  work 
already  mentioned,  the  public  are  in- 
17* 


debted  to  him  for  a  translation  of  Mol- 
lah's  "  Travels  to  the  Sources  of  the  Sen- 
egal and  Gambia,"  and  other  works. 
B.  1798. 

BOW  DITCH,  Nathaniel,  president 
of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  was  b.  at  Salem,  Mass.,  March 
2(5,  1773.  On  account  of  the  straitened 
circumstances  of  his  parents,  he  had  no 
advantages  of  education  than  those  af- 
forded by  the  common  town  schools  oi 
that  period ;  and  he  was  taken  from 
school  at  the  early  period  of  10  years.  At 
the  age  of  12  or  13,  he  \  as  placed  as  an 
apprentice,  or  clerk,  in  a  ship-chandler's 
shop,  where  he  remained  till  he  was 
21.  In  his  22d  year  he  went  to  sea  in 
the  capacity  of  captain's  clerk  ;  and  he 
spent  about  nine  years  in  a  seafaring 
life,  during  which  he  made  five  voyages, 
four  of  them  to  the  East  Indies  ;  first  as 
captain's  clerk,  afterwards  as  supercar- 
go, and  finally  as  master.  After  relin- 
quishing his  nautical  life,  he  became,  in 
1804,  president  of  a  marine  insurance 
company,  in  Salem,  which  station  he 
held  till'  1823,  when,  on  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Massachusetts  Hospital  Life 
Insurance  Company,  in  Boston,  he  was 
induced  to  leave  nis  native  place,  and 
take  charge  of  the  institution.  Notwith- 
standing his  limited  advantages  of  edu- 
cation, and  his  engagements,  through 
life,  in  laborious  employments,  by  his 
extraordinary  genius,  and  almost  equally 
extraordinary  economy  of  time,  he  gain- 
ed a  knowledge  of  the  Latin,  Greek,  Ital- 
ian, Spanish,  French,  Portuguese,  and 
German  languages,  made  himself  the 
most  eminent  mathematician  and  astron- 
omer that  America  has  produced,  and 
did  more  for  the  reputation  of  his  coun- 
try among  men  of  science  abroad,  than 
has  been  done  by  any  other  man, 
except,  perhaps,  Audubon  and  Dr. 
Franklin.  His  first  publication  was  his 
well-known  "  Practical  Navigation,"  of 
which  the  first  edition  appeared  in  1802, 
while  the  author  was  engaged  in  a  sea- 
faring life,  in  the  capacity  of  supercargo. 
From  that  period  it  has  been  the  stand- 
ard work  on  the  subject ;  an  1  in  point 
of  practical  utility,  it  is  esteemed  one  of 
the  most  valuable  works  extant.  Among 
his  scientific  labors  were  numerous  and 
important  communications  to  the  Mem- 
oirs of  the  American  Academy ;  but  the 
great  work  upon  wlwch  his  fame,  as  a 
man  of  science  will  principally  rest,  is  his 
copious  and  profound  commentary  upon 
the  "  Mechanique  Celeste"  of  La  Place, 
of  which  he  made  the  first,  entire  trans- 
lation, and  which  he  has  elucidated  in* 


198 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


[boi 


manner  that  commands  the  admiration 
of  men  of  science.     D.  1838. 

BOWDLER,  Thomas,  an  English  phy- 
sician ;  author  of  "  Letters  from  Hol- 
land," and  editor  of  the  "  Family  Shak- 
speare,"  &c.  B.  1754 ;  d.  1825.— Hannah, 
was  sister  of  the  above;  author  of 
"Poems  and  Essays,"  and  of  some  popu- 
lar "Sermons  on  the  Doctrines  and  Du- 
ties of  Christianity."     D.  1830. 

BOWDOIN,  James,  a  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  was  born  at  Boston,  in 
the  year  1727,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college,  in  1745.  He  took  an 
early  stand  against  the  encroachments 
of  the  British  government  upon  the 
provincial  rights,  and  in  1774  was  elected 
a  delegate  to  the  first  congress.  The 
state  of  his  health  prevented  his  attend- 
ance, and  his  place  was  afterwards  filled 
by  Mr.  Hancock.  In  1778  he  was  chosen 
president  of  the  convention  which 
formed  the  constitution  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  in  1785  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  that  state.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Massachusetts  convention  assem- 
bled to  deliberate  on  the  adoption  of  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States,  and 
exerted  himself  in  its  favor.  He  was 
the  first  president  of  the  Academy  of 
Arts  and  Sciences,  established  at  Boston 
in  1780,  and  was  admitted  a  member  of 
several  foreign  societies  of  distinction. 
D.  at  Boston,  L790. 

BOWER,  Archibald,  a  native  of  Dun- 
dee, b.  in  1686,  was  educated  at  St.  Omer, 
entered  the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  and  be- 
came a  se  ounllor  of  the  Inquisition,  at 
Macerata,  in  the  Papal  States.  He,  how- 
ever, fled  to  Englan  1,  in  172(5,  embraced 
the  Protestant  faith,  and  was  patronized 
by  persons  of  eminence.  His  sincerity 
was  much  doubted,  and  his  conduct  was 
attacked  by  many,  particularly  by  Dr. 
Douglas,  the  detector  of  Lauder.  Bower 
conducted  the  "  Historia  Literaria ;" 
wrote  a  very  indifferent  "  History  of  the 
Popes,"  and  contributed  largely  to  the 
"Universal  History."     D.  17-66. 

BOWLES,  Rev.  William  Lisle,  whose 
sonnets  exercised  no  unimportant  influ- 
ence on  English  literature,  was  b.  at 
King's  Sutton,  in  Northamptonshire,  a 
parish  of  which  his  father  was  vicar,  in 
1762.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester 
and  at  Trinity  college,  Oxford,  where  he 
look  his  degree  in  1792.  On  leaving  the 
university  he  entered  into  holy  orders, 
and  was  appointed  to  a  curacy  in  Wilt- 
shire; from  which  he  was  preferred  to  a 
living  in  Gloucestershire,  and  in  1803  to 
u  canonry  in  Salisbury  cathedral.  His 
next  step  was  to  the  rectory  of  Bremhill 


in  Wiltshire,  to  which  he  was  presented 
by  Archbishop  Mooro.  His  first  ap- 
pearance as  a  poet  was  in  a  small  collec- 
tion of  sonnets,  which  were  published 
in  1789,  and  may  be  reckoned  among 
the  first-fruits  of  a  new  era  in  poetry. 
In  these  sonnets  there  were  observed 
grace  of  expression,  a  musical  versifica- 
tion, and  especially  an  air  of  melancholy 
tenderness,  so  congenial  to  the  poetical 
temperament.  The  subsequent  poems 
of  Mr.  Bowles  did  not  belie  the  promise 
of  his  youth.  The  chief  of  these  were 
his  "  Hope,  an  Allegorical  Sketch,"  "  St. 
Michael's  Mount,"  "Cooinbe  Ellen," 
and  "  Grave  of  Howard."  His  "  Spirit 
of  Discovery  by  Sea,"  the  longest  of  his 
productions,  was  published  in  1804.  Mr. 
Bowles  published  also  an  edition  of 
Pope,  which  involved  him  in  the  famous 
controversy  with  Lord  Byron — as  well 
as  a  great  variety  of  small"  tracts,  litera- 
ry, antiquarian,  and  theological.  He 
was,  in  fact,  a  very  frequent,  though  he 
cannot  be  cidled  a  voluminous,  contribu- 
tor to  the  literature  of  the  present  cen- 
tury.    D.  1850. 

BOWYER,  William,  an  eminent 
scholar  and  typographer,  was  b.  in 
London,  in  1699,  and  after  having  been 
for  some  time  at  St.  John's  college, 
Cambridge,  became  a  partner  with  his 
father  in  the  printing  business.  He  was 
printer  to  various  learned  bodies,  and 
to  the  house  of  lords.  He  published 
several  philological  tracts,  and  added 
notes  to  many  erudite  works  from  his 
press;  but  his  principal  production  is 
an  edition  of  the  New  Testament  in 
Greek,  with  conjectural  emendations. 
D.  1777. 

BOXHORN,  Mark  Zuerius,  professor 
of  rhetoric,  politics,  and  history,  in  the 
university  of  Leyden  ;  author  of  a  trea- 
tise on  the  Discovery  of  Printing,  and 
of  numerous  Latin  works,  both  prose 
and  verse.     B.  1612;  d.  1653. 

BOYCE,  William,  doctor  of  music, 
and  an  eminent  composer  both  of  sacred 
and  secular  pieces.     B.  1710;  d.  1779. 

BOYD,  Mark  Alexander,  an  eminent 
Scotch  writer;  author  of  "  Epistolae  He- 
roidis,"  &c.  B.  1562;  d.  1601.— Huon 
Macauley,  a  Scotch  political  writer,  to 
whom,  without  any  sufficing  reason,  the 
celebrated  Letters  of  Junius  were  at  one 
time  attributed.  He  accompanied  Lord 
Macartney  to  Madras.  D.  1791. — Rob- 
ert, an  eminent  Scotch  divine,  b.  at 
Glasgow,  in  1578;  d.  1627. — Zaciiary,  a 
Scotch  divine  of  the  17th  century,  and 
twice  rector  of  the  university  of  Glas- 
gow. Among  various  other  works  which 


cor] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


199 


he  published,  is  "The  Last  Buttle  of 
the  Soul  in  Death;"  and  among  the  nu- 
merous MSS.  he  left,  is  a  collection  of 
quaint  poems,  entitled,  "  Zion's  Flow- 
ers," popularly  called  "  Zacliary  Boyd's 
Bible.  U.  1653,  leaving  a  considerable 
legacy  to  the  Glasgow  college. 

BOYDELL,  John,  a  worthy  alderman 
of  London,  and  distinguished  encour- 
ager  of  the  arts  of  painting  and  engrav- 
ing, b.  at  Dorington,  in  Shropshire,  1719, 
and  intended  for  a  land-surveyor,  which 
was  the  profession  of  his  father;  but 
chance  having  thrown  in  his  way  "Bad- 
deley's  Views  of  different  Country  Seats," 
he  determined  on  quitting  the  pen  for 
the  graver ;  and  at  above  20  years  of 
age  put  himself  apprentice  for  seven 
years  to  Mr.  Toms,  whom  he  served  six 
years,  and  bought  up  the  seventh.  He 
then  applied  closely  till  he  had  engraved 
152  prints,  which  he  published  in  a 
book  at  the  price  of  five  guineas.  With 
the  profits  of  this  he  set  about  encour- 
aging other  professors  of  the  art ;  he 
discovered  the  talents  of  Woollett,  and 
employed  him  to  engrave  the  two  fa- 
mous pictures  of  "Niobe"  and  "Phae- 
ton." He  soon  commenced  a  great 
foreign  trade  in  English  prints,  and 
realized  by  his  spirit"  of  industry  and 
enterprise  a  considerable  fortune,  form- 
ing too  the  well-known  "Shaksj>eare 
Gallery."  The  long  duration  of  the 
French  war,  however,  having  almost 
wholly  stopped  his  export  trade,  in 
which  lie  had  embarked  large  sums  of 
money,  he  was,  in  the  spring  of  1804, 
induced  to  crave  permission  of  parlia- 
ment to  dispose  of  the  "Shakspeare 
Gallerv"  by  lottery.    D.  1804. 

BOYELDIEU,  Adrian,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  opera  composers  of 
France.  He  was  b.  at  Koucn,  1775,  but 
went  early  to  Paris,  where  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  the  piano  at  the 
Conservatoire.  He  wrote  "  Ma  Tante 
Aurora,"  and  the  "Calife  de  Bagdad," 
when  he  was  made  chapel-master  to 
Alexander  of  Russia,  and  repaired  to  St. 
Petersburg.  In  1811  he  returned  to 
Paris,  and  wrote  "  Le  Dot  de  Susette," 
"  Jean  de  Paris,"  "  LeChaperon  Rouge," 
nnd  bestof  all,  "La  Dame  Blanche."  A 
sweet  and  natural  melody,  simple  but 
agreeable  accompaniments,  an  expres- 
sive gayety,  and  great  variety,  are  the 
characteristic  excellences  of  his  style. 
D.  1834. 

BOYER,  Able,  a  well-known  glossog- 
rapher;  b.  at  Castres,  in  France,  1664. 
The  work  he  is  chiefly  known  by,  is  a 
very  excellent  "  French  and  English,  and 


English  and  French  Dictionary."  Ho 
wrote*  also  "  A  French  Grammar"  in 
English,  which  still  retains  a  high  rank 
in  our  schools.  D.  1729. — John  Baptist 
Nicholas,  a  French  physician,  eminently 
skilful  in  the  treatment  of  infectious  dis- 
eases ;  author  of  a  "  Pharmacopoeia," 
tracts  on  Contagious  Disorders,  &c.  D. 
1763. — Jean  Pierke,  a  celebrated  mu- 
latto president  of  the  island  of  Hayti ; 
who  was  b.  at  Port  an  Prince  in  1780. 
His  mother  was  a  negress  from  Congo, 
and  his  father  a  shopkeeper  and  tailor 
of  good  repute.  Attaching  himself  to 
Rigaud,  he  set  out  for  France,  but  was 
captured  by  the  Americans,  but  was 
released  at  the  close  of  the  war  between 
France  and  the  United  States.     He  took 

Sirt  in  Leclerc's  expedition  against  St. 
omingo,  but  afterwards  joined  Petion's 
party,  and  rapidly  rose  till  he  was  named 
Petion's  successor  in  the  presidency 
Adroitly  placing  himself  at  the  head  of 
the  various  insurgents  as  they  rose,  lie 
reduced  the  whole  island  to  one  repub- 
lican government.  He  was  subsequently 
obliged  to  seek  safety  from  an  insurrec- 
tion excited  by  his  violence,  in  the  island 
of  Jamaica. 

BOYLE,  Robert,  a  philosopher,  who 
ranks  with  Bacon  and  with  Newton  ; 
was  the  seventh  son  of  the  celebrated 
earl  of  Cork,  and  was  b.  at  Lismore,  in 
Ireland,  January  the  26th,  1626,  the 
year  that  Bacon  died.  Eton  has  the 
"honor  of  his  early  education,  which  was 
perfected  by  private  tutors,  and  lastly 
at  Geneva.  After  having  travelled  over 
various  parts  of  the  Continent,  he  settled 
in  England,  and  devoted  himself  to  sci- 
ence, especially  to  natural  philosophy 
and  to  chemistry.  Every  year  of  his 
life  was  marked  by  new  experiments. 
We  are  indebted  to  him  for  the  first  cer- 
tain knowledge  of  the  absorption  of  air 
in  calcination  and  combustion,  and  of 
the  increase  of  weight  which  metals  gain 
by  oxidation.  He  first  studied  the  chem- 
ical phenomena  of  the  atmosphere,  and 
was  thus  the  predecessor  of  Mayow, 
Hales,  Cavendish,  and  Priestley.  In  all 
philosophical  inquiries,  he  displayed  an 
accurate  and  methodical  mind,  relying 
wholly  upon  experiments.  At  the  same 
time  his  imagination  was  warm  and 
lively,  and  inclined  to  romantic  notions, 
which  were  first  produced  in  his  child- 
hood, by  the  perusal  of  Amadis  of  Gaul, 
and  always  exercised  a  visible  influence 
on  his  character.  He  was  naturally  in- 
clined to  melancholy,  and  this  temper 
of  mind  was  increased  by  circumstances, 
The  sight  of  the  great  Carthusian  mon- 


200 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[BOY 


asteiy  at  Grenoble,  the  wildness  of  the 
country,  as  well  us  the  severe  ascetic  life 
of  the  monks,  made  a  deep  impression 
upon  him.  Tnc  devil,  as  he  said,  taking 
advantage  of  his  melancholy  disposition, 
filled  his  sotd  with  terror,  and  with 
doubts  concerning  the  fundamental  doc- 
trines of  religion.  This  condition  was 
eo  insufferable,  that  he  was  tempted  to 
free  himself  from  it  by  committing  sui- 
cide, an  J  was  only  prevented  by  the 
fear  of  hell.  While  endeavoring  to  settle 
his  faith,  he  found  those  defences  of  the 
Christian  religion,  which  had  been  pub- 
lished before  his  time,  unsatisfactory. 
In  order  therefore  to  read  the  original 
works  which  are  considered  the  founda- 
tion of  Christianity,  he  studied  the  Ori- 
ental languages,  and  formed  connections 
with  Poeocke,  Thomas  Hyde,  Samuel 
Clarke,  Thomas  Barlow,  &c.  The  result 
of  Ins  studies  was  a  conviction  of  its 
truth,  which  was  manifested  not  only 
by  his  theological  writings,  but  by  his 
benevolence  and  generous  disinterested- 
ness, lie  instituted  public  lectures  for 
the  defence  of  Christianity.  D.  1691. — 
Richard,  earl  of  Cork,  an  eminent  states- 
man in  the  reign  of  James  I. ;  and  foun- 
der of  a  family  greatly  distinguished  in 
the  arts,  sciences,  and  literature.  B.  at 
Canterbury,  1566 ;  d.  1643. — Roger,  carl 
of  Orrery,  fifth  son  of  the  above.  When 
only  7  years  old  he  was  created  Baron 
Broghill ;  and,  from  an  early  age,  was 
conspicuous  for  his  zeal  in  the  king's 
service.  But  after  the  king  was  put  to 
death,  the  baron  transferred  his  services 
to  Cromwell,  by  whom  he  was  greatly 
trusted  and  employed.  At  the  death  of 
Cromwell  he  aided  in  bringing  back 
Charles  II.,  and  was  created  earl_  of 
Orrery  for  his  service  on  that  occasion. 
B.  16til ;  d.  1679.— Charles,  Lord  Boyle, 
second  son  of  Roger,  earl  of  Orrery,  a 
statesman  and  scholar;  editor  of  the 
''Epistles  of  Phalaris,"  and  author  of 
some  slight  but  clever  literary  papers. 
B.  1676;  d.  1731.— John,  carl  of  Cork 
and  Orrery,  only  son  of  the  last  named; 
author  of  a  translation,  with  notes,  of  the 
"Epistles  of  Pliny  the  Younger,"  "Re- 
marks on  the  Life  and  Writings  of 
Swift,"  papers  in  the  Connoisseur  and 
the  World,  &c.  B.  1707;  d.  1762.— 
Richard,  third  earl  of  Burlington,  and 
fourth  carl  of  Cork,  another  branch  of 
the  same  distinguished  family.  He  was 
an  enthusiastic  amateur  of  architecture, 
and  a  very  generous  fi  iend  to  men  of 
letters.  In  him,  Bishop  Berkeley  found 
his  earliest  and  most  efficient  patron ; 
»nd  Pope  did  him  the  honor  to  address 


to  him  his  fourth  epistle.    B.  1695;  d. 
1753. 

BOYLSTON,  Zabdiel,  wasb.  at  Brook- 
line,  Massachusetts,  in  1634.  He  studied 
medicine  at  Boston,  and  entered  into  the 
practice  of  his  profession  in  that  place. 
In  1721,  when  the  small-pox  broke  out 
in  Boston,  and  spread  alarm  through  the 
whole  country,  the  practice  of  inocula- 
tion was  introduced  by  Dr.  Boylston, 
notwithstanding  i1",  was  discouraged  by 
the  rest  of  the  faculty,  and  a  public  or- 
dinance was  passed  to  prohibit  it.  He 
persevered  in  his  practice  in  spite  of  the 
most  violent  opposition,  and  had  the 
satisfaction  of  seeing  inoculation  in  gen- 
eral use  in  New  England,  fcr  some  time 
before  it  became  common  in  Great  Brit- 
ain. In  1725  he  visited  England,  where 
he  was  received  with  much  attention, 
and  was  fleeted  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society.  Upon  his  return,  he  continued 
at  the  head  of  his  profession  for  many 
years,  and  accumulated  a  large  fortune'. 
Besides  communications  to  the  Royal 
Society,  he  published  two  treatises  on 
the  Small  Pox.  D.  1766. — Nicholas,  a 
benefactor  of  Harvard  college,  who  had 
been  an  eminent  merchant,  and  was 
about  to  retire  from  business,  to  enjoy 
the  fruit  of  his  industry,  when  he  d. 
He  bequeathed  to  the  university  at  Cam- 
bridge £1500,  as  the  foundation  of  a 
lectureship  on  rhetoric  and  oratory. 
John  Qnincy  Adams,  in  1806,  was  the 
first  occupant  of  the  chair  thus  created. 
D.  1771. — Ward  Nicholas,  also  a  dis- 
tinguished patron  of  Harvard  college, 
having  given  to  the  medical  school  a 
collection  of  medical  and  anatomical 
books,  and  made  provision  for  its  en- 
largement. 

BOYS,  William,  b.  at  Deal,  in  Kent, 
1735,  was  bred  a  surgeon,  but  devoted 
much  of  his  time  to  antiquarian  re- 
searches, and  published,  besides  other 
works,  an  elaborate  and  valuable  "  His- 
tory of  Sandwich,  with  Notices  of  the 
other  Cinque  Ports,  and  of  Riehbor- 
ough."     D.  1803. 

BOYSE,  John,  one  of  the  translators 
of  the  Bible  in  the  reign  of  James  I., 
was  b.  at,  Nettlestead,  in  Suffolk,  1560, 
and  d.  1643.  leaving  a  great  many  manu- 
scripts behind  him,  particularly  a  com- 
mentary on  almost  all  the  boolis  of  the 
New  Testament. — Samdel,  a  very  in- 
genious person,  but  as  remarkable  for 
imprudence  as  for  ingenuity,  b.  in  Dub- 
lin, 1709.  In  1731  he  published,  at 
Edinburgh,  a  volume  of  poems  addressed 
to  the  countess  of  Eglinton.  He  wrote 
also  an  elegy  upon  the  death  of  Lady 


bra] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


201 


Stormont,  entitled  "  The  Tears  of  the 
Muses;"  with  which  Lord  Stormont 
was  so  much  pleased  that  he  ordered 
Boyse  a  handsome  present.  These  pub- 
lications, and  the  honorable  notice  taken 
of  them,  were  the  means  of  recommend- 
ing him  to  very  high  persons,  who  were 
desirous  of  serving  him ;  but  Boyse  was 
not  a  man  to  be  served.  He  made  an 
improper  use  of  these  recommendations, 
and  had  often  recourse  to  the  meanest 
arts  to  procure  benefactions.  At  some 
times  he  would  raise  subscriptions  for 
poems  which  did  not  exist ;  and  at 
others,  ordered  his  wife  to  inform  peo- 
ple that  he  was  just  expiring,  to  move 
the  compassion  of  his  friends,  who  were 
frequently  surprised  to  meet  the  man  in 
the  street  to-day  who  was,  yesterday, 
said  to  be  at  the  point  of  death.  In  May, 
1749,  however,  he  d.,  after  a  lingering 
illness,  in  obscure  lodgings,  near  Shoe- 
lane,  where  he  was  buried  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  parish. 

BOZE,  Claude  Gros  de,  b.  at  Lyons, 
1680,  distinguished  for  his  knowledge 
of  antiquities  and  medals,  which  gained 
the  patronage  of  Chancellor  Pontchar- 
train,  and  other  illustrious  characters, 
and  the  honor  of  a  seat  in  the  French 
Academy,  and  in  the  Academy  of  Belles- 
Lettres,  of  which  he  became  perpetual 
secretary.  He  was  respected  for  his 
private  character,  as  well  as  his  great 
learning.  His  worlds  were  on  medallic 
subjects,  besides  historical  panegyrics 
on  the  members  of  the  Academy,  the 
first  15  vols,  of  which  he  published — 
and  a  valuable  catalogue  of  his  own 
librarv.     D.  at  Paris,  1753. 

BBACOIOLINI  DELL'  API,  Francis, 
an  Italian  poet  of  Pistoya,  who,  at  the 
age  of  40,  became  an  ecclesiastic,  and 
was  patronized  by  Pope  Urban  VIII., 
and  by  Cardinal  Anthony  Barberini, 
with  whom  he  had  been  secretary.  He 
wrote  several  tragedies,  comedies,  and 
pastorals — besides  "  La  Croce  Eiacqui- 
stata,"  a  poem  which  the  Italians  rank 
next  to  Tasso's  "  Jerusalem,"  and  a  poem 
in  twenty-three  cantos,  on  the  pope's 
election,  for  which,  at  his  patron  s  de- 
sire, he  assumed  the  surname  of  Delia 
Api,  and  added  to  his  arms  three  bees. 
D.  at  the  age  of  80,  1645. 

BEACHMANN,  Louisa,  b.  1777,  a 
poetess  styled  the  "  Sappho  of  Ger- 
many ;"  she  was  found  drowned  in 
1S22*:  it  was  supposed  that  she  threw 
herself  into  the  water. 

BBACKENEIDGE,  Hugh  Henry,  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Pennsyl- 
vania.    He  was  graduated  at  Princeton 


college  in  1771.  In  1781  he  settled  at 
Pittsburg,  which  was  then  almost  a  wil- 
derness, but  he  predicted  that  it  would 
soon  become  a  large  town,  and  in  its 
improvement  he  engaged  with  zeal.  In 
1789  he  was  appointed  judge.  He  pub- 
lished a  poem  on  the  "Rising  Glory  of 
America,"  1774  j  "  Eulogium  of  the 
Brave  Men  who  tell  in  the  Contest  with 
Great  Britain,"  1779  ;  "  Modern  Chival- 
ry, the  Adventures  of  Capt.  Farrago," 
1*792  ;  "  Incidents  of  the  Insurrection  in 
1794  in  Pennsylvania,"  1795;  "  Law  of 
Miscellanies,  containing  Instructions  for 
the  Stndy  of  the  Law,"  1814.     D.  1816. 

BEAC'KETT,  Joshua,  a  physician, 
graduated  at  Harvard  college,  1752.  He 
first  became  a  teacher,  but  gave  up  that 
profession  for  the  study  of  medicine. 
He  established  himself  in  Portsmouth, 
New  Hampshire,  and  continued  there 
during  life.  He  took  a  deep  interest  in 
the  promotion  of  natural  history  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  requested  his  wife  to  appro- 
priate $1500  towards  the  professorship 
of  that  science  in  Harvard  college.  She 
complied  with  his  request,  and  added  tt 
the  amount.  He  was  a  benefactor  of  thf 
N.  II.  Medical  Society,  of  which  he  was 
president  from  1798  to  1799,  presenting 
to  it,  at  its  establishment,  143  vols,  of 
valuable  medical  books.     1).  1802. 

BEACTON,  Henry  de,  a  native  of 
Devonshire,  who  studied  at  Oxford,  and 
became  eminent  as  a  lawyer,  and  in  1244 
was  made  one  of  the  judges  itinerant  by 
Henry  III.  He  is  chiefly  known  by  his 
excellent  work  "  De  Legibus  and  Consu- 
etudinibus  Anglise,"  a  most  finished  and 
valuable  performance,  divided  into  five 
books,  and  containing,  in  good  language, 
a  curious  and  interesting  detail  of  the 
legal  learning,  the  la%vs  and  customs  of 
our  ancestors.  Though  blamed  by 
Houard  for  mingling  too  much  of  the 
civil  and  canon  law  in  his  compositions, 
he  has  long  been  held  as  a  writer  of  great 
authority,  and  deservedly  esteemed  by 
Lord  Coke,  and  other  great  lawyers,  as 
the  first  source  of  legal  knowledge. 

BEADBUEY,  Thomas,  a  native  of 
London,  educated  at  Clapham,  in  com- 
pany with  Dr.  Watts,  and  distinguished 
among  the  Nonconformists  as  a  bold  and 
eloquent  preacher  in  defence  of  Calvin- 
istical  doctrines  and  revolution  princi- 
ples. He  wrote  some  theological  trea- 
tises, besides  three  volumes  of  sermons, 
and  the  "Mystery  of  Godliness."  D.  1757. 

BBADDO*  !K,  Edward,  major-genera" 
and  commander  of  the  British  aimyh. 
the  expedition  against  the  French,  on  the 
river  Ohio,  in  1755,    arrived  in  Virginia 


202 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bra 


in  February  of  that  year,  and,  in  the 
spring,  marched  against  Fort  da  Quesnc, 
now  Pittsburg,  lie  reached  the  Moiion- 
gahela,  July  8th,  at  the  head  of  1200 
men,  the  baggage  having  been  left  be- 
hind, under  the  care  of  Colonel  Dunbar, 
to  advance  by  slower  inarches.  On  the 
next  day  lie  moved  forward  to  invest  the 
fort,  and,  by  disregarding  the  caution  of 
nis  provincial  officers,  who  warned  him 
against  the  danger  of  a  surprise  in  an 
Indian  war,  fell  into  an  ambuscade,  by 
which  he  lost  nearly  one  half  of  his 
troops,  and  received  himself  a  mortal 
wound.  All  his  officers  on  horseback, 
except  Colonel,  afterwards  General, 
Washington,  who  acted  as  aid,  being 
killed,  the  army  retreated  precipitately 
near  forty  miles,  to  Dunbar's  camp, 
where  the  general,  who  was  conveyed 
there  in  a  tumbril,  expired. 

BRADFORD,  William,  the  second 
governor  of  Plymouth  Colony,  was  b.  at 
Austerneld,  England,  in  1588.  At  the 
a^e  of  18  be  joined  those  dissenters  who 
fled  to  Hollail  1,  to  enjoy  religious  free- 
dom. His  leisure  hours  were  passed  in 
Learning  the  art  of  silk  dyeing.  After  a 
residence  of  ten  years  he  removed  to 
America.  His  wife  fell  into  the  sea  anil 
was  drowned,  just  before  the  place  for 
the  colony  was  selected.  In  1621  In-  was 
appointed  governor  of  the  new  settle- 
ment, when  one  of  his  first  acts  was  to 
secure  the  friendship  of  the  Indian 
M  tssassoit,  and  all  his  subsequent  ca- 
reer was  one  of  devotion  to  his  duties. 
The  original  government  of  Plymouth 
was  founded  entirely  on  mutual  consent. 
The  first  patent  was  obtained  in  the 
name  of  John  Pierce  ;  but  another  pat- 
ent of  larger  extent  was  obtained  of  the 
council  for  New  England,  in  1(530,  in 
the  name  of  William  Bradford,  his  heirs, 
associates,  and  assigns.  In  the  year 
1640  the  general  court  requested  Gov- 
ernor Bra  If  >rd  to  surrender  the  patent 
ints  their  hands.  With  this  request  he 
chtr.rfully  complied,  and  after  the  sur- 
render the  patent  was  immediately  de- 
livered again  into  his  custody.  Mr. 
Bradford  w.ts  annually  chosen  governor 
as  lorn*  as  he  lived,  excepting  in  the 
years  IPC,?:.  1684,  1636,  1633,  and  1614. 
At  these  times  it  was  by  his  own  request 
that  the  people  did  not  elect  him.  D. 
1657. — -William,  a  lawyer  of  eminence, 
b.in  Philadelphia,  1755.  In  the  spring 
of  1769  he  entered  the  college  at  Prince- 
ton, then  under  the  direction  of  the 
learned  Dr.  John  Wotherspoon.  In  1779 
he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  Pennsylvania,  where  his 


character  soon  introduced  him  to  an  un- 
usual share  of  business  ;  and,  in  August, 
1780,  only  one  year  after  he  was  licensed 
to  practice,  he  was  appointed  attorney- 
general  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania. 
August  22d,  1791,  he  was  made  a  judge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  Pennsylvania. 
His  industry,  integrity,  and  abilitv,  en- 
abled hiin  to  give  general  satisfaction  in 
this  office.  On  the  attorney-general  of 
the  United  States  being  promoted  to  the 
office  of  the  secretary  ot  state,  Bradford 
was  appointed  to  the  vacant  office,  Janu- 
ary 28th,  1794  This  office  he  held  till 
his  death.  In  1793  he  published  an 
"Inquiry  how  far  the  Punishment  of 
Death  is  necessary  in  Pennsylv.  nia." 
This  performance  justly  gained  him 
great  credit.  D.  1795. — Samdkl,  was  b. 
in  Blackfriars,  20th  December,  1652,  and 
after  studying  at  St.  Paul's  school,  the 
Charter  house,  and  Benet's  college, 
Cambridge,  he  went  abroad  on  account 
of  some  scruples  of  conscience,  and  ap- 
plied himself  to  physic.  He  afterwards 
was  reconciled  to  the  doctrines  of  the 
church,  and  as  the  friend  of  Archbishop 
Sancrott,  and  the  chaplain  of  King  Wil- 
liam, he  rose  in  ecclesiastical  preferment 
to  the  rectory  of  St.  Marv-le-bow,  a  pre- 
bend of  Westminster,  and  the  master- 
ship of  his  own  college.  In  1718  he 
became  bishop  of  Carlisle,  and  in  1723 
of  Rochester,  which  he  held  to  the  time 
of  his  death,  1731.«  He  edited  "Tillot- 
son's  Sermons." — John,  an  English  mar- 
tyr, b.  of  a  respectable  family  at  Man- 
chester. He  was  for  some  time  clerk  to 
Sir  John  Harrington,  the  treasurer  of 
the  English  forces  at  Calais,  but  after- 
wards turned  his  thoughts  to  the  study 
of  divinity,  and  took  his  master's  degree 
at  Cambridge.  He  was  eloquent  as  a 
preacher,  and  his  abilities  exposed  him 
to  persecution  in  Mary's  reign,  so  that, 
after  a  long  imprisonment,  he  was  burnt 
in  Smithfield,  1st  July,  1555.  Some  of 
his  letters  are  extant. 

BRADLEY,  James,  a  celebrated  as- 
tronomer, was  b.  at  Sherborne,  in  the 
year  16.12.  He  studied  theology  at  Ox- 
ford, and  took  orders ;  but  his  taste  for 
astronomy  soon  led  him  to  change  the 
course  of  his  life.  His  uncle  instructed 
him  in  the  elements  of  mathematics,  his 
own  industry  did  every  thing  else,  and, 
in  1721,  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
astronomy  at  Oxford.  Six  years  after- 
wards, he  made  known  his  discovery  of 
the  aberration  of  light.  But,  although 
this  discovery  gave  a  greater  degree  of 
accuracy  to  astronomical  observations, 
and  although  the  discrepancies  of  differ- 


bra] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


203 


ent  observations  were  much  diminished, 
yet  slight  differences  remained,  and  did 
not  escape  bis  observation.  lie  studied 
them  during  IS  years  with  the  greatest 
perseverance,  and  finally  discovered  that 
they  were  fully  explained  by  tbe  supposi- 
tion of  an  oscillating  motion  of  tbe  earth's 
axis,  completed  during  a  revolution  of 
the  moon's  nodes,  in  eighteen  years. 
He  called  this  phenomenon  the  nutation 
of  the  earth'1 8  axis;  and  published,  in 
1748,  (Pbilosopb.  Trans.  No.  785,)  his 
account  of  tbe  apparent  motion  of  tbe 
fixed  stars,  with  its  laws,  arising  from 
this  phenomenon  of  nutation.  D'  Alein- 
bert  afterwards  explained  tbe  physical 
causes  of  this  phenomenon,  upon  tbe 
principal  of  universal  attraction.  By 
these  two  discoveries,  astronomers  were 
for  the  first  time  enabled  to  make  tables 
of  the  motions  of  the  heavenly  bodies 
with  the  necessary  accuracy.  Bradley 
had  already,  in  1726,  explained  the  me- 
thod of  obtaining  the  longitude  by  means 
of  tbe  eclipse  of  Jupiter's  first  satellite. 
In  1741,  at  the  death  of  Doctor  Bailey,  he 
received  tbe  appointment  of  astronomer 
royal,  and  removed  to  the  observatory  at 
Greenwich.  Here  he  spent  the  remain- 
der of  his  life,  entirely  devoted  to  bis 
astronomical  studies,  and  left  thirteen 
volumes  folio  of  bis  own  observations, 
in  manuscript.  Of  these,  the  first  vol- 
ume was  published  by  Horesby,  1798. 
Tbe  whole  appeared  under  tbe  "title  of 
"Astronomical  Observations  made  at  the 
Observatory  at  Greenwich,"  1750-62 ; 
Oxford,  1805.  D.  1762.— Richard,  pro- 
fessor of  botany  at  Cambridge,  and  au- 
thor of  several  works,  chiefly  compila- 
tions on  botany  and  horticulture.  Dr. 
Brewster's  popular  invention,  the  ka- 
leidoscope, was  at  one  time  said  to  be  due 
to  Bradley  ;  but  it  appears  that  the  doc- 
tor's instrument  and  the  one  proposed 
by  Bradley  are  quite  different,  and  that 
the  latter  would  be  very  inferior.  D. 
1732. 

BRADSHAW,  John,  celebrated  as 
president  of  tbe  tribunal  by  which 
Charles  I.  was  tried,  is  said  by  some  to 
have  been  b.  in  Derbyshire,  and  by 
others  in  Cheshire,  in  1586.  He  studied 
tbe  law  in  Gray's  Inn.  In  the  contest 
between  Charles  and  tbe  people,  Brad- 
shaw  espoused  the  cause  of  the  latter. 
The  parliament  made  him  chief  justice 
of  Chester,  and  he -was  also  chosen  to 
preside  in  tbe  high  court  of  justice 
which  sat  upon  tbe  kincf.  Cromwell, 
to  whose  usurpation  be  was  hostile,  de- 
prived him  of  the  chief  justiceship.  D. 
659 ;  but,  at  tbe  restoration,  such  was 


the  vehemence  of  the  roj  Jist  bigotry, 
his  remains  were  disinterred,  and  hang- 
ed at  Tyburn. 

BRADSTREET,  Simon,  governor  of 
Massachusetts.  He  was  in  March,  1630, 
chosen  an  assistant  of  the  colony  about 
to  be  established  there,  and  arrived  at 
Salem,  in  tbe  summer  of  the  same  year. 
He  was  at  the  first  court  which  was  held 
at  Cbarlestown,  August  23d.  He  was 
afterwards  secretary  and  agent  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  commissioner  of  the 
united  colonies.  He  was  sent  with  Mr. 
Norton,  in  1662,  to  congratulate  King 
Charles  on  his  restoration,  and  as  agent 
of  the  colony  to  promote  its  interests. 
From  1673  to  1679,  he  was  deputy-gov- 
ernor. In  this  last  year,  he  succeeded 
Mr.  Leverett  as  governor,  and  remained 
in  office  till  May,  1686,  when  the  charter 
was  dissolved,  and  Joseph  Dudley  com- 
menced his  administration  as  president 
of  New  England.  In  May.  1689,  after 
the  imprisonment  of  Andros,  he  was 
replaced  in  the  office  of  governor,  which 
station  he  held,  till  the  arrival  of  Sir 
William  Phipps,  in  May,  1692,  with  a 
charter,  which  deprived  the  people  of 
the  right  of  electing  their  chief  magis- 
trate. 1).  1697. — Anne,  entitled  to  re- 
membrance as  the  author  of  the  first 
volume  of  poetry  published  in  America. 
Her  volume  was  dedicated  to  her  father, 
in  a  copy  of  verses,  dated  March  20, 
1642.  The  title  is,  "Several  Poems, 
compiled  with  great  variety  of  wit  and 
learning,  full  of  delight ;  wherein  espe- 
cially is  contained  a  complete  discourse 
and  description  of  the  four  elements, 
constituting,  ages  of  man,  seasons  of 
the  year,  together  with  an  exact  epitome 
of  the  three  first  monarchies,  viz. :  the 
Assyrian,  Persian,  Grecian,  and  Roman 
commonwealth,  from  the  beginning  to 
the  end  of  their  last  king,  with  clivers 
other  pleasant  and  serious  poems.  By 
a  Gentlewoman  of  New  England."  A 
third  edition  was  published  in  1758.  D. 
1672,  aged  60. — John,  a  major-general 
in  America,  appointed  by  the  king  of 
Great  Britain,  was,  in  1716,  lieutenant- 
governor  of  St.  John's,  Newfoundland. 
He  was  afterwards  distinguished  for  his 
military  services.  It  was  thought  of 
tbe  highest  importance,  in  the  year  1756, 
to  keep  open  the  communication  with 
Fort  Oswego,  on  lake  Ontario.  General 
Shirley  accordingly  enlisted  forty  com- 
panies of  boatmen,  and  placed  them 
under  the  command  of  Bradstreet.  In 
the  spring  of  this  year,  a  small  stock- 
aded post  of  25  men  had  been  cut  off. 
It  became  necessary  to  pass  through  th« 


204 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


BRA] 


country  with  large  squadrons  of  boats, 
as  the  enemy  infested  the  passage 
through  the  Onondaga  river.  On  his 
return  from  Oswego,  July,  1756,  Col. 
Bradstreet,  who  was  apprehensive  of 
being  ambushed,  ordered  the  several 
divisions  to  proceed  as  near  each  other 
as  possible.  He  was  at  the  head  of 
about  300  boatmen  in  the  first  division, 
when  at  the  distance  of  nine  miles  from 
the  fort,  the  enemy  rose  from  their  am- 
buscade and  attacked  him.  He  in- 
stantly landed  upon  a  small  island,  and 
with  but  six  men  maintained  his  posi- 
tion, till  lie  was  reinforced.  A  general 
engagement  ensued,  in  which  Brad- 
street  witii  gallantry  rushed  upon  a 
more  numerous  enemy,  and  entirely 
routed  them,  killing  and  wounding 
about  20U  men.  His  own  loss  was  about 
30.  In  the  year  175S,  lie  was  intrusted 
with  the  command  of  3000  men  on  an 
expedition  against  Fort  Frontenac,  which 
was  planned  by  himself.  On  the  27th 
of  August  it  was  surrendered  to  him. 
In  17(34  he  compelled  the  Delawarcs, 
Shawnese,  and  other  Indians,  to  terms 
of  peace.  He  was  appointed  major- 
general  in  1772.     D.  1774. 

BRADWARDIN,  Thomas,  a  native 
of  Hatfield  in  Sussex,  educate  I  at  Ox- 
ford, where  he  was  proctor  and  divinity 
professor.  For  his  great  merit  as  a 
mathematician,  philosopher,  and  divine, 
he  was  made  confessor  to  Edward  III. 
during  his  wars  in  France,  where  as  a 
preacher  his  eloquence  had  great  in- 
fluence in  restraining  the  violence  and 
lawless  conduct  of  the  military.  He 
became  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in 
1348,  and  from  his  learning  was  called 
the  "  Proftnmd  Doctor."  Among  other 
things  he  published  a  tract" called 
"  Causa  Dei,"  besides  "  Geometria 
Speculativa,"  "  Arithmetica  Specula- 
tiva,"  "Traetatus  Proportionum,  Ven- 
ice, 1505.  He  was  consecrated  at 
Avignon.     D.  1549. 

BRADY,  Nicholas,  an  English  di- 
vine ;  translator  of  the  iEneid,  and,  in 
conjunction  with  Tate,  of  the  Psalms. 
B.  at  Bandon,  Ireland,  1659  ;  d.  1726.— 
Robert,  an  English  physician  and  his- 
torical writer.     D.  1700. 

BRAKE,  Trcno,  who  has  been  called 
the  restorer  of  astroncmy,  was  b.  at 
Knudstorp,  in  Scania,  1546,  of  a  noble 
family.  His  love  of  astronomy  was  ear- 
ly manifested,  and  his  discovery  in  1572, 
of  a  new  star  in  the  constellation  Cassi- 
opeia, made  him  known  to  the  scientific 
world.  After  many  travels  and  adven- 
tures, he    was  patronized  by   his  sov- 


ereign, Fredeiick  II.,  who  gave  him  a 
pension,  and  the  island  of  Ilwen,  in  the 
Sound,  on  which  Brahe  built  a  splendid 
observatory,  named  Uraniburgh.  There 
he  resided  nearly  twenty  years,  assidu- 
ously laboring  in  his  astronomical  pur- 
suits. Soon  after  the  death  of  Frederic, 
however,  Brahe  lost  his  pensions,  be- 
came an  object  of  persecution,  and  was 
compelled  to  quit  his  country.  The 
Emperor  Rodolph  invited  him  to  Prague, 
and  the  expatriated  astronomer  settled 
there,  in  1598  ;  but  he  did  not  long  sur- 
vive this  removal,  for  he  d.  in  the  Bo- 
hemian capital,  1601.  Brahe  discovered 
two  new  inequalities  in  the  motion  of 
of  the  moon,  made  other  valuable  ob- 
servations on  that  satellite,  was,  perhaps, 
the  first  who  had  correct  ideas  of  the 
nature  of  comets,  and,  with  less  happi- 
ness, invented  a  new  planetary  system, 
which  was  vainly  intended  to  supersede 
that  of  Copernicns.  He  is  the  author  of 
a  "  Treatise  on  the  New  Phenomena  of 
the  Heavens ;"  and  other  astronomical 
works  written  in  Latin.  His  poems  do 
not  possess  much  merit,  though,  on  the 
whole,  he  was  one  of  the  most  remarka- 
ble men  of  his  age. 

BRAIDWOOD,  Thomas,  a  native  of 
Edinburgh,  the  first  person  in  Great 
Britain  who,  to  any  extent,  undertook 
to  afford  instruction  to  the  deaf  and 
dumb.  In  1763  he  began  to  practise  his 
valuable  art;  and,  in  1723,  he  removed 
his  establishment  from  Edinburgh  to 
Hackney.  D.  1806.  His  daughter,  who 
d.  in  1819,  also  conducted  a  seminary  of 
the  same  kind. 

BRAIXARD,  James  G.  C,  a  poet  and 
man  of  letters,  b.  in  Connecticut,  was 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1815.  He 
studied  the  profession  of  the  law  and 
entered  into  practice  at  Middletown, 
Conn. ;  but  not  finding  the  degree  of 
success  that  he  expected,  he  returned  in 
a  short  time  to  his  native  town,  whence 
he  removed  to  Hartford,  to  undertake 
the  editorial  charge  of  the  '■Connecticut 
Mirror."  His  poems  were  chiefly  short 
pieces,  composed  for  the  columns  of  this 
paper,  and  afterwards  collected  in  a  vol- 
ume. They  display  much  pathos,  bold- 
ness, and  originality.  D.  of  consump- 
tion, 1828. — David,  the  celebrated  mis- 
sionary, was  b.  at  Haddam,  Connecticut, 
in  171S.  From  aii  early  period  he  was 
remarkable  for  a  religious  turn  of  mind, 
and  in  1739  became  a  member  of  Yalo 
college,  where  he  was  distinguished  for 
application  and  general  correctness  of 
conduct.  He  was  expelled  from  this  in- 
stitution  in    1742,    in   consequence    of 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


205 


having  said,  in  the  warmth  of  his  reli- 
gions zeal,  that  one  of  the  tutors  was  as 
devoid  of  grace  as  a  chair.  In  the  spring 
of  1743  he  began  the  study  of  divinity, 
and  at  the  end  of  July  was  licensed  to 
preach.  Having  received  from  the  So- 
ciety for  propagating  Christian  Knowl- 
edge an  appointment  as  missionary  to 
the  Indians,  he  commenced  his  labors  at 
Kaunameek,  a  village  of  Massachusetts, 
situated  between  Stockbridge  and  Alba- 
ny. He  remained  there  about  twelve 
months,  and  on  the  removal  of  the 
Kaunameeks  to  Stockbridge,  he  turned 
his  attention  towards  the  Delaware  In- 
dians. In  1744  he  was  ordained  at 
Newark,  New  Jersey,  and  fixed  his  res- 
idence near  the  forks  of  the  Delaware 
in  Pennsylvania,  where  he  remained 
about  a  year.  From  this  place  he  re- 
moved to  Crosweeksung,  in  New  Jersey, 
where  his  etforts  among  the  Indians 
were  crowned  with  great  success.  In 
1747  he  went  to  Northampton,  Massa- 
chusetts, where  he  passed  the  remainder 
of  his  life  in  the  family  of  the  celebrated 
Jonathan  Edwards.  His  publications 
are  a  narrative  of  his  labors  at  Kauna- 
tieek,  and  his  journal  of  a  remarkable 
work  of  arrace  among  a  number  of  In- 
dians in  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania, 
174(5.    D.  1747. 

BKAITHWAITE,  John,  an  ingenious 
mechanic,  constructor  of  a  diving  ma- 
chine, with  which  he  explored  the  Royal 
George,  sunk  off  Spithead;  the  Hartwell 
East  Indiaman,  oft  one  of  the  Cape  de 
Verde  Islands;  and  the  Abergavenny 
East  Indiaman,  off  the  Isle  of  Portland. 
From  the  first  he  only  succeeded  in 
raising  some  guns  and  an  anchor;  but 
from  the  second  and  third  he  brought 
up  propertv  to  a  very  large  amount.  D. 
1818. 

BRAMAH,  Joseph,  an  English  en- 
gineer, distinguished  for  the  number, 
value,  and  ingenuity  of  his  mechanical 
inventions.  Among  these  were  his  in- 
valuable hydrostatic  press,  his  safety 
.ocks,  various  improvements  in  the 
steam-einjine,  in  the  process  of  making 
paper,  in  the  construction  of  main-pipes, 
wheel-carriasres,  the  beer-machine,  &c. 
.3.  1749;  d.  1814. 

BRAMANTE,  D'URBINO,  Lazaro, 
&  celebrated  Italian  architect,  much  em- 
ployed by  Pope  Julius  II.,  and  who  first 
designed  and  commenced  the  church  of 
St.  Peter  at  Rome.  He  was  a  skilful 
painter  and  musician  as  well  as  archi- 
tect, and  a  volume  of  poems  from  his 
pen  was  printed  in  1756.  D.  1514. 
BRANCAS,  Lauraguais,  duke  de, 
18 


a  French  nobleman,  distinguished  for 
his  scientific  attainments  ;  discoverer  of 
the  composition  of  the  diamond,  and  a 
great  improver  of  the  manufacture  of 
porcelain.     B.  1785  ;  d.  1824. 

BRAND,  John,  an  able  and  volumi- 
nous writer  on  politics  and  political 
economy;  author  of  numerous  political 
pamphlets  and  some  poems.  He  was 
rector  of  Wickham  Market,  in  Suffolk, 
and  of  St.  George,  Southwark.  D.  1809. 
— John,  an  English  divine  and  antiqua- 
ry; author  of  the  "History  and  An- 
tiquities of  the  Town  of  Newcastle," 
"  Observations  on  Popular  Antiquities," 
«&e.     B.  174:5;  d.  1806. 

BRANDER,  Gustavds,  an  English  an- 
tiquary and  naturalist.  He  was  of  a 
Swedish  family,  but  born  in  London, 
where  he  was  an  eminent  merchant  and 
a  director  of  the  bank.  He  contributed 
largely  to  the  Transactions  of  the  Anti- 
quarian Societ"    &e.     B.  1720;  d.  1787. 

BRANDES,  Zrnest,  a  Hanoverian 
author  and  statesman,  b.  17">8.  He  was 
a  friend  of  Burke ;  and  published  a  work 
on  the  French  revolution,  in  refutation 
of  Barruel.     D.  1810. 

BRANDT,  Sebastian,  chancellor  of 
Strasburir ;  author  of  "  Varia  Carmina," 
"  Navis  Stultifera,"  &c.  D.  1520.— Nich- 
olas, a  German  chemist,  who  is  said  to 
have  discovered  phosphorus  in  1667, 
while  attempting  to  find  a  solvent  by 
which  to  convert  silver  into  gold. — 
Ernevold,  count  de,  a  Danish  states- 
man, convicted  of  being  concerned  in 
the  conspiracy  of  Count  Struensee,  and 
executed  in  1772. — George,  an  eminent 
Swedish  natural  philosopher;  author  of 
accounts  of  various  valuable  experi- 
ments made  by  him  upon  the  metals. 
D.  1768. 

BRANTOME,  or  Pierre  de  BOUR- 
DEILLES,  a  celebrated  French  chron- 
icler. He  was  a  favored  attendant  upon 
Charles  IX.,  Henry  III.,  and  the  duko 
d'Alencon  ;  and  his  memoirs,  though 
somewhat  too  free  in  their  details,  are 
highly  valuable  as  graphic  and  faithful 
illustrations  of  an  interesting  period  of 
French  history. 

BRATTLE,  William,  a  man  of  ex- 
traordinary talents  and  character,  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college,  1722.  He 
studied  theology  and  preached  with 
acceptance.  His  eminence  as  a  lawyer 
drew  around  him  an  abundance  of 
clients.  As  a  physician  liis  practice  was 
extensive  and  celebrated.  He  was  also 
a  military  man,  and  obtained  the  ap- 
pointment of  major-general  of  militia. 
While  he  secured  the  favor  of  the  gov- 


206 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[brb 


ernor  of  the  state,  he  aiso  ingratiated 
himself  with  the  people.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  the  American  revolution 
ar.  unhappy  sympathy  in  the  plans  of 
General  Wage  induced  him  to  retire  into 
Boston,  from  which  place  he  accom- 
panied the  troops  to  Halifax,  where  he 
d.  1775. 

BRA.UN,  George,  a  German  ecclesi- 
astic;  author  of  "Lives  of  Jesus  Christ 
and  the  Virgin  Mary ;"  an  oration 
against  dissolute  clerics,  &c.     D.  16'22. 

BRAY,  Sir  Reginald,  an  Eugli>h 
statesman,  and  favorite  of  Henry  VII; 
He  was  a  frank  friend  to  that  sovereign ; 
disdaining  to  withhold  his  disapproval 
when  it  was  deserved.  He  is  chiefly 
memorable  for  having  superintended 
the  erection  of  that  beautiful  structure, 
Henry  VII. 's  chapel  at  Westminster, 
and  for  having  finished  that  of  St.  <  rei  >rge 
at  Windsor.  D.  1503.—  Thomas,  an  En- 
glish divine,  who  labored  with  great  zeal 
in  propagating  the  gospel  in  foreign 
parts,  and  who  came  several  times  to 
America  to  promote  that  object.  B. 
1656  ;  d.  rector  of  St,  Botolph's,  Aid- 
gate,  1730. — William,  an  industrious 
antiquary  ;  editor  of  Evelyn's  Diary  and 
Memo:rs",  and  a  contributor  to  the 
Arch<eo  ogia,  &c.     D.  1832,  aged  97. 

BREBEUF,  George  de,  "a  French 
poet;  author  of  "  Lucan  Travestie," 
"Poetical  Eulogies,"  &c.    D.  1001. 

BREDA,  John  van,  a  Dutch  painter; 
a  very  close  imitator  of  the  style  of 
Wouvermans.     1).  1750. 

BREENBERG,  Bartholomew,  a  cel- 
ebrated painter,  particularly  skilful  in 
small  landscapes.  B.  at  Utrecht,  1620; 
d.  "000. 

CREESE,  Mary,  a  singular  character, 
b.  at  Lynn,  in  Norfolk,  1721.  She  reg- 
ularly "took  out  a  shooting-license,  kept 
as  good  greyhounds,  and  was  as  sure  a 
shot  as  any  man  in  the  county.  She 
never  lived  out  of  the  parish  in  which  she 
was  born,  and  where  she  d.  1799.  By 
her  desire,  her  dogs  and  favorite  mare 
were  killed  at  her  death,  and  buried  in 
one  grave  with  her.  The  Lady  Gay- 
Spanker,  of  a  modern  comedy,  must 
nave  been  suggested  by  this  woman. 

BREGUET,  Abraham  Louis,  an  emi- 
nent watch  and  chronometer  maker  at 
Paris,  by  birth  a  Swiss.  B.  1747  ;  cl. 
1823. 

BREISLAK,  Scipio,  b.  at  Rome,  1768, 
and  destined  for  the  church,  for  which 
reason  he  is  mentioned  as  an  abbate  in 
the  works  of  Spalanzani.  Be  was  one 
of  the  most  ingenious  geologists  of  our 
times,  and   opposed   to  the  Neptunian 


system,  without,  however,  implicitly 
adopting  the  Vulcanian.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  natural  philosophy  and  math- 
ematics at  Ragusa.  He  was  afterwards 
professor  in  the  collegio  Nazareno,  at 
Rome,  made  a  scientific  tour  through 
Naples,  and  went  to  Paris,  where  he 
formed  an  intimacy  with  Fourcroy, 
Chaptal,  Cuvier,  &e.  Napoleon  ap- 
pointed him  inspector  of  the  saltpetie 
works  and  powder-mills  in  the  kingdom 
of  Italy.    D.  1826. 

BRElTKOPF,  John  Gottlob  Emanu- 
el, b.  at  Leipsie,  in  1719,  pursued  at 
first  a  literary  career.  During  his  stud- 
ies the  works  of  Albert  Durer,  in  which 
the  proportions  of  letters  are  mathemat- 
ically calculated,  fell  into  his  hands.  Be 
was'  pleased  with  this  subject,  and, 
during  his  whole  life,  labored  with  zeal 
to  improve  the  German  characters.  An 
attempt  was  once  made  to  introduce 
into  Germany  the  Latin  characters  in- 
stead of  those  commonly  used  in  that 
country.  Breitkopf  was  one  of  the  most 
zealous  opposers  of  the  plan.  In  1755 
he  essentially  improved  the  art  of  print- 
ing music  with  movable  characters.  His 
invention  of  a  method  of  printing  maps, 
pictures,  and  even  Chinese  characters, 
by  means  of  movable  types,  is  ingeni- 
ous, though  less  useful  than  the  other. 
Although  the  pope,  as  well  as  the  Acad- 
emy in"  Paris,  testified  their  great  ap- 
probation of  this  invention,  yet  no 
practical  use  has  yet  been  made  of  it. 
He  was  engaged  in  writing  a  history  of 
the  art  of  printing,  but  d.  in  1794,  before 
this  work  was  finished.  Breitkopf  was 
a  man  of  great  probitv. 

BREMMER,  Sir  James  John  Gordon, 
a  distinguished  rear-admiral  of  England, 
who  figured  in  the  Chinese  war.  B. 
1786;  d.  1850. 

BRENNER,  Henry,  royal  librarian 
of  Stockholm,  an  eminent  oriental  schol- 
ar ;  translator  of  the  "  History  of  Ar- 
menia'' from  the  language  of  that 
country;  and  author  of  "  Observations 
on  Czar  Peter  the  Great  against  th.  Per- 
sians," &c.     D.  1733. 

BRENNUS,  a  general  of  the  Gauls, 
who,  after  ravaging  Thessaly  and  Greece, 
attempted  to  plunder  the  temple  of 
Delphos.  Being  repulsed,  he  slew  him- 
self, 278  b.  c. — A  memorable  Gallic  gen- 
eral. Having  invested  Rome,  he  was 
offered  a  thousand  pounds  weight  of 
gold  to  spare  the  city.  While  the  gold 
was  being  weighed,  he  threw  his  sword 
and  helmet  into  the  opposite  scale,  and 
when  reproached  for  his  injustice,  re- 
plied  with    the    scornful    exclamation, 


bre] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


207 


"  Voz  wlis-P* — woe  to  the  vanquished  ! 

Enraged  at  this  insolence,  Camillas  put 
nn  end  to  the  negotiation,  gave  battle  to 
th.'  (hiuls,  ami  put  them  to  flight.  This 
occurred  about  888  b.  c. 

BKENTANO,  Clement,  b.  at  Frank- 
fort on  the  Maine,  1777,  has  made  him- 
self known  by  several  literary  works, 
especially  by  "  Des  Knaben  Wunder- 
horn,"  a  collection  of  German  popular 
Bongs,  which  he  edited  and  published  in 
connection  with  his  friend  Achim  von 
Aram.  He  also  published,  in  1838, 
"  Gokei,  Hinkel,  and  Gakeleia,"  which, 
under  the  guise  of  a  fiction,  conceals  a 
most  pungent  satire  on  the  spirit  and 
tendencies  of  the  age.     D.  1842. 

BEENTON,  Edward  Pelham,  an  En- 
glish naval  officer,  who  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  "Children's  Friend  So- 
ciety," and  author  of  a  "  Naval  History 
of  Great  Britain."     D.  1839. 

BREREWOOD,  Edward,  a  mathema- 
tician, was  b.  at  Chester,  ir.  1565,  studied 
at  Oxford,  was  appointed,  in  1596,  the 
first  astronomical  professor  at  Gresham 
3ollege,and  d.  in  1613.  He  is  the  author 
of  "De  Ponderibus  et  Pretiis  Veterum 
Is  ummorum,"  "  Inquiries  Touching  the 
Diversity  of  Languages  and  Religions," 
and  various  other  works. 

BRET,  Anthony,  a  French  writer; 
author  of  "  Commentaries  on  Moliere," 
"  Quatre  Saisons,"  a  poem,  &e.  D.  1792. 

BRETEUIL,  Louis  Augcste  de  Ton- 
nelier,  an  eminent  French  diplomatist, 
and  at  one  time  secretary  of  state  ;  but 
being  a  zealous  partisan  of  monarchy, 
he  was  compelled  to  flee  from  France  at 
the  commencement  of  the  revolution. 
In  1802  he  was  permitted  to  return.  D. 
1807. 

BRETON,  Nicholas,  an  English  pas- 
toral poet  in  the  time  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth ;  author  of  "  An  Old  Man's  Lesson 
and  a  Young  Man's  Love,"  "  Phillida 
and  Corvdon,"  &c. — Raymond,  a  French 
friar  and  missionary  to  the  West  Indies  ; 
author  of  a  "French  and  Caribbean 
Dictionarv,"  &c.     D.  1679. 

BRETSCHNEIDER,  Henry  Godfrey 
von,  an  Hungarian,  whose  versatility  of 
talent  was  only  equalled  by  the  perseve- 
rance with  which  he  exercised  it  in  satir- 
izing the  follies  and  impostures  of  the 
ago.     B.  1739  ;  d.  1810. 

BREUGHEL.  There  were  four  emi- 
nent painters  of  this  name. — Peter, 
commonly  known  as  Old  Breughel,  from 
nis  being  the  father  of  Peter  the  young- 
er, and  the  Droll,  from  his  choice  of 
subjects,  was  b.  near  Breda,  in  1510,  ex- 
seiled  in  landscape  and  ludicrous  pic- 


tures, and  d.  in  1570. — John,  his  son, 
called,  from  his  dress,  Velvet  Breughel, 
was  b.  at  Brussels,  in  1560,  attained  high 
reputation,  and  d.  in  1625.  He  some- 
times painted  in  conjunction  with  Ru- 
bens.— Peter,  the  younger,  another  son 
of  the  elder,  denominated  Hellish 
Breughel,  from  his  love  of  the  horrible, 
d.  in  1642. — Abraham,  a  native  of  Ant- 
werp surnamed  the  Neapolitan,  was  b. 
in  1672,  excelled  in  fruit  and  flowers. 

BREWER,  Anthony,  a  dramatic  wri 
ter,  of  the  reign  of  James  I.  Though 
he  enjoyed  great  reputation,  nothing" is 
known  of  his  life.  Six  of  his  pieces^are 
extant.  By  acting  at  Cambridge  in  one 
of  these,  named  "Lingua,  or  the  Five 
Senses,"  the  dormant  ambition  of  Crom- 
well is  said  to  have  been  first  awakened. 
This  story,  however,  is  exceedingly 
apocryphal. 

BREWSTER,  William,  one  of  the 
first  settlers  of  Plymouth  Colony,  was  b. 
in  England,  1650,  and  educated  at  the 
university  of  Cambridge.  After  com- 
pleting his  education,  he  entered  into 
the  service  of  William  Davison,  ambas- 
sador of  Queen  Elizabeth  in  Holland  ; 
but  separated  from  hir  i  when  he  med- 
dled with  the  warrant '  3r  the  execution 
of  Mary.  As  he  disc<  ?ered  much  cor- 
ruption in  the  eonstitu  ion,  forms,  cere- 
monies, and  discipline  )f  the  established 
church,  he  thought  it  lis  duty  to  with- 
draw from  its  coram  nion,  and  to  es- 
tablish with  others  t.  separate  society. 
This  new  church,  rider  the  pastoral 
care  of  the  aged  W  ;.  Clifton  and  Mr. 
Robinson,  met  at  Mi .  Brewster's  house, 
where  they  were  ent  ertained  at  his  ex- 
pense, as  long  as  tl  2y  could  assemble 
without  interruptic  i.  They  were  at 
length  compelled  t  >  seek  refuge  in  a 
foreign  country.  I  this  attempt  they 
were  opposed  by  tl  e  government,  and. 
he  was  seized  with  Mr.  Bradford  and 
others,  just  as  they  were  going  to  Hol- 
land, in  16o7,  and  imprisoned  at  Boston, 
in  Lincolnshire.  He  was  the  greatest 
sufferer  of  the  company,  because  he 
had  the  most  property."  Having  with 
much  difficulty  and  expense  obtained, 
his  liberty,  he  first  assisted  the  poor  of 
the  society  in  their  embarkation,  and 
then  followed  them  to  Holland.  His 
estate  being  exhausted,  he  opened  a 
school  at  Leyden  for  teaching  the  En- 
glish tongue,  and  being  familiar  with  the 
Latin,  he  found  no  impediment  from  the 
want  of  a  language  common  to  both. 
By  means  of  a  grammar,  which  he 
formed  himself,  he  soon  assisted  them 
to  a  correct  knowledge  of  the  English. 


208 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bri 


By  the  help  of  some  friends  he  also  set 
up  b  printing-press,  and  published  sev- 
eral books  against  the  hierarchy,  which 
could  not  obtain  a  license  for  publication 
in  England.  Such  was  his  reputation 
in  the  church  at  Leyden,  that  he  was 
chosen  a  ruling  elder,  and  lie  accompan- 
ied the  members  of  it  who  came  to  New 
England  in  1620,  where  he  acted  for 
several  years  as  a  preacher.     D.  1644. 

BREYNIUS,  James,  a  botanist  of 
Dantzic  ;  author  of  "Fasciculus  Planta- 
ruiu  Kariorum,"  &c.  D.  1697. — John 
Philip,  a  naturalist  of  the  13th  century; 
author  of  a  treatise  on  the  kermes  in- 
sect, &c. 

BRIDAINE,  James,  an  eminent  French 
ecclesiastic,  whose  indefatigable  zeal,  or 
itinerant  propensities,  induced  him  to 
undertake  256  journeys,  so  that  his 
powers  were  displayed  in  almost  every 
village  throughout  France.  He  was  the 
author  of  "Spiritual  Songs,"  which 
were  extremely  popular.  B.  1701 ;  d. 
1767. 

BR1DGEWATER,  Francis  Egerton, 
duke  of,  a  nobleman  who  devoted  much 
Attention  to,  and  expended  large  sums 
in  the  improvement  and  extension  of 
canal  navigation,  seconded  bv  the  skill 
of  Brindlev.     B.  1736  ;  d.  180*3. 

BR1DP0RT,  Alexander  Hood,  Ad- 
miral Lord,  the  youngest  brother  of 
Viscount  Hood,  like  his  relative,  entered 
the  navy  early ;  and,  like  him,  distin- 
guished himself  on  many  occasions,  as 
an  able  and  gallant  seaman.  He  bore  a 
part  in  the  action  of  the  1st  of  June, 
1794,  and  in  June,  1795,  defeated  a 
French  squadron,  and  captured  thre,e 
sail  of  the  line.  He  was  created  an 
Irish  peer  in  1794,  an  English  peer  in 
1796.     D.  1814. 

BRIENNE,  Walter  de,  a  native  of 
Champagne,  distinguished  for  his  cour- 
age at  the  siege  of  Acre  against  the 
Saracens.  He  was  afterwards  king  of 
Sicily,  and  duke  of  Apulia,  and  was 
killed  in  1205,  in  defending  the  invaded 
rights  of  his  wife,  Maria  Alberic,  by 
whom  he  obtained  his  dukedom.  His 
eon  and  successor,  of  the  same  name, 
Burnatncd  the  great,  distinguished  him- 
self also  against  the  Saracens,  by  whom 
he  was  taken  prisoner  and  cruelly  put 
to  death,  1251. 

BRIGHAM,  Amariah,  a  distinguished 
physician  and  philanthropist,  formerly 
principal  of  the  Insane  Retreat  at  Hart- 
ford, and  from  1842  till  his  death,  su- 
perintendant  of  the  State  Asylum  for 
the  Insane  at  Utica,  N.  Y.  B.'l798;  d. 
1849. 


BRIGGS,  Henry,  a  mathematician, 
b.  near  Halifax,  in  1536,  was  educated 
at  St.  John's,  Cambridge,  and  was  first 
professor  of  geometry  at  Gresham  col- 
lege, and  afterwards  at  Oxford.  He 
resided  at  Oxford  till  his  decease,  1630. 
Briggs  was  a  friend  of  Lord  Napier,  and 
mainly  contributed  to  improve  and  dif- 
fuse the  valuable  invention  of  loga- 
rithms. To  him  also,  in  fact,  belongs 
the  discovery  of  the  binominal  theorem, 
the  differential  method,  and  other  things 
which  have  been  attr'tated  to  a  later 
period.  Among  his  w<^ks  are  "  Arith- 
mctica  Logarithmica,"  "  Trigonometria 
Britannica,"  completed  by  Gellibrand. 
and  "Tables  for  the  Improvement  ot 
Navigation." 

BRIL,  Matthew  and  Paul,  natives 
of  Antwerp,  and  good  painters,  b.  in 
1550  and  1554,  and  eminent  for  per- 
formances in  history  and  landscape. 
Matthew  d.  1584;  Paul  1626. 

BRILLAT-SAVARIN,  Antiielme, 
was  b.  at  Belley,  on  the  Savoy  frontier 
of  France,  in  1755,  and  at  the  time  of 
his  death,  in  1826,  filled  a  place  in  one 
of  the  highest  French  tribunals.  He 
produced  various  works;  but  is  best 
known  by  his  "  Physiology  of  Taste,  or 
Meditations  on  Transcendental  Gas- 
tronomy," which  has  passed  through 
several  editions. 

BRINDLEY,  James,  an  uncommon 
genius  for  mechanical  inventions,  and 
particularly  excellent  in  planning  and 
conducting  inland  navigations,  was  b. 
1716,  at  Tunsted,  in  Derbyshire,  and  d. 
at  Turnhurst,  in  Staffordshire,  Sep.  27, 
1772,  having  shortened  his  days  by  too 
intense  application ;  for  he  never  in- 
dulged or  relaxed  himself  in  the  com- 
mon diversions  of  life,  not  having  the 
least  relish  for  them ;  and  though  once 
prevailed  on  to  see  a  play  in  London, 
yet  he  declared  that  he  would  on  no 
account  be  present  at  another,  because 
it  so  disturbed  his  ideas  for  several 
days  after,  as  to  render  him  unfit  I'or 
business.  When  any  extraordinary  dif- 
ficulty occurred  to  him  in  the  execution 
of  his  works,  he  generally  retired  to 
bed ;  and  has  been  known  to  lie  there 
one,  two,  or  three  days,  till  he  has  sur- 
mounted it.  He  would  then  get  up, 
and  execute  his  design  without  any 
drawing  or  model;  for  he  had  a  pro- 
digious memory,  and  carried  every 
thing  in  his  head.  His  first  great  work 
was  the  construction  of  the  aqueduct 
of  the  Worsley  canal  over  the  river 
Irwell.  Among  his  other  most  remark- 
able works  were,  the  canal  which  jouied 


BKl] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


209 


the  navigation  of  Bristol  with  that  of 
Liverpool,  by  the  union  of  the  Grand 
Trunk  near  Haywood,  in  Staffordshire  to 
the  Severn  near  Bewdley,  and  his  plan 
to  clear  the  Liverpool  docks  from  mud, 
and  to  check  the  intrusions  of  the  sea, 
by  walls  built  without  mortar.  His  at- 
tachment to  inland  navigation  was  such, 
that  when  asked  the  use  of  rivers,  in 
the  house  of  commons,  he  bluntly  re- 
plied, to  feed  navigable  canals. 

BRINVILL1ERS,  Mama  Margaret 
d'Albrai,  marchioness  of,  a  French 
lady,  known  for  her  intrigues  and  her 
dimes.  She  was,  when  very  young, 
married,  in  1651,  to  the  marquis  of 
Brinvilliers,  and  for  some  time  main- 
tained a  character  of  prudence  and 
chastity.  The  introduction  of  a  young 
officer  of  Gascony,  called  de  St.  Croix, 
into  her  house,  by  her  husband,  how- 
ever, proved  the  beginning  of  her  life 
of  irregularity  and  crime.  She  loved 
this  stranger  with  great  ardor;  but  her 
father,  who  was  sensible  of  her  conduct, 
confined  her  lover  in  the  prison  of  the 
Bastile,  whilst  his  daughter,  devoted 
herself  to  religious  duties,  and  assumed 
the  appearance  of  sanctity.  After  a 
year's  confinement,  de  St.  Croix,  who 
had  in  the  prison  learned  the  art  of  mix- 
ing poison  from  an  Italian  of  the  name 
of  Lxili,  was  permitted  to  visit  his  1U- 
vorite.  He  communicated  the  fatal 
secret  of  poison,  and  she  with  alacrity 
received  it,  and  unsuspected,  by  slow 
degrees,  cut  off  her  father,  her  two  bro- 
thers, and  her  sister,  in  1670;  and  if 
she  spared  her  husband,  it  was  because 
he  looked  with  indifference  and  without 
jealousy  on  her  lewdness.  An  accident 
brought  her  crimes  to  light.  St.  Croix, 
in  working  some  subtile  poison,  was 
suddenly  overpowered  by  its  effluvia, 
and  dropped  clown  dead.  As  no  rela- 
tion appeared  to  claim  his  property,  it 
was  sealed;  but  the  marchioness  in- 
sisted with  such  importunity  upon  ob- 
taining possession  of  a  particular  box, 
that  its  contents  were  examined  upon 
suspicion,  and  it  was  discovered  to  con- 
tain papers  with  directions,  full  of  slow 
poison.  After  making  her  escape,  she 
was  arrested,  put  to  the  torture  and 
condemned  to  death.  Both  at  the  trial 
and  the  execution  she  manifested  the 
tnost  extraordinary  self-possession  and 
courage.     She  was  killed,  1678. 

BRISBANE,  Sir  Charles,  an  English 
admiral,  who  served  at  the  sieges  of 
Toulon  and  Bastia.     D.  1829. 

BRISSON,  or  BRISSONIUS,  Barna- 
bas, an  eminent  French  lawyer  and  phi- 
18*   - 


lologist,  author  of  a  treatise  "  De  Regio 
Persarum  Principatio,"  &c.  During 
the  siege  of  Paris  by  Henry  IV.,  in  1579, 
he  remained  in  the  city,  and  was  com- 
pelled by  the  partisans  of  the  League  to 
act  as  the  first  president  of  the  parlia- 
ment ;  and  his  conduct  as  a  magistrate 
was  made  the  pretext  for  putting  him  to 
death,  in  1591.  —  Mathcrin  James,  a 
French  chemist  and  naturalist,  author 
of  a  treatise  on  "  Ornithology,"  &c. 
B.  1723  ;  d.  1806. 

BRISSOT  DE  WARVILLE,  Jean 
Pierre,  one  of  the  most  active  of  the 
French  revolutionists,  and  from  whom 
a  faction  was  denominated,  was  b.  near 
Chartres,  in  1757,  and  was  originally 
brought  up  to  the  law.  He,  however, 
abandoned  that  pursuit,  and  became  a 
literary  character,  and  editor  of  the 
"  Courrier  de  l'Ei  tipe."  His  first  works 
of  any  importance  were  a  "Theory  of 
Criminal  Law,"  and  a  "Philosophical 
Library  of  Criminal  Law."  After  hav- 
ing visited  England,  he  returned  to 
Paris,  was  patronized  by  the  duke  of 
Orleans,  and  was  sent  to  the  Bastile  for 
an  alleged  libel.  A  second  time  he  was 
on  the  point  of  being  imprisoned,  but 
he  made  his  escape.  In  178S  he  went 
to  America ;  but  he  did  not  long  remain 
there.  He  came  back  to  France  in  17S9, 
published  his  "Travels,"  and  became 
an  active  political  writer,  particularly  in 
the  journal  called  the  "French  Patriot." 
To  royalty  he  was  decidedly  hostile. 
In  1 7 1*  1  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
legislative  assembly,  and  he  bore  a  pro- 
minent part  in  it,  as  well  as  in  its  suc- 
cessor, the  convention.  The  war  be- 
tween France  and  Austria  and  Great 
Britain  was  brought  about  chiefly  by 
his  exertions  and  intrigues.  After  the 
death  of  Louis  XVI.  the  jacobin  taction 
gained  the  ascendency,  and  Brissot  was 
at  length  sent  to  the  scaffold,  on  the  31st 
October,  1793. 

BRITANNICUS,  John,  an  Italian 
critic  and  grammarian,  b.  at  Palazzolo 
near  Brescia,  about  the  middle  of  the 
15th  century,  and  d.  1510. 

BRITTOX,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Hig- 
hain  Ferrers,  was  b.  1654,  and,  from  his 
trade  and  his  musical  taste,  was  known 
as  "the  musical  small  coal  man." 
Though  he  cried  his  small  coal  about 
the  streets,  he  gave  concerts  lit  his 
humble  dwelling,  at  which  some  of  the 
most  eminent  professors  and  persons 
of  fashion  attended.  He  was  also  a  pro- 
ficient in  chemistry,  and  a  collector  of 
books  and  curiosities.  Brittou  was  at 
last  frightened  to  death,  in  1714,  by  a 


210 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bro 


brutal  vetitriloqaist,  who  predicted  to 
him  his  approaching  end.  Ine  terrified 
votary  of  music  took  to  his  bed,  and  died 
in  a  few  •lays. 

BROCK,  Isaac,  major-general  in  the 
British  army,  captured  Gen.  Hull  and 
his  whole  army  at  Detroit,  August  16, 
1M2."  He  afterwards  proceeded  to  the 
Niagara  frontier,  and  was  killed  in  the 
battle  of  tiiieenstown,  Oct.  lath.  He 
was  rallying  his  troops,  which  had  been 
put  to  liiglit  by  a  desperate  charge  of 
Col.  Chrystie,  when  he  was  pierced  by 
three  bails.  He  was  a  brave  and  gen- 
erous officer.  During  his  funeral  the 
guns  of  the  American  fort  were  tired  as 
a  token  of  respect. 

BROOKLESBY,  Richard,  a  physi- 
cian, was  b.  at  Minehead,  in  1722,  took 
his  degree  at  Leyden,  in  1745.  ami,  after 
having  been  physician  to  the  army  in 
Germany,  settled  in  London,  where  he 
became  popular.  D.  1797.  Brocklesby 
was  a  liberal-minded  man,  and  was  in 
habits  of  friendship  with  the  most  emi- 
nent of  his  eoteinporaries.  Some  med- 
cal  tracts,  and  a  "Dissertation  on  the 
Music  of  the  Ancients,"  are  his  only 
productions. 

BRODEAU,  John,  was  b.  at  Tours, 
in  1500,  and  rose  to  such  eminence  as  a 
scholar  and  critic,  that  Sealiger, Grotius, 
and  others,  have  bestowed  on  his  merits 
the  most  unbounded  encomiums.  He 
Studied  law  under  Aleiat,  and  afterwards 
applied  himself  to  philosophy  and  belles 
lettres,  of  which  he  became  the  support 
and  the  ornament.  After  travelling  in 
Italy,  he  returned  to  France,  where  he 
lived  in  literary  retirement,  and  honor- 
able independence.  D.  1563.  His  an- 
notations on  several  of  the  classics  were 
published  after  his  death. 

BRODZINSKI,  Casimir,  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  of  the  modern  poets 
of  Poland.  He  was  b.  near  the  town  of 
Lipno,  1791,  and  in  early  life  served  in 
an  artillery  corps.  He  fought  against 
Russia  in  1812,  and  was  at  the  battle  of 
Leipsic,  where  he  was  taken  prisoner. 
Beim;  liberated  on  his  parole  he  went 
to  Cracow,  and  soon  after  to  Warsaw, 
where  he  acted  as  professor  of  aesthetics 
in  the  university.  He  wrote  vigorously 
in  defence  of  the  romanticists  as  against 
the  classic  school  of  critics.  After  the 
insurrection  of  1831  the  university  of 
Warsaw  was  suppressed.  This  preyed 
upon  his  mind  so  that  he  d.  at  Dresden, 
1835. 

BROECKHOUSEN,  Jan  Van,  a  dis- 
tinguished Dutch  scholar;  author  of 
ooems,  and  editor  of  some  valuable  edi- 


tions of  Propertius,  Tibullus,  and  othei 
classics.    D.  17o7. 

BROGL1E,  Victor  Francis,  duke  de, 
a  gallant  French  general  under  the  old 
monarchy,  who  emigrated  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution,  and  put 
himself  at  the  head  of  a  corps  of  emi- 
grants at  Champaigne.    B.  1718  ;  d.  1804J. 

BROGLIO,  Victor  Maurice,  count  de, 
marshal  of  France,  was  b.  of  an  illustri- 
ous family  at  Querey,  and  distinguished 
himself  in  the  service  of  Louis  ~S.IV. 
D.  17-27,  aged  80.— Francis  Marie,  his 
son,  was  also  marshal  of  France,  and  de- 
served the  highest  honors  by  his  war- 
like conduct  in  Italy,  and  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  1733  and  17o4.  1).  1745. — 
Victor  Francis,  a  son  of  the  last,  also  a 
marshal,  was  the  conqueror  of  Berngen, 
and  greatly  distinguished  during  the 
seven  years'  war.  He  quitted  France  in 
1794,  and  retired  to  Russia,  where  he 
was  received  with  honorable  distinction, 
and  raised  to  the  same  rank  which  he 
held  in  the  emperor's  service. — Clau- 
dius Victor,  prince  de  Broglio,  son  of 
the  preceding,  espoused  the  party  of  the 
republicans  at  the  beginning  of  the  rev- 
olution, and  was  flattered  by  the  dema- 
gogues with  the  title  of  marshal.  His 
refusal  to  receive  as  law,  wlnie  comman- 
der of  the  army  of  the  Rhine,  the  de- 
cree which  suspended  the  king's  author- 
ity, proved  fatal  to  him.  He  was  called 
to  Paris,  and  condemned  to  death  by  the 
revolutionary  tribunal.  He  was  guillo- 
tined, 1794,  aged  07. 

BROKE,  Sir  Philip  Bowes  Vere,  an 
English  rear-admiral,  who  performed  a 
great  many  services  to  bis  country,  the 
chief  of  which  was  the  capture  of  the 
American  ship  Chesapeake  by  the  Shan- 
non in  June,  1813.    B.  1776  ;  D.  1841. 

BROME.  Alexander,  an  attorney  and 
satirical  poet,  whose  writings,  on  the 
side  of  Charles  L,  are  said  to  have  great- 
ly obstructed  the  progress  of  puritanism. 
In  addition  to  writing  satirical  somrs,  he 
translated  from  Lucretius  and  Horace, 
and  wrote  a  comedy,  called  "  The  Cun- 
ning Lovers."  B.  1620  ;  d.  1666.— Rich- 
ard, an  English  dramatist,  cotempora- 
ry  with  Ben  Jonson,  to  whom  he  was 
originally  servant,  but  who  rose  by  force 
of  his  native  genius  to  considerable  emi- 
nence. His  comedies  were  formerly  very 
popular,  but  they  are  not  now  perform- 
ed.    D.  16'. 2. 

BROMFIELD,  William,  an  eminent 
English  surgeon  ;  author  of  "  Chirurgi- 
cal  Observations  and  Cases,"  "The  City 
Match,"  a  comedv,  &c.   B.  1712 ;  d.  1792. 

BRONSTED,  Peter  Oluf,  a  philolo- 


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CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPH. 


211 


eer  and  antiquarian,  of  Jutland,  who 
wrote  an  account  of  his  "  Travels  and 
Researches  in  Greece,"  which  is  greatly 
esteemed  by  men  of  science.  B.  1781 ; 
d.  1-42. 

BROXGXIART,  Aueusrua  Louis, 
apothecary  to  Louis  XVI.,  was  one  of 
those  who  earliest  and  most  sedulously 
contributed,  by  his  lectures,  to  ditfusea 
knowledee  of  phvsics  and  chemistry  in 
Trance.  D.  at  Paris,  1S04.  Besides 
many  scientific  essays,  he  is  the  author 
of  aii  "  Analytical  Description  of  the 
Combinations  and  Decompositions  of 
various  Substances." 

BROXKHORST.  Peter  Van.  a  Dutch 
painter,  b.  at  Delft.  15SS,  and  d.  1681. 
He  painted,  with  great  success,  perspec- 
tive views  of  temples  and  churches, 
enlivened  with  small  but  well-exeeuted 
human  figures.  In  the  town-house  of 
Delft  is  his  representation  of  Solomon's 
Judgment. — Iohn  van,  b.  at  Leyden, 
1648,  learned  the  art  of  painting  with- 
out any  instruction,  and  attained  to  a 
hijrh  decree  of  perfection.  He  princi- 
pally painted  animals,  and  was  particu- 
larly successful  in  his  birds.  The  light- 
ness and  brilliancy  of  the  feathers  are 
represented  with  much  truth.  He  was 
a  pastry-cook  and  painted  merely  for 
his  amusement. — -Another  John  van.  b. 
at  Utrecht.  1603,  was  a  painter  on  glass. 
His  works  in  the  new  church  at  Amster- 
dam are  much  esteemed.  He  has  also 
engraved  some  works  of  Cornelius  Poel- 
enbursr. 

BROXZIXO,  Angelo,  a  painter  of 
the  Florentine  scho  L  and  imitator  of 
Michael  Antrelo,  flourished  about  1550. 
He  painted  a  great  number  of  portraits, 
and  his  historical  paintings  are  distin- 
guished by  the  striking  and  pleasing 
features  of  the  heads  they  contain.  One 
of  his  best  paintings  is  a  "Christ,"  in 
the  church  of  Santa  Croce,  at  Florence. 
It  is  remarkable  for  its  grouping  and 
coloring,  as  well  as  for  the  heads,  many 
of  which  are  the  portraits  of  his  friends 
anil  cotemporaries ;  yet  it  is  not  alto- 
gether free  from  mannerism  and  affecta- 
tion.    D.  at  Florence,  1570. 

BROOCMAX,  Chables  Uibio,  a  Swe- 
di>h  writer  on  education,  especially  as 
regards  the  education  of  teachers.  His 
principal  work  is  "An  Account  of  the 
Educational  Institutions  of  Germany," 
from  the  earliest  period  up  to  his  own 
time.     D.  1812. 

BROOKE,  Sir  Robert,  chief  justice 
of  the  common  pleas  in  the  reign  of 
Queen  Mary,  and  author  of  various  legal 
works.      D.    155S. — Frances,    a    clever 


novelist  and  dramatic  v^ritcr:  autboress 
of  "  Lady  Juliet  Mandeville,*'  and  other 
novels;  the  tragedies  of  "Virginia," 
and  the  "Siege  of  Sinope;"  "  Rosiua," 
a  musical  entertainment,  <fcc.  D.  17S9. 
—Henry,  a  political  and  literary  writer ; 
author  of  "  Letters  Addressed  to  the 
People  of  Ireland,"  "The  Earl  of  West- 
moreland," a  tragedy,  the  celebrated 
novel  of  "The  Fool  of  Quality,"  Arc. 
B.  at  Rantavan,  in  Ireland,  1706  ;'d.  1783. 
— James,  a  political  writer  and  poet.  He 
succeeded  Wilkes  as  editor  of  the  "Xorth 
Briton,"  which  he  continued  to  conduct 
to  the  end  of  its  publication.     D.  1807. 

BROOKES,  Joshua,  an  eminent  anato- 
mist and  surgeon,  b.  1761.  After  study- 
ing under  the  most  celebrated  men  of 
his  day,  commenced  his  career  as  a  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy,  pathology,  and  snr- 
gery,  when  about  26  years  of  age,  His 
museum  was  enriched  with  the  choicest 
anatomical  specimens  and  osteological 
preparations  ;  and  the  lectures  on  anato- 
my and  its  kindred  sciences,  which 
during  a  long  life  he  was  in  the  habit 
of  delivering  to  his  pupils,  (of  whom  he 
could  reckon  7000,)  laid  the  foundation 
of  their  scientific  fame  to  some  of  the 
most  distinguished  members  of  the  pro- 
fession.    D.  1833. 

BROOKS.  John,  b.  at  Medford,  Mass., 
1752,  was  originally  a  physician,  but  on 
the  breaking  out  of  the  revolution,  took 
up  arms  in  behalf  of  bis  country.  He 
was  soon  raised  to  the  rank  of  major  in 
the  continental  service,  and  was  distin- 
guished for  his  knowledge  of  tactics, 
being  associated  with  Baron  Steuben,  in 
the  duty  of  introducing  a  uniform  sys- 
tem of  exercise  and  manoeuvres.  In 
1777  he  was  appointed  lieutenant-colo- 
nel, and  had  no  small  share  in  the  capture 
of  Burgoyne,  on  the  7th  of  October,  at 
Saratoga.  When  the  conspiracy  of  some 
of  the  officers  against  the  commander- 
in-chief,  in  March,  1783,  had  well  nigh 
ruined  the  country,  Washington  rode 
up  to  Brooks  and  requested  him  to  keep 
his  officers  within  quarters,  to  prevent 
their  attending  the  insurgent  meeting. 
Brooks  replied,  "  Sir,  I  have  anticipated 
your  wishes,  and  my  orders  are  given." 
Washington  took  him  by  the  hand,  and 
said,  "Colonel  Brooks,  this  is  just  what 
I  expected  from  you."  He  was  one  of 
the  committee  who  brought  in  the  reso- 
lutions of  the  officers,  expressing  their 
abhorrence  of  this  plot,  and  also  one  of 
that  appointed  by  the  officers  to  adjust 
their  accounts  with  congress.  After  the 
army  was  disbanded,  he  resumed  the 
practice  of  medicine  in   Medford.     He 


212 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bro 


was  for  many  years  major-general  of  the 
third  division  of  the  Massachusetts  mi- 
litia. ]n  1812  he  was  appointed  adju- 
tant-general, which  office  he  held  during 
the  last  war  with  England.  In  1816  he 
was  ilected  governor  almost  without 
opposition,  and  was  annually  re-elected 
till  1833,  when  he  declined  being  a  can- 
didate. D.  1825.— Eleazer,  a  brigadier- 
general  in  Concord,  Mass.,  in  1726. 
Without  the  advantages  of  education, 
lie  acquired  a  valuable  fund  of  knowl- 
edge. It  was  his  practice  in  early  life 
to  read  the  most  approved  books,  and 
then  to  converse  with  the  most  intelli- 
gent men  respecting  them.  In  1774  he 
was  chosen  a  representative  to  the  gen- 
eral court,  and  continued  37  years  in 
public  life,  being  successively  a  repre- 
sentative, a  member  of  the  senate,  and 
of  the  council.  He  took  a  decided  part 
in  the  American  revolution.  At  the 
head  of  a  regiment,  he  was  engaged  in 
the  battle  of  White  Plains,  in  177'!,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  cool,  de- 
termined bravery.     D.  1806. 

BECOME,  Dr.  William,  an  English 
divine  and  poet.  In  addition  to  his  own 
poems,  and  a  translation  of  Anacreon's 
Odes,  he  contributed  eight  books  to 
Pope's  translation  of  the  Odyssey;  but 
having  complained  of  his  scanty  remu- 
neration, his  brother  bard  rewarded  him 
with  a  niche  in  the  Dunciad.  lie  was 
vicar  of  Eye,  Suffolk.     D.  1745. 

BROSCHI,  Carlo,  better  known  by 
the  name  of  Farinelli,  one  of  the  finest 
singers  ever  known.  He  was  retained 
to  divert  the  melancholy  of  Philip  V.  of 
Spain,  and  acquired  vast  political  power 
in  the  reigns  of  that  monarch  and  his 
successor.  Unlike  the  generality  of 
royal  favorites,  he  behaved  with  invari- 
able modestv  and  honor.  B.  at  Naples, 
1705;  d.  1782. 

BROSSARD,  Sebastian  de,  an  emi- 
nent French  musician  ;  author  of  "  Pro- 
domus  Mnsicalis,"  &c.     D.  1730. 

BROSSE,  Guy  de  la,  a  French  botan- 
ist and  physician  to  Louis  XIII. ;  author 
sf  "  L'Ouverture  du  Jardin  Royal,"  and 
Dther  botanical  works.     D.  1751. 

BROSSES,  Charles  de,  a  French  law- 
yer, and  the  school-fellow  and  friend  of 
Butfon;  author  of  "  Letters  on  Ilercu- 
laneum,"  &c.     B.  1709;  d.  1777. 

BROTHERS,  Richard,  a  fanatic,  who, 
in  1793,  commenced  his  career  as  the 
apostle  of  a  new  religion,  and  announced 
himself  as  "  nephew  of  the  Almighty 
and  prince  of  the  Hebrews,  appointed 
to  lead  them  to  the  land  of  Canaan." 
He  predicted  various  changes  as  about 


to  occur,  and  his  disciples  were  not  con- 
fined to  the  poor  and  ignorant.  The 
great  orientalist,  Halhed,  and  other  men 
of  unquestionable  ability  were  advocates 
of  his  claims,  but  his  career  at  lengta 
attracted  the  notice  of  government,  and 
he  was  committed  to  Bedlam  for  life  as 
a  confirmed  lunatic.  He  published  sev- 
eral works  on  his  peculiar  views  of  the- 
ology. 

BROTIER,  Gabriel,  a  learned  French 
Jesuit,  and  librarian  to  the  college  of 
Louis  le  Grand ;  author  of  a  treatise 
"  On  the  Ancient  Hebrew,  Greek,  and 
Roman  Coins,1'  an  excellent  edition  of 
"  Tacitus,"  and  other  classics,  See.  B. 
1723 ;  d.  1789. — Andrew  Charles,  a 
French  abbe,  nephew  of  the  above.  He 
was  a  friend  to  the  royalist  cause,  and 
the  editor  of  "  L'Anuee  Litteraire," 
which  was  so  obnoxious  to  the  party  in 
power  that  he  was  transported  to  Guiana. 
i).  179S. 

BROUGHTON,  Hugh,  a  learned  He- 
brew scholar  and  polemical  writer,  who 
was  educated  at  the  expense  of  the  cele- 
brated Bernard  Gilpin.  B.  1549  ;  d.  1612. 
— Thomas,  a  prebendary  of  Salisbury, 
and  a  literary  character  of  considerable 
merit;  author  of  "Christianity  distinct 
from  the  Religion  of  Nature,"  "  Disser- 
tations on  the  Prospects  of  Futurity," 
"Hercules,"  a  drama,  &c.  He  was  also 
one  of  the  principal  contributors  to  the 
Biooranliia  Britanniea.     D.  1774. 

BRO'UNCKER,  William,  Lord,  the 
first  president  of  the  Royal  Society  at 
Oxford,  and  author  of  some  papers  in 
the  Philosophical  Transactions,  &c.  D. 
1584. 

BROUSSA1S,  Francois  Joseph  Vic- 
tor, a  celebrated  French  physician  :  the 
author  of  some  very  learned  medical 
works,  which  for  a  time  had  the  most 
extensive  influence  in  France,  and  are 
still  not  without  their  adherents.  B. 
1772  ;  d.  1S38. 

BROUSSOXET,  Peter  Augustus  Ma- 
ria, an  eminent  French  naturalist;  au- 
thor of  "  Icthyologia,"  "Varioe  Positi- 
ones  circa  Respirationem,"  &c.  B.  1761 ; 
d.  1807. 

BRODWER,  Adrian,  a  celebrated 
painter  of  the  Dutch  school,  was  b.  at 
Haerlem,  in  1608,  or  more  probably  at 
Oudenarde,  where  his  father  was  a 
painter  of  common  paper  hangings. 
Poverty  contributed  perhaps  to  form  his 
talents.  When  a  child,  he  painted  flow- 
ers and  birds  to  be  stitched  on  caps, 
which  were  sold  by  his  mother.  Francis 
Hals,  a  skilful  painter,  expecting  to  profit 
by  the  talents  of  the  young  artist,  took 


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CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


213 


him  to  Haerlem.  Here,  amidst  wearisome 
labors  and  poor  diet,  Brouwer  spent  the 
greater  part  of  his  time  in  a  garret,  occu- 
pied in  making  little  paintings,  of  the 
value  of  which  he  was  ignorant,  while 
Hals  kept  the  profits  of  them  to  himself. 
Two  pretty  paintings  of  his,  "The  Five 
Senses"  and  "  The  Twelve  Mouths,"  are 
mentioned  as  belonging  to  that  period. 
By  the  advice  of  Adrian  of  Ostade,  his 
'fellow-pupil,  he  escaped  to  Amsterdam, 
where  he  was  surprised  to  hear  that  his 
paintings  were  esteemed.  He  now  gained 
considerable  sums  by  his  labors  ;  but,  in- 
stead of  devoting  himself  to  his  art,  he 
made  the  inn  his  workshop,  never  ex- 
erting himself  till  the  hostess  insisted 
upon  payment.  He  threw  into  the  lire 
a  painting  for  which  he  did  not  receive 
the  price  demanded,  and  began  a  new 
one  with  more  care.  Having  gone  to 
Antwerp  during  the  wars  of  the  Low 
Countries,  he  was  thrown  into  prison  as 
a  spy.  He  declared  that  he  was  a  paint- 
er, appealing  to  the  duke  of  Ahremberg, 
who  was  likewise  imprisoned  there ; 
and,  at  the  prince's  intercession,  having 
been  provided  with  materials,  he  painted 
his  guards  playing  at  cards  witli  so  much 
expression  and  truth,  that  Rubens,  at 
the  sight  of  the  picture  exclaimed,  "  This 
is  Brouwer's  work ;  none  but  he  can 
succeed  so  well  in  such  subjects."  Ru- 
bens effected  his  release  by  standing 
bail  for  him,  clothed  him,  and  received 
him  into  his  house  and  at  his  table. 
Brouwer,  however,  instead  of  being 
grateful  for  this  generosity,  escaped 
secretly,  to  plunge  into  still  greater  ex- 
travagancies. He  took  lodgings  with  a 
baker,  Craesbeke,  who  became  a  skilful 
painter  by  Ids  instructions.  This  man, 
whose  inclinations  agreed  with  those  of 
Brouwer,  had  a  handsome  wife,  and  the 
connection  between  these  three  persons 
became  so  intimate  that  they  were 
obliged  to  flee  from  justice.  Brouwer 
went  to  Paris,  but  finding  no  employ- 
ment there  returned  to  Antwerp,  where 
be  d.  in  the  hospital,  in  1640. 

BROWALLIUS,  John,  bishop  of 
Abo ;  an  eminent  naturalist,  and  the 
author  of  various  tracts  on  botany,  &c. 
D.173B. 

BROWN,  John,  an  eminent  clergy- 
man and  multifarious  writer,  b.  1715, 
at  Roth  bury,  Northumberland,  educated 
at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge;  and 
ufter  various  church  preferments  became 
chaplain  to  the  king.  The  chief  of  his 
numerous  works  are,  "  Essays  on  the 
Characteristics  of  the  Earl  of  Shaftes- 
oury,"    " Barbarossa,"   a    tragedy;    an 


"Estimate  of  the  Manners  and  Princi- 
ples of  the  Times,"  a  "History  of  the 
Rise  and  Progress  of  Poetry,"  and 
"Thoughts  on  Civil  Liberty,  Licentious- 
ness, and  Faction."  It  is  supposed  that 
his  mental  exertions  were  too  great,  for 
he  fell  into  a  state  of  dejection  which 
terminated  in  his  death  by  'his  own  hand. 
in  17t>6. — John,  a  Scotch  painter  and 
author,  favorably  known  in  the  former 
character  by  his  painting  of  the  bust  of 
Homer  from  the  Townley  marbles,  and 
by  his  portrait  of  Pope.  As  an  author 
he  is  even  more  distinguished  by  his 
"  Letters  on  the  Poetry  and  Music  of 
the  Italian  Opera,"  which  he  addressed 
to  his  friend  Lord  Monboddo.  B.  1752 ; 
d.  1787.— Robkrt,  the  founder  of  the 
sect  of  the  Brownists,  b.  at  Northamp- 
ton, was  related  to  Lord  Burleigh.  He 
pursued  Ids  studies  at  Cambridge. 
About  1530,  he  began  to  attack  the 
government  and  liturgy  of  the  church, 
had  many  followers,  and  was  soon  im- 
prisoned by  the  ecclesiastical  commis- 
sions, but  was  liberated  by  the  interest 
of  Lord  Burleigh.  He  then  settled  at 
Middleburgli,  in  Holland,  collected  a 
congregation,  and  wrote  a  book,  entitled 
a  "Treatise  of  Reformation,  without 
tarrying  for  any  Man."  In  1585,  how- 
ever, he  returned  to  England,  becamo 
engaged  in  contests  with  the  bishops, 
was  disowned  by  his  father,  and  was 
at  length  excommunicated.  Conviction, 
or  perhaps  policy,  now  induced  him  to 
conform,  and  in  1590  he  obtained  a  liv- 
ing in  Northamptonshire.  His  end  was 
in  unison  with  his  life.  At  the  age  of 
more  than  80,  he  was  committed  to  jail 
for  striking  a  constable  and  abusing  a 
magistrate,  and  he  d.  shortly  after  his 
committal.  He  used  to  boast,  "  that  he 
had  been  incarcerated  in  thirty-two 
prisons,  in  some  of  which  he  could  not 
see  his  hand  at  noonday."  His  sect 
long  survived  him.  In  the  civil  wars 
it  bore  the  name  of  the  Independents.— 
Thomas,  a  writer  of  talent  and  of  con 
siderable  though  coarse  wit,  was  the 
son  of  a  farmer  at  Shifnal,  and  was  ed- 
ucated at  Christ  church,  Oxford,  but 
quitted  college  on  account  of  his  irregu- 
larities. For  a  while  he  was  a  school- 
master at  Kingston,  in  Surrey.  Quitting 
this  situation,  however,  he  settled  in 
London,  as  an  author  by  profession,  and 
gained  notoriety  by  his  lampoons,  his 
humor,  and  his  conversational  powers. 
He  d.  in  1704.  His  works  fort  l  4  vols. 
12mo. — Ulysses  Maximilian,  an  Austri- 
an field-marshal,  the  son  of  an  expatria- 
ted Irish  officer,  was  b.  at  Basil,  in  1705 ; 


214 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bro 


served  with  distinction  against  the 
Turks,  and  at  the  battles  of  Parma  and 
Guastalla;  was  made  field-marshal  in 
1739 ;  signalized  his  talents  in  Italy, 
from  1744  to  1746,  particularly  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Placentia ;  and  d.  in  the  Bohemi- 
an capital  in  17.37,  of-the  wounds  which 
he  received  at  the  battle  of  Prague. — 
John,  celebrated  as  the  parent  of  the 
Brunonian  system  of  medicine,  b.  1735, 
at  Buucle,  in  Berwickshire,  originally 
studied  with  a  view  to  the  church,  but 
afterwards   commenced    the    study    of 

Ehysic.  For  a  while  he  was  patronized 
y  J  Jr.  Cullen.  He,  however,  quarrelled 
with  that  gentleman,  and  became  his 
active  opponent.  After  many  strug- 
gles and  vicissitudes  he  settled  in  Lon- 
don, in  1786,  and  d.  there,  October,  178S. 
leaving  a  numerous  family  in  want. 
His  misfortunes  principally  arose  from 
his  habits  of  intemperance.  His  medi- 
cal system  is  developed  in  his  "  Elemen- 
ta  Medicinse,"  and  has,  at  least,  the 
merit  of  simplicity,  as  it  classes  all  dis- 
eases under  two  heads— those  of  defi- 
cient and  those  of  redundant  excitement. 
— John",  an  eminent  landscape  engraver, 
was  a  fellow-pupil  of  Woollet,  and  for 
some  time  worked  in  conjunction  with 
him.  Their  teachers  name  was  Tinney. 
Brown  acquired  considerable  reputation 
for  the  taste  and  spirit  of  his  burin,  and 
became  an  associate  of  the  Royal  Acade- 
my. i>.  at  the  age  of  60,  1801. — -  Wil- 
liam, a  celebrated  teem  engraver,  b.  1748. 
At  the  commencement  of  his  career  he 
was  patronized  by  Catharine  of  Russia, 
and  subsequently  by  Louis  XVI.  The 
French  revolution  drove  him  from  Paris, 
and  he  settled  in  London,  where  he  pro- 
duced many  excellent  works.  D.  182"). 
— John,  a  painter,  b.  at  Edinburgh,  in 
1752,  resided  10  years  in  Italy,  and  ac- 
quired there  a  knowledge  of  all  the  ele- 
fant  arts.  On  his  return,  he  settled  at 
Idinbuirgh,  in  which  city  he  d.  17^7. 
He  was  the  intimate  friend  of  Lord  Mon- 
boddo,  to  whom  he  addressed  his  "  Let- 
ters on  the  Poetry  and  Music  of  the 
Italian  Opera."  They  were  published 
by  the  learned  judge  in  1780. — Charles 
Brockhen,  an  American  novelist  and 
man  of  letters,  was  b.  in  Philadelphia  in 
January,  1771.  After  a  good  school  ed- 
ucation, he  commenced  the  study  of  the 
law,  in  the  office  of  an  eminent  member 
of  the  bar.  During  the  preparatory 
term,  his  mind  was  much  engaged  in 
literary  pursuits,  and  when  the  time  ap- 
proached fir  his  admission  into  the 
courts,  he  resolved  to  abandon  the  pro- 
fession altogether.     His  passion  for  let- 


I  ters,  and  the  weakness  of  his  physical 
constitution,disqualiried  him  for  the  bus- 
tle of  business.  His  first  publication  was 
"Alcuin,  a  Dialogue  on  the  Rights  of 
Women,"  written  in  the  autumn  and 
winter  of  1797.  The  first  of  his  novels, 
issued  in  1798,  was  "  Wieland,"  a  power- 
ful and  original  romance,  which  soon  ac- 
quired reputation.  After  this  followed 
"Onnond,"  "Arthar  Mervyn,"  "Edgar 
Huntley,"  and  "Clara  Howard,"  in  rapid 
succession,  the  last  being  published  in 
1801.  The  last  of  his  novels,  "  Jane 
Talbot,"  was  originally  published  in 
London,  in  1804,  and  is  much  inferior 
to  its  predecessors.  In  1799,  Brown 
published  the  first  number  of  the 
"  Monthly  Magazine  and  American  Re- 
view," a  work  which  he  continued  for 
about  a  year  and  a  half,  with  much  in- 
dustry ami  ability.  In  1805  he  com- 
menced another  journal,  with  the  title 
of  "  The  Literary  Magazine  and  Ameri- 
can Register,"  and  iii  this  undertaking 
he  persevered  for  five  years.  During 
the  same  interval  he  found  time  to  write 
three  large  political  pamphlets,  on  the 
"  Cession  of  Louisiana,"  on  the  "British 
Treaty,"  and  on  "  Commercial  Restric- 
tions." In  1S06  he  commenced  a  semi- 
annual "  American  Register,"  five  vol- 
umes of  which  he  lived  to  complete  and 
publish,  and  which  must  long  be  con- 
sulted as  a  valuable  body  of  annals.  Be- 
sides these  works,  and  many  miscellane- 
ous pieces  published  in  different  peri- 
odicals, he  left  in  manuscript  an  unfin- 
ished system  of  geography,  which  has 
been  represented  to  possess  uncommon 
merit.  D.  of  consumption,  1810. — John, 
b.  1736,  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  was  a  leader 
of  the  party  which,  in  1772,  destroyed 
the  British  sloop  of  war  Gasper,  in  Nar- 
raganset  Bay.  He  became  an  enterpri- 
sing and  wealthy  merchant,  and  was  the 
first  in  his  native  state  who  traded  with 
the  East  Indies  and  China.  He  was 
chosen  a  member  of  congress,  and  was  a 
generous  patron  of  literature,  and  a 
great  projector  of  works  of  public  utility. 
D.  1803. — Dr.  Thomas,  a  man  eminent 
as  a  metaphysician,  moral  philosopher, 
and  poet,  b.  at  Kirkmabreck,  in  Scot- 
land, in  1777,  displayed  an  early  acute- 
ness  and  thirst  for  knowledge.  His  first 
education  was  received  in  the  vicinity 
of  London,  and  was  completed  at  the 
university  of  Edinburgh.  At  the  age 
of  twenty  he  wrote  a  masterly  answer 
to  Darwin's  "Zoonomia."  In  1810  he 
succeeded  Mr.  Stewart,  at  Edinburgh, 
as  professor  of  moral  philosophy,  and 
soon  gained  universal  admiration  as  a 


BRO] 


CTCLOP^DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


215 


lecturei,  by  his  eloquence  and  talents, 
and  affection  by  liis  kindness  to  the 
students.  His  brilliant  career  was  un- 
fortunately cut  short,  by  consumption, 
on  the  3d  of  April,  1820.  As  a  philoso- 
pher, his  reputation  is  established  by 
his  inquiry  into  the  "'Relation  of  Cause 
and  Effect,"  "  Lectures  on  the  Philoso- 
phy of  the  Human  Mind,"  and  "Physi- 
ology of  the  Mind."'  As  a  poet,  by  his 
poems,  in  two  volumes  :  "  Agnes," 
"The  Wanderer  of  Norway."  and  ''The 
Paradise  of  Coquettes." — William,  a 
poet,  b.  in  1590,  was  a  native  of  Tavi- 
stock, and  was  educated  at  Oxford.  In 
1624  he  became  tutor  to  the  earl  of 
Caernarvon,  who  fell  at  the  battle  of 
Newbury,  and  he  subsequently  resided 
in  the  family  of  the  earl  of  Pembroke. 
His  death  is  supposed  to  have  taken 
place  about  1645.  His  "  Britannia's  Pas- 
torals,''- which  were  published  in  his 
23d  year,  and  his  "Shepherd's  Pipe," 
have  great  merit.  Discursiveness  and 
an  occasional  quaintness  are  the  faults 
of  his  poetry ;  but  they  are  redeemed 
by  a  lively  fancy,  much  power  of  de- 
scription, and  flowing  numbers. — Jacob, 
general,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  at 
the  head  of  the  American  army.  In 
early  life  he  belonged  to  the  sect  of  the 
Quakers,  and  was  employed  as  a  teacher 
of  youth.  In  1799  he  went  on  to  the 
frontiers,  and  purchased  a  lot  of  land, 
took  his  axe,  and  began  to  fell  the  forest 
with  his  own  hand,  in  order  to  com- 
mence a  settlement.  This  was  soon 
done.  He  purchased  more  land,  and 
was  made  agent  for  M.  Le  Roy  de  Chau- 
mont,  a  distinguished  Frenchman,  who 
owned  a  large  tract  of  that  country,  and 
was  industrious  in  obtaining  settlers, 
and  when  he  had  enough  for  a  company 
of  militia,  they  were  formed,  and  he  so 
far  shook  off  the  Quaker  as  to  take 
command  of  them,  at  their  urgent  re- 
quest. From  the  command  of  a  compa- 
ny he  soon  found  himself  at  the  head 
of  a  regiment.  At  the  commencement 
of  the  war  of  1S12  he  was  raised  to  the 
office  of  major-general  of  militia.  The 
general  government  soon  after  proffered 
him  a  high  command  in  the  army  of  the 
United  States.  It  was  accepted,  and  he 
moved  on  from  one  degree  of  fame  to 
another  in  this  short  war,  until  be  found 
himself  at  the  head  of  the  army  ;  and  at 
the  return  of  peace  he  made  his  head- 
quarters at  Washington.     D.  1828. 

BROWNE,  Sir  Thomas,  a  physician 
and  eminent  writer,  b.  in  London,  1805, 
and  educated  at  Winchester  and  Oxford. 
He  took  his  degree  at  Leyden,  and  set- 


tled at  Norwich,  where  be  gained  exten- 
sive practice.  His  "Religio  Medici" 
having  been  surreptitiously  published, 
he  gave  to  the  world  a  correct  edition 
in  1642,  which  was  soon  translated  into 
several  languages,  and  repeatedly  re- 
printed. It  was  attacked  by  many  wri- 
ters, some  of  whom,  with  equal  absurdi- 
ty and  injustice,  accused  the  author  of 
being  an  infidel,  and  even  an  atheist. 
This  work  was  followed  by  his  celebra- 
ted "Treatise  on  Vulgar  Errors,"  and 
"  Hydriotaphia,  or  a  Treatise  on  Urn 
Burial,"  published  together  with  "  The 
Garden  of  Cyrus."  D.  1682.  Browne 
was  a  man  of  great  benevolence,  and  of 
extensive  erudition.  His  style  is  singu- 
lar and  pedantic,  but  has  generally 
strength,  and  often  felicity  of  expres- 
sion.— His  son  Edward,  who  was  b. 
about  1642.  and  d.  1708,  was  president 
of  the  College  of  Physicians,  and  is  the 
author  of  an  account  of  his  own  "Trav- 
els in  Austria,  Hungary,  Thessaly,  and 
Italy." — Simon,  b.  at  Shepton  Mallet, 
1680,  became  a  dissenting  minister,  first 
at  Portsmouth,  and  next  in  the  Old 
Jewry,  in  which  latter  situation  he  re- 
mained till  1723,  when  his  reason  was 
shaken  by  the  loss  of  his  wife  and  his 
only  son.  The  monomania  which  afflict- 
ed him  was  of  an  extraordinary  kind. 
Though  retaining  the  power  of  reason- 
ing acutely,  he  believed  that  God  "had 
annihilated  in  him  the  thinking  sub- 
stance," and  that  though  he  seemed  to 
speak  rationally,  he  had  "  no  more  no- 
tion of  what  he  said  than  a  parrot." 
Imagining  himself  no  longer  a  moral 
agent,  he  refused  to  bear  a  part  in  any 
act  of  worship.  While  in  this  state, 
however,  he  continued  to  write  forcibly, 
and,  among  other  things,  produced  a 
"  Defence  of  the  Religion  of  Nature,  and 
the  Christian  Revelation,  against  Chris- 
tianity as  old  as  the  Creation."  To  thif 
he  prefixed  a  dedication  to  Queen  Caro- 
line, in  which  he  affectingly  expatiated 
on  his  soulless  state.  His  friends  sup- 
pressed this  melancholy  proof  of  hi? 
singular  insanity  ;  but  it  is  preserved  ill 
the  "Adventurer."  D.  1732.  He  is» 
the  author  of  hymns,  sermons,  and  vari 
ous  controversial  and  theological  pieces. 
— Sir  William,  a  physician,  an  eccentric 
but  amiable  character,  b.  1692,  studied 
at  Cambridge,  and  settled  at  Lynn, 
whence  he  removed  to  London,  where 
he  d.  1774.  In  dress,  style,  and  manners 
he  was  a  complete  oddity,  a  circumstance 
which  exposed  him  to  the  shafts  of 
satire.  He  had,  however,  the  good 
sense  and  dignity  of  mind  to  smile  at 


216 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF     BIOGRAPHY. 


[bru 


such  attacks.  At  Lynn  he  nailed  to  his 
house  door  a  pamphlet  which  was  writ- 
ten against  him  ;  and  when  Foote  carica- 
tured him,  in  the  "  Devil  on  Two 
Sticks,"  Browne  sent  him  a  note,  prais- 
ing the  accuracy  of  the  mimic's  persona- 
tion, and  sending  him  his  own  mntf  to 
complete  the  picture.     Browne  left  three 

fold  medals  to  be  yearly  given  to  Cam- 
ridge  under-graduates,  for  Greek  and 
Latin  compositions ;  and  founded  a 
scholarship  at  Peterhouse,  where  he 
was  educated.  He  translated  "  Grego- 
ry's Elements  of  Dioptrics,"  and  collect- 
ed, under  the  title  of  "  Opuscula,"  his 
own  light  pieces. — George,  count  de, 
an  Irish  Catholic,  b.  in  1698,  entered 
into  the  Kussian  service.  He  saved  the 
Empress  Anna  Ivanovna  from  the  con- 
spiracy of  the  guards,  and  served  with 
distinction  under  Lascy,  Munich,  and 
Keith.  On  the  banks  of  the  Volga  he 
stopped,  with  only  three  thousand  men, 
the  whole  Turkish  army.  He  was,  how- 
ever, taken  prisoner  by  the  Turks,  and 
sold  as  a  slave,  but  escaped.  In  the 
seven  years1  war,  he  .distinguished  him- 
self at  the  battles  of  Prague,  Kollin, 
Jaegendorf,  and  Zorndorff.  His  services 
were  rewarded  with  the  government  of 
Livonia.  After  having  held  it  thirty 
years,  he  wished  to  retire,  but  Catherine 
II.  replied,  "  Death  alone  shall  part  us." 
D.  1792. — Moses,  a  divine  and  poet,  was 
b.  in  1705,  and  was  originally  a  pencut- 
ter;  but,  through  the  "interest  of  Har- 
vey, he  obtained  orders,  and  the  living 
of  Olney,  in  Buckinghamshire.  D.  in 
1787,  at  Morden  college,  of  which  he 
was  chaplain.  He  is  the  author  of  sev- 
eral works,  the  principal  of  which  are 
"Piscatory  Eclogues,"  and  "Sunday 
Thoughts."  Browne  was  a  great  lover 
of  angling,  and  published  an  edition  of 
Walton's"  Angler.  —  Isaac  Hawkins,  a 
native  of  Burton-upon-Trent,  b.  1706, 
studied  at  Westminster,  Cambridge,  and 
Lincoln's  Inn,  was  called  to  the  bar,  and 
became  M.  P.  for  Wenlock.  Though  a 
man  of  infinite  wit,  he  was  mute  in  par- 
liament. He  is  the  author  of  an  excel- 
lent Latin  poem,  on  the  "Immortality 
of  the  Soul,"  which  has  been  more  than 
once  translated,  and  also  of  "  Poems." 
Of  his  minor  poems,  the  "Pipe  of  To- 
bacco," in  which  he  admirably  imitates 
six  poets  of  that  period,  is  the  best 
known,  and  is  deservedly  popular.  D. 
1766. — Patrick,  a  botanist  and  physi- 
cian, b.  at  Crossboyne,  in  Ireland,  1720  ; 
studied  physic  at  Paris  and  Leyden. 
He  then  went  to  the  West  Indies,  which 
lie  had  visited  in  his  youth,  and  finally 


took  up  his  abode  at  Jamaica.  Keturn- 
ing  at  length  to  Ireland,  he  d.  in  1720, 
at  Rusbrook,  in  the  county  of  Mayo. 
His  chief  work  is  the  "  Civil  and  Nat- 
ural History  of  Jamaica."  —  William 
George,  an  English  traveller,  a  man  of 
fortune,  who  penetrated  into  the  interior 
of  Africa,  and  was  the  first  who  gave  an 
account  of  the  African  kingdoms  of 
Darfur  and  Bornou.  His  "  Travels  in 
Africa,  Egypt,  and  Assyria,  from  1792 
to  1798,"  were  published  in  1799.  About 
the  year  1S14  he  was  murdered  in  Per- 
sia, while  on  his  way  to  explore  the  re- 
gions south  of  the  Caspian. 

BRUCE,  Robert,  the  deliverer  of  Scot- 
land from  the  English  yoke,  a  descend- 
ant, by  the  female  side,  from  David,  bro- 
ther of  William  I.  Like  his  father,  who 
was  a  competitor  for  the  crown  with  Ba- 
liol,  he  at  first  fought  under  the  English 
banners.  He,  however,  at  length  asserted 
his  right  to  the  sovereignty,  and  was 
crowned  at  Scone,  in  1306.  After  many 
reverses,  he  totally  defeated  Edward  II., 
in  1314,  at  Bannockburn,  and  thus  es- 
tablished himself  firmly  on  the  throne. 
He  d.  in  1329.  Tradition  says,  that  after 
one  of  the  defeats  which  he  sustained 
at  the  outset  of  his  career,  when  Bruce 
was  hiding  from  his  enemies,  and  almost 
disposed  to  relinquish  his  enterprise  in 
despair,  he  was  animated  to  persever- 
ance by  the  example  of  a  spider,  which 
he  saw  foiled  in  nine  attempts  to  reach 
a.certain  point,  but  which  persisted,  and 
succeeded  in  the  tenth. — James,  one  of 
the  most  celebrated  of  modern  travellers. 
For  a  short  time  he  held  the  post  of 
British  consul  at  Algiers,  but  resigned 
it  in  order  to  gratify  his  passion  for 
travelling.  After  traversing  the  greater 
portion  of  Asia  Minor,  he  set  out  on  a 
journey  to  ascertain  the  source  of  the 
Nile.  An  account  of  this  journey  he 
subsequently  published;  and  some  of 
his  statements,  particularly  those  which 
referred  to  the  manners  and  customs  of 
Abyssinia,  were  received  with  mingled 
incredulity  and  ridicule.  Thousrh  irreatly 
annoyed  by  the  disgraceful  illiberality 
with  which"  he  had  been  treated,  he  bore 
the  taunts  and  sneers  of  his  shallow 
critics  with  a  taciturn  pride,  not  deign- 
ing to  sntisfy  disbelief,  or  to  disarm  ridi- 
cule, but  trusting  the  day  would  ere  long 
arrive  when  the  truth  of  what  he  had 
written  would  be  confirmed  by  others ; 
and  it  is  now  clearly  proved,  from  the 
statements  of  many  subsequent  travel- 
lers, that  he  was  every  way  undeserving 
of  the  censure  bestowed  upon  him.  B. 
at  Kinnaird  house,  Stirlingshire,  1730; 


BRU] 


and  d.  in  consequence  of  an  injury  sus- 
tained by  falling  down  stairs,  at  his  pa- 
ternal estate,  1794. — John,  an  able  writer 
on  commerce,  moral  philosophy,  and 
political  economy;  author  of  "First 
Principles  of  Philosophy,"  "Annals  of 
the  East  India  Company,"  &c.  D.  1826, 
aged  82. — Michael,  a  Scotch  poet.  His 
parents  being  of  the  poorest  class,  his  ear- 
ly life  was  one  of  considerable  privation. 
This,  and  his  ardent  attachment  to  po- 
etry, probably  aggravated  a  constitu- 
tional predisposition  to  consumption, 
and  he  d.  in  the  21st  year  of  his  age,  in 
?767.  His  poems  are  few  in  number, 
but  singularly  plaintive  and  elegant. — 
Peter  Henry,  a  German  military  officer 
of  Scotch  descent.  He  was  at  the  battle 
of  Priith,  and  was  several  times  em- 
ployed by  the  Russian  court  in  diplomat- 
ic missions.  His  memoirs,  published 
after  his  death,  give  some  curious  details 
of  his  travels.  He  d.  in  Scotland,  in 
1757. 

BRUCKER,  John  James,  a  German 
Lutheran  clergyman;  author  of  "  His- 
toria  Critica  Philosophise,"  &c.  B.  1696  ; 
d.  1770. 

BRUCKNER,  John,  a  Lutheran  di- 
vine, pastor  of  the  Walloon  congrega- 
tion at  Norwich  ;  author  of  "  Theorie  du 
Systeme  Animate,"  "  Criticism  on  the 
Diversions  of  Purley,"  &c.  B.  1726  ; 
d.  18''4. 

BRUEYS,  David  AtJGrsTiN,  a  French 
dramatic  writer  ;  in  early  life  a  Protest- 
ant, but  afterwards  a  bigoted  adherent 
to  the  Catholic  faith.  B!~1640  ;  d.  1753. 
— Francis  Paul,  a  gallant  French  admi- 
ral, commanding  the  fleet  which  con- 
veyed the  army  of  Bonaparte  to  Egypt, 
and  killed  at  the  battle  of  the  Nile. 

BRUGMANS,  Sebald  Justinus,  a 
learned  Dutchman,  physician-in-chief 
of  the  army,  and  the  author  of  some 
valuable  medical  works.  After  the 
union  of  Holland  with  France,  Napoleon 
made  him  inspector-general  of  the  hos- 
pitals ;  and  it  has  been  remarked  that 
so  skilful  were  his  arrangements,  that 
the  number  of  deaths  by  wounds  and 
diseases  was  never  increased  by  hospital 
ft  vers.  After  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  he 
promptiv  procured  medical  aid  for  up- 
wards of  20,000  men.     B.  1763  ;  d.  1819. 

BRUGNATELLI,  Louis,  an  Italian 
physician  and  chemist ;  author  of  "  Bib- 
liotheea  Tisica  d'Europe,"  &c.  B.  1726 ; 
d.  1818. 

BRUGUIERES,    John    William,    a 

French  naturalist  and  physician ;  author 

of  many  essays  on  subjects  of  natural 

ttistory,"  the  best  of  which  is  the  "  Nat- 

19 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


217 


ural  History  of  Worms"  in  the  Ency- 
clopedic Methodique.    D.  17  >9. 

BRUGIIL,  Henry,  count  of,  minister 
of  Augustus  III.  king  of  Poland  ;  one  of 
the  most  artful  and  expensive  courtiers 
that  ever  governed  a  weak  and  credulous 
prince.  He  kept  200  domestics,  paying 
them  better  than  the  king  himself,  and 
furnishing  a  more  sumptuous  table ; 
but,  as  was  natural,  he  plunged  the 
country  into  debt  and  disgrace.  B. 
1700 ;  d.  1763. — Frederic,  a  son  of  the 
preceding",  besides  being  remarkable  for 
Ins  skill  in  the  fine  arts,  wrote  several 
good  plays.  D.  1793. — Hans  Moritz, 
his  nephew,  gained  some  reputation  as 
an  astronomer  and  political  economist, 
and  d.  while  Saxon  ambassador  in  Lon- 
don, 1809. 

BRUMOY,  Peter,  a  learned  French 
Jesuit ;  author  of  the  "  Theatre  des 
Grecs,"  "  Historv  of  the  Gallican 
Church,"  &c.     B.*1688  ;  d.  1742. 

BRUNCK,  Richard  Francis  Philip,  a 

Erofound  classical  scholar  and  critic,  was 
.  at  Strasburg,  but  educated  by  the 
Jesuits  at  Paris.  For  some  time  he  was 
employed  in  state  affairs,  but  at  length 
devoted  himself  wholly  to  study ;  and 
produced  the  "  Greek  Anthology,"  be- 
sides highly  valuable  editions  of  Aris- 
tophanes, Sophocles,  'Virgil.  &c.  When 
the  revolution  broke  out,  he  took  part 
in  it,  and  was  imprisoned  at  Besan^on 
by  the  tyrant  Robespierre,  whose  death, 
however,  released  him.  B.  1729 ;  d. 
1803. 

BRUNEAU,  Mathcrix,  an  adventu- 
rer, who,  in  ISIS,  assumed  the  title  of 
Charles  of  France,  was  the  son  of  a  clog- 
maker.  After  numerous  efforts  to  pass 
for  some  person  of  importance,  he  was 
incarcerated,  and  from  his  confinement 
addressed  a  letter,  signed  Dauphin  Bour- 
bon, to  the  governor  of  the  Isle  of 
Guernsey,  requesting  him  to  inform  his 
Britannic  Majesty  of  the  captivity  of 
Louis  XVII.  This  letter  being  inter- 
cepted by  the  local  authorities,  Brnneau 
was  transferred  to  the  prison  at  Rouen  . 
here  he  engaged  a  person  named  Bran- 
zon  as  his  secretary,  who  found  means 
so  far  to  impose  on  the  Duchess  d'An- 
gouleme,  as  to  obtain  her  interest ;  and 
at  length  a  party  in  his  favor  procured 
him  abundant  supplies.  This  encour- 
aged the  enterprise,  until  the  principal, 
his  secretary,  and  many  friends  were 
brought  before  the  bar  of  justice,  where 
Bruneau  was  declared  an  impostor  and 
a  vagabond^  and  condemned  to  seven 
years'  imprisonment.  Finding, .  how- 
ever, that  the  fraud  was  still  maintained 


218 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bru 


by  a  powerful  party,  he  was  removed  to 
the  prison  at  Caen  in  1821,  and  was  af- 
terwards sent  to  end  his  days  in  the 
castle  of  Mont  Saint  Michael. 

BRUNEL,  Sir  Isambekt,  the  well- 
known  executor  of  that  great  work  of 
engineering  skill,  the  Thames  Tunnel, 
was  b.  at  HacquevUle,  in  Normandy, 
176'J.  He  was  intended  for  the  church  ; 
hut  he  soon  evinced  so  strong  a  predi- 
lection for  the  physical  sciences,  and  so 
great  a  geni'.s  for  mathematics,  that  he 
entered  the  royal  navy,  made  several 
voyages  to  the  West  Indies,  and  returned 
home  in  1792.  During  the  French  revo- 
lution he  emigrated  to  the  United  States, 
where  necessity  fortunately  compelled 
him  to  follow  the  natural  bent  of  his 
mind,  and  to  adopt  the  profession  of  a 
civil  engineer.  Here  he  was  engaged  in 
many  great  works ;  but,  determined 
upon  visiting  England,  he  offered  his 
services  to  the  British  government ; 
and,  after  much  opposition  to  his  plans 
for  making  ship-blocks  by  machinery, 
he  was  employed  to  execute  them  in 
Plymouth  dock-yard.  He  selected  Mr. 
Henry  Maudsley  to  assist  in  the  execu- 
tion of  the  work;  and  thus  was  laid  the 
foundation  of  one  of  the  most  extensive 
engineering  establishments  in  the  king- 
dom. The  visit  of  the  Emperor  Alex- 
ander to  England,  after  the  peace,  led 
him  to  submit  to  the  emperor  a  plan  for 
making  a  tunnel  under  the  Neva:  where 
the  accumulation  of  ice,  and  the  sudden- 
ness witli  which  it  breaks  up  on  the 
termination  of  winter,  rendered  the  erec- 
tion of  a  bridge  a  work  of  great  difficulty. 
This  was  the  origin  of  his  plan  for  "a 
tunnel  under  the  Thames,  which  had 
been  twice  before  attempted  without 
success.     D.  1849. 

BRUNELLESOHI,  Philip,  a  Floren- 
tine architect,  patronized  by  Cosmo  de 
Medici.  Among  the  chief  of  his  archi- 
tectural works  are  the  Pitti  palace,  the 
monastery  of  Fiesole,  and  the  cupola  of 
the  cathedral  church  of  Santa  Maria  del 
Friare  at  Florence.  He  was  also  a  sculp- 
tor and  a  poet,  as  well  as  an  architect ; 
and  some  of  his  burlesque  verses  are 
published  with  those  of  Burchiello.  B. 
1377  ;  d.  1446. 

BRUNNER,  John  Conrad,  Baron  de 
Brium,  a  Swiss  physician  and  anato- 
mist ;  author  of  various  tracts  on  physi- 
ology and  anatomy.     B.  16">3;  d.  1727. 

BRUNO,  a  saint  of  the  Roman  calen- 
dar, and  founder  of  the  Carthusian  order 
of  monks,  the  first  house  of  which  he 
established  in  the  desert  of  Chartreuse. 
B.  1030;    d.   1101.— The  Great,   arch- 


bishop of  Cologne  and  duke  of  Lorraine ; 
an  able  politician,  who  took  a  conspicu- 
ous part  in  all  the  great  transactions  of 
his  time.  He  was  the  brother  of  the 
Emperor  Otho  I.  D.  965. — Giordano, 
a  Neapolitan,  and  originally  a  monk  of 
the  Dominican  order.  The  boldness 
with  which  he  censured  the  irregulari- 
ties of  his  monastery  obliged  him  to 
leave  it ;  and  living  to  Geneva,  he  em- 
braced the  Protestant  religion.  Bcza 
and  Calvin,  however,  obliged  him  t~> 
quit  that  city,  and  he  proceeded  to  Paris, 
where  he  excited  much  attention  by  his 
strictures  on  the  Aristotelian  philoso- 
phy. After  visiting  England  he  settled 
at  Padua,  where  his  freedom  of  speech 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  Inquisition 
of  Venice.  He  was  apprehended,  and 
refusing  to  recant,  he  was  burnt  in  1600. 
BRUNSWICK,  Ferdinand,  duke  of, 
one  of  the  principal  generals  in  the  seven 
years1  war  in  Germany.  B.  1721;  d. 
1792.— WOLFENBUTTEL,  Maximilian 
Julius  Leopold,  brother  of  the  prece- 
ding, a  prince  whose  name  is  revered  for 
his  disinterested  benevolence  and  hu- 
manity, of  which  the  last  action  of  his 
life  is  a  striking  example : — During  a 
terrible  inundation  of  t lie  Oder,  which 
spread  destruction  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Frankfort,  where  the  prince  com 
manded  a  regiment  in  the  garrison,  his 
zeal  to  save  the  lives  of  a  family  sur- 
rounded by  the  waters,  induced  aim  to 
put  otf  in  a  boat  to  their  assistance, 
when  he  was  swept  away  by  the  torrent 
and  perished  in  the  attempt.  B.  1751; 
d.  178"..  — LUXEXBURGH,  Charles 
William  Ferdinand,  duke  of,  nephew 
of  the  preceding,  who  highly  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  service  of  Fred- 
erick of  Prussia.  He  was  mortally 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Auerstadt  in 
1806. — OELS,  Frederic  Auoustcs,  duke 
of,  younger  brother  of  the  above,  and  a 
general  officer  in  the  Prussian  service. 
He  was  more  distinguished  as  an  author 
than  as  a  general;  his  "Treatise  on 
Great  Men,"  "  Remarks  on  the  Charac- 
ter and  Actions  of  Alexander  the  Great," 
and  numerous  other  works,  having  been 
much  admired,  though  only  privately 
circulated.  B.  1741  ;  d.  1S0">.— Fred- 
erick William,  duke  of,  youngest  son 
of  Charles  William  Ferdiuand  of  Bruns- 
wick, and  brother  of  Queen  Caroline  of 
England,  was  b.  in  1771.  He  soon 
entered  the  Prussian  army,  and,  stimu- 
lated by  his  father's  fate,  took  an  active 
part  in  the  war  against  revolutionary 
France.  In  18' >9  he  raised  a  body  of 
volunteers  in  Bohemia;  but  finding  no 


BF.u] 


chance  of  making  an  effectual  stand 
atraiust  the  power  of  France,  he  em- 
barked his  troops  for  England,  where 
they  were  taken  into  the  British  service, 
and'  employed  in  the  Peninsula.  Fore- 
seeing that  great  changes  were  likely  to 
take  place  on  the  Continent,  he  hastened 
to  his  paternal  dominions  in  1818,  raised 
n  large  body  of  troops,  and  was  among 
the  foremost  to  meet  the  French  army 
in  1815,  when,  two  days  before  the  de- 
cisive battle  of  Waterloo,  lie  fell,  fight- 
toe  at  the' head  of  his  troops. 

BRUNTON,  .Mary,  the  daughter  of 
Colonel  Balfour,  was  b.  in  one  of  the 
Orkney  isles  ;  married  a  minister  of  the 
Scotch  church,  and  is  known  as  the 
authoress  of  the  novels,  "Discipline," 
"Self-Control,"  and  other  works.  B. 
1778;  d.  1818. 

BBUSONIUS,  L.  Doirrrirs,  author  of 
a  work  entitled  "  Faeetiarum  Exemplo- 
rumque  Libri  VII.,"  but  better  known 
by  the  title  of  "  Speculum  Mundi." 

"BRUTO,  John  Michael,  an  eminent 
traveller  and  writer  of  the  16th  century  ; 
author  of  a  "  History  of  Hungary," 
"  Critical  Annotations  'on  the  Works  of 
Cicero,  Horace,"  etc.,  and  of  the  "  Eight 
First  Books  of  the  History  of  Florence." 
D.  1594. 

BRUTUS,  Lucius  Junius,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  characters  of  antiquity, 
was  the  son  of  Marcus  Junius,  a  wealthy 
patrician  of  Rome.  The  father  and  bro- 
ther of  Lucius  Junius  were  assassinated 
by  order  of  their  relative,  Tarquin  the 
Proud ;  and  Lucius  Junius  owed  the 
preservation  of  his  lite  to  an  assumed 
idiotism.  So  completely  did  this  impose 
upon  the  tyrant,  that  he  not  only  spared 
his  young  relative's  life,  but  brought 
him  un  in  his  own  family,  where  he  was 
n-eated  as  a  mere  idiot,  and  surnamed 
Brutus.  He  bore  all  contumely  with 
patience  until  the  outrage  of  Sextus  Tar- 
quin [see  Lucrktia]  afforded  him  an  op- 
portunity to  arouse  the  people  against 
both  the  king  and  his  sons.  Throwing 
off  his  pretended  want  of  intellect,  and 
displaying  an  energy  the  more  startling 
by  contrast  with  Ins  former  manner,  he 
joined  with  Lucretia's  husband,  Colla- 
tinus ;  caused  the  gates  to  be  shut,  as- 
Bembled  the  senate,  dilated  upon  the 
tyrannies  of  Tarquin,  and  caused  a  de- 
cree to  be  made  for  banishing  the  king 
and  establishing  a  republic.  This  great 
change  accordingly  took  place,  and  Bru- 
tus and  Collatinus  were  appointed  chief 
magistrates  of  the  commonwealth,  with 
the  title  of  consuls.  Terrible  as  the 
tyranny  of  Tarquin  had  been,  his  ex- 


CYCLOPiEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHV. 


219 


pulsion,  and  the  entire  change  in  the 
form  of  government,  gave  great  offence 
to  many  of  the  Roman  patricians  ;  and 
among  those  who  were  opposed  to  the 
new  constitution  were  the  two  sons  of 
Brutus  and  three  nephews  of  Collatinus 
all  of  whoin  conspired,  with  other  mal- 
contents, to  murder  the  two  consuls  and 
restore  Tarquin  and  the  monarchy.  The 
intentions  of  the  conspirators  were  dis- 
closed by  a  slave  to  Poplieola  Valerius, 
a  senator,  and  the  conspirators  were 
brought  before  the  consular  tribunal  for 
judgment.  Mischievous  as  were  the 
intentions  of  the  criminals,  the  people 
would  fain  have  punished  them  only  by 
banishment ;  and  Collatinus.  in  his  affec- 
tion for  his  nephews,  was  equally  dis- 
posed to  be  lenient.  Brutus,  on  the  con- 
trary, determined  to  show  that  no  rank 
or  relationship  should  avail  the  enemies 
of  Roman  liberty;  and  disregarding  the 
entreaties  of  the  multitude  and  his  own 
feelings  as  a  parent,  he  sternly  sentenced 
his  s..ns  to  death.  Collatinus,  even  after 
this  signal  proof  of  the  inflexibility  of 
Brutus,  endeavored  to  save  his  nephews. 
But  the  young  men  were  executed,  and 
Collatinus  retired  from  the  consulship. 
Poplieola  Valerius  was  elected  as  his 
successor,  and,  in  conjunction  with 
Brutus,  proceeded  against  the  Veientes, 
who,  with  Tarquin  and  his  partisans, 
were  marching  against  Rome.  The  Ro- 
man cava. rv  was  commanded  by  Brutus, 
while  the  enemy's  cavalry  was  led  on  by 
Aruns.  one  of  the  sons  of  Tarquin. 
These  leaders  were  speedily  engaged 
hand  to  hand,  and  so  Lrreat  was  their 
mutual  hate,  that  each,  in  his  desire  to 
wound  his  opponent,  neglected  to  pro- 
tect himself,  and  they  botli  fell  dead 
upon  the  field.  The  conflict  ending  in 
the  victory  of  the  Romans,  the  body  of 
Brutus  was  interred  with  great  solemni- 
ty, and  a  statue  was  erected  to  his  memo- 
ry. D.  509,  b.  c. — Marcus  Junius,  an 
illustrious  Roman,  and  a  descendant  of 
the  preceding.  His  mother  was  the  sis- 
ter of  Cato,»  and  as  she  had  disgraced 
herself  by  an  intrigue  with  Julius  Caesar, 
Marcus  was  by  many  thought  to  be  his 
son.  He  at  first  sided  with  Pompey, 
but  being  treated  with  great  lenitv  and 
consideration  after  the  battle  of  Pbar- 
salia.  he  attached  himself  to  Caesar,  by 
whom  he  was  greatly  caressed  and  in- 
trusted. But  the  stern  republican  prin- 
ciple of  his  reputed  ancestor,  which  he 
inherited,  rendered  it  impossible  for  all 
Ca?sar's  kindness  to  him  to  reconcile 
him  to  Caesar's  ambition ;  and  he  at 
length    conspired    with    Cassius    and 


220 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[brt 


others,  and  slew  him,  39,  b.  o.  Antony 
succeeded  in  exciting  the  popular  indig- 
nation against  the  murderers  of  Caesar, 
who  fled  from  Koine  and  raised  an  army, 
of  which  Brutus  and  Cassius  took  the 
command  ;  but  being  totally  defeated  at 
the  battle  of  Philippi,  where  they  en- 
countered the  army  of  Antony,  Brutus 
escaped  with  only  a  few  friends,  passed 
the  night  in  a  cave,  and,  as  he  saw  his 
cause 'irretrievably  ruined,  requested 
Strato,  one  of  his  confidants,  to  kill 
him.  For  a  long  time  his  friend  refused, 
but  on  hearing  Brutus  call  one  of  his 
slaves  to  perform  the  fatal  office,  he  ex- 
claimed, "Forbid  it,  gods,  that  it  should 
ever  be  said  that  Brutus  died  by  the 
hand  of  a  slave  for  want  of  a  friend !" 
and  presenting  the  sword  as  he  turned 
away  his  face,  the  noble  Roman  fell  on 
it  and  expired,  42  b.  c,  in  the  43d  year 
of  his  age. 

BRUYERE,  John  he  la,  an  eminent 
French  writer;  author  of  "Dialogues 
on  Quietism,"  published  after  his  de- 
cease ;  and  of  "Theophrastus,  translated 
from  the  Greek,  with  the  Manners  of 
the  present  Age."  Of  this  admirable 
and  admired  work,  Voltaire  says,  "  Its 
rapid  and  nervous  style  struck  the  pub- 
lic at  ouce;  and  the  allusions  to  living 
persons,  which  abound  through  its 
pages,  completed  its  success."  B.  1644; 
d.  1696. 

"  BRYAN,  Michael,  a  connoisseur  of 
paintings,  whose  judgment  was  highly 
esteemed,  though  he  lost  large  sums  by 
his  own  purchases.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  valuable  "Biographical  and  Critical 
Dictionary  of  Painters  and  Engravers." 
B.  1757  ;  d.  1821.— Sir  Francis,  a  distin- 
guished soldier  and  statesman.  He 
served  with  great  credit  against  the 
French  in  the  earl  of  Surrey's  expedi- 
tion, and  subsequently  became  chief  jus- 
ticiary of  Ireland.  He  is  chiefly  mem- 
orable, however,  as  a  poet ;  his  works 
being  printed  with  those  of  his  friends 
Wyatt  and  Lord  Surrey.     D.  1550. 

BRYANT,  Jacob,  a  distinguished  an- 
tiquarian and  philologist ;  author  of  an 
fcble,  though  singular  "  Analysis  of  An- 
cient Mythology,"  published  in  3  vols. 
4to. ;  a  treatise  on  the  "Truth  of  Chris- 
tianity," a  work  in  denial  of  the  exist- 
ence of  Troy,  and  various  other  publi- 
cations of  great  erudition  and  ingenuity. 
B.  1715;  d.  1804. 

BRYDGES,  Sir  Samuel  Egerton, 
bart.,  a  gentleman  of  versatile  talents 
and  eccentric  character.  B.  1762,  at 
Wootton  Court,  in  Kent,  was  educated 
»t  the  King's  school.  Canterbury,  and 


at  Queen's  college,  Cambridge.  In 
1790,  after  the  death  of  the  last  duke  of 
Chandos,  he  induced  his  elder  brother, 
the  Rev.  E.  T.  Brydges,  to  prefer  a  claim 
to  the  barony  of  Chandos,  the  consid- 
era  ion  of  which  was  long  procrasti- 
nated ;  but  at  length,  in  1803,  the 
house  of  lords  decided  against  its  valid- 
ity. On  the  death  of  his  brother,  in 
1807,  Sir  Egerton  pertinaciously'  ad- 
hered to  his  favorite,  though  illusory 
notion  of  obtaining  a  coronet ,  main- 
taining that,  though  defeated  by  parlia- 
mentary law,  he  could,  when  he  pleased, 
assert  his  rights  by  common  law,  whilo 
he  regularly  added  to  the  signature  of 
his  name — "per  legem  terrce,  H.  C.  of  .S'." 
— meaning  Baron  Chandos  of  Sndely. 
He  made  several  unsuccessful  attempts 
to  obtain  a  seat  in  parliament,  but  was 
ultimately  (1812)  returned  for  Maid- 
stone, which  borough  he  continued  to 
represent  about  six  years.  In  1814  he 
was  created  a  baronet;  and  in  1818, 
upon  the  loss  of  his  seat  in  the  house 
of  commons,  he  visited  many  parts  of 
the  Continent.  In  1826  he  returned  to 
England,  for  two  years,  and  took  up  his 
abode  at  Lee  Priory,  the  seat  of  Col. 
Brydges  Barrett,  his  eldest  son ;  at  the 
expiration  of  which  time,  his  affairs  be- 
coming inextricably  embarrassed,  hn 
finally  quitted  his  native  land,  and  re- 
moved to  Geneva,  where  he  remained 
in  great  seclusion  until  his  death.  His 
literary  labors  were  exceedingly  multi- 
farious :  poetrf,  romance,  politics,  gen- 
ealogical antiquities,  and  topography, 
were  the  principal ;  and  in  many  he  ac- 
quitted himself  with  considerable  skill. 
His  abilities  as  a  genealogist,  topogra- 

Eher,  and  bibliographer,  are  attested  by 
is  "Censura  Literaria  Restituta,"  10 
vols.;  "  Theatrum  Poetarum  ;"  "Stem- 
mata  Illustria;"  "British  Bibliog- 
raphy ;"  "  Lex  Terra?,"  &c.  Besides 
these,  he  published  the  novels  of  "  Mary 
de  Clifford,"  "  Arthur  Fitz-Albini,"  and 
"  The  Hall  of  Hellingsey  ;"  "  Imaginary 
Biography,"  3  vols. ;  "  Recollections  of 
Foreign  Travels,"  2  vols. ;  "  The  Auto- 
biography, Times,  Opinions,  and  Co- 
temporaries  of  Sir  Egerton  Brydges," 
2  vols. ;  and  numerous  others,  inde- 
pendent of  contributions  to  many  peri- 
odicals on  almost  every  subject.  D.  1837i 
BRYDONE,  Patrick,  a  Scotch  gen- 
tleman; author  of  "Travels  into  Sicily 
and  Malta,"  &e.     B.  1741 ;  d.  1819. 

BRYENNIUS,  Manuel,  an  early  mu- 
sical composer;  he  published,  in  the 
14th  century,  a  treatise  on  harmonies, 
of  which  a  Latin  translation,  together 


BUCj 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


221 


with   the  compositions   of  the   author, 
was  published  bv  Dr.  Wallis,  in  1699. 

BUACHE,  Ph'ilip,  an  able  French  hy- 
drographer;  author  of  some  valuable 
hydrographical  and  geographical  works. 
B.  1700;  d.  1775. 

BUAT  NANCAY,  Louis  Gabriel  du, 
an  eminent  French  diplomatist  and 
writer ;  author  of  a  "  History  of  the 
Ancient  Nations  of  Europe,"  "  Maxims 
of  Monarchical  Government,"  &c.  B. 
1732;  d.  17S7. 

BUC,  Sir  George,  historian  and  anti- 
quary, was  a  gentleman  of  the  privy 
chamber  to  James  I. ;  and  author  of 
"The  Life  of  Richard  III.,"  "The  Art 
of  Revels."  &c. 

BUCIIER,  Martin,  a  friend  of  Luther, 
and  so  eminent  a  preacher  of  the  re- 
formed faith,  that  Cranmer,  when  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  invited  him  to 
England,  and  he  became  professor  of 
theology  at  Cambridge.  B.  1491 ;  d.  1551. 

BUCHAN,  Stuart  Erskine,  earl  of,  a 
nobleman  devoted  to  literary  and  scien- 
tific pursuits,  and  founder  of  the  Anti- 
quarian Society  in  Scotland.  In  1791 
he  instituted  an  annual  commemoration 
at  Ednam,  the  birthplace  of  Thomson, 
in  honor  of  the  poet ;  and  on  that  occa- 
sion, Burns  composed  his  "  Address  to 
the  Shade  of  the  Bard  of  Ednam."  D. 
1829.— William,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
and  author  of  the  well-known  "Domes- 
tic Medicine,"  &c    B.  1729;  d.  1805. 

BUCHANAN,  George,  an  eminent 
Scotch  historian  and  poet.  The  few 
works  which  he  wrote  in  his  vernacular 
tongue  are  greatly  admired ;  but  his 
fame  chiefly  rests  on  his  Latin  works, 
which  are  singularly  beautiful  in  their 
style.  B.  1506;  d.  1582.— Claudius,  a 
Scotch  divine,  chaplain  at  Bengal,  and 
professor  and  vice-provost  of  the  college 
at  Fort  William.  Of  his  numerous 
works,  the  most  interesting  are  "Chris- 
tian Researches  in  Asia,"  and  a  "Mem- 
oir on  the  Expediency  of  an  Ecclesias- 
tical Establishment  in  India."  B.  1766; 
d.  1815. 

BUCHOZ,  P.  Joseph,  a  naturalist  and 
botanist  of  Metz,  who  must  have  been 
one  of  the  most  industrious  compilers 
that  ever  lived,  his  works  forming  more 
than  800  volumes.     B.  1737;  d.  1807. 

BUCKINGHAM,  George  Villiers, 
duke  of,  the  favorite  of  James  I.  and 
Charles  I.,  was  raised  to  the  highest  of- 
5ces  in  the  state,  became  the  dispenser 
of  all  favors  and  honors,  and  conducted 
himself  with  so  much  pride  and  inso- 
lence, as  to  excite  popular  hatred  and 
disgust.  Being  intrusted  with  the  com-  I 
19* 


mand  of  an  army,  he  lost  the  flower  of 
it  in  an  ill-conducted  attack  on  the  Isle 
of  Rhe,  and  returned  to  refit  his  shat- 
tered armament.  When  he  was  again 
about  to  sail,  he  was  assassinated  at 
Portsmouth,  bv  a  lieutenant  of  the  name 
of  Felton,  August  23,  1628.— George 
Villiers,  duke  of,  son  of  the  preceding. 
B.  1627;  studied  at  Cambridge;  served 
tbe  king  in  the  civil  wars ;  had  his  es- 
tates seized  by  the  parliament,  which, 
however,  were  afterwards  rcsioied  to 
him  ;  and  he  eventually  became  a  min- 
ister to  Charles  II.,  and  was  one  of  his 
most  profligate  courtiers.  His  political 
conduct  was,  like  his  general  behavior, 
characterized  by  unprincipled  levity  and 
imprudence;  and  though  his  literary 
and  conversational  powers  were  far 
above  mediocrity,  yet  he  was  an  object 
of  contempt,  and  d.  unregretted  at  Kir- 
by  Mooreside,  Yorkshire,  in  16SS.— 
Anne  Eliza,  duchess  of,  daughter  and 
heiress  of  the  last  duke  of  Chandos  ;  b. 
1779;  married  to  the  marquis  of  Buck 
ingham,  then  Earl  Temple,  in  1796. 
Throughout  life  this  amiable  and  accom- 
plished woman  displayed  those  traits  of 
character  which  shed  the  brightest  lus- 
tre on  exaltca  rank,  and  hallow  the 
memory  of  their  possessors.  She  was 
boundless  in  her  charities;  pious,  affec- 
tionate, and  sincere  ;  withdrawing  from 
the  "pomps  and  vanities"  of  the  world, 
to  indulge  in  the  charms  of  retirement, 
where  she  could  encourage  the  deserv- 
ing, reform  the  erring,  and  minister  to 
the  necessities  of  the  "distressed.  D.  at 
Stowc,  1S36. 

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE,  John  Shef- 
field, duke  of,  son  of  the.  earl  of  Mul- 
grave.  B.  1649;  served  under  Marshal 
Turcnne,  and  took  a  part  in  the  revolu- 
tion of  1668.  He  also  distinguished 
himself  as  a  poet.  Buckingham  house, 
in  St.  James's  park,  since  converted 
into  a  roval  palace,  was  originally  built 
for  him.  '  D.  1720. 

BUCKTNK,  Arnold,  an  artist  of  the 
15th  century,  and  the  first  who  engravt.d 
maps  on  copper.  He  illustrated  ar  edi- 
tion of  Ptolemy,  which  was  printed  by 
Sweynhcim,  of  Rome,  one  of  the  earliest 
printers  in  that  country. 

BUCKMINSTER,  Joseph,  a  famous 
preacher  of  Portsmouth,  N.  H.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1770,  and 
from  1774  to  1778  was  a  tutor  in  that 
seminary.  He  was  ordained  in  1779. 
After  a  ministry  of  thirty-three  years 
his  health  became  greatly  impaired!  D. 
1812,  aged  60.  It  is  remarkable,  that 
on  the  preceding  day  his  eldest  son,  a 


222 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bub 


clergyman  in  Boston,  died  after  a  week's 
illness.  Although  Dr.  B.  had  not  heard 
of  his  sickness,  yet  he  said  to  his  wife 
repeatedly  a  few  hours  before  his  own 
death,  " Joseph  is  dead!"  He  published 
a  number  of  "Sermons,"  and  a  short 
"Sketch  of  Dr.  Mackintosh."— Joseph 
Stevens,  a  preacher  of  the  Brattle-street 
church  in  Boston.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1800.  The  next  four 
years  were  spent  partly  in  the  family  of 
iiis  relative  Theodore  Lyman  of  Walt- 
ham,  partly  as  an  assistant  in  the  acad- 
emy at  Exeter,  and  in  the  prosecution 
of  theological  studies.  He  was  ordained 
in  1805,  and,  after  a  visit  to  Europe, 
preached  for  about  five  years.  Mr. 
Buckminster  was  a  very  interesting  and 
eloquent  preacher,  and  perhaps  as  pop- 
ular as  any  one  who  ever  occupied  a 
pulpit  in  Boston,  his  hearers  appearing, 
wherever  he  preached,  to  hang  on  his 
lips  with  delight.  In  1SUS  he  published 
a  "Collection  of  Hymns,"  for  the  use 
of  his  society,  a  number  of  "Reviews" 
in  the  "'Monthly  Anthology"  and  other 
periodicals;  "The  Right  Hand  of  Fel- 
lows hip"  at  the  ordination  of  the  lie  v. 
C.  Lowell;  "A  Sermon  on  the  Death  of 
Gov.  Sullivan,"  1809;  "On  the  Death 
of  W.  Emerson,"  1811:  and  "An  Ad- 
dress before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  So- 
cietv."     D.  1812. 

BUCQUOI,  Charles  Bonaventure  de 
Longueval,  count  de,  an  eminent  gen- 
eral, b.  1551,  entered  early  into  the 
Spanish  service,  and  signalized  his 
valor  in  the  Low  Countries.  In  1620, 
in  conjunction  with  the  duke  of  Bava- 
ria, he  entirely  defeated  the  Protestant 
army  near  Prague ;  but  he  stained  his 
laurels  by  his  subsequent  cruelties. 
After  having  reduced  Moravia,  he  was 
killed,  in  1621,  at  the  siege  of  Neu- 
hausel. 

BUDE,  or  BUD^US,  William,  b.  at 
Faris,  1467,  where  he  d.  1540,  spent  a 
youth  of  dissipation,  but  at  length  ap- 
plied himself  so  closely  to  study,  that 
his  classical  acquirements  gained  for 
him  the  title  of  the  Prodigy  of  France. 
He  was  employed  on  embassies  by  Louis 
XII.  and  Francis  I.,  to  the  latter  of 
whom  he  was  secretary  and  librarian. 
Bucle  translated  some  treatises  from 
Plutarch,  and  wrote  several  works,  the 
chief  of  which  are,  his  "Tractatus  de 
Asse,"  and  "  Commentarii  LmguaB 
Grecse. 


Ireland,  as  one  of  his  clerks,  and  in  that 
country  Budgell  ro^e  to  offices  of  great 
trust  and  profit,  and  to  be  a  member  of 
the  Irish  parliament.  While  rilling 
those  offices  with  diligence  and  honor, 
lie  contributed  to  the  "Spectator"  and 
"Guardian,"  translated  the  "Charac- 
ters of  Theophrastus,"  and  wrote  vari- 
ous pieces  in  verse.  The  tide  of  fortune, 
however,  at  length  turned  against  him. 
He  was  dismissed  from  his  office  of  ac- 
eomptant  and  comptroller  general  of 
Ireland,  for  satirizing  the  lord-lieutenant, 
who  had  treated  him  ill;  he  lost  £20,000 
in  the  South  Sea  bubble;  he  spent 
£5000  more  in  vain  attempts  to  obtain 
a  seat  in  the  house  of  commons;  and  at 
last  became  involved  in  lawsuits  and 
embarrassments.  The  finishing  stroke 
was  put  to  his  fate,  by  the  setting  aside 
the  will  of  Dr.  Matthew  Tindall,  in 
which  appeared  a  bequest  of  £-2000  to 
Budgell.  His  difficulties,  and  the  dis- 
grace of  having  a  forgery  attributed  to 
him,  stung  him  to  the  heart,  and  he 
ended  his  existence  by  throwing  him 
self  into  the  Thames,  May  4,  1737.  Be- 
sides the  works  already  mentioned  he 
established  a  periodical  called  the  "  Bee," 
assisted  in  the  "Craftsman,"  and  wrote 
the  "History  of Cleomenes,"  and  "Me- 
moirs of  the*  Family  of  the  Boyles." 

BUELL,  Jesse,  a  distinguished  agri- 
culturist, who  devoted  the  best  part  of 
his  life  to  the  diffusion  of  knowledge  in 
his  favorite  branch  of  practical  science. 
In  the  year  1813  he  established  the 
"  Albany  Argus,"  a  political  paper, 
which  he  edited  till  1821.  He  was  for 
several  years  a  member  of  the  New 
York  legislature,  and  once  a  candidate 
for  governor.  But  he  was  best  known 
as  the  editor  of  "The  Cultivator," 
which  attained  a  large  circulation  among 
fanners  and  others  interested  in  agri- 
culture.    B.  1787;  d.  1839. 

BUFFIER,  Claude,  a  Jesuit,  b.  in 
Poland,  of  French  parents,  1661,  studied 
at  the  college  of  Rouen,  where  he  after- 
wards held  the  situation  of  theological 
professor.  Buffhr  was  employed  in  the 
"Memoires  de  Trevoux,"  and  likewise 
produced  a  great  number  of  theological, 
metaphysical,  biographical,  and  geo- 
graphical works.  Several  of  them  were 
collected  in  a  folio  volume,  with  the 
title  of  a  "  Course  of  Sciences  on  new 
and  simple  Principles."  Though  some- 
times superficial,  he  is,  on  the  whole,  an 


BUDGELL,  Eustace,  b.  at  St.  Thomas,  I  elegant  and  instructive  writer.  D.  1737. 
near  Exeter,  about  1685,  and  educated  |  BUFFON,  George  Louis  le  Clerc, 
at  Christ-church,  Oxford.  Addison,  |  count  de,  the  "Pliny  of  France,"  was 
who  was  related  to  him,  took  him  to  j  the  son  of  a  counsellor  of  the  parliament 


bul] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


223 


of  "Dijon,  and  was  b.  September  7,  1707, 
at  Moutbard,  in  Burgundy.  He  studied 
the  law  at  Djjod,  but  never  practised  it; 
his  inclinations  leading  him  to  math- 
ematical and  physical  science,  and  Eu- 
clid being  his  constant  pocket  com- 
panion. After  having  travelled  into 
Italy  and  England,  he  succeeded  to  his 
paternal  estate  at  Montbard,  between 
which  and  Paris  his  time  was  spent. 
In  1 7 0 L*  he  was  appointed  keeper  of  the 
royal  garden  and  cabinet  at  Paris,  the 
treasures  of  which  he  greatly  increased. 
His  patent  of  nobility  he  obtained  in 
1771.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
French  Academy,  and  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences.  Button  d.  April  16,  17SS. 
As  a  man,  he  was  fond  of  dress  and 
display,  lax  in  his  morals,  and  immeas- 
urably vain.  Newton,  Bacon,  Leib- 
nitz, Montesquieu,  and  himself,  were 
the  only  persons  whom  he  would  allow 
to  be  great  geniuses  I  His  first  literary 
works  were,  "Translations  of  Hale's 
Vegetable  Statics,"'  and  "  Newton's 
Fluxions."  But  for  his  fame  he  is  in- 
debted to  his  "  Natural  History,"  in  36 
volumes,  which  has  been  naturalized 
in  almost  every  European  language. 
Though  always  unmethodical,  though 
often  inaccurate,  and  though  full  of  the 
wildest  theories,  it  is  undoubtedly  an 
astonishing  work,  whether  we  consider 
the  extent  of  its  information,  the  spirit 
of  its  descriptions,  or  the  eloquence  of 
its  style. 

BUGEAUD,  Marshal,  duke  of  Isiy, 
a  distinguished  French  soldier,  b.  at 
Limoges,  1784,  served  under  Napoleon 
at  Austerlitz,  and  was  made  field- 
marshal  for  gaining  a  victory  over  the 
Moors  in  1844.     D.  1849. 

BUGGE,  Chevalier  Thomas,  an  emi- 
nent Danish  astronomer;  greatly  dis- 
tinguished by  his  trigonometrical  survey 
of  the  island  of  Zealand.  His  othe'r 
chief  works  are  a  treatise  on  "Math- 
ematics," and  "  An  Account  of  the 
state  of  the  Arts  and  Sciences,  &c.,  in 
France,  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution." 
B.  1740;  d.  1815. 

BULL,  John,  doctor  of  music,  was 
chamber  musician  to  James  I.  His 
compositions  were  very  numerous  ;  the 
aatioual  anthem  of  "  God  save  the  King" 
being  among  them.  The  time  of  his 
death  is  uncertain,  but  he  was  alive  at 
the  commencement  of  the  year  1622. — 
George,  bishop  of  St.  David's,  a  learned 
prelate,  and  a  very  industrious  and  able 
theological  writer,"  author  of  "Harmonia 
Apostolica,"  "Defensio  Fidei  Nicenae," 
&c.    B.  1G34. ;  d.  1709. 


BULLER,  Charles,  a  politician  of 
rare  promise,  b.  at  Calcutta,  1806,  re- 
ceived his  education  partly  at  Harrow, 
Edinburgh,  and  Cambridge,  and  from 
an  early  age  gave  promise  of  more  than 
ordinary  abilities.  In  his  24th  year  ha 
entered  parliament  on  the  eve' of  the 
reform  bill  for  the  borough  of  West 
Looe,  which  belonged  to  his  family.  Ho 
voted  for  the  bill.  ""  On  all  questions  that 
came  before  parliament  he  took  an  active 
part;  and  on  many  occasions  his  opin- 
ions were  far  in  advance  of  the  whig 
party,  with  whom  he  subsequently  took 
office.  In  1838  he  accompanied  Lord 
Durham  to  Canada  as  his  private  secre 
tary  ;  and  in  this  capacity  drew  up  the 
masterly  report  upon  the  affairs  of  that 
colony,  which  is  considered  as  one  of 
the  most  effective  state  papers  of  the 
age.  In  1841  he  was  appointed  secre- 
tary to  the  Board  of  Control,  an  office, 
however,  which  he  relinquished  in  1842, 
on  the  formation  of  the  Peel  ministry. 
In  1S46,  on  the  formation  of  the  whig 
cabinet,  he  was  appointed  judge  advo- 
cate; in  November  of  the  same  year  he 
was  nominated  a  queen's  counsel",  sworn 
of  the  privy  council  in  July,  1849,  and 
in  November  exchanged  the  easy  office 
of  judge  advocate  for  the  onerous  duties 
of  chief  commissioner  of  the  poor  laws, 
an  office  which  he  held*  till  his  death. 
Besides  discharging  faithfully  his  official 
duties,  he  found  leisure  for  literary  pur- 
suits, and  many  able  articles  in  tho 
"  Globe"  and  the  "  Edinburgh  Review" 
emanated  from  his  versatile  pen.  D. 
1848. 

BULLET,  Peter,  an  eminent  French 
architect  of  the  17th  century.  He  con- 
structed the  church  of  St.  Thomas  Aqui- 
nas, and  many  other  splendid  edifices 
in  Paris,  and  wrote  some  good  archi- 
tectural works. 

BULL1  ALDUS,  Ismael,  a  French  as- 
tronomer and  mathematician,  author  of 
"  Philolaus;  a  Dissertation  on  the  True 
System  of  the  World."  "Tabulae  Phi- 
lolaieaj,"  &e,     B.  1605';  d.  1694. 

BULLIARD,  Pierre,  a  French  bota- 
nist, author  of  "  Dictionnaire  Elemen- 
tal re  Botanique,"  "  Herbier  de  la 
France,"  &c.  He  designed  and  en- 
graved his  own  plates.  B.1742;  d. 1793 

BULLINGER,  Henry,  a  Swiss  paste* 
of  the  reformed  church,  and  the  inti- 
mate friend  of  Zuinglins,  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded as  pastor  of  Zurich.  His  wri- 
tings were  very  numerous,  but  being 
almost  entirely"  controversial,  they  are 
now  little  regarded.     B.  1504;  d.  1*575. 

BULOW,  Frederic  William,  count 


224 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    EIOGRAPHT. 


[bur 


<on  Denncwitz,  a  gallant  Prussian  gen- 
eral, whose  services  were  most  essential 
to  his  country  on  many  perilous  occa- 
sions. He  was  actively  engaged  against 
the  French  at  the  earliest  periods  of  the 
late  war,  and,  in  1308,  was  made  a  gen- 
eral of  brigade.  His  memorable  vic- 
tories, in  1813,  at  Mockern,  Luckau, 
Grosbeeren,  and  Dennewitz,  were  re- 
warded by  promotion  and  a  title.  He 
afterwards  distinguished  himself  in 
Westphalia,  Holland,  Belgium,  &c. ; 
and,  as  commander  of  the  fourth  di- 
vision of  the  allied  army,  he  contributed 
essentially  to  the  victorious  close  of  the 
battle  of  Waterloo.  B.  1755  ;  d.  1816.— 
Baron  Henry  von,  distinguished  in  the 
annals  of  diplomacy,  b.  1790,  at  Meek- 
lenbnrgh  Sehwerin.  In  1826  he  was 
appointed  ambassador  of  Prussia  at  the 
court  of  St.  James's;  and  to  his  talents 
were  due  several  of  the  most  important 
treaties  which  allayed  the  warlike  spirit 
of  the  times.  Here  he  remained  till 
1841,  when  lie  was  nominated  minister 
of  foreign  affairs  at  Berlin  ;  but  the  crisis 
of  affairs  in  Prussia  proved  too  much 
for  his  exhausted  energies,  and  the 
overstraining  of  his  intellect,  in  his  at- 
tempt to  guide  the  vessel  of  the  state, 
produced  a  mental  alienation,  under 
which  he  succumbed  in  1846. 

BUNYAN,  John,  the  celebrated  au- 
thor of  "The  Pilgrim's  Progress,"  &c., 
was  the  son  of  a  travelling  tinker,  and 
for  a  time  followed  his  father's  occupa- 
tion. Mean,  however,  as  was  his  origin, 
and  dissipated  as  his  early  habits  con- 
fessedly were,  it  appears  that  he  aban- 
doned the  latter,  and  attached  himself 
to  the  Anabaptists,  among  whom  he 
soon  became  distinguished  as  a  preacher. 
Being  imprisoned  for  contravening  the 
laws  against  dissenters,  he  employed  the 
twelve  years  of  his  confinement  in  wri- 
ting the  most  popular  allegory  in  our 
language,  "The  Pilgrim's  Progress." 
He  was  at  length  released  through  the 
interposition  of  the  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
and  resumed  his  ministry  at  Bedford. 
B.  162S;  d.  16S3. 

BUONO,  a  Venetian  architect  of  the 
12th  century,  who  erected  the  well- 
known  tower  of  St.  Mark  at  Venice,  a 
campanile  or  bell-tower  at  Arezzo,  and 
several  other  grand  edifices.  He  is  de- 
servedly reckoned  among  the  earliest  im- 
provers of  modern  architecture. 

BUONONCINI,  Giovanni  Baptisti,  a 
celebrated  Italian  composer,  and  one  of 
Handel's  most  powerful  rivals  in  En- 
gland. Besides  operas,  he  composed 
various  cantatas  and  sonatas,  and  the 


grand  funeral  anthem  for  the  duke  of 
Marlborough.  He  is  supposed  to  have 
d.  at  Venice  about  the  middle  of  the  18th 
century. 

BUPALUS,  a  famous  sculptor  of  the 
isle  of  Chios  in  the  Oth  century  b.  c. 
He  is  said  to  have  hanged  himself  in 
vexation  at  a  satire  wiitten  upon  him  by 
Hipponax,  a  poet,  whose  leanness  he  had 
caricatured  in  a  statue. 

BUECHAED,  or  BEOCAEDUS,  bish- 
op of  Worms,  in  the  11th  century.  As- 
sisted by  the  abbot  Albert,  he  compiled 
the  famous  collection  of  canons,  in  20 
books,  entitled  "  Magna  Decretorum, 
seu  Canonum  Volumen."     D.  1026. 

BUECHAED,  John,  a  native  of  Ger- 
many ;  master  of  ceremonies  to  the 
pope,  and,  subsequently,  bishop  of  Cit- 
ta  di  Castello ;  author  of  a  journal  or 
diary  of  Pope  Alexander  VI.,  the  MS.  ot 
which,  with  a  continuation  by  some 
other  hand,  is  in  the  Chigi  Library  at 
Eome.     D.  1505. 

BUECHIELLO,  an  Italian  poet,  whose 
real  name  was  Dominico,  was  b.  at 
Florence,  in  1380,  and  d.  at  Eome,  1448. 
Burchielllo  was  a  barber,  and  his  shop 
was  the  resort  of  all  the  wits  of  the  city. 
Such  celebrity  did  this  humble  abode 
obtain,  that  the  representation  of  it  was 
painted  in  the  Medicis  gallery.  With 
much  wit  and  elegance,  his  poems  are 
in  style  the  most  eccentric,  and  often  un- 
intelligible, that  can  be  imagined. 

BURCKHAEDT,  John  Lewis,  a  Swiss 
gentleman,  who  proposed  to  the  English 
association  for  exploring  Africa  to  be 
their  missionary.  He  was  unfortunate- 
ly carried  oft*  by  dysentery  while  wait- 
ing fort  he  caravan  with  which  he  was 
to  go  to  Timbuctoo.  His  papers  were 
sent  to  England,  and  from  them  have 
been  published  his  "Travels  in  Nubia," 
and    "  Travels   in   Syria  and  the  Holy 

Land."      B.     1784;     d.     1816. John 

Charles,  a  learned  German  astronomer : 
author  of  "Tables  de  la  Lune,"  &c.> 
and  of  a  German  translation  of  La 
Place's  "  La  Mecanique  Celeste."  B. 
1773  ;  d.  1825. 

BUEDEE,  George,  an  eminent  dis- 
senting minister  ;  author  of  "  Evan- 
gelical Truth  Defended,"  &c.,  and  one 
of  the  editors  of  the  "  Evangelical  Maga- 
zine."    D.  1832. 

BUEDETT,  Sir  Francis,  bart.,  »n 
aristocrat  by  birth  and  fortune,  but  for 
a  long  series  of  years  one  of  the  most 
popular  members'  of  the  British  parlia- 
ment, was  b.  in  1770,  and  received  his 
education  at  Westminster  school  and 
Oxford  university.    On  returning  from 


bur] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


225 


a  continental  tour,  during  which  he  had 
ample  opportunities  of  witnessing  the 
progress  of  the  French  revolution,  he 
was  evidently  imbued  with  some  por- 
tion of  its  spirit,  which  was  in  no  small 
degree  fostered  and  encouraged  by  his 
friend  and  instructor,  the  celebrated 
John  Home  Tooke,  the  well-known  au- 
thor of  the  "  Diversions  of  Purley,"  of 
whom,  indeed,  Sir  Francis  may  fairly 
he  considered  the  el'tve.  In  1793  he 
married  the  youngest  daughter  of  Tho- 
mas Coutts,  esq.,  the  wealthy  banker, 
with  whom  he  received  a  large  fortune  ; 
and  in  four  years  afterwards,  on  the 
death  of  his  grandfather,  succeeded  to 
the  baronetcy.  In  17(57  he  was  returned 
to  parliament;  and  he  soon  distinguish- 
ed himself  by  his  resolute  hostility  to 
the  measures  of  government.  His  op- 
position to  ministers  was  so  formida- 
ble and  unoeasing  that,  in  1810,  having 
addressed  a  letter  to  his  constituents,  in 
which  he  declared  that  the  house  of 
commons  had  exercised  their  power  il- 
legally by  committing  John  Gale  Jones 
to  prison,  the  publication  of  this  letter 
was  deemed  a  gross  breach  of  privilege, 
and  the  speaker  was  directed  to  issue  his 
warrant  for  the  apprehension  and  com- 
mitment of  Sir  Francis  Burdctt  to  the 
Tower.  He  refused  to  surrender,  and 
barricaded  his  house  ;  whereupon,  after 
a  lapse  of  two  days,  the  serjeant-at- 
arms,  accompanied  by  police  officers  and 
a  military  force,  succeeded  in  breaking 
in,  and  conveyed  him  to  the  Tower.  On 
the  return  of  the  military  the  infuriated 
mob  attacked  them,  and  in  their  defence 
they  shot  one  man  and  wounded  several 
others.  He  afterwards  brought  an  ac- 
tion against  the  speaker,  &c,  but  was, 
of  course,  unsuccessful.  In  the  year 
1819  he  was  prosecuted  by  the  attorney- 
general  for  addressing  a  letter  to  his 
constituents,  strongly  animadverting  on 
the  proceeding's  of  the  magistrates  and 
yeomanry  at  the  memorable  meeting  of 
the  people  at  Manchester.  The  letter 
was  pronounced  a  libel,  and  he  was  sen- 
tenced to  three  months'  imprisonment 
in  the  King's  Bench,  and  to  pay  a  fine  of 
1000Z.  Sir  Francis  Burdett  was  always 
a  loud  and  zealous  advocate  for  parlia- 
mentary reform.  D.  1844,  asred  74. — 
Lady  Burnett,  who  had  for  many  years 
suffered  greatly  in  her  health,  d.  the 
same  month. 

BURDON,  William,  an  able  English 
writer ;  author  of  "  Materials  for  Think- 
ing," of  which  Colton  largely  availed 
himself  in  his  "Lacon;"  "Thoughts 
5n  Politics,  Morality,  and  Literature," 


"  Life  and  Character  of  Bonaparte."  &c. 
D.  1818. 

BURGER,  Godfrey  Augustus,  a  cele- 
brated German  poet,  was  b.  January  1st, 
1748,  at  Wolmerswende,  near  Halber- 
stadt,  where  his  father  was  a  preacher, 
and  d.  June  18th,  1794,  at  Gottingen. 
He  learned  Latin  with  difficulty.""  In 
1764  he  studied  theology  at  the  univer- 
sity of  Halle,  and  in  1768  he  went  to 
Gottingen,  in  order  to  exchange  theology 
for  law,  but  soon  formed  connections  here 
equally  disadvantageous  to  his  studies 
and  his  morals,  so  that  his  grandfather, 
who  had  hitherto  maintained  him,  with- 
drew his  support  from  him.  The  friend- 
ship of  several  distinguished  young  men 
at  the  university  was  now  of  great  ser- 
vice to  him.  In  union  with  his  friends 
he  studied  the  ancient  classics  and  the 
best  works  in  French,  Italian,  Spanish, 
and  English,  particularly  Shakspeare, 
and  the  old  English  and  Scottish  ballads. 
Percy's  Relics  was  his  constant  compan- 
ion. His  poems  soon  attracted  attention. 
In  1772  he  obtained,  by  the  influence  of 
Boie,  the  small  office  of  bailey  in  Alten 
Gleichen,  and,  by  a  reconciliation  with 
his  grandfather,  a  sum  for  the  payment 
of  his  debts,  which  he  unfortunately 
lost,  and  during  the  rest  of  his  life,  was 
involved  in  pecuniary  difficulties.  In 
1774  he  married  the  daughter  of  a  neigh- 
boring bailey,  named  Leonhardt,  but  his 
marriage  was  unfortunate.  He  conceived 
a  violent  passion  for  the  sister  of  his 
wife,  and  married  her,  in  1784,  soon  af- 
ter his  first  wife's  death.  She  also,  his 
celebrated  Molly,  died  in  the  first  year  of 
their  marriage.  At  the  same  time  he 
lost  his  little  property  by  imprudent 
management,  and  was  obliged,  by  in- 
trigues, to  resign  his  place.  He'  was 
made  professor  extraordinary  in  Gottin- 
gen, but  received  no  salary,  and  this 
favorite  poet  of  the  nation  was  obliged 
to  gain  a  living  for  himself  and  his  chil- 
dren by  poorly  rewarded  translations  for 
booksellers.  A  third  marriage,  in  1790, 
with  a  young  lady  of  Suabia,  who  had 
publicly  offered  him  her  hand  in  a  poem, 
completed  his  misfortunes;  lie  was  di- 
vorced from  her  two  years  afterwards. 
The  government  of  Hanover  afforded 
him  some  assistance  shortly  before  his 
death,  which  took  place  in  June,  1794, 
and  was  occasioned  by  a  complaint  of 
the  lungs.  In  the  midst  of  these  misfor- 
tunes and  obstacles  it  is  astonishing  how 
much  he  did.  He  has  left  us  songs, 
odes,  elegies,  ballads,  narrative  poems, 
and  epigrams.  Burger  is  a  poet  of  more 
strong  than  comprehensive  imagination; 


226 


CTCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ncs 


of  more  honest  and  plain  than  delicate 
feelings  ;  his  execution  is  more  remark- 
able than  his  conception. 

BURGESS,  Daniel,  a  dissenting 
preacher,  very  popular  in  his  clay  on  ac- 
count of  his  quaint  and  familiar  style  of 
pulpit  oratory,  of  which  a  single  speci- 
men will  suffice.  '•  It',1'  said  he,  on  one 
occasion,  ■' any  among  you  want  a  cheap 
suit,  he  must  go  to  Monmouth-street ; 
if  a  suit  for  life,  he  will  go  to  the  Court 
of  Chancery  ;  but  if  you  want  an  eternal 
suit,  yon  must  go  to  Christ,  and  put  on 
his  robe  of  righteousness."  B.  1645;  d. 
1713. — Thomas,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  b. 
17".''.  at  OdihaiH,  in  Hampshire,  w'here 
his  father  carried  on  business  as  a  grocer. 
was  educated  at  Winchester,  obtained  a 
scholarship  at  Corpus  Christi  college, 
Oxford,  in  1 7 7 •"> ;  and,  by  his  talents  an  I 
diligence,  in  a  short  period  became  logic 
reader  and  tutor  of  the  college.  He  had 
by  this  time  distinguished  himself  as  a 
scholar  of  very  considerable  pretensions, 
by  the  publication  of  several  able  works  ; 
aii  1  he  found  a  patron  in  Dr.  Shutc 
Barrington,  who  collated  him,  in  1787, 
to  the  preben  1  of  Wilsford  and  Wood- 
ford, in  Salisbury  cathedral,  an  1  after- 
wards preferred  him  to  a  prebendal  stall 
at  Durham.  Among  his  numerous 
works  are  editions  of  "  Burton's  Penta- 
logia,"  and  "Dawes's  Miscellanea  Criti- 
ea,"  '"Considerations  on  the  Abolition 
of  Slavery,"  an  "  Essay  on  the  Stn  ly  of 
Antiquities,"  "  First  Principles  of  Chris- 
tian Knowledge,"  "  Reflections  on  the 
Controversial  Writings  of  Dr.  Priest- 
ley," "Emendationes  in  Suida  met  He- 
Bycbiuin  et  li  >s  Lexieographos  Gr^cos,'' 
4  vols. :  "The  Bible,  and  Nothing  but 
the  Bible,  the  Religion  of  the  Church  of 
England;''  with  many  others,  theologi- 
calj  classical,  and  political.  Bishop  Bur- 
gess was  mainly  instrumental  in  found- 
ing the  Royal  Society  of  Literature,  of 
which,  in  1821,  he  became  the  first  pres- 
ident ;  but  in  1832,  on  account  of  his 
loss  of  sight,  and  other  infirmities,  he 
resigned  the  office  in  favor  of  the  late 
Lord  Dover.     D.  1-   7. 

BURGH,  James,  the  able  author  of  the 
"  Dignity  of  Human  Nature,"  &c,  was 
a  native"  of  Scotland,  and  educated  at 
St.  Andrew's.  Though  brought  up  to  a 
trade,  he  afterwards  filled  several  situa- 
tions, more  or  less  connected  with  liter- 
ature, and  for  the  last  20  years  of  his 
life  was  master  of  an  academy  at  Stoke 
Newington.     B.  1714;  d,  1777,. 

BURGOYNE,  John,  a  lieutenant-<ren- 
eral  of  the  British  army,  was  a  natural 
son  of  Lord  Bing'.ey  ;  entered  early  into 


the  army,  and  iu  1762,  displayed  much 
talent  and  enterprise,  in  command  of  a 
party  of  troops"  in  Portugal.  In  the 
American  war,  he  led  the  army  which 
was  to  penetrate  from  Canada  into  the 
revolted  provinces.  At  first  he  was  suc- 
cessful ;  but  insuperable  obstacles  thick- 
ening round  him,  he  was  ultimately 
compelled  to  surrender  at  Saratoga. 
Disgusted  by  the  conduct  of  the  minis- 
try after  his  return,  he  resigned  all  his 
employments.  Burgoyne  wrote  the  dra- 
mas of  the  ••  Heiress,"  the  "  Maid  of  the 
Oaks."  the  "Lord  of  the  Manor,"  and 
••  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion  ;"  some  pamph- 
let- in  his  own  defence;  and  a  "Proba- 
tionary Ode."     D.  1792. 

BURIDAN,  John,  a  native  of  Be 
thune,  in  Flanders,  b.  in  the  14th  cen- 
tury, a  nominalist  philosopher,  was  rcc- 
tor'of  the  university  of  Paris:  and  has, 
but  erroneously,  been  deemed  the  foun- 
der of  the  university  of  Vienna.  He 
is  believed  to  have  died  about  1358. 
His  memory  has  been  perpetuated  by 
his  dilemma  of  the  ass  between  two 
bundles  of  hay,  which  he  used  to  illus- 
trate the  doctrine  of  t'v<:\-  will,  and  which 
has  grown  into  a  proverb. 

BORIGNY,  John  Levesque,  a  French 
writer,  member  of  the  Academy  of  In- 
scriptions. He  wrote  histories  of  Pagan 
Philosophy:  Sicily;  and  the  Constanti- 
nopolitan  "Empire;  lives  of  Grotius, 
Erasmus,  Bossuet,  and  Cardinal  de  Per- 
ron; a  treatise  on  the  Papal  Authority; 
and  numerous  other  productions.  B.  at 
as,  1691 ;  d.  at  Paris,  1785. 

BURKE,  Edmund,  a  celebrated  states- 
man. B.  at  Carlow,  in  Ireland,  Jan.  1st, 
1730 ;  was  educated  at  Dublin,  where, 
after  three  years'  residence,  he  took  his 
bachelor's  degree,  174'J.  He  afterwards 
applied  for  the  logic  professorship  at 
Glasgow,  and  when  his  solicitations  wero 
unsuccessful,  he  came  to  London,  and 
in  1  Too  entered  at  the  Middle  Temple. 
But  though  possessed  of  great  powers 
of  elocution,  he  paid  no  serious  attention 
to  the  law,  considering  literature  and 
politics  as  the  fields  most  favorable  for 
vertion  of  his  genius.  His  first  ac- 
knowledge 1  work,  which  was  published 
anonymously,  was  his  "  Vindication  of 
Natural  Society,"  an  admirable  imitation 
of  Lord  Bolingbroke's  style  and  manner 
of  reasoning,  which  deceived  even  some 
of  the  bestTjudges.  This  was  followed, 
in  1757,  by  his  "  Essay  on  'he  Sublime 
an  1  Beautiful."  In  175S  Dodsley  began 
at  his  suggestion,  the  "  Annual  Register,*1 
which  owed  much  of  its  celebrity  to  his 
pen.     In   1761   he  visited  Ireland,  as  a 


BUR  J 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


227 


companion  of  his  friend,  Singlespeech 
Hamilton,  by  whose  interest  he  procured 
a  pension  of  £300  on  the  Irish  estab- 
lishment, and  on  his  return  he  was  in- 
troduced by  Mr.  Fitzherbert  to  the  notice 
of  Lord  Rockingham,  first  lord  of  the 
treasury,  who  made  him  his^ secretary, 
and  had  him  returned  to  parliament  for 
Wendover.  In  1774,  without  any  soli- 
citation on  his  part,  he  was  elected  for 
Bristol ;  but  this  seat  he  lost  at  the  next 
election,  in  his  having  displayed  too 
much  liberality  of  principle,  with  respect 
to  the  Catholics  and  to  Ireland.  He  sub- 
sequently sat  for  Malton.  In  the  mean 
while  he  gave  to  the  public  his  "Ob- 
servations on  Grenville's  State  of  the 
Nation;"  a  ''Short  Account  of  a  late 
short  Administration  ;"  "  Thoughts  on 
the  Causes  of  the  present  Discontents;" 
and  his  speeches  on  American  affairs. 
To  the  impolitic  contest  with  America 
he  made  a  strenuous  and  eloquent  re- 
sistance as  a  senator.  On  the  downfall 
of  Lord  North's  ministry,  Burke  obtain- 
ed the  office  of  paymaster-general,  and 
a  seat  in  the  council;  and  he  availed 
himself  of  this  opportunity  to  carry  his 
celebrated  reform  bill,  which  he  had  pre- 
viously brought  forward  in  vain,  the 
expulsion  of  the  coalition  ministry  of 
course  deprived  him  of  his  office.  The 
prosecution  of  Mr.  Hastings,  and  the 
opposition  to  Mr.  Pitt's  regency  bill, 
were  among  his  next  and  greatest  par- 
liamentary efforts.  Though  the  former 
of  these  has  drawn  down  upon  him 
much  censure,  and  even  calumny,  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  he  undertook  it  as 
a  sacred  and  imperative  duty.  This  is 
irrefragably  proved  by  his  recently  pub- 
lished letters  to  Dr.  Lawrence.  When 
the  French  revolution  took  place,  he 
early  foresaw  the  result,  and,  in  1790, 
he  produced  his  celebrated  "  Reflections" 
on  that  event.  A  breach  between  him 
and  Mr.  Fox  was  also  occasioned  by  their 
difference  of  opinion  on  this  important 
subject.  In  1794  he  retired  from  parlia- 
ment, and  a  pension  of  £1200  a  year  was 
bestowed  on  him  by  the  government. 
From  the  time  when  his  "Reflections" 
were  published,  till  his  decease,  his  lit- 
erary hostility  to  the  doctrines  of  revo- 
Jntionary  France  was  continued  with 
unabated  viojor.  The  last  work  which 
he  gave  to  the  press  was  "Two  Letters 
on  a  Regicide  Peace :"  the  concluding 
two  were  posthumous.  D.  July  8th, 
1797.  His  compositions  have  been  eol- 
tected  in  16  volumes  octavo.  In  private 
life  Burke  was  amiable  and  benevolent; 
In  public,  indefatigable,  ardent,  and  ab- 


horrent of  meanness  and  injustice.  It 
was  this  latter  quality  which  rendered 
him  a  persevering  advocate  of  the  Irish 
Catholics.  As  an  orator  he  ranks  among 
the  first  of  modern  times;  and  as  s\ 
writer,  whether  we  consider  the  splen  ■ 
dor  of  his  diction,  the  richness  and  va- 
riety of  his  imagery,  or  the  boundless 
stores  of  knowledge  which  he  displays, 
it  must  be  acknowledged  that  there  are 
few  who  equal,  and  none  who  transcend 
him. — Aldanus,  a  judjre  of  the  court  of 
chancery  in  South  Carolina,  was  a  native 
of  Galway,  in  Ireland.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  revolution  he  came  as  a  volunteer, 
to  fight  for  American  liberty.  In  1778 
he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court.  In  1789  he  was  a  delegate  in 
congress.  D.  lSo-2,  aged  59.  —  Jonx 
Dolv,  author  of  a  history  of  Virginia, 
was  a  native  of  Ireland,  and  educated  at 
Trinity  college.  Coming  to  America  in 
1797,  he  conducted  for  a  short  time  a 
paper  at  Boston,  and  afterwards  at  New 
York,  where  he  was  arrested  under  the 
sedition  law.  He  was  killed  in  a  duel 
in  1  B08.  He  published  a  history  of  Vir- 
ginia from  its  first  settlement  to  1S04,  in 
3  vols.  He  published  also  "  Bunker 
Hill,"  a  tragedy;  "Bethlem  Gabor,"  an 
historical  drama,  1803;  and  an  oration 
delivered  March  4,  1808. 

BURKITT,  William,  an  English  di- 
vine ;  author  of  a  "  Practical  Exposition 
of  the  New  Testament,"  which  has  gone 
through  many  editions.  B.  1650 ;  d. 
17"3. 

BURLAMAQUI,  John  James,  an  il- 
lustrious civilian,  b.  at  Geneva,  1694, 
was  afterwards  professor  of  civil  law 
there.  In  his  "  Principles  of  Natural 
Law,"  written  in  French,  he  is  suppo- 
se'! to  have  incorporated  all  the  best 
things  from  Grotins,  Puffendorf,  and 
their  commentator  Barbeyrae.  He  pub- 
lished, some  time  after,  the  "  Principles 
of  Political  Law,"  which  were  written 
in  the  same  language,  and  equally  well 
received.     D.  1748. 

BURLEIGH,  William  Cecil,  lord 
high  treasurer  of  England  in  the  reign 
of  Elizabeth.  He  was  patronized  by  the 
Protector  Somerset,  in  Edward  VI. 's 
reign,  and  made  a  privy  councillor  ;  and 
when  Elizabeth  came  to  the  throne,  his 
political  sagacity  and  the  devotion  he 
showed  to  his  sovereign  earned  for  him 
the  highest  honors.  His  state  policy  ha3 
been  admitted  on  all  hands,  but  it 
squared  little  with  humanity,  as  may  be 
gathered  from  the  prosecutions  which  he 
encouraged  against  the  unfortunate  Ma- 
ry, queen  of  Scots.    B.  1520  ;  d.  159S 


228 


CTCLOP-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


BURMAN.  Peter,  an  eminent  critic, 
b.  at  U  8,  was  professor  of  his-  j 

tory,  eloquence,  and  Greek,  first  at 
I :  lit.  and  afterwards  at  Leyden.^  He 
subsequently  became  professor  of  his- 
torv  and  chief  librarian  to  the  United 
Provinces.  Besides  publishing  valuable  ! 
editions  of  many  of  the  Latin  classics,  and 
an  edition  of  Buchanan's  work,  he  wrote 
Latin  poems,  and  various  critical  and 
philological  dissertations, discourses,  and 
-  .-•,. — John,  a  physician  and  botan- 
ist, the  pupil  of  Boerhaave.  and  nephew 
of  the  celebrated  critic.  He  was  profes- 
sor of  botany  at  Amsterdam.  Burman, 
among  other  things,  published  a  "  Cata- 
logaeofC  •  o  .i  in  Plants. "in  which  Lin- 
-  -  --ei  him;  and  ••  Descriptions 
of  rare  African  and  American  Plants  :  " 
and  translated  into  Latin  "  Rum- 
phius*s  Herbal  of  Amboyna."  B.  1 ,  "7  : 
d.  17 >'>.—  Peter,  brother  of  the  bota- 
..  at  Amsterdam.  1714.  was  brought 
up  by  his  uncle,  whom  he  assisted  in 
his  critical  labors,  and  of  whom  he  was 
no  unworthy  rival  in  erudition.  He 
was  professor  of  eloquence  at  Franeker. 
and  afterwards,  professor  of  poetry,  li- 
brarian, and  keeper  of  the  gymnasium, 
a'  Amster dam,  where  he  d.  of  an  apo- 

£lexy  in  1778.     He  wrote  a  volume  of 
.ati'n  poems,  and  edited  Aristophanes, 
Claudius,  Propertius.  and  other  classical 
s.     Like  his  uncle,  he  was  irasci- 
ble, and  was  frequently  engaged  in  vio- 
lent literary  quarrels. 

BURN.  Richard,  a  native  of  Kirkby 
Stephen,  in  Westmoreland,  was  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  and  became  vicar  of 
Orton,  in  his  native  county,  a  magistrate, 
and  chancellor  of  Carlisle.  He  is  the 
author  of  the  useful  book  known  as 
'•  Burn's  Justice  ;"  a  similar  work  on 
Ecclesiastical  Law  :  a  "  History  of  the 
Poor  Laws  ;"  and,  in  conjunction  with 
Nicholson,  a  "  Historv  of  Westmoreland 
and  Cumberland."    D.  1789. 

BURXKS.  Sir  Alexander,  a  lieuten- 
ant-colonel of  the  British  army  in  In- 
dia, who  filled  several  important  of- 
fices at  Cabool.  where  he,  with  his 
brother  Charles  and  several  others,  were 
assassinated  in  1841. 

BURNET.  Gilbert,  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury, b.  at  Edinburgh,  1643,  was  a  very 
zealous  promoter  of  the  revolution 
which  finally  placed  the  present  family 
on  the  English  throne.  As  a  writer,  he 
jtinguished  by  his  "History  of  the 
Reformation."  published  between  1679 
and  1R«1  and  for  which  he  had  the 
thanks  of  both  houses  of  parliament. 
In  1699  he  published  his  "  Exposition 


of  the  39  Articles  of  the  Church  of  En- 
gland ;"  and  after  his  death,  which  hap- 
Eened  March,  1714-15,  his  ''History  ot 
is  Own  Times,  with  his  Life  annexed," 
was  published  by  his  son,  Thomas  Bur- 
net, afterwards  Sir  Thomas. — "William, 
eldest  soy  of  the  foregoing,   was   suc- 
cessively governor   of  the   colonies   of 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  Massachusetts, 
and    New   Hampshire."     He   landed  at 
Boston,  July,  17-23,  and  was  immediate- 
ly involved  in  provincial  disputes.     Ho 
was  a  man  of  learning,  and  published 
several  works  on  theological  and  scien- 
tific subjects.     B.  1688  :  d.  1729.— Eliz- 
beth.  third  wife  of  Bishop  Burnet,  was 
the    daughter    of    Sir    Richard    Blake, 
knight.     At  the  age  of  IS  she  married 
Robert    Berkeley,"  esq.,    with     whom 
she   werft  to  reside  in  Holland  till  the 
revolution,   and   after  being   a    widow 
seven  years,  she.  in  1700,  married  the 
bishop"    of    Salisbury.      The     fortune 
which  she  possessed  was  employed  to 
^he  most  benevolent  purposes,  and  the 
goodness  of  her  heart  was  displayed  in 
her  maternal  attention  to  the  children 
of  her  last  husband.     She  published  a 
method  of  devotion,  a  book  of  merit, 
which    showed    her    great    knowledge 
of  religion,  and  which   was   again   re- 
printe  1  four  years  after  her  death.     B. 
1*561:  d.  1709. — Thomas,  a  philosopher 
and  divine,  b.  at  Croft,  in   Yorkshire, 
about  1635,  was  educated  at  Cambridge, 
was  appointed  master  of  the  Charter- 
house, in  1685,  and  became  chaplain  and 
clerk  of  the  closet  to  King  William.     As 
master  of  the  Charter-house,  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  boldly  resisting  the 
attempts  of  James  II.  to  make  a  Roman 
Catholic  a  pensioner   of  the  establish- 
ment.    As  a  literary  character,  he  ac- 
quired reputation  by  various  works  of 
merit,  but  particularly  by  his  "  Telluris 
Sacra  Theorie,"  which  he  subsequently 
translate!  into  English,  with  the  title  of 
the  "Sacred  Theory  of  the  Earth,''  and 
which,  though  its  philosophy  is  radically 
defective,  will  always  be  admired,  for 
the  sublimity  of  its  imagery  and  the  elo- 
quence of  its  stvle.     D.  1715. 

BURNETT,  James,  Lord  Mont?oddo, 
a  distinguished  Scotch  judge;  author 
of  a  "  Dissertation  on  the  Origin  of  Lan- 
guage, "'  &c.  Though  both  learned  and 
acute,  he  exposed  himself  to  much  and 
merited  ridicule  by  asserting  the  exist- 
ence of  mermaids  and  satyrs,  and  by 
other  ridiculous  theories,  particularly 
his  whimsical  speculations  relative  to  a 
supposed  affinity  between  the  hnn-.au 
race  and    ne  monkey  tribe.    B.  1714; 


burJ 


CfCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


229 


d.  1779. — George,  a  modern  English  au- 
thor of  some  talent  and  more  industry. 
He  wrote  "  Letters  on  the  State  of  Po- 
land,'* and  the  "  Introduction  to  Mavor's 
Universal  History  ;"  he  also  edited  vari- 
»us  publications,  but  d.  in  penury.  1811. 
— Gilbert  Thomas,  a  lineal  descendant 
of  the  celebrated  Bishop  Burnet,  having 
received  a  classical  and  scientific  educa- 
tion, studied  with  success  under  medi- 
cal and  anatomical  professors ;  and  ulti- 
mately became  the  professor  of  medical 
botany  at  King's  college.  J.ondon.  He 
had  for  some  time  previously  lectured 
upon  his  favorite  study  at  the  Hunterian 
theatre  in  Windmill-street,  and  to  which 
he  owed  his  appointment  to  the  honor- 
ary professorship  to  the  Medico-Botani- 
cal Society,  before  his  election  to  the 
chair  at  King's  college.  B.  1S00;  d. 
183". 

BUBNEY.  Charles,  a  doctor  of  music 
and  literary  character  of  some  note,  was 
b.  at  Shrewsbury,  in  1726,  and  studied 
music  under  Dr.  Arne.  In  174?  he  pro- 
duced at  Drury-lane,  the  musical  pieces 
of  "Alfred,"  "Robin  Hood,"  and  "Queen 
Mab."  He  then  settled  at  Lynn,  where 
he  resided  nine  years,  during  which 
period  he  was  employed  on  his  "  Gener- 
al History  of  Music,"  the  first  volume  ot' 
which  however  he  did  not  give  to  the 
press  till  1770.  In  1700  he  returned  to 
the  capital,  and  in  1700  brought  out.  at 
Drury-lane.  an  English  version  of  the 
"Devin  dn  Village."  In  1770 and  1772  he 
travelled  through  France  and  Italy,  and 
Germany  and  the  Netherlands  ;  of  which 
tours  he  published  interesting  narra- 
tives. He  became  a  member  of  the 
Eoyal  Society  after  his  second  return, 
an  1  contributed  to  their  transactions  an 
account  of  young  Crotch.  Besides  the 
productions  already  mentioned,  and 
many  musical  compositions,  lie  pro- 
duced several  works,  one  of  the  chief 
of  which  is  a  "Lire  of  Metastasio."  in 
three  volumes.  D.  1814. — Charles, 
second  son  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at 
Lynn,  in  17-"i7.  and  educated  at  the  Char- 
ter-he use,  Cains  college.  Cambridge,  and 
Aberdeen.  After  having  been  an  assist- 
ant to  an.  academy  at  Highgate.  and 
afterwards  to  Dr.  Eose,  of  ChisVick, 
■whose  daughter  he  married,  lie  estab- 
lished a  school  at  Hammersmith,  which 
at  a  subsequent  period  he  removed  to 
Greenwich.  He  obtained  the  livings  of 
Deptford  and  of  Clitfe,  and  a  prebend 
at  Lincoln,  and  was  appointed  one  of 
the  king's  chaplains.  Dr.  Burney  was 
one  of  the  most  consummate  Greek 
scholars  in  Europe.      His  classical  ac- 


quirements were  first  displayed  in  his 
criticisms  in  the  "Monthly  Kevicw."  He 
published  an  "Appendix  to  Scapula;-' 
an  edition  of  the  "  Choral  Odes  of  >Es- 
chylus:"  and  other  erudite  works.  His 
valuable  library  was  purchased  for  the 
British  Museum.  D.  1817. — James  a 
son  of  the  historian  of  music,  b. 
accompanieJ  Captain  Cook  in  two  of  his 
voyages ;  was  much  beloved  by  John- 
son ;  became  a  rear-admiral,  and  dis- 
played a  respectable  portion  of  the  liter- 
arv  talent  of  his  family,  in  a  "Ili~-  ry 
of  Voyages  of  Discovery."  ">  vols.  4to ; 
an  "  Account  of  the  Bussian  Eastern 
Voyages ;"  and  some  philosophical 
tract*.  D.  of  apoplexy,  1S20. — Willl\m, 
master  of  the  royal  academy.  Gosport ; 
a  school  where  many  distinguished  naval 
and  military  officers  have  been  educated. 
He  was  the  author  of  "  Lives  of  the  Na- 
val Heroes  of  Great  Britain."  etc.  B. 
1702:  d.  1832. 

BUEE.  Aaron,  president  of  the  col- 
lege of  New  Jersey  :  eminent  as  an  able 
and  learned  divine,  and  an  accomplished 
scholar :  in  17-iS  was  unanimously  elected 
president  of  the  college  which  he  was 
instrumental  in  founding,  as  successor 
to  Mr.  Dickinson.  The  college  was  re- 
moved about  this  time  from  Elizabeth- 
town  to  Newark,  and  in  17-"7.  a  short 
time  before  the  death  of  Mr.  Burr,  to 
Princeton.  In  17">-i  ho  accompanied  Mr. 
Whitefield  to  Boston,  having  a  high 
esteem  for  the  character  of  that  eloquent 
itinerant  preacher.  Mr.  Burr  published 
a  treatise  entitled  "The  Supreme  Deity 
of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,"  maintained 
in  a  letter  to  the  dedicator  of  Mr.  Em- 
lyn's  inquiry:  reprinted  at  Boston  in 
1791.  ne  published  also  a  "  Fast  Ser- 
mon" on  account  of  the  encroachments 
of  the  French,  January  1.  1758;  "The 
Watchman's  Answer  to  the  Question, 
What  of  the  Night?"  a  sermon.  1756; 
a  funeral  sermon  on  Governor  Belcher, 
1757.  B.  1714;  d.  1757.— Joseph,  a 
philanthropist,  of  Manchester.  Vermont, 
who  gave  in  his  will  over  $90,000  to 
public  institutions.  D.  1828. — Aaron, 
third  vice-pre-ident  of  the  Unite'!  States. 
B.  at  Newark.  New  Jersey.  February  6, 
1756,  was  the  son  of  the  Eev.  Aaron 
Burr.  His  mother  was  the  daughter  of 
the  celebrated  Eev.  Jonathan  Edwards. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  college  in  Penn- 
sylvania. 1772.  at  the  age  of  16;  in  177o, 
in  his  20th  year,  he  joined  the  American 
army,  under  Washington,  at  Cambridge ; 
accompanied  General  Arnold  as  a  pri- 
vate soldier  in  his  expedition  against 
Quebec ;  after  his  arrival  there,  he  acted 


230 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bur 


as  an  aid-de-camp  to  General  Mont- 
gomery; and  on  his  return,  in  1776, 
General  Washington  invited  him  to  join 
his  family  at  head-quarters.  Some  cir- 
cumstance soon  took  place,  which  has 
not  been  fully  explained,  by  which  Burr 
lost  the  confidence  of  Washington  ;  and 
the  hostility  of  the  former  to  the  latter 
from  that  time  was  undisguised.  In 
1777  Burr  was  appointed  lieutenant- 
colonel,  and  distinguished  himself  as 
an  able  and  brave  officer;  but  in  March, 
177'.',  he  was,  on  account  of  the  state  of 
his  health,  compelled  to  resign  his  office, 
and  retire  from  military  life.  He  then 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  law ; 
commenced  practice  at  Albany,  in  1782, 
but  soon  removed  to  the  city  of  New 
York;  he  became  distinguished  in  his 
profession  ;  was  appointed  attorney- 
general  of  the  state  of  New  York  in 
178lJ ;  from  17i>l  to  17'J7  lie  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  United  States  senate,  and 
bore  a  conspicuous  part  as  a  leader  of 
the  republican  party.  At  the  election 
of  president  of  the  United  States  for  the 
fourth  presidential  term,  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son and  Aaron  Burr  had  each  73  votes, 
and  the  choice  was  decided  by  congress, 
on  the  36th  ballot,  in  favor  of  Jefferson 
for  president,  and  Burr  for  vice-presi- 
dent. On  the  12th  of  July,  1804,  Colonel 
Burr  gave  Alexander  Hamilton,  long  his 
professional  rival  and  political  opponent, 
a  mortal  wound  in  a  duel.  He  soon  after 
conceived  the  project  of  invading  Mexi- 
co ;  for  which  he  was  at  length  appre- 
hended and  brought  to  Richmond,  in 
August,  1807,  on  a  charge  of  treason, 
and,  after  a  long  trial,  acquitted.  He 
afterwards  returned  to  the  city  of  New 
York,  practised  law  to  some  extent,  but 
passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  com- 
parative obscurity  and  neglect.  U.  at 
Staten  Island,  New  York,  September 
14th,  183.!. 

BURNS,  Robert,  the  greatest  of  Scot- 
tish poets,  was  the  son  of  Wm.  Burns, 
a  gardener  and  small  farmer,  near  the 
town  of  Ayr,  and  was  b.  January  25th, 
1750.  He  was  brought  up  to  rustic 
labor;  but  his  education  was  not  neg- 
lected, as  he  received,  at  an  early  age, 
instructions  in  English  grammar,  by  a 
Mr.  Murdock,  to  which  he  added  an  ac- 
quaintance with  the  French  language 
and  practical  mathematics.  Smitten 
with  a  passion  for  reading,  he  devoted 
every  moment  he  could  spare  to  the 
perusal  of  such  books  as  fell  in  his  way, 
and,  among  them,  meeting  with  the 
works  of  some  of  the  best  English 
poets,  he  was  enabled  to  cultivate  and 


improve  a  taste  for  poetry  and  romantic- 
fiction ;  which  was,  perhaps,  first  in- 
spired by  the  chimney-corner  tales  of 
an  old  woman  in  his  father's  family, 
whose  memory  was  plentifully  stored 
with  adventures  of  fairies,  witches,  war 
locks,  ghosts,  and  goblins,  which  she 
religiously  believed,  and  therefore  do- 
tailed  with  the  most  impressive  effect  to 
her  admiring  auditors.  Burns's  first 
poetical  effusions  were  prompted  by 
love,  a  passion  of  which  he  was  pecu- 
liarly susceptible.  Having  begun,  he 
continued  to  make  verses,  which  at- 
tracted the  notice  of  his  neighbors,  and 
gained  him  considerable  reputation.  In 
1781  he  engaged  in  business  as  a  flax- 
dresser,  in  the  town  of  Irvine;  but  his 
premises  were  destroyed  by  fire,  and  he 
was  obliged  to  relinquish  the  underta- 
king. His  father  dying,  he  took  a  small 
farm  in  conjunction  with  a  younger 
brother;  and  this  scheme  also  proved 
unsuccessful.  In  the  mean  time,  he 
had  formed  a  connection  with  a  young 
woman,  whom,  on  her  becoming  preg- 
nant, he  would  have  married  ;  but  his 
ruined  circumstances  induced  her  friends 
to  object  to  it.  Thus  unsuccessful  at 
home,  lie  engaged  himself  as  assistant 
overseer  to  a  plantation  in  Jamaica.  To 
obtain  the  funds  necessary  for  the  voy- 
age, he  was  induced  to  publish,  by  sub- 
scription, a  volume  of  his  poetical  effu- 
sions. It  was  accordingly  printed  at 
Kilmarnock  in  178(1,  and  Burns,  having 
derived  from  the  publication  the  assist- 
ance he  expected,  was  about  to  set  sail 
from  his  native  land,  when  his  purpose 
was  prevented  by  the  communication 
of  a  letter  from  Doctor  Blacklock  to  a 
friend  of  the  Ayrshire  poet,  recom- 
mending that  he  should  visit  Edin- 
burgh, in  order  to  take  advantage  of  tho 
general  admiration  his  poems  had  ex- 
cited, and  publish  a  new  edition  of 
them.  This  advice  was  eagerly  adopted, 
and  the  result  exceeded  his  most  san- 
guine expectations.  After  remaining 
more  than  a  year  in  the  Scottish  me- 
tropolis, admired,  flattered,  and  caressed 
by  persons  of  eminence  for  their  rank, 
fortune,  or  talents,  he  retired  to  the 
country  with  the  sum  of  £500,  which 
he  had'  realized  by  the  second  publica- 
tion of  his  poems'.  A  part  of  this  sum 
he  advanced  to  his  brother,  and  with 
the  remainder,  took  a  considerable  farm 
near  Dumfries,  and  at  the  same  time 
procured  the  office  of  an  exciseman. 
He  now  also  completed  his  matrimonial 
engagement  with  Miss  Armour,  the 
young  woman  to  whom  he   had  been 


bur] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHT. 


231 


contracted.  His  convivial  habits  ere 
long  prevented  him  from  paying  a  pro- 
per attention  to  his  farm  ;  and,  uftfer  a 
trial  of  three  years  and  a  half,  he  found 
himself  obliged  to  resign  his  lease,  and 
remove  to  the  town  of  .Dumfries,  to  fol- 
low his  employment  as  an  exciseman. 
He  continued  to  exercise  his  pen,  par- 
ticularly in  the  composition  of  a  number 
of  beautiful  songs,  adapted  to  old  Scot- 
tish tunes,  for  a  periodical  work  pub- 
lished at  Edinburgh.  But  his  residence 
in  Dumfries  was  by  no  means  favorable 
to  his  habits.  His  society  was  courted 
by  the  idle,  the  gay,  and  the  dissipated, 
who  were  delighted  with  his  conversa- 
tion, or  charmed  witli  his  brilliant  wit; 
and,  perhaps,  many  who  had  little  sym- 
pathy with  the  powers  of  his  genius 
were  eager  to  solicit  his  acquaintance 
and  society,  that  they  might  be  able  to 
boast  of  an  intimacy  with  so  extraordi- 
nary a  man.  In  the  winter  of  1795,  his 
constitution,  broken  by  cares,  irregular- 
ities, and  passions,  fell  into  premature 
decline.  The  summer  returned,  but 
only  to  shine  on  his  sickness  and  his 
grave.  In  July,  1796,  a  rheumatic  fever 
terminated  his  life  and  sufferings  at  the 
early  age  of 37,  lla  left  a  wife  and  four 
children,  for  whose  support  his  friends 
and  admirers  raised  a  subscription  ;  and 
with  the  same  object,  an  edition  of  his 
works,  in  four  volumes  Svo.,  was  pub- 
lished by  Dr.  Curric,  of  Liverpool.  In 
his  person,  Burns  was  about  five  feet 
ten  inches  high,  of  a  form  that  indicated 
strength  as  well  as  agility;  his  forehead 
was  finely  raise  1 :  his  eyes  were  dark, 
large,  full  of  ardor  and  intelligence.  His 
character,  though  marred  by  impru- 
dence, was  never  contaminated  by  du- 
plicity or  meanness.  He  was  an  honest, 
proud,  warm-hearted  man  ;  combining 
sound  understanding  with  high  pas- 
sions and  a  vigorous  and  excursive  ima- 
gination, lie  was  alive  to  every  species 
of  emotion  ;  and  he  is  one  of  the  few 
poets  who  have  at  once  excelled  in  hu- 
mor, in  tenderness,  and  in  sublimity. 
His  songs,  his  tales,  and  his  poetical 
epistles  display  pathos,  wit,  a  vigor  of 
sentiment,  and  a  purity  and  elegance  of 
style,  while  his  prose  is  almost  equal  to 
his  poetry. 

BL'REILL,  James,  a  distinguished 
lawyer  and  statesman  of  Rhode  Island, 
b.  at  Providence,  177-2,  was,  in  1797,  ap- 
pointed, attorney-general  of  the  state, 
and  continued  to  discharge  the  duties 
of  this  office  for  more  than  sixteen 
years.  In  1813  lie  was  elected  to  a  seat 
\n  the  state  legislature,  and  in  the  fol- 


lowing year  was  chosen  speaker  of  tho 
house  of  representatives.  In  1816  he 
was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  su- 
preme court,  and  in  the  next  year  was 
elected  to  a  seat  in  the  senate  of  the 
United  States.  Of  this  body  he  con- 
tinued a  member  till  his  death  in  1820. 
Judge  Burnll  was  eminent  as  a  scholar 
in  general  literature ;  and  his  moral 
character  was  free  from  reproach  or 
suspicion.  His  moral  and  social  virtues, 
united  with  intellectual  attainments  of 
so  high  an  order,  gave  him  an  influence 
in  the  circle  of  his  acquaintance  seldom 
surpassed. 

BURROUGHS,  George;  the  name  of 
this  man  ought  to  be  preserved  from 
oblivion,  as  a  memento  of  the  excesses 
to  which  mankind  may  be  driven,  when 
under  the  influence  of  any  powerful  de- 
lusion. He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1670,  and  was  a  settled  min 
ister  in  Falmouth,  Maine,  now  Portland, 
and  afterwards  in  Salem  or  Danvers. 
In  17y2  he  was  prosecuted  for  witch- 
craft. The  evidence,  on  which  he  was 
convicted,  could  not  have  been  admitted 
in  any  court,  whose  members  were  not 
deeply  infected  with  the  prevailing 
mania.  The  witnesses  were  allowed  to 
tell,  that  two  of  his  wives  had  appeared 
to  them,  and  accused  him  of  being  the 
cause  of  their  death;  and  threatening 
if  he  denied  it,  they  would  appear  to 
them  in  court.  This,  they  pretended, 
actually  happened,  and  that  they  had 
been  thrown  into  a  paroxysm  of  fear 
from  the  horrid  apparition. 

BORROW,  Sir  James,  an  eminent 
English  lawyer,  author  of  four  volumes 
of  "Reports,"  an  "Essay  on  Punctu- 
ation," &c.  D.  17S2. — Reuben,  an  able 
mathematician,  author  of  a  tract  "  On 
Projectiles,"  a  "  Restitution  of  Apollo- 
nius  on  Inclinations,"  «fcc.     D.  1791. 

BURROWS,  William,  an  officer  in 
the  American  navy.  In  1799  he  re- 
ceived a  midshipman's  warrant,  and 
served  on  board  different  ships.  In 
1803  he  was  under  Preble  in  the  Tripol- 
itan  war.  In  the  war  of  1812  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  sloop 
of  war  Enterprise  ;  he  sailed  from  Ports- 
mouth, and  on  Sunday,  Sept.  5,  1S13, 
fell  in  with  his  Britannic  majesty's  brig 
Boxer,  off  Portland,  between  Seguir  and 
Cape  Elizabeth.  After  an  action  of  45 
minutes,  the  Boxer  was  captured,  tho 
commander,  Blyth,  being  killed  by  a 
cannon-ball.  At  the  first  fire,  Lieut. 
Burrows  was  wounded,  but  refused  to 
be  carried  below.  When  the  sword  of 
his  enemy  was  presented  to   him,  he 


232 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OjT    BIOGRAPHY. 


exclaimed,  clasping  his  bauds,  "I  am 
satisfied  :  I  die  contented." 

BURTON,  Edward,  regius  professor 
of  divinity  in  the  university  of  Oxford, 
and  rector  of  Ewelme,  was  b.  1794  ;  edu- 
cated at  Westminster,  and  matriculated 
at  Christ-church,  Oxford.  His  talents, 
close  application,  and  exemplary  con- 
duet  did  not  pass  unnoticed;  and  he 
rose  from  one  honorable  station  to  an- 
other. His  various  pamphlets,  and  the 
works  he  edited,  prove  that  he  was  able 
and  industrious.  D.  1836.— John,  an 
English  divine  and  critic,  author  of 
various  theological  treatises,  poetry  in 
Greek,  Latin,  and  English,  and  other 
productions.  D.  J?71.— -  Robert,  an 
English  divine,  author  of  that  sin- 
gular work,  "  The  Anatomy  of  Mel- 
ancholy;" winch  Archbishop  Herring 
describes  as  "the  pleasantest,  the  most 
learned,  and  the  most  full  of  sterling 
sense.1'  The  archbishop  adds,  that  the 
wits  of  the  reigns  of  Anne  and  the  first 
George  were  deeply  indebted  to  Burton; 
and  we  may  venture  to  say,  that  the 
"wits"  of  the  succeeding  reigns  have 
been  no  less  so.     B.  1576  ;  d.  1640. 

BUSBY,  Richard,  the  venerable  mas- 
ter of  Westminster  school — celebrated 
for  his  abilities  as  a  classical  teacher  and 
as  an  unflinching  disciplinarian— was  b. 
in  1606.  He  held  the  situation  of  head 
master  from  1010  to  the  time  of  his  de- 
cease, in  1695. 

BUSCIIE,  Herman  von  der,  a  learned 
German,  friend  and  fellow-laborer  of 
Luther,  author  of  Scholia  on  ancient 
writers,  Latin  poems,  &c,  &c.  D. 
1534. 

BUSCHETTO  DA  DULICHIO,  a 
Greek  architect  of  the  11th  century. 
He  erected  the  cathedral  church  of  Pisa, 
the'  first  specimen  of  the  Lombard  ec- 
clesiastical style  of  building. 

BUSOH1NG,  Anthony  Frederic,  an 
able  and  industrious  writer,  to  whom 
the  science  of  statistics  is  greatly  in- 
debted ;  author  of  a  "Magazine  of  Mod- 
ern History  and  Geography;"  "Ele- 
ments of  Natural  History;"  "Character 
of  Frederic  II.  of  Prussia;"  "History 
and  Theory  of  the  Belles  Lettres,"  &c. 
B.  1724;  d.  L793. 

BUSIIE,  Sir  Charles  Kendal,  was  one 
of  the  most  eminent  of  all  the  lawyers 
am.,  the  statesmen  that  made  the  courts 
and  the  parliament  of  Ireland  so  bril- 
liant towards  the  close  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury. Though  he  had  to  contend  against 
Buc'h  opponents  as  Ponsonby,  Plunkett, 
Floo.l,  Grattan,  Curran,  and  Saurin,  he 
was  never  found  unequal  to  the  contest, 


[but 


whether  at  the  bar  or  in  the  house.  Ha 
was  raised  to  the  chief  justiceship  of 
Ireland,  and  made  a  privy  councillor  in 
1822,  and  shone  in  that  high  office  as 
brightly  as  he  had  shone  as  advocate 
and  orator.  The  infirmities  of  a  very 
advanced  age  at  length  compelled  him 
to  retire  upon  a  pension  of  £3000  per 
annum.     D.  1843. 

BUTE,  John  Stuart,  earl  of,  a  British 
statesman,  descended  from  an  ancient 
Scotch  family,  was  b.  early  in  the  18th 
centurv.  In  1738  he  was  appointed  one 
of  the  iords  of  the  bed-chamber  to  Fred- 
eric, prince  of  Wales,  the  father  of 
George  III.  Soon  after  the  young  king's 
accession,  over  whom  Bute  possessed 
unbounded  influence,  he  was  made  sec- 
retary of  state,  and  quickly  after,  first 
lord  of  the  treasury.  Under  his  minis- 
try, a  peace,  which  disappointed  the 
hopes  of  the  people,  was  concluded  with 
France  and  Spain;  and  what  added 
greatly  to  his  unpopularity,  was  the 
marked  favoritism  he  showed  for  his 
countrymen,  filling  the  most  lucrative 
offices  in  the  state  with  Scotchmen.  He 
at  length  resigned  his  offices,  and  re- 
tired into  private  life,  which  he  adorned 
by  his  benevolent  disposition,  and  his 
lo've  of  science.  Botany  was  his  favorite 
study,  and  he  expended  vast  sums  in 
its  pursuit.     D.  1792. 

BUTLER,  Alban,  an  English  Catho- 
lic divine.  He  was  for  some  time  chap- 
lain to  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  but  at 
length  became  president  of  the  college 
of  St.  Oiner's.  The  chief  of  his  works 
is  the  "  Lives  of  the  Fathers,  Martyrs, 
and  other  principal  Saints."  D.  1773. — 
Charles,  a  Roman  Catholic,  bred  to  the 
legal  profession,  and  a  most  indefatiga- 
ble and  accomplished  scholar.  He  was 
the  author  of  "Lives  of  the  Saints," 
"Historical  Account  of  the  Laws  against 
the  Roman  Catholics,"  "Book  of  the 
Catholic  Church,"  &c.  B.  1750 ;  d.  1832. 
— Joseph,  bishop  of  Durham,  an  ex- 
tremely learned  and  able  prelate ;  au- 
thor of  the  well-known  and  invaluable 
work,  "The  Analogy  of  Religion,  Natu- 
ral and  Revealed,  to  the  Course  and 
Constitution  of  Nature,"  and  an  invalu- 
able collection  of  "Sermons."  B.  1692; 
1752.— Samuel,  an  English  poet,  whose 
principal  work,  "Hudibras,'  is  proba- 
bly, both  in  design  and  execution,  the 
most  strikingly  original  we  have.  Wit 
abounds  throughout  it,  and  the  odd 
double  rhymes  "in  which  the  author  so 
much  delighted,  are  singularly  well 
adapted  to  add  point  to  the  ridicule  he 
chose  to  inflict.    His  other  wcrks  ore 


btl] 


far  inferior  to  "  Hudibras  ;"  and  of  tho 
thousand  imitations  of  that  work,  not 
one  has  the  true  ITudilmstic  commin- 
gling of  wit,  humor,  knowledge  of  the 
world,  and  facility  of  expression.  B. 
1612  ;  d.  1680. — Samuel,  bishop  of  Lich- 
field, a  learned  and  most  exemplary  En- 
gnsn  divine.  In  1798  he  was  appointed 
to  the  mastership  of  Shrewsbury  school, 
and,  about  the  same,  he  was  selected  for 
the  arduous  task  of  preparing  a  new  edi" 
tion  of  JEschylus  for  the  university  press. 
After  receiving  several  minor  prefer- 
ments, he  was,  in  1836,  promoted  to  the 
bishopric  of  Lichfield.  Though  a  per- 
fect martyr  to  ill  health,  he  was  a  very 
voluminous  author.  His  "Sketch  of 
Ancient  and  Modern  Geography,'1  and 
his  "  Ancient  and  Modern  Atlases,"  arc 
the  best  works  of  their  kind.  B.  1774; 
d.  1S40. 

BUTTNER,  Christopher  "William,  a 
German  naturalist  and  philologist,  whose 
zeal  in  pursuit  of  his  favorite  studies  was 
Buch,  that  in  order  to  buy  books,  he  re- 
stricted himself  to  what  was  barely  ne- 
cessary to  sustain  life,  never  making 
more  than  one  frugal  meal  a  day.  B. 
1716;  d.  1801. 

BUXHOWDEN,  Frederic  William, 
count  of,  a  general  in  the  Russian  army. 
He  entered  "on  a  military  life  at  an  early 
asje,  and  was  engaged  in  the  war  against 
the  Turks  in  1769;  till,  rising  by  de- 
grees, he,  in  1794,  obtained  the  com- 
mand of  Warsaw  and  the  administration 
of  Poland.  In  1805  he  commanded  the 
left  wing  of  the  army  at  the  battle  of 
Austerlitz,  which  advanced  while  the 
centre  and  right  wintr  were  beaten  ;  but, 
after  the  battle  of  Pultusk,  he  was  su- 
perseded by  Bennigsen.  He  was,  how- 
ever, again  made  commander-in-chief, 
and,  in  1808,  conquered  Finland.  D. 
1811. 

BUXTON,  Jedediafi,  a  singularly 
gifted  person,  whose  powers  of  calcula- 
tion, derived  solely  from  nature,  have 
probably  never  been  equalled.  It  is  said 
that  he  was  asked  this  most  difficult 
question  —  "In  a  body  whose  three 
sides  are,  respectively,  23,145,789  yards, 
5,642,732  yards,  and"  54,965  yards",  how 
many  cubical  eighths  of  an  inch  are 
there?"  and  that,  amid  many  distrac- 
tions, he  gave  the  exact  answer  in  little 
more  than  five  hours  !  But  it  was  only 
in  calculating  that  he  had  any  intellect- 
ual superiority ;  in  other  respects,  his 
mind  was  rather  below  than  above  the 
average.  D.  1775. — Sir  Thomas  Fowell, 
%  distinguished  philanthropist.  B.  at 
Earl's  Colne,  Essex,  in  1786 ;  and  re- 
20 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


233 


ceived  his  academical  edn  cation  at 
Trinity  college,  Dublin.  Having,  in 
1811,  joined  the  firm  of  Truman,  Han- 
bury  &  Co.,  the  eminent  London  brew- 
ers," his  connection  with  the  locality  of 
Spitalfields  made  him  personally  ac- 
quainted with  the  sufferings  of  his  poor 
neighbors  ;  and  the  powerful  appeals  he 
made  in  their  favor  in  1816  led  to  an  ex- 
tensive and  well-organized  system  for 
their  relief.  His  success  in  this  charita- 
ble undertaking,  induced  him  (in  con- 
junction with  his  sister-in-law,  Mrs. 
Fry,  and  his  brother-in-law,  Mr.  Hoare,) 
to  examine  into  the  state  of  prisons,  and 
to  publish  the  result  of  his  labors.  This 
not  only  led  to  the  formation  of  the 
Prison  Discipline  Society,  but  was  the 
basis  upon  which  many  of  the  modern 
improvements  in  jails  are  founded.  In 
1818  he  was  returned  M.  P.  for  Wey- 
mouth, which  borough  he  continued  to 
represent  till  1837,  when  he  was  defeat- 
ed by  Mr.  Villiers.  During  the  time  he 
held"  a  seat  in  the  house,  his  energies 
were  almost  unceasingly  directed  to 
ameliorate  the  condition  of  the  oppress- 
ed. He  became  the  recognized  success- 
or of  Mr.  Wilberforce,  and  he  had  tho 
supreme  satisfaction  of  seeing  his  efforts 
for  the  abolition  of  slavery  crowned  with 
complete  success.  To  other  subjects  of 
paramount  interest,  viz. :  the  reform  of 
the  criminal  code — the  civilization  of 
Africa  by  commercial,  agricultural,  and 
missionary  enterprise — the  support  of 
benevolent  institutions,  particularly  such 
as  had  for  their  objects  the  education 
and  improvement  of  the  poor,  he  ap- 
plied himself  with  persevering  assidu- 
ity.    D.  1845. 

'BUXTORF,  Jonx,  a  Calvinist  divine, 
professor  of  Chaldee  and  Hebrew  at 
Basle  ;  author  of  "  Thesaurus  Lingua 
Hebraicae,"  "Institutio  Epistolaris  He- 
braica,"  &c.  B.  1564;  d.  1629.— John, 
son  of  the  preceding,  and  his  successor 
in  the  professorship" at  Basle;  author  of 
a  "Chaldaic  and  Syriac  Lexicon,"  &c, 
besides  other  classical  and  theological 
works.  It  is  recorded  of  him,  that,  at 
the  earlv  age  of  four  years,  he  was  able 
to  read  Hebrew  and  L"atin.— Two  others 
of  the  same  name,  his  son  and  nephew, 
were  also  noted  lor  their  skill  in  the 
Hebrew  tongue. 

BYLES,  Mather,  D.D.,  minister  of 
Boston.  lie  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1725,  and  was  ordained  the  first 
pastor  of  the  church  in  Hollis-street, 
1733.  It  was  not  long  before  he  attained 
considerable  eminence  in  his  profession, 
and  he  became  known  by  his  publication 


234 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[byb 


of  several  pieces  in  prose  and  verse.  He 
continued  to  live  happily  with  his  parish 
until  the  revolution  began.  Falling  un- 
der the  imputation  of  being  a  torv.  he 
was  in  177(5  separated  from  his  people, 
by  the  jealousy  and  violence  of  the  times, 
and  he  was  never  afterwards  reunited 
to  them.  In  .May.  1777.  he  was  de- 
nounced in  town  meeting  as  a  person 
inimical  to  America,  and  he  was  obliged 
to  enter  into  bonds  for  his  appearance 
tit  court  the  June  following.  He  was 
pronounced  guilty,  and  sentenced  to 
confinement  on  board  a  guard  shin,  and 
in  forty  days  to  be  sent  with  his  family 
to  England.  The  sentence  was  after- 
wards altered  to  confinement  in  his  own 
house,  with  a  guard  placed  over  him, 
This  was  accordingly  done  for  a  few 
we  iks,  and  then  the  truard  was  removed. 
A  short  time  afterwards  a  guard  was 
again  placed  over  him.  and  again  dis- 
miss?!. Upon  this  occasion  he  observed, 
in  his  own  manner,  that  he  was  gnarde  1. 
reguarded,  and  1.     He  pub- 

lished a  number  of  essays  in  the  "  New 
England  Weekly  Journal,"  which  are 
m  irke  I  by  one  of  the  letters  composing 
the  word  Celoiza;  a  poem  on  the  death 
of  Ge  >rge  1..  an  J  the  accession  oft  - 
II..  1727:  a  poetical  epistle  to  Governor 
Belcher,  on  the  death  of  his  ladj  . 
A  number  of  his  miscellaneous  poems 
were  collected  and  printed  in  a  volume 
in  1744.  He  also  published  numerous 
sermons.     D.  1788. 

BYNG.  John,  fourth  son  of  Viscount 
Torrington,  was.  like  his  father,  an  ad- 
miral. After  having  frequently  and 
v  distinguished  himself,  he  was 
I  by  court-martial  for  alleged  cow- 
ardice. He  was  dispatched  to  the  relief 
of  Minorca,  at  that  time  blockaded  by  a 
French  fleer ;  an  1  his  hesitation  to  en- 
m  enemy  of  superior  strength  ex- 
cited the  clamor  of  the  nation  against 
him.  When  the  news  arrived  in  En- 
gland, the  ministry,  wishing  to  avert 
the  public  odium  from  their  unsuccess- 
ful measures,  took  advautage  of  the  ad- 
miral's unpopularity:  and  though  the 
court  by  which  the  ill-fated  commander 
was  trie  1,  recommended  him  to  mercy, 
they  suffered  the  unjust  sentence  to  be 
carried  into  execution.  He  was  shot  at 
Portsmouth.  March  14. 1757,  meeting  his 
death  with  the  firmness  of  a  hero  and 
the  resignation  of  a  Christian. 

BYRNE.  "William,  an  eminent  En- 
glish engraver.  His  works  are  very 
numerous,  and  remarkable  for  the  ex- 
cellence cf  their  aerial  perspective.  D. 
1S05. 


BYROM,  Joh>*,  an  ingenious  prose 
■writer  and  poet,  and  the  inventor  of  a 
system  of  stenography.  He  was  also  a 
contributor  to  the  Spectator,  under  the 
signature  of  "  John  Shadow."  B.  1691 ; 
d.  1763. 

BYRON,  Johx,  an  eminent  naval  com- 
mander and  circumnavigator,  whose  suf- 
ferings, when  wrecked"  in  the  Wager, 
i  aphically  described  in  his  ••  Xarra- 
i  the  rank  of  admiral, 
and  commanded  in  the  West  Indies 
during  the  American  war.  B.  172S:  d. 
— George  Gordon,  Lord,  grand- 
son of  the  preceding,  b.  January  22d, 
177s.  was  the  sixth  son  in  descent  from 
his  ancestor.  Sir  John  Byron,  who  re- 
ceived the  estate  of  Newstead  as  a  grant 
from  King  Henry  VIII.  The  conduct 
of  his  father,  Capt.  Byron,  who  had  de- 
I  his  wife  and  squandered  her  for- 
tune, made  him  an  exile  from  England  ; 
and  he  d.  in  1791,  leaving  his  widow 
and  son  almost  destitute.  Mrs.  Byron 
having  previous  to  this  event  retired  to 
her  native  city  of  Aberdeen,  in  order  to 
live  within  the  limits  of  her  scanty  in- 
come, placed  her  son  early  in  the  gram- 
mar school  of  that  city ;  but  when,  i.- 
17!  S,  by  the  death  of  his  great- uncle, 
without  issue,  he  became  possessed  of 
the  family  title  and  estates,  iie  was  placed 
under  the  guardianship  of  Lord  Carlisle, 
who  sent  liim  to  Harrow.  His  love  of 
liberty  and  independence  were  promi- 
nent traits  in  his  disposition,  and  they 
were  secon  led  by  a  fixed  aversion  to 
control.  In  1804  lie  went  to  Cambri  Lre, 
and  there  became  chiefly  remarkable  for 
Ids  eccentric  habits,  and  his  defiance  of 
the  rules  of  discipline.  On  quitting 
Cambridge  he  took  up  his  resi  lence  at 
Newstead  abbey,  and  soon  after  pub- 
lished his  "  Hours  of  Idleness."  Al- 
though marked  by  some  features  of 
juvenility,  this  production  gave  un- 
doubted indications  of  poetic  genius; 
but  it  met  with  most  severe  and  un- 
merited censure  from  the  "Edinburgh 
Review."  The  ridicule  thus  cast  by  the 
critic  on  the  poet  was  not  suffered  to 
rest  there  ;  he  exerted  his  powers,  and 
amply  revenged  himself  in  the  cele- 
brated satire  of  "  English  Bards  and 
Scotch  Reviewers."  About  that  period 
he  experienced  a  great  disappointment 
in  seeing  Miss  Chaworth,  who  had  beet, 
the  early  object  of  his  love,  married  to 
another.  His  .course  of  life  was  now 
marked  by  extravagance  and  dissipa- 
tion, impairing  both  his  health  and  tor- 
tuue :  and  it  was  probably  to  extricate 
himself  from  the  snares  by  which  he 


cab] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


235 


was  surrounded,  that  lie  resolved  on  an 
excursion  to  the  Continent.  He  was  ac- 
companied by  his  friend  and  fellow-col- 
legian, John  Cam  Hobhouse,  esq.;  and 
after  a  stay  of  two  years  he  returned, 
and  gave  to  the  world  the  first  two  can- 
tos of  "Childe  Harold's  Pilgrimage." 
This  was  quickly  succeeded  bv  "The 
Giaour,"  "The"  Bride  of  Abydos," 
"Lara,"'  "The  Corsair,"  &e. ;  and  the 
noble  bard  became  the  poetical  idol  of 
the  day.  In  January,  1S15,  lie  married 
Anna  Isabella,  only  daughter  of  Sir 
Ralph  Milbanke  Noel ;  but  the  union 
was  not  productive  of  happiness,  and 
they  separated  soon  after  the  birth  of  a 
daughter  This  rupture  gave  rise  to 
many  rumors  redounding  little  to  Lord 
Byron's  credit,  and  lie  again  went  to 
the  Continent,  with  a  determination  not 
to  return  to  his  native  country.  He 
often  changed  his  residence;  and  du- 
ring his  various  travels,  while  he  visited 
the  most  celebrated  parts  of  the  south 
of  Europe,  his  admirers  in  England 
were  indulged  with  the  productions  of 
his  powerful  and  versatile  genius.  In 
1823  the  state  of  the  Greeks  awoke  his 
noble  feeling  of  independence ;  and, 
with    disinterested    generosity    he    re- 


solved to  devote  his  fortune,  his  pen, 
and  his  sword  to  their  cause.  His  en- 
ergies, however,  were  no  sooner  called 
into  action,  than  he  was  assailed  by  dis- 
ease; and  he  expired,  of  a  fever,  at  Mis- 
solonghi,  on  the  19th  of  April,  1824,  in 
the  37th  year  of  his  age,  to  the  inex- 
pressible sorrow  of  the  Greeks,  by  whom 
he  was  venerated  for  his  personal  exer- 
tions and  liberal  pecuniary  aid.  With 
faculties  superior  to  those  of  most  other 
men,  he  was  capricious  and  unfixed;  and 
with  a  poetic  taste  that  approached  the 
sublime  was  sometimes  mixed  a  reckless 
profligacy.  In  proportion,  therefore,  as 
we  admire  the  commanding  talents  and 
poetic  eloquence  of  Byron,  so  are  we 
compelled  to  deprecate  the  selfish  pur- 
poses to  which  they  were  too  often  made 
subservient. 

BYTHXER,  Victoeinus,  was  a  native 
of  Poland,  but  educated  in  England, 
where  he  finally  established  himself  as 
a  physician  ;  author  of  "  L>ra  rropheti- 
ca  Davidis  Regis,"  &c.     D.  1664. 

BZOV1US,  or  BZOVSKI,  Abraham,  a 
learned  Pole ;  professor  of  theology  and 
philosophy.  lie  wrote  the  "Lives  of 
the  Popes,"  "Annals  of  the  Church," 
&c.    B.  1567 ;  d.  1637. 


c. 


CAAB,  or  CAB,  Bex  Zohatr,  an  Ara- 
bian Jew,  rabbi,  and  poet.  He  satirized 
Mahomet  so  severely,  that  "  the  Proph- 
et"' made  war  on  the  Arabian  Jews  for 
the  purpose  of  getting  the  poet  into  his 
power ;  but  when  Mahomet's  success 
was  no  longer  doubtful,  Caab  became 
his  zealous  panegyrist,  abandoned  Ju- 
daism for  Maliometanism,  and  was 
greatly  in  Mahomet's  favor.  He  is  said 
to  have  assisted  in  the  composition  of 
the  Koran.     D.  622. 

CABAXIS,  Peter  John  George,  a 
French  physician  of  considerable  emi- 
nence. Becoming  intimate  with  Mira- 
beau,  he  was  made  a  member  of  the 
council  of  Five  Hundred  ;  and  under 
the  government  of  Napoleon  he  was  one 
of  the  senators.  His  writings  are  chiefly 
medical ;  but  in  addition  to  these  l;e 
published  an  interesting  account  of  the 
last  illness  and  death  of  Mirabeau.  B. 
1757  ;  d.  1S07. 

CABARRUS,  Francois,  Count,  a 
Frenchman,  who  having  settled  in 
6pain  in  a  commercial  character,  ren- 
dered that  country  considerable  service 


in  establishinsr  a  paper  currency,  when 
cut  off  from  her  resources  in  America. 
He  was  afterwards  the  Spanish  minister 
of  finance;  to  which  ofhee  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  Joseph  Bonaparte.  B.  1752 ; 
d.  1S10. 

CABESTAN,  or  CABESTAING, 
William  de,  a  Provencal  poet  of  the 
13th  century,  celebrated  alike  for  his 
talents  and  misfortunes.  Having  ex- 
cited the  jealousy  of  Raymond  de  Seil- 
lans,  he  was  put  to  death  ;  and  his  heart  ■ 
was  dressed  and  served  up  to  the  lady. 
who,  on  learning  the  horrible  nature  oi 
her  repast,  died  of  grief. 

CABOT,  Sebastian,  an  English  navi- 
gator of  great  eminence,  was  the  son  of 
a  skilful  Venetian  pilot,  who  resided  at 
Bristol.  He  made  several  voyages  with 
his  father,  (who  had  obtained  from  Henry 
VIII.  letters  patent,  empowering  him 
and  his  three  sons  to  discover  unknown 
lands  and  conquer  them,)  and  they  on 
one  occasion  discovered  Newfoundland, 
and  on  another  saw  the  mainland  of 
America,  being  the  first  Europeans  who 
had  done  so.     He  was  amoi'g  the  first  to 


236 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[cad 


Doticc  the  variations  of  the  needle.  His 
eklll  in  maritime  affairs  induced  Edward 
VI.  to  settle  a  pension  on  him  as  grand 
pilot  of  England  ;  and  he  was  consulted 
on  all  questions  relating  to  trade  and 
navigation.  He  published  a  map  of  the 
world,  and  a  work  entitled  "  Naviga- 
zione  nelle  parte  Septentrionale."  B. 
1477  ;  d.  1557. 

CABRAL,  or  CABRARA,  Pedro 
Alvarez,  a  celebrated  Portuguese  navi- 
gator of  the  f6th  century. 

CACCIA,  Guglielmo,  surnamed,  from 
his  place  of  residence,  II  Moncalvo,  an 
excellent  painter.  He  executed  some 
fine  altar-pieces,  but  his  fame  chiefly 
rests  upon  his  small  Madonnas,  which 
are  highly  valued.     D.  1625. 

CACCINI,  Giulio,  an  Italian  musician 
and  composer.  In  conjunction  with 
Peri,  he  composed  the  opera  of  "Eury- 
iice,"  on  the  occasion  of  the  marriage 
of  Henri  Quatre  and  Mary  de  Medici ; 
and  it  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  opera 
performed  in  public.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  a  work  entitled  "Nuovo  Mu- 
Biche."  IX  1615. — Francesca,  daughter 
of  the  above,  much  celebrated  at  Flo- 
rence in  the  17th  century,  as  a  poetess 
and  composer  of  music. 

CADAMOSTO,  Louis,  a  Venetian 
navigator,  patronized  and  employed  by 
the  kin:.'  of  Portugal.  He  discovered 
the  Cape  Verd  Islands.  An  account  of 
his  voyages  and  discoveries  was  pub- 
lished after  his  death,  which  took  place 
in  1464. 

CADE,  Jack,  a  noted  rebel,  a  native 
of  Ireland,  who,  during  the  feeble  gov- 
ernment of  Henry  VI.,  put  himself  at 
the  head  of  20,000  men,  collected  from 
the  populace  in  Kent,  and  marched  into 
London,  where  he  boldly  proposed  the 
rectifying  of  various  abuses  in  the  state. 
Elatei  with  his  popularity  and  success, 
he  next  assumed  the  title  of  Lord  Mor- 
timer, declaring  himself  the  rightful  heir 
to  the  throne,  as  a  descendant  of  Ed- 
ward III. ;  but  this  extravagance  in- 
duced the  citizens  to  resist  him,  and  the 
insurgents  were  compelled  to  submit  to 
the  royal  authority.  All  who  returned 
to  their  homes  were  pardoned ;  but 
Cade,  who  was  excepted  from  the  gen- 
eral amnesty,  and  for  whose  body  1000 
marks  were  offered  by  the  government, 
wandered  about  the  woods  of  Kent  and 
Sussex  for  a  time,  till  at  length  he  was 
discovered,  and  killed  in  a  garden  at 
Holkfield,  Sussex,  by  a  gentleman  of 
Kent,  named  Alexander  Eden. 

CADET  DE  VAUX,  Anthony  Alexis, 
a  French  author,  editor,  and  member  of 


various  learned  societies.  He  estitblish- 
ed  the  "  Journal  de  Paris,"  and  wrote 
several  works  connected  with  agricul- 
ture. B.  1743;  d.  1828—  De  Uassi- 
court,  Charles  Louis,  brother  of  the 
preceding;  author  of  the  "Dictionary 
of  Chemistry,"  in  4  vols. ;  various 
Travels  ;  "  Letters  on  London  and  the 
English  Nation,"  &c.  B.  1769  ;  d.  1821. 
CADMUS,  the  founder  of  Thebes. 
His  history,  like  that  of  many  other  per- 
sonages of  high  antiquity,  is  much 
mingled  with  table.  It  seems  certain, 
however,  that  he  was  born  in  Phoenicia 
or  Egypt,  and  that  Greece  owed  to  him 
the  sixteen  letters  of  which  its  alphabet 
originally  consisted.  He  flourished  in 
the"  16th  century  b.c. — A  Milesian,  the 
first  Greek  author  who  wrote  a  prose 
history.  Dionysius,  of  Halicarnassus, 
ascribes  to  this  writer  "  The  Antiquities 
of  Miletus  and  all  Ionia,"  but  no  portion 
of  the  work  is  now  extant. 

CADOG,  son  of  Bryehan.  a  saint,  and 
founder  of  some  churches  in  Wales  in 
the  5th  century. — The  Wise,  a  Welsh 
bard  of  the  6th  century.  He  was  the 
first  who  made  a  complete  collection  of 
British  proverbs. 

CADOGAN,  William,  first  earl  of 
Cadogan,  entered  the  army  early  in  life  ; 
and,  after  he  had  attained  the  rank  or 
brigadier-general,  distinguished  himself 
at  the  battle  of  Blenheim.  He  was  pres- 
ent with  the  duke  of  Marlborough  in  all 
his  great  victories  ;  and,  at  his  death, 
succeeded  him  as  commander-in-chief 
and  master  of  the  ordnance.  D.  1727. — ■ 
William,  a  skilful  English  physician; 
author  of  a  treatise  on  the  gout,  in  which 
he  wisely  insists  upon  abstinence  as  the 
best  preventive  and  cure;  an  "Essay 
on  Nursing,"  &c.     D.  1797. 

CADOUDAL,  Georges,  a  famous 
Chouan  chief.  After  the  ill  success  of 
his  efforts  for  the  restoration  of  the 
Bourbons,  he  came  to  terms  with  Gen- 
eral Brunc,  in  1800,  dispersed  his  troops, 
and  proceeded  to  London.  While  thero 
he  was  accused  by  the  French  govern- 
ment of  planning  the  infernal  machine, 
Georges  having  avowed  a  personal  hos- 
tility to  the  first  consul.  He  afterwards, 
ou  receiving  the  cordon  rouge  from 
Charles  X.,  and  a  lieutenant-general's 
commission,  embarked  with  Pichegru 
in  a  secret  expedition,  and  landed  at 
Falaise.  It  has  been  said  that  the  ob- 
ject was  to  assassinate  Bonaparte,  as  well 
as  to  excite  a  counter-revolution;  and 
Pitt  was  accused  of  sanctioning  the  en- 
terprise, by  a  letter  to  Lord  Hutchinson, 
which  is  denied.     He  was  traced  by  the 


ce] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


237 


Parisian  police,  and  put  under  arrest, 
while  descending  from  a  cabriolet,  du- 
ring which  he  wounded  two  of  the  offi- 
cers ;  and,  after  a  summary  judicia' 
process,  was  executed  on  the  6th  of 
June,  1804.  The  two  brothers  Polignae 
were  also  involved  in  the  same  process, 
and  condemned  to  death,  but  escaped 
through  the  humane  exertions  of  Murat. 

CADWALADYR,  Casail,  a  Welsh 
poet  of  the  16th  century:  some  of  whose 
works  still  remain  in  MS.,  and  indicate 
much  ability. 

CADWALLADEE,  Thomas,  a  phy- 
sician of  Philadelphia.  He  completed 
his  medical  education  in  Europe.  From 
17"ii  to  his  death  he  was  one  of  the  phy- 
sicians of  the  Pennsylvania  hospital. 
His  dissections  for  Dr.  Shippen  were 
among  the  earliest  made  in  this  country. 
He  published  an  essay  on  the  Iliac  pas- 
sion, entitled,  •'  An  Essay  on  the  West 
India  D\v  Gripes,"  1745*  in  which  he 
recommended  the  use  of  opiates  and 
mild  cathartics,  instead  of  quicksilver, 
then  employed.  This  was  one  of  the 
earliest  American  medical  treatises.  D. 
177y. — John,  was  appointed  by  the 
American  congress  a  brigadier-general 
in  the  army,  in  February.  1777.  11.'  was 
a  man  of  inflexible  patriotism  and  un- 
doubted bravery.  He  fought  a  duel 
with  General  Conway,  in  consequence 
of  the  intrigue  in  which  Conway  was 
engaged  for  placing  Gates  at  the  head 
of  the  army.  After  the  war  he  was  a 
member  of  the  assemblv  of  Marvlaud. 
D.  1786. 

C^EDMON,  a  Saxon  ecclesiastic,  sup- 
posed to  have  flourished  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury. A  fragment  of  a  hymn,  by  this 
author,  is  preserved  in  King  Alired*s 
translation  of  Bode;  and  is  the  oldest 
specimen  extant  of  Saxon  poetrv. 

C^ESALriXUS,  Andrew,  ah  Italian 
physician  and  natural  philosopher.  This 
enlightened  man  in  some  degree  antici- 
pated the  grand  discoveries"  of  Harvey 
and  Linna?us  ;  his  "  Quajstiones  Peri- 
patetiese,"  containing  some  hints  on  the 
circulation  of  the  blood,  and  his  treatise 
"De  Plantis,"  giving  the  first  example 
of  a  system  of  botanical  arrangement, 
based  on  similarity  of  structure.  1). 
1603. 

CAESAR,  Caics  Julius,  the  first  Ro- 
man emperor,  and  one  of  the  greatest 
men  that  Rome  produced.  At  the  early 
age  of  16  he  lost  his  father,  who  was  a 
pra?tor-  and  very  shortly  after  that 
event,  he  married  Cornelia,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Cornelius  Ciuna,  the  friend  of 
Marius.     This    connection    gave    great 


offence  to  the  pen  eif ul  Sylla  who,  hav- 
ing vainly  endeavored  to  brine  about  a 
divorce,  caused  Cajsar  to  be  proscribed. 
Caesar,  however,  escaped  the  search  that 
was  made  after  him,  and  Sylla  was  at 
length  induced  to  exempt  him  from 
prosecution,  though  he  did  so  very  un- 
willingly, telling  those  who  interceded 
with  him  that  they  would  repent  their 
kindness,  as  he  could  see  in  Caesar  the 
germ  of  many  Mariuses.  Having  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  an  orator  in  the 
impeachment  of  Cornelius  Dolabella,  he 
speedily  grew  a  public  favorite,  and 
became,  successively  military  tribune, 
quaestor,  and  a'dilc.  The  profusion  with 
which  he,  lavished  his  liberality  while 
in  these  offices,  involved  him  very  deep- 
ly in  debt ;  but  having  obtained  the 
government  of  Spain,  he  contrived  to 
amass  money  sufficient  for  their  dis- 
charge, though  they  are  said  to  have 
exceeded  a  million  and  a  half  sterling,  a 
fact  which,  as  he  held  the  government 
only  a  year,  says  but  little  for  his  scru- 
pulousness as  to  the  means  he  used  for 
self-aggrandizement.  Having  united  with 
Pompey  and  Crassus  in  the  memorable 
coalition,  called  "the  first  triumvirate,'' 
he  became  consul,  and  then  obtained 
the  government  of  Gaul,  with  the  com- 
mand of  four  legions.  And  now  it  was 
that  his  genius  had  ample  scope.  His 
military  career  was  rapid  and  brilliant. 
Belgians,  Helvetians,  and  Nervians  suc- 
cumbed to  him;  the  German  tribes 
were  repulsed,  and  Gaul  was  wholly 
i  subjected  to  the  Roman  power.  These 
transactions,  and  his  invasion  of  Britain, 
are  beautifully  and  grapnically  related 
in  his  "Commentaries."  His  successes 
had  the  effect  of  exciting  the  jealousy  of 
Pompey,  who  had  influence  enough  in 
the  senate  to  cause  Csesar  to  be  recalled 
from  the  government  of  Gaul.  He  re- 
fused to  obey  this  order,  and  marched 
with  his  army  into  Italy,  Pompey  re- 
tiring into  Greece.  Having  seized  the 
public  treasury,  and  commissioned  Mark 
Antony  to  watch  over  his  interests  in 
Rome,  he  proceeded  to  Spain,  where  a 
large  army  remained  in  Pompey's  in- 
terest, which  he  defeated,  and  on  his 
return  to  Rome  was  declared  dictator. 
He  then  followed  Pompey  into  Greece, 
and  defeated  him  in  the  memorable 
battle  of  Pharsalia,  from  which  Pompey 
escaped  only  to  be  assassinated  in 
Egypt.  Having  crushed  every  attempt 
at  resistance  on  the  part  of  the  sons  and 
friends  of  Pompey,  and  having  been 
honored  with  four  several  triumphs,  he 
was  declared  perpetual  dictator  ;  a  title 


238 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cAL 


which  some  of  his  friends  wished  to 
alter  to  that  of  king.  And  as  the  great 
body  of  the  Eoinan  people,  dazzled  by 
his  military  genius,  and  gratified  by  the 
liberality  of  his  largesses,  were  insen- 
sible of,  or  indifferent  to,  his  thirst  for 
domination,  it  is  more  than  probable  that 
he  would  have  become  an  absolute  king, 
but  that  Brutus  and  other  republicans 
penetrated  his  designs,  and  resolved  to 
make  his  life  a  sacrifice  to  the  freedom 
of  his  country.  Notwithstanding  dark 
hints  had  been  given  to  him  of  his  dan- 
ger, he  attended  a  meeting  of  the  senate 
without  taking  any  measures  for  the 
safety  of  his  person,  and  fell  beneath 
the  daggers  of  the  conspirators  on  the 
ides  of  March,  in  the  year  43  b.  c,  and 
in  the  56th  year  of  his  age. — Sir  Julius, 
an  eminent  English  civilian,  who  filled 
various  important  offices  in  the  reigns 
of  Q,ueen  Elizabeth  and  Kings  James  I. 
and  Charles  I.  His  last  office  was  that 
of  master  of  the  rolls,  which  he  held 
above  twenty  years.     B.  1557  ;  d.  16  36. 

CAFF  A,  Melchior,  an  able  sculptor, 
many  of  whose  works  adorned  the 
churches  of  Rome.     D.  16S7. 

CAFFAKELLI,  a  republican  French 
general,  b.  1756.  He  protested  against 
the  despotism  of  Louis  XVI.,  and  served 
with  great  distinction  under  Klebcr  and 
Moreau  on  the  Rhine,  where  he  lost  a 
leg,  and  under  Bonaparte  in  Egypt.  He 
was  killed  at  St.  Jean  d'Acre,  in  1799, 
by  a  cannon-ball ;  and  his  tomb  still  re- 
mains, without  the  walls.  —  Gaetano 
Majorano,  a  celebrated  Italian  singer. 
He  studied  under  Porpira,  who  made 
him  practise  the  elements  of  singing 
from  a  single  sheet  of  music  paper  for 
five  years.  Be  was  so  well  rewarded 
for  his  talent,  that  he  purchased  the 
dukedom  of  Santo  Dorato.     D.  1733. 

CAFF1AUX,  Joseph,  a  Benedictine 
of  the  congregation  of  St.  Maur,  author 
of  the  "  Genealogical  Treasury,"  an 
"  Essay  towards  a  History  of  Music," 
&c.     i>.  1777. 

CAGLIARI,  Paul,  see  Paul  Vero- 
nese. 

CAGLIOSTRO,  Alexander,  Count, 
the  assumed  title  of  an  impostor,  whose 
real  name  was  Joseph  Balsamo.  He  was 
D.  at  Palermo;  and  having  lost  his  fa- 
ther at  an  early  age,  he  was  placed 
under  the  protection  of  the  friars  of 
mercy,  whose  order  he  entered  as  a 
novice.  Here  he  acquired  the  elements 
of  chemistry  and  physic ;  but  he  speed- 
ily made  his  escape,  and  committed  so 
many  frauds  in  Palermo,  that  he  was 
obliged  to  abscond.     After  visiting  va- 


rious parts,  he  at  length  reached  Naples, 
where  he  married  a  woman  of  as  aban- 
doned a  disposition  as  himself,  with 
whom  he  travelled  to  Spain,  Portugal, 
and  England,  pretending  to  supernatu- 
ral powers,  and  wringing  considerable 
sums  from  those  who  became  his  dupes. 
In  England  this  exemplary  couple  estab- 
lished an  order  of  what  they  called 
Egyptian  Masonry,  and  as  their  dupes 
were  of  the  higher  order,  they  easily 
obtained  from  them  the  loan  of  valuable 
jewels,  on  pretext  of  some  intended 
ceremonials.  With  these  they  went  off 
to  Paris,  and  lived  there  in  the  utmost 
extravagance.  The  count,  however,  was 
thrown  into  the  Bastile,  on  a  charge  of 
being  concerned  in  the  fraud  of  the 
celebrated  diamond  necklace  of  Marie 
Antoinette;  and  when  he  obtained  his 
liberty,  he  judged  it  high  time  to  quit 
France.  He  then  went  to  Italy,  where 
his  wife  divulged  some  of  his  crimes  to 
the  Inquisition,  and  he  was  confined  in 
the  'lungcons  of  the  castle  of  St.  Angclo. 
D.  ;:'J4. 

CAIETAU,  the  assumed  name,  taken 
from  that  of  his  birthplace,  of  Thomas 
de  Vio,  a  Neapolitan  monk,  and  sub- 
sequently general  of  his  order,  author 
of  a  work  on  the  "Power  of  the  Pope," 
which  procured  him  the  archbishoprip 
of  Palermo,  and  a  cardinalate ;  "Com- 
mentaries on  Aristotle  and  Aquinas," 
&e.     I).  1584. 

CAILLE,  Nicholas  Louis  de  la,  an 
eminent  French  mathematician  and  as- 
tronomer, author  of  "Elements  of  As- 
tronomy," and  of  numerous  other  valu- 
able works  of  science.  B.  1713;  d.  1762. 

CAIUS,  otherwise  GAIUS,  an  emi- 
nent Roman  lawyer,  author  of  a  valuable 
body  of  legal  institutes.  He  died  about 
the  beginning  of  the  3d  century. 

CALAMY,  Edmund,  a  Presbyterian 
divine.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge, 
and  obtained  a  living;  but  he  resigned 
it,  and  joined  the  nonconformists,  rather 
than  comply  with  the  order  for  reading 
the  "  Book  of  Sports."  Be  entered 
warmly  into  the  religious  disputes  of 
the  time,  and  was  one  of  the  writers  of 
the  treatise  against  episcopacy,  entitled, 
from  the  initials  of  its  authors,  "Sinec- 
tymnuus."  Though  he  preached  before 
the  house  of  commons,  and  was  one  of 
the  assembly  of  divines  at  Westminster, 
he  opposed  both  the  execution  of  Charles 
I.  and  the  subsequent  domination  of 
Cromwell.  At  the  death  of  the  latter 
he  actively  aided  in  the  restoration,  and 
became  chaplain  to  Charles  II.  The  act 
of  uniformity  caused  him  again  to  se- 


calJ 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


239 


2edc,  and  1  c  d.  in  retirement  in  1656. — 
Edmund,  grandson  of  the  above,  and  a 
dissenting  minister  of  great  note.  He 
Was  a  very  voluminous  writer.  Besides 
numerous  sermons,  and  controversial 
tracts  against  Ecliard,  Hoadley,  and 
others,  he  published  an  abridgment  of 
"  Baxter's  History  of  his  Liie  and 
Times,"  with  numerous  supplementary 
articles.     D.  1732. 

CALANUS,  an  Indian  philosopher, 
much  esteemed  by  Alexander  the  Great. 
At  the  age  of  83,  being  afflicted  with  a 
painful  illness,  he  caused  a  funeral  pile 
to  be  erected,  which  he  ascended  with  a 
composed  countenance,  and  expired  in 
the  flames,  saving,  that  having  lost  his 
health,  and  seen  Alexander,  life  had  no 
more  charms  for  him. 

GALAS,  John,  a  merchant  of  Tou- 
louse, memorable  as  the  victim  of  judi- 
cial murder.  His  eldest  son  committed 
puichle:  and  as  he  was  known  to  be 
attached  to  the  Roman  Catholic  faith,  a 
rabble  cry  arose  that  he  had  on  that  ac- 
count been  murdered  by  his  father.  It 
was  in  vain  that  the  unhappy  parent 
pointed  out  the  fact  that  he  had  a  Ro- 
man Catholic  servant  wiio  was  unin- 
jured. He  was  condemned  literally 
without  the  shadow  of  a  proof  of  his 
guilt,  and  put  to  death  by  being  broken 
on  the  wheel.  Voltaire  and  other*  sub- 
sequently caused  the  process  to  be  re- 
vised, and  the  unhappy  widow  procured 
a  pension.  The  unjust  and  ignominious 
death  of  Galas  took  place  in  1702. 

GALCAGNINI,  Ccelio,  an  Italian 
military  officer,  who  bore  arms  under 
the  Emperor  Maximilian,  and  Pope 
Julius  II.,  and  was  distinguished  equally 
as  a  soldier' and  a  negotiator.  Quitting 
the  profession  of  arms,  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  belles  lettres  in  the  university 
of  Ferrara.  His  Latin  poetry  was  much 
esteemed,  but  as  a  prose  writer  he  is 
more  valuable  for  his  matter  than  for 
hw  style.     D.  1541. 

CALDARA,  Polidoro,  b.  at  Caravag- 
gio,  1495,  went  to  Rome  in  his  youth, 
carried  bricks,  at  first,  for  the  masons 
who  worked  in  the  Vatican,  and  felt  a 
great  desire  to  become  a  painter,  from 
seeing  several  painters  who  were  occu- 
pied in  the  Vatican.  Raphael  employed 
him  in  the  galleries  of  that  palace,  where 
he  painted,  under  his  direction,  several 
excellent  friezes.  At  Messina,  lie  exe- 
cuted an  oil  painting  which  represents 
Christ  bearing  the  cross,  contains  a 
number  of  beautiful  figures,  and  proves 
his  ability  to  treat  the  most  elevated 
subjects.      He    has  approached,   more 


than  any  one,  to  the  style  and  the  man- 
ner of  the  ancients,  particularly  in  imi- 
tating their  basso-relievos.  His  figures 
are  correct,  well-distributed  and  ar- 
ranged ;  the  positions  are  natural,  the 
heads  full  of  expression  and  character. 
It  is  evident  that  he  would  have  acquir- 
ed great  celebrity  if  he  had  undertaken 
greater  works.  He  applied  himself 
to  the  chia ro-oscu ro,  particularly  to  that 
kind  of  it  which  is  called  syrajHato, 
but  showed,  also  much  talent  in  his 
landscapes.  At  the  sack  of  Rome,  in 
1527,  he  fled  to  Naples,  and  on  his  re- 
turn from  that  place  to  Rome,  in  1543, 
was  murdered  by  a  domestic. — A  cele- 
brated composer  of  the  18th  century, 
b.  at  Venice,  1714,  and  d.  1763.  His 
church  compositions  are  still  in  repute. 

CALDAS,  Francis  Joseph,  a  distin- 
guished Spanish  naturalist.  He  was 
employed  by  the  congress  of  New  Gra- 
nada to  complete  the  Flora  of  Bogota, 
when  the  disturbed  state  of  public  affairs 
interrupted  the  work  ;  and  this  unfortu- 
nate gentleman  and  his  colleague,  Don 
Lozano,  having  sided  with  the  patriot 
party,  were  put  to  death  by  the  Spanish 
general  Murillo,  in  1816. 

CALDERGN.  Don  Pedro  Calderon 
de  la  Barca  IIenao  y  Riano,  descended 
from  an  ancient  family,  was  b.  at  Madrid, 
Jan.  1,  1501,  received  his  early  educa- 
tion in  the  Jesuit's  college  of  his  native 
city,  and  studied  at  Salamanca,  where 
he  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  history, 
philosophy,  and  jurisprudence.  His 
poetical  genius  early  discovered  itself, 
having  even  before  his  14th  vear  written 
his  first  play,  "  El  Carro  del  Ciclo."  His 
talent  for  this  species  of  poetry,  which 
has  brought  his  name  down  to  posterity, 
and,  perhaps,  his  powers  of  invention 
in  the  preparation  of  entertainments  or 
festivals,  soon  gained  him  friends  and  pa- 
trons. W  hen  he  left  Salamanca,  in  1 625, 
to  seek  employment  at  the  court  of  Ma- 
drid, many  noblemen  interested  them- 
selves in  bringing  forward  the  young 
poet.  But,  having  an  inclination  for  the 
military  profession,  he  entered  the  ser- 
vice in  1625,  and  bore  arms  with  distinc- 
tion for  10  years  in  Milan  and  the  Nether- 
lands. In  1636  he  was  recalled  by  Philip 
IV.,  who  gave  him  the  direction  of  the 
court  entertainments,  and,  in  particular, 
the  preparation  of  plays  for  the  court  the- 
atre. The  next  year  he  was  made  knight 
of  the  order  of  San  Jago,  and  served  in 
the  campaign  in.  Catalonia.  The  unex- 
pected termination  of  the  war  restored 
him  again  to  his  peaceful  occupation. 
The  king  now  conferred  on  him  a  month- 


240 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CAL 


ly  pension  of  thirty  escudos  d'  oro;  but 
he  still  employed  his  talents  with  unin- 
termitted  industry  in  composing  for  the 
theatre  and  the  church.  The  king 
pared  no  cost  in  the  representation  of 
his  theatrical  pieces.  Ten  years  after, 
in  1651,  he  procured  permission  from  the 
order  of  S.m  Jago  to  enter  the  clerical 
profession,  and,  in  1653,  obtained  a 
chaplain's  office  in  the  archiepiscopal 
church  at  Toledo,  without  quitting,  how- 
ever, his  former  occupation.  But,  as 
this  situation  removed  him  too  far  from 
court,  he  received,  in  1663,  another  at 
the  king's  court-chapel, (being  still  allow- 
e  1  to  hold  the  former,)  and,  at  the  same 
tiine,  a  pension  was  assigned  him  from 
t  ic  Sicilian  revenue.  His  fame  greatly 
increased  his  income,  as  he  was  solicited 
by  the  principal  cities  of  Spain  to  com- 

f)ose  their autos  sacramentales,  for  which 
ie  was  liberally  paid.  He  bestowed  par- 
ticular pains  on  the  composition  of  these 
pioees,  and,  in  fact,  eclipsed  all  that  the 
Spanish  literature,  so  rich  in  this  depart- 
ment of  fancy,  had  hitherto  produced. 
Religion  is  the  ruling  idea,  the  central 

Eoint,  of  his  poems.  Whatever  subject 
e  handles,  he  exhibits  true  poetical 
genius.  Even  allowing  that  he  is  infe- 
rior in  richness  of  invention  to  Lope  de 
Vega,  he  certainly  excels  him  in  fineness 
of  execution,  elevation  of  feeling,  and 
aptness  of  expression.  The  Spanish  na- 
tion esteem  Calderon  among  the  greatest 
poetical  geniuses,  and  many  faults  in  his 
writings  are  certainly  to  be  attributed  to 
the  age  and  cirenmstances  of  the  author. 
Among  his  dramatic  works  are  many 
pieces  of  intrigues,  full  of  complicated 
plots,  and  rich  in  stirring  incidents. 
There  are,  besides,  heroic  comedies  and 
historical  plays,  some  of  which  merit 
the  name  of  tragedies.  To  this  class 
belongs  the  "  Constant  Prince,"  which 
deserves  an  honorable  place  among  ro- 
mantic tragedies  of  the  first  rank.  Be- 
sides these,  he  has  left  95  autos  sacra- 
mentales, 200  loas,  (preludes,)  and  100 
saynetes,  (farces.)  He  wrote  his  last  play 
in  the  Slst  year  of  his  age.  The  smaller 
poems  of  Calderon,  his  songs,  sonnets, 
ballads,  &c,  notwithstanding  the  ap- 
plause which  they  received  from  his  co- 
temporaries,  are  now  forgotten  :  but  his 
plays  have  maintained  their  place  on 
the  stage  even  more  than  those  of  Lope 
de  Vega.  The  number  of  his  collected 
plays  amounts  to  128.  He  wrote,  how- 
ever, many  more,  some  of  which  were 
never  published.     D.  May  25th,  1687. 

C  ALDER  WOOD,    David,    a    Scotch 
Presbyterian   divine    of   the    reign    of 


Charles  II.  His  opposition  to  episcopa- 
cy caused  him  to  be  banished,  and  he 
went  to  reside  in  Holland,  where  he 
published  his  celebrated  "Altaire  De- 
mascenum."  He  subsequently  returned 
to  Scotland,  and  by  his  writings  and 
personal  exertions  greatly  aided  in  the 
establishment  of  Presbyterianism.  D. 
1651. 

CALENIUS,  Walter,  a  native  of 
Wales  and  one  of  its  historians.  He 
was  archdeacon  of  Oxford  in  1120. 

CALENTIUS,  Elisius,  a  Neapolitan 
poet  and  prose  author.  He  was  precep- 
tor to  Frederic,  the  son  of  Ferdinand, 
king  of  Naples,  and  the  earliest  writer 
on  the  illegality  of  putting  criminals  to 
death  except  for  murder.  "D.  1503. 

CALEP1NO,  Ambrose,  an  Italian 
grammarian  and  philologist :  author  of  a 
very  valuable  "Polyglot Dictionary," and 
other  learned  and  useful  works.  D.  1510. 

CALETTI,  Giuseppe,  surnamed  It 
Cremonese,  an  admirable  Italian  painter. 
His  principal  picture  is  that  of  St.  Mark, 
in  the  church  San  Benedetto,  at  Fcrrara. 
In  some  of  his  works  he  so  closely 
imitated  Titian,  that  connoisseurs  can 
scarcely  distinguish  them.     D.  1660. 

CALHOUN,  John  Caldwell,  one  of 
the  most  eminent  of  American  states- 
men, was  of  Irish  descent,  but  b.  in 
Abbeville  district,  S.  C,  on  the  18th 
March,  1782.  The  family  originally  re- 
sided in  Pennsylvania,  but  removed 
thence  to  Virginia,  anil  afterwards  to 
South  Carolina.  In  1802  he  was  sent 
to  Yale  college,  studied  law  in  Litch- 
field, Conn.,  and  in  I807  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  of  his  native  state.  He  was 
elected  to  the  legislature  the  next  year, 
and  in  1S11  was  chosen  to  congress, 
where  he  soon  greatly  distinguished 
himsel  f  by  his  logical  power  as  a  debater, 
and  where  he  remained  till  1817,  when 
he  was  made  secretary  of  war,  under 
President  Monroe.  In  1825  he  was 
elected  vice-president  of  the  United 
States,  and  in  1831,  a  senator.  In  1843 
he  was  made  secretary  of  state,  and 
again  became  senator  in  1845.  Thus 
from  the  year  1821  till  his  death,  March 
31st,  1850,  he  was  rarely  absent  from 
Washington.  In  all  the  political  ques- 
tions which  arose  during  that  time  he 
took  an  active  and  prominent  part,  gen- 
erally on  the  side  of  extreme  state  rights. 
His  speeches  were  full  of  thought  and 
knowledge,  terse,  bold,  and  manly,  and 
his  character  was  one  of  the  greatest 
integrity  and  elevation.  He  left  behind 
him  several  works  on  political  subjects, 
which  are  soon  to  be  published. 


cal] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


241 


CALIGULA,  Caius  Cesar  Augustus 
Germanicus,  tbi  Roman  emperor  and 
tyrant,  began  bis  reign  a.  d.  37,  with 
every  promising  appearance  of  becom- 
ing "the  real  father  and  friend  of  his 
people  ;  but  at  the  end  of  eight  months 
he  was  seized  with  a  fever,  which,  it  is 
charitably  presumed,  must  have  perma- 
nently deranged  his  intellect,  for  his  dis- 
position totally  changed,  and  he  com- 
mitted the  most  atrocious  acts  of  impiety, 
cruelty,  and  folly.  He  caused  sacrifices 
to  be  offered  to  himself,  his  wife,  and 
his  favorite  horse;  murdered  many  of 
his  subjects  with  his  own  hands  :  had 
others  put  to  the  rack  while  he  was 
enjoying  his  meals,  or  beheaded  in  his 
presence.  But  in  the  midst  of  his  enor- 
mities he  was  assassinated  by  a  tribune 
of  the  people,  as  he  came  out  of  the 
theatre,  a.  d.  41,  in  the  29th  year  of  his 
age. 

CALIPPCS,  a  Greek  mathematician 
of  the  4th  century  b.  c,  famous  for  hav- 
ing corrected  the  cycle  of  19  years, 
invented  by  Meton,  to  show  the  corre- 
spondence of  time  in  the  revolutions  of 
the  sun  and  moon. 

CALLCOTT,  John-  Wall,  doctor  of 
music,  an  eminent  English  composer. 
The  Nobleman's  Catch-club  having  pro- 
posed a  prize,  he  sent  in  a  hundred 
compositions.  It  was  then  ruled  that 
no  individual  should  send  more  than 
three  compositions  of  a  sort;  and  Call- 
cott  accordingly,  in  1789,  sent  twelve, 
four  of  which  gained  the  four  medals. 
For  many  years  he  carried  oil'  at  least 
one  annual  prize,  until  1793,  when  the 

Erizes  ceased  to  be  given.  He  wrote, 
esides  glees,  catches,  and  other  com- 
positions, a  "Musical  Grammar,"  and 
made  some  progress  with  a  "  Musical 
Dictionary."  B.  1766;  d.  1821.— Au- 
gustus Wall,  brother  of  the  above,  an 
eminent  English  landscape  painter,  b. 
at  Kensington,  1779.  Originally  a  chor- 
ister in  Westminster  abbey,  he  was 
induced  to  try  his  hand  at  portrait  paint- 
ing :  and  such  was  his  success,  that  he 
immediately  followed  the  new  pursuit 
to  which  his  inclination  pointed.  Year 
after  year  his  reputation  increased  ;  and 
from  1799,  when  he  first  submitted  a 
specimen  of  his  abilities  for  exhibition 
at  the  Royal  Academy,  till  1810,  when  he 
was  elected  a  royal  academician,  he  had 
advanced  almost  to  the  summit  of  his 
profession.  For  many  years  his  pictures 
of  sea-coast  views  and  English  inland 
scenery  were  in  considerable  request ; 
nor  were  they  ever  deficient  in  number, 
his  industry  being  on  a  par  with  his 
21 


ability.  On  his  marriage  with  the  widow 
of  Captain  Graham,  they  made  a  conti- 
nental tour,  and  it  was  evident  soon 
after  his  return  that  his  study  of  Italian 
scenery  and  the  Italian  masters  had 
wrought  an  entire  change  in  his  style 
of  composition.  No  longer  did  we  see 
rural  scenes  of  England — mills,  market- 
carts,  or  ferry-boats;  but  "Morning" 
and  "Evening,"  Italian  compositions; 
"  Sunset  near  Canneglia,"  "  Italian  Girls 
at  their  First  Communion,"  and  others 
of  that  class.  Though  for  a  time,  how- 
ever, he  had  abandoned,  he  had  not 
forgotten  the  studies  of  his  earlier  years ; 
and  in  1So7  the  public  were  both  sur- 
prised and  delighted  with  a  large  picture 
of  "  Raffaelle  and  the  Fornarina,"  with 
figures  the  size  of  life.  In  that  year  he 
received  the  honor  of  knighthood.  D. 
1844,  aged  65. — Maria.  Lady,  daughter 
of  Rear-admiral  George  Dundas,  b.  1779. 
was  married  at  a  very  early  age  to  Cap- 
tain Graham.  R.  N.  :  she  accompanied 
him  to  India,  returned  to  England,  and 
published  her  travels  in  the  three  presi- 
dencies before  she  was  24  years  of  age. 
Some  years  later  she  accompanied  her 
husband  to  South  America,  where  he 
died,  and  she  was  in  Chili  during  the 
terrible  earthquakes  of  1822-3.  Besides 
the  "Travels"  above  named,  she  pub- 
lished a  "History  of  Spain,"  a  "Scrip- 
ture Herbal,"  and  several  minor  works. 
Her  second  husband  was  Sir  Augustus 
Callcott,  the  artist.     D.  1842. 

CALLET.  John  Francis,  a  celebrated 
French  mathematician,  hydrographer, 
and  engineer;  author  of  a  "  Memoir  on 
the  Discovery  of  the  Longitude,"  a 
"  Supplement  to  Bezout's  Trigonome- 
trv,"  and  a  "Table  of  Logarithms,  from 
1  to  108,ono."     D.  1798. 

CALLIMACHUS,  a  sculptor  and  ar- 
chitect of  Corinth.  He  is  said  to  have 
invented  the  Corinthian  order  of  archi- 
tecture, and  to  have  taken  the  hint  of 
its  capital  from  a  plant  of  the  acanthus 
which  surrounded  a  basket  covered  with 
a  tile  on  a  tomb.  He  flourished  in  the 
6th  century  b.  e.— A  Greek  poet  and 
historian.  The  remains  of  his  writings, 
consisting  of  elegies,  hymns,  and  epi- 
grams, have  been  published  by  several 
eminent  editors,  and  translated  into  En- 
glish by  Dodd  and  Tytler. 

CALLING'S,  a  Grecian  orator  and 
poet,  supposed  to  have  lived  in  the  8th 
century  v.  c.  Some  of  his  poetry  is  in 
the  collection  of  Stobtens,  and  he  i3 
said  to  have  been  the  inventor  of  elegiac 
verse. 

CALLISTIIENES,  a  Greek  pluloBO- 


242 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CAL 


pher  and  poet,  a  relative  and  pnpil  of 
Aristotle,  by  whom  he  was  recommend- 
ed to  Alexander  the  Great.  He  accom- 
panied that  prince  in  the  expedition 
against  Persia,  and  was  at  first  much 
esteemed  by  him.  It  seems,  however, 
Unit  the  philosopher  had  no  small  por- 
tion of  arrogance,  a  quality  not  likely  to 
serve  him  witli  a  despotic  and  irritable 
prince.  He  crowned  the  offences  of  his 
free  speaking  by  boldly  reprobating 
Alexander's  assumption  of  divine  hon- 
ors.    For  this  he  was  put  to  death. 

CALLOT,  James,  an  eminent  French 
engraver.  His  plates  are  very  numerous 
and  highly  esteemed,  and  his  drawings 
scarcely  less  so.     D.  1636. 

CALLY,  Pierre,  a  French  divine  and 
philosopher.  He  was  a  stanch  Cartesian, 
and  was  much  engaged  in  philosophi- 
cal controversies.  He  also  distinguish 
ed  himself  in  converting  Protestants 
to  the.  church  of  Rome.  In  addition 
to  his  controversial  works,  he  wrote 
some  sermons,  and  an  "  Introduction  to 
Philosophy,"  and  edited  "BoC-tlnus  de 
Consolatio'ue."     D.  1709. 

CALMET,  Augustin,  a  French  Bene- 
dictine abbot  of  S.'nones  ;  author  of  a 
"Universal  History,"  "Dictionary  of 
the  Bible,"  and  other  learned  and  well- 
hnown  works.     B.  1072  ;  d.  17">7. 

CALONNE,  Charles  Alexander  de, 
an  eminent  French  statesman,  who  suc- 
ceeded Necker  as  comptroller-general 
of  the  finances  in  1783;  but  after  four 
years  of  incessant  endeavors  at  financial 
reform,  was  obliged  to  retire  to  En- 
gland. He  wrote  "  Observations  sur 
plusienrs  Matieres  du  Droit  Civile  et 
Coutumicr,"  &c.     B.  1734;  d.  1802. 

CALPEENEDE,  Walter  de  Costes, 
lord  of,  a  French  nobleman  and  friend 
of  the  great  Conde,  who  is  said  to  have 
aided  him  in  the  composition  of  "Cas- 
sandra," "  Pharamond,"  &c,  volumi- 
nous romances,  once  very  popular,  but 
now  sunk  into  almost  entire  oblivion. 
D.  1663. 

CALVARE,  Denis,  an  eminent  Dutch 
painter,  who  had  the  honor  of  giving 
the  earliest  instructions  to  Guido,  Alba- 
no,  and  Domenichino.  His  chef-d'cei/vre 
is  the  picture  of  St.  Michael,  in  the 
church  of  St.  Peter,  at  Bologna.   D.  1619* 

CALVERT,  George,  first  Lord  Balti- 
more, an  English  statesman.  He  was 
for  some  time  secretary  of  state  to  James 
I.,  but  was  obliged  to  resign  his  office 
on  becoming  a  Roman  Catholic.  He  did 
not  lose  the  favor  of  the  king,  how- 
ever; but  obtained  a  valuable  grant  of 
land  in  America,  and  by  his  wise  and 


just  conduct  formed  the  cd;>ny  which 
has  in  modern  times  increased  to  the 
populous  and  wealthy  state  of  Maryland. 
D.  16  12. — Frederick,  seventh  Lord  Bal- 
timore; author  of  a  "Tour  to  the  East, 
with  Remarks  on  Constantinople  and 
the  Turks,"  "Ccelestes  et  Inferi,"  &c. 
D.  1771. — Frederick,  an  ingenious  and 
enterprising  artist  residing  in  London, 
whose  numerous  drawings  and  litho- 
graphic prints  afford  ample  evidenco 
both  of  his  versatility  and  untiring  as- 
siduity. D.  1835. — Leonard,  first  gov- 
ernor of  Maryland,  was  the  brother  of 
Ceeilius  Calvert,  the  proprietor,  who 
sent  him  to  America  as  the  head  of  the 
colony,  in  1633.  He  arrived  with  his 
colony  at  Point  Comfort,  in  Virginia, 
1634.  On  the  3d  of  March  he  proceeded 
in  the  bay  of  Chesapeake  to  the  north- 
ward, and  entered  the  Potomac,  np 
which  he  sailed  twelve  leagues,  and 
came  to  an  anchor  under  an  island, 
which  he  named  St.  Clement's.  Here 
he  fired  his  cannon,  erected  a  cross,  and 
took  possession,  "in  the  name  of  the 
Saviour  of  the  world,  and  of  the  king 
of  England."  Having  obtained  an  in- 
terview with  the  Werowance,  or  prince, 
Calvert  asked  him  whether  he  was  will- 
ing that  a  settlement  should  be  made  in 
his  own  country.  He  replied,  "  I  will 
not  bid  you  go,  neither  will  I  bid  you 
stay  ;  but  you  may  use  your  own  discre- 
tion." Having  convinced  the  natives 
that  his  designs  were  honorable  and 
pacific,  the  governor  now  sought  a  more 
suitable  station  for  commencing  his 
colony.  He  visited  a  creek  on  the  north- 
ern side  of  the  Potomac,  about  four 
leagues  from  its  mouth,  where  was  an 
Indian  village.  Here  he  acquainted  the 
prince  of  the  place  with  his  intentions, 
and  by  presents  to  him,  and  his  princi- 
pal men,  conciliated  his  friendship  so 
much  as  to  obtain  permission  to  reside 
in  one  part  of  the  town  until  the  next 
harvest,  when  it  was  stipulated  the  na- 
tives should  entirely  quit  the  place. 
Thus  the  governor  took  peaceable  pos- 
session of  the  country  of  Maryland,  and 
gave  to  the  town  the  name  of  St.  Mary's, 
and  to  the  creek  on  which  it  was  situa- 
ted the  name  of  St.  George.  The  prov- 
ince was  established  on  the  broad  foun- 
dation of  security  of  property  and  of 
freedom  of  religion.  This  libera!  policy 
rendered  a  Roman  Catholic  colony  an 
asylum  for  those  who  were  driven  from 
New  England  by  the  persecutions  which 
were  there  experienced  from  Protest- 
ants. The  governor  superintended  the 
affairs  of  the  country  till  the  civil  war  in 


cam] 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


243 


England,  when  the  name  of  a  papist  be- 
came so  obnoxious  that  the  parliament 
assumed  the  government  of  the  prov- 
ince, and  appointed  a  new  governor. 
On  the  restoration,  Ceeilius  Calvert  re- 
covered his  right.     D.  1676. 

CALVI,  Lazzaro,  an  able  Italian  art- 
ist, but  of  so  jealous  and  evil  a  disposi- 
tion, that  he  poisoned  an  artist  who 
rivalled  him  ;  and,  on  finding  Luca  Cam- 
braso's  portion  of  the  decoration  of  a 
church  preferred  to  his  own,  abandoned 
his  own  profession,  and  did  not  resume 
it  for  20  years.    D.  1606. 

CALVIN,  properly  CAUVIN,  John, 
after  Luther  the  most  eminent  of  the 
religious  reformers.  His  writings,  both 
controversial  and  practical,  were  very 
numerous,  and  marked  by  great  vigor 
and  perspicuity ;  and  though  they  are 
now  little  read,  the  principles  they  in- 
culcate are  held  by  a  vast  body  in  all 
countries  in  which  the  reformed  religion 
is  established  or  tolerated.  There  is, 
however,  a  deep  stain  in  the  character 
of  this  reformer.  While  vindicating  the 
liberty  of  conscience,  he  so  far  forgot 
his  own  principles  and  disobeyed  the 
behests  of  the  gospel,  as  to  consign  to 
the  flames  the  unfortunate  Servetus. 
The  principal  work  of  Calvin  is  his 
"Christian  Institutes."  B.  at  Noyon,  in 
Picardy,  1509;  d.  1564. 

CALVISIUS,  Skllius,  a  German  wri- 
ter; author  of  "Onus  Ckronologicmn," 
a  work  much  praised  by  Scaliger  and 
other  learned  men;  a  treatise  on  music; 
a  work  against  the  Gregorian  calendar, 
&c.  He  also  composed  several  psalms 
and  other  pieces  of  church  music.  D. 
1615. 

CAMBACERES,  Jean  Jacques  Regis, 
duke  of  Rome,  &c,  raised  to  distinction 
by  the  French  revolution,  was  b.  at 
Montpelier,  in  1733,  brought  up  to  the 
legal  profession,  and  by  his  talents  soon 
attracted  the  notice  of  the  convention, 
by  whom  he  was  appointed  to  various 
judicial  offices.  In  the  discussion  rela- 
tive to  the  fate  of  Louis  XVI.,  although 
he  was  one  who  declared  him  guilty,  yet 
he  disputed  the  right  of  the  convention 
to  judge  him,  and  voted  for  his  proviso- 
ry arrest,  or,  in  case  of  hostile  invasion, 
his  death.  For  a  time  he  had  the  man- 
agement of  foreign  affairs ;  and  when 
Bonaparte  was  first  consul,  Cambaceres 
was  chosen  second  consul.  After  Napo- 
leon became  emperor  he  was  an  especial 
favorite,  and  was  created  archchancel- 
lor,  grand  officer  of  the  legion  of  honor, 
Mid  ultimately  duke  of  Parma,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  chamber  of  peers.     In  fine, 


he  always  showed  a  sincere  .ittachment 
to  Napoleon,  and  devoted  his  best  ener- 
gies to  his  cause;  and  though  he  was 
banished  on  the  second  restoration  of 
Louis  XVIII.,  yet  he  was  afterwards 
allowed  to  return  to  Paris,  where  he  d. 
in  1824. 

CAMBRIDGE,  Adolphus  Frederic, 
duke  of,  the  seventh  and  voungest  son 
of  George  III.,  wasb.  1774;  d.  1850. 

CAMBRONNE,  Pierre  Jacques 
Etienne,  baron  de,  a  distinguished 
French  general,  was  b.  at  Nantes,  1770. 
Entering  the  army  in  1790,  he  served 
with  distinction  in  the  campaigns  of  the 
republic  and  the  empire.  He  accom- 
panied Napoleon  to  Elba  in  1814,  re- 
turned with  him  in  1815,  commanded 
a  division  of  the  Old  Guard  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Waterloo,  refused  to  surrender, 
though  his  men  were  nearly  destroyed, 
and  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  English, 
after  being  severely  wounded.  In  1816 
he  was  brought  before  a  council  of  war; 
but  thongh  unanimously  acquitted,  he 
was  placed  in  retirement,  and  did  not 
re-enter  his  country's  service  till  1830. 
The  celebrated  words,  "  La  Garde  moult, 
et  ne  se  rend  pas,"  are  attributed  to  him. 
D.  1842. 

CAMBYSES,  king  of  Persia,  succeed- 
ed his  father,  the  great  Cyrus,  in  529 
b.c.  He  was  of  a  violent  and  vindictive 
disposition,  which  he  manifested  equal- 
ly by  his  invasions  of  Egypt  and  Ethi- 
opia, and  by  his  cruel  treatment  of  his 
own  subjects.     D.  521  b.c. 

CAMDEN,  Charles  Pratt,  Earl,  a 
distinguished  British  lawyer  and  states- 
man, was  the  third  son  of  Sir  John 
Pratt,  chief  justice  of  the  court  of  King's 
Bench,  b.  1713.  In  1757  he  was  ap- 
pointed attorney-general ;  and  in  1762 
made  chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas. 
In  1765  he  was  created  a  peer,  and  the 
year  following  advanced  to  the  dignity 
of  lord  chancellor.  On  the  question  of 
libels  Lord  Camden  always  opposed  the 
doctrine  laid  down  by  high  authority, 
viz.,  that  juries  were  only  the  judges  of 
the  matter  of  fact,  and  not  of  the  law. 
In  1782  he  was  appointed  president  of 
the  council,  which  office  he  resigned  the 
following  year ;  but  he  was  afterwards 
reappointed,  and  held  it  till  his  death 
in  1794. — John  Jeffreys  Pratt,  mar- 
quis of,  was  b.  in  1759,  being  the  only  son 
of  Charles,  first  Earl  Camden,  sometime 
lord  high  chancellor  of  England.  He 
was  educated  at  Trinity  college,  Cam- 
bridge ;  and  in  1780  he  was  returned  to 
parliament  as  one  of  the  members  for 
Bath ;  shortly  after  which  he  received 


244 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF     MOGRAPHY. 


[cam 


the  appoit  trnent  of  one  of  the  tellers  of 
the  exchequer.  In  1794  he  succeeded 
his  father  in  the  peerage,  and  the  year 
following  he  was  made  lord  lieutenant 
of  Ireland.  For  his  eminent  services  to 
the  state,  he  was  created  Marquis  Cam- 
den and  earl  of  Brecknock  in  1812.  D. 
1840.— William,  a  learned  English  an- 
tiquary. He  received  his  early  educa- 
tion at  Christ's  hospital,  and  subse- 
quently studied  at  Oxford,  where  he 
took  his  B.A.  degree.  After  tilling  the 
situations  of  second  and  chief  muster  of 
Westminster  school,  his  proficiency  in 
antiquarian  lore  procured  him  the  lion-  j 
orable  and  lucrative  office  of  Claren- 
cieux  king-at-arms.  In  addition  to  his 
great  and  well-known  work,  "The 
Britannia,"  he  published  "  Annals  of 
Queen  Elizabeth,"  a  Greek  grammar, 
&c.    B.  1551;  d.  1623. 

CAMERARIUS,  Joachim,  a  learned 
German  writer,  the  friend  and  biogra- 
pher of  Melancthon.  B.  1500;  d.1574.— 
Joachim,  son  of  the  above;  author  of 
some  botanical  essays,  &c.  B.  1534  ;  d. 
1598. 

CAMERON,  John,  a  Scotch  Protest- 
ant divine,  who,  after  filling  the  divin- 
ity chair  at  Glasgow,  obtained  that  of 
Montauban,  in  France.  Mild  by  nature 
and  tolerant  by  Christian  philosophy,  he 
endeavored  to  mediate  between  Protest- 
ants and  Catholics;  but  some  zealots 
belonging  to  the  latter  caused  him  to  be 
so  severely  assaulted,  that  he  died  from 
the  effects  of  the  brutal  attack.     D.  1625. 

CAMILLA,  daughter  of  Metabus, 
king  of  the  Volsci.  On  succeeding  her 
father  she  distinguished  herself  in  arms, 
and  fell  in  battle  assisting  Turnus  against 
iEneas. 

CAMILLUS,  Marcus  Furius,  a  Roman 
general.  After  obtaining  the  highest 
honors  from  his  applauding  compatriots 
he  was  charged  with  peculation,  and 
went  into  exile.  But  when  Brennus 
and  his  Gauls  besieged  the  capital, 
Camillus  nobly  set  aside,  his  private 
feclintrs,  hastened  to  Rome,  and  treed  it 
from  the  barbarians  ;  after  which  he  was 
made  dictator.     D.  365  B.C. 

CAMOENS,  Luiz  de,  the  most  cel- 
ebrated poet  of  the  Portuguese,  was  b. 
at  Lisbon,  probably  in  1524;   for  it  ap- 

Eears,  from  a  catalogue  of  persons  era- 
arking  for  the  East  Indies  in  1550,  that 
Camoens,  whose  age  is  there  given  at 
twenty-five  years,  offered  himself  as  a 
volunteer  for  the  campaign.  His  father 
was  a  sea-captain,  and  perished  by  ship- 
wreck, on  the  coast  of  Goa,  in  1556. 
Camoens  studied  at  Coimbra,  and  hav- 


ing completed  his  education,  re  /tuned  to 
Lisbon,  where  he  fell  deeply  in  love 
with  a  lady  of  the  palace,  Catharino 
d'Attayde.  '  He  was  exiled  to  Santarem, 
on  account  of  disputes  in  which  thi:-  love 
involved  him.  From  despair  he  became 
a  soldier,  and  served  in  the  fleet  which 
the  Portuguese  sent  against  Morocco. 
He  composed  poetry  in  the  midst  of 
battles ;  and,  as  danger  kindled  his 
genius,  so  genius  animated  his  courage. 
An  arrow  having  deprived  him  of  his 
right  eye  before  Ceuta,  he  naturally 
hoped  that  his  wounds  would  receive  a 
recompense,  though  his  talents  were  not 
appreciated ;  but  envy  opposed  his 
claims.  Full  of  indignation  at  seeing 
himself  neglected,  he  embarked,  in 
1553,  for  India,  and  landed  at  Goa.  His 
powerful  imagination  was  excited  by  the 
heroic  deeds  of  his  countrymen  in  this 
quarter ;  and,  although  he  had  much 
reason  to  complain  of  them,  he  could  "ot 
resist  the  desire  of  celebrating  their  glory 
in  an  epic.  But  this  vivacity  of  mindt 
essential  to  the  poet,  is  not  easily  uuitec! 
with  the  moderation  which  a  dependent 
condition  demands.  Camoens  was  dis- 
pleased with  the  abuses  of  the  govern- 
ment in  India,  and  wrote  a  satire,  which 
caused  his  banishment  to  Maeao,  where 
he  lived  several  years  in  no  other  society 
than  that  of  nature,  and  composed  his 
Lusiad,  the  subject  of  which  is  Vasco 
da  Gama's  expedition  to  India.  The 
parts  of  it  which  are  best  known  are  the 
episode  of  Ines  de  Castro,  and  the  ap- 
pearance of  Adamastor,  who,  by  means 
of  his  power  over  the  storms,  aims  to 
stop  Gama's  voyage,  when  he  is  about 
to  double  the  Cape.  The  versification 
of.  the  Lusiad  has  something  so  charm- 
ing and  splendid,  that  not  only  culti- 
vated minds,  but  even  the  common 
people,  are  enraptured  by  its  magic,  and 
learn  by  heart  and  sing  its  beautiful 
stanzas.  Being  at  last  recalled  from  his 
banishment,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Mecon,  in  Coehin-China,  he  was  ship- 
wrecked, and  saved  himself  by  swim- 
ming ;  holding  in  one  hand,  above  the 
water,  the  manuscript  of  his  poem,  the 
only  treasure  which  lie  rescued  from  the 
waves,  and  which  was  dearer  to  him 
than  life.  In  Goa,  he  encountered  new 
persecutions ;  he  was  confined  in  prison 
for  debt,  and  not  allowed,  until  his 
friends  became  responsible  for  him.  to 
embark  and  return  to  Lisbon,  in  1569. 
King  Sebastian,  yet  hardly  past  the  age 
of  childhood,  took  an  interest  in  him. 
He  accepted  the  dedication  of  his  epic, 
(which  appeared  in  1572,)  and,  being  on 


cam] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


245 


the  point  of  embarking  on  his  expedi- 
tion against  lh>  Moors  in  Africa,  he 
felt,  more  sensibly  than  others,  the  ge- 
nius of  the  poet,  who,  like  him,  loved 
dangers  if  they  led  to  glory.  But  Sebas- 
tian was  killed  in  a  battle  before  Alcacar, 
in  1578,  when  every  source  of  assist- 
ance, as  well  as  every  hope  of  Cavnoens, 
was  destroyed  by  this  event.  So  great 
was  his  poverty,  that  at  night,  a  slave 
whom  he  had  brought  with  him  from 
India,  begged  in  the  streets,  in  order  to 
support  the  life  of  his  master.  In  this 
misery  he  yet  wrote  lyric  poems,  some 
of  which  contain  the  most  moving  com- 
plaints. This  hero  of  Portuguese  liter- 
ature, the  ornament  of  his  country  and 
of  Europe,  d.  at  last,  in  1579,  in  the 
hospital  at  Lisbon. 

CAMPAN,  Jeanne  Louise  IIeniuette 
de,  distinguished  no  less  for  her  amia- 
bility than  her  acquirements,  was  b.  at 
Paris,  1752.  Attached  to  the  court  in 
the  capacity  of  companion  to  the  French 
princesses,  she  was  particularly  dis- 
tinguished by  Marie  Antoinette, 'whose 
good  and  evil  fortune  she  shared  with 
affecting  fidelity  and  devotion.  After 
the  revolution  she  instituted  a  celebrated 
educational  establishment  at  St.  Ger- 
mains;  she  was  subsequently  appointed 
by  Napoleon  head  of  the  institution  for 
the  education  of  the  daughters  of  officers 
whom  he  had  enrolled  in  the  legion  of 
honor;  but  after  the  restoration  of  the 
Bourbons,  this  establishment  was  dis- 
solved, and  her  relationship  to  Marshal 
Ney  involved  her  in  various  unpleasant 
investigations  which  imbittered  her  life. 
She  d.  in  1822,  leaving  behind  her,  be- 
sides a  respected  name,  many  educa- 
tional works,  (of  which  her  "  Education 
des  Filles"  deserves  particular  notice,) 
and  valuable  memoirs,  rich  in  interest- 
ing sketches  of  the  private  life  of  her 
former  mistress  and  friend. 

CAMPANELLA,  Thomas,  an  Italian 
monk  of  the  Dominican  order.  Having 
strongly  opposed  the  Peripatetic  philos- 
ophy, his  enemies  caused  him  to  be  ac- 
cused of  conspiracy,  and  he  was  confined 
first  at  Naples  and  afterwards  at  Rome. 
From  the  latter  place  he  escaped  to 
France,  where  Cardinal  Richelieu  ob- 
tained him  a  pension.  His  best  works 
are  "  De  recta  Ratione  Studendi,"  and 
"  Aphorisma  Politica."     D.  1639. 

CAMPBELL,  Archibald,  marquis  of 
Argyle,  a  zealous  and  gallant  partisan  of 
the  Covenanters.  At  the  restoration 
of  Claries  II.  the  marquis  was  commit- 
.cd  t:>  the  Tower.  After  remaining  a 
orisoner  about  five  mouths,  he  was  sent 
21* 


to  Scotland,  where  he  was  tried  for  high 
treason,  and  beheaded  in  1661. — Archi- 
bald, earl  of  Argyle,  son  of  the  above, 
and  a  zealous  adherent  of  the  royal 
cause,  was  excepted  from  the  general 
pardon  issued  by  Cromwell  in  1654. 
Though  he  defeated  the  endeavors  of 
his  enemies  to  bring  him  to  the  scaffold, 
he  most  unfortunately  ventured  to  re- 
turn from  Holland,  where  he  had  found 
shelter,  and  beinff  apprehended,  was 
conveyed  to  Edinburgh,  and  beheaded 
in  1685. — John,  duke  of  Argyle  and  of 
Greenwich,  was  distinguished  equally  as 
a  soldier  and  a  statesman,  lie  was 
brigadier-general  at  the  famous  battle 
of  Ramilies,  and  commanded  with  bril- 
liant effect  at  Oudenarde  and  Malplaquet. 
To  these  services  he  added  that  of  beat- 
ing the  earl  of  Mar  at  Dumblain,  and 
compelling  the  Pretender  to  quit  the 
kingdom.  These  actions,  and  his  ex- 
ertions in  bringing  about  the  union, 
were  rewarded  with  the  garter  and  the 
English  dukedom  of  Greenwich.  He 
also  held  several  offices,  of  which  SirR. 
Walpole  deprived  him,  but  which  he 
regained  on  that  minister's  removal.  B. 
1671;  d.  1743. — Archibald,  a  relative  of 
the  above,  and  bishop  of  Aberdeen ; 
author  of  the  very  scarce  and  curious 
work,  "  The  Doctrine  of  a  Middle  State 
between  Death  and  the  Resurrection. '■ 
He  resigned  his  bishopric  in  1724,  and  d. 
1744. — George,  a  Scotch  divine,  princi- 
pal of  Marischal  college,  Aberdeen,  and 
professor  of  divinity  there  ;  author  of 
the  "  Philosophy  of  Rhetoric," — still  a 
standard  work,— a  "  Reply  to  Hume  on 
the  Miracles,'1  "  Lectures  on  Ecclesiasti- 
cal History,"  &c.  B.  1709  ;  d.  1796. — ■ 
John,  a  Scotch  architect,  surveyor  of 
the  works  at  Greenwich ;  author  of 
"  Vitruvius  Britannicus."  D.  1734. — ■ 
John,  a  clever  and  industrious  Scotch 
writer ;  author  of  the  "  Military  His- 
tories of  Prince  Eugene  and  the  duke  of 
Marlborough;"  a  "Political  Survey  of 
Britain,"  the  "Lives  of  the  Admirals," 
&e.  D.  1775. — Neil,  was  the  officer 
selected  by  the  British  government  to 
accompany  Napoleon  to  the  island  of 
Elba;  and  it  was  during  a  short  excur- 
sion, which  his  bad  state  of  health  ren- 
dered necessary,  that  Napoleon  effected 
his  escape.  After  spending  thirty-one 
years  in  the  service  of  his  country,  he  fell 
a  sacrifice  to  the  noxious  climate  of 
Sierra  Leone,  of  which  colony  he  had 
been  appointed  commander-in-chief.  D. 
1827. — Thomas,  an  eminent  poet,  was 
the  son  of  a  Scotch  merchant,  who  gave 
him  an  excellent  education  at  Glasgow, 


246 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cam 


where  he  greatly  distinguished  himself. 
A  translation  of  his  from  Aristophanes 
was  pronounced  hy  the  best  judges  to 
be  the  finest  college  exercise  they  had 
ever  seen  ;  and,  when  little  more  than 
thirteen,  he  won  a  bursary  in  his  college 
from  a  competitor  nearly  double  his  age. 
Leaving  Glasgow  at  an  eaily  age,  lie 
settled  in  Edinburgh  as  a  private  tutor  ; 
and  here,  when  only  in  his  twenty- 
second  year,  he  published  "The  Pleas- 
ures of  Hope" — by  all  judges  allowed 
to  be  one  of  the  most  elegant  poems  in 
our  language.  The  success  of  this  work 
was  such  as  to  allow  of  his  making  a 
tour  on  the  Continent,  whence  he  gave 
the  world  those  splendid  lyrics.  "  Ye 
Mariners  of  England,"  "Tne  Exile  of 
Erin,"  and  '•  ilohenlinden."  At  the  j 
battle  of  Ilohenlinden  he  was  so  near 
that  he  could  see  the  returning  conquer- 
ors wiping  their  blood-stained  sabre* 
upon  their  horses'  manes  ;  a  circum- 
stance to  which,  in  after  years,  he  was 
ofien  heard  to  allude.  Soon  after  his 
return  from  the  Continent,  Mr.  Campbell 
married  and  settled  in  London,  employ- 
ing himself  not  only  in  occasional  coin- 
position  of  poetry,  but  also  in  the 
drudgery  of  mere  compilation.  lie 
published  "Gertrude  of  Wvomins'," 
"The  Battle  of  the  Baltic,''  "Lord 
Ullin's  Daughter,"  and  "  O'Connor's 
Child;"  and  he  was  engaged  by  Mr. 
Murray  to  write  the  admirable  and  well- 
known  "  Critical  Essays  and  Speci- 
mens." Subsequently  he  edited  the 
New  Monthly  and  the  Metropolitan 
Magazines,  an  I  published  "Theo.lorie," 
a  poem,  besides  editing  some  few  re- 
prints and  compilations.  Early  in  his 
career  he  was  relieved  from  the  absolute 
want  which  too  often  stings  genius  into 
imprudence,  by  the  kindness  of  Charles 
Fox,  who  put  him  on  the  pension  li>t 
for  £210  per  annum.  His  health  had 
for  some  years  been  but  feeble,  and  in 
1843  he  retired  to  Boulogne,  where  lied. 
June  15,  1844,  aged  67. 

CAMPE,  Joachim  Henry,  a  German 
writer,  author  of  a  "  German  Diction- 
ary," "Letters  from  Paris,  eulogistic 
of  the  French  Revolution,"  "Theoph- 
rcn,"  and  the  "  New  Robinson  Crusoe." 
The  last-named  work,  by  which  he  is 
chiefly  known  in  England,  is  founded 
or.  the  popular  work  of  Defoe.  B.  1740  ; 
d.  1818. 

CAMPEGGIO,  Lorenzo,  originally  a 
professor  of  civil  law  at  Bologna,  but  on 
ihe  death  of  his  wife  he  entered  the 
church,  became  a  bishop,  and  at  length 
»  cardinal.     In  1519  he  was  sent  as  le- 


gate to  England,  and  while  there  waa 
nominated  bishop  of  Salisbury.  After 
being  some  time  in  Germany  as  legate, 
and  employed  in  opposing  Lutheranism, 
he  again  went  to  England  to  decide  be- 
tween Henry  VIII.  and  Catharine  of 
Aragon,  on  which  occasion  he  offended 
Henry  without  being  of  any  real  service 
to  the  queen.  He  appears  to  have  been 
a  man  of  considerable  learning  and  nat- 
ural ability;  for  he  reckoned  Erasmus 
and  other  eminent  scholars  among  hio 
friends.  D.  1539. — A  brother  of  the 
above,  and  a  bishop,  author  of  several 
"Treatises  on  ('anon  Law."    D.  1564. 

CAMPER,  Peter,  a  Dutch  physician 
and  naturalist.  His  writings  on  various 
departments  of  "  Natural  History  and 
Philosophy"  are  collected  in  6  volumes; 
and,  in  addition  to  these,  he  wrote  an 
ingenious  treatise  on  "The  Physiogno- 
mies of  Men  of  Different  Nations."  B. 
172-2;  d.  1789. 

CAMPHUYSEN,  Dvrk,  a  Dutch  land- 
scape painter  of  the  17th  century,  dis- 
tinguished for  the  excellence  of  his 
moonlight  pieces. 

CAM  PI,  Bernardin,  an  Italian  painter, 
and  author  of  an  excellent  treatise  on 
the  principles  of  his  art.  D.  1584.— 
Various  persons  of  this  name  are  dis- 
tinguished  in  the  annals  of  Italian  art. 

CAMP1AN,  Edmund,  an  English  Je- 
suit. He  was  educated  at  Christ's  hos- 
pital, and  graduated  at  Oxford  ;  but  on 
a  visit  to  Ireland  was  induced  to  turn 
Catholic,  and  enter  as  a  Jesuit  at  Douay. 
He  wrote  "Chronologia  Universalis," 
and  a  drama,  called  "  Nectar  and  Am 
brosia."  Being;  chosen  by  Gregory 
XIII.  to  visit  England  as  a  missionary, 
he  was  discovered,  tried  for  high  treason, 
and  executed  in  1581. 

CAMP1STRON,  Jean  Gualbert  de, 
a  French  dramatic  poet.  Three  volumes 
of  his  plays  are  extant;  and  some  of 
them  are  thought  to  be  but  little  inferior 
to  those  of  his  celebrated  cotemporary, 
Racine.     B.  1656;  d.  1723. 

CAMPOMANES,  Pedro  Rodriguez, 
count  de,  a  celebrated  Spanish  states- 
man, whose  profound  views  in  political 
economy  obtained  him,  in  1705,  the  ap- 
pointment of  fiscal  to  the  council  of 
Castile.  He  was  afterwards  made  min- 
ister of  state,  and  wrote  many  useful 
works.     D.  1789. 

CAMPS,  Francis  de,  abbot  of  Ligny, 
author  of  a  "  History  of  France,"  "  Dis- 
sertation on  Medals,'"  «fec.     D.  1723. 

CAMPSON,  Gauri,  raised  by  tho 
Mamelukes  to  the  sultanship  of  Egypt, 
and  slain,  after  a  beneficent  reign  of  12 


can] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHT 


247 


years,  in  an  action  with  Selim,  emperor 
of  the  Turks,  in  1516. 

CAMUS,  Araiand  Gaston,  was  one 
of  the  deputies  from  Paris  to  the  states- 
general  in  17S'J;  and,  when  a  member 
of  the  convention,  voted  for  the  death 
of  the  king.  Although  he  opposed  the 
establishment  of  the  consular  govern- 
ment, yet  Bonaparte  continued  him  in 
Lis  office  of  archivist,  which  he  held 
several  years.  B.  1740;  d.  1804. — John 
Peter,  a  French  prelate,  remarkable  for 
the  raillery  he  introduced  into  his  ser- 
mons. He  was  created  bishop  of  Bellay 
by  Henry  IV.,  but  his  severe  reproofs 
of  the  monks,  and  his  endeavors  to 
check  their  irregularities,  made  him 
many  enemies,  and  he  at  length  re- 
signed his  bishopric  and  retired  to  a 
monastery.  Among  his  writings  were 
several  religious  romances,  written  with 
the  intention  to  supplant  the  less  edify- 
ing fictions  which  were  just  at  that  time 
so  popular.     B.  1582  ;  d.  1652. 

CAMUSAT,  Nicholas,  canon  of 
Troyes,  author  of  "  Melanges  Histori- 
ques,"  "  Ilistoria  Albigensium,"  &c. 
D.  1655. 

CANALETTI,  or  CAN  ALE,  Anto- 
nio, a  Venetian  painter,  whose  excel- 
lence was  chiefly  in  landscape.  To  him 
is  ascribed  the  merit  of  having  been  the 
first  to  make  the  camera  obscura  useful 
in  painting.     B.  1697;  d.  1768. 

GANANI,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian 
anatomist,  professor  of  anatomy  and 
medicine  at  Ferrara,  author  of  a  valuable 
and  scarce  work,  entitled  "  Musculorum 
Humani  Corporis  picturata  Disseetio." 
Some  writers  attribute  to  him  the  dis- 
covery of  the  valves  of  the  veins.  D. 
1500. 

CANDAULES,  a  king  of  Lydia,  put 
to  death  by  his  favorite,  Gyges,  at  the 
instigation  of  the  queen.  Gyges  sub- 
sequently slew  her  also,  and  assumed 
tJie  crown-,  718  b.  c. 

CANDIDO,  Peter,  whose  real  name 
is  said  to  have  been  l)e  Wittc,  was  a 
native  of  Bruges,  where  lie  was  dis- 
tinguished as  an  historical  painter. 
Many  of  his  works  have  been  engraved. 

CANDOLLE,  Augustin  P.  de,'  whose 
knowledge  of  botany  has  placed  him  in 
the  same  rank  with  Linn&us,  was  b.  at 
Geneva,  1778.  Having  finished  his 
Btudies  at  Paris,  he  soon  attracted  the 
notice  of  Cuvier  and  Lamarck,  whom 
he  aided  in  various  scientific  researches  ; 
and  in  1808  he  was  appointed  to  the 
?ha  r  of  botany  in  Montpelier.  Obliged 
vo  qui!  France  for  having  taken  office 
under   Napoleon   during  the  hundred 


days,  he  found  refuge  in  his  native  city, 
where  a  chair  of  natural  history  was 
expressly  instituted  for  him,  and  where 
he  continued,  for  many  years,  to  extend 
the  boundaries  of  his  favorite  science 
by  his  lectures  and  publications.  His 
chief  works  are  a  "  Tiieorie  Elcinentaire 
de  Botanique,"  "Kegni  Vegetabilis  Sys- 
tema  Naturale,"  "  L'Organographie  et 
la  Physiologie  Vegetales,"  &c. ;  in  all 
of  which  he  seeks  to  enforce  what  is 
called  the  natural  arrangement.  D.  1841, 

CANGE,  Charles  du  Fresne  du,  a 
French  antiquary,  author  of  a  ''History 
of  the  Empire  of  Constantinople,"  "By- 
zantine History,"  &c.     D.  1688. 

CANM  EMAN,  Elias,  a  Dutch  states- 
man, who,  in  1798,  joined  the  revolu- 
tion, and  held  a  high  financial  post  at 
the  Hague,  when  Holland  was  united  to 
France.  In  1813  he  was  among  the  first 
to  declare  the  independence  of  Holland, 
and  chief  contributor  to  the  restoration 
of  the  house  of  Orange.     B.  1773. 

CANNES,  Francis,  a  learned  Span- 
iard, the  author  of  "  A  Spanish  and 
Arabian  Grammar  and  Dictionary."  B. 
1737;  d.  1795. 

CANNING,  George,  a  highly  gifted 
orator  and  distinguished  politician,  was 
b.  in  London,  April  11,  1770.  His  fa- 
ther, who  was  from  Ireland,  was  a  man 
of  considerable  literary  abilities;  but 
having  oti'ended  his  family  by  marrying 
a  lady  without  fortune,  came  to  London, 
entered  himself  of  the  Middle  Temple, 
and  was  called  to  the  bar.  Like  many 
others  similarly  situated,  he  soon  aban- 
doned the  law  for  literature;  but  this 
failing  to  provide  him  with  the  means 
of  support,  he  commenced  business  a*  a 
wine  merchant,  and  failed.  Kepeated 
disappointments  seriously  affected  his 
health  and  spirits,  and  he  died,  broken- 
hearted, on  the  very  day  that  his  infant 
son  was  one  year  old.  His  widow,  re- 
duced by  dire  necessity,  had  recourse  to 
the  stage  for  support,  and  married  an 
actor:  he  also  died,  and  she  then  be- 
came the  wife  of  Mr.  Hunn,  a  linen- 
draper  of  Exeter.  But  she  had  the 
happiness  to  live  to  see  the  success  of 
her  son,  and  to  receive  from  him  at  all 
times  the  tenderest  marks  of  filial  affec- 
tion. The  friends  of  his  father  first 
placed  him  at  Hyde  Abbey  school,  Win- 
chester, and  afterwards  at  Eton,  where 
he  greatly  distinguished  himself  as  a 
scholar,  and  formed  many  connections 
which  were  of  great  service  to  him  in 
his  after  life.  While  at  Eton,  lie  dis- 
played great  skill  as  an  author,  in  his 
contributions   to   the    "Microcosm,"    a 


248 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


periodical  work  conducted  by  the  senior 
scholars.      At   Oxford  also   he   distin- 
guished himself,  and  proceeded  thence 
to  Lincoln's  Inn,  his  oratorical  talents 
suggesting   the    bar   as   the   profession 
best  adapted  for  him.    Being  introduced 
to  the  house  of  commons  by  Mr.  Pitt, 
he  abandoned  the  bar,  and  devoted  him- 
self wholly  to  politics.     His  strenuous 
and  able  support  of  the  minister  was 
rewarded  in  1796  with  an  under  secre- 
taryship of  state  ;  and  in  the  year  1800 
he\vas  placed  in  affluence  by  his  mar- 
riage   with     Miss    Joanna    Scott,    the 
daughter  of  General  Scott,  with  a  for- 
tune of  £100,000.    His  talents  as  a  poet 
and  political   writer  were   unquestion- 
able, ami   he  made  an   expert   use  of 
them  in  the  articles  he  contributed  to 
the  "  Antijaeobin,"    a  celebrated  pub- 
lication, in  which  the  whigs  were  wit- 
tily,  unmercifully,  and  in"  some  cases 
unjustifiably,  held  up  to  popular  con- 
tempt.    After  the  death  of  Pitt,  and  the 
dissolution  of  the  coalition  ministry  of 
Fox    and    Grenville,    Canning    became 
foreign  secretary  in  Perceval's  adminis- 
tration ;    and    to    him    may    justly  be 
ascribed   the  line  of  British   policy  in 
Spain,  which  destroyed  the  hopes  of 
Napoleon,  and  led   to  his   final   over- 
throw ;  for,  as  he  once  emphatically  de- 
clared, "his  had  been  the  hand  which 
committed  England  to  an  alliance  with 
Spain."     Having,  as  it  was  alleged,  un- 
fairly endeavored  to  procure  the  removal 
of  Lord  Castlereagb.  from  office,  a  duel 
took  place,  and  both  parties  had  to  quit 
office.    In  1812  he  was  elected  a  member 
for  the  srrcat  commercial  town  of  Liver- 
pool ;  and  in  1816  he  again  became  min- 
ister, being  appointed  president  of  the 
board  of  control.     In  this  situation  he 
made  himself  extremely  unpopular  by 
his  defence  of  the  Six  Acts,  and  other 
no  less  obnoxious  measures.      On  the 
return  of  t|ueen  Caroline  to  England  in 
1820,   Mr.  Canning  retired  from  office, 
that  he  might  not  have  occasion  to  vote 
against  her.     This  did  not  prevent  his 
being    appointed    governor-general    of 
India  in  1822;  and  he  had  already  made 
preparations   for   his   departure,    when 
the  death   of  the  marquis  of  London- 
derry caused   the  seals  of  the  foreign 
office  to  be  delivered  to  Mr.  Canning. 
In  conjunction  with  Mr.  Iluskisson,  he 
now  advocated  a  course  of  both   home 
and    foreign    polity    strikingly  at  vari- 
ance with  that  of  which  he  had  for  years 
been  the  wittiest  and  readiest,  if  not  the 
most    profound,    defender.      His   new 
policy  was  as  popular  as  his  old  had 


[CAS 


been  obnoxious ;  and  the  earl  of  Liver- 
pool being  seized  with  paralysis,  from 
which  there  was  no  hope  of  his  recovery, 
Mr.  Canning  reached  the  grand  object 
of  his  ambition — that  of  being  the  ac- 
knowledged head  of  the  administration. 
But  though  the  new  premier  was  pop- 
ular with  the  country,  the  party  with 
whom  he  had  in  a  great  measure  ceased 
to  act  rendered  his  task  a  difficult  one. 
The  opposition  to  him  was  fierce,  almost 
rancorous  ;  and  it  was  soon  obvious  that 
he  was  suffering  both  in  mind  and  body 
from  over-exertion  and  constant  excite- 
ment. These,  aggravating  the  effects 
of  a  severe  cold,  caught  while  attending 
the  funeral  of  the  duke  of  York,  brought 
on  a  most  painful  inflammatory  disease, 
which  terminated  his  life  at  the  age  of 
57,  in  1827. 

CANO,  Alonzo,  a  Spanish  painter, 
sculptor,  and  architect;  he  was  sur- 
named  the  Michael  Angelo  of  Spain. 
His  colossal  statues  of  St.  Peter  and  St. 
Paul  were  so  admirably  executed,  that 
foreign  artists  from  all  parts  travelled  to 
see  and  copy  them.  Unhappily,  in  the 
midst  of  his  triumph  and  celebrity,  he 
became  the  victim  of  a  horrible  suspi- 
cion. During  his  absence  from  home, 
his  wife  was"  murdered  and  his  house 
robbed  by  an  Italian  servant;  and  Cano 
being  suspected,  was  put  to  the  rack. 
The  torture  itself  could  not  shake  his 
firmness,  and  as  there  was  no  evidence 
against  him  he  was  released.  He  then 
entered  the  church;  and  although  he 
strictly  attended  to  his  religions  duties, 
his  love  of  the  arts  was  unabated,  and 
the  "  ruling  passion"  was  so  strong,  that 
on  his  death-bed,  he  averted  his  face 
from  the  crucifix  of  his  confessor,  be- 
cause it  was  ill-carved.  B.  1608;  d. 
1(37(5. — James,  a  Portuguese  navigator, 
who  in  the  15th  century  discovered  the 
kingdom  of  Congo. — John  Sebastian,  a 
Spanish  navigator,  who  was  employed 
as  principal  surveying  officer  by  Magel- 
lan, who  circumnavigated  the  globe  in 
1520-1.     D.  1526. 

CANOVA,  Antonio,  a  celebrated 
modern  sculptor.  He  was  b.  in  1757, 
at  the  little  village  of  Passagno,  in  the 
Venetian  territory.  The  seigneur  of  the 
village,  having  seen  the  figure  of  a  lion 
modelled  by  Canova  when'only  12  years 
of  age,  was  jrenerous  enough  to  place 
him  with  Torretii,  of  Vienna,  at  that 
time  the  greatest  living  scalptor.  At 
the  close  of  his  studies  at  Vienna  he 
settled  at  Venice,  and  manifested  the 
originality  of  his  powers  by  various 
works.     From    Venice    he   passed   to 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


cap] 


Eoue,  where  he  was  greatly  patronized, 
Hid  in  a  comparatively  brief  time  he 
was  admired  by  all  Europe,  and  more 
or  less  employed  by  every  European 
potentate.  Fortune  and  honors  flowed 
in  upon  him,  and  he  used  them  wisely 
and  honorably.  Among  his  numerous 
works  the  finest  are  "Cupid  and 
Psyche,"  "Venus  and  Adonis,  "Mary 
Magdalen,"  and  "  Napoleon  holding  the 
Sceptre."    D.  1822. 

CANOVAI,  Stanislaus,  an  Italian 
mathematician,  brought  into  notice  by 
a  work  to  prove  that  Americo  Vespuceio 
was  the  first  discoverer  of  the  New 
World.     B.  1740. 

CANSTEIN,  Charles  Hildebrand, 
Baron,  a  German  nobleman,  distinguish- 
ed for  an  improvement  in  printing,  anal- 
ogous to  stereotyping.  He  caused  bibles 
and  testaments  to  be  printed  from  entire 
pages,  the  testaments  being  sold  as  low 
as  fourpence  each.  How  the  baron's 
pages  were  formed  does  not  clearly  ap- 
pear.    D.  1719. 

CANTACUZENE,  Prince,  a  Greek 
patriot,  descended  from  the  famous 
Eastern  emperor,  John,  and  one  of  the 
first  to  join  Ypsilanti,  in  1821,  when  de- 
claring for  the  liberty  of  Greece,  since 
re-established. 

CANTACUZENUS,  John,  emperor 
of  Constantinople.  After  filling  several 
important  offices  he  was  proclaimed 
emperor  by  the  nobles  and  soldiery : 
and  he  endeavored  to  heal  the  wounds 
which  five  years  of  civil  war  had  inflicted 
on  the  state ;  but  the  jealousy  of  Palae- 
ologus,  the  rebellion  of  his  own  son, 
and  other  disasters,  induced  him  to 
resign  the  crown  and  to  retire  to  a  mon- 
astery, where  he  employed  himself  in 
literary  labors.  He  d.  in  1411,  being 
more  than  100  years  old ;  and  he  may 
be  considered  as  one  of  the  greatest 
among-  the  successors  of  Constantine. 

CANTARINI,  Stmon,  surnamed  the 
Pezarese,  an  Italian  painter,  whose  works 
are  frequently  mistaken  for  those  of  his 
great  master,  Guido.     D.  1648. 

CANTEMIR,  Demetrids,  a  Moldavian 
prince  ;  author  of  "  The  System  of  the 
Mahometan  Religion,"  a  "  History  of  the 
Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Ottoman  Empire," 
&e.  D.  1723. — Antiochus,  son  of  the 
above.  He  was  educated  in  Russia,  and 
employed  in  some  important  embassies 
from  that  country.  He  was  the  author 
of  several  poems,  and  translated  Anac- 
reon  into  Russian.     D.  1774. 

CANTERBURY,  Charles  Manners 
Sutton,  Viscount,  received  his  educa- 
tion at  Eton  and  Trinity  college,  Cam- 


249 


bridge;  entered  parliament  in  1807,  as 
member  for  Knaresborough,  which 
borough  he  represented  till  1832,  when 
he  was  elected  for  the  university  of 
Cambridge.  In  1809  he  was  appointed 
to  the  office  of  judge  advocate  general: 
and  on  Mr.  Abbot  (afterwards  Lord 
Colchgster)  retiring  from  the  speaker- 
ship of  the  house  of  commons  in  1817, 
the  talent  and  political  integrity  of  Mr. 
Manners  Sutton  recommended  him  to 
the  house  as  one  eminently  qualified  to 
fill  so  distinguished  and  honorable  a 
situation.  It  being  reported  that  he  took 
an  active  part  in  the  formation  of  the 
Peel  ministry  in  1834,  the  adherents  and 
friends  of  Lord  Melbourne  put  Mr.  Aber- 
crombie  in  nomination  for  the  speaker- 
ship, and  he  was  chosen  (Feb.  19,  1835) 
by  a  majority  of  10.  Mr.  Manners  Sut- 
ton was  shortly  after  called  to  the  upper 
house  by  the  titles  of  Viscount  Canter- 
bury and  Baron  Bottesford.     D.  1845. 

C'ANTIPRATANUS,  Thomas,  a  di- 
vine and  philosopher  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury; author  of  two  rare  and  curious 
treatises  on  the  "Natural  History  of 
Bees."  He  is  also  said  to  have  trans- 
lated into  Latin  the  whole  of  the  works 
of  Aristotle;  but  Avcntine  attributes  it 
to  Henry  of  Brabant. 

CANTON,  John,  an  ingenious  En- 
glish mechanician  and  experimentalist. 
The  chief  of  his  discoveries  was  that  of 
the  means  of  making  artificial  magnets, 
for  which  the  Royal  Society  gave  him  its 
gold  medal,  and  elected  him  a  member. 
He  contributed  some  valuable  papers  to 
the  transactions  of  the  Royal  Society,  but 
published  no  separate  work.  B.  1718  ; 
d.  1772. 

CANUTE,  surnamed  the  Great,  king 
of  Denmark  by  inheritance,  and  of  En- 
gland by  conquest.  Though  his  autho- 
rity in  England  was  ill-obtained,  it 
seems  to  have  been  both  wisely  and 
justly  administered.  D.  1035. — IV., 
surnamed  the  Pious,  king  of  Denmark. 
He  endeavored  to  invade  England,  but 
was  unsuccessful,  and  was  slain  by  one 
of  his  subjects  in  a  revolt,  consequent 
on  a  grant  he  had  made  to  the  church. 
D.  10S7. 

CAPASSO,  Nicholas,  an  Italian  di- 
vine, and  professor  of  civil  law  in  the 
university  of  Naples;  author  of  some 
works  on  theology  and  jurisprudence, 
which  are  now  but  little  known ;  some 
spirited  and  popular  poetry,  Latin  and 
Italian ;  and  a  translation,  which  is 
highly  popular  in  Naples,  of  "  Homer's 
Iliad"  into  the  Neapolitan  patois.  B 
1671;  d.  1746. 


250 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPH*. 


[car 


CAPEL,  Arthto  Lord,  a  distin- 
guished royalist,  win,  in  conjunction 
with  Lord  Norwich  and  Sir  Charles 
Lucas,  gallantly  defended  Colchester 
against  the  parliamentary  troops.  lie 
at  length  surrendered  on  a  promise  of 
quarter,  hut  was  beheaded  in  1648. 
While  confined  in  the  Tower  he  wrote 
some  beautiful  verses;  and  was  the 
author  also  of  a  moral  work,  entitled 
"  Daily  Meditations." — Arthur,  earl  of 
Essex,  son  of  the  above,  was  ambassador 
to  Denmark  and  lord  lieutenant  of  Ire- 
land, lie  subsequently,  for  a  short  time, 
held  the  office  of  first  lord  of  the  treas- 
ury ;  but  lost  his  favor  at  court  by  voting 
for  the  exclusion  of  the  duke  of  York. 
Being  accused  of  participation  in  the 
Eye-house  plot,  he  was  committed  to  the 
Tower,  where  he  cut  his  throat,  in  1683. 
CAPELL,  Edward,  an  eminent  dra- 
matic critic;  editor  of  a  volume  of  an- 
cient poetn  ,  entitled  "  Prolusions,"  &c. ; 
but  chiefly  known  for  his  edition  of 
Shakspeare,  a  task  which  is  said  to  have 
occupied  him  more  than  20  years.  B. 
1713;  d.lTSl. 

CAPELLO,  Biaxca,  at  first  the  mis- 
tress, and  afterwards  the  wife  of  Francis, 
son  of  the  Grand-duke  Cosmo  do  Medici. 
She  was  possessed  of  great  ability,  but 
was  both  artful  and  cruel,  and  her  mem- 
ory is  literally  detested  by  the  Floren- 
tines. The  fact  that  her  husband  and 
herself  died  within  a  few  days  of  each 
other,  caused  it  t"  he  surmised  that  they 
were  poisoned,  and  rumor  charged  the 
dark  deed  upon  the  brother  of  her  hus- 
band, the  Cardinal  Ferdinand.  I).  1587. 
CAP1STRAN,  John,  a  friar,  who  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  14th  century 
by  the  zeal  with  Which  he  labored  against 
Turks  and  heretics.  He  headed  a  cru- 
sade against  the  Hussites,  of  whom  he 
is  said  to  have  made  many  converts. 
D.  1456;  and  nearly  two  centuries  after- 
wards was  canonized. 

CAP1SUCCIII,  Blasius,  marquis  of 
Monterio,  and  general  of  the  Catholic 
forces.  Signalized  himself  by  great  da- 
ring and  zeal  against  the  Huguenots, 
especially  in  defending  Poitiers  against 
them  in  1569.  The  besiegers  threw  a 
bridtrc  across  the  river,  when  Capisucchi 
and  two  companions  plunged  in,  and  in 
the  face  of  the  enemy  destroyed  the 
fastenings  of  the  bridge,  thereby  render- 
ing it  useless. — Paul,  bishop  of  Neoeas- 
tro.  lie  was  appointed  by  the  pope  to 
examine  the  proceedings  in  the  divorce 
of  Henry  VIII.  and  Queen  Catharine, 
and  reported  that  that  measure  was  un- 
warranted.    D.  15S9. 


CAPMANI,  Don  Antonio,  a  Spanish 
philosopher,  b.  1749 ;  author  of  a  Spanish 
dictionary  and  several  elementary  works. 
D.  1810. 

CAPO  D'ISTEIA,  John,  count  of,  a 
Greek  diplomatist,  b.  at  Corfu,  1780. 
He  was  the  sou  of  a  physician,  and  him- 
self studied  physic  at  Venice.  His  fa- 
ther was  governor  of  the  seven  Ionian 
islands,  when  occupied  by  Eussia;  and 
when  the  treaty  of  Tilsit  transferred 
them  to  France,  Capo  cTIstria  entered 
the  official  service  of  the  former,  in 
Count  Romanzof's  office.  In  1812  he 
was  sent  on  a  diplomatic  mission  to  Ad- 
miral Tehitchigoff.  In  1813  the  Em- 
peror Alexander  being  pleased  with  his 
conduct  on  that  occasion,  elevated  him 
to  the  rank  of  foreign  minister ;  and  in 
thi-s  capacity  his  name  is  found  at  the 
foot  of  most  of  the  treaties  signed  by 
the  allies  on  the  downfall  of  Bonaparte 
in  1813-14.  Russia  allowed  him,  in 
1828,  to  quit  office,  in  order  to  become 
president  of  the  new  Greek  government. 
He  was  assassinated  in  the  autumn  of 
1821. 

CAPPE,  Newcome,  an  English  dis 
senting  divine,  pupil  of  Dr.  Doddridge; 
author  of  "  Illustrations  of  select  Pas- 
sages of  Scripture,"  "Discourses  on  the 
Providence  and  Government  of  God," 
&c.     D.  1791. 

CAPRARA,  Cardinal,  a  distinguished 
Italian  ecclesiastic,  b.  1733.  Attached 
to  the  principles  of  the  French  revolu- 
tion, he  accompanied  Bonaparte,  in  1803, 
to  Brussels,  and  was  by  him  made  arch- 
bishop of  Milan.  It  was  by  Caprara  that 
Bonaparte  was  crowned  king  of  Italy  in 
1805.     D.  1810. 

CAR  AC  ALL  A,  Marcus  Aurelius  An- 
toninus, a  Roman  emperor.  He  was  b. 
in  183,  and,  in  conjunction  with  his 
brother,  Geta,  succeeded  his  father,  Se- 
verus,  in  211.  Having  murdered  Gcta, 
he  was  so  much  enraged  at  the  people 
of  Alexandria  for  their  comments  on 
that  crime,  that  he  entered  the  city  with 
his  troops  and  slew  the  inhabitants. 
After  six  years'  reign  he  was  murdered 
by  one  of  his  guards,  in  217. 

CARACCT,  Ludovico,  a  celebrated  Bo- 
lognese  painter.  His  works  are  chiefly 
to  be  found  in  the  churches  and  palaces 
of  Bologna,  though  some  other  Italian 
towns  boast  the  possession  of  a  few  of 
them.  He  was  an  extremely  amiable  and 
disinterested  man.  B.  1555;  d.  1619. — ■ 
Annibale,  cousin  of  the  above,  and  still 
more  eminent  as  a  painter.  His  paint- 
ing in  the  palace  of  the  Cardinal  Far- 
nesc,  at  Rome,  is  said,  by  the  famous 


OAK 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


251 


Poussin,  to  excel  the  efforts  of  all  pre- 
ceding painters;  yet  for  these  wonder- 
ful works,  which  occupied  him  eight 
years,  he  received  but  live  hundred  gold 
crowns.  1).  1609. — Agostino,  brother 
of  the  last  named.  He,  like  his  distin- 
guished relatives,  was  an  eminent  paint- 
er, and  worked  sometimes  in  conjunc- 
tion with  them;  but  he  was  still  more 
distinguished  as  an  engraver.  His  prints 
after  Correggio,  Paul  Veronese,  and  Tin- 
toretto, are  greatly  admired.     D.  1602. 

OARACCIO,  Antony,  an  Italian  poet 
of  the  17th  century;  author  of  "  11  Cor- 
radino,"  and  other  tragedies ;  and  an 
epic  poem,  entitled  "Imperio  Vindi- 
cato." 

CARACCIOLI,  Francisco,  Admiral, 
an  Italian,  b.  1770;  one  of  the  victims 
who  perished  by  the  sanguinary  reaction 
at  Naples  in  1799,  when  the  French 
abandoned  the  town,  and  the  royal  fam- 
ily were  restored.  Notwithstanding  the 
capitulation  with  Cardinal  Ruffo  guar- 
anteed his  life,  he  was  hanged  at  the 
masthead  of  his  vessel,  and  his  body 
thrown  into  the  sea.  Much  has  been 
said  of  the  evil  influence  used  by  Lady 
Hamilton  over  Nelson,  then  stationed 
off  Naples,  to  get  him  to  sanction  this 
outrage,  but  Lady  Hamilton  has  vehe- 
mently denied  it.  —  Louis  Antony,  a 
French  writer.  His  works  arc  numer- 
ous; but  none  of  them  obtained  so 
much  notice  as  his  pretended  letters  of 
Ganganclli,  Pope  Clement  XIV7.  These 
are  so  superior  to  the  other  productions 
of  their  author,  that  the  ruse  succeeded 
in  the  outset;  but  his  non-production 
of  the  original  MSS.,  and  certain  anach- 
ronisms in  the  work,  betrayed  him.  B. 
1721 ;  d.  1803.— Robert,  an  Italian  bish- 
op, much  employed  by  popes  Calixtus 
III.  and  Sixtus  V.  His  sermons  contain 
passages  of  great  eloquence.     D.  1495. 

CARACTACUS,  whose  real  name  was 
Caradog,  was  the  king  of  an  ancient 
British  tribe  inhabiting  South  Wales, 
called  SUures.  He  gallantly  resisted  the 
Romans  for  a  considerable  time,  but  was 
at  length  defeated  by  Ostorius,  a.d.  75. 
When  taken  prisoner  and  carried  before 
the  emperor  Claudius,  his  magnanimous 
behavior  and  sensible  appeal  produced 
such  an  effect  on  the  Roman  Bmperor, 
"hat  he  gave  him  his  liberty ;  but  what 
afterwards  became  of  him*  is  not  re- 
corded. 

CARADOG,  a  British  historian  ;  au- 
thor of  "  The  Chronicle  of  Wales." 
Several  MS.  copies  of  them  remain  ;  and 
one  of  them  has  been  continued  as  far 
as  1280.     D.  1156. 


CARAMUEL  DE  LOBKOWITZ, 
John,  bishop  of  Messi,  and  one  of  the 
true  church-militant ;  for,  though  a  bish- 
op, he  fought  in  the  Netherlands,  and 
assisted  in  defending  Prague  against 
the  Swedes.  He  was  a  voluminous  but 
not  very  valuable  controversialist,  his 
zeal  greatly  outweighing  his  judgment. 
B.  1606;  d.  16S2. 

CARAVAGGIO,  Michael  Angelo 
Amerigui  da,  an  eminent  though  self- 
taught  Italian  painter.    B.  1569  ;  d.  1609. 

CARAUSIUS,  a  bold  Flemish  pilot, 
who  usurped  the  empire  of  Britain,  and 
became  so  formidable  by  his  possession 
of  Boulogne  and  of  a  large  fleet,  that 
the  Romans  recognized  him  by  treaty. 
He  was  an  arbitrary  tyrant,  and  was 
murdered  by  a  servant  in  293. 

CARDAN,  Jerome,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian of  great  note  in  his  time.  Though 
he  appears  to  have  been  a  consummate 
empiric,  lie  certainly  had  considerable 
talent.  He  was  an  excellent  mathema- 
tician, but  so  addicted  to  astrology,  that, 
having  predicted  the  time  of  his  death, 
it  is  said  he  starved  himself  in  order  to 
verify  his  prediction.  His  works  on  va- 
rious subjects  were  printed  in  10  vols, 
folio,  at  Lyons,  in  1663.    B.  1501 ;  d  1576. 

CARDI,  Louis,  sometimes  called  Ci- 
voli  and  Cigoli,  an  eminent  Tuscan  paint- 
er and  engraver.  He  greatly  affected  tho 
style  of  Correggio.  The  masterpiece  of 
his  pencil,  "St.  Peter  Healing  the  Crip- 
ple, was  unfortunately  destroyed  by 
the  damp.     D.  1613. 

CARDON,  Antoine,  an  eminent  Bel- 
gian engraver.     B.  1739  ;  d.  1813. 

CARDONNE,  Dominic  de,  professor 
of  the  Turkish  and  Persian  languages  at 
Paris,  and  keener  of  manuscripts  in  the 
royal  library  there;  author  ot  a  "His- 
tory of  Africa  and  Spain  under  the  Do- 
minion of  the  Arabs,"  "Indian  Tales 
and  Fables,"  &c.     B.  1720;  d.  1783. 

CAREW,  George,  an  English  mili- 
tary officer.  After  serving  with  great 
reputation,  he  was  ennobled  by  James 
h,  and  made  master-general  of  the  ord- 
nance and  a  privy  councillor.  Charles 
I.  greatly  esteemed  and  raised  him  to 
the  rank  of  earl  of  Totness.  He  wrote 
a  "  History  of  the  Wars  in  Ireland."  D. 
1629. — Thomas,  an  English  poet.  His 
masque,  "Coelum  Britannicum,"  was 
performed  before  the  court  at  Whitehall 
in  1663,  and  greatly  admired.  D.  1639. 
— Richard,  an  English  writer,  chiefly 
on  topography:  author  of  "A  Survey 
of  Cornwall,"  &c.  D.  1620.— George, 
brother  of  the  above;  was  much  em- 
ployed by  C£ueen  Elizabeth,  who  knight- 


252 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[car 


ed  him.  He  wrote  an  account  of  France 
and  the  court  of  Henry  IV.,  which  was 
not  published  till  above  a  century  after 
his  death.     D.  1614. 

CAliEY,  Henry,  earl  of  Monmouth, 
an  English  nobleman,  distinguished  for 
his  scholarship,  and  especially  for  his 
acquaintance  with  modern  languages. 
He  translated  numerous  works  from 
the  French  and  the  Italian,  of  which  the 
most  important  are  Biondi's  "History 
of  the  Civil  Wars  of  England,"  and  Paul 
Partita's  "  History  of  Venice."  D.  1661. 
— Henry,  an  English  musician  and  poet. 
He  chiefly  excelled  in  ballads,  one  of 
which,  "  Sally  in  our  Alley,"  was  praised 
by  Addison  for  its  words,  and  by  the 
celebrated  Geminiaua  for  its  music.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  burlesque  and 
other  dramatic  pieces  highly  popular  in 
their  day.  D.  by  his  own  hand,  1743. — 
George  Saville,  son  of  the  above,  in- 
herited much  of  his  father's  peculiar 
talent ;  and,  though  intended  for  the 
business  of  a  printer,  speedily  aban- 
doned that  for  the  stage.  His  songs, 
chiefly  patriotic  ones,  were  inferior  to 
his  father's  both  in  poetry  and  music. 
Besides  these  and  some  farces,  he  wrote 
"A  Kurd  Ramble,"  "Balnea,"  being 
sketches  of  the  English  watering-places, 
&c.  D.  1 801 . — Joseph,  a  French  printer, 
who  made  some  important  improve- 
ments in  the  art  of  stereotyping.  D. 
1801. — 'William,  a  celebrated  Baptist 
missionary,  b.  at  Paulerspury,  North- 
amptonshire, 1761.  His  father  kept  a 
small  school  in  the  village,  and  appren- 
ticed his  son  to  a  shoemaker  at  Hack- 
leton,  where  his  earnest  inquiries  upon 
religious  subjects  attracted  the  notice, 
and  soon  obtained  him  the  friendship 
of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Scott,  of  Raven- 
stone.  Ho  joined  a  congregation  of 
Baptists,  and  in  his  20th  year  began  to 
preach,  which  he  continued  for  two 
years,  when  he  was  publicly  baptized  in 
the  river  Nen.  In  1787  he  was  intrusted 
with  the  charge  of  a  congregation  at  Lei- 
cester; where,  persevering  in  his  benev- 
olent object  of  converting  the  heathen, 
he  induced  other  ministers  to  join  him; 
and,  in  1792,  they  formed  themselves 
into  a  Baptist  Missionary  Society  at  Ket- 
tering. William  Carey  was  nominated 
to  go  upon  their  first  mission,  and  India 
was  selected  as  the  most  desirable  field 
"or  the  commencement  of  his  zealous 
efforts.  He  arrived  in  Bengal  in  1794, 
but  had  the  ill  fortune  to  lose  all  his 
money  and  effects  by  the  sinking  of  a 
boat  in  the  river  Hooghly.  After  pa- 
tiently enduring  severe  toils  and  priva- 


tions for  three  years,  (during  which  pe- 
riod however  he  acquired  the  Bengalee,) 
Mr.  Carey  preached  publicly ;  but  as  the 
East  India  Company  were  opposed  to 
his  object  of  forming  an  establishment 
inland,  in  1799  he  proceeded  to  the 
Danish  settlement  of  Serainpore.  This 
little  missionary  settlement,  consisting 
of  four  preachers  only,  with  their  wives 
and  families,  rapidly  increased;  a  school 
was  opened,  and  type  being  sent  rrom 
England,  a  translation  of  the  Scriptures 
was  printed  in  the  Bengalee  language. 
Mr.  Carey  having  made  himself  a  com- 
plete master  of  the  native  language,  was, 
in  1801.  appointed  by  the  governor  pro- 
fessor of  Sanscrit  and  other  oriental  Ian 
guages  at  the  college  of  Fort  William, 
Calcutta.  He  had  many  difficulties  to 
contend  with,  both  from  the  prejudices 
of  the  natives,  and  the  political  views 
of  influential  individuals  at  home.  He 
never  relaxed  in  the  work  he  had  begun, 
but  translated  the  Scriptures  into  "sev- 
eral of  the  Indian  languages,  and  lived 
to  witness  the  success  of  his  ardent  ex- 
ertions for  their  dissemination  among 
the  native  tribes.  D.  1834. — Matthew, 
a  voluminous  writer  of  Philadelphia,  b. 
in  Ireland.  He  was  originally  a  printer 
and  bookseller,  but  in  1779  wrote  a 
pamphlet  against  the  oppression  of  the 
Irish  Cathoiics,  which  causing  alarm  for 
his  safety,  he  was  secretly  sent  to  Dr. 
Franklin  in  Paris,  and  gained  his  friend- 
ship. In  1783  he  set  up  the  "  Freeman's 
Journal,"  which  plead  the  Irish  cause 
with  great  warmth.  He  was  prosecuted 
for  a  libel  on  John  Foster,  the  British 
premier,  and  sentenced  to  Newgate,  but 
lie  was  released  at  the  instance  of  the 
lord  mayor  of  London,  in  1784,  and  em-  • 
igratcd  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  pub- 
lished the  "Pennsylvania  Herald,"  the 
"Columbian  Magazine,"  and  the  "Amer- 
ican Museum."  He  also  wrote,  in  1814, 
the  "Olive  Branch,"  and  subsequently 
"  Vindicire  Hibernicse,"  the  "  Philoso- 
phv  of  Common  Sense,"  &c.  B.  1760; 
d.  1839. 

CARISSIMI,  Giacomo,  a  much  ad- 
mired musical  composer  of  the  17th 
ccnturv. 

CARITEO,  an  Italian  poet  of  the  15th 
and  16th  centuries;  author  of  "Opera 
Nuova  e  Amorosa  Composta,"  &c. 

CARLETON,  George,  bishop  of  Chi- 
Chester,  was  educated  by  the  famous 
Bernard  Gilpin,  who  sent  him  to  Oxford. 
His  literary  powers  are  honorably  men- 
tioned by  Fuller,  Camden,  and  Eehard ; 
and  his  writings  are  very  numerous. 
D.  1628. — Dudley,  Lord  Dorchester,  an 


car] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


253 


English  statesman  during  the  reigns  of 
James  I.  and  Charles  I.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  ability ;  but,  like  Laud  and 
other  statesmen  of  that  time,  he  had  a 
bigoted  fondness  for  arbitrary  govern- 
ment. As  an  author  he  is  chiefly  known 
by  his  "  Letters  to  and  from  Sir  Dudley 
Carleton  during  his  embassy  to  Holland, 
from  January,  1616,  to  December,  1620." 
These  letters,  which  were  edited  by 
Lord  Ilardwicke,  contain  much  valuable 
information,  though  they  also  display 
much  prejudice.  D.  1602. — Guy,  Lord 
Dorchester,  a  military  officer  of  great 
courage  and  skill.  Having  passed 
through  the  subaltern  ranks,  he,  in 
1702,  became  a  colonel,  and  distin- 
guished himself  very  greatly  at  the 
siege  of  Havanna.  In  1772  he  was  raised 
to  the  rank  of  major-general,  and  in- 
trusted with  the  important  office  of  gov- 
ernor of  Quebec,  in  which  situation  he 
defended  Canada  against  generals  Ar- 
nold and  Montgomery.  For  this  Gen- 
eral Carleton  was  knighted,  and  promo- 
ted to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general. 
He  next  succeeded  General  Clinton  as 
commander-in-chief  in  America;  and, 
at  the  conclusion  of  the  war  here,  was 
raised  to  the  peerage,  and  made  gov- 
ernor of  Quebec,  New  Brunswick,  and 
Nova  Scotia.     D.  1808. 

CARLISLE,  Anthony,  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  anatomists  and  phy- 
siologists of  the  age,  was  b.  at  Stilling- 
ton,  Durham,  1768,  and  commenced  his 
professional  studies  at  York.  He  thence 
proceeded  to  London,  and  became  a 
resident  pupil  of  Mr.  H.  Watson,  a  sur- 
geon of  Westminster  hospital,  and  one 
of  the  court  of  examiners  of  Surgeons' 
hall,  a  man  of  the  first  rank  in  his  pro- 
fession. In  17i'3,  that  gentleman  dying, 
Mr.  Carlisle  succeeded  him  in  the  hospi- 
tal, and  speedily  distinguished  himself, 
as  much  by  his  invariable  humanity  to 
the  suffering  poor  as  by  his  surgical 
skill.  He  was  senior  surgeon  to  the 
Westminster  hospital,  one  of  the  coun- 
il  and  court  of  examiners  to  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons.  D.  1840. — Nicho- 
las, an  eminent  antiquary,  b.  at  York, 
1771.  After  receiving  what  he  himself 
calls  an  "  humble  education,"  he  entered 
the  naval  service  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany, and  gradually  amassed  a  consider- 
able sum,  which  enabled  him  to  be  of 
great  assistance  to  his  brother,  the  emi- 
nent surgeon,  at  the  beginning  of  his 
career.  In1S07  he  was  elected  secretary 
to  the  Society  of  Antiquarians,  his  com- 

Eetitor  being  the  late  Dr.  Dibdin ;  and 
i  this  capacity  he  found  leisure  to  eom- 
22 


pile  many  laborious  and  useful  works. 
In  1812  he  was  appointed  assistant  libra- 
rian at  Buckingham  house;  in  1828  he 
was  nominated  one  of  the  gentlemen  of 
the  privy  chamber;  and  in  testimony 
of  the  estimation  in  which  he  was  held, 
he  received  orders  from  Austria,  Den- 
mark, and  Hanover,  and  from  Oxford 
the  honorary  degree  of  D.  C.  L.,  in  1835. 
D.  1847. — Howard,  earl  of,  b.  in  1748 ; 
uncle  and  guardian  of  Lord  Byron  ;  to 
whom  the  latter  dedicated  his'" Hours 
of  Idleness ;"  and  finding  them  too 
feebly  defended  from  the  attacks  of  the 
northern  critics  by  his  noble  relation,  lie 
subjected  him  to  the  rack  of  satire, 
along  with  his  presumed  enemies,  in 
"English  Bards."  The  earl  of  Carlisle 
always,  after  he  was  superseded  by  the 
duke  of  Portland,  in  Ireland,  acted  with 
the  Whig  opposition.  Some  of  this 
nobleman's  literary  works  deserve  a 
higher  character  than  they  have  attain- 
ed. "  The  Step-Mothe'r,"  and  "  A 
Father's  Vengeance,"  tragedies,  are  pub- 
lished with  a  collection  of  his  lordship's 
poems,  in  8vo. 

CARLOS,  Don,  son  of  Philip  II.  of 
Spain,  was  b.  1545.  He  was  deformed 
and  sickly,  and  of  an  extremely  violent 
disposition.  He  was  to  have  espoused 
Elizabeth  of  France,  but  his  lather,  be- 
coming a  widower,  married  that  princess 
himself.  This  circumstance  greatly  irri- 
tated him,  and  it  is  said  that  he  had 
entered  into  a  conspiracy  against  his 
king  and  father,  On  this  charge  he  was 
thrown  into  prison,  where  he  died  about 
six  months  after  his  arrest.  The  man- 
ner of  his  death  is  variously  stated,  some 
affirming  that  he  was  poisoned,  bled  to 
death,  or  strangled,  while  others  attri- 
bute his  death  to  his  own  acts.  B.  1545 ; 
d.  1567. 

CARLYLE,  Joseph  Dacre,  an  English 
divine  and  linguist.  He  accompanied 
Lord  Elgin  on  his  embassy  to  Constan- 
tinople, and  took  that  opportunity  to 
explore  various  parts  of  Asia  Minor, 
Egypt,  <fee.  His  specimens  of  Arabic 
poetry,  and  a  learned  summary  of  the 
affairs  of  Egypt,  from  the  year  971  to  the 
year  1453,  were  published  during  his 
lifetime,  and  procured  him  considerable 
celebrity.  Atter  his  death,  a  volume 
appeared  of  his  "Poems  suggested  by 
Scenes  in  Asia  Minor,  Syria  and  Greece." 
D.  1804. 

CARMONTELLE,  a  French  writer: 
author   of   "Proverbes    Drainatiques, 
some  romances,  conversations,  &e.     I). 
1806. 

CARNARVON,  Henry  John  Georgb 


254 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[car 


Herbert,  third  earl  of,  eminent  as  an 
author,  a  traveller,  and  a  politician,  was 
b.  1800.  After  finishing  his  school  edu- 
cation at  Eton,  he  repaired  to  Christ- 
church,  Oxford,  and  his  university  ca- 
reer terminated,  he  entered  upon  a  well- 
devised  plan  of  travel,  extending  over 
Italy,  the  Peninsula,  parts  of  Africa  and 
Greece ;  and  the  results  of  which  he, 
from  time  to  time,  gave  to  the  world  in 
winks  abounding  in  animated  and  pic- 
turesque descriptions.  His  most  popu- 
lar work  was  his  "Portugal  and  Galli- 
cia,"  but  his  "  Moor,"  a  poem,  and  "  Don 
Pedro,"  a  tragedy,  evince  poetic  powers 
of  no  mean  order.     D.  1849. 

CARNE,  John,  a  modern  author,  who 
travelled  for  a  considerable  time  in  the 
East,  and  cave  the  fruits  of  his  travels  in 
the  volume  entitled  "  Letters  from  the 
East,"  which  originally  appeared  as  a 
aeries  of  papers  in  the  "New  Monthly 
Magazine."  Subsequently  he  published 
"Recollections  of  the  East,"  "Letters 
from  Switzerland  and  Italy,"  "'Lives  of 
the  most  Eminent  Missionaries,"  '•  Tales 
of  the  West,"  "  Stratton  Hill,"  &c.  He 
had  taken  deacon's  orders,  but  never 
officiated.     B.  1789;  d.  1844. 

CARNEADES,  an  eminent  Greek 
philosopher,  lie  was  a  pupil  of  Dioge- 
nes the  Stoic,  and,  subsequently,  of 
Egesinus.  When  he  became  a  teacher 
he  opposed  Chrysippus,  opposed  the 
theology  of  the  Stoics,  and  argued 
against  their  doctrine  of  fate.  But 
though  as  a  philosopher  he  was  free 
from  many  of  the  errors  of  his  time,  it 
was  rather  in  a  political  than  a  philoso- 
phical character  that  he  was  serviceable. 
Rome  having  levied  a  fine  on  Athens, 
Carneades,  with  Diogenes  and  Critolaus, 
was  sent  to  plead  against  it.  He  did  so 
successfully,  and  so  great  a  sensation 
did  his  eloquence  make,  that  <'ato  feared 
its  effect  on  the  Roman  youth.     D.  125 

B.  C. 

CAENOT,  Lazare  Nicholas  Margue- 
rite, a  French  mathematician,  an  1  war 

minister  under  Napoleon,  was  b.  in  Bur- 
gundy, in  1753,  entered  the  corps  of 
engineers,  and  received  promotion  from 
Mie  prince  of  Conde  :  yet,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution  he  became 
a  decided  partisan  of  the  republic,  and, 
as  a  member  of  the  convention,  voted 
for  the  death  of  the  king.  During  the 
reign  of  terror  he  took  an  active  part  in 
public  affairs ;  and,  on  the  establish- 
ment of  the  executive  directory,  he  be- 
came one  of  its  five  members.  In  this 
office  he  remained  till  1797,  when,  with 
Barthelemy  and  others,  he  was  accused 


as  a  royalist,  and  exiled.  Bonaparte,  on 
becoming  first  consul,  recalled  Carnot, 
and  made  him  minister  of  war.  In  this 
office  he  quarrelled  so  much  with  the 
finance  minister.),  that  he  was  at  length 
compelled  to  resign.  He  subsequently 
served  Bonaparte  in  various  capacities, 
and  under  all  the  aspects  of  the  em- 
peror's fortune;  but  tlie  emperor  seems 
always  to  have  undervalued  his  talents. 
As  a  writer,  Carnot  is  very  favorably 
known  by  his  "Reflexions  sur  la  Meta- 
physique  du  Calcul  Infinitesimal,"  "  La 
Gi'ometrie  de  Position,"  and  other  scien- 
tific treatises.     D.  1823. 

<  'ARO,  Annibale,  an  Italian  poet. 
His  parents  were  very  poor,  but  in  early 
life  he  had  the  good  fortune  to  be  patron- 
ized by  Pietro  T^udovico  Farncse.  Sub- 
sequently he  became  secretary  to  the 
Cardinal  Alexander  Farnese,  who  lit- 
erally heaped  preferments  upon  him. 
Though  greatly  engaged  in  public  affairs 
he  wrote  much.  His  original  works, 
both  prose  and  poetry,  are  of  a  very  high 
order;  but  his  great  merit  is  in  his 
translations  from  the  Greek  and  Latin. 
From  the  latter  he  translated  the  ^Eneid. 
B.  1507;  d.  1666. 

CAROLINE,  Amelia  Elizabeth,  wife 
of  George  IV.,  king  of  Great  Britain  and 
Hanover,  second  daughter  of  Duko 
Charles  William  Ferdinand  of  Bruns- 
wick, and  of  the  Princess  Augusta  of 
England,  sister  of  George  III.,  was  b. 
1768;  married  the  prince  of  Wales  hi 
1795,  anil  gave  birth  to  the  Princess 
Charlotte  in  the  year  following;  but  was 
scarcely  recovered  from  her  confinement 
when  her  husband  abandoned  her,  with- 
out assigning  any  other  reason  than  that 
"no  one  could  force  his  inclinations." 
The  discarded  -princess  retired  to  a  man- 
sion at  Blackheath,  where  she  devoted 
herself  to  the  arts  anil  sciences,  and 
dispensed  no  inconsiderable  part  of  her 
income  in  acts  of  benevolence.  Mean- 
while, the  friends,  or  rather  the  spies, 
of  the  prince,  circulated  many  reports 
of  her,  unfavorable  to  her  general  de- 
portment, accusing  her  of  illicit  connec- 
tions, and  even  asserting  that  she  was 
the  mother  of  a  bov  named  William 
Austin,  whom  she  had  adopted,  and 
that  the  father  was  Sir  Sidney  Smith. 
This  led  to  a  "delicate  investigation," 
as  it  was  termed ;  and  on  the  whole 
evidence  being  submitted  to  Ger  rge  III., 
he  declared  himself  satisfied  of  her  inno- 
cence, and  received  her  with  marks  of 
his  especial  favor.  In  1813  the  contest 
was  renewed  between  the  two  parties  ; 
the  princess  of  Wales  complaining,  aa 


car] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPRY. 


255 


a  mother,  of  the  difficulties  opposed  to 
her  seeing  her  daughter;  but  the  prince 
of  Wales,  then  regent,  disregarded  these 
complaints.  Upon  this,  in  July,  1814, 
the  princess  obtained  permission  to  go 
to  Brunswick,  and,  afterwards,  tr>  make 
the  tour  of  Italy  and  Greece.  On  quit- 
ting England,  she  assumed  the  title  of 
countess  of  Wolfenbnttel ;  and,  while 
at  Milan,  took  into  her  service  an  Italian, 
named  Bartoloineo  Bergami,  in  the  capa- 
city of  a  courier,  whom  she  soon  eleva- 
ted to  the  office  of  chamberlain,  and 
appointed  his  sister  one  other  maids  of 
honor.  For  a  lime  she  resided  at  a  villa 
on  the  banks  of  the  lake  of  Como ;  but 
afterwards  visited  Tunis,  Malta,  Athens, 
Constantinople,  Ephesus,  and  lastly  Je- 
rusalem. While  there  she  exhibited 
extraordinary  munificence  in  gifts  to  the 
conventual  fathers,  as  well  as  to  the 
poor;  and  took  upon  herself  to  found  a 
new  order  of  knighthood,  entitled  the 
order  of  St.  Caroline,  of  which  she  con- 
stituted Bergami  grand  master.  Her 
indiscretion  in  thus  exalting  Bergami, 
and  the  improper  familiarity  with  which 
it  was  alleged  she  treated  him,  became 
a  theme  of  general  conversation;  and 
commissioners  were  secretly  sent  out  to 
Milan  by  the  prince  regent,  in  order  to 
make  inquiries  into  her  conduct,  and  to 
furnish  the  necessary  evidence  on  which 
to  obtain  a  divorce.  All  circumstances 
appeared  favorable  to  him  for  the  con- 
summation of  this  long-desired  object. 
While  absent  from  England,  death  had 
deprived  her  of  her  friends,  George  III., 
and  the  duke  of  Kent;  of  her  daughter, 
the  Princess  Charlotte ;  and  her  brother, 
the  duke  of  Brunswick,  who  fell  in  re- 
sisting the  French,  previous  to  the  bat- 
le  of  Waterloo.  Yet,  on  the  prince  of 
Wales  ascending  the  throne,  January 
29,  1820,  the  ministry  offered  her  an  in- 
come of  £o0,ooo  sterling,  the  title  of 
queen  of  England,  and  all  the  dignities 
appertaining  thereto,  on  the  condition 
that  she  should  continue  to  reside 
abroad.  This  proposal  she  rejected  with 
great  indignation,  accused  her  enemies 
of  the  basest  conspiracy  against  her,  and 
returned  to  England,  cheered  by  the 
enthusiastic  welcome  of  nine-tenths  of 
the  people.  She  was  now  publicly  ac- 
cused by  the  minister.  Lord  Liverpool, 
of  adultery  :  and,  after  a  protracted  trial, 
the  bill  of  pains  and  penalties  was  passed 
to  a  third  reading,  by  a  trifling  majority ; 
but  government  thought  it  prudent  to 
withdraw  it,  and  the  proceedings  drop- 
ped. After  this  outrage  on  public  de- 
cency, preparations  were  made  for  the 


king's  coronation.  The  queen  at  first 
demanded  to  be  crowned  with  him  ;  and 
this  being  peremptorily  refused,  she  re- 
quested to  be  present  at  the  ceremony, 
but  had  to  endure  the  mortification  of 
being  repeatedly  turned  from  the  doors 
of  Westminster  abbey,  and  refused  ad- 
mission. The  spirit  of  Caroline  sunk 
under  this  last  effort.  She  was  sud- 
denly taken  ill,  while  witnessing  a  per- 
formance at  Drury-lane  theatre,  and  d. 
1821.  Having  expressed  a  wish  that  she 
should  not  be  buried  in  England,  her 
remains  were  removed  to  Brunswick, 
and  deposited  between  those  of  her 
father  and  brother.  On  the  funeral  pro- 
cession passing  through  London,  a  vio- 
lent conflict  took  place  between  tho 
life-guards,  who  were  conducting  it,  and 
the  populace.  To  what  extent  the  queen 
was  guilty  no  one  can  say,  the  evidence 
being  most  conflicting  and  unsatisfacto- 
ry :  but  never  was  a  woman  more  deci- 
dedly the  victim  of  brutal  vengeance,  or 
one  who  had  so  many  pleas  to  urge  in 
extenuation  of  her  crime,  if  really 
guiltv. 

CARPENTER,  Laxt.  an  eminent  theo- 
logical writer,  b.  at  Kidderminster,  1780  ; 
was  drowned  5th  April,  1850.  Dr.  Car- 
penter was  a  most  industrious  writer. 
Besides  publishing  numerous  sermons 
and  polemical  pamphlets,  he  contributed 
largely  to  Kces's  CycIopa?dia  and  many 
periodicals;  and  his  substantial  works, 
published  both  daring  his  life  and  since 
his  death,  are  masterpieces  of  style  and 
argument.  His  "Apostolical  harmony 
of  the  Gospels"  is  referred  to  as  an  au- 
thority even  by  his  theological  oppo- 
nents.— Richard,  an  English  divine  of 
the  17th  century.  He  was  originally 
educated  for  the  established  church, 
but  seceded  from  it,  and  became  a  Catho- 
lic priest.  He  again  recanted,  and  ob- 
tained a  vicarage  in  Sussex  ;  but  at  the 
rebellion  he  quitted  England,  and  again 
professed  himself  a  Catholic.  The  res- 
toration caused  him  to  return  to  En- 
gland, and  turn  Protestant.  Here  il 
might  have  been  supposed  his  turnings 
would  end,  but  he  in  fact  changed  once 
more,  and  died  a  Catholic.  The  writings 
of  this  unprincipled  man  are,  "  Expe- 
rience, History,  and  Divinity,"  and 
"  The  Pragmatical  Jesuit." 

CARPI,  Udo  da,  a  painter  and  engra- 
ver of  the  16th  century,  to  whom  is 
generally  attributed  the  invention  of  the 
kind  of  engraving  called  chiaro-oscuro. 
— Girolami  da,  a  painter  of  the  16th 
century,  and  a  very  successful  imitatDr 
of  Correggio  and  Pannegiano. 


256 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


[cab 


CARPINI,  John  de  Plako,  a  Domin- 
ican t'riar  of  the  13th  century,  and  one 
of  the  embassy  from  Pope  Innocent  IV. 
to  the  descendants  of  Zenghis  Khan, 
sent  to  prevent  them  from  invading 
Europe,  and  to  induce  them  rather  to 
turn  their  arms  against  the  Saracens  and 
Turks. 

CARPOCPvATES,  a  heretic  of  the  2d 
century,  who  denied  the  divine  nature 
of  Christ.  His  followers  were  accused 
of  lewd  and  immoral  practices,  but  Dr. 
Lardner  thinks  the  accusation  to  have 
arisen  rather  from  enmity  than  fact. 

CARE,  John,  an  English  attorney  and 
writer;  author  of  "The  Stranger  in 
France,"  "  The  Stranger  in  Ireland," 
"A  Tour  through  Scotland,"  <fcc.  While 
in  Ireland,  he  was  knighted  by  the  lord 
lieutenant.  D.  1822. — William  Hol- 
well,  an  English  clergyman,  and  a  dis- 
tinguished patron  of  the  fine  arts.  He 
spent  large  sums  in  pictures,  which  he 
bequeathed  to  the  National  Gallery.  D. 
1830. 

CARRA,  John  Louis,  a  French  wri- 
ter and  politician.  In  addition  to  a  pe- 
riodical, entitled  "  Les  Annales  Poli- 
tiques  et  Litti'raires,"  he  published 
several  essays.  Having  joined  the  party 
of  Brissot,  lie  was  condemned  on  the 
fall  of  that  leader,  and  guillotined  in 
1793. 

CARRANZA.  Bartholomew^  French 
Dominican.  He  distinguished  himself 
at  the  council  of  Trent,  and  had  the 
honor  to  accompany  Philip  II.  of  Spain 
to  England,  where  he  labored  so  zealous- 
ly to  establish  Catholicism,  that  the  king 
made  him  archbishop  of  Toledo.  Here, 
however,  his  success  ended  ;  for  being 
accused  of  heresy,  he  was  imprisoned  at 
Rome  for  10  years,  and  subsequently 
sent  to  a  monastery  for  the  remainder  of 
his  life.  His  chief  works  are,  a  "Sum- 
mary of  the  Council,"  and  a  "  Treatise 
on  the  Residence  of  Bishops."     D.  1576. 

CARRE,  Loun,  an  eminent  French 
mathematician.  Besides  many  import- 
ant contributions  to  the  "  Memoirs"  of 
the  Academy  of  Sciences,  he  published 
an  elaborato  "  Method  of  Measuring 
Surfaces  and  Solids,  and  finding  their 
centres  of  Giavity,  Percussion,  and  Os- 
cillation."    D.  17*11. 

CARREL,  Armand,  chief  editor  of 
the  "  Paris  National,"  and  a  distinguish- 
ed political  writer.  D.  of  a  wound  he 
received  in  a  duel  with  M.  Girardin,  a 
few  days  previous,  July  24,  1836. 

CARRENO  DE  MIRANDA,  Juan, 
Don,  an  eminent  Spanish  painter,  pa- 
tronized by  Philip  IV.     In  coloring  he 


surpasses  all  his  countrymen,  with  the 
exception  of  Murillo.     D.  1685. 

CARKERAS,  Jose  Miguel,  Juan,  and 
Luis,  three  brothers,  distinguished  in 
the  revolution  of  Chili ;  who  for  patriot- 
ism, talents,  and  purity  of  character  had 
not  their  equals  in  that  country  ;  yet,  by 
a  singularly  adverse  fortune,  they  all 
perished  at  Mendoza,  under  the  merci- 
less rule  of  O'Higgins  and  San  Martin. 
With  brutal  cruelty  the  latter  sent  their 
aged  father  an  account  of  the  expenses 
of  the  execution  of  Juan  and  Luis,  who 
suffered  in  1818,  with  an  order  for  its 
immediate  payment.  He  paid  it,  and, 
two  days  afterwards,  expired  ofabrokeu 
heart.  Don  Jose  Miguel  did  not  meet 
his  unhappy  tire  till  ls-JJ,  when  endeav- 
oring to  take  advantage  of  a  popular 
movement  in  his  favor,  he  was  sur- 
rounded by  a  superior  force,  made  pris- 
oner, and  executed  on  the  very  spot 
where  his  brothers  had  suffered. 

CARRIER,  John  Baptist,  a  monster 
of  ferocity,  gendered  in  the  French  rev- 
olution, was  b.  near  Aurillae,  1756.  He 
was  sent  on  a  mission  to  La  Vendee, 
where  he  caused  thousands  of  victims, 
men,  women,  and  children,  to  be  drown- 
ed, beheaded,  or  shot,  the  ordinary 
mode  of  execution  being  too  tardy  for 
him.  Fifteen  thousand  individuals  per- 
ished in  this  way;  in  short,  the  banks 
of  the  Loire  were  strewed  with  the  dead 
bodies,  and  the  water  was  so  polluted, 
that  it  was  prohibited  to  drink  it.  On 
the  fall  of  the  party  called  the  Mountain, 
he  was  tried  before  the  revolutionary  tri- 
bunal which  condemned  him  to  the  guil- 
lotine, 1794. 

CARRINGTON,  Edward,  a  valuable 
officer  in  the  American  revolution,  was 
some  time  quartermaster-general  of  the 
army  under  Gen.  Greene,  in  the  South, 
and  by  his  judicious  counsels  and  unre- 
mitted exertions  in  supplying  the  army, 
greatly  contributed  to  the  advantages 
trained  over  the  enemy.  He  afterwards 
was  attached  to  the  army  in  the  North, 
but,  previously  to  the  evacuation  of 
Charleston,  resumed  his  former  station. 
After  the  peace  he  was  a  representative 
in  congress  from  Virginia.  When  Aaron 
Burr  was  tried  for  high  treason,  he  was 
foreman  of  the  jury.    B.  1749;  d.  1810. 

CARROLL,  John,  first  Catholic  bish- 
op in  the  United  States,  was  b.  at  Upper 
Marlborough  in  Maryland,  1734,  and  sent 
for  education  at  the  age  of  13  to  Flan- 
ders. From  St.  Omer's,  where  he  re- 
mained 6  years,  he  was  transferred  to 
the  colleges  of  Liege  and  Bruges.  He 
was  ordained  a  jriest  and  became  a  Jes- 


cab] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


257 


nit.  In  1775  he  returned  to  America, 
and  engaged  in  the  duties  of  a  parish 
priest.  In  1736  he  was  appointed  vicar- 
general,  and  settled  at  Baltimore.  In 
1790  he  was  consecrated  in  England, 
Catholic  bishop  of  the  United  States, 
and  returned  with  the  title  of  the  bishop 
of  Baltimore.  A  few  years  before  his 
death  he  was  created  archbishop.  D. 
1815. — Charles,  the  last  surviving  sign- 
er of  the  Declaration  of  American  Inde- 
pendence. He  was  b.  at  Annapolis,  on 
the  20th  of  Sept.,  1787  ;  and  d.  at  Balti- 
more, Nov.  14,  1832,  in  his  9(ith  year. 
He  was  descended  of  a  respectable  Irish 
family  ;  inherited  a  large  estate,  and  was 
of  the  Catholic  religion.  He  was  educa- 
ted and  studied  civil  law  in  France. 
Subsequently  he  went  to  England  and 
pursued  the  study  of  common  law  at  the 
Temple.  At  the  age  of  27  years  he  re- 
turned to  America,  and  was  soon  known* 
as  an  advocate  for  liberty,  and  one  of 
the  ablest  political  writers  of  Maryland. 
In  1776  he  was  elected  a  delegate  to  con- 

fress,  and  subscribed  his  name  to  the 
leclaration  of  Independence.  In  177^ 
he  left  congress,  and  devoted  himself  to 
the  councils  of  his  native  state  ;  in  1789 
he  was  elected  a  senater  in  congress ; 
and  in  1S10  he  quitted  public  life  at  the 
age  of  64,  and  passed  the  remaiuder 
of  his  days  in  tranquillity,  beloved  and 
revered  by  his  friends  and  neighbors, 
and  honored  by  his  country.  His  mind 
was  highly  cultivated,  and  he  was  much 
distinguished  for  urbanity  of  manners 
and  social  virtue. 

CARSTARES,  William,  a  Scotch  di- 
vine, but  of  more  influence  as  a  politi- 
cian, was  b.  at  Cathcart,  1649.  In  orderto 
remove  him  from  the  danger  of  being  led 
into  politics,  his  friends  sent  him  from 
Edinburgh,  where  he  had  commenced 
his  studies, to  Utrecht.  Becoming  known 
to  the  prince  of  Orange  he  soon  obtain- 
ed his  confidence,  and  was  much  em- 
ployed by  him  in  forwarding  his  inten- 
tions upon  England.  Being  privy  to  the 
Rye-house  plot  he  was  apprehended,  and 
put  to  the  torture,  which  he  bore  with 
much  fortitude,  but  at  length  was  in- 
duced to  make  a  statement,  which  was 
afterwards  used  against  his  friend,  Mr. 
Baiilie.  On  his  liberation  he  returned 
to  Holland,  where  the  prince  received 
him  very  cordially,  and  made  him  his 
chaplain.  He  accompanied  William  to 
England,  and  though  nominally  only  his 
chaplain,  was  in  fact  one  of  the  most  in- 
fluential and  able  of  his  state  advisers. 
Under  Queen  Anne  he  had  no  political 
power,  but  she  caused  him  to  be  made 
22* 


principal  of  the  university  of  Edinburgh, 
in  which  important  post  he  gave  satisfac- 
tion equally  to  her  majesty  and  to  the 
Scottish  public.  By  the  house  of  Han- 
over he  was  equally  patronized,  and 
he  continued  a  favorite  till  his  death,  in 
1715. 

CARSTENS,  Asmus  Jacob,  a  Danish 
painter  of  very  considerable  merit.  His 
subjects,  nearly  all  taken  from  the  classic 
authors,  exhibit  gracefulness  of  attitude 
with  vigorous  expression.  B.  1754  ;  d. 
1798. 

CARTE,  Samuel,  an  English  divine 
and  antiquary,  author  of  a  valuable  and 
elaborate  work,  entitled  "Tabula  Chro- 
nologica,"  &e.  D.  1740. — Thomas,  son 
of  the  above,  and  like  him  an  antiquary 
and  historian,  and  a  divine.  On  the 
accession  of  George  I.,  feeling  that  he 
could  not  conscientiously  take  the  re- 
quired oaths,  he  abandoned  his  profes- 
sion; and  during  the  rebellion  of  1715 
he  was  so  strongly  suspected,  that  a 
warrant  was  issued  against  him,  but  he 
was  safely  concealed  in  the  house  of  a 
clergyman  in  Warwickshire.  As  an 
author  he  is  chiefly  known  by  his  "  His- 
tory of  England,"  "and  that  of  the  "Rev- 
olution of  Portugal."     B.  16S6 ;  d.  1754. 

CARTER,  Elizabeth,  an  English  lady, 
daughter  of  a  clergyman  residing  at 
Deal,  in  Kent.  Under  the  instructions 
of  her  father  she  became  an  admirable 
Greek  and  Latin  scholar,  and  was  well 
skilled  in  German,  French,  Spanish, 
Italian,  Portuguese,  Hebrew,  and  Ara- 
bic ;  nor  was  she  a  mere  reader.  She 
translated  Cronsaz's  critique  on  Pope's 
"Essay  on  Man,"  Algarotti's  explana- 
tion of  Newton's  philosophy,  and  Epic- 
tetus.  The>e  dissimilar  labors  appeared 
during  her  life;  and,  after  her  decease, 
six  volumes  of  her  correspondence  were 
published,  which  are  calculated  to  give 
even  a  higher  opinion  of  her  intellect 
than  her  more  learned  and  masculine 
performances.  B.  1717  ;  d.  1806. — John, 
an  eminent  draftsman,  architect,  and 
antiquary.  In  the  latter  character  he 
wrote  ably  and  zealously  in  reprobation 
of  the  disfigurement  of  the  remains  of 
ancient  beauty  by  tasteless  attempts  at 
improvement.  Of  his  ability  as  a  drafts- 
man and  engraver  there  is  abundant 
proof  in  the  plates  of  the  "Views  in  En- 
gland," &e. ;  and  it  is  worthy  of  notice, 
that  his  various  powers  were  developed 
by  his  own  industry,  unaided  by  early  ed- 
ucation. D.  1818. — Thomas,  an  eminent 
Irish  musician  and  composer  of  vocal 
music.  Among  his  compositions  are 
the  songs,  "  Oh,  Nannie,  wilt  thou  gang 


258 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[car 


wi'  me :"  .-•  ~  rg    as,  my 

bean-  Si  L—  N  a 

Hazelti.ne.   .  -  -       - 

.-  - 

-    -  -   two 

_ 
nouth  university,     lu  1  -. 
came   the    proprietor  and   e 
■ 

•_    -     .  - i 
i  ,  as 

_  ,:de   of  a   ) 
'•  - 

-  3  of  the)  Du- 

-  paper 
oo  tiis 
- 
••  Journal  > 
a 

- 

iltfa  proceeded  agaiu  to 
I  at  liars 

- 
of  prose;    ills  largest  poetical   pi 
eutn 

::  nouth  coL  _ 
.  .  I  Sir  € 

prop:  - 

-  _ 

s  said  to  nave 

- 

■   ..    _    -     -        - 
man. 

taining  his  -  seat  in 

the  h  supporting 

the   ::  -  --       . 

_     I..  :m  I  employed  by 
hiui  in  v:.r 

lie   succeeded  Craggs     -    -  iry  of 

ted  lord 

aant  of  Ireland ;    and  though  be 

f:he  irritable  -    -  'ine  odienee 

y  pi   -       ting  the  printer  of  t.ie  Dr.i- 
-.   be   was   on   the 
whole  a  po| 

■  -orge  II.  he  agaiu  held  that  distin- 
guished post,  and  with  even  nior    - 
-    than   before.       On   bis   return   to 
:vi  he  became  a  strong  opponent 
•  _-eded 
in  reinovius  I  pro- 

euring  5  supported 

-  -imilar  to  those  he  liad  for- 
merly condemned.  But  th  _ 
retary  of  state,  and  as  president  of  tbe 
council,  in  which  office  he  died,  his 
conduct  was  marked  by  mnch  vacilla- 
tion, he  retainel  his  court  favor  to  tbe 
as:.  D.  17  . — Phujp.  a  distinguished 
V  -■-.     In 

conjunction    with    Captain    Wallis    he 


commanded  an  expedition  to  the  South 
Seas.  -         rios  they 

.  some  account  is  given  b\  Hawkes- 
fion  to  his  narra- 
tive of  Cook's  VOJ    2 
CAKTiER.   Jajuss,   a    French    navi- 
;ral    voyag  - 
\ 

4   to 
.    fei. 

CARTWRIGHT,   Jo 

,  distinguished  tor   .';s  zealous 

nn.       Ilis 

writings  icon   inde- 

.  universal  liberty,  as 

public  adi.~  sa  -  i  he 

promoted   in    furtherance   of  a   r . 

reform  of  :        _  .    him 

conspicuous.      He 

finnness  au.l   di-  -  »  on  all 

-  »  ass     lV-id 

to   a; 

54.  —  El 
brother  of  the  pn  _ 

man  of  thr  esl        -  .In  1770 

be  p"  "dished  a  poein  called  "  A 
and  Elvira;"  but  he  is  chiefly  k 

-  '-ae   valnahh  me- 

if  bis 
-      -  . 
tan  divine  of  the  reigns  of 
Elizabeth  an i  James  I.,  auth 

.  in  totam  Ilistoriam 

•  Dilucida  in 
Prove 

u.  an  English  divine 
an  1  poet.    Both  as  a  pr 
:he  council 

tje  canse  of  Charles  I. ;  and 
his  exertion-  .iscd 

him  to  be  for  a  short  time  imprisoned 
by  the  parliament.     II  -  .cuts 

-  Iiave  been  great,  for  B:siiop  Fell 

-  "all  that  man  c^iild 

arrive    at :"'    and  Ben   Jonson,  in  his 

■  ' A    •  _    '. 

writes  all  lik^  a  m  ..  dns 

of  Carl       srhl  ti  >:iate 

to  these  high  pr.u-   -.  y  of 

four  plays  ..  D.  1643. 

.    -  ■.    Liner,   an    era':,  ul    Nea- 

.    Mia  ■■  II  Fati atico  per 

.ie  is 

best  known  in  this  :  but  all  his 

cry  popular  in  Italy  an  . 
many.      He  died  early  in  the   present 
century :  but  it  is  not  precisely  known 
■ 

■  ARVER.  Johx.  first  governor  of 
Plymouth  colony,  was  a  native  of  En- 
_•.  in  :.  and  was  among  t-ie  emigrants  bo 


car] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


259 


Leyden  who  composed  Mr.  Robinson's 
shurch  in  that  place.  When  a  removal 
to  America  wa  contemplated,  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  &_•  g  tiate 

with  the  Virginia  company  in  England 
for  a  suitable  territory.     H 

it  in  Tol9,  and  in  the  following 
to    New  England    with   tl. 
company.  i  ved  without  the 

territory  of  the  south  Virginia  coin] 
from  whom  they  had  received  the 
ter,  which  was  thus  rendered  u- 

is  thought  best  that  a  politiea]  ass   - 

ciation  should  be  formed.      A  written 

-    drawn    up   and   sub- 

:1    before   t  ..    and    Mr. 

Carver  was  unaniino  - 
emor  for  one  year.  He  conducted  the 
affairs  of  the  colony  with  great  prudence, 
and  discovered  great  address  in  his 
management  of  the  natives.  In  the 
ensuing  March  he  was  confirmed  as 
governor  for  another  year.  He  died 
suddenly  in  April  following.  —  Jona- 
than", an  enterprising  traveller,  was  a 
native  of  Connecticut  He  was  intended 
for  the  profession  of  medicine,  but  he 

I . 
an  officer  in  the  French  war,  and  sc 
with  reputation  till  the  peace  of  I i 

this  he  Bpenl  .  five  j 

mom    -  sr  the  rior 

penetrated 
to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  over  that  broad  : 
part  or' the  continent,  which  lies  between 

I    1  and  the  4>3th       _       -        ijorth  | 
latitude.      He    hoped 
discovery  of  a  north*  --_■■.  or 

of  a  communication  L  : 
bay  and  the  Pacific  ocean.     He  arrived 
-ton  in  October.  17*53,  after  having 
travelled  nearly  7000  miles.      He  went 

..-land  for  the  purpose  of  publish- 
ing his  journals  and  charts.  Though 
he  presented  a  petition  to  the  king,  even 
his  expenses  were  never  refunded  to 
him.  When  his  papers  were  almost 
r       ••  for  the  press  i  permission 

he  had  obtained  lor  their  publication, 
an  order  in   council    required    him   to 

er  them  into  the  plantation 
to  do  which,  he  was  compelled  to  re- 
purchase them,  from  the  bookseller,  to 
whom  he  had  sold  them.  About  ten 
.-wards  he  published  an  ac- 
count of  his  travels.  D.  in  abject  want 
<n  London,  1780,  age 

GABY,  Thomas,  deputy  governor  of 
North  Carolina  for  the  proprietors,  and 
collector  of  their  quit  rents,  succeeded 
Daniel  in  the  administration  of  the 
nee.  bnt  was  removed  from  his 
offices  in  1709,  for  neglecting  to  account 


to  his  employers.    He  continued  to  sit 
in   the  council,  and  ti.  r  at- 

tempted to  resume  the  gns  gov- 
ernment ghl 
retain  the'treasures  which  were  in  nis 
bands.  He  armed  a  band  of  insurgents, 
but  was  at  length  repulsed  and  his  fol- 
lowers dispersed.  He 
E  _  ud  for  pnnishmenl 
— Henry  Fba 

- 
1772,      ECs  fill  -   ..  captain  in  the 

army:  -  the   birth  ol 

son  he  settled  in  Staffordshire,  and  -    it 
him  when  eight  years  old  I 
school,   an.  ly  to 

'..   g   y  and  Birmingham.      In  17. 

i  commoner  of  Chi 
church,  Oxford,  and  after  finishing  his 
college  studies  he  was  -     - 

1th  the  livings   of  Abbots 
Bromley  in  Stafifordshir 
in  Warwickshire.    The  del: 
health  g'obhg  to  have  re- 

course to  to 

went  to  London  in  hold- 

ing various  cures  in  the 

stanl 
I 

Mr.  Ca  -  .ted  to  lite: 

.  ■ 
the  "  Gentleman's 

translations    ithe 
Arisl  -     and     the 

••  Ode-''     i  '.  '■■  a  series 

of   -Lives  of  the  English   Poets,"    in 
continuation  of  Dr.  Johnson'-  . 
editing    the   wor  .-  per, 

Milton,  Thomson,  and  Y        g  : 
reputation  rests  on  hi- 
-  ..'.ion    of    I' 
some         neej 

i  of 
tent 
L — Robert,  an   E.  _    - 
divine   and   writer.      During  the   civil 
war  he  distinguished  himself'  by  leaving 
the  esl        -  jhnrch  and  joined  the 

Presbyterian  party  ;  and,  at  the  resto- 
ration. 3g  .d  the  church  by  o 
espous  .  -  -  His!  giver- 
sation  was  rewarded  by  an  archdeaconry, 
from  which,  however.  . 
16*i.  He  wrote  a  learned  and  useful 
work,  enC  ^gia  Chronica." 

CARYL,   Jon-  to    Mary, 

queen  of  James  II.     He  remained  :       - 

fill  tfj  that  unfortunate  prince,  and  was 

.  _.ed  for  his  fidelity  with  the  titles 


2G0 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CA3 


of  Earl  Caryl  and  Paron  Dartford.  In 
the  reigu  of  CJueeii  Auue  he  was  living 
in  England,  and  was  intimate  witn 
Pope.  He  was  the  author  of  some 
poems,  some  translations  of  psalms 
from  the  Vulgate,  and  of  two  plays, 
"  The  English  Princess,"  a  tragedy  ; 
and  "  Sir  Solomon,  or  the  Cautious 
Coxcomb,"  a  comedy.  The  date  of  his 
death  is  unknown. — Joseph,  an  eminent 
nonconformist  divine,  author  of  a  vo- 
luminous and  valuable  "Commentary 
on  Job."     D.  1673. 

OASA,  John  de  la,  secretary  of  state 
under  Pope  Paul  IV.  He  was  distin- 
guished as  a  statesman,  and  as  an  ec- 
clesiastic ;  but  his  fame  rests  upon  his 
writings,  which  are  considered  among 
the  purest  specimens  of  Tuscan  com- 
position. His  poems,  both  light  and 
serious,  are  of  a  very  high  order,  but 
his  chief  work  is  a  prose  dialogue,  •'  Ga- 
laieo,  or  the  Art  of  Laving  in  the  World." 
II.  1603  ;  d.  15  ••;. 

CASANOVA,  Mark  Antony,  a  mod- 
ern Latin  poet.  He  imitated  Martial  in 
his  style,  and  made  Pope  Clement  VII. 
a  favorite  object  of  his  attack.  He  at 
length  offended  so  greatly  that  he  was 
condemned  to  die.  Clement,  however, 
was  induced  to  pardon  him.  Put  the 
unlucky  satirist  escaped  execution  only 
to  perish  still  more  miserably  ;  for,  on 
the  taking  of  Pome  by  the  Imperialists, 
he  was  reduced  to  the  necessity  of  lit- 
erally begging  for  bread,  and  at  length 
died  of  disease  produced  by  hunger,  in 
152/.  —  De  Seinualt,  Jean  Jacques, 
whose  career  of  adventure  and  intrigue 
in  almost  all  the  countries  of  Europe  lias 
gained  for  him  the  name  of  the  Gil  Bias 
of  the  18th  century,  was  b.  at  Venice, 
1725.  He  figured  as  priest,  soldier,  and 
statesman,  successively ;  found  means 
to  gain  the  favor  of  some  of  the  greatest 
potentates  of  Europe,  among  others, 
Frederic  the  Great  and  Catharine  II.; 
and  after  roaming  from  place  to  place 
(for  his  intriguing  spirit  frequently  led 
to  a  forced  change  of  quarters)  he  ended 
his  long  life  of  mingled  eharlatauerie, 
profligacy,  and  ability  at  Vienna,  18u3. 
His  love  of  literature  and  science,  and 
his  proficiency  in  them,  brought  him 
acquainted  with  Voltaire  and  other  cele- 
brated literary  men  of  the  day  ;  and 
besides  other  works  he  left  copious 
memoirs  of  his  life  and  times.  Brock- 
liaus,  the  Leipsic  bookseller,  to  whom 
the  MS.  was  intrusted  for  publication, 
published  them  in  1822.-^Francis,  bro- 
ther or' the  preceding  an  eminent  painter, 
chief  y  of  landscapes  and  battle-pieces. 


He  was  employed  by  Catharine  II.,  of 
Russia,  to  paint  the  victories  of  her 
armies  over  the  Turks.  B.  in  London, 
1727 ;  d.  1805. — Jean  Baptkte,  another 
brother  of  the  adventurer,  was  b.  in 
London,  1730.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Mengs, 
and  closely  connected  with  Winckel- 
mann  in  his  antiquarian  researches.  It 
is  said  that,  by  way  of  testing  the  saga- 
city of  the  German  antiquary,  he  sent 
him  two  pictures,  which  he  had  him- 
self painted  in  the  style  of  those  a  short 
time  previously  found  at  Hereulaneum, 
declaring  them  to-be  ancient  discoveries ; 
and  that  Winckelmann  was  so  taken  in 
as  to  insert  engravings  of  them  in  the 
first  edition  of  his  "  History  of  Ancient 
Art,"  with  an  elaborate  commentary 
upon  their  merits.  Casanova  was  pro- 
fessor of  painting  in  the  Dresden  Acad- 
emy ;  and  his  works  on  ancient  art  are 
still  cited  by  the  Germans  as  authorities. 
D.  17i)S. 

CASAS,  Bartholomew  de  las,  a 
Spanish  prelate,  distinguished  for  his 
generous  and  constant,  though  unavail- 
ing, exertions  in  favor  of  the  natives  of 
South  America.  He  was  b.  in  1474,  and 
in  his  19th  year  accompanied  his  father, 
who  sailed  with  Columbus,  to  the  West 
Indies.  On  his  return  to  Spain  he  em- 
braced the  ecclesiastical  profession,  in 
order  that  he  might  act  as  missionary 
in  the  western  hemisphere,  "  there  to 
spend  his  days  in  preaching  the  gospel 
to  the  Indians,  and  humanity  to  their 
oppressors."  Never  did  man  more 
zealously  endeavor  to  effect  a  great  and 
good  object.  Twelve  times  he  crossed 
the  ocean,  to  plead  at  the  foot  of  the 
Spanish  throne  the  cause  of  the  wretched 
Indians,  and  passed  fifty  years  of  his 
life  in  attempting,  though  with  little 
effect,  their  amelioration.  He  was  made 
bishop  of  Chiapa  in  1544,  but  he  re- 
signed his  see  in  1551,  returned  to  his 
native  country,  and  d.  at  Madrid,  1566. 
Of  the  writings  of  Las  Casas,  the  most 
valuable  is  his  "  General  History  of  the 
Indies." 

CASAUBON,  Isaac,  a  native  of  Gene- 
va, distinguished  by  his  great  erudition 
and  powers  of  criticism.  For  several 
years  he  held  the  Greek  professorship  at 
Geneva  ;  but  at  length  feeling  dissatis- 
fied with  the  amount  of  remuneration, 
he  trave  up  his  professorship,  and  re- 
moved to  Paris.  There  he  was  made 
professor  of  the  belles  lettres,  and  had  a 
pension,  not  very  punctually  paid,  as- 
signed to  him  by  Henry  IV.;  at  whose 
death  Casaubon"  went  'o  England,  and 
James  I.  gave  bim  two  prebends.     In 


CAS] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY-. 


261 


return,  nowever,  the  pedantic  king  re- 
quired the  aid  of  the  great  critic  in  wri- 
ting against  the  Soman  Catholics. 
Casaubon's  editions  of  classic  authors 
are  very  numerous,  and  display  im- 
mense industry  and  erudition.  B.  1559  ; 
d.  1614.— Mekic,  son  of  the  above.  His 
"  Pietas  contra  Maledicos,"  written 
against  the  Catholics,  and  in  vindication 
of  his  father,  introduced  him  to  the  no- 
tice of  King  Charles  I.,  by  whom  he 
was  presented  to  some  valuable  church 

Ereferments.  During  the  commonwealth 
e  was.  persecuted  and  imprisoned,  \ut 
remained  unshaken  in  fidelity.  At  the 
restoration  he  recovered  his  livings. 
Among  his  writings  the  best  is,  %i  A 
Treatise  concerning  Enthusiasm."  D. 
1671. 

CASE,  John,  an  English  physician 
and  philosophical  writer;  author  of 
"Summa  veteram  Interpreting  in  uni- 
\ersam  Dialecticam  Aristotelis."  D. 
1591'. 

CASANEUVE,  Pierre  de,  a  learned 
French  antiquarian  ;  author  of  "  Ori- 
gines  an  Etymologies  Francoises,"  "La 
Catalogue  Franchise,"  &c.    D.  1650. 

CASIMIR  III.,  called  the  Great,  one 
of  the  most  illustrious  sovereigns  the 
world  has  ever  seen,  was  b.  1309.  Hav- 
ing succeeded  his  father  on  the  throne 
of  Poland  in  1333,  he  entered  upou  a 
course  of  vigorous  and  enlightened  re- 
form, and  closed  a  long  life  of  devotion 
to  his  people's  welfare  in  1370. 

CASLOX,  William,  an  English  letter- 
founder,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for 
improvements  in  printing  type.  B.  1(502  ; 
d.  17«fi. 

CASS  AGNES.  Jacques,  a  French  ec- 
clesiastic and  poet.  He  was  of  so  irri- 
table a  nature,  that  a  satire  of  Boileau's 
actually  drove  him  mad,  and  he  was 
obliged  to  be  confined  in  the  convent  of 
St.  Lazirns  until  his  death,  in  1679. 

CASSANDER,  George,  an  able  Ger- 
man controversialist.  Of  his  writings, 
which  arc  very  numerous,  the  ablest 
en  1  most  elaborate  is  his  "  Consultatio 
Cassandri."  De  Thou  praises  bis  mild- 
ness and  modesty;  qualities  but  too 
rarely  belonging  to  controversialists.  B. 
1515';  d.  1560. 

CASSAS,  Lori?  Francois,  an  eminent 
French  antiquarian  and  artist  ;  author 
of  "  Voyage  Pittoresque  de  la  Syrie,  de 
la  Phenieie,  de  la  Palestine,  et  de  la 
Basse  Egvpte."     B.  1756  ;  d.  1827. 

CASSERIO,  or  CASSERIUS,  Giulio, 
anatomical  professor  at  Padua.  lie  was 
at  first  the  menial  servant  of  the  great 
anatomist,  Fabricius,  at  Aquapendente, 


to  wh  >m  he  became  assistant,  and,  inal- 
ly,  su;ce*sor  in  the  professorship.  His 
only  published  work  is  "  Penuesthesion," 
or  a  treatise  on  the  five  senses.     I).  1616. 

CAiSSINI,  John  Dominic,  an  eminent 
astronomer,  was  b.  at  Perinaldo,  near 
Nice,  and  studied  at  Geneva  with  the 
Jesuhs.  His  fame  reaching  France,  he 
was  invited  to  pay  a  visit  to  that  conn 
try,  where  the  kindness  shown  to  him 
by  Louis  XIV.,  and  his  great  minister, 
Colbert,  caused  him  to  remain  for  the 
rest  of  his  life,  lie  was  the  first  resi- 
dent in  the  royal  observatory  at  Paris, 
and  he  continued  to  inhabit  it  for  up- 
wards of  forty  years.  During  that  time 
he  determined  the  parallax  of  Mars  with 
the  sun,  demonstrated  the  diurnal  mo- 
tion of  Jupiter  round  his  axis,  and  dis- 
covered the  four  satellites  of  Saturn,  in 
addition  to  that  which  Huygens  had  dis- 
covered. D.  1712. — James",  son  of  the 
preceding,  and,  like  him.  an  eminent 
astronomer  ;  author  of  l;  A  Treatise  on 
the  Figure  and  Magnitude  of  the  Earth," 
"  The  Elements,  or  Theories  of  the 
Planets,"  &c  B.  at  Paris,  1677 ;  d. 
1756. — De  Tuury,  Cesar  Francis,  sou 
of  the  last  named,  and  his  successor  in 
the  royal  observatory.  Like  his  father 
and  grandfather,  he  did  much  to  ad- 
vance science;  and,  having  better  in- 
struments than  theirs,  he  was  enabled 
to  improve  upon  their  labors.  B.  1714; 
d.  1784. — The  last  member  of  this  illus- 
trious family,  whose  name  is  also  asso- 
ciated with  theirs  in  the  pursuit  of 
science,  d.  in  1845. 

CASSIODOKUS,  Marcc-s  Acrelius,  a 
Roman  statesman  and  historian.  He 
was  of  a  noble  family,  and  held  some  of 
the  highest  offices  of  state,  including  that 
of  consul.  His  writings  are  extremely 
valuable,  especially  his"  twelve  books  of 
epistles,  on  account  of  the  light  they 
throw  upon  the  manners  of  his  time; 
but  his  si  vie  is  condemned  by  Gibbon 
as  being  quaint  and  declamatory.  D. 
575. 

CASSIUS,  Loxginus  Caius,  a  Roman 
of  the  last  age  of  the  republic,  and  the 
associate  of  Brutus  in  the  assassination 
of  Julius  Caesar.  That  his  patriotism 
was  sincere  may  fairly  be  inferred  from 
his  reply  to  Antony,  who,  on  the  day 
after  the  assassination  of  Csesar.  taunt- 
ingly asked  him  if  be  had  another  dag- 
ger ;  "  Yes,"  was  the  reply,  "  if  you 
become  a  tyrant."  At  the  battle  of 
Philippi  he  commanded  the  left  wing, 
and  on  its  giving  way  he  retired  to  a 
tent  with  his  freedman,  by  whom,  as  it 
is  thought,  he  was  slain,  as  he  was  found 


262 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CAS 


with  his  head  severed  from  his  body. 
Brutus,  in  lamenting  him,  called  him 
"  ultimas  Eomanorum."     D.  42  b.  c. 

CASTAGNO,  Andreas  del,  so  called, 
after  the  village  in  which  he  was  b.,  was 
the  son  of  very  poor  parents,  and,  being 
early  left  an  orphan,  was  adopted  by  an 
uncle,  who  employed  him  in  tending 
cattle  in  the  fields.  In  this  situation  he 
made  some  attempts  at  drawing,  which 
caused  Bernard  de  Medici  to  place  him 
with  a  master.  While  studying  at  Flo- 
rence he  became  acquainted  with  Do- 
menico  Yenetiano,  who  was  acquainted 
with  the  new  method  of  painting  in  oil 
and  varnish.  The  splendor  of  this  mode 
of  coloring,  the  art  of  which  was  then 
unknown  in  Tuscany,  was  much  ad- 
mired, and  Castagno  availed  himself  of 
Domcnico's  friendship  t-"  obtain  the 
secret;  but  not  satisfied  with  this,  he 
was  wretch  enough  to  murder  his  friend 
and  benefactor,  in  order  to  be  the  sole 
possessor.  Tins  he  effected  without 
suspicion,  but  just  before  his  death  con- 
fessed the  horrid  crime.  B.  1409;  d. 
1480. 

CAST  ALT  A,  Sebastian,  one  of  the 
earliest  frien  Is  and  fellow-laborers  of 
Calvin.  Unfortunately  for  Castalio's 
worldly  condition,  he  differed  from  the 
great  reformer  on  some  theological  ques- 
tions. He  was  in  consequence  deprived 
of  his  office  of  teacher  in  the  college  of 
Geneva,  and  repaired  to  Basic,  where 
he  occupied  himself  witli  a  Latin  and  a 
French  version  of  the  Bible,  gaining  a 
scanty  subsistence  for  his  family  by 
teaching  Greek.  Calvin,  unmoved  by 
the  indigence  to  which  his  conscientious 
and  candid  opponent  was  reduced,  used 
all  his  influence  to  thwart  his  exertions. 
He  even  brought  against  him  an  accu- 
sation of  theft,  from  which  Castalio 
cleared  himself  triumphantly.    D.  1563. 

C  A.STELL,  Edmund,  an  English  divine 
and  lexicographer,  was  a  native  of  Hat- 
ley,  Cambridgeshire.  He  spent  a  hand- 
some fortune,  and  occupied  seventeen 
years,  in  the  composition  of  his  "Lexi- 
con Heptaglotton,"  a  dictionary  in  seven 
languages;  but  nearly  all  the  copies  re- 
mained unsold,  and  but  for  some  prefer- 
ment in  the  church,  and  the  Arabic 
professor  at  Cambridge,  his  zeal,  learn- 
ing, and  diligence  would  have  been 
unrewarded.    B.  1606;  d.  1085. 

CASTELLI,  Bernardo,  a  Genoese 
painter,  a  friend  of  Tasso,  for  the  plates 
of  whose  "Jerusalem,"  engraved  by 
Agostino  Caracci,  he  drew  the  designs. 
D.  H5-29. 

CASTELLO,    Gabriel  Launcelot,  a 


Sicilian  gentleman,  distinguished  for  his 
zeal  and  talent  as  an  antiquarian  ;  author 
of  "  The  Literary  History  of  Sicily," 
"Critical  Remarks  on  a  Book  printed  in 
Catania,  in  174","  "  Dissertation  on  a 
Marble  Statue  found  in  the  Campagna 
of  Alessa,"  &c.    B.  1727  ;  d.  1794. 

CASTELNAU,  Michael  le,  lord  of 
Mauvissiere,  an  eminent  statesman  and 
soldier  in  the  reigns  of  Charles  IX.  and 
Henry  111.  He  was  very  ofien  in  En- 
gland in  the  character  of  ambassador 
from  France.  While  resident  there  he 
acted  with  great  kindness  towards  the 
unfortunate  Mary,  queen  of  Scots.  Ho 
left  memoirs  of  his  negotiations,  of  which 
there  is  an  English  translation  by  his 
daughter.  -D.  L592. 

( ' ASTI,  Giambattista,  an  Italian  poet ; 
author  of  an  epic,  entitled  "  Gli  Animal] 
Parlanti,"  translated  into  English  by 
Mr.  Rose;  a  satire,  entitled  "Tartaro;" 
and  some  novels,  &c.     B.  1721  ;  d.  1808. 

CASTIGLIONE,  Balthazar,  an  Ital- 
ian statesman  and  writer.  He  was  em- 
ployed by  various  princes  in  very 
delicate  negotiations.  In  particular  he 
was  sent  by  the  pope,  Clement  VII.,  as 
nuncio  to  the  emperor,  Charles  V.,  on 
which  occasion  he  displayed  great  talent 
and  dexterity.  His  celebrity,  however, 
chiefly  rests  upon  his  writings.  His 
poems,  both  Latin  and  Italian,  are  much 
admired,  as  are  his  letters,  which  throw 
much  light  on  the  affairs  of  his  time. 
But  his  chief  work  is  "II  Cortegiano," 
the  courtier.  This  work,  which  is  a 
body  of  information  on  the  art  of  living 
at  court,  is  so  much  admired  by  the 
Italians,  that  they  call  it  "  The  Golden 
Book."  B.  1468;  d.  l.">29.— Giovanni 
Benedetto,  a  Genoese  artist.  He  ex- 
celled in  landscapes  and  animals,  but  his 
picture  of  "  The  Nativity"  shows  that 
he  had  power  for  the  highest  walk  of 
art.  He  was  also  an  admirable  engraver. 
D.  1670. 

CASTILLO,  Bernal  diaz  del,  a 
Spanish  officer  of  the  16th  century,  one 
of  the  companions  of  Fernando  Cortez, 
in  his  expedition  to  South  America.  He 
wrote  a  work,  rough  in  style,  but  full 
of  valuable  information,  entitled  "Ilis- 
toria  Verdadera  de  la  Conquista  de 
Nueva  E^pagna." 

CASTOLDI,  Giovanno  Giacomo,  a 
musical  composer  of  the  16th  centnrv. 

CASTRACANI,  Castruccio,  an  Ital- 
ian general  of  great  skill  and  courage. 
He  rendered  great  service  to  the  empe- 
ror, Louis  V.  of  Bavaria,  who  rewarded 
him  with  the  duchy  of  Lucca.  Though 
he  was  almost  constantly  in  service,  he 


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CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


263 


found  time  to  cultivate  his  mind,  and 
his  name  is  among  the  minor  Italian 
poets.     B.  1281 :  d.  1323. 

CASTRO,  John  de,  a  celebrated  Por- 
tuguese general,  who  attended  Charles 
V.  in  the  expedition  against  Tunis,  and 
was  afterwards  made  governor  of  the 
Portuguese  settlements  in  the  East  In- 
dies. He  was  as  disinterested  as  brave, 
•Hid  at  his  death  only  three  rials  were 
fcund  in  his  coffers.     B.  1500;  d.  1548. 

CASTRUCCI,  Pietro,  a  celebrated 
violinist,  who  led  the  orchestra  at  the 
Kind's  Theatre  in  the  early  part  of  the 
last  century.  lie  was  of  a  very  irritable 
disposition  ;  and  Hogarth  has" given  an 
admirable  caricature  portrait  of  him  in 
the  well-known  print  of  "The  Enraged 
Musician." 

CASTRUCIO,  Casteacani,  a  celebrated 
general,  who  was  a  foundling,  discover- 
ed by  the  monk  Antonio,  and  his  sister 
Diauora,  in  a  heap  of  leaves  in  a  vine- 
yard, at  Lucca,  in  Tuscany,  in  12S4.  He 
was  tenderly  brought  up  by  the  human- 
ity of  his  preservers,  and* intended  for 
the  church;  but  his  fondness  for  bold 
exertions  and  military  exercises  made 
him  prefer  the  profession  of  arms.  He 
entered  in  his  18th  year  as  a  lieutenant 
in  the  army  of  the  Ghibelins.  whom  the 
party  of  the  Guelfs  had  just  driven  from 
Pavia.  The  valor  and  coolness  which 
he  displayed  recommended  him  to  the 
good  opinion  of  Guinigi,  the  general,  and 
he  soon  rose,  though  ^opposed  and  even 
imprisoned  by  his  enemies,  to  the  high- 
est honor,  and  was  at  last  declared  by 
the  people  of  Lucca  their  sovereign 
prince.  The  Florentines,  however, 
viewed  his  elevation  with  jealous  en- 
mity, and  30,0no  foot,  and  10,000  horse 
appeared  in  the  field,  22,000  of  whom  he 
destroyed,  with  the  loss  of  only  1000  of 
his  own  men.  But  here  fortune  cheeked 
the  career  of  his  greatness  ;  fatigued 
after  the  bloody  contest,  and  regardless 
of  a  chill  north  wind  which  blew  upon 
him,  he  was  seized  with  an  ague,  which 
carried  him  off  in  a  few  days,  when  he 
expected  to  rise  to  the  sovereignty  of 
Italy.     D.  1328. 

CASWELL,  Richard,  governor  of 
North  Carolina.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  first  congress,  1774.  In  1776  he  was 
at  the  head  of  a  regiment,  and  was  en- 
gaged by  a  body  of  loyalists  under  Gen- 
eral McDonald,  at  a  place  called  Moore's 
creek  bridge.  McDonald  was  defeated, 
ftnd  taken  prisoner  by  Caswell,  with  the 
loss  of  70  men  in  killed  and  wounded, 
Bnd  ln00  excellent  rifles.  This  victory 
vas  of  eminent  service  to  the  American 


cause  in  North  Carolina,  ne  was  pres- 
ident of  the  convention  which  formed 
the  constitution  of  North  Carolina  in 
December,  1776,  under  which  constitu- 
tion he  was  governor  from  1777  to  1780, 
and  from  17S5  to  1787.     D.  178'J. 

CATALANI,  Angelica,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  singers  of  modern  times, 
was  b.  at  Sinigaglia  in  the  papal  states, 
1782.  Her  early  years  were  spent  in  the 
convent  of  Gu bio;  and  so  perfect  were 
her  voeai  ^rgans,  even  in  her  infancy, 
that  the  sanctity  of  the  church  itself  was 
violated  by  the  applause  which  her 
choral  performances  called  forth.  Soon 
after  quitting  the  convent,  she  made  her 
debut  in  the  theatre  Argentina,  at  Rome, 
in  1802  ;  and  the  immense  success  which 
she  achieved  on  this  stage  procured  her 
immediate  engagements  in  all  the  the- 
atres of  Italy.  At  Lisbon,  Madrid,  arid 
Paris  new  triumphs  awaited  her;  but 
even  those  were  far  outshone,  in  1806, 
by  the  enthusiasm  of  her  reception  in' 
England,  where  she  remained  eight 
years,  delighting  the  metropolis  with  her 
appearance  at  the  Italian  opera,  and 
reaping  large  harvests  both  of  fame  and 
wealth  in  her  provincial  tours.  After 
the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons,  she  re- 
turned to  Paris,  where  she  undertook 
the  management  of  the  opera  buffa;  but 
this  speculation  was  unfortunate,  and 
Madame  Catalani,  to  repair  her  shattered 
fortunes,  made  a  professional  tour 
through  all  the  capitals  of  Europe,  and 
at  length  returned  to  England  in  1822, 
when  the  enthusiasm  of  her  reception 
suffered  no  abatement.  There  she  re- 
mained three  years.  In  1S25  she  again 
visited  Paris,  and  after  once  more  going 
the  round  of  Europe,  she  retired  to 
Italy  in  1800,  when  she  purchased  a  villa 
near  Florence,  and  spent  the  remainder 
of  her  life  in  the  bosom  of  her  family. 
She  had  been  long  married  to  a  French 
captain,  called  Vallabregue.  D.  at  Paris, 
1849. 

CATEL,  CnARLES  Simon,  an  eminent 
composer,  b.  1770,  at  Paris,  was  the  au- 
thor of  the  famous  "Traite  d'Har- 
iiione,"  and  of  many  operas,  the  chief 
of  which  are  "Semiramis,"  "  Lcs  Baya- 
deres," "  L'Anberge  de  Bagneres,"  <fec. 
D.  1800. 

CATESBY,  Mark,  an  eminent  En- 
glish naturalist,  patronized  by  Sir  Hans 
Sloane  and  other  wealthy  lovers  of 
science.  Pie  spent  many  years  in  Amer- 
ica, for  the  purpose  of  collecting  and 
describing  the  most  curious  natural  pro- 
ductions of  that  country.  He  fixed  his 
residence  in  Carolina,  whence  he  madn 


264 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cat 


excursions   into   Florida,  Georgia,  and 

the  Bahama  Islands.  The  result  of  his 
labors  was  "The  Natural  History  of 
Canada,  Florida,  and  the  Bahama  Isl- 
ands ;"  a  very  splendid  work  in  two 
folio  volumes,  illustrated  bv  upwards 
of  200  plates.     B.  16S0  ;  d.  1749. 

CATHARINE,  St.,  of  Sienna,  was  b. 
at  Sienna,  1347,  and  when  she  was  20 
years  of  age  became  a  sister  of  the  order 
of  St.  Dominic.  Having  considerable 
ability  and  a  very  lively  imagination,  she 
became  celebrated  as  a  seer  of  visions. 
So  great  an  influence,  in  fact,  did  her 
alleged  visions  and  revelations  obtain 
her,  that  she  was  able  to  prevail  on 
Gregory  XI.  to  be  reconciled  to  the 
Florentines,  and  to  remove  the  papal 
seat  to  Rome  from  Avignon,  after  it  had 
for  70  years  been  fixed  at  the  latter  place. 
She  wrote  six  treatises  on  the  "  Provi- 
dence of  God,"  "  The  Divine  Doctrine 
delivered  by  the  Eternal  Father  speaking 
i  to  the  Spirits,'*  some  short  prose  pieces 
of  devotion,  and  some  poems.  D.  13S0, 
and  was  canonized  by  Pope  Pius  IT.  in 
1464. — Ok  France,  daughter  of  Charles 

VI.  of  France,  and  the  wife  of  Henry  V. 
of  England,  who,  on  his  marriage  to  her, 
was  declared  successor  to  the  French 
crown.  Their  son,  afterwards  Ilenry 
VI.,  was  crowned  in  both  countries 
while  still  an  infant.  Being  left  a  wid- 
ow, she  privately  espoused  Owen  Tudor, 
a  Welsh  gentleman,  by  whom  she  had 
two  sons,  the  elder  of  whom,  Edmund, 
earl  of  Richmond,  was  father  of  Henry 

VII.  B.  1401;  d.  1438.— Of  Aragon, 
daughter  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  of 
Castile,  was  b.  1483.  In  her  18th  year 
phe  was  married  to  Arthur,  prince  of 
Wales,  eldest  son  of  Henry  VII.  The 
young  prince  dying  in  a  few  months 
after  his  marriage,  Henry's  mercenary 
dread  of  losing  the  rich  dowry  of  Catha- 
rine, induced  her  brother-in-law,  after- 
wards Henry  VIII.,  to  marry  her.  The 
vast  religious  changes  to  which  this 
marriage  gave  place,  belong  rather  to 
history  than  to  biography.  Suffice  it, 
therefore,  to  say,  that  after  years  of 
anxiety  and  spirited  resistances,  he  was 
divorced.  But  though  she  was  no  lon- 
ger called  queen  at  court,  her  attend- 
ants at  Kimbolton  castle,  where  she 
took  up  her  residence,  were  never  al- 
lowed to  address  her  otherwise  than  as 
queen,  as  she  protested  to  the  last  that 
the  divorce  was  unjust  and  illegal.  Just 
before  her  death  she  wrote  so  pathetic  a 
letter  to  Henry  in  favor  of  Mary,  their 
daughter,  that,  stern  as  the  tyrant  was, 
he  is  said  to  ha\  e  shed  tears  as  he  pe- 


rused it.  She  possessed  considerable 
literary  ability,  but  some  devotions! 
pieces,  which  are  sometimes  attributed 
to  her  pen,  were  in  fact  the  production 
of  Queen  Catharine  Parr.  D.  1536. — 
The  eldest  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Parr, 
of  Kendal,  in  Westmoreland.  She  was 
married  early  in  life  to  Edward  Burghe ; 
and,  surviving  him,  she  was  next  mar- 
ried to  John  Neville.  Lord  Latimer. 
Her  second  husband,  too,  she  survived  ; 
and,  in  1643,  was  raised  to  the  throne  by 
King  Henry  VIII.,  being  the  sixth  and 
last  wife  of  that  polygamic  monarch. 
Her  attachment  to  the  reformed  religion, 
and  her  kindness  to  those  who  support- 
ed it,  gave  deep  and  deadly  offence  to 
the  still  powerful  Catholic  faction. 
Gardiner,  Wriothesley,  and  others,  de- 
termined to  remove,  if  possible,  so  dan- 
gerous an  opponent  from  court,  but 
failed.  Though  during  the  king's  last 
illness  he  was,  in  the  words  of  a  writer 
of  that  time,  "as  furious  as  a  chained 
lion,''  Catharine  continued  to  retain  her 
ascendency  over  him,  and  at  his  death 
he  left  her  a  legacy  of  £4000  in  addition 
to  her  jointure,  "for  her  great  love,  obe- 
dience, chastcness  of  life,  and  wisdom." 
She  afterwards  married  Sir  Thomas  Sey- 
mour, uncle  of  Edward  VI.,  but  they 
lived  by  no  means  happily  together; 
and  when  she  died,  though  in  childbed, 
it  was  currently  reported  that  she  was 
poisoned.  D.  1")48. — De  Medici,  the  wife 
of  Henry  II.  king  of  France,  was  the 
daughter  of  Lorenzo  de  Medici,  duke  of 
Urbino.  In  1519,  being  then  only  in  her 
16th  year,  she  was  married  to  Henry, 
duke  of  Orleans,  son  and  successor  to 
Francis  I.  of  France.  Her  beauty  and 
accomplishments  made  her  the  orna- 
ment of  the  French  court;  and  young 
as  she  was,  she  had  deceit  and  cunning 
enough  to  make  herself  acceptable  to  all 
parties.  For  ten  years  she  brought  her 
husband  no  children,  but  she  subse- 
quently had  10,  of  whom  three  success- 
ively were  kings  of  France.  With  pro- 
found policy  she  secured  the  affection 
and  confidence  of  her  children  in  their 
earliest  youth,  thereby  assuring  to  her- 
self that  influence  which  she  desired  to 
exercise  over  their  maturer  age.  On  the 
death  of  her  husband,  and  the  accession 
of  Francis  II.,  the  powerful  Guises 
shared  her  political  power ;  and  it  is 
probable  that  it  was  in  order  to  avoid  col- 
lision with  them  that  she  joined  in  their 
detestable  fury  against  the  Huguenots. 
But  the  reign  of  Francis  was  very  brief; 
and  when  Charles  IX.,  then  only  in  his 
11th  year,  succeeded  him,  Catharine  had 


cat] 


CTCLOP^DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


265 


all  the  authority  of  regent,  though  not 
the  title.  The  death  of  the  duke  of 
Guise  still  further  increased  her  power, 
and  she  was  joined  heart  and  soul  with 
the  Catholics  in  persecuting  the  Hugue- 
nots. To  characterize  her  political  con- 
duct at  this  time,  we  need  only  name  the 
horrible  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew, 
an  atrocity  which  just  and  humane  men 
of  every  creed,  country,  and  age  will 
join  in  reprobating.  That  Charles  IX. 
was  nrged  to  this  horrid  act  by  the  per- 
suasions of  Catharine  most  historians 
admit ;  and  in  less  than  two  years  after 
the  massacre  he  died,  worn  out  in  mind 
and  body  by  the  stings  of  remorse.  At 
the  death  of  Charles,  Catharine  was  de- 
clared resrent  until  the  arrival  of  her  son 
Henry  from  Poland.  During  her  regen- 
cy she  governed  rigorously  and  saga- 
ciously, and  delivered  up  the  kingdom 
to  Henry  III.  on  his  arrival,  in  such  or- 
der as  with  only  common  prudence  and 
firmness,  would  have  insured  him  a 
peaceable  reign.  But  the  new  kind's 
weakness  soon  relaxed  the  bands  which 
his  mother  had  so  firmly  drawn  around 
faction,  and  civil  disturbances  ensued, 
by  which  Catharine's  later  years  were 
much  imbittered.  Admitted  by  all  to 
be  a  sagacious,  adroit,  and  courageous 
woman,  but  detested  by  every  party  in 
the  state,  she  d.,  aged  85,  in  1589.— Of 
Brag.vnza,  daughter  of  John  IV.  of  Por- 
tugal, and  queen  of  Charles  II.  of  En- 
gland. The  dissolute  conduct  of  her 
husband,  and  the  shameful  openness  of 
his  illicit  amours,  gave  her  much  pain. 
But  though  neglected  by  him,  she  stead- 
ily and  sternly  preserved  her  own  honor, 
and  his  so  far  as  it  depended  on  her. 
After  his  death  she  returned  to  Portu- 
gal, and  when,  in  1704,  her  brother,  Don 
Pedro,  was  compelled  by  his  increasing 
infirmities  to  retire,  she  was  made  re- 
gent. She  held  this  office  but  for  a  brief 
space  ;  but  her  conduct,  both  as  regards 
her  internal  measures  and  her  carrying 
on  the  war  with  Spain,  showed  coiisid- 
erabh  political  ability.  D.  in  the  07th 
•vt-xj.  of  her  age,  1705.— I.,  empress  of 
Prussia,  was  the  illegitimate  daughter  of 
a  Livonian  peasant.  After  some  years 
spent  in  the  service  of  a  clergvman,  she 
married  a  Swedish  dragoon,  who  shortly 
afterwards  went  on  an  expedition  and 
never  returned.  She  then  resided,  it  is 
doubtful  whether  as  servant  or  para- 
mour, with  the  Russian  areneral,  Bauer, 
vhen  Prince  Menkzikoff  became  enam- 
-cd  if  her  charms,  and  made  her  his 
mistress.  Peter  I.  dow  distinguished 
her  by  his  notice,  and  she  became  at 
23 


first  his  mistress  and  afterwards  his  em- 
press. During  his  lifetime  she  showed 
great  devotion  to  him,  and  at  his  death 
she  was  proclaimed  his  successor.  But 
her  reign  was  short ;  for  her  indulgence 
in  intoxicating  liquors  produced  a  dis- 
ease of  which  she  d.  in  1727,  at  the  aire 
of  41. — II.,  empress  of  Russia,  was  the 
daughter  of  the  prince  of  Anhalt-Zerbst, 
b.  1729,  and  in  1745  became  the  wife  of 
the  emperor  Peter  III.  This  prince  was 
addicted  to  low  society  and  to  the  most 
scandalous  excesses  •"  and  Catharine, 
even  in  her  youth,  was  by  no  means  re- 
markable for  chastity.  With  the  incon- 
sistency usually  to  be  observed  in  such 
eases,  each  party  reproached  the  other; 
Catharine,  stung  by  her  husband's  bru- 
tality, became  still  more  openly  indeco- 
rous in  her  conduct, and  Peter'indulged 
in  low  wassail  to  such  an  extent  that  he 
must  have  been  deranged.  He  at  length 
became  so  infatuated  by  his  disgust  for 
Catharine  and  his  passion  for  "one  of 
his  mistresses,  the  Countess  "Worouzoff, 
that  he  had  determined  to  divorce  and 
imprison  the  former,  and  make  the  lat- 
ter his  empress.  Informed  of  his  de- 
signs, Catharine  promptly  exerted  her 
self,  caused  her  husband  to  be  seized, 
and  sent  him  as  a  prisoner  to  a  small 
palace  about  2<»  miles  from  St.  Peters- 
burgh,  where  Prince  Alexis  OrlofT  put 
him  to  death,  with  the  connivance,  if 
not  at  the  positive  command,  of  the 
empress.  This  occurred  in  duly,  17(52, 
and  in  the  next  month  Catharine  was 
solemnly  crowned  empress  of  all  the 
Russias.  Ill  as  her  power  was  obtain- 
ed, she  used  it  wisely  and  well.  She 
trod  firmly  in  the  footsteps  of  Peter 
the  Great,  aiming  at  once  to  enrich  and 
civilize  her  dominions.  Schools  and 
towns  were  founded,  public  works  of 
equal  magnificence  and  use  were  com- 
menced and  finished,  and  the  horrible 
tortures  which  had  been  inflicted  on 
Russian  criminals  were  almost  totally 
abolished.  But  her  amours  in  the  mean 
time  injured  her  as  a  woman,  and  her 
tyrannous  conduct  towards  Poland  is  a 
foul  blot  upon  her  escutcheon  as  a  sover- 
eign. Ambition,  however,  and  lack  of 
female  virtue  did  not  wholly  degrade 
her,  for  her  internal  policy  was  as  much 
directed  to  the  useful  as  to  the  errand; 
and  amid  all  the  distraction  of  business 
and  dissipation  she  found  time  to  en- 
courage literature.  Indeed,  she  was 
herself  the  author  of  instructions  for  a 
code  of  laws,  which  she  also  translated 
into  German;  and  she  wrote  several 
dramatic   pieces,  and  some  moral  tales 


266 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[cat 


for  the  use-  of  children.     D.  aged  67, 
1796. 

CATIIARINUS,  Ambrose,  an  Italian 
divine  ;  author  of  "  Treatises  against  the 
Doctrines  of  Luther  and  Ochinus."  lie 
attended  the  council  of  Trent,  and  be- 
came successively  bishop  of  Minori  and 
archbishop  of  Cauza.     D.  1553. 

CATI1RALL,  Isaac,  a  physician  in 
Philadelphia;  studied  in  that  dy,  and 
in  London,  Edinburgh,  and  Paris,  and 
returned  home  in  1793.  During  the 
prevalence  of  the  yellow  fever  in  that 
year,  and  in  1797,*1798,  and  1799,  he 
remained  at  his  post,  and  even  dis- 
sected those  who  died  of  the  disease. 
He  published  "Remarks  on  the  Yellow 
Fever,"  17t<4 ;  "Buchan's  Domestic 
Medicine,"  with  notes,  1797;  "Memoir 
on  the  Analysis  of  the  Black  Vomit," 
showing  that  it  might  be  safely  tasted, 
1800,  in  5th  vol.  of  the  transactions  of 
the  American  Philosophical  Society; 
and  a  pamphlet  on  the  yellow  fever,  in 
conjunction  with  Dr.  Carris,  in  1802. 
D.  1819. 

CATILINE,  Lucius Seegids Cat alina, 
a  Roman,  of  a  noble   family  and   great 
talents,  but  of  most  depraved  habits  and 
evil  ambition.     He  was   high   in   favor 
with  Sylla,   who  advanced   him   to  the 
quaestorship  and  other  offices  of  honor 
and    profit.      After  the    death   of   this 
powerful  patron,  Catiline  conspired  with 
other  dissolute  nobles  and  their  follow- 
ers, to  murder  the  consuls  and  senators, 
and  assume   the   government.      Fortu- 
nately for  Rome,  Cicero  was  one  of  the 
consuls;  and  lie,  on  being  made  aware 
of  Catiline's  designs,  branded  him  with 
them  in  those   famous  orations  which 
alone  would  suffice  to  give  him  the  first 
rank  among  orators,  ancient  or  modern. 
Even  the  effrontery  of  Catiline  quailed 
before  the  indignant  eloquence  of  the 
consul.      He   left    Rome   and    marched 
towards  Cisalpine  Gaul,  his  confederates 
in  the  mean  time  endeavoring  to  corrupt 
the  ambassadors  of  the  Allobroges.     In 
this  they  were  defeated  by  the  vigilance 
and  promptitude  of  Cicero  ;  and  Catiline 
being  stopped  in  his  march  by  the  pro- 
consul. Q.  Metellus  Celer,  an  engagement 
ensued,  in  which  Catiline,  at  the  head 
of  his  associates,  fighting  with  the  most 
most   desperate' courage,   was  slain,  62 
b.  c. 
-CATINAT,    Nicholas,  an   illustrious 
French  general,  as  eminent  for  his  vir- 
tues as  for  his  military  talents.     He  was 
educated  for  the  law,  but  abandoned  the 
bar  for  the  army,  and  rose  to  the  highest 
military  honors  by  his  skill  and  courage. 


He  defeated  the  duke  o  Savoy  very  sig- 
nally in  1688,  and  in  1697  he  took  tha 
fortress  of  Ath,  in  Flanders,  after  expe- 
riencing a  desperate  resistance.  In  1701 
he  was  appointed  to  the  chief  command 
of  the  army  in  Italy  ;  but  cither  his  skill 
was  inferior  to  that  of  Prince  Eugene, 
to  whom  he  was  opposed,  or  age  had 
somewhat  weakened  his  high  qualities, 
for  he  was  decidedly  worsted  and  com- 
pelled to  retreat.     D.  1712. 

CATO,    Marcus    Fortius,    surnamed 
the  Censor,  an  illustrious  Roman.     At 
the  early  age  of  17  he  commenced  his 
career  as  a  soldier,  and   distinguished 
himself  equally  by  his  courage  and  by 
his  singular  temperance.      After  some 
time  he  was  made  military  tribune  'in 
Sicily,  and  then  quaestor  in  Africa,  under 
Scipio.     In  both  these  important  situa- 
tions his  conduct  was  marked  by  a  ritrid 
and   honorable  economy  of  the  public 
money;  and  in  his  40th  year  he  arrived 
at  the  high  dignity  of  the  consulship. 
In  this  situation   he  strongly  opposed 
the  luxury  of  the  Romans,  and  inces- 
santly endeavored  to  animate  their  ha- 
tred of  the  Carthaginians,  by  speeches 
in  the  senate,  usually  concluding  with 
"  Delcnda    est   Carthago  ;"    "  Carthage 
must  fall."     He  composed  many  works; 
but  only   "  De  Re  Rustica,"  and  some 
fragments  of  Roman  history,  are  all  that 
we  know  of  his  writings.    He  was  twice 
married,  and  had.  a  son  bv  each  of  his 
wives.     B.  232  n.  c. ;    d.  148.— Marcus 
Fortius,  surnamed,  from  his  birthplace, 
"  of  Utica,"  was  grandson  of  the  younger 
son  of  the  last  named.     Being  early  left 
an  orphan,  he  was  taken  into  the  family 
of  his  uncle,  Livius  Drnsus.     He  served 
for  some  time  in  the  army,  and  obtained 
the  commission  of  tribune  in  the  army 
sent  against  Macedonia.      Be  then  be- 
came quaestor,  and  exerted  himself  for 
the  reformation  of  abuses.     Bis  conduct 
in  this  respect,  and  the  unvarying  gravi- 
ty of  his  demeanor,  rendered  him  almost 
proverbial  for  integrity ;  and  Cieero,  to 
whose  consular  exertions  he  gave  his 
support,  called  him  "the  father  of  hi3 
country."      Perceiving   the   designs   of 
Caesar,  he  had  the  honesty  and  courage 
to  oppose  him  ;  and  considering  Caesar 
more  dangerous  than  Pompey,  he  ranged 
himself  under  the  banners  of  the  latter. 
The  fatal  battle  of  Pharsalia  compelled 
him  to  fly  to  his  native  Utica  ;  and  when 
the   triumphant   Caesar    arrived    before 
that  place,    Cato   calmly  retired  to  his 
chamber,  read  Plato's  Phsedo,  or  Dia- 
logue on  the  Immortality  of  the  Soul, 
and  ended  his  life  by  falling  upon  hia 


CAV] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


267 


sword,  45  b.  c. — Valerius,  a  Latin  poet 
and  grammarian.  All  that  remains  of 
his  writings  is  "  Dine,"  a  poem,  which 
is  to  be  found  in  Mattaire's  "  Corpus 
Poetarum."    D.  30  b.  o. 

CATROU,  Francis,  a  learned  French 
Jesuit ;  author  of  a  "  Translation  of 
Virgil,"  "A  History  of  the  Empire  of 
Mogul,"  "A  Roman  History,"  &c. ; 
and  for  many  years  a  contributor  to  the 
"Journal  de  Trevoux."     D.  1737. 

CATTENBURG,  Adrian  Van,  a 
Dutch  divine  of  the  sect  of  Remon- 
strants, professor  of  theology  at  Rotter- 
dam ;  author  of  "  Syntagma  Sapiential 
Mosaicre,"  "The  Life  of  Grotius,"  in 
Ditch,  &c.     D.  1737. 

CATULLUS,  Caius  Valerius,  an  ele- 
gant but  licentious  Roman  poet.     D.  40 

B.  C. 

CATZ,  James,  a  Dutch  statesman  and 
poet,  was  b.  1577,  at  Brouwershaven,  in 
Zealand.  He  held  various  important 
offices,  was  twice  ambassador  to  En- 
gland, and  for  fifteen  years  filled  the 
high  station  of  pensionary  in  Holland. 
D.  1660. 

CAULAINCOURT,  Armand  Augus- 
tin  Louis  de,  duke  of  Vicenza,  a  descen- 
dant of  a  noble  and  ancient  family  of 
Picardy.  In  the  early  days  of  the  rev- 
olution he  was  imprisoned  as  a  suspected 
royalist,  but  was  liberated  on  being 
drawn  as  a  recruit  for  the  republican 
army.  There  he  rose  from  rank  to  rank 
until  he  became  aid-de-camp  to  Bona- 
parte, whom  he  attended  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  1805-6-7.  Subsequently  he 
was  employed  in  confidential  missions, 
and  in  the  post  of  foreign  minister. 
After  the  restoration  he  lived  in  retire- 
ment.    B.  1773;  d.  1S27. 

CAUSSIN,  Nicholas,  a  French  Jesuit, 
confessor  to  Louis  XIII. ;  author  of  a 
treatise  "  De  Eloquentia  Sacra  et  Hu- 
mana," &c.  He  was  banished  from 
court  for  opposing  Cardinal  Richelieu. 
D.  1651. 

CAVALCANTI,  Bartolomeo,  a  learn- 
ed Italian  ;  author  of  a  work  on  "  Rhet- 
oric," and  of  another  on  the  "Forms  of 
a  Republic;"  both  able  treatises.  He 
served  for  some  time  as  a  military  officer, 
and  was  employed  in  some  important 
negotiations  by  Pope  Paul  III.  D.  1562. 
— Guido,  a  Florentine  philosopher  and 
poet  of  the  13th  century,  was  a  friend 
of  Dante,  and,  like  him,  an  active  Ghib- 
clline.  His  poems,  which  are  chiefly 
\morous,  are  above  mediocrity.   D.  1300. 

CAVALIER,  John,  the  son  of  a 
French  peasant,  was  b.  1679.  He  be- 
eame  leader  of  the  Camisardes,  or  Prot- 


estants of  Languedoc,  when  they  re- 
volted against  the  tyranny  of  the  king: 
and  led  by  h'nn,  they  forced  Marshal 
Villars  to  make  a  treaty  with  them. 
Cavalier  then  became  a  colonel  in  the 
king's  service,  but  fearing  some  treach- 
ery he  transferred  his  skill  and  courage 
to  England,  and  d.  governor  of  Jersey, 
1740. 

CAVALIERI,  Bonaventtre,  an  Ital- 
ian friar,  who  became  a  disciple  of  Gali- 
leo. He  was  professor  of  mathematics 
at  Bologna,  and  wrote  some  valuable 
treatises  on  geometry,  conic  sections, 
&c.     D.  1647. 

CAVALLINI,  Pietro,  a  Roman  paint- 
er. He  was  pupil  of  Giotto,  whom  ho 
assisted  in  the  famous  mosaic  in  St. 
Peter's.     D.  1361. 

CAVALLO,  Tiberius,  an  ingenious 
natural  philosopher,  b.  at  Naples  1749, 
who  went  to  England  for  commercial 
objects,  and  was  so  struck  with  the  dis- 
coveries at  that  period  in  physical  sci- 
ence, that  he  abandoned  his  pursuits, 
settled  in  London,  and  devoted  his 
future  life  to  the  advancement  of  science. 
He  was  author  of  many  treatises  on 
"  Electricity,"  "  Aerostation,"  "  Mag- 
netism," &c,  and  contributed  largely  to 
the  "Philosophical  Transactions."  D. 
1809.      ^     • 

CAVE,  Edward,  an  enterprising  book- 
seller, was  b.  at  Newton,  \\  arwickshire, 
1691,  and  educated  at  Rugby  school. 
Having  been  deprived  of  a  clerkship  in 
the  post-office,  in  consequence  of  his 
resistance  to  some  abuses  of  the  privi- 
lege of  franking,  he  took  a  shop  by  St. 
John's  gate,  Clcrkenwell,  and  commen- 
ced the  "  Gentleman's  Magazine."  The 
work  was  highly  successful ;  and  among 
the  contributors  to  it  was  the  subse- 
quently famous  Dr.  Johnson,  of  whom 
Cave  was  one  of  the  earliest  friends  and 
employers.  D.  1754. — William,  a  learn- 
ed English  divine;  author  of  "Primi- 
tive Christianity,"  "  Lives  of  the  Apos- 
tles and  Martyrs,"  and  "  Ilistoria  Lite- 
raria."  The  last-named  work  is  an 
account  of  the  writers  against  and  in 
defence  or"  Christianity  down  to  the  14tb 
century.     B.  1637;  d.  1713. 

CAVEDONE,  Giacomo,  an  eminent 
Italian  painter.  He  was  a  disciple  of  the 
Caracci;  but  though  some  of  his  works 
are  said  to  be  equal  to  those  of  his  mas- 
ters, he  d.  in  absolute  destitution,  in 
1660. 

CAVENDISH,  Thomas,  an  English 
navigator  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  was 
a  native  of  Suffolk,,  where  he  inherited 
a  good  estate;    but  having  injured  his 


268 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


['JAZ 


fortune  by  early  extravagances,  he  fitted 
out  three  vessels  to  cruise  against  the 
Spaniards;  and  sailing  for  the  coast  of 
South  America,  succeeded  in  taking  sev- 
eral valuable  prizes.  After  circumnavi- 
gating the  globe,  he  returned  to  England 
with  a  large  fortune.  This  lie  soon  dissi- 
pated, and  again  went  to  sea;  but  meeting 
with  no  success,  d.  of  chagrin  while  off 
the  coast  of  Brazil,  in  1592. — William,  a 
native  of  Suffolk,  was  b.  1505.  He  ob- 
tained the  office  of  usher  to  Cardinal 
Wolsey ;  and  the  fidelity  he  displayed 
on  the'  fall  of  his  patron  endeared  him 
to  Henry  VIII.,  who  took  him  into  his 
service  and  knighted  him.  In  the  suc- 
ceeding reigns  he  was  equally  favored, 
and  his  son  became  the  earl  of  Devon- 
shire. He  wrote  the  life  of  his  early 
friend  and  patron,  Cardinal  Wolsey.  D. 
1557. — William,  duke  of  Newcastle,  son 
of  Sir  Charles  Cavendish,  the  youngest 
son  of  the  last  named.  By  James  I.  he 
was  made  a  knight  of  the  Bath,  Baron 
Ogle,  and  Viscount  Mansfield.  Charles 
I.  appointed  him  governor  to  the  prince 
of  Wales,  and  made  him  earl  of  New- 
castle. The  earl  proved  himself  worthy 
of  the  favor  shown  to  him ;  for,  when 
Charles  I.  resolved  on  an  expedition 
against  the  Scots,  he  contributed 
£10,000, — a  very  large  sum  fit  that  time 
— besides  raising  a  troop  of  horse.  Du- 
ring the  civil  war  he  behaved  with  great 
gallantry ;  and  when  the  royal  cause 
became  hopeless,  he  joined  Charles  II. 
in  his  exile.  At  the  restoration,  he  was 
created  duke  of  Newcastle.  He  was  the 
author  of  several  poems  and  plays,  but 
is  now  chiefly  remembered  as  an  author 
for  his  treatise  on  "Horsemanship."  B. 
1592;  d.  1676.— William,  first  duke  of 
Devonshire,  was  the  son  of  William, 
third  earl  of  Devonshire.  He  was  b. 
1640,  and  attended  James,  duke  of  York, 
as  a  volunteer  against  the  Dutch;  but 
he  soon  made  himself  obnoxious  at 
court  by  his  opposition  in  parliament. 
He  gave  evidence  in  favor  of  Lord  Wil- 
liam Eussel,  and  even  offered  to  ex- 
change clothes  with  that  unfortunate 
nobleman  to  enable  him  to  escape.  In 
1684  he  succeeded  to  the  title  of  earl  of 
Devonshire,  and  was  shortly  afterwards 
imprisoned,  and  fined  £30,000  for  stri- 
king Colonel  Culpepper,  in  the  presence 
chamber.  For  the  payment  of  this  large 
sum  he  gave  bond,  but  before  it  became 
lue,  the  arrival  of  the  prince  of  Orange 
nad  put  an  end  for  ever  to  the  tyranny 
tif  James.  The  earl  now  became  a  favo- 
rite at  court,  and  in  1694  his  earldom 
was  raised   to  a  dukedom.     D.  1707. — 


John,  Lord,  brother  of  the  pieceding; 
an  able  statesman,  who  distinguished 
himself  by  his  opposition  to  Lord  North, 
and  succeeded  that  nobleman  as  chac 
eellor  of  the  exchequer.  D.  1796.— 
Henry,  a  member  of  the  Devonshire 
family,  and  one  of  the  most  eminent 
natural  philosophers  of  modern  times, 
devoted  himself  exclusively  to  scien- 
tific pursuits,  acquiring  a  distinguished 
rank  among  those  who  have  most  con- 
tributed to  the  progress  of  chemistry ; 
and  his  researches  relative  to  hydrogen 
gas,  or  inflammable  air,  gave  rise  to  the 
practice  of  aerostation.  By  the  death 
of  an  uncle,  in  1778,  he  received  a  large 
addition  to  his  fortune ;  and,  being  ex- 
tremely regular  and  simple  in  his  man- 
ner of  living,  he  left  at  his  death  the 
enormous  sum  of  £1.200,000,  to  his 
relations.  It  has  been  truly  said  of  him, 
that  he  was  "the  richest  among  the 
learned,  and  the  most  learned  among 
the  rich  men  of  his  time."  B.  1731 ;  d. 
1810. 

CAWTON,  Thomas,  a  nonconformist 
divine.  Being  implicated  in  Love's  plot 
against  Cromwell,  he  fled  to  Holland, 
and  became  pastor  of  the  English  church 
at  Botterdam.  He  was  skilled  in  the 
oriental  languages,  and  assisted  in  the 
Polyglot  Bible,  and  Dr.  Castell's  Poly- 
glot Lexicon.  D.  1659. — Thoma9,  son 
of  the  above,  and,  like  him,  a  Puritan 
divine  and  an  oriental  scholar.  He  offi- 
ciated to  a  dissenting  congregation  in 
Westminster;  and  was  author  of  "Dis- 
sertatio  de  Usu  Linguae  Hebraicae  in 
Philosophia  Theoretica,"  a  "Life  of  his 
Father/'  &c.     D.  1667. 

CAXTON,  William,  the  earliest  En- 
glish printer,  was  a  native  of  Kent,  b. 
about  1410.  Having  served  his  time  as 
a  mercer,  he  went  abroad  as  agent  to 
the  Mercers'  company,  and  afterwards 
was  taken  into  the  suite  of  Margaret  of 
York,  wife  of  the  duke  of  Burgundy. 
While  residing  in  Flanders,  he  acquired 
a  knowledge  of  the  art  of  printing,  and 
translated  and  printed  in  that  country 
the  "  Eecuyell  of  the  History  of  Troy." 
Returning  to  England,  he  set  up  a  press 
in  Westminster  abbey  ;  and  1474  issued 
the  "Game  of  Chess,"  the  first  book 
ever  printed  in  England.     D.  1491. 

CAYLUS,  Anne  Claude  Philip  de, 
count  of,  a  French  writer;  author  of  the 
"  Description  of  the  Gems  in  the  Eoyal 
Cabinet,"  a  truly  splendid  work  ;  "  Dis- 
sertation on  the  Arts,"  &c. ;  and  found- 
er of  a  prize  for  drawing  in  the  Academy 
of  Painting.     B.  1720;  d.  1765. 

CAZES,  Pierre    Jacques,   a   French 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


cel] 


painter,  pupil  of  Boulogne  and  the  elder 
Ilouassc.  His  principal  work  is  a  noble 
Scripture  piece  of  "The  Woman  with 
an  Issue  of  Blood,"  in  the  church  of 
Notre  Dame.    B.  1676;  d.  1754. 

CAZO'fTE,  John,  a  French  writer; 
author  of"  Le  Diable  Amoureux,"  '-Oli- 
vier," aud  other  poems,  chiefly  of  the 
humorous  kind.  In  the  revolution, 
which  he  opposed  with  all  his  power, 
he  was  thrown  into  the  prison  of  the 
Abbaye,  with  his  daughter  Elizabeth ; 
and  when  the  massacre  of  the  prisoners 
took  place,  his  daughter  threw  herself 
between  him  and  the  murderers,  there- 
by preventing  the  execution  of  their 
purpose ;  but  he  was  again  condemned 
to  death,  and  perished  bv  the  guillotine, 
17'.<-J,  at  the  age  of  72.  From  the  scaf- 
fold he  cried  with  a  firm  voice  to  the 
multitude,  "I  die,  as  I  have  lived,  faith- 
ful to  God  and  to  my  king." 

CEBA,  Aufaldo,  a  Genoese  poet ;  au- 
thor of  two  tragedies,  a  history  of  Borne, 
and  two  heroic  poems,  "  II  Furio  Ca- 
millo,"  and  "  Esther."     D.  1623. 

CEBES,  a  Thehan  philosopher,  pupil 
of  Socrates.  The  Tabiature  of  Human 
Life,  usually  printed  with  the  Enchiri- 
dion of  Epictetus,  is  generally  attributed 
to  him,  but  by  some  his  authorship  is 
disputed. 

CECCO  DE  ASCOLI,  whose  proper 
name  was  Francis  degli  Stablli,  an 
Italian  physician,  mechanician,  and 
poet;  author  of  "L'Accrta,"  a  poem, 
&c.  In  1322  he  obtained  the  appoint- 
ment of  professor  of  philosophy  and  as- 
trology at  Bologna,  and  subsequently 
that  of  physician  and  astrologer  to  the 
duke  of  Calabria;  but  being  accused  of 
magic,  he  was  condemned  by  the  In- 
quisition, and  burnt  to  death  in  1327. 

CECIL,  Kobert,  earl  of  Salisbury,  was 
the  second  son  of  Lord  Burleigh,  the 
prudent  minister  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 
Trained  to  business  under  his  father,  he 
became  first  the  assistant  and  then  the 
successor  of  secretary  Walsingham. 
Towards  the  close  of  Elizabeth's  reign, 
lie  sedulously  cultivated  the  friendship 
of  James  VI.  of  Scotland.  The  event 
justified  his  foresight,  for  he  was  made 
high  treasurer,  and  created  earl  of  Salis- 
bury almost  immediately  after  James's 
accession  to  the  English  crown.  He 
was  an  extremely  able,  and,  generally 
speaking,  upright  minister;  but  the 
share  he  had  in  causing  the  deaths  of 
Essex  and  Raleigh,  tends  much  to  sink 
him  in  the  estimation  of  posterity.  B. 
1563 ;  d.  1612. 

CECEOPS,  an  Egyptian,  who  married 
23* 


260 


the    daughter    of    Actaeus,    a    Grecian 
prince;  and  founded  Athens  about  1556 

B.C. 

CEDREMIS,  George,  a  Greek  monk 
of  the  11th  century,  who  wrote  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  World,  from  the  Croiitiou  to 
the  Year  1057,"  which  was  printed  with 
a  Latin  version  at  Paris  in  1647. 

CELESTI,  Andrea,  a  Venetian  paint- 
er. He  executed  some  beautiful  land- 
scapes and  some  fine  altar-pieces.  D. 
1706. 

CELESTINE  I.,  saint  and  pope  ;  suc- 
cessor of  Boniface  I.  He  became  pope 
in  422,  condemned  the  doctrine  of  Nes- 
torius  in  430,  and  d.  in  432,  with  a  high 
reputation  for  piety  and  wisdom. — 111., 
pope,  succeeded  Clement  III.  in  1191. 
He  claimed  the  kingdoms  of  Naples  and 
Sicily,  and  conferred  the  latter  on  Fred- 
eric, son  of  the  Emperor  Henry  VI.,  on 
condition  that  he  should  be  tributary  to 
the  holy  see.  D.  1198. — V.,  a  pope  and 
saint.  He  was  a  Benedictine  monk, 
and  founder  of  an  order  called  Celes- 
tines,  which  was  suppressed  in  France. 
He  led  a  life  of  great  seclusion,  aud  the 
fame  of  his  austerity  caused  him  to  be 
elected  pope  in  12H4*.  Cardinal  Cajetan 
persuaded  him  to  resign,  and  then,  hav- 
ing caused  himself  to  be  elected,  by  the 
title  of  Boniface  VIII.,  imprisoned  Ce- 
lestine.     D.  in  confinement,  in  12S46. 

CELLARIUS,  Christopher,  a  learned 
German  writer,  professor  of  history  at 
Halle;  author  of  "  Notitia  Orbis  Anti- 
quse,"  "  Atlas  Ccelestis,"  &c,  and  editor 
of  several  Greek  and  Latin  authors.  D. 
1707. 

CELLIER,  Reni,  a  learned  French 
Benedictine;  author  of  an  "Apology 
for  the  Morality  of  the  Fathers,"  written 
against  Barbeyrac,  rfnd  compiler  of  a 
"General  History  of  Sacred  and  Eccle- 
siastical Authors."     D.  1761. 

CELLINI,  Benvenuto,  a  Florentine 
artist,  of  equal  genius  and  eccentricity. 
He  was  apprenticed  to  a  goldsmith  and 
jeweller,  and  at  the  same  time  learned 
drawing,  enarraving,  and  music.  Clem- 
ent VII.  employed  him  both  as  <_<■■  .1  1- 
smith  and  musician;  and  such  was  his 
reputation  for  courage,  that  when  Home 
was  besiesed  by  the  duke  "f  Bourbon, 
Cellini  was  charged  with  the  defence  of 
the  castle  of  St.  Angelo.  During  the 
life  of  Clement,  Cellini  was  employed  to 
make  stamps  for  the  mint,  and  his  coins 
and  medals  are  exquisite  specimens  of 
skill.  On  the  death  of  his  patron  he 
went  to  France,  where  he  was  patronized 
and  employed  by  Francis  I. ;  but  he 
soon  returned  to  Rome,  ami  being  ac- 


270 


CYCLOPAEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[CEH 


3ixsed  of  having  robbed  the  castle  of  St. 
Augelo  wliile  intrusted  with  its  defence, 
he  was  there  imprisoned.  He  however 
escaped,  was  retaken,  but  finally  released 
at  the  intercession  of  the  Cardinal  Fer- 
rara.  He  once  more  went  to  France, 
where  he  executed  some  magnificent 
works,  especially  some  large  figures  in 
metal.  In  five  years  he  left  France  for 
Florence,  where  he  was  employed  by  the 
Grand-duke  Cosmo.  Working  equally 
well  in  metal  and  marble,  on  the  largest 
and  the  most  minute  scale,  Cellini,  even 
as  an  artist  alone,  was  a  most  wonderful 
man.  But  when  we  remember  that  he 
was  a  musician,  an  author,  and  an  ad- 
mirable master  of  the  sword,  it  is  im- 
possible to  withhold  our  admiration 
from  the  extent  and  variety  of  his  genius. 
As  an  author,  he  produced  a  work  on 
sculpture  and  the  casting  of  metals,  a 
treatise  on  the  goldsmith's  art,  and  an 
autobiography  full  of  vivid  and  vigorous 
writing.  Tins  last  work,  which  contains 
nome  details  scarcely  credible,  even  with 
a  large  allowance  for  the  evident  vanity 
of  the  author,  has  been  translated  into 
all  the  modern  languages.  B.  1500 ;  d. 
1570. 

CELSIUS,  Olaus,  a  learned  Swede; 
the  early  patron  of  Linnaeus,  and  the 
first  promoter  of  the  science  of  natural 
history  in  Sweden.  He  published  va- 
rious, theological  and  other  works,  par- 
ticularly one  entitled  "  Ilierobotanicou," 
an  account  of  the  plants  mentioned  in 
the  Bible.     B.  1670;  d.  175(5. 

CELSUS,  Aurelius  Cornelius,  a  Ro- 
man physician  of  the  time  of  Tiberius  ; 
author  of  treatises  on  agriculture,  rheto- 
ric, and  military  affairs,  and  of  8  books 
on  medicine.  All  except  the  last  work 
is  lost,  but  that  is  used  in  the  medical 
schools  of  every  nation  in  Europe. — An 
Epicurean  philosopher  of  the  2d  cen- 
tury. He  wrote  a  book  against  the 
Christian  religion.  It  is  not  extant,  but 
if  we  may  judge  from  Origen's  reply  to 
it,  Celsus  was  a  keen  disputant,  even 
with  the  disadvantage  of  assailing  truth 
and  defending  error. 

CELTES,  Conrad,  a  modern  Latin 
poet,  native  of  Germany.  He  wrote 
odes,  amatory  poems,  and  epigrams,  and 
a  prose  history  of  Nuremburg.    U.  1508. 

CENSORINUS,  a  Roman,'  twice  con- 
sul. In  270  the  soldiery  compelled  him 
o  accept  the  purple,  and  murdered  him 
(v  week  after  he  had  done  so. 

CENTLIVRE,  Susannah,  an  English 
dramatic  writer  and  actress;  author  of 
"The  Busy  Body,1'  "  A  bold  Stroke  for 
a  Wife,"  i&c.    Her  writings   are  viva- 


cious and  elegant,  but  they  are  occasion- 
ally indelicate.     D.  1723. 

CEOLWULF,  a  king  of  Northumber- 
land in  the  8th  century,  of  whom  the 
Venerable  Bede  makes  honorable  men- 
tion as  a  just  and  pious  king.  His  do- 
minions being  overrun  by  Ethelbald, 
king  of  Mercia,  Ceohvulf  retired  to  the 
monastery  of  Lindisfarne,  and  spent  the 
remainder  of  his  life  in  retirement  and 
prayer. 

CEPHALON,  an  Ionian  author  of  an 
epitome  of  general  history  from  the  time 
of  Ninus  to  that  of  the  emperor  Adrian, 
in  whose  reign  he  flourished,  and  of  a 
history  of  Troy.  In  imitation  of  Herod- 
otus, he  divided  his  epitome  into  nine 
books. 

CERACCHI,  Joseph,  a  Roman  sculp- 
tor, a  pupil  of  the  great  Canova.  He 
unfortunately  involved  himself  in  polit- 
ical disputes,  and  was  obliged  to  seek 
shelter  m  France,  where  he  was  engaged 
in  a  conspiracy  against  the  life  of  Bona- 
parte, for  which  he  was  executed  in  1801. 

CERATINUS,  James,  a  learned  Dutch- 
man, professor  of  Greek  at  Leipsic,  which 
office  he  owed  to  the  recommendation 
of  Erasmus.  His  true  name  wasTeyng. 
that  which  he  adopted  being  a  Greek 
derivative  equivalent  to  Horn,  the  name 
of  his  native  place.  He  wrote  "  De 
Sono  Grsecarnm  Literarum,"  compiled  a 
Greek  and  Latin  lexicon,  &c.     D.  1530. 

CERCEAU,  John  Anthony  mi,  a 
French  poet.  He  wrote  several  critiques, 
some  comedies,  and  Latin  and  French 
poems.  B.  l(37i) ;  and  accidentally  shot 
m  1730,  by  the  prince  of  Conti,  to  whom 
he  was  tutor. 

CERDA,  Bernarda  Ferreira  de  i,a, 
a  Portuguese  lady  of  the  17th  century, 
remarkable  for  the  extent  and  variety 
of  her  accomplishments.  She  was  well 
versed  in  the  ancient  and  modern  lan- 
guages ;  excelled  in  rhetoric,  mathemat- 
ics, and  philosophy;  was  a  most  skilful 
musician ;  and  wrote  various  poems  and 
comedies  of  great  merit. 

CERE,  John  Nicholas,  a  distinguish- 
ed French  botanist,  director  of  the  bo- 
tanic garden  in  the  Isle  of  France.  He 
greatly  extended  the  culture  of  cloveF 
and  other  spices  in  the  island,  and  pub- 
lished a  valuable  memoir  on  the  cultiva- 
tion of  rice.     D.  1S10. 

CERINI,  Giovanni  Domexico,  an  Ital- 
ian painter,  chiefly  of  historical  subjects. 
B.  160(5;  d.  1681. — JosEpn,  an  Italian 
poet  and  dramatist.     B.  1738;  d.  1779. 

CERINTIIUS,  a  heresiareh  of  the  1st 
century.  He  was  by  birth  a  .U'w,  and  is 
supposed  to  have  been  a  pupil  of  Simon 


cha] 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


271 


Magus.  Ilis  doctrine  was  a  compound 
of  Judaism,  Christianity,  and  the  specu- 
lations of  the  Gnostics. 

CERUTI,  Frederic,  a  learned  Italian 
schoolmaster.  He  wrote  a  Latin  dia- 
logue on  the  "  Bight  Education  of 
Youth,'  and  another  on  "Comely,'' 
and  published  editions  of  Horace,  Juve- 
nal, and  Perseus,  each  with  a  para- 
phrase.    B.  1541  ;  d.  1579. 

CEKUTTI,  Joseph  Anthony  JoACiinr, 
a  Jesuit,  for  some  time  professor  in  the 
Society's  college  at  Lyons ;  author  of  an 
"Apology"'  for  his  order,  and  of  various 
miscellaneous  pieces.  He  entered  with 
ardor  into  the  affairs  of  the  revolution, 
and  conducted  a  paper  called  "Feuille 
Villaseoise."     B.  1735;  d.  1792. 

CERVANTES,  de  Saavedra,  Miguel, 
the  celebrated  Spanish  novelist,  was  b. 
1547.  Although  he  gave  early  promise 
of  literary  talent,  he  was  compelled, 
through  poverty,  to  seek  a  subsistence 
in  some  other  profession,  and  became  a 
page  to  the  cardinal  Giulio  Aquaviva,  in 
Rome.  He  »hen  entered  the  navy,  and 
lost  his  left  arm  at  the  famous  battle  of 
Lepanto.  After  this,  he  joined  the 
troops  at  Naples,  in  the  service  of  the 
Spanish  king;  but,  returning  home- 
ward, he  was  unfortunately  taken  pris- 
oner by  a  corsair,  and  remained  in 
slavery  at  Algiers  five  years.  AY  lien  he 
was  at  length  ransomed,  he  settled  at 
Madrid,  married,  and  published  in  the 
course  of  10  years  about  30  dramas  ;  but 
though  he  showed  great  genius,  he  was 
not  so  successful  as  his  rival,  Lope  de 
Vega,  and  he  reluctantly  abandoned  this 
species  of  composition  for  that  which 
has  immortalized  his  name — the  produc- 
tion of  "  Don  Quixote."  Cervantes  had 
in  view,  by  this  work,  to  reform  the 
taste  and  opinions  of  his  countrymen. 
He  wished  to  ridicule  that  adventurous 
heroism  which  was  the  source  of  innu- 
merable novels  on  knight-errantry.  The 
work  was,  at  first,  coldly  received,  but 
it  soon  met  with  applause,  and  it  may 
now  safely  be  said  to  be  the  most  popu- 
lar work  that  was  ever  written.  Still  its 
extraordinary  good  fortune  did  not  ex- 
tend to  the  author,  who  struggled  on 
for  many  years  with  nothing  to  console 
him  in  his  poverty  but  his  genius,  and 
a  proper  estimation  of  his  own  merit. 
D.  1016. 

CERVETTO,  a  celebrated  Italian  mu- 
sician, who  performed  at  Drury-lane 
in  the  time  of  Garrick.  He  much  of- 
fended that  irritable,  performer  by  loudly 
snoring  one  night,  when  the  audience 
was  in  a  state  of  the  most  perfect  silence. 


Garrick  reproached  him  in  the  green- 
room, but  the  fiddler  appeased  the  actor 
by  exclaiming,  "  Ah,  Mr.  Garrick,  it  is 
alvav  the  vav  ven  I  be  vcr  much  please  1" 
D.  1783,  at  the  age  of  103. 

CESARIN1,  Julian,  a  cardinal.  He 
was  employed  by  Martin  V.  and  Eiw.'e- 
nius  IV.,  in  political  negotiations.  Be- 
ing sent  by  the  latter  pope  to  Hungary, 
he  persuaded  Ladislaus  to  break  truce 
with  the  Turks.  The  battle  of  Varna 
ensued,  and  the  cardinal  was  slain,  1444. 
— Virginio,  an  Italian  writer,  whose 
Latin  and  Italian  poems  are  distin- 
guished by  great  elegance.     D.  16:24. 

CESAEOTTI,  Melchi.jr,  an  Italian 
poet,  and  professor  of  rhetoric,  Greek, 
and  Hebrew,  in  the  university  of  Padua; 
author  of  "Essays  on  the  Origin  and 
Progress  of  Poetry,"  "  Oil  the  Italian 
Language,"  &c. ;  and  translator  into 
Italian  of  the  "  Iliad,"  and  of  "  Ossian's 
Poenis."     B.  17S0;  d.  1808. 

CESPEDES,  Paul,  an  eminent  Span- 
ish painter.  His  principal  work  is  "The 
Last  Supper,"  an  admirable  picture  in 
the  cathedral  of  Cordova.  He  was  the 
author  ot  a  learned  treatise  on  ancient 
and  modern  painting.     D.  1608. 

CEZELLI,  Constance,  a  heroine  of 
the  16th  century.  Her  husband,  while 
defending  Leucate,  was  taken  by  the 
Spaniards,  and  they  threatened  Con- 
stance that  they  would  put  him  to  death 
if  she  did  not  surrender  the  fortress. 
She  refused,  but  offered  all  her  property 
to  ransom  him.  This  was  unavailing; 
and  being  foiled  in  two  assaults,  they 
raised  the  siege,  and  put  their  barbarous 
threat  in  force. 

CHABERT,  Joseph  Bernard,  mar- 
quis of,  a  distinguished  navigator,  as- 
tronomer, and  geographer,  b.  at  Toulon, 
1724.  He  performed  several  distant  voy- 
ages, and  formed  the  project  of  a  chart 
of  the  Mediterranean;  but  the  American 
war  interrupted  the  work,  and  called 
Cliabert  to  his  post,  where  he  distin- 
guished himself  so  highly,  that,  in  1781, 
he  was  made  commander  of  a  squadron. 
The  revolution  drove  him  to  England. 
In  1S00  he  lost  his  sight,  in  consequence 
of  his  intense  application  to  study  ;  and, 
in  1802,  he  returned  to  Paris,'  where 
Bonaparte  assigned  him  a  pension.  D. 
ISO.".. 

CHABRET,  Pierre,  an  able  French 
advocate;  author  of  a  work  entitled 
"The  French  Monarchy  and  its  Laws." 
D.  1786. 

CHABRTAS,  an  Athenian  general,  to 
whom  a  statue  was  erected,  for  aiding 
the    Boeotians    against   Agesilaus.     Ha 


272 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CHA 


conquered  Cyprus  for  the  king  of  Egypt, 
and  was  slain  at  Chio,  535  b.  c. 

CIIABRY,  Mark,  a  French  painter 
and  sculptor.  His  best  works,  inclu- 
ding a  fine  equestrian  statue  of  Louis 
XIV.,  adorned  the  city  of  Lyons,  but 
they  were  destroyed  by  the  revolution- 
ary rabble.     D.  1727. 

CHA1S,  Chaeles,  a  Protestant  divine. 
He  was  a  native  of  Geneva,  but  for  many 
years  officiated  as  pastor  of  the  French 
church  at  the  Hague.  He  was  author 
of  "  An  Apology  for  Inoculation,"  some 
theological  essays,  and  a  French  transla- 
tion of  the  Bible.     D.  1785. 

CHAISE,  Francis  de  la,  a  French 
Jesuit,  confessor  to  Louis  XIV.,  over 
whom  he  acquired  a  vast  influence.  D. 
1709.  The  site  of  his  house  and  grounds 
at  Paris  is  now  occupied  by  the"  beauti- 
ful cemetery  which  bears  his  name. 

CHALCIDfUS,  a  Platonic  philosopher 
of  the  3d  century.  He  wrote  a  com- 
mentary on  the  Timseus  of  Plato,  of 
which  a  Latin  version  was  published  at 
Levden. 

OIIALCONDYLES,  Demetrius,  a 
learned  Greek,  who,  on  the  taking  of 
Constantinople  in  1479,  established  him- 
self as  a  teacher  of  Greek  in  Italy.  He 
wrote  a  Greek  grammar,  and  edited  the 
lexicon  of  Suidas.     D.  1513. 

CHALES,  Claudius  Francis  de,  a 
French  Jesuit,  professor  of  hydrogra- 
phy and  mathematics ;  author  of  a 
"History  of  Mathematics,"  a  "Treatise 
on  Navigation,"  "Researches  on  the 
Centre  of  Gravity,"  &e     D.  1678. 

CHALLE,  Charles  Michael  Angelo, 
a  French  painter,  and  professor  of  paint- 
ing in  the  Paris  academy.  He  was  a 
successful  imitator  of  Salvator  Eosa  and 
of  Guido.     D.  1778. 

CHALMERS,  Alexander,  was  b.  1759, 
at  Aberdeen,  where  his  father  carried  on 
business  as  a  printer.  When  he  was  18 
years  of  age,  an  appointment  of  assist- 
ant surgeon  in  the  West  Indies  was 
procured  for  him ;  but,  instead  of  sail- 
ing for  Jamaica  he  proceeded  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  connected  himself  with 
the  press.  He  became  editor  of  the 
"  Public  Ledger"  and  "  London  Packet" 
newspapers,  during  the  period  of  the 
American  war.  Party  politics  were  then 
running  high,  and  Mr.  Chalmers  ob- 
tained much  credit  as  a  political  writer 
to  other  journals,  under  the  signature 
of  Senex.  He  was  for  a  long  time  a 
contributor  to  the  "  Morning  Chroni- 
cle," and  afterwards  editor  of  the  "Morn- 
ing Herald."  He  also  entered  into  en- 
gagements with  several  publishers,   to 


edit  their  books,  and  published  many 
works  in  his  own  name.  In  1S12  the 
first  portion  of  the  work  appeared, 
which,  of  all  his  productions,  lias  the 
most  largely  contributed  to  his  fame, 
namely,  "  The  General  Biographical  Dic- 
tionary," which  was  completed  in  1817  ; 
and  he  continued  to  occupy  himself  in 
literary  pursuits  till  ill-health  compelled 
him  to  abandon  them.  D.  lb-34.  — 
George,  a  Scotch  writer  of  considerable 
ability  and  industry;  author  of  "Cale- 
donia" "  An  Estimate  of  the  Compara- 
tive Strength  of  Great  Britain,"  &c. 
His  statistical  ability  procured  him  the 
situation  of  chief  clerk  of  the  Board  of 
Trade,  which  he  enjoyed  for  many  years. 
B.  1744;  d.  182.3.— Thomas,  was  b.  at 
Anstruther,  in  Fife,  on  the  17th  of 
March,  1780,  and  was  early  sent  to  study 
at  St.  Andrew's  university.  On  the  com- 
pletion of  his  theological  studies,  he  offi 
ciated  for  about  two  years  as  assistant 
in  the  parish  of  Cavers,  and  in  1803  he 
obtained  a  presentation  to  the  parish  of 
Kilmany,  in  Fifeshire.  Here  he  remained 
for  some  years,  in  the  quiet  discharge  of 
his  clerical  duties,  when  he  was  suddenly 
awakened  to  a  knowledge  of  "vital  Chris- 
tianity," while  engaged  in  writing  the 
article  "Christianity"  for  "Brewster's 
Edinburgh  Encyclopaedia,"  and  from  this 
moment  his  quickened  and  concentrated 
faculties  were  intent  on  reviving  the  old 
"evangelism  of  the  Puritans  and  the 
Reformers."  The  heroism  with  which 
he  avowed  his  change,  and  the  fervor 
with  which  he  proclaimed  the  gospel, 
made  a  great  sensation  in  the  quiet 
country  round  Kilmany  ;  and  at  last  the 
renown  of  this  upland  Boanerges  began 
to  spread  over  Scotland,  when,  in  1815, 
the  town  council  of  Glasgow  invited  him 
to  be  the  minister  of  their  Tron  church 
and  parish.  Thither  he  repaired,  and 
in  that  city  for  8  years  sustained  a  series 
of  the  most  brilliant  arguments  and 
overpowering  appeals  in  behalf  of  reli- 
gion. In  1817  he  visited  London.  Here 
his  popularity  was  not  less  overwhelm- 
ing. The  churches  in  which  he  was  to 
preach  were  crowded  to  suffocation  long 
before  the  service  commenced ;  and 
amongst  his  auditors  were  a  number  of 
the  distinguished  clergy,  peers,  mem- 
bers of  parliament,  and  literary  charac- 
ters of  all  classes  and  denominations. 
After  continuing  about  four  years  min- 
ister of  the  Tron  church,  he  was  re- 
moved to  the  new  church  of  St.  John's. 
In   this   new  sphere   he   tried   to  give 

E radical   direction   to  the    theories   he 
ad  propounded,  relative  to  the  support 


CHAJ 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


273 


and  the  suppression  of  pauperism.  In 
management,  he  expected  it  to  become 
a  model  for  all  the  parishes  in  Scotland, 
in  the  independence  of  its  provision  for 
the  abatement  of  pauperism,  as  well  as 
in  the  spiritual  agency  it  was  to  adopt. 
But  the  work  he  had"  undertaken,  and 
the  invasions  made  upon  his  time,  de- 
prived him  of  that  solitude  so  much 
required  for  pulpit  preparations,  especi- 
ally for  such  pulpit  exhibitions  as  he 
was  wont  to  give ;  and  he  was  fain  to 
6eek  relief  in  an  academic  retreat.  In 
1824  he  accepted  the  chair  of  moral  phi- 
losophy at  St.  Andrew's  ;  in  1828  lie  was 
removed  to  the  chair  of  theology  in  the 
university  of  Edinburgh ;  and  here  he 
prosecuted  his  multifarious  labors,  lec- 
turing, preaching,  publishing,  organi- 
zing schemes  for  the  welfare  of  the 
church,  and  taking  an  active  manage- 
ment in  her  courts,  till  the  disruption 
in  the  church  of  Scotland,  in  1843,  when 
he  joined  the  -Free  Church,  which  he 
mainly  contributed  to  found,  and  be- 
came principal  and  professor  of  theology 
to  the  seceding  body.  D.  1847.— Lionel, 
a  physician  of  South  Carolina,  eminent 
for  medical  science.  He  first  practised 
in  Christ-church,  but  soon  removed  to 
Charleston,  where  he  continued  till  his 
death.  He  wrote,  in  1754,  useful  re- 
marks on  opisthotonos  and  tetanus, 
which  were  published  in  the  first  vol- 
ume of  the  observations  and  inquiries 
of  the  Medical  Society  of  London.  His 
most  respectable  work  is  an  essay  on 
fevers,  published  at  Charleston,  1767,  in 
which  he  gave  the  outlines  of  the  spas- 
modic theory,  which  had  been  taught 
by  Hoffman,  and  which  was  afterwards 
more  fully  illustrated  by  Cullen.  Besides 
several  smaller  productions,  he  also  pub- 
lished a  valuable  work  on  the  weather 
and  diseases  of  South  Carolina.  D. 
1777. 

CHALONER,  Thomas,  an  English 
statesman.  He  obtained  his  knight- 
hood by  his  gallantry  at  the  battle  of 
Musselburgh,  and  was  afterwards  em- 
ployed as  Queen  Elizabeth's  ambassador 
to  Spain  and  Germany.  He  translated 
"  Erasmus's  Praise  of  Folly."  and  wrote 
"De  Republica  Anglorum  instauranda, 
libri  decern,"  &c.  D.  1565. — Thomas, 
son  of  the  above,  was  distinguished  as  a 
chemist  and  natural  philosopher,  author 
of  a  tract  on  the  virtues  of  nitre.  D. 
1603.— Edward,  an  English  divine,  son 
of  the  above,  chaplain  to  James  I.,  and 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  preachers  of 
his  time.  D.  1625. — James,  brother  of 
fhe  preceding,  a  member  of  parliament, 


and  one  of  the  judges  of  the  ill-fated 
Charles  I.  His  zeal  in  the  parliamentary 
cause  obtained  him  the  governorship  of 
Peel  castle,  in  the  Isle  of  Man.  At  the 
restoration  in  1660,  messengers  were 
sent  to  apprehend  him,  when  he  com- 
mitted suicide. — Thomas,  brother  of  the 
last  named,  and  also  one  of  the  king's 
judges ;  author  of  an  account  of  the 
(pretended)  discovery  of  the  tomb  of 
Moses.  He  absconded  from  England  at 
the  restoration.     I).  1661. 

CHAMBERLAINE,  Robert,  an  En- 
glish poet,  author  of  "  The  Swaggering 
Damsel,"  a  comedy  ;  "  Nocturnal  Lu- 
cubrations," &c.    D.  1637. 

CHAMBERLAYNE,  Edward,  author 
of  an  able  work,  entitled  "The  present 
State  of  England,"  &c.  D.  1703.— John. 
son  of  the  above,  translator  of  the  "Re- 
ligious Philosopher,"  by  Nieuwentyt, 
&c.     D.  1724. 

CHAMBERS,  Ephraim,  an  able  and 
most  industrious  English  writer,  com- 
piler of  the  well-known  "  Cyclopaedia" 
which  bears  his  name.  D."  1740.— Sir 
William,  an  able  architect.  He  built 
that  fine  structure,  Somerset  house,  and 
was  the  author  of  a  valuable  treatise 
on  "Civil  Architecture."  Though  of 
Scotch  descent,  he  was  by  birth  a  Swede, 
and  his  knighthood  was  conferred  by 
the  king  of  Sweden.     D.  1796. 

CIIAMIER,  Daniel,  a  French  Prot- 
estant divine,  author  of  a  treatise  "  De 
(EeumenicoPontifice,"and  other  learned 
works.  His  reputation  as  a  politician 
was  so  great,  that  he  was  intrusted  with 
the  important  task  of  drawing  up  the 
edict  ot  Nantes.  He  was  killed  during 
the  siege  of  Montauban,  in  1621. 

CIIAMILLARD,  Stephen,  a  learned 
but  very  credulous  French  Jesuit  and 
antiquary,  author  of  "  Dissertations  on 
Medals,  Gems,  and  other  Monuments 
of  Antiquity."     D.  1730. 

CHAMlSSO,  Adelbert  von,  son  of 
Louis,  vicompte  d'Ormont,  was  b.  at 
Roncourt  in  Champagne  in  1781.  Driven 
with  his  parents  from  their  home  by  the 
French  revolution,  he  was  educated  in 
Berlin,  where  he  became  one  of  the 
royal  pages,  served  in  the  Prussian 
army  '■ill  the  peace  of  Tilsit,  and  then 
returned  to  France,  where  he  remained 
till  1812,  as  professor  at  Napoleonville. 
B  it  his  strong  inclination  for  his  favo- 
rite study,  natural  history,  and  the  at- 
tachment he  had  imbibed  for  the  land 
of  his  education,  once  more  drew  him 
to  Berlin,  where  he  seized  the  oppor- 
tunity of  accompanying  Kotzebue  in  his 
voyage  round  the  world  i  i  1S15 ;  and 


274 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CHA 


on  his  return,  in  1818,  he  was  appointed 
superintendent  c-T'the  botanic  garden  in 
Berlin,  an  office  which  he  hold  till  his 
death.  Chamisso'a  works  range  over 
various  departments  of  literature.  "His 
Views  and  Observations  during  a  Voy- 
age of  Discovery"  are  replete  :vitb  in- 
teresting matter  ;  his  poems  take  rank 
among  his  countrymen  with  those  of 
Uhiand;  and,  as  the  author  of  "Peter 
Schlemil,"  he  has  obtained  a  European 
fame.     D.  1838. 

CHAMPAGNE,  Philippe,  an  eminent 
Flemish  painter,  was  b.  at  Brussels  in 
1602;  went  to  Paris,  where  he  studied 
under  Poussin,  and  bpcame  painter  to 
the  Queen  Maria  de  Medici,  who  gave 
him  the  direction  of  the  paintings  in 
the  Luxembourg,  and  he  was  also  made 
director  of  the  academy  of  fine  arts. 
His  paintings,  which  are  very  fine,  adorn 
the  dome  of  the  Sorbonne,  the  museum 
of  Paris,  &c.    D.  1674. 

CHAMPE,  John,  sergeant-major  of 
Lee's  legion  of  cavalry  in  the  revolu- 
tionary war.  Immediately  after  the 
treason  of  Arnold  lie  was  sent  by  Lee, 
at  the  request  of  Washington,  as  a  spy 
to  New  York,  for  two  purposes  :  to 
ascertain,  whether  another  American 
general  was  also  a  traitor,  as  had  been 
suggested  in  some  papers  in  the  hands 
of  Washington;  and,  if  possible,  to 
bring  oft"  Arnold  to  the  American  head- 
quarters, that  lie  might  be  tried  and 
Hinished,  and  thus  Andre  be  saved, 
t  was  with  a  daring  spirit  of  patriotisrn, 
that  Champe  undertook  this  enterprise. 
He  feared  not  the  danger;  but  the  ig- 
nominy of  desertion  anil  of  enlisting  in 
the  army  of  the  enemy,  he  apprehended, 
would  destroy  his  hope  ot  promotion, 
should  he  live  to  return.  He  was  as- 
sured, that  his  character  should  be  pro- 
tected at  a  proper  time.  At  11  o'clock 
the  same  night  Champe  took  his  cloak, 
valise,  and  orderly  book,  drew  his  horse 
from  the  thicket, 'and  fled  as  a  deserter 
from  the  American  camp  at  Tappan. 
In  half  an  hour  the  desertion  was  re- 
ported to  Lee,  who  made  all  the  delay 
in  his  power,  and  then  ordered  a  pur- 
suit about  12.  At  day-break  a  few  miles 
north  of  the  village  of  Bergen  the  pur- 
suing party  beheld  from  the  summit 
of  a  hill,  the  deserter  half  a  mile  in 
front.  Champe  now  put  spurs  to  his 
horse    and    the    pursuit  was   hot;    he 

Sissed  through  Bergen,  to  reach  the 
ritish  galleys  a  few  miles  west  at  Eli- 
zabeth town  'point.  Getting  abreast  of 
the  galleys,  having  lashed  his  valise  on 
bis  shoulders,  he  dismounted,  and  run- 


w 


ning  through  the  marsh  plunged  into 
the  river,  and  called  to  the  galleys  for 
help.  This  was  promptly  given,  and  a 
boat  sent  to  take  him  up.  The  horso 
was  carried  back  to  camp.  To  "Wash- 
ington the  success  of  Champe  waa  very 
acceptable  intelligence.  Champe  was 
taken  to  New  York  and  examined  by 
Sir  Henry  Clinton,  and  by  him  sent  to 
Arnold,  who  offered  him  the  place  of 
sergeant-major  in  the  legion  he  was 
raising.  On  the  last  day  of  September 
he  was  appointed  one  of  Arnold's  re- 
cruiting sergeants.  He  enlisted  for  the 
purpose  of  being  near  the  person  of 
Arnold.  The  dearest  wish  of  Washing- 
ton's heart,  in  this  business,  could  not 
be  accomplished,  as  Champe  could  not 
secure  Arnold  in  season  to  save  Andre, 
whose  execution  could  be  delayed  only 
to  the  3d  of  October.  In  a  few  days 
Champe  sent  ample  evidence  of  the  in- 
nocence of  the  accused  general,  so  that 
General  Washington  dismissed  all  his 
suspicions.  Washington  expressed  his 
approbation  of  Champe's  plan  for  taking 
Arnold,  of  whom  he  wished  to  "  make 
a  public  example."  The  plan  was,  to 
seize  Arnold  when  in  nis  garden, 
whither  he  went  at  a  late  hour  every 
night,  to  gag  him,  and  to  drag  him  be- 
tween two  men,  as  a  drunken  soldier, 
to  a  boat  on  the  Hudson,  and  to  deliver 
him  to  a  party  of  horse  on  the  Jersey 
shore.  It  failed:  it  appeared  that  on 
the  eventful  day,  Arnold  removed  his 
quarters,  and  the  American  legion,  to 
which  Champe  belonged,  was  trans 
ferred  to  the  fleet  of  transports,  and 
landed  in  Virginia.  Champe  rejoined 
the  American  army  in  North  Carolina. 
"When  his  story  was  known  it  secured 
him  the  love  and  respect  of  the  whole 
army.  Washington  granted  him  a  dis- 
charge, lest  falling  into  the  hands  of  the 
enemy,  he  should  die  on  a  gibbet.  In 
179S  inquiry  was  made  for  Champe  at 
the  request  of  Washington,  it  was  found 
that  he  removed  to  Kentuck)  and  soon 
after  died  there. 

CHAMPEAUX,  "William  de,  a  divine 
and  philosopher,  teacher  of  the  cele- 
brated Abelard,  who  subsequently  be- 
came his  rival.  Champeaux  rose  to  be 
bishop  of  Chalons,  and  wrote  a  treatise 
"On  the  Oriirin  of  the  Soul."     D.  lli'l. 

CHAMPIER,  Symphokien,  a  French 
physician.  He  wrote  several  learned 
works,  and  founded  the  college  of  phy- 
sicians at  Lyons.  He  also  served  under 
the  duke  of  Lorraine,  by  whom  he  was 
knighted  for  his  courage.  He  compiled 
several  works,  of  which  the  most  «alu- 


cha] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


275 


able  is  "  Les  Grands  Chroiiiqncs  des 
Duos  de  Savoie."     D.  1540. 

CHAMPLAIN,  Samuel  de.  a  French 
naval  officer.  He  was  governor-general 
of  Canada,  and^founded  the  city  of  Cine- 
bee  ;  and  there  is  a  lake  in  Canada  which 
still  bears  his  name.  His  "  Travels  in 
Canada"  contain  much  curious  inform- 
ation.    D.  1634. 

CHAMPMESLE,  Maey  Desmares  de, 
a  French  actress.  She  was  originally 
only  a  member  of  a  strolling  company, 
but  when  she  appeared  in  Paris,  the 
great  Racine  praised  her  tragic  perform- 
ance, and  even  afforded  her  instruction. 
This  raised  her  to  eminence  in  her  pro- 
fession, and  she  became  highly  popular. 
D.  1698. 

CHAMPOLLION,  Jean  Francis,  a 
French  writer,  distinguished  for  his  ac- 
quaintance with  archaeology,  especially 
as  regards  Egypt.  In  18:28  he  went  with 
an  expedition  of  learned  men  to  Egypt, 
at  the  expense  of  the  king,  and  made 
many  *  important  discoveries  there. 
Among  his  numerous  works  are  i' Pre- 
cis du  Systeme  Hieroglyphique  des  An- 
ciens  Eirvptiens,"  and  "  Pantheon 
Egvptien."     B.  1790;  d.  1832. 

Chancellor,  Rkhard,  an  English 

navigator,  and  founder  of  the  English 
Russia  company.  By  this  company  he 
was  sent  to  Russia  a  second  time,  and, 
while  on  his  return  with  the  Russian 
ambassador  and  suite,  he  perished  off 
Norwav,  in  1556. 

CHANDLER,  Edward,  bishop  of 
Durham ;  author  of  a  "  Defence  of 
Christianity  from  the  Prophecies'of  the 
Old  Testament."  &c.  B.  1671 ;  d.  1750. 
— Mary,  an  English  poetess.  B.  1687; 
d.  1745. — Richard,  a  divine  and  anti- 
quary. He  travelled,  in  1764,  through 
Asia  Minor  and  Greece,  at  the  expense 
of  the  Dilettanti  Society;  and  wrote 
"Travels"  in  those  countries. — Samuel, 
an  eminent  dissenting  divine;  author 
of  a  "  Vindication  of  the  Christian  Re- 
ligion," a  "Vindication  of  the  History 
of  the  Old  Testament,"  a  "  History  of 
Persecution,"  "  History  of  the  Life  of 
David,"  &c.     B.  1693  ;'  d.  1766. 

CltANDOS,  John,  an  English  gener- 
al of  great  celebrity,  in  the  14th  centu- 
ry ;  distinguished  not  more  for  bravery 
than  for  his  generosity  and  moderation. 
He  was  killed  at  the  bridge  of  Lensac, 
near  Poitiers,  in  1369. 

CHANNING,  William  Ellery,  was 
b.  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  1780.  His 
maternal  grandfather,  William  Ellery, 
was  one  of  those  who  signed  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence,  and  his  father 


was  a  partner  in  the  eminent  i  icrcantiln 
firm  of  Gibbs  &,  Channing,  at  Newport 
Educated  at  Harvard  college,  he  was 
early  induced  to  abandon  the  profession 
of  medicine,  for  which  his  father  intend- 
ed him,  and  to  prepare  himself  for  the 
Unitarian  ministry  ;  and  in  1803  he  com- 
menced his  career  by  taking  charge  of 
the  congregation  of  the  Unitarian  cha]  el 
in  Federal-street,  Boston.  His  eloquence 
rendered  him  from  that  time  forth  one 
of  the  most  conspicuous  men  in  Amer- 
ica. His  discourses  display  great  genius ; 
they  are  beautiful  specimens  of  pulpit 
eloquence ;  chaste,  earnest,  pure,  and 
sublime.  He  took  an  earnest  part  in  all 
the  great  religious  and  moral  move- 
ments of  the  day,  and  by  the  fervor  of 
his  convictions,  the  chasteness  and  per- 
suasiveness of  his  style,  his  dignified 
character,  and  fearless  utterance  of  what 
he  thought,  wielded  a  potent  influence 
not  only  over  the  opinions  of  his  eotem- 
poraries,  but  over  the  whole  future  mind 
of  his  country.  To  him  more  than  to 
any  one  else  the  people  of  New  England 
are  indebted  for  the  liberality  and  tol- 
erance of  religious  controversy.  Dr. 
('banning  was  ever  the  advocate  of 
peace,  and  though  he  could  not  but  be 
aware  that  his  opposition  to  the  slave 
system  must  needs  diminish  his  popu- 
larity, he  was  instant  in  season  and  out 
of  season  in  denouncing  it.  D.  Oct.  2, 
1842,  aged  62. 

CHANTREY,  Francis,  a  sculptor  of 
eminence,  was  b.  at  Norton,  near  Shef- 
field, 1781.  When  a  mere  child  he  dis- 
covered considerable  talent  in  drawing 
and  modelling;  and  during  his  appren- 
ticeship with  Mr.  Ramsey,  a  carver  and 
gilder  at  Sheffield,  the  whole  of  his  leis- 
ure hours  were  most  assiduously  devoted 
to  the  study  and  practice  of  his  favorite 
pursuits.  Having  made  a  compensation 
to  his  master  tor  the  remaining  term  of 
his  apprenticeship,  he  paid  a  short  visit 
to  London,  and  attended  the  school  of 
the  Royal  Academy.  He  then  returned 
to  Sheffield,  where,  at  20  years  of  age, 
he  may  be  said  to  have  commenced  bus- 
iness ;  but  his  career  of  fame  and  for- 
tune was  not  begun  until  1809,  when  he 
received  an  order  from  Mr.  Alexander, 
the  architect,  for  four  colossal  busts  or 
Howe,  St.  Vincent,  Duncan,  and  Nelson, 
for  the  Trinity  House,  and  for  the  Green- 
wich Naval  Asylum.  From  this  period 
he  was  unrelaxing  in  his  efforts,  and 
continually  successful ;  and,  among  the 
admirable  productions  of  his  chisel, 
there  appeared,  in  1817,  that  exquisite 
group  of  "The  Sleeping  Children,"  in 


276 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CHA 


Lichfield  Cathedral;  universally  ac- 
knowledged as  "images  of  artless  beau- 
ty and  innocent  and  unaffected  grace." 
His  busts  of  Lord  Castlereagh,  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott,  the  poets  Wordsworth  and 
and  Southey,  Mr.  Canning,  John  Ren- 
nie,  George  IV.,  Williau  IV.,  Queen 
Victoria,  Lord  Melbourne,  Sir  Robert 
Peel,  and  the  duke  of  Wellington;  and 
statues  of  James  Watt,  Dr.  Cyril  Jack- 
son, Grattan,  Washington,  Sir  Joseph 
Banks,  Spencer  Perceval,  Canning,  Sir 
John  Malcolm,  Dr.  Dal  ton,  Roscoe,  Gen. 
Gillespie,  Lady  Louisa  Russell,  (when  a 
child,)  Bishops  Bathurst  and  Ryder,  are 
among  his  chief  works.  D.  Nov.  25, 1842. 

CHAPMAN,  Frederic  Henry,  a 
Swedish  vice-admiral;  author  of  a 
"  Treatise  on  Marine  Architecture."  D. 
1808. — George,  an  English  poet.  He 
wrote  17  dramatic  pieces,  but  he  is 
chiefly  remembered"  for  his  vigorous 
translation  of  Homer,  of  which  Pope  is 
said  to  have  made  more  use  than  he 
chose  to  admit.  D.  1604.  —  John,  a 
learned  English  divine;  author  of  "Eu- 
sebius,  or  a  Defence  of  Christianity," 
&c.     B.  1704;  d.  1784. 

CHAPONE,  Hester,  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  a  Mr.  Mulso,  of  Twywell,  North- 
amptonshire. Among  her  first  produc- 
tions is  the  interesting  story  of"  Fidelia," 
in  the  "Adventurer;"  but  she  is  prin- 
cipally known  by  her  valuable  "  Letters 
on  the  Improvement  of  the  Mind,"  ad- 
dressed to  a  young  lady,  and  published 
in  1773.     D.  1801. 

CHAPPE  D'AUTEROCHE,  Jonxfa 
French  astronomer.  In  1760  he  went 
into  Siberia  to  observe  the  transit  of  the 
planet  Venus;  and,  in  1768,  he  gave 
the  public  an  account  of  his  journey  in 
three  volumes.  He  then  went  to  Cali- 
fornia for  the  same  purpose,  but  died 
there  in  1769. — Claude,  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  was  b.  1763.  He  introduced 
the  use  of  telegraphs  into  France,  and 
the  first  public  event  communicated  by 
it  was  the  capture  of  Conde,  in  1793. 
The  honor  of  the  discovery  being  claim- 
ed by  others,  his  mind  was  so  much 
iffected  that  he  committed  suicide  in 
".  805. 

CHAPPLE,  William,  an  English  to- 
pographer. He  contributed  largely  to 
the  "Gentleman's  Magazine,"  and  ed- 
ited a  part  of  "  Risdoffs  Survey  of  Dev- 
onshire.    D.  1781. 

CHAPTAL,  Jean  Antoine  Claude, 
count  of  Chanteloupe,  a  French  peer, 
statesman,  and  writer.  Being  a  younger 
son  he  was  destined  for  the  profession  of 
medicine,  and  had  completed  his  studies 


when  he  was  induced  to  accept  the  pro- 
fessorship of  chemistry  at  Montpelier. 
His  lectures  procured  him  great  repu- 
tation, and  on  the  breaking  out  of  the 
revolution  he  took  an  active  part  in  it, 
and  was  selected  by  the  new  govern- 
ment to  supply  the  army  with  gunpow- 
der. In  1799  the  first  consul  made  him 
counsellor  of  state  ;  and,  in  the  following 
year,  minister  of  the  interior.  He  was 
the  inventor  of  several  kinds  of  cement, 
and  wrote  learnedly  and  well  on  national 
industry  and  chemistry.  B.  1756;  d. 
1832. 

CHARDIN,  Sir  John,  a  French  trav- 
eller, whose  travels  in  Persia  and  the 
East  Indies  are  extremely  valuable.  The 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes  drove 
him  to  England,  where  he  was  well  re- 
ceived by  Charles  II.,  who  knighted  him. 
D.  1713. 

CHARENTON,  Joseph  Nicholas,  a 
French  Jesuit,  and  for  many  years  a 
missionary  in  Persia.  He  translated 
Maricana's  "  History  of  Spain"  into 
French,  and  appended  some  valuable 
notes"    D.  1735. 

CHARETTE  DE  LA  COINTRE, 
Francis  Athanasius  de,  a  French  roy- 
alist, and  leader  of  the  party  in  La  Ven- 
dee. He  displayed  great  bravery  in 
numberless  combats,  but  being  at  length 
defeated  by  the  republicans,  and  wound- 
ed, he  was  taken  prisoner,  and  shot  at 
Nantes,  in  1796. 

CHARLEMAGNE,  or  Charles  the 
Great,  king  of  the  Franks,  and  subse- 
quently emperor  of  the  West,  was  b. 
742.  He  was  the  son  of  Pepin,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  elder  brother,  Carloman,  in 
771.  Having  defeated  the  Saxons,  and 
overrun  Loinbardy,  he  was  crowned 
emperor  in  800.  Though  of  a  warlike 
turn,  and  continually  engaged  in  war, 
he  was  a  great  friend  to  learning,  found- 
ed several  universities,  and  attracted 
by  his  liberality  the  most  distinguished 
scholars  at  his  court;  among  others, 
Alcuin,  from  England,  whom  lie  chose 
for  his  own  instructor.  He  completed 
many  important  national  works,  encour- 
aged agriculture  and  the  arts,  and  ren- 
dered his  name  immortal  by  the  wisdom 
of  his  laws.  In  private  life,  Charle- 
magne was  exceedingly  amiable,  a  good 
father,  and  generous  friend.  His  do- 
mestic economy  afforded  a  model  of 
frugality  ;  his  person  a  rare  example  of 
simplicity  and  greatness.  He  despised 
extravagance  of  dress  in  men,  though, 
on  solemn  occasions,  he  appeared  in  all 
the  splendor  of  state;  and  as  his  person 
was  commanding  and  his  counte  tance 


Cha] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    O*     BIOGRAPHY. 


277 


noble  and  beneficent,  he  inspired  those 
who  saw  him,  with  sentiments  of  love 
and  respect.  He  d.  at  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
in  814. 

CHARLEMOXT,  James  Caclfield. 
earl  of,  an  Irish  nobleman,  distinguished 
as  the  political  coadjutor  of  Burke,  Flood, 
Graftal),  and  the  other  patriotic  advo- 
cates of  Ireland,  and  as  the  commander 
of  the  Irish  volunteers.  He  possessed 
considerable  literary  talents,  and,  after 
his  death,  his  correspondence  with 
Burke  and  other  eminent  men  was  pub- 
lished.    B.  1728:  d.  1799. 

CHARLES  IV.,  emperor  of  Germany, 
son  of  John  of  Luxemburg,  and  grand- 
sou  of  the  emperor,  Henry  VII.,  ascend- 
ed the  throne  in  1347.  His  reign  was 
distinguished  by  the  golden  bull  of  the 
diet  of  Nuremburg,  by  which  the  Ger- 
manic  constitution  was  established.  D. 
1378.  —  V.,  emperor  of  Germany  and 
king  of  Spain,  succeeded  his  grandfather, 
Ferdinand,  on  the  throne  of  Spain,  in 
1516,  and  became  emperor  of  Germany 
on  the  death  of  Maximilian,  in  151'J. 
His  title  to  the  imperial  crown  was  dis- 
puted by  Francis  I.  of  France;  but, 
aided  by  Henry  VIII.  of  England, 
Charles  maintained  himself,  and,  at  the 
battle  of  Pavia,  even  took  his  rival  pris- 
oner. His  whole  reign,  however,  was 
stormy  —  France,  the  Moors,  and  the 
Protestant  princes  of  Germany  gave  hiin 
full  employment,  until,  in  1556,  he  re- 
signed the  crown  to  his  son,  and  sought 
in  private  life  the  happiness  he  had  not 
found  in  governing  an  empire.  Taken 
altogether,  he  is  one  of  the  most  remark- 
able characters  in  history.  He  exhibited 
no  talents  in  his  youth,  it  not  being  till 
his  80th  year  that  he  showed  himself 
active  and  independent;  but,  from  that 
time  till  his  abdication,  he  was,  through- 
out  a  monarch.  He  was  indefatigable 
in  business,  weighing  the  reasons  on 
both  sides  of  every  ease  with  great 
minuteness  ;  very  slow  in  deciding  but 
firm  of  purpose,  and  prompt  to  execute. 
Being  equally  rich  in  resources  and  saga- 
cious in  the  use  of  them:  gifted  with  a 
cool  judgment,  and  always  master  of 
himself,  he  steadily  pursued  his  plans, 
and  was  generally  able  to  overcome  the 
greatest  obstacles.  D.  1558. — VI.,  son 
of  the  Emperor  Leopold,  was  declared 
king  of  Spain  by  his  father,  in  1703,  and 
crowned  emperor  in  1711.  The  taking 
of  Belgrade  by  his  general.  Prince  Eu- 
gene, compelled  the  Turks  to  make 
peace  with  him  ;  and  his  alliance  with 
Holland.  France,  and  England  enabled 
him  to  obtain  considerable  advantage^ 
24 


over  Spain.     Subsequently,  however,  he 
was  at  war  with  his  allies,  and  thus  lost 
Naples  and   Sicily ;    and    was   also  en- 
gaged in  an  injurious  contest  with  Tur- 
key.   D.  1740. — VIII.,  elector  of  Bavaria, 
was  raised  to  the  empire  of  Germany  in 
1742,   by   the   influence  of  France  and 
Prussia,  though  he  had  a  powerful  rival 
in  Maria  Theresa  of  Hungary,  who  was 
supported    by   England   and    Sardinia. 
D.  1745.— II.,  suruamed  the  Bold,  king 
of  France.     lie  was   crowned   king  in 
840,  and  elected  emperor  by  the  Komans 
in  875.     D.,  supposed  by  poison,  in  s77. 
— III.,  king   of  France,   suruamed   the 
Simple.     lie  ascended  the  throne  in  S'.»3. 
His   whole  reign   was  one   of  struggle 
against  the  Normans  and  his  turbulent 
barons,   who  at    length  caused  Robert, 
a  prince  of  the  blood  royal,  to  be  crown- 
ed.    In  the  battle  fought  between   the 
two  sovereigns,  Robert   was  slain ;  but 
his  son,  Hugh  the  Great,  pressed  Charles 
so  bar  J,  that  he  sought  shelter  in  the 
castle    of   the    count    of   Vennaudois, 
where  he  d.  929. — IV.,  son  of  Philip  the 
Fair,  succeeded  to  the  crown  of  France 
in  1322.     His  reign  lasted  only  six  years, 
and  in  that  brief  time  he  was  deprived 
by  England  of  the  province  of  Guieune. 
1>.  1328. — V.,  suruamed  the  Wise,  was 
the  first  prince  who  bore  the  title  of 
dauphin,  on  the  death  of  his  brother,  in 
1364.    His  reign  was  very  beneficial  to 
his  people,  whose  commerce  and  agri- 
culture he  greatly  promoted.     He  found- 
ed   the    library   of   Paris,    and    gained 
several  advantages  over  the  English.    D. 
1380.— VI.,  suruamed  the  Well- beloved, 
was   son   and   successor  of  the   above. 
Owing  to  the  feuds  of  the  dukes  of  Bur- 
gundy and  Orleans,  and  the  misconduct 
of  his  ministers,  he  was  unable  to  resist 
the   warlike   Edward  of  England,  who 
Cv    quered  France  and  disinherited  the 
dauphin.     L>.  1422.— VII.,  surnamed  the 
Victorious.     He  was  crowned  in  1422, 
and  recovered  the  whole  of  his  domin- 
ions from  the  English,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  Calais.     D."l461.— VIIL,  king  of 
France,  surnamed  the  Affable,  was  the 
son   of   Louis   XL,    and   ascended   tho 
throne  of  France  in   14S3,  at  the  early 
age   of   thirteen.     He    was    a    warlike 
prince,  and,  in  14H5,  obtained  a  victory 
over  an  army  of  Italians  five  times  as 
numerous  as  his  own.     D.  14y8. — IX.. 
king  of  France,  succeeded  to  the  throne 
in  1650.     The  civil  wars,  and,  above  all, 
the  massacre  of  Paris,  have  left  an  in- 
delible stain  upon  the  memory  of  this 
prince     D.  1574.— X.,  or   Charles-Phi- 
lippe   dk  Bourbok,   (known  as  Count 


278 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cHA 


d'Artois  until  the  accession  of  his 
brother  Louis  XVIII.,  and  afterwards 
as  Monsieur,)  was  the  fifth  and  youngest 
son  of  the  dauphin  Louis,  son  of  Louis 
XV.,  and  was  b.  1757.  In  1773  he  mar- 
ried the  princess  Maria  Theresa,  daugh- 
ter of  Victor  Amadeus  III.,  kino;  of 
Sardinia.  On  his  succeeding  to  the 
throne  of  France  in  1824,  it  was  seen 
that  he  adhered  too  much  to  the  ex- 
ploded dogmas  of  the  old  regime  to  ac- 
quire the  same  degree  of  popularity  that, 
by  good  tact  and  a  more  complying  dis- 
position, his  predecessor  had  enjoyed. 
On  the  25th  of  July,  1830,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  result  of  a  general  election, 
Charles  X.  issued  his  two  fatal  ordi- 
nances, one  abolishing  the  freedom  of 
the  press,  and  the  other  changing  the 
mode  of  election.  As  a  result,  "the 
glorious  revolution  of  1830"  took  place, 
in  Paris,  and  paved  the  way  for  Louis 
Philippe.  The  king  retreated  from  St. 
Cloud  to  Eambouillet,  where  he  offered 
to  abdicate  in  favor  of  his  grandson,  the 
duke  of  Bordeaux,  and  requested  from 
the  provisional  government  a  safe-con- 
duct to  a  seaport.  Embarking  at  Cher- 
bourg he  sailed  for  England,  and  for  a 
time  took  up  his  residence  at  Lulworth 
castle,  and  then  removed  to  Holyrood 
house,  the  scene  of  his  former  exile. 
There  he  remained  about  a  twelvemonth, 
and  afterwards  retired  to  the  Austrian 
dominions.  D.  at  Goritz,  in  Illyria, 
1837.  The  latter  years  of  this  monarch 
were  passed  in  acts  of  superstitious  de- 
votion :  he  constantly  wore  hair-cloth 
next  his  skin,  lie  fasted  much,  and  fre- 
quently imposed  upon  himself,  as  a 
penance  for  some  hasty  expression,  an 
absolute  silence  for  several  hours.  The 
dukes  d'Angouleme  and  dc  Berri  were 
his  sons. — II.,  sumamed  the  Bail,  king 
of  Navarre.  He  succeeded  to  his  king- 
dom when  only  18  years  of  age,  and  his 
reign  was  marked  by  much  wickedness. 
He  murdered  the  constable,  Charles  of 
Angoulcme  ;  seduced  the  dauphin,  after- 
wards Charles  V.,  into  rebellion  against 
his  father;  and  was  accused  of  employ- 
ing a  person  to  administer  poison  to 
Charles  V.  His  death  was  as  horrible 
as  his  life  had  been  wicked.  Being  ill 
of  a  leprosy,  his  physicians  caused  him 
to  be  swathed  in  cloths  dipped  in  spirits 
of  wine,  and  covered  with  brimstone, 
and  his  page  accidentally  setting  fire  to 
these  inliammable  materials,  Charles  d. 
in  great  torture,  in  1387. — I.,  king  of 
Naples  and  Sicily.  He  was  the  son  of 
Louis  VIII.  of  France,  and,  marrying 
the  daughter  of  the  count  of  Provence. 


he  became  possessed  of  Provence,  and 
of  Anjou  and  Maine.  Defeating  Man- 
fred, the  usurper  of  Sicily,  he  assumed 
the  style  of  king  of  Naples  ;  and  taking 
his  rival,  Conradin,  duke  of  Suabia,  and 
the  duke  of  Austria  prisoners,  he  eter- 
nally disgraced  himself  by  causing  them 
to  be  put  to  death  on  the  scaffold.  His 
tyranny  at  length  so  much  enraged  the 
Sicilians,  that  on  Easter  Monday,  in 
1282,  they  massacred  8000  of  the  French 
— an  event  spoken  of  in  history  as  the 
"Sicilian  Vespers."  After  this  they 
chose  Peter  of  Aragon  for  their  king. 
D.  1285.— IT.,  son  of  the  above,  at  the 
time  of  his  father's  decease,  was  a  pris- 
oner in  the  hands  of  the  Sicilians,  and 
would  most  probably  been  put  to  death 
by  them  but  for  the  humane  interces- 
sion of  Constantia,  the  wife  of  Peter  of 
Aragon.  At  her  request  he  was  set  at 
liberty,  in  1288,  on  condition  of  his  re- 
nouncing all  claim  to  the  crown  of  Sicily ; 
a  condition  from  which  the  pope  ab- 
solved him.  His  attempts  upon  Sicily 
were,  however,  of  no  avail,  and  he  was 
obliged  to  content  himself  with  Naples, 
which  he  governed  with  wisdom  and 
moderation.  D.  1309. — III.,  king  uf 
Naples,  great  grandson  of  the  last 
named.  He  married  Margaret,  niece  of 
Joan,  queen  of  Naples  ;  and  when  Joan 
was  excommunicated,  in  1380,  he  ob- 
tained that  kingdom  from  the  pope.  He 
put  the  deposed  queen  to  death,  and  was 
m  his  turn  excommunicated  by  the  pope. 
This  did  not  prevent  his  endeavoring  to 
possess  himself  of  the  crown  of  Hun- 
gary, but  he  was  slain  in  the  attempt  in 
1386. — X.,  Gustavus,  king  of  Sweden. 
He  was  the  son  of  John  Casiniir,  and 
ascended  the  throne  on  the  abdication 
of  queen  Christina,  in  1654.  He  was 
very  successful  against  Poland,  but  was 
compelled  to  raise  the  siege  of  Copen- 
hagen, which  he  sought  to  possess  him- 
self of,  on  account  of  Denmark  having 
allied  itself  with  Poland.  D.  1660.— XI., 
king  of  Sweden,  son  and  successor  of 
the  preceding.  He  lost  several  import- 
ant places  during  his  war  with  Denmark, 
but  they  were  restored  to  him  at  the 
peace  of  Nimeguen.  He  greatly  in- 
creased the  power  and  resources  of  his 
kingdom.  I).  1697.  — XII.,  king  of 
Sweden,  son  and  successor  of  the  pre- 
ceding. He  was  only  15  years  of  age 
when  he  ascended  the  throne,  and  his 
youth  encouraged  Russia,  Denmark,  and 
Poland  to  unite  against  him.  Those 
powers,  however,  found  him  fully  equal 
to  the  task  of  humbling  them.  Den- 
mark being  subdued,  he  attacked  Pus- 


cha] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


279 


sia;  and  in  the  famous  battle  of  Narva, 
in  1700,  lie  is  said  to  have  slain  30,000 
of  the  enemy,  besides  making  20,000 
prisoners,  though  his  own  force  was 
short  of  10,000.'  Poland  next  felt  his 
power;  lie  dethroned  Augustus,  and 
tnade  Stanislaus  king  in  his  stead.  Thus 
far  his  whole  course  had  been  prosper- 
ous ;  but  in  seeking  utterly  to  crush 
Peter  the  Great,  he  sustained  a  terrible 
defeat  at  the  battle  of  Pultowa,  and  was 
himself  so  severely  wounded,  that  he 
was  removed  from  the  field  on  a  litter, 
and  compelled  to  seek  shelter  in  Turkey. 
Here  his  conduct  was  so  violent  that 
the  Grand  Seignior  was  compelled  to 
besiege  his  residence.  After  desperate 
resistance  Charles  was  overpowered,  and 
for  ten  months  he  was  kept  a  prisoner. 
He  no  sooner  was  allowed  to  return  to 
his  own  dominions  than  he  commenced 
an  attack  on  Norway,  and  in  besieging 
Frederickshall  was  killed  by  a  cannon- 
shot,  in  1718.  He  was  one  of  the  great- 
est warriors  of  history. — XIII.,  king  of 
Sweden,  was  b.  in  174S ;  and  being  ap- 

Eointed,  at  his  birth,  high  admiral  of 
weden,  his  education  was  directed 
chiefly  to  the  learning  of  naval  tactics, 
and  in  1788  he  defeated  the  Russians  in 
the  gulf  of  Finland.  On  the  murder  of 
Gustavus  III.  he  was  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  regency ;  but  he  resigned  the 
government,  in  17%,  to  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus  IV.,  who  had  become  of  age,  and 
did  not  appear  again  in  public  life  till  a 
revolution  hurled  the  king  from  the 
throne.  He  was  then  elected,  and  sub- 
sequently bestowed  his  entire  confidence 
on  Marshal  Bernadotte,  whom  the  estates 
had  chosen  to  succeed  Prince  Christian 
in  1810.  D.  1818.— Ciiarle3  Albert, 
king  of  Sardinia,  son  of  Carlo  Emanucle, 
prince  of  C.irignano,  was  b.  1798.  At 
liis  birth  he  had  but  little  chance  of  ever 
swaying  the  sceptre,  for  there  were  seven 
male  heirs  of  the  house  of  Savoy, 
through  whom  the  crown  might  have 
descended.  His  early  life  was  conse- 
quently passed  in  comparative  insignifi- 
cance, and  his  name  was  but  slightly 
known  to  Europe  until  the  revolution  of 
1821,  which  broke  out  in  support  of  the 
so-called  Spanish  constitution  of  1812, 
compelled  King  Vittorio  Emanuele  to 
abdicate  in  favor  of  his  brother,  and  led 
to  Charles  Albert's  nomination  as  regent 
of  the  kingdom.  Charles  Albert,  who 
had  all  along  been  in  the  secrets  of  the 
conspirators,  took  measures  to  carry  out 
their  designs  ;  but  the  duke  of  Genevois, 
In  whose  favor  King  Vittorio  had  resign- 
id  the  crown,  having  refused  to  sanction 


the  proceedings  of  the  new  government, 
and    having  taken  instant  measures  tc 

Eut  down  the  insurgents,  Charles  Albert 
ed  to  Novara,  and  deserted  and  be- 
trayed the  party  with  whom  he  had  co- 
operated. Renouncing  the  opinions  he 
had  adopted,  he  acted  as  a  volunteer  in 
1823,  in  Spain,  under  the  duke  d'An- 
gouleine,  and  there  lent  his  aid  to  crush 
the  constitution,  the  principles  of  which 
he  had  so  lately  attempted  to  establish  in 
Sardinia.  On  his  return  to  Turin  he  re- 
mained in  retirement  until  the  death  of 
Carlo  Felice  led  to  his  accession  to  the 
throne,  27th  April,  1831.  During  the 
first  17  years  of  his  reign,  few  events 
occurred  to  give  a  clear  insight  into  the 
natural  bent  of  his  mind ;  but  in  March, 
184S,  after  the  Milanese  hail  driven  out 
the  Austrians  from  Northern  Italy,  he 
a  second  time  unfurled  the  revolutionary 
banner,  and  in  a  proclamation  to  the 
"  people  of  Loinbardy  and  Venice," 
espoused  the  cause  of  Italian  regenera- 
tion against  Austria.  His  arms  were  at 
first  crowned  with  success ;  but  the 
Austrian  field-marshal  Radetzky  having 
regained  step  by  step  the  positions  he 
had  lost,  at  length  compelled  the  Sar- 
dinian forces  to  evacuate  Milan  in  Au- 
gust of  the  same  year,  and  in  September 
an  armistice  was  signed  by  the  contend- 
ing parties.  In  March,  1849,  Charles 
Albert  was  forced,  by  the  clamors  of  his 
subjects,  to  renew  the  war  with  Austria. 
But  the  Sardinian  army  was  defeated  at 
all  points  by  Marshal  'Radetzky  in  the 
shortest  campaign  on  record,  four  days  ; 
and  immediately  afterwards,  on  the  24th 
March,  Charles  Albert  abdicated  the 
throne  in  favor  of  his  eldest  son,  and 
precipitately  leaving  Turin,  took  up  his 
residence  at  Oporto,  where  he  died,  as 
it  is  alleged,  of  a  broken  heart,  July  18, 
1849. — Louis  de  Lokuai\e,  archduke  of 
Austria,  a  distinguished  military  com- 
mander, son  of  Leopold  II.,  and  younger 
brother  of  Francis  II.,  was  b.  1771.  lie 
first  entered  on  the  career  of  arms  under 
Prince  Coburg  in  1793;  and  his  great 
abilities,  not  less  than  his  exalted  rank, 
rapidly  procured  his  elevation  in  com- 
mand. After  the  battle  of  Nerwinde, 
which  restored  that  rich  province  to  the 
imperial  power,  ho  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  the  Low  Countries,  and  was 
soon  after  created  a  field-marshal.  In 
1796  he  was  promoted  to  the  command 
of  the  imperial  armies  on  the  Rhine, 
gained  some  advantages  over  the  repub- 
lican generals,  Jourdan  and  Moreau, 
whom  he  compelled  to  retire  across  the 
Rhine ;  took  Kehl  in  1797  ;  sul  so  pienlly 


280 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


[CHA 


commanded  in  Italy  against  Bonaparte 
and  Massena ;  long  disputed  victory  at 
Caldiero,   Eckmuhl,  and  Essling;    but 
lost    the    decisive    battle   of   Wagram, 
where   he   was   wounded.      After  this 
event   he   lived   in   retirement,    during 
which  he  wrote  a  luminous  and  impar- 
tial narrative  of  his  campaigns,  and  en- 
riched military  science  with  the  profound 
views  set  forth  in  his    "Principes    de 
Strategic."      D.  1847.— I.,  king  of  En- 
eland,"  was   b.  in  Scotland,   1600.      He 
was  the  second  son  of  James  VI.  of 
Scotland,  and  I.  ot  England,  by  Anne, 
daughter  of  the  king  of  Denmark ;  and 
upon  the  death  of  Prince  Henry,   his 
elder    brother,    in    1612,    was    created 
prince  of  Wales.     On  the  death  of  his 
lather,  in  1625,  he  ascended  the  throne, 
his  kingdom  being  engaged  in  war  with 
Spain,  and  much  imbittered  against  his 
friend    and    minister   Buckingham.      It 
unfortunately  happened  for  Charles  I. 
that  he  had  to  the  full  as  high  and  ex- 
acting a  notion  of  the  royal  prerogative 
as  either  his  father  or  Elizabeth,  while 
he  had  to  deal  with  an  entirely  different 
state  of  public  opinion.     The  parliament 
impeached  Buckingham,  and  the  king 
supported  him ;    war  with  France  was 
declared,  against  the  popular  wish,  be- 
cause  Buckingham   so    willed   it;    and 
then  the  king,  obstinate  and  impolitic 
in  his  enforcement  and  extension  of  his 
prerogative,  L:<>t  at  loggerheads  with  his 
parliament,  and   ultimately   forced   the 
nation  into  civil  war.     The  first  battle 
between  the  king's  forces  and  the  par- 
liamentary  army   was    at   Edgehill,   in 
which  neither  party  had  much  to  boast 
of.     For  some  time,  however,  the  royal- 
ists were  generally  successful ;  but  the 
battles  of  Marston  Moor,  Newbury,  and 
Naseby  were  all  singularly  unfavorable 
to  the  royal  cause.     Indeed,  after  the 
defeat  at  Naseby,  the  king  was  so  power- 
less, that   he   took    the    resolution    of 
throwing  himself  upon  the  good  feel- 
ing of  the   Scottish   army,  then   lying 
before  Newark ;  and  by  that  army  he 
was  sold,  and  delivered"  into  the  hands 
of  the  parliament.     For  a  time  he  was 
treated  with  much  outward  respect,  but 
becoming  alarmed  for  his  personal  safe- 
ty, he  found  means  to  make  his  escape 
from  Hampton  Court.     On  arriving  on 
the  coast,  whither  he  went  with  the  in- 
tention   of  quitting    the   kingdom,   he 
could  not  obtain  a  vessel  to  go  abroad, 
but  crossed  over  to  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
where   the   governor,    Hammond,    con- 
fined him  in  Carisbrook  castle.     While 
there,  negotiations  were  carried  on  be- 


tween him  and  the  parliament;  but  tho 
dominant  party,  commanding  the  army, 
cleared  the  house  of  commons   of  the 
moderate    and    timid     members,     and 
erected  a  court  for  the  trial  of  the  king. 
He  was  condemned  to  death,  and  on  the 
30th  January,  1649,  beheaded  at  White- 
hall, a  warning  to  hypocrites  and  tyrants. 
— II.,  son  of  the  above,  was  b.  in  1630. 
He  was  living  as  a  refugee  at  the  Hague 
when  the  sentence  on  his  father  was 
carried  into  execution.      He,  neverthe- 
less, assumed  the  regal  title,  and  finding 
that  the  Scots  had  proclaimed  him,  he 
left  the  Hague  for  Scotland,  and  was 
crowned  at  Scone.     Cromwell  marched 
towards  Scotland  to  give  him  battle,  and 
Charles  passed  by  forced  marches  into 
England.      Cromwell,  however,  whose 
force    was    superior,    discovering     the 
manoeuvre,  turned  back  in  pursuit;  and 
the  royal  army  was  overtaken  at  Wor- 
cester, and  utterly  routed.     After  diffi- 
culties and  escapes  which  have  rather 
the  air  of  romance  than  of  fact,  Charles 
escaped  to  France,  where  he  resided  for 
some  years,  keeping  up  the  mimicry  of 
a  court,  but  frequently  reduced  to  ex- 
treme distress.    The  death  of  Cromwell, 
the  general  discontent  of  the  people,  and 
the  dexterous  policy  of  General  Monk, 
restored  Charles  to  his  crown  and  king- 
dom ;  and  he  reigned  with  a  power  far 
greater  than  that  for  aiming  at  which 
his  father  had  been  put  to  death.     Un- 
taught by  adversity,  he  was  luxurious, 
selfish,  and  indolent.   The  English  non- 
conformists were   treated  with  jealous 
rigor,    and    the    Scottish    Covenanters 
were  shot  and  sabred  without  compunc- 
tion.    And,  perhaps,  Charles's  reply  to 
some  complaints  made  to  him  of  Lau- 
derdale's cruelty  in  Scotland,  will  give 
quite  as  full  a  clew  to  his  kingly  char- 
acter as  can  be  required :  "  I  perceive," 
said  Charles,  "  that  Lauderdale  has  been 
guilty  of  many  bad  things  against  the 
people  of  Scotland ;  but  I  cannot  find 
that  he  has  acted  against  my  interest." 
D.  1685.     Duriusr  this  monarch's  reign 
the  capital  was  visited  by  heavy  calam- 
ities ;  the  plague  in  1665,  and  the  fire 
of  London  in  the  following  year  ;  while 
pretended  plots  and  conspiracies  were 
made  pretexts  for  bringing  some  emi- 
nent persons,   who  were  obnoxious  to 
the  court,  to  an  ignominious  death.     As 
to  the  character  of  Charles  II.,  he  was, 
in  the  fullest  acceptation  of  the  terms,  a 
sensualist  and  voluptuary  :  encouraging, 
by   his  example,   a  taste   for   dissolute 
manners,    which    poisoned    the    moral 
health  of  society ;  and  though  he  pre* 


cha] 


served  a  degree  of  popularity  with  the 
multitude,  from  the  easiness  of  his 
manners,  yet  he  was  totally  destitute  of 
exalted  sentiments.  —  Edward  Stuart, 
called  the  Pretender,  was  the  grandson 
of  James  II.,  and  b.  at  Kome,  1720.  In 
174")  he  landed  in  Scotland,  and  pub- 
lished a  manifesto  exhibiting  the  claims 
of  his  father  to  the  English  throne.  He 
was  joined  by  several  of  the  Highlanders, 
and  on  entering  Edinburgh,  he  caused 
his  father  to  be  proclaimed ;  on  which 
General  Cope  hastened  towards  the 
capital,  but  was  attacked  by  the  Pre- 
tender at  Preston  Pans,  and  defeated. 
Instead  of  making  a  proper  use  of  this 
victory,  by  advancing  into  England, 
Charles  returned  to  Edinburgh,  wasting 
his  time  in  an  idle  parade  of  royalty. 
Afterwards,  on  being  joined  by  lords 
Kilmarnock,  Cromarty,  Balmcrino,  and 
other  discontented  chiefs,  he  marched 
as  far  as  Manchester ;  but  hearing  that 
the  king  was  about  to  take  the  field,  he 
returned  to  Scotland,  where  he  defeated 
the  English  forces,  under  Hawley,  at 
Falkirk.  In  the  mean  time  the  duke  of 
Cumberland  advanced  to  Edinburgh, 
and  from  thence  to  Aberdeen,  the  Pre- 
tender retreating  before  him.  At  last 
the  two  armies  met  at  Culloden,  April 
27,  1746,  when,  after  an  obstinate  con- 
flict, in  which  the  Highlanders  displayed 
prodigious  courage,  his  army  was  sig- 
nally defeated,  and  entirely  dispersed. 
Charles,  after  wandering  about  in  dif- 
ferent disguises,  chiefly  among  the  He- 
brides, effected  his  escape  to  France. 
D.  at  Florence,  1788. 

CHARLETON,  Lewis,  bishop  of 
Hereford,  an  able  prelate,  distinguished 
for  his  proficiency  in  theology  and  the 
mathematics.  D.  1369.  —  Walter,  an 
English  physician.  He  resided  abroad 
with  Charles  II.,  and  returned  with  him 
at  the  restoration.  His  writings,  in 
natural  history,  medicine,  theology,  and 
natural  philosophy,  are  very  numerous 
and  learned,  especially  his  "Onomas- 
ticon  Zoicon"  and  "  Chorea  Gigantum  ;" 
the  former  a  classified  arrangement  of 
animals,  the  latter  an  essay  on  Stone- 
henge.     D.  1707. 

CHARLEVOIX,  Peter  Francis  Xa- 
vier,  a  French  Jesuit,  and  for  some 
time  a  missionary  in  America.  On  his 
return,  he  became  conductor  of  the 
"Journal  de  Trevoux."  In  addition  to 
nis  numerous  contribution?  to  that 
work,  he  wrote  "  Histoire  Generale  de 
Paraguay,"  "Histoire  Generale  de  la 
Nouvelle  France,"  &c.     D.  1761. 

CHARLOTTE  AUGUSTA,  daughter 
24* 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


281 


of  George  IV.  and  Queen  Caroline,  was 
b.  Jan.  7,  1796,  and  married  to  Prince 
Leopold  of  Coburg,  May  2,  1816.  Her 
marriage  was  the  result  of  mutual 
esteem.  But  their  anxious  wishes  as 
parents  were  suddenly  blighted  :  on  the 
5th  of  November,  1817,  the  princess  was 
delivered  of  a  still-born  child;  and,  in 
a  few  hours  after,  she  was  seized  with 
convulsions  and  expired.  Never  before, 
perhaps,  was  national  and  individual 
sorrow  so  strikingly  expressed.  The 
unhappy  dissensions  of  her  royal  pa- 
rents, and  the  vicious  blandishments  of 
courtly  parasites,  were  contrasted  at 
Claremont  by  conjugal  affection  and  the 
pleasures  of  a  virtuous  life. 

CHARNOCK,  John,  an  English  naval 
officer  and  miscellaneous  writer,  author 
of  a  "History  of  Marine  Architecture," 
"Biographia  Navalis,"  a  "Supplement 
to  Campbell's  Lives  of  the  Admirals," 
&c.  D.  1807. — Stephen,  a  nonconfor- 
mist divine.  He  was  an  eloquent  and 
popular  preacher,  and  advocated  Calvin- 
lstical  doctrines  with  great  force  and 
originality.  His  "Discourse  on  Provi- 
dence" is  considered  the  best  of  his 
writings.     D.  1680. 

CHARPETIER,  Francis,  the  author 
of  a  treatise  "  On  the  Excellence  of  the 
French  Language,"  and  other  works. 
D.  1702. 

CHARRERIE,  Madame  de  St.  Hya- 
cinthe  de,  a  French  lady  of  versatile 
ability  ;  authoress  of  "  Lettres  Neu- 
chatelloises,"  "  Caliste,  ou  Lettres 
ecrites  de  Lausanne,"  and  several  suc- 
cessful novels  and  dramas.     D.  1806. 

CHARRON,  Peter,  a  French  divine, 
and  a  friend  of  Montaigne,  who,  by  will, 
left  him  the  privilege  of  bearing  his 
arms ;  a  strong  proof,  considering  the 
pride  of  a  Gascon,  of  his  personal  con- 
sideration. His  chief  works  are  "  The 
Three  Smiths,"  a  "  Treatise  on  Wis- 
dom," and  a  volume  of  "  Christian  Dis- 
courses." 

CHASE,  Samuel,  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  the  United  States  under 
the  constitution  of  1789.  He  was  set- 
tled in  the  practice  of  law  at  Annapolis, 
at  the  commencement  of  the  American 
revolution,  was  a  delegate  to  the  general 
convention  at  Philadelphia,  1774,  and 
served  in  that  body  several  years.  When 
the  proposition  for  independence  was  be 
fore  congress,  as  he  had  been  prohibited 
from  voting  for  it,  by  the  convention  of 
Maryland,  he  immediately  traversed  the 
province,  and  summoned  county  meet- 
ings to  address  the  convention.  In  this 
way  that  body  was  induced  to  vote  for 


282 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY 


[cHA 


independence  5  and  with  this  authority 
Mr.  Chase  returned  again  to  congress  in 
reason  to  vote  for  the  declaration.  In 
1783  he  was  sent  to  England  as  the 
agent  of  the  state  of  Maryland  to  re- 
claim a  large  amount  of  property,  which 
had  been  intrusted  to  the  bank  of  En- 
gland. In  1785  he  removed  to  Balti- 
more. In  17V0  he  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  in  Maryland  for  considering 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States. 
In  1791  lie  was  appointed  chief  justice 
of  the  general  court  of  Maryland,  and 
in  1796,  an  associate  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  the  United  States,  in 
which  station  he  continued  till  his  death. 
In  1803  Judge  Chase  was  impeached  for 
his  conduct  in  the  trials  of  Fries  and 
Callender,  solely  on  political  grounds, 
and  the  senate  acquitted  him.     D.  1811. 

CITASLES,  Francis  James,  a  French 
writer  of  the  18th  century  ;  compiler  of 
the  "  Dietionnaire  de  Justice." — Grego- 
ry de,  a' French  naval  officer  and  a  witty 
writer;  author  of  "Les  Illustres  Fran- 
coises," "  Journal  d'un  Vovaaje  fait  aux 
Indes  Orientales,"  &c.     D.*1720. 

CHASSEXEUZ,  Bartholomew  de,  an 
eminent  French  lawyer;  author  of 
"Catalogus  Gloria  Mnndi,"  "Cousilia, 
or  Consultations  on  Points  of  Law,"  &c. 
It  is  greatly  to  his  credit  that  he  used  all 
his  power  as  president  of  the  parliament 
of  Provence  to  delay  the  decree  issued 
by  that  body  against  the  Vaudois  of  Me- 
rindol  aul  Cabrieres.  Indeed,  it  was 
suspected  that  his  humanity  caused  his 
enemies  to  hasten  his  end  by  poison. 
D.  1541. 

CHASTELAIN,  Claude,  a  French 
ecclesiastical  writer  ;  author  of  a  "  Uni- 
versal Martyrology,"  the  "  Roman  Mar- 
tvrology."  and  a  journal  of  his  own  life. 

D.  i7i2.' 

CIIASTELARD,  Pierre  de  Boscole 
je,  a  French  gentleman,  whom  De  Thou 
mpposes  to  have  been  grandson  of  the 
Chevalier  Bayard.  He  went  to  Scotland 
in  the  suite  of  the  unfortunate  Mary,  and 
became  so  violently  enamored  of  his 
royal  mistress,  as  to  secrete  himself  in 
her  apartment.  Being  discovered  when 
the  queen  retired  to  rest,  he  was  com- 
mitted to  prison,  and  finally  beheaded 
on  a  chanre  of  treason 

CIIASTELER,  John,  marquis  of,  an 
eminent  Austrian  general.  lie  was  se- 
verely wounded  at  the  siege  of  Valen- 
ciennes in  1793,  and  was  subsequently 
opposed  successively  to  Lefevre  and 
Murat.  In  1808,  with  Hormayer,  ho  was 
the  soul  of  the  famous  Tyrolese  insur- 
rection ;  and  he  was  characterized  by 


Napoleon,  in  a  wiathful  proclamation,  as 
"  the  leader  of  a  band  of  robbers,"  and 
an  outlaw.  In  all  his  engagements  he 
displayed  equal  skill  and  courage,  and 
was  at  length  rewarded  with  the  post  ol 
governor  of  Venice.     B.  1763;  d.  1820. 

CHASTELET,  Gabrielle  Emii.ie  dk 
Bretecil,  marchioness  of,  a  French 
lady,  distinguished  by  her  proficiency 
in  science.  She  translated  the  "  Insti- 
tutes of  the  Philosophy  of  Leibnitz" 
from  the  German,  and  subsequently  be- 
coming acquainted  with  the  philosophy 
of  Newton,  she  translated  his  "  Prin- 
cipia,"  and  added  an  able  commentary. 
B.  1706;  d.  1 7 4 <J . 

CHASTELLUX,  Francis  John,  Mar- 
q'ds  de,  a  French  field-marshal ;  author 
of  "  Travels  in  North  America,"  and  a 
treatise  on  "  Public  Happiness."  D. 
1738. 

CHATEAUBRIAND,  Francis  Au- 
guste,  vieomte  de,  whose  checkered  ca- 
reer and  numerous  productions  gained 
him  a  prominent  place  in  the  history  of 
his  time,  was  b.  at  St.  Malo,  1760.  Aftc* 
pursuing  his  studies  at  Doland  Rennes, 
in  his  17th  year  he  joined  the  regiment 
of  Navarre  as  sub-lieutenant,  and  re- 
paired to  Paris.  On  the  eve  of  the 
meeting  of  the  states-general  in  1789, 
animated  by  a  love  of  adventure,  he  went 
to  America.  Here  he  spent  two  years 
amid  the  wild  grandeur  of  savage  life, 
"  the  world  forgetting,  by  the  world  for- 
got," when  accident  threw  into  his 
hands  a  journal  which  revealed  to  him 
the  immense  events  which  three  years 
had  suffered  to  bring  about  in  his  native 
country,  and  he  returned.  Wounded  at 
the  siege  of  Thionville  in  1792,  he  was 
conveyed  in  a  dying  state  to  Jersey ; 
and  after  a  partial  recovery  sailed  for 
England,  where  he  suffered  great  priva- 
tions, which  a  few  translations,  and,  as 
he  subsequently  made  known,  the  time- 
ly aid  of  the  Literary  Fund  Society,  en- 
abled him  to  mitigate  ratherthan  relieve. 
Here  he  published  his  first  work,  enti- 
tled "  Essai  Ilistorique  et  Politique  sur 
les  Revolutions  Anciennes  et  Moder- 
nes,"  1797.  After  the-  18th  Brnmairo 
he  returned  to  France,  and  contributed 
to  the  Mercure.  His  "  Attala"  appeared 
in  1801 ;  and  was  followed  in  1802  by  his 
most  celebrated  work,  the  "  Genie  du 
Christiauisme."  Soon  afterwards  he 
was  appointed  by  Napoleon  secretary  to 
the  French  embassy  at  Rome.  In  March, 
1804,  he  was  nominated  minister  pleni- 
potentiary to  Switzerland  ;  but  lie  re- 
signed on  learning  the  melancholy  fate 
of  the  duke  d'Enghien,  and  resisted  all 


:ha] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


283 


the  overtures  which  Napoleon  subse- 
quently made  to  him.  ]n  1807  he  pub- 
lished "  Les  Martyrs,"  and  four  years 
later  his  "  Itineraire  de  Paris  a  Jerusa- 
lem." Iu  lSl-t,  Chateaubriand  hailed 
the  restoration,  in  a  brochure,  entitled 
"  Bonaparte  et  les  Bourbons."  At 
Ghent  he  was  considered  one  of  the 
ministers  of  Louis  XVIII.;  in  181")  he 
was  created  a  peer  of  France;  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Institute.  "  La  Monarchic  selon  la 
Charte,"  which  he  published  the  same 
year,  threw  him  for  some  years  into  dis- 
credit with  the  court ;  but  in  1S20  the 
highest  state  appointments  once  more 
lay  open  to  him,  and  he  became  success- 
ively ambassador  at  Berlin  in  1820,  and 
at  Loudon  in  1822,  and  tht,  same  year 
minister  of  foreign  atfairs  in  the  Vilele 
ministry,  when  he  organized  the  inva- 
sion of  Spain  under  the  duke  d'Angou- 
leme,  and  took  part  in  the  congress  of 
Verona,  the  history  of  which  he  after- 
wards recorded.  In  1824,  being  sum- 
marily dismissed  from  office,  he  took 
refuge  in  the  columns  of  the  Journal 
des  Debuts,  where  he  vigorously  attack- 
ed his  former  colleagues  ;  and  on  their 
fall  in  1828,  he  was  sent  as  ambassador 
to  Kome,  but  resigned  his  office  in  1829, 
on  the  formation  of  the  Polignae  admin- 
istration. On  the  news  of  the  outbreak 
of  the  revolution  of  1830,  he  hastened  to 
Paris,  where  he  was  hailed  with  accla- 
mation by  the  people,  but  after  deliver- 
ing a  glowing  oration  in  favor  of  the 
duke  of  Bordeaux,  he  retired  from  the 
chamber  of  peers,  never  to  enter  it 
again.  From  this  period  he  personally 
took  leave  of  politics;  but  he  continued 
to  send  forth  from  time  to  time  pam- 
phlets on  the  government  of  Louis  Phi- 
lippe, conceived  in  so  bitter  and  violent 
a  spirit,  that  he  be  ■amc  an  object  of  sus- 
picion to  the  ministry,  and  was  summa- 
rily arrested,  but  soon  discharged.  His 
last  years  were  speii*,  in  domestic  privacy. 
Besides  the  works  above  mentioned, 
Chateaubriand  wrote  "Etudes  lli-t  >- 
riques,"  "  Essai  sur  la  Literature  An- 
glaise,"  (a  poor  production,)  and  numer- 
ous pamphlets  upon  historical  subjects 
and  the  polities  of  the  dav.     D.  18-48. 

CHATEAUBRUN,  John  Baptist  Vi- 
vian de,  a  French  dramatic  writer  ;  au- 
Jhor  of  "  Philoctetes,"  "  Mahomet  II.," 
"Les  Trovennes,"  <fee.     D.  177">. 

CHATEAUKENAUD,  Francis  Louis 
Rousselet,  count  of,  a  distinguished 
FTench  admiral.  He  was  a  great  scourge 
to  the  Sallee  rovers,  and  signally  defeat- 
ed the  Dutch  fleet  in  1675.     D.'l716. 


CHATEL,  Francis  du,  a  Flemish 
painter  of  tl.e  16th  century.  His  chief 
work,  which  is  in  the  town-hall  of 
Ghent,  represents  the  king  of  Spain  re- 
ceiving the  oath  of  fidelity  from  the 
states  of  Flanders  and  Brabant. — Pierre 
du,  bishop  of  Orleans,  a  strenuous  de-  ' 
fender  of  the  Gallican  church.  He  was 
an  excellent  scholar,  and  assisted  Eras- 
mus in  his  translations  from  the  Greek. 
He  wrote  a  Latin  letter  against  the  em- 
peror, Charles  V.,  and  two  funeral  ora- 
tions for  Francis  I.  D.  1552. — Tanne- 
gut  du,  an  able  French  general,  lie 
was  in  the  famous  battle' of  Agincourt: 
and  when  the  Burgundians  surprised 
Paris,  he  was  fortunate  enough  to  save 
the  dauphin,  between  whom  and  the 
duke  of  Burgundy  he  afterwards 
brouijht  about  a  reconciliation.    D.  1449. 

CHATELET,  Pail  dd  1 1  vy,  lord  of, 
a  French  officer  of  state  in  the  reign  of 
Loub  XIII.  ;  author  of  the  "  History  of 
Bertrand  du  Gueselin,"  constable  of 
France.     D.  1686. 

CHATHAM,  William  Pitt,  earl  of, 
one  of  the  most  illustrious  statesmen  that 
ever  graced  the  British  senate,  was  b. 
1708.  After  studying  at  Eton  and  Ox- 
ford, he  entered  the  army  as  a  cornet  of 
dragoons,  but  quitted  it  on  being  re- 
turned to  parliament  as  a  member  for 
Old  Sarum.  His  talents  as  an  orator 
were  soon  displayed  in  opposition  to  Sir 
Robert  Walpole,  and  had  30 great  an  ef- 
fect, that  the  duchess  of  Marlborough, 
who  had  a  deadly  hatred  to  that  minis- 
ter, bequeathed  to  Mr.  Pitt  a  legacy  of 
£10,000.  On  the  change  of  administra- 
tion, he  was  made  joint  vice-treasurer  of 
Ireland  an  1  paymaster-general  of  the 
army,  which  places  hercsigned  in  1755] 
but  the  year  following  he  was  appointee! 
secretary  of  state.  In  a  few  months  he 
was  again  dismissed  from  office  ;  but  en 
efficient  administration  being  wanted  in 
1757,  and  the  nation  bein_r  enthusiasti- 
cally attached  to  him,  he  returned  to  his 
former  situation  as  secretary  of  state. 
His  great  mind  now  revealed  its  full 
force,  and  his  ascendency  was  complete 
over  the  parliament  no  less  than  iu  the 
ministry.  He  aroused  the  English  na- 
tion to  new  activity,  and,  in  the  space 
of  a  few  years,  it  recovered  its  superior- 
ity over  France,  am  ihilating  her  navy, 
and  stripping  her  of  her  colonies. 
France'was  beaten  in  the  four  quarters 
of  the  world.  In  1760  he  advised  the 
declaration  of  war  against  Spain,  while 
she  was  uuprepared  for  resistance,  as  ho 
foresaw  that  she  would  assist  France. 
The  elevation  of  England  on  the  ruins 


284 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cHA 


of  the  house  of  Bourbon  was  the  great 
object  of  his  policy.  But  his  plans  were 
suddenly  interrupted  by  the  death  of 
George  II.,  whose  successor  was  preju- 
diced against  Pitt  by  his  adversary,  the 
earl  of  Bute,  a  statesman  jf  limited 
views.  Pitt,  therefore,  resigned  his  post 
in  1761,  only  retaining  his  seat  in  the 
house  of  commons.  Foreseeing  the 
separation  of  the  American  colonies 
from'the  mother  country,  if  the  arbitra- 
ry measures  then  adopted  should  be 
continued,  he  advocated,  especially  in 
1766,  a  conei'iatory  policy,  and  the  re- 
peal of  the  stamp  act.  In  the  same 
year  he  ws>  .  .nvited  to  assist  in  forming 
a  new  ministry,  in  which  be  took  the 
office  of  privy  seal,  and  was  created  vis- 
count Burton,  baron  Pynsent,  and  earl 
of  Chatham  ;  but  in  1763  he  resigned,  as 
he  found  himself  inadequately  seconded 
by  his  colleagues.  In  the  house  of 
lords,  he  continued  to  recommend  the 
abandonment  of  the  coercive  measures 
employed  against  America,  particularly 
in  1774 :  but  his  warning  was  rejected, 
and,  in  1776,  the  colonies  declared  them- 
selves independent.  He  still,  however, 
labored  in  the  cause,  and  used  all  his 
efforts  to  induce  the  government  to  ef- 
fect a  reconciliation  with  the  American 
states ;  and,  as  he  was  speaking  with 
his  accustomed  energy  on  the  subject, 
in  the  house  of  lords",  April  8,  1778.  he 
fell  down  in  a  convulsive  fit.  He  d.  on 
the  11th  of  the  following  month,  and 
his  body,  after  lying  in  state,  was  sol- 
emnly interred  in  Westminster  abbey, 
where  a  superb  monument  was  erected 
to  his  memory  at  the  national  expense. 
— John,  earl  of,  &c.,  eldest  son  of  the 
celebrated  statesman,  was  b.  1756,  and 
succeeded  to  the  peerage  on  the  death 
of  his  father,  in  1778.  On  the  death  of 
the  duke  of  Kent,  he  was  appointed 
governor  of  Gibraltar,  which  he  held, 
with  other  offices,  to  the  time  of  his 
death,  in  1835.  He  was  the  last  peer  of 
the  Pitt  family. 

CHATTERTON,  Thomas,  an  English 
poet,  whose  precocious  genius  and  mel- 
ancholy fate  have  gained  him  much 
celebrity,  was  b.  at  Bristol,  1752.  His 
father  was  sexton  of  Redcliff'  church, 
Bristol,  and  young  Chatterton  professed 
to  have  received  from  him  several  an- 
cient MSS.  These  he  palmed  upon  the 
world  as  the  poems  of  Rowley,  a  priest 
of  Bristol  in  the  15th  century;  and  so 
admirably  was  his  forgery  executed,  that 
it  is  even  now  rather  assumed  than 
proved.  Having  vainly  endeavored  to 
persuade    Horace    Walpole    and    other 


scholars  of  the  genuineness  of  the  MSS., 
Chatterton,  though  still  a  mere  boy,  be- 
came a  party  writer;  but  even  this  re- 
source failed'  him,  and  in  a  state  of  deep 
despondency,  produced  by  absolute 
want,  he  destroyed  himself  by  poison, 
in  1770,  at  the  age  of  18.' 

CHAUCER,   Geoffrey,  an  immortal 
poet,  to  whom  is  justly  given  the  title 
of  the   father  of  English   poetry.     He 
studied   law  in  the   Temple,   but   soon 
turned  his  attention  to  the  court,  and 
became  successively  yeoman  and  shield- 
bearer  to  Edward  III.,  and  comptroller 
to  the  customs  of  London.     In  the  fol- 
lowing reign,  having  embraced  the  doc- 
trines of  Wickliff,  be  was  committed  to 
prison,  but   released   on   recanting  his 
opinions.     He    now   retired    to   Wood- 
stock, where  he  composed  his  treatise 
on    the    astrolabe.     He  seems  to  have 
been  fortunate  beyond  the  usual  lot  of 
poets ;  for,  independent  of  bounties  he 
had  bestowed  on  him  by  the  crown,  he 
derived  considerable  property  and  influ- 
ence from  his  marriage  with  a  connection 
of  the  great  John   of  Gaunt,   duke  of 
Lancaster.     As   a  poet,  Chaucer  is  far 
less  read  and  understood  than  he  de- 
serves, for  his  writing  has  a  fresh  and 
lusty  vigor,  rarely   to   be  met  with   in 
more  modern  poesy.     B.  1328  ;  d.  1400. 
CHAUNCEY,  Charles,  an  American 
divine,  and  one  of  the  most  eminent 
writers  of  the  Universalists  :  author  of 
"Thoughts  on  the  State  of  Religion  in 
New  England."  "  The  Benevolence  of 
the  Deitv  considered,"  "  A  True  Sketch 
of  the  Sufferings  and   Misfortunes   of 
the  Town  of  Boston,"  &c.     B.  1705;  d. 
1787. — Henry,  an  English   lawyer  and 
antiquarian.  He  was  knighted  by  Charles 
II.  in  1681,  and,  in  1688,  was  made  a 
Welsh  judge.     Just  before  his  death  he 
published  the   "Historical    Antiquities 
of  Hertfordshire,"  one  of  the  most  valu- 
able  of  English    county  histories.     D. 
1700. —  Charles,    second    president    of 
Harvard  college,  was  b.  in  England,  in 
1589.     He  received  his  grammar  educa- 
tion at  Westminster,  and  took  the  degree 
of  M.  D.  at  the  university  of  Cambridge. 
He  emigrated  to  New  England  in  1638, 
and  after  serving  for  a  number  of  years 
in  the  ministry  at  Scituate,  was  appoint- 
ed, in  1654,  president  of  Harvard  college. 
In  this  office  he  remained  till  his  death, 
in  1071. — Tsaac,  a  distinguished  commo- 
dore of  the  navy  i  f  the  United  States. 
He  was  b.  at  Blackrock,  Conn.,  and  fol- 
lowed the  sea  in  the  earlier  part  of  his 
life.     In  1798  he  was  appointed  lieuten- 
ant in  the  navy,  and  served  with  honor 


che] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


285 


nnder  Truxton,  Preble,  and  others. 
Daring  the  war  of  1812  lie  had  com- 
mand of  lake  Ontario,  and  in  181(5  nego- 
tiated the  treaty  with  Algiers.     D.  1840. 

CHAUSSK,  Michael  Angelo  de  la,  a 
French  archaeological  writer;  author  of 
"Museum  Komanum,"  "Picturae  An- 
tique Crvptarum  Romanarum,"  &c.  D. 
1724. 

OIIEKE,  John,  an  eminent  English 
statesman  and  scholar,  professor  of 
Greek  at  Cambridge.  Besides  his  cor- 
respondence with  Gardiner,  he  wrote 
and  translated  several  treatises.  lie 
also  left  in  MS.  an  English  translation 
of  St.  Matthew,  in  which  no  word  was 
admitted  of  other  than  Saxon  origin. 
B.  1514;  d.  1557. 

CHEMNIZER,  Ivan  Ivanovitch,  a 
Russian  soldier  and  poet.  He  served 
several  campaigns  in  the  imperial 
guards,  and  afterwards  entered  the 
corps  of  engineers.  When  lie  at  length 
retired  he  published  various  tales  and 
fables,  which  the  Russian  critics  com- 
pare to  those  of  La  Fontaine.  B.  1744 ; 
d.  1784. 

CHENEVIX,  Richard,  an  Irish  gen- 
tleman of  great  and  versatile  ability  as 
a  writer ;  author  of  "  Remarks  on  Chemi- 
cal Nomenclature  according  to  the  Sys- 
tem of  the  French  Neologists,"  "  Ob- 
sen  ations  on  Mineralogical  Systems," 
"  The  Mantuan  Rivals,"  a  comedy  ; 
"Henry  VII.,"  a  tragedy;  "An  Essay 
on  National  Character,"  Ifec.     D.  1830. 

CHENIER,  Marie  Joseph,  a  French 
writer;  author  of  "  Charles  IX.,"  "The 
Death  of  Galas,"  and  some  other  dra- 
mas ;  of  several  odes  sung  on  public 
occasions  during  the  revolution,  and  of 
"An  Historical  "Sketch  on  the  State  and 
Progress  of  French  Literature."  D. 
1841. 

CHERON,  Elizabeth  Sophie,  a  French 
lad},  eminent  as  a  portrait  painter.  She 
possessed  considerable  talent  for  music 
and  poetry,  and  wrote  several  psalms 
and  canticles  in  French.  D.  1711. — 
Louis,  brother  of  the  above,  and  also  a 
painter.  Being  refused  admittance  to 
the  academy  of  painting  in  Paris,  on 
account  of  his  being  a  Calvinist,  he  went 
to  England  in  1695,  and  remained  there 
till  his  death,  in  1713. 

CHERUBIN,  a  French  Capuchin  friar, 
astronomer,  and  mathematician  of  the 
l"th  century;  author  of  "  Dioptrique 
Oculaire,"  "A  Treatise  on  the  Theory, 
Construction,  and  Use  of  the  Telescope," 
and  "La  Vision  Parfaite." 

OHERUBINI,  Salvador,  a  distin- 
guished  musical   composer,   was   b.  at 


Florence  in  1760.  His  precocious  skill 
in  music  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
grand-duke  of  Tuscany,  who  gave  him 
a  pension,  and  this  "enabled  him  to 
complete  his  studies  under  Sarti,  whom 
he  afterwards  assisted  in  his  composi- 
tions. In  1784  he  repaired  to  London, 
where  he  produced  the  "Finta  Princi- 
pessa,"  and  "Giulio  Sabino."  In  1786 
lie  settled  in  Paris,  which  thenceforward 
became  his  adopted  country,  and  the 
scene  of  his  greatest  triumphs.  His 
operas  of  "  Iphigenia,"  "  Lodoiska," 
"  Ali  Baba,"  would  alone  have  testified 
to  the  extent  and  variety  of  his  powers ; 
but  his  fame  chiefly  rests  upon  his  sa- 
cred music,  of  which  his  "  Requiem," 
composed  for  his  own  obsequies,  de- 
serves particular  notice.  He  was  di- 
rector of  the  Conservatoire  at  Paris. 
D.  1842. 

CIIESELDEX,  William,  an  eminent 
English  surgeon  and  anatomist ;  author 
of  a  treatise  on  "The  Anatomy  of  the 
Human  Body,"  a  treatise  "On  the  High 
Operation  for  the  Stone,"  "Osteography, 
or  Anatomy  of  the  Bones,"  a  translation 
of  "  Le  Dran's  Surgery,"  &c.  He  was 
an  admirable  oculist;  "and  invented  a 
svstem  of  lithotomy.  B.  168S;  d.  1752. 
"CHESTERFIELD,  Philip  Dormer 
Stanhope,  earl  of,  was  b.  1694.  He  was 
a  particular  favorite  of  George  II.,  on 
whose  accession  he  was  sworn  a  privy 
councillor;  was  appointed,  in  1728,  am- 
bassador extraordinary  to  Holland  ;  made 
a  knight  of  the  Garter  in  1730,  and  was 
appointed  steward  of  the  household. 
The  latter  office  he  soon  after  resigned, 
and  he  continued  for  several  years  tho 
strenuous  opponent  of  Sir  R.  Walpolc, 
distinguished  himself  by  Ids  writings 
in  the  "Craftsman,"  as  well  as  by  his 
powerful  eloquence  in  the  house'  In 
1745  the  government  once  more  availed 
itself  of  his  talents,  and  he  was  sent  to 
Ireland  as  lord-lieutenant,  where  he 
continued  a  year,  exercising  his  power 
in  a  manner  calculated  to  gain  the  ap- 
probation of  the  people.  He  was  after- 
wards secretary  of  state,  but  deafness 
and  declining1  health  induced  him  to 
relinquish  office  in  1748.  He  wrote 
some  papers  in  the  "  World,"  and  sev- 
eral poetical  pieces,  but  he  is  principally 
known  as  the  author  of  "  Letters  to  his 
Son."     D.  1773. 

CHETHAM,  Humphery,  a  wealthy 
merchant  of  Manchester,  to  whose  well- 
directed  munificence  that  town  owes  its 
college  and  librarv.     D.  1653. 

CHETWOOD,"  Knightly,  dean  of 
Gloucester;  author  of  a  "  Life  of  Virgil," 


286 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPH"" 


rOHI 


a  "Life  of  Lycurgus,"  &c.  D.  1720.— 
William  Kufus,  a  dramatic  writer ; 
author  of  some  plays,  and  of  a  "Gen- 
eral History  of  the  Stage."     D.  1760. 

CHEVALIER,  Antony  Eodolph  de, 
French  tutor  to  Princess,  afterwards 
Queen,  Elizabeth  of  England.  He  was 
an  erudite  scholar,  and  published  an 
excellent  "  Hebrew  Grammar,"  an  im- 

g roved  edition  of  the  "Thesaurus  of 
anet.  Pagninus,"  <fee.  He  had  com- 
menced a  Bible  in  four  languages,  but 
did  not  live  to  finish  it.     D.  1572. 

CHEVERUS,  Lefebure  de,  Cardinal, 
archbishop  of  Bordeaux,  was  b.  at  May- 
enne,  1768;  came  to  America  after  the 
French  revolution,  and  was  consecrated 
first  Catholic  bishop  of  Boston  in  1810; 
returned  to  France  by  the  invitation  of 
Louis  XVI II.,  and  was  consecrated 
bishop  of  Montauban  in  1823,  and  arch- 
bishop of  Bordeaux  in  1826  ;  and  was  in 
1885,  made  a  cardinal.  He  was  a  man 
of  distinguished  talents,  and  extensive 
scientific  and  literary  acquirements. 
During  his  residence  in  Boston,  he 
sustained  the  character  of  a  most  amia- 
ble, exemplary,  and  devout  man.  He 
devoted  himself  with  great  zeal  and 
assiduity  to  the  duties  of  his  office,  not 
overlooking  the  meanest  of  his  flock; 
and  he  was  regarded  by  Protestants,  as 
well  as  by  Catholics,  with  sincere  affec- 
tion and  high  respect.  D.  July  19, 1836. 
CHEVILLIER,  Andrew,  a  French 
ecclesiastic  and  antiquary,  librarian  to 
the  Sorbonne.  He  published  a  Latin 
dissertation  on  the  "Council  of  Chalce- 
don,"  an  historical  dissertation  on  the 
"  Origin  of  Printing  in  Paris,"  &c.  D. 
1700. 

CHEVREAU,  Urban,  an  eminent 
French  scholar.  He  became  secretary 
to  Queen  Christina  of  Sweden,  and  is 
said  to  have  had  considerable  share  in 
converting  her  to  Catholicism.  After 
aetinii  as  tutor  and  secretary  to  the  duke 
of  Maine,  lie  at  length  retired  from  all 

fmblic  duties,  and  devoted  himself  to 
iterature.  He  wrote  "  Eflfets  de  la  For- 
tune," a  romance  ;  "  A  History  of  the 
World,"  some  plays,  &c.     D.  1701. 

CIIEYNE,  George,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  writer,  settled  in  London. 
His  first  publication  was  a  mathematical 
treatise,  entitled  "Fluxionum  Methodus 
inversa,"  which  procured  him  consider- 
able reputation,  and  admission  to  the 
Royal  Society.  His  chief  works  are 
"The  English  Malady,  a  Treatise  on 
Nervous  Disorders,"  "  A  Treatise  on 
Gout,"  and  an  "  Essay  on  Resnmen. " 
D.  1743  h 


CHIABRERA,  Gabriel,  culled  tne 
Italian  Pindar,  was  b.  at  Savona,  1552. 
Besides  odes  and  epic  poems,  which  are 
chiefly  Anacreontic,  he  wrote  several 
dramas.     D.  1637. 

CHIARAMONTI,  Scipio,  an  Italian 
ecclesiastic  and  writer.  His  works  are 
very  numerous,  and  are  chiefly  on  the 
mathematics  and  natural  philosophy. 
He  founded  the  academy  of  the  Offus- 
cati,  at  Osena,  in  Bologna,  and  was 
president  of  it  when  he  d.,  1652. 

CHIARI,  Pietro,  an  Italian  ecclesi- 
astic and  poet  of  the  18th  century.  He 
was  a  rival  of  Goldoni,  and  his  comedies 
attained  considerable  popularity.  Those 
of  Chiari  were  however  much  inferior  to 
those  of  his  rival.     D.  1788. 

CHICHELEY,  Henry,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  an  able  and  accomplished 
scholar  and  statesman,  was  b.  at  Iligham 
Ferrers,  1362.  On  the  accession  of  the 
infant  king,  Henry  VI.,  he  became  first 
privy  councillor,  and  directed  all  his 
attention  to  church  affairs,  striving  at 
once  to  cheek  the  progress  of  Wiekliff- 
ism,  and  to  moderate  the  ardor  of  the 
Catholic  court.  He  founded  and  en- 
dowed All  Soul's  college,  Oxford,  made 
many  important  improvements  in  Lam- 
beth palace,  and  built  the  western  tower 
of  Canterbury  cathedral  at  his  own  ex- 
pense.    D.  1443. 

CHICOYNEAU,  Francis,  an  eminent 
physician  and  professor  of  medicine  at 
Montpelier.  A\  hen  the  plague  was  ra- 
ging at  Marseilles,  he  was  sent  to  the 
relief  of  the  sufferers,  whom  he  reas- 
sured by  his  calm  courage.  The  import- 
ant services  he  rendered  on  this  occasion 
procured  him  a  pension  and  several 
appointments  at  court.  His  principal 
literary  production  is  a  work  "On  the 
Origin,  Symptoms,  and  Cure  of  the 
Plague;"  a  work  doubly  valuable  on 
account  of  the  interesting  narratives 
with  which  it  is  interspersed,  being  the 
result  of  the  author's  own  experience. 
D.  1752. 

CHILD,  Josiah,  an  eminent  London 
merchant  of  the  17th  century,  and  au- 
thor of  several  works  on  subjects  con- 
nected with  political  economy,  among 
which  mav  be  noticed  his  "Discourse 
on  Trade,'"  &c.  B.  1630;  d.  1699.— 
William,  an  English  musical  composer 
and  musician.  He  was  for  many  years 
organist  in  St.  George's  chapel,' Wind- 
sor, and  in  the  Chapel  Royal,  at  White- 
hall. The  simple  style  of  his  composi- 
tions caused  them  to  be  neglected  in  his 
own  time,  but  they  are  now  much  ad- 
mired.    D.  1697. 


CHO] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


287 


CIIILDEBERT  T.,  king  of  France, 
who  ascended  the  throne  in  511.  Aided 
by  his  brothers,  Clotaire  and  Clodoinir, 
lie  attacked  and  defeated  Sigismund, 
king  of  Burgundy.  Childebert  and 
Clotaire  then  turned  their  arms  against 
Spain,  but  without  success.  D.  558. — 
11.,  king  of  France,  succeeded  his  father, 
Sigebert,  in  575.  On  the  death  of  his 
uncle,  Chilperic,  king  of  Soissons,  he 
pained  the  kingdoms  of  Orleans  and 
Burgundy.  D.  by  poison,  596. — 111., 
king  of  France.  He  ascended  the  throne 
at  the  very  early  age  of  12  years;  of 
which  circumstance  Pepin,  mayor  of  the 
palace,  took  advantage  to  govern  both 
king  and  kingdom.    D.  711T 

ClIILDERIC  I.,  king  of  France.  He 
succeeded  his  father,  Merova;us,  in  456  ; 
•was  deposed  in  the  following  year,  and 
reinstated  upon  the  throne  in  463.  D. 
481. — II.,  king  of  France,  was  the  son 
of  Clovis  II.,  and  succeeded  his  brother, 
Clotaire  III.,  in  673.  He  was  a  de- 
bauched and  cruel  tyrant,  and,  together 
with  his  wife  and  son,  was  assassinated 
in  673. — III.,  surnamed  the  Idiot,  king 
of  France,  began  his  reign  in  742,  ani 
was  deposed  in  752. 

CII1LLINGWORTH,  William,  an 
English  divine.  He  was  a  sound  schol- 
ar, an  able  mathematician,  and  above 
mediocrity  as  a  poet.  But  his  chief  bent 
was  towards  disputation  and  metaphys- 
ics ;  and  he  was  so  acute  in  discovering 
difficulties,  that  he  doubted  where  men 
of  fir  less  natural  capacity  and  acquired 
knowledge  would  have  been  presump- 
tuously certain.  In  this  state  of  mind 
a  Jesuit  convinced  him  of  the  truth  of 
the  tenets  of  Papacy,  and  he  actually 
went  to  the  Jesuit's  college  at  Douay. 
While  there,  he  meditated  the  publica- 
tion of  a  vindication  of  his  conversion 
to  the  church  of  Rome,  but  Laud,  then 
bishop  of  London,  dissuaded  him  from 
his  purpose.  He  subsequently  returned 
to  England,  became  a  Protestant  again, 
and  published  the  masterly  treatise, 
entitled  "The  Religion  of  Protestants, 
a  safe  Way  to  Salvation."  Some  hesi- 
tation about  signing  the  thirty-nine 
articles  prevented  him  from  obtaining 
preferment  in  the  church;  but  he  at 
length  consented  to  sign,  and  became 
chancellor  of  Salisbury,  &c.  At  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  war,  he  warmly 
espoused  the  royal  cause,  and  published 
a  treatise  on  the  "Unlawfulness  of  Re- 
sisting the  Lawful  Prince,  although 
most  Tyrannous,  Impious,  and  Idola- 
trous." He  also  invented  a  machine, 
or  rather  imitated  one  described  by  some 


ancient  authors,  for  the  attack  of  fortified 
places.     I).  1644. 

C1IILMEAI),  Edmund,  an  English 
mathematician  and  musician ;  author 
of  a  treatise  "  On  the  Music  of  Ancient 
Greece ;"  another,  which  was  not  printed, 
"On  Sounds,"  and  a  "Catalogue  of  the 
Greek  MSS.  in  the  Bodleian  Library." 
D.  1654. 

OU1LO,  one  of  the  seven  sages  of 
Greece.  He  flourished  in  the  6th  cen- 
tury b.  c,  and  was  celebrated  for  his 
just  conduct  as  a  magistrate.  It  was  lie 
who  caused  the  celebrated  "Know  thy- 
self," to  be  graven  on  the  temple  of 
Delphi. 

CHIPMAN,  Nathaniel,  a  distin- 
guished lawyer  and  judge  of  Vermont, 
b.  at  Salisbury,  Ct.,  1752,  and  in  1786 
made  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Vermont,  whither  lie  had  removed.  In 
1701  he  negotiated  the  admission  of 
Vermont  into  the  union  as  a  state.  In 
1793  lie  published  a  small  work  called 
"Sketch  of  the  Principles  of  Govern- 
ment," which  was  afterwards  expanded 
in  a  larger  work.     D.  1843. 

CHITTENDEN,  Thomas,  first  govern- 
or of  Vermont,  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  which  declared  Vermont  an 
independent  state,  and  one.  of  the  com- 
mittee to  solicit  an  admission  into  the 
union  in  1778 ;  he  was  elected  governor, 
and  continued  so  till  his  death.    D.  1797. 

CH1TTY,  Joseph,  an  eminent  special 
pleader,  and  the  author  of  many  well- 
known  works,  which  have  become  in- 
dispensable auxiliaries  to  every  legal 
student  and  practitioner.  D.  1841,  aged 
65. 

CHOISEUL,  Stephen  Francis,  duke 
of,  entered  the  army  early,  was  appoint- 
ed ambassador  to  Rome  and  Vienna,  and 
honored  with  a  peerage.  He  then  be- 
came prime  minister  of  France,  to  which 
station  he  was  raised  through  the  in- 
fluence of  madame  de  Pompadour.  He 
made  many  judicious  reforms  and  alter- 
ations in  the  French  army,  increased 
the  navy,  and  brought  about  the  cele- 
brated family  compact.  In  1770  he  was 
dismissed  from  ofhee,  and  exiled  to  one 
of  his  estates.     B.  1714;  d.  1785. 

CHOISI,  Francis  Timoleon  de,  a 
French  ecclesiastic  and  writer.  In  his 
youth  he  was  of  very  debauched  and 
abandoned  habits.  For  some  years  he 
wore  the  dress  of  a  woman,  and  passed 
by  the  name  of  the  Countess  des  Barres; 
but  a  severe  illness  had  the  good  effect 
of  awakening  him  from  this  way  of  life, 
and  he  became  an  abbe.  Besides  a 
"  Life  of  David,"  a  "Lit'"  of  Solomon," 


288 


CTCLOP^EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cHR 


and  a  "History  of  the  Church,"  he 
save  the  "  Memoirs  of  the  Countess  des 
Barres,"  containing  some  account  of 
his  youthful  irregularities.  He  also 
wrote  and  translated  several  other  pieces, 
hut  they  arc  held  in  very  little  estima- 
tion.    D.  1724. 

CHOPIN,  Frederic,  a  great  modern 
composer  and  pianoforte  player,  was  b. 
near  Warsaw,  1810.  Compelled  to  leave 
Poland  in  consequence  of  political  con- 
vulsions, he  played  in  public  at  Vienna 
and  Munich  in  1831,  and  soon  afterwards 
repaired  to  Paris,  where  he  continued  to 
exercise  his  art  till  the  revolution  of 
1848  drove  him  to  England.  He  re- 
turned to  Paris  in  1849;  and  d.  in  the 
autumn  leaving  behind  him  a  reputation, 
both  as  a  player  and  a  composer,  which 
will  not  soon  pass  away. — Rene,  an  emi- 
nent French  lawyer  and  writer,  author 
of  "The  Custom  of  Anjou,"  "The 
Custom  of  Paris,"  "  De  Sacra  Politiea 
Monastica,"  &c.     D.  1606. 

CHOEIEE,  Nicholas,  a  French  law- 
yer and  writer,  author  of  a  "  General 
History  of  Dauphiny,"  &c.     D.  1692. 

CHORIS,  Louis,  an  eminent  Russian 
artist  and  traveller,  b.  1795.  lie  was 
appointed  draughtsman  to  Captain  Kot- 
zebue's  expedition  round  the  world  in 
1814,  and  on  his  return  published  his 
"Voyage  Pittoresque,"  accompanied 
with  Cuviers  descriptions.  He  also 
published  "  Les  Cranes  Humains," 
with  observations  by  Dr.  Gall  and 
others.  In  1827,  M.  Choris  sailed  from 
France,  with  the  intention  of  travelling 
through  America;  but  while  on  his 
journey  in  Mexico,  in  company  with  an 
English  gentleman,  they  were  attacked 
by  robbers  near  Xalapa,  and  Choris  lost 
his  life,  March  19,  1828. 

CHRETIEN,  Florent,  a  French  poet 
of  noble  family,  tutor  to  Henry  IV.  of 
France.  Besides  writing  satires  and 
tragedies,  he  translated  Dppian,  some 
of  the  plays  of  Aristophanes,  and  Paca- 
tus1  panegyric  of  Theodosius.    D.  1596. 

CHRISTIAN,  Edward,  an  English 
lawyer,  author  of  an  "  Account  of  the 
Origin  of  the  Two  Houses  of  Parliament 
with  a  Statement  of  the  Privileges  of  the 
House  of  Commons,"  a  "  Treatise  on 
the  Bankrupt  Laws,"  &c.  He  was 
Downing  professor  of  law  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Cambridge,  and  chief  justice 
of  the' Isle  of  Ely.     D.  1823. 

CHRISTIE,  James,  the  son  of  an  emi- 
nent auctioneer  in  London,  was  distin- 
guished for  his  critical  taste  in  the  fine 
arts,  and  his  antiquarian  knowledge. 
Though  he  followed  his  father's  profes- 


sion, he  found  time  to  give  to  the  world 
some  ingenious  and  valuable  works, 
viz.,  an  "Essay  on  the  Ancitnt  Greek 
Game  invented  by  Palamedes,"  show 
ing  the  origin  of  the  game  of  chess;  a 
"Disquisition  upon  Etruscan  Vases;" 
an  "Essay  on  the  Earliest  Species  of 
Idolatry,"  &c.     D.  1831. 

CHRISTINA,  queen  of  Sweden.  She 
was  the  only  child  of  the  famous  Gusta- 
vus  Adolphus,  whom  she  succeeded  in 
1632,  being  then  only  6  years  old.  Du- 
ring her  minority  the  kingdom  was 
wisely  governed  by  the  Chancellor  Ox- 
enstiern  ;  and  when  she  was  crowned, 
in  1550,  she  formally  declared  her 
cousin,  the  count  palatine  Charles  Gus- 
tavus,  her  successor.  For  four  years 
she  governed  the  kingdom  with  an  evi- 
dent desire  to  encourage  learning  and 
science ;  and  at  the  end  of  that  time, 
weary  either  of  the  task  of  governing, 
or  of  the  personal  restraint  which  roy- 
alty imposed  upon  her,  she  abdicated  in 
favor  of  her  cousin,  and  proceeded  to 
Rome,  where  she  surrounded  herself 
with  learned  men,  and  busied  herself 
with  learned  pursuits.  At  Paris,  on 
one  of  the  various  occasions  of  her  vis- 
iting that  city,  she  had  her  equerry,  an 
Italian,  named  Monaklesehi,  murdered 
in  her  own  residence,  and  almost  in  her 
own  presence;  a  crime  which  seems  to 
have  had  no  other  cause  than  the  un- 
fortunate equerry's  indifference  to  the 
blandishments  of  his  mistress.  In  1660, 
the  death  of  the  king,  her  cousin, 
caused  her  to  go  once  more  to  Sweden; 
but  her  change  of  religion,  and  the  re- 
ports which  had  reached  that  country 
of  her  conduct  elsewhere,  had  so  dis- 
gusted her  former  subjects  that  they 
resolutely  refused  to  reinstate  her  in  the 
sovereignty.  Being  threatened  with  the 
loss  of  her  revenues  as  well  as  her 
crown,  she  consented  to  preserve  the 
former  by  finally  renouncing  the  latter; 
and  she  retired  to  Rome.    D.  1689. 

CHRISTOPHE,  Henry,  a  negro,  one 
of  the  leaders  of  the  insurgent  slaves  of 
St.  Domingo.  He  possessed  consider- 
able ability,  but  his  courage  was  carried 
to  ferocity.  He  successfully  opposed 
the  French,  whose  perfidious  seizure  of 
the  negro  chief,  Tonssaint  Lou  vert  ure, 
he  amply  revenged,  and  assumed  the 
title  of  Henry  L,  king  of  Hayti ;  but  he 
acted  so  despotically  that  a  conspiracy 
was  formed  against  him ;  and  Boyer, 
the  successor  of  Petion,  who  had  estab- 
lished a  republic  in  the  south  of  Do- 
mingo, was  invited  to  take  part  with  the 
discontented  subjects  of  Christophe,  and 


CHU] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


289 


demanded  his  deposition.  At  length, 
finding  that  even  his  body-guard  was 
no  longer  to  be  depended  on.  he  shot 
himself  through  tliu  heart,  Oct.  8,  1820. 

CHRISTOPHERSON,  John,  bishop 
of  Chichester,  during  the  reigns  of 
Henry  VIII.  and  Edward  VI.  He 
translated,  from  Greek  to  Latin,  Philo, 
Eusebius,  and  other  authors;  but  he 
was  rather  industrious  than  learned,  and 
succeeding  authors  have  been  much 
misled  bv  him.     D.  1558. 

CHRY'SOLORAS,  Manuel,  a  Greek 
of  noble  family.  Being  sent  to  Europe 
by  the  Emperor  Manuel  Pala^ologus  to 
solicit  the  Christian  princes  to  aid  Con- 
stantinople against  the  Turks,  he  settled 
at  Florence  as  a  teacher  of  Greek.  Sub- 
sequently he  taught  at  Milan  ;  but  when 
the  Emperor  Manuel  came  to  that  city, 
he  was  employed  by  him  in  a  mission  to 
the  court  of  the  Emperor  Sigismund, 
and  aft  r wards  to  the  general  council  at 
Constai.ee,  in  which  city  he  died.  He 
was  author  of  a  "  Greek  Grammar,"  a 
"  Parallel  between  Ancient  and  Modern 
Rome,"  dze.    D.  1414. 

CHRYSOSTOM,  John,  St.,  was  really 
named  Secundus,  but  was  called  Chry- 
sostoin,  which  signifies  "golden  mouth," 
on  account  of  his  eloquence.  He  was 
b.  at  Antioch,  and  was  intended  for  the 
bar ;  but  being  deeply  impressed  with 
religious  feelings,  he  spent  several  years 
in  solitary  retirement,  studying  and 
meditating  with  a  view  to  the  church. 
Having  completed  his  voluntary  proba- 
tion, he  returned  to  Antioch,  was  or- 
dained, and  became  so  celebrated  for 
the  eloquence  of  his  preaching,  that  on 
the  death  of  Nectarius,  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople, he  was  raised  to  that  high 
and  important  post.  He  now  exerted 
himself  so  rigidly  in  repressing  heresy 
and  paganism,  and  in  enforcing  the  ob- 
ligations of  monachism,  that  Theophi- 
lus,  bishop  of  Alexandria,  aided  and 
encouraged  by  the  Empress  Eudoxia, 
caussd  him  to  he  deposed  at  a  synod 
he!  1  at  Chalcedon,  in  403.  His  deposi- 
tion gave  so  much  otfence  to  the  people, 
by  whom  he  was  greatly  beloved,  that 
the  empress  was  obliged  to  interfere  for 
his  reinstatement.  He  soon,  however, 
provoked  her  anger  by  opposing  the 
erection  of  her  statue  near  the  great 
church ;  and,  in  40-4,  another  synod  de- 
posed him,  and  exiled  him  to  Armenia. 
He  sustained  his  troubles  with  admira- 
ble courage;  but  being  ordered  to  a  still 
gi  eater  distance  from  the  capital,  where 
his  enemies  still  feared  his  influence,  he 
died  while  on  his  journey.  D.  407. 
25 


CHUBB,  Thomas,  in  English  deistical 
writer,  author  of  "  The  Supremacy  of 
the  Father  asserted,"  "  Discourse  on 
Miracles,"  &c.     B.  1679;  d.  1747. 

CHURCH,  Benjamin,  celebrated  for 
his  exploits  in  the  Indian  wars  of  New 
England,  was  b.  at  Duxbury,  Mass., 
1639.  He  commanded  the  party  that 
killed  Philip  in  August,  1676. — Benja- 
min, a  physician  of  some  eminence,  and 
an  able  writer,  was  graduated, at  Har- 
vard college  in  1754,  and  practised  med 
icine  in  Boston.  For  several  years  be- 
fore the  revolution,  he  was  a  leading 
character  among  the  whigs  and  patriots ; 
and  on  the  commencement  of  ti  e  war 
he  was  appointed  physician-geni.ral  to 
the  army.  While  in  the  performance 
of  the  duties  assigned  him  in  this  capa- 
city, he  was  suspected  of  a  treacherous 
correspondence  with  the  enemy,  and 
immediately  arrested  and  imprisoned. 
After  remaining  some  time  in  prison, 
he  obtained  permission  to  depart  for 
the  West  Indies.  The  vessel  in  which 
he  sailed  was  never  heard  from  after- 
wards. He  is  the  author  of  a  number 
of  occasional  poems,  serious,  pathetic, 
and  satirical,  which  possess  considerable 
merit. 

CHURCHILL.  Chables,  an  English 
clergyman  and  poet.  The  death  of  his 
father,  who  was  curate  of  St.  John's, 
Westminster,  brought  him  to  London, 
and  he  obtained  the  vacant  curacy.  His 
income  was  small,  while  his  love  of  gay 
and  expensive  pursuits  was  unbounded, 
and  he  was  on  the  verge  of  imprison- 
ment, when  Dr.  Lloyd,  of  Westminster 
school,  interfered,  and  effected  a  com- 
position with  the  creditors.  He  now 
determined  to  exert  the  talents  he  had 
so  long  allowed  to  lie  idle ;  and  his  first 
production  was  "The  Rosciad,"  an 
energetic  description  of  the  principal 
actors  of  the  time.  Public  attention 
was  fixed-  on  this  poem  by  the  vehe- 
mence with  which  the  players  replied 
to  ir,  and  Churchill  found  it  worth  his 
while  to  give  the  town  a  new  satire, 
under  the  title  of  an  "Apology"  for  his 
former  one.  "Night,"  "The  Ghost," 
— in  which  he  assailed  Dr.  Johnson,  at 
that  time  all  but  omnipotent  in  the  lit- 
erary world — and  the  "  Prophecy  of 
Famine."  followed;  he  at  length  threw 
aside  all  regard  for  his  Drofession.  sep- 
arated from  his  wife,  and  became  a  com- 
plete "  man  of  wit  about  town."  He 
now  rapidly  produced  an  "Epistle  to 
Hosarth."  "The  Conference."  "  Tno 
Duellist."  "The  Author."  "Gotham," 
"  The  Candidate,"  "  The  Times,"  "  La- 


290 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cic 


dependence,"  and  "  The  Journey." 
The  vigor  displayed  in  these  makes  it 
probable  that  he  would  in  time  have 
devoted  himself  to  higher  subjects  than 
party  politics,  and  have  produced  works 
calculated  to  give  him  a  higher  and 
more  lasting  tame;  but  a  fever  hurried 
him  to  the  grave,  at  the  early  age  of  34, 
in  1764. —  Winston,  a  Cavalier,  whose 
estates  were  sequestered  during  the 
commonwealth  ;  but  they  were  restored 
to  him  by  Charles  11.,  who  also  knighted 
him.  He  wrote  "Divi  Britannici ;" 
histories  of  the  English  monarchs.  1). 
16SS. 

CHURCHYARD,  Thomas,  an  English 
poet,  author  of  "The  Worthiness  of 
Wales,"  &c.  He  flourished  in  the  reign 
of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

C1ACON1US,  Peter,  an  eminent 
Spanish  scholar.  Pope  Gregory  Xlll. 
employed  him  to  superintend  an  edition 
of  the  Bible,  the  "  Decretal"  of  Gratian, 
and  other  works,  which  that  pontiff 
caused  to  be  printed  at  the  Vatican 
press.  He  wrote  some  very  learned 
notes  on  Tertulliau,  Pliny,  Seneca,  and 
other  Latin  writers  ;  a  variety  of  tracts 
on  Italian  antiquities  ;  a  treatise  on  the 
old  Roman  calendar,  &c. ;  and  he  aided 
Clavius  in  reforming  the  calendar.  D. 
1581. 

CIAMP1NT,  John  Justin,  a  learned 
Italian,  author  of  "  Vetera  Monuments," 
a  "  History  of  the  College  of  Abbrevia- 
tors,"  "  Lives  of  the  Popes,"  &c.  He 
was  one  of  the  literary  associates  of 
Christina,  queen  of  Sweden,  during  her 
residence  at  Rome,  and  was  much  aided 
by  her  in  forming  an  academy  for  the 
study  of  mathematics,  and  another  for 
the  study  of  ecclesiastical  history.  D. 
16<Js. 

CIBBER,  Collet,  an  actor  and  dram- 
atist, was  the  sou  of  Gabriel  Cibber,  a 
celebrated  sculptor,  and  b.  in  London, 
1671.  Being  disappointed  of  a  scholar- 
ship at  Cambridge,  he  entered  the  army 
which  did  not  suit  his  taste;  and  when 
only  about  18  years  old  he  quitted  it  for 
the  stage.  For  some  time  he  had  but 
little  success;  but  his  performance  of 
Fondlewife,  in  the  "Old  Bachelor," 
made  him  very  popular,  and  obtained 
him  the  monopoly  of  parts  of  that  kind 
at  Drury-lane.  His  first  dramatic  effort, 
"Love's  Last  Shift,"  appeared  in  1695; 
and  it  was  followed  by  "  Woman's 
Wit"  and  "The  Careless  Husband." 
His  next  production  as  a  dramatist  was 
an  adaptation  of  Moliere's  Tartuffe, 
under  the  title  of  the  "Nonjuror."  of 
which  the    "  Hypocrite"    of  the   more 


modern  stage  is  a  new  version.  Tho 
piece  was  wonderfully  popular,  and,  in 
addition  to  the  large  profits  Cibber  de- 
rived from  its  performance,  it  procured 
him  the  situation  of  poet-laureate.  This 
appointment  drew  upon  him  the  Kincor 
of  cotemporary  wits  and  poets,  and  of 
Pone  among  the  number;  but  Cibber 
had  the  good  sense  to  think  solid  profit 
more  important  than  the  censure  of  the 
envious  was  injurious;  and  he  wore  the 
bay's,  and  performed  in  his  own  pieces 
till  he  was  nearly  74  years  of  age.  Be- 
sides tragedies  and  comedies,  to  the 
number  of  twenty-five,  some  of  which 
still  continue  to  be  played  as  stock 
pieces,  Cibber  wrote  an  "Apology"  for 
his  own  life  ;  an  "  Essay  on  the  Charac- 
ter and  Conduct  of  Cicero,"  and  two 
expostulatory  epistles  to  his  assailant 
Pope.  D.  1757.  —  Tiieophili's,  son  of 
the  above,  an  actor  and  dramatist,  but 
very  inferior  in  both  capacities  to  his 
father.  He  wrote  a  musical  entertain- 
ment called  "Pattie  and  Peggy,"  and 
altered  some  of  Shakspeare's  pla>s. 
"  The  Lives  of  the  Poets  of  Great  Brit- 
ain and  Ireland"  appeared  with  his 
name;  but  the  work  was  said  to  be 
written  by  Shields,  subsequently  aman- 
uensis to  Dr.  Johnson,  from  materials 
furnished  by  Thomas  Coxeter.  Cibber 
was  of  very  extravagant  habits,  and  his 
life  was  consequently  spent  in  much 
distress.  He  was  drowned  in  his  pas- 
sage to  Ireland,  1757.  —  Anna  Maria, 
wife  of  the  last  named,  and  an  actress 
of  the  highest  class.  Her  union  with 
Theophilus  Cibber  was  productive  of 
both  discomfort  and  disgrace,  and  she 
was  separated  from  him  for  many  years. 
Her  conduct,  however,  made  it  evident 
that  he  had  been  more  to  blame  for  the 
circumstance  than  she  had ;  and  she 
was  as  much  respected  in  private  life  as 
she  was  admired  on  the  stage.  Her 
style  of  acting  was  well  adapted  to  that 
of  Garrick,  with  whom  she  frequently 
performed.     D.  1766. 

CICCARELLI,  Alphonso,  an  Italian 
physician;  author  of  "  De  Clitumno 
Flumine,"  "  Istoria  di  Casa  Monaldes- 
ca,"  &c.  Having  forged  genealogies, 
and  committed  other  literary  impostures, 
he  was  executed  at  Rome,  in  1580. 

CICERO,  Marcus  Tullius,  the  prince 
of  Roman  orators,  was  the  son  of  noble 
parents,  and  at  an  early  age  gave  such 
decided  indications  of  his  ability,  that 
after  having  served  in  a  single  campaign 
under  Sylla  and  P.  Strabo,  he  devoted 
himself,  by  the  advice  of  Ids  friends,  to 
the  bar.     For  this  purpose  he  studied 


cim] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


201 


under  Molo,  an  eminent  lawyer,  and 
T  _ilo  the  Athenian,  then  resident  at 
tome  ;  and,  at  the  age  of  26,  he  com- 
menced practice  as  a  pleader;  his  first 
important  cause  being  the  defence  cf 
Sextus  Koscius  Amarinus,  who  was  ac- 
cused of  parricide  by  one  ChrysogonnE, 
a  freedman  of  the  dictator  Sylla.  He 
saved  his  client,  but  was  obliged  to  with- 
draw to  Athens  from  fear  of  resentment 
of  the  dictator.  As  long  as  Sylla  lived 
Cicero  remained  at  Athens,  turning 
even  his  exile  into  a  benefit  by  diligent- 
ly studying  under  Antiochus  and  other 
eminently  learned  men.  When  he  re- 
turned to  Koine  he  rapidly  rose  in  his 
profession,  and  the  quajstorship  in  Sicily 
was  bestowed  upon  him.  In  this  office 
ne  made  himself  very  popular;  and 
leneeforth  his  course  was  all  prosperous, 
Hrtil  he  attained  the  great  object  of  his 
ambition — the  consulship.  The  boldv 
toid  evil  designs  of  Catiline  made 
Cicero's  consular  duty  as  difficult  and 
dangerous  as  his  performance  of  it  was 
able  and  honorable.  But  his  popularity 
declined  very  soon  after  the  expiration 
of  his  consulship,  and  it  was  chiefly  as 
an  advocate  and  author  that  he  for  some 
time  afterwards  exerted  his  splendid 
talents.  At  length  the  task  of  avert  inn1 
ruin  from  his  own  head  tasked  even  his 
powers  to  the  utmost.  Publius  Clodius 
who  had  now  become  tribune  of  the 
people,  raised  such  a  storm  against  him 
that  he  was  a  second  time  obliged  to  go 
into  exile.  This  time  he  sought  shelter 
with  his  friend  Plancus,  in  Thessaloniea. 
until  the  repentant  Romans  recalled  him, 
making  him  magnificent  recompense  for 
the  depredation  and  devastation  by 
which  he  hail  been  impoverished.  In 
the  struggle  between  Caesar  and  Pom- 
pey,  Cicero  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
latter;  but  after  the  fatal  battle  of  Phar- 
salia  he  made  his  -peace  with  the  former, 
with  whom  he  continued  to  all  appear- 
ance friendly,  until  Caesar  fell  under  the 
daggers  of  Brutus  and  his  friends.  He 
now  took  part  with  Octavius,  and  pro- 
nounced the  bitter  philippics  against 
Antony,  which  at  once  shortened  his  life 
and  added  to  his  fame.  Antony,  stun? 
to  the  quick,  insisted  upon  the  death  of 
Cicero,  and  Octavius  basely  consented 
to  the  sacrifice.  In  endeavoring  to 
„seape  from  Tusculum,  where  he  was 
living  when  the  news  of  his  proscription 
trrived,  he  was  overtaken  and  murdered 
by  a  party  of  soldiers,  headed  by  Popi- 
ius  Lamias,  whose  life  he  had  formerly 
3aved  by  his  eloquence  ;  and  his  head 
and  hands  were  publicly  exhibited  on 


the  rostrum  at  Rome.  Cicero  was  b.  at 
Arpinum.  106  b.  c,  and  perished  in  his 
64th  year,  43  b.  c.  He  was  a  perfect 
model  of  eloquence  ;  and,  as  Augustus 
truly  said,  "  he  loved  his  country  sin- 
cerely." Of  his  works,  which  are  uni- 
versally known,  and  far  too  numerous 
to  be  even  named  here,  there  has'e  been 
almost  innumerable  editions. 

CTD,  The,  a  Spanish  hero,  whose  real 
name  was  Don  Roderigo  Dias  de  Bivar. 
lie  was  knighted  in  consequence  of  the 
valor  he  had  displayed  in  his  very  youth  ; 
and,  in  1063,  marched  with  Don  Sancho 
of  Castile  against  Ramiro,  king  of  Ara- 
gon,  who  fell  in  battle ;  after  which  he 
went  to  the  siege  of  Zarnora,  where 
Sancho,  now  become  king,  was  slain. 
On  Sancho's  death,  his  brother  Alfonso 
ascended  the  throne  of  Castile ;  but 
Roderigo,  instead  of  continuing  the 
peaceful  and  obedient  subject,  declared 
himself  independent,  and,  after  depopu- 
lating the  country,  fixed  his  habitation 
at  Pena  de  el  Cid,  the  rock  of  the  Cid, 
near  Saragossa.  He  afterwards  took 
Valentia,  and  maintained  his  independ- 
ence till  his  death,  1099.  The  history 
of  this  hero,  whose  name  Cid  signified 
lord,  has  been  immortalized  in  the  ro- 
mances of  the  Spaniards,  and  particu- 
larly in  the  popular  tragedy  of  Corneille. 

CIMALINE,  John,  a  Florentine  paint- 
er. He  painted  only  in  distemper,  oil 
colors  being  then  undiscovered ;  and 
though  lie  painted  historical  subjects,  he 
had  no  idea  of  light  and  shadow.  Dante 
praises  him  ;  and,  considering  the  bar- 
barism of  the  time  at  which  he  lived, 
the  praise  was  not  undeserved. 

CIMAROSA,  Domexico,  a  Neapolitan, 
famous  as  a  musical  composer.  When 
the  army  of  revolutionized  France  took 
possession  of  Italy,  Cimarosa  so  openly 
sympathized  with  revolutionary  princi- 
ples, that,  when  the  French  withdrew, 
he  was  thrown  into  prison,  and  treated 
with  a  rigor  which  is  supposed  to  have 
materially  shortened  his  life.  Of  twen- 
ty-six operas  which  he  composed,  and 
most  of  which  are  comic,  "  II  Matrimo- 
nio  Segreto"  and  "  II  Matrimonio  per 
Susurro,"  are  the  most  admired.  B. 
1754;  d.  1801. 

CIMON,  a  celebrated  Athenian  gen- 
eral. He  was  the  son  of  Miltiades,  and 
first  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle 
of  Salamis.  Aristides,  surnamed  the 
Just,  thought  so  highly  of  him,  notwith- 
standing his  youth  had  been  very  dis- 
sipated, that  he  initiated  him  into  public 
'-rsiness.  After  having  repeatedly 
;eL>ten  the  Persians,  and  enriched  his 


292 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CLA 


country  by  tne  spoils  he  wrested  from 
the  enemy,  the  party  of  Pericles  caused 
him  to  he  ostracized,  on  a  charge  of 
having  been  bribed.  At  the  end  of  five 
years,  which  was  only  half  the  term  for 
which  he  had  been  banished,  he  was  re- 
called, and  again  led  the  Athenians  to 
victory  over  their  Persian  foe.  While 
besieging  Citium,  in  Cyprus,  he  died  ; 
having  served  Athens,  not  only  by  his 
prowess  as  a  soldier,  but  also  by  his 
wisdom  in  founding  public  schools.  He 
flourished  in  the  5th  century  b.  c. 

CINCINNATUS,  Lucius  Quintus,  one 
of  the  most  illustrious  characters  of  an- 
cient Rome.  He  was  made  consul  when 
the  senate  and  the  people  were  striving 
for  the  ascendency ;  and,  being  much 
incensed  against  the  latter  for  having 
banished  his  son,  he  sternly  resisted 
their  demands.  He  was  named  consul 
a  second  time,  but  refused  the  office  and 
retired  to  his  farm,  whence  he  did  not 
again  emerge  until  lie  was  saluted  dic- 
tator, and  entreated  to  lend  his  aid 
against  the  ^Equi,  who  had  closely  in- 
vested the  consul  Minncius,  and  the 
army  under  his  command.  Stepping  at 
once  from  the  petty  details  of  a  farm  to 
the  momentous  duties  of  a  general  and  a 
statesman,  Cincinnatus  exerted  himself 
.bo  efficiently,  that  the  ^Equi  were  fain 
to  retire,  after  having  passed  under  the 
yoke.  Having  caused  his  son  to  be  re- 
called from  exile,  after  the  chief  witness 
against  him  had  been  convicted  of  per- 
jury, he  laid  down  his  vast  authority 
and  returned  to  his  farm.  He  was  again, 
though  80  years  of  age,  made  dictator, 
when  Mtelius  conspired  to  overthrow  the 
republic  ;  and  he  put  down  the  domestic 
conspirator  as  promptly  as  he  had  for- 
merly repelled  the  Mqm.  He  flourished 
in  the  5th  century  b.  c. 

OINELLI,  Giovanni,  a  Florentine 
hvsician  ;  author  of  "  Bibliotheca  Vo- 
jantc."     B.  1625;  d.  1706. 

CINNA,  Lucius  Cornelius,  aKoman; 
the  friend,  partisan,  and  fellow-consul 
ofMarius.  He  it  was  who  drove  Sylla 
from  Home,  and  recalled  Marins  from 
his  African  exile.  He  participated  in 
the  numerous  murders  which  followed 
the  return  of  Marius;  and  when  in  his 
third  consulship,  and  while  preparing 
for  hostilities  with  Sylla,  was  assassin- 
ated, 84  b.  c. 

CINO  DA  PISTOIA,  an  Italian  juris- 
consult and  poet,  b.  at  Pistoia,  1270, 
tviiose  proper  name  was  Guittone.  He 
was  very  eminent  as  a  lawyer,  and  be- 
came a  senator  of  Koine,  and  professor 
Successively  at  various  universities.     In 


I 


addition  to  some  elegant  poetiy,  by 
which  he  is  chiefly  known,  he  wrote  a 
"  Commentary  on  the  Digest."     D.  13  06. 

CINQ-MAES,  He::fy'Cciffier,  mar- 
quis of,  was  son  of  the  marquis  d'Effiat, 
marshal  of  France.  He  was  introduced 
by  Cardinal  Richelieu  to  the  notice  of 
Louis  XIII.,  and  was  for  some  time  a 
most  distinguished  favorite  of  that  mon- 
arch. Ungrateful  equally  to  the  cardinal 
and  to  the  king,  he  instigated  Gaston, 
duke  of  Orleans,  the  king's  brother,  to 
rebellion.  They  had  proceeded  so  far  in 
their  treasonable  designs  as  to  set  on 
foot  a  treaty  with  Spain,  engaging  that 
power  to  assist  them.  But  the  vigilance 
of  the  cardinal  discovered  their  plans, 
and  the  marquis  was  apprehended  -jnd 
beheaded  in  1642. 

( 'II'KIANI,  John  Baptist,  an  enn  leni 
painter,  b.  at  Pistoia,  in  Tuscany.  His 
drawings  are  greatly  admired  for  their 
correctness,  fertility  of  invention,  and 
harmonious  coloring;  and  many  exqui- 
site engravings  were  made  from  them 
by  Bartolozzi.     D.  1785. 

CIRCIGNANO,  Nicholas,  an  Italian 
painter,  several  of  whose  works  are  in 
the  churches  of  Loretto  and  Rome.  D. 
1588.— Anthony,  son  of  the  above,  and 
also  eminent  as  a  painter.     D.  1620. 

CIRILLO,  Dominic,  an  Italian  bota- 
nist, president  of  the  Academy  at  Naples, 
and  professor  of  medicine  in  the  uni- 
versity of  that  city;  author  of  "The 
Neapolitan  Flora,"  a  "Treatise  on  the 
Essential  Characters  of  certain  Plants," 
&c.  When  the  French  entered  Naples, 
Cirillo  took  an  active  part  against  his 
sovereign,  and  on  the  restoration  of  le- 
gitimate government  was  executed  as  a 
traitor  in  17U5. 

CIVILIS,  Claudius,  sometimes  called 
Julius,  leader  of  the  revolt  of  the  Ger- 
manic nation  of  the  Batavi  against  the 
Romans,  A.  D.  GU-70,  as  chronicled  by 
Tacitus. 

CIVITALI.  Matteo,  an  Italian 
sculptor  and  architect. b.  at  Lucca,  1435; 
d.  1501.  He  followed  the  occupation  of 
a  barber  until  about  1470,  when  he  sud- 
denly rose  to  the  highest  rank  among  the 
sculptors  of  his  time.  His  greatest  works 
are  six  statues  of  white  marble  in  the 
cathedral  at  Lucca,  representing  Old 
I  estament  personages  Among  his 
architectural  works  is  the  Bernardine 
palace  at  Lucea. 

CLAGGETT,  John  Thomas,  first 
bishop  of  the  Protestant  episcopal  church 
in  Maryland,  b.  in  Prince  George's  county, 
1742;  d.  1818.  He  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton in  1762  and  immediately  commenced 


tla] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


293 


the  study  of  divinity.  The  Bishop  of 
London,  to  whose  diocese  all  the  Amer- 
ican colonies  were  attached,  ordained 
him  deacon  in  September,  and  priest  in 
Oct.,  1767.  He  was  rector  of  All  Saints' 
parish,  Calvert  county,  up  to  the  revolu- 
tionary war.  and  afterward  annexed  St. 
James's  parish  to  his  pastoral  field.  Upon 
the  organization  of  the  diocese  of  Mary- 
land he  was  elected  its  lirst  bishop,  and 
was  consecrated  in  New  York,  17:12  — 
William,  an  English  divine,  author  of 
four  volumes  of  sermons,  and  of  some 
tracts  against  dissent  and  Catholicism. 

CLAlKAULT,  Alexis,  a  French 
mathematician  ;  author  of  "  Elements 
of  Geometry,"  "Elements  of  Algebra," 
a  "  Treatise  on  the  Figure  of  the  Earth," 
<fec.  lie  was  remarkable  for  the  pre- 
cocity of  his  talent;  for  at  four  years  of 
aire  lie  could  read  and  write,  at  nine  he 
had  so  far  studied  mathematics  as  to  be 
able  to  solve  some  difficult  problems, 
and  at  eleven  lie  published  a  work  on 
curves.     B   1713;  d.  1765. 

CLAIRE,  Martin,  a  French  Jesuit, 
b.  at  St.  Valery,  l(il2;  d.  1693.  He 
gained  great  distinction  as  a  preacher, 
but  he  is  now  chiefly  remembered  for  hav- 
ing remodelled  the  Latin  hymns  of  his 
church  in  a  pure,  clear,  and  elegant  style. 
CLAIROX,  Claire  Josephixe  de  la 
Tudk,  a  celebrated  French  actress,  b. 
near  Coude,  1723,  and  who,  commen- 
cing her  histrionic  ctibrts  at  the  early 
age  of  12  years,  soon  became  the  first 
traffic  performer  of  her  age  and  couutrv. 
D.  1803. 

CLA1KBORNE,  William  C.  C,  gov- 
ernor of  Mississippi  and  Louisiana. 
Being  bred  a  lawyer,  he  settled  in  Ten- 
nessee, of  which  state  he  assisted  in 
forming  the  constitution,  and  afterwards 
represented  it  in  congress.  In  1S02  he 
was  appointed  governor  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi territory,  and  in  1804,  of  Louis- 
iana, to  which  office  he  was  chosen  by 
the  people,  after  the  adoption  of  its  con- 
stitution, from  1S12  to  1816.  lie.  was 
then  elected  a  senator  of  the  United 
States,  but  d.  before  he  took  his  scat,  in 
1817. 

CLAPPERTOX,  Hugh,  the  celebrated 
African  traveller,  was  b.  in  Annan,  Dum- 
friesshire, 178S,  and  at  the  age  of  13  was 
apprenticed  to  the  sea-service.  Having 
during  his  apprenticeship  inadvertently 
violated  the  excise  laws,  by  taking  a  few 
pounds  of  rock  salt  to  the'  mistress  of  a 
nouse  which  the  crew  frequented,  he 
consented  (rather  than  undergo  a  trial) 
to  go  on  board  the  Clorinda  frigate, 
•omrai  nded  by  Capt.  Briggs.  Through 
25* 


the  interest  of  friends  he  was  soon  pro- 
moted to  be  a  midshipman,  and  in  1814 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant,  and 
appoiutcd  to  the  command  of  the  Con- 
nance  schooner,  on  lake  Erie.  In  ls^i* 
he  was  chosen  to  accompany  Dr.  Oud- 
ney  and  Lieutenant  Den  ham  on  an  ex- 
pedition to  Central  Africa,  and  on  his 
return  to  England  he  received  the  rank 
of  captain.  In  six  months  afterwards 
he  was  dispatched  on  a  second  mission 
for  exploring  the  country  from  Tripoli 
to  Bornou,  but  was  not  allowed  to  enter 
the  place.  It  was  daring  the  period  of 
his  detention  that  he  was  attacked  with 
dysentery,  which  proved  fatal  at  Sacka- 
too,  on  the  13th  of  April,  1^:17. 

CLARENDON,  Edward  Hyde,  earl 
of,  lord  high  chancellor  of  England,  was 
b.  at  Dinton,  in  Wiltshire,  1608.  He 
was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  studied  law 
under  his  uncle,  Nicholas  Hyde,  chief 
justice  of  the  King's  Bench.  During 
the  civil  wars  he  zealously  attached  him- 
self to  the  royal  cause,  and  contributed 
more  than  any  other  man  to  the  resto- 
ration. In  bis  judicial  capacity  his  con- 
duct was  irreproachable,  though  he  was 
a  strong  loyalist.  But  lie  at  length  be- 
came unpopular,  and  was  removed  from 
his  high  employments,  and,  in  order  to 
escape  the  consequences  of  impeach- 
ment, found  it  prudent  to  go  into  vol- 
untary exile.  D.  at  Rouen,  1764.  His 
'•  History  of  the  Rebellion,"  taken  as  a 
whole,  is  an  admirable  work,  and  calcu- 
lated to  secure  to  his  memory  a  lasting 
fame.  His  daughter  Anne  was  married 
to  the  duke  of  York,  afterwards  James 
II. ;  and  two  daughters,  Anne  and  Mary, 
the  fruit  of  this  marriage,  both  ascended 
the  English  throne. — Henry  Hyde,  earl 
of,  son  of  the  foregoing,  was  b.  1638. 
He  was,  for  a  short  time,  lord  lieutenant 
of  Ireland,  in  the  reign  of  James  II., 
and  wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Irish  Re- 
bellion," &c.     D.  1709. 

CLARK,  William,  originally  of  Vir- 
ginia, was  b.  1770,  and  moved' with  his 
father's  family  to  Kentucky,  in  1784. 
They  arrived  at  the  falls  of  Ohio,  whc.e 
the  city  of  Louisville  now  stands,  on  the 
4th  of  March,  the  town  then  consisting 
of  but  a  few  log  cabins,  surrounding  a 
fort,  but  a  short  time  established  by 
Gen.  George  Rogers  Clark,  the  brother 
of  the  deceased.  In  180S  he  was  ten- 
dered by  Mr  Jefferson,  the  appointment 
of  captain  of  engineers,  to  assume  joint 
command  with  Captain  Merriwether 
Lewis,  of  the  northwestern  expedition 
to  the  Pacific  ocean.  This  was  accepted, 
and  the  party  left  St.  Louis  for  t  he  vast 


294 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CLA 


and  tlien  unexplored  regions  between 
the  Mississippi  river  and  the  ocean,  in 
March,  1804.  On  this  perilous  expedi- 
tion, lie  was  the  principal  military  di- 
rector, while  Lewis,  assisted  by  himself, 
was  the  scientific  manager.  Gen.  Clark 
kept  and  wrote  the  journal,  which  has 
been  since  published,  and  assisted  Lewis 
in  all  celestial  observations  when  they 
were  together.  In  1813,  President  Mad- 
ison appointed  him  governor  of  the  ter- 
ritory and  superintendent  of  Indian 
affairs.  He  held  these  offices  in  junc- 
tion, until  Missouri  was  admitted  into 
the  union,  in  1820.  In  1S22  he  was  ap- 
pointed, by  President  Monroe,  superin- 
tendent of  Indian  affairs.  As  commis- 
sioner and  superintendent  of  Indian 
affairs  for  a  long  series  of  years,  he 
made  treaties  with  almost  every  tribe 
of  Indians.     D.  1838. 

CLARKE,  Adam,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  modern  scholars  in  the  oriental 
languages,  and  biblical  antiquities.  He 
was  1).  iu  Ireland,  and  received  the  ru- 
diments of  learning  from  his  father, 
who  was  a  schoolmaster  in  that  coun- 
try; but  subsequently  studied  at  the 
school  founded  by  John  Wesley,  at 
Kingswood,  near  Bristol.  At  the  early 
age  of  18  he  became  a  travelling  preach- 
er in  the  Methodist  connection,  and  for 
20  years  continued  to  be  so.  But  though 
he  was  very  popular  as  a  preacher,  it  is 
chiefly  as  a  writer  that  he  is  known. 
He  published  a  very  curious  and  useful 
"Bibliographical  Dictionary;"  a  supple- 
ment to  that  work  ;  a  laborious  "Com- 
mentary on  the  Bible  ;"  a  "  Narrative 
of  the  last  Illness  and  Death  of  Richard 
Porson ;"  "  Memoirs  of  the  Wesley 
Family;"  and  edited  "Baxter's  Chris- 
tian Directory,"  and  several  other  reli- 
gious works.  His  "Commentary  on 
the  Bible"  alone  would  have  been  a  long 
labor  to  a  man  of  ordinary  industry. 
But  such  were  his  energy  and  perseve- 
rance, that  besides  the  above  works  and 
numerous  sermons,  he  wrote  four  elab- 
orate and  valuable  reports  on  the  state 
of  the  public  records,  and  edited  the 
Crst  volume  of  a  new  and  laborious  edi- 
tion of  Rymer's  "  Fcedera."  B.  1762  ; 
d.  of  cholera,  1332. — Edward  Daniel,  a 
celebrated  modern  traveller,  and  profes- 
sor of  mineralogy  at  Cambridge,  was  b. 
1767.  He  accompanied  Lord  Berwick 
to  Paly  in  1794;  and  in  1799  he  com- 
menced a  tour  through  Denmark,  Swe- 
den, Lapland,  Finland,  Russia,  Tartary, 
Circassia,  Asia  Minor,  Syria,  Palestine, 
Egypt,  Greece,  and  Turkey,  returning 
in  1802,  through  Germany  and  France. 


By  his  exertions  the  library  of  Cam- 
bridge was  enriched  with  nearly  a  hun- 
dred volumes  of  manuscripts,  and  the 
colossal  statue  of  the  Eleusinian  Ceres. 
He  also  brought  to  England  the  sar- 
cophagus of  Alexander,  and  a  splendid 
collection  of  mineralogical  specimens, 
which  he  turned  to  the  best  advantage 
in  his  subsequent  popular  lectures  on 
mineralogy,  when  he  was  appointed  to 
the  professor's  chair  in  180S.  D.  1821. 
— Jeremiah,  organist  to  St.  Paul's  ca- 
thedral. His  compositions  are  not  nu- 
merous, but  they  are  remarkable  for 
pathetic  melody.  An  imprudent  and 
hopeless  passion  for  a  lady  of  high  rank 
so  much  disordered  his  mind,  that  he 
committed  suicide,  in  1707. — John,  an 
American  divine  and  writer;  author  of 
"Funeral  Discourses;"  a  popular  l-act, 
entitled  "An  Answer  to  the  Quest.  Dn, 
'Why  arc  You  a  Christian?'  "  <fec.  D. 
1798. — Samuel,  a  learned  English  di- 
vine ;  author  of  "  Scientia  Metrica  et 
Rhythmica,"  &c.  D.  1669. — Abraham, 
a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence, was  b.  in  New  Jersey  in  1726. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  the  continental 
congress,  a  member  of  the  general  con- 
vention which  framed  the  constitution, 
and  a  representative  in  the  2d  congress 
of  the  United  States.  D.  1794.  He  was 
a  man  of  exemplary  and  unsullied  in- 
tegrity.— George  Rogers,  colonel  in  the 
service  of  Virginia  against  the  Indians 
in  the  revolutionary  war,  distinguished 
himself  greatly  in  that  post,  and  ren- 
dered efficient  service  to  the  inhabitants 
of  the  frontiers.  In  1779  he  descended 
the  Ohio,  and  built  Fort  Jefferson  on 
the  eastern  bank  of  the  Mississippi;  in 
1781  he  received  a  general's  commission. 
D.  1817,  at  his  scat  near  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky.— Samuel,  a  celebrated  English 
theoioirian  and  natural  philosopher,  was 
b.  at  Norwich,  167-t.  While  at  college, 
he  translated  "Rohault's  Physics,"  in 
order  to  familiarize  students  with  the 
reasoning  of  the  Newtonian  philosophy. 
When  he  took  or  lers,  he  became  chap- 
lain to  the  bishop  of  Norwich,  and  ap- 
peared as  an  author  in  his  own  profes 
sion,  in  1699,  when  he  published  "Three 
practical  Essays  on  Baptism,  Confirma- 
tion, and  Repentance."  By  this  work 
he  established  his  reputation  as  a  writer; 
and  he  now  entered  the  lists  as  a  con- 
troversialist, by  publishing  "Reflec- 
tions" on  a  book  by  Toland,  entitled 
"  Amyntor."  In  1704—  5  he  was  appoint- 
ed to'  preach  the  sermons  at  Boyle's 
Lecture,  and  took  for  the  subjects  of  his 
sixteen  sermons,  "  The  Being  and  Attri- 


cla] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    I IOGRAPHT. 


295 


butes  of  God,"  and  "The  Evidences  of 
Natural  and  Revealed  Religion."  Tn 
1712  he  published  a  new  and  valuable 
sdition  of  "  Caesar's  Commentaries,"  and 
a  work  entitled,  "The  Scripture  Doe- 
trine  of  the  Trinity."  This  work  in- 
volved him  in  a  controversy,  m  which 
his  principal  opponent  was  Dr.  Water- 
land  ;  and  the  heterodoxy  of  Dr.  Clarke 
was  made  the  subject  of  a  complaint  in 
the  lower  house  of  convocation.  Sub- 
sequently he  had  a  controversy  with 
Leibnitz  on  the  principles  of  religion 
and  natural  philosophy;  and  pave  con- 
siderable offence  by  altering  the  singing 
psalms  at  St.  James's,  where  he  was  i 
chaplain  to  Queen  Anne.  The  latter 
part  of  his  life  was  distinguished  by  his 
letter  to  Mr.  Hoadley,  "  On  the  Propor- 
tion of  Velocity  and  Force  in  Bodies  in 
Motion,"  and  his  edition  of  "Homer's 
Iliad"  with  a  Latin  version.  D.  1729. — 
John,  brother  of  the  above,  clean  of 
Salisbury;  author  of  "Sermons  on  the 
Origin  of  Evil,"  a  translation  of  Gro- 
fcius's  "De  Veritate,"  &c.  D.  1729.— 
William,  an  English  divine  and  writer; 
author  of  "The  Connection  of  the  Ro- 
man, Saxon,  and  English  Coins,"  "A 
Discourse  on  the  Commerce  of  the  Ro- 
mans," &c.     D.  1771. 

CLARKSON,  Thomas,  a  man  whose 
whole  life  may  be  said  to  have  almost 
passed  in  laboring  to  effect  the  extinc- 
tion of  the  slave  trade,  was  b.  at  Wis- 
beach,  in  Suffolk,  in  1760.  He  was  first 
brought  into  notice  as  the  friend  of  the 
negro  by  a  Latin  prize  essay  upon  this 
subject,  which  was  afterwards  published 
in  English.  Associations  were  formed, 
and  the  question  was  agitated  and  dis- 
cussed throughout  England  ;  at  length 
Mr.  Clarkson  having  become  acquainted 
with  Mr.  Wilberforce,  it  was  agreed  that 
the  latter  gentleman  should  bring  the 
subject  under  the  notice  of  parliament. 
This  was  in  1737,  and  it  there  met  with 
various  success  until  1807,  when  the 
memorable  anti-slavery  law  obtained  the 
sanction  of  the  legislature.  D.  Sept.  26, 
1846.  aged  85. 

CLAUDE,  Johx,  nn  eminent  French 
Protestant  divine.  He  composed  a  re- 
ply to  a  work  of  the  Port-Royalists  on 
the  eneharist,  and  was  involved,  in  con- 
sequence, in  a  controversy  with  the 
Catholic  writers,  in  which  he  displayed 
mmense  controversial  powf  .     D.  1637. 

CLAUDE  LORRAINE,  sc  called  from 
the  place  of  his  birth,  was  an  admira  >le 
landscape  painter.  His  real  name  was 
Claude  Gelee,  and  he  was  the  son  of 
poor  parents,  who  put  him  apprentice, 


it  's  said,  but  doubtfully,  to  a  pastry- 
cook. The  love  of  art,  however,  pre- 
vaJed  over  the  circumstances  in  which 
he  was  placed ;  and  having  received 
some  instructions  in  drawing  from  his 
brother,  who  was  a  wood-engraver,  he 
went  to  Rome,  and  was  employed  by 
the  painter  Tassi,  from  whom  he  re- 
ceived instructions  in  the  fundamental 
principles  of  his  art.  But  it  was  from 
the  study  of  nature  that  he  derived  his 
best  lessons,  and  in  that  study  he  was 
unwearied,  passing  entire  days  in  the 
fields,  noting  every  change  in  the  aspect 
of  nature  at  the  various  stages  of  the 
clay,  from  sunrise  to  dusk.  The  sight 
of  some  pictures  by  Godfrey  Vals  en- 
chanted him  so  much,  that,  in  spite  of 
his  poverty,  he  travelled  to  Naples  to 
study  with  the  artist.  His  genius  now 
unfolded  itself  with  such  rapidity,  that 
he  was  soon  considered  one  of  the  first 
landscape  painters  of  his  time  ;  particu- 
larly after  he  had  studied,  in  Lombardy, 
the  paintings  of  Giorgione  and  Titian, 
whereby  his  coloring  and  ehiaro-oscnro 
were  greatly  improved.  After  making 
a  journey  into  his  native  country,  he 
settled,  in  1627,  in  Rome,  where  his 
works  were  greatly  sought  for.  so  that 
he  was  enabled  to  live  much  at  his  ease, 
until  1632,  when  he  died  of  the  gout. 
The  principal  galleries  of  Italy,  France, 
England.  Spain  and  Germany  are  adorn- 
ed with  his  productions. 

CLAUDIANUS,  Claudius,  a  Latin 
poet,  whose  place  of  nativity  is  sup- 
posed to  be  Alexandria,  in  Egypt.  He 
flourished  under  the  reigns  of  Theodo- 
sius,  Arcadins.  and  Honorius ;  and  a 
statue  was  erected  to  his  honor  in  the 
forum  of  Trajan. 

CLAUDIUS,  TruERius  Drusus,  a  Ro- 
man emperor,  was  b.  9  b.  c,  at  Lyons, 
and  originally  called  Genmnieus.  After 
spending  50  years  of  his  life  in  a  private 
station,  unhonored  and  but  little  known, 
he  was,  on  the  murder  of  Caligula,  his 
uncle,  proclaimed  emperor  by  the  body- 
guard, and  confirmed  in  the  sovereignty 
by  the  senate.  At  first  he  performed 
some  praiseworthy  acts,  but  he  soon  bo- 
eame  contemptible  for  his  debauchery 
and  voluptuousness,  and  he  died  of 
poison  administered  by  his  second  wife, 
Agrippina,  54. — IT.,  Marcus  Aurelius 
Flavius,  sumarncd  Gothicus,  a  Roman 
emperor,  b.  214,  was  raised  to  the  throno 
on  the  death  of  Gallienns  ;  and,  by  his 
virtues,  as  well  as  by  his  splendid  victo- 
ries over  the  Goths',  he  proved  himself 
worthy  of  his  exalted  station.     D.  270. 

CLAUSEL,  Bertrand,  a  distinguish 


296 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CL3 


ed  French  soldier,  b.  at  Mirepoix,  1773.  ' 
He  had  already  gained  distinction  in  the 
army  of  the  Pyrenees,  at  St.  Domingo, 
in  Italy,  and  Dahnatia,  when  he  was 
sent  to' Spain  in  1810,  under  Junot  and 
Massena.  He  besieged  Ciudad  Kodrigo, 
was  wounded  at  Salamanca,  and  having 
saved,  during  a  retreat  memorable  in 
military  annals,  the  army  of  Portugal, 
and  led  it  into  Spain,  was  appointed 
commander-in-chief  in  the  north  of 
Spain,  1813.  Banished  on  the  return  of 
the  Bourbons  in  1815,  he  retired  to  the 
United  States,  where  he  remained  some 
years.  Immediately  after  the  revolution 
of  1830  he  was  appointed  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  forces  in  Algeria;  but 
the  check  he  sustained  at  Constantine, 
in  1836,  led  to  his  resignation,  and  the 
rest  of  his  days  were  passed  in  retire- 
ment.    I).  1S42. 

CLAVIERE,  Etienxe,  a  statesman 
end  financier,  was  a  native  of  Geneva, 
and  for  some  time  conducted  a  bank  in 
that  city  ;  but  was  forced  to  emigrate  to 
France  on  account  of  the  part  he  took  in 
some  political  offences.  In  conjunction 
with  Brissot,  he  published  a  treatise, 
"  De  la  France  et  des  Etats  Dnis."  Dis- 
playing great  zeal  in  revolutionizing 
France  and  her  colonies,  he  obtained 
considerable  influence;  but  on  the  fall 
of  the  Girondists  he  was  arrested,  and 
committed  suicide  in  prison,  1793. 

CLAVIGERO,  Fbancesco  Saveiro,  a 
native  of  Vera  Cruz,  in  Mexico.  Hav- 
ing made  himself  acquainted  with  the 
traditions  and  antiquities  of  the  Mexi- 
cans, he  wrote  a  very  valuable  work, 
entitled,  "The  History  of  Mexico." 

CLAVIUS,  Christopher,  a  German 
Jesuit  and  mathematician.  By  order  of 
Pope  Gregory  XIII.  he  corrected  the 
calendar  ;  and  he  ably  defended  himself 
against  the  animadversions  on  his  labor 
of  the  elder  Scaliger  and  others.  He 
also  published  some  valuable  mathe- 
matical works,  among  which  was  an 
edition  of  Euclid,  with  annotations.  D. 
1612. 

CLAYTON,  Robert,  bishop  of  Clog- 
her;  author  of  an  "Introduction  to  the 
History  of  the  Jews,"  "  The  Chronology 
of  the' Bible  Vindicated,"  "A  Vindica- 
tion of  the  Histories  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testament,"  written  against  Bo- 
lingbrokc,  &c,  &e.  B.  1005  ;'  d.  1758  — 
John,  an  eminent  botanist  and  physi- 
cian of  Virginia,  was  b.  in  England,  and 
came  to  America  in  1705.  He  was  clerk 
or  prothonotary  for  Gloucester  county, 
in  Virginia,  51  years.  D.  1773,  aged  87. 
•—Joshua,  a  physician,  was  the  president 


of  Delaware  from  1789  to  17!  3,  and 
governor  under  the  present  constitution, 
from  1703  to  179G.  In  1798  he  was  electa 
ed  to  the  senate  of  the  United  States. 
During  the  war,  when  the  Peruvian 
bark  was  scarce,  he  substituted  for  it 
successfully  in  bis  practice,  the  poplar 
Liviodendron  tulvpifera,  combined  with 
nearly  an  equal  q\  untity  of  the  bark  of 
the  root  of  the  dog;vood,  Cornus  Florida. 
D.  1799. 

CLEAVER,  William,  bishop  of  St. 
Asaph,  and  principal  of  Brazenose  col- 
lege, Oxford;  author  of  "Directions  to 
the  Clergy  on  the  Choice  of  Books," 
"  Observations  on  Marsh's  Dissertations 
on  the  Gospels  of  Matthew,  Mark,  and 
Luke,"  "  Sermons,"  and  other  theologi- 
cal works,  and  a  "  Treatise  on  Greek 
Metres."  He  was  also  editor  of  the 
celebrated  "Oxford  Homer,"  published 
under  the  patronage  of  Lord  Greuville. 
D.  1815. 

CLEG  HORN,  George,  a  Scotch  phy- 
sician, surgeon,  and  anatomist;  authoi 
of  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  Minor- 
ca," &c.     D.  1789. 

CLELAND,  James,  a  distinguished 
statistical  writer,  who  held  the  office  of 
superintendent  of  public  works  at  Glas- 
gow, and  by  his  numerous  publications 
of  a  local  nature,  gained  the  esteem  of 
all  conversant  with  political  economy. 
B.  1770;  d.  1840. 

CLEMENS,  Romanus,  an  early  Chris- 
tian, a  fellow-traveller  of  St.  Paul,  and, 
subsequently,  bishop  of  Rome.  His 
epistle  to  the  church  of  Corinth  is  to  be 
found  in  the  "  Patres  Apostolici"  of  Le 
Clerc.  Clemens  is  said  to  have  died  at 
Rome,  at  the  end  of  the  1st  century. — 
Titus  Fi.avius,  known  as  Clement  of 
Alexandria,  one  of  the  fathers  of  the 
church.  About  the  year  189  he  succeed- 
ed Pantcenus  in  the  catechetical  school 
of  Alexandria,  and  taught  there  until 
202,  when  the  edict  of  Severus  compelled 
him  to  seek  a  new  abode.  When  or 
where  he  died  is  unknown.  His  chief 
works  are  "  Prtetrepticon,  or  an  Exhort- 
ation to  the  Pagans,"  "  Psedagogns,  or 
the  Instructor,"  "What  Rich  Man  shall 
be  Saved,"  and  "Strorr.ata,"  the  last 
named  of  which  is  a  very  valuable  mis- 
cellaneous work,  contai"  ing  facts  and 
quotations  to  be  met  with  in  no  other 
writer. 

CLEMENT  XIV.,  Pope,  whose  real 
name  was  Gaxganei.li.  was  a  native  of 
St.  Archanfrelo,  near  Rimini.  In  1759 
he  was  raised  to  the  cardinalate  by  Pope 
Clement  XIIL,  and  on  the  death  of  that 
pontiff  he  was  elected  his  successor. 


cle] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


297 


He  was  at  first  apparently  disinclined  to 
the  suppression  of  the  powerful  but 
unpopular  order  of  the  Jesuits,  but  ho 
at  length  became  convinced  of  the  ne- 
cessity for  their  suppression,  and  he 
signed  the  brief  for  it  in  1773.  Clement 
was  one  of  the  most  enlightened  and 
benevolent  characters  that  ever  wore 
the  tiara.  D.  1775. — Francis,  a  French 
Benedictine  monk;  author  of  a  comple- 
tion of  "  L'Art  de  verifier  les  Dates,"  a 
"Treatise  on  the  Origin  of  the  Samari- 
tan Bible,"  &c.  D.  1793.— Jean  Marie 
Bernard,  a  French  critic  and  dramatic 
writer,  who  distinguished  himself  by 
his  strictures  on  the  works  of  Voltaire, 
La  Harpe,  and  others.  He  is  the  author 
of  the  tragedy  of  "  Medea."— B.  1742  ; 
d.  1812. 

CLEMENTI.  Muzio,  an  eminent  com- 
poser and  pianist;  the  lather  of  piano- 
forte music,  and  a  genius  whose  fancy 
was  as  unbounded  as  his  science.  B.  at 
Eome.  1752 ;  d.  1832. 

CLEOPATRA,  queen  of  Egypt,  was 
the  daughter  of  Ptolemy  Auletes,  who, 
at  his  death,  left  his  crown  to  her  and 
her  younger  brother,  Ptolemy ;  but  be- 
ing  minors,  they  were  placed  under  the 
guardianship  of  Pothinus  and  Achilles, 
who  deprived  Cleopatra  of  her  share  of 
the  government.  Caesar,  however,  who 
had  met  her  at  Alexandria,  being  struck 
with  her  youthful  charms,  proclaimed 
her  queen  of  Egypt ;  and  for  some  time 
Cleopatra  exercised  a  very  potent  and 
injurious  influence  over  the  Roman 
warrior.  After  Caesar's  death  she  ex- 
erted her  art,  and  used  her  beauty  and 
accomplishments  to  entangle  the  trium- 
vir, Mark  Antony  ;  and  becoming  in- 
volved in  the  ruin  he  brought  upon 
himself  in  his  contest  with  Octavius,  she 
put  an  end  to  her  existence,  by  applying 
an  asp  to  her  arm,  the  bite  of  which 
caused  her  immediate  death,  30  B.C., 
asred  39. 

"CLEOSTRATUS,  a  native  of  Tenedos, 
and  an  eminent  astronomer  and  mathe- 
matician. He  first  arranged  the  signs 
of  the  zodiac,  Aries  and  Sagittarius,  and 
corrected  the  error  of  the  length  of  the 
Grecian  year,  by  introducing:  the  period 
termed  Octoetaris.  According  to  Dr. 
Priestley,  he  flourished  in  the  6th  cen- 
„ury  b.  c. 

CLERC,  John  le,  a  celebrated  scholar, 
O.  at  Geneva,  16~>7.  As  his  father  was  a 
physician  of  eminence,  and  a  Greek  pro- 
fessor at  Geneva,  the  greatest  attention 
was  paid  to  his  education,  and  after 
itudying  belles  lettres  and  the  classics 
(rith  the  most  indefatigable  earnestness, 


he  directed  his  thoughts  to  divinity  at 
the  age  of  19,  and  was  at  the  proper 
time  admitted  into  orders.  lie  soon 
after  embraced  Arminianism,  and  after 
residing  some  time  at  Saumnr,  he  visit- 
ed England,  where  he  was  honored  with 
the  acquaintance  of  many  learned  and 
respectable  characters.  At  Amsterdam, 
1688,  he  became  popular  as  a  preacher, 
and  particularly  as  professor  of  philos- 
ophy, Hebrew,  and  polite  literature.  His 
"Ars  Critica"  was  published  in  1696, 
and  in  1709  appeared  his  '•  Sulpieius 
Severus,"  his  "  Grotius,"  and  also  the 
"  Remains  of  Menander  and  Philemon," 
a  collection  which  drew  upon  him  the 
severe  censures  of  those  able  scholars, 
Bcntley  and  Burman.     D.  1736. 

CLERFAYT,  Francis  Sebastian 
Charles  Joskph  de  Croix,  count  de,  an 
Austrian  general,  who  served  with  great 
distinction  in  the  seven  years'  war,  par- 
ticularly at  the  battles  of  Prague,  Lissa, 
&c.  From  the  conclusion  of  that  war 
till  1788,  when  he  took  the  field  agains' 
the  Turks,  he  lived  in  retirement ;  but 
in  the  war  which  arose  out  of  the  Frencl 
revolution,  he  commanded  the  Austria? 
army  with  great  credit  to  himself,  it- 
1793  and  1794,  though  overborne  b) 
numbers,  and  often  defeated  in  eonse 
quence.  In  1795  he  was  made  field 
marshal,  and  general-in-chief  on  tht- 
Rhine,  and  closed  his  military  career  bj 
totally  foiling  the  plans  of  the  French 
He  then  resigned  his  command  to  the 
Archduke  Charles,  and  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Austrian  council  of  war.  D. 
1798. 

CLERMONT  TONNERE,  Antoine 
Jules  de,  cardinal,  and  chief  of  the 
French  bishops,  was  bishop  of  Chalons 
in  1782,  and  was  an  active  member  from 
his  diocese  to  the  states-general.  He  is 
chiefly  mentioned,  however,  as  the  au- 
thor of  a  most  interesting  "  Journal  of 
what  occurred  at  the  Temple  daring  the 
Captivity  of  Louis  XVI."  B.  1749 ;  d. 
1839. — Stanislaus,  count  de,  was  one 
of  the  first  among  the  nobility  to  side 
with  the  popular  "party  in  the  opening 
scenes  of  the  French  revolution.  Hav- 
ing at  length  given  umbrage  to  his  party 
he  was  put  to  death  in  1792. 

CLEVELAND,  John,  a  political  wri- 
ter of  the  time  of  Charles  I.  He  stren- 
uously supported  the  cause  of  that 
monarch,  and,  for  a  time,  prevented 
Cromwell  from  being  returned  member 
of  parliament  for  Cambridge.  When 
the  civil  war  actually  broke  out  he  join- 
ed the  royal  army,  and  was  made  judge 
advocate  to  the  troops  which  garrisoued 


298 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cm 


Newark.  Ofhis  satires  several  editions 
have  been  printed,  but  they  have  shared 
the  fate  of  most  works  written  on  tem- 
porary Miibieets,  and  are  now  known  to 
but  few.     I).  1659. 

CLIFFORD,  George,  earl  of  Cumber- 
land, an  eminent  naval  commander  and 
scholar  of  the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 
He  was  present  at  the  trial  of  the  unfor- 
tunate queen  of  Scotland,  and  in  the 
same  year  sailed  for  the  coast  of  South 
America,  where  he  made  himself  very 
formidable  to  the  Portuguese.  lie  was 
captain  of  one  of  the  ships  engaged 
against  the  memorable  "  Armada"  of 
Spain,  and  subsequently  commanded 
several  expeditions  to  the  Spanish  main 
and  the  Western  islands ;  in  one  of 
which  expeditions  he  had  the  good  for- 
tune to  capture,  a  galleon,  valued  at 
£150,000.  B.  1558;  d.  1605.— Anne, 
daughter  of  the  preceding.  She  "'as 
married  first  to  Richard,  Lord  Buck- 
hurst,  afterwards  earl  of  Dorset,  and 
second  son  to  Philip,  earl  of  Pembroke. 
She  possessed  considerable  literary  abil- 
ity, and  wrote  memoirs  of  her  first  hus- 
band, and  of  some  of  her  ancestors. 
But  she  was  chiefly  distinguished  by 
her  generosity  and  high  spirit.  She 
built  two  hospitals,  repaired  several 
churches,  and  erected  monuments  to  the 
memory  of  Spenser  and  Daniels,  the 
latter  of  whom  had  been  her  tutor. 

CLINTON,  James,  was  b.  1736,  in 
Ulster  county,  New  York.  He  display- 
ed an  early  inclination  for  a  military  life, 
and  held  successively  several  offices  in 
the  militia  and  provincial  troops.  Du- 
ring the  French  war  he  exhibited  many 
proofs  of  courage,  and  received  the  ap- 
pointment of  captain-commandant  of  the 
Four  regiments  levied  for  the  protection 
of  the  western  frontiers  of  the  counties 
Ulster  and  Orange.  In  1775  he  was  ap- 
pointed colonel  of  the  third  regiment  of 
New  York  forces,  and  in  the  same  year 
marched  with  Montgomery  to  Quebec. 
During  the  war  he  rendered  eminent 
services  to  his  country,  and  on  the  con- 
clusion of  it  retired  to  enjoy  repose  on 
his  ample  estates.  He  was,  however, 
frequently  called  from  retirement  by  the 
unsolicited  voice  of  his  fellow-citizens  ; 
and  was  a  member  of  the  convention  for 
the  adoption  of  the  present  constitution 
of  the  United  States.  D.  1812.— George, 
vice-] (resident  of  the  United  States,  was 
b.  in  the  county  of  Ulster,  New  York, 
1739,  and  was  educated  to  the  profession 
of  the  law.  In  17(>8  he  was  chosen  to  a 
*eat  in  the  colonial  assembly,  and  was 
elected   a    lelegate    to    the   continental 


congress  in  1775.  In  1776  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  brigadier  in  the  army  of  the 
United  States,  and  continued  during  the 
progress  of  the  war  to  render  important, 
services  to  the  military  department.  In 
April,  1777,  he  was  elected  both  govcr- 
nor,  and  lieutenant-governor  of  New 
York,  and  was  continued  in  the  forme* 
office  for  eighteen  years.  He  was  unan- 
imously chosen  president  of  the  con- 
vention which  assembled  at  Pough- 
keepsic,  in  1788,  to  deliberate  on  tha 
new  federal  constitution.  In  1801  he 
again  accepted  the  office  of  governor, 
and  after  continuing  in  that  capacity  for 
three  years  he  was  elevated  to  the  vice- 
presidency  of  the  United  States  ;  a  dig- 
nity which  he  retained  till  his  death  at 
'Washington,  in  1S12. — De  Witt,  was  b. 
1769,  at  Little  Britain,  in  Orange  county, 
New  York.  He  was  educated  at  Colum- 
bia college,  commenced  the  study  of  the 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  hut 
was  never  much  engaged  in  professional 
practice.  He  early  imbibed  a  predilec- 
tion for  political  life,  ■and  was  appointed 
the  private  secretary  of  his  uncle,  Geo. 
Clinton,  then  governor  of  the  state.  In 
1797  he  was  sent  to  the  lcgislature,from 
the  city  of  New  York  ;and  two  years  after 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  state  senate. 
In  1801  he  was  appointed  a  senator  of 
the  United  States,  and  continued  in  that 
capacity  for  two  sessions.  He  retired 
from  the  senate  in  1803,  in  consequence 
of  his  election  to  the  mayoralty  of  New 
York,  an  office  to  which  he  was  annual- 
ly re-elected,  with  the  intermission  of 
but  two  years,  till  1815.  In  1817  he  was 
elected,  almost  unanimously,  governor 
of  the  state,  was  again  chosen  in  1820, 
but  in  1822  declined  being  a  candidate 
for  re-election.  In  1810  Mr.  Clinton  had 
been  appointed,  by  the  senate  of  his 
state,  one  of  the  board  of  canal  commis- 
sioners, but  the  displeasure  ofhis  polit- 
ical opponents  having  been  excited,  he 
was  removed  from  this  office  in  1828, by 
a  vote  of  both  branches  of  the  legisla- 
ture. This  insult  created  a  strong  re- 
action in  popular  feeling,  and  Mr. 
Clinton  was  immediately  nominated  for 
governor,  and  elected  by  an  unprece- 
dented majority.  Tn  1826  he  was  again 
elected,  but  he  d.  before  the  completion 
of  his  term,  February  11,  1828.  Mr. 
Clinton  was  not  only  eminent  as  a  states- 
man, but  he  occupied  a  conspicuous 
rank  as  a  man  of  learning.  His  national 
services  were  of  the  highest  importance, 
and  the  Erie  canal  especially,  though 
the  honor  of  projecting  it  may  belong  to 
another,  will  remain  a  perpetual  moan- 


CLO] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


299 


ment  cf  the  patriotism  and  perseverance 
of   Clinton. — Sir    Henry,    an    English 

general,  served  in  the  Hanoverian  war, 
and  was  sent  to  America  in  1775,  with 
the  rank  of  major-general.  He  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  battle  of  Bunker 
Hill,  evacuated  Philadelphia  in  1778, 
mid  took  Charleston  in  1780.  He  re- 
turned to  England  in  1782,  and  soon 
afrer  published  an  account  of  the  cam- 
paign in  17S1-83,  which  Lord  Cornwall 
lis  answered,  and  to  which  Sir  Henry 
made  a  reply.  He  was  governor  of 
Gibraltar  in  1795,  and  also  member  for 
Newark,  and  d.  soon  after.  lie  was  the 
author  of  "  Observations  on  Stedman's 
History  of  the  American  War." 

CL1TUS,  a  distinguished  Macedonian 
general,  who  saved  the  life  of  Alexander 
the  Great  at  the  battle  of  the  Granieus, 
but  who,  having  expostulated  with  his 
imperial  master  when  the  latter  was  in  a 
fit  of  intoxication,  was  slain  by  him. 

CL1VE,  Robert,  Lord  Clive,  and 
baron  Plassey,  was  b.  1725,  and  in  his 
19th  year  went  to  India  a>  a  writer,  but 
soon  quitted  that  employment  for  the 
army.  Being  intrusted  with  the  attack 
of  Devicottah,  a  fort  of  the  rajah  of 
Tanjore,  he  performed  this  important 
duty  so  well,  that  he  was  shortly  after- 
wards made  commissary.  The  French 
having  artfully  obtained  considerable 
territory  in  the  Carnatic,  Ch'.ce  advised 
that  an  attack  should  be  made  on  the 
city  of  Arcot,  which  being  intrusted  to 
him,  a  complete  victory  was  obtained. 
This  unexpected  victory  drew  off  the 
French  from  Trichinopoly,  which  they 
were  then  besieging,  to  retake  Arcot, 
which  (live  defended  in  such  a  manner 
that  they  were  compelled  to  raise  the 
sie<re.  This  was  followed  by  a  series  of 
victories  ;  and  in  1753  he  embarked  for 
England,  where  he  received  a  valuable 
present  from  the  East  India  Company, 
and  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  the  kind's  service.  After  a 
short  stay  in  England  for  the  benefit  of 
his  health,  he  returned-  to  India,  and 
was  shortly  called  upon  to  march  to  Cal- 
cutta, ot  which  the  nabob  Surajah  Dow- 
lah  had  taken  possession.  He  was  again 
successful,  and  perceiving  that  there 
could  be  no  permanent  peace  obtained 
until  the  nabob  was  dethroned,  he  made 
the  necessary  arrangements,  and  in  the 
famous  battle  of  Plassey,  put  the  nabob 
completely  to  the  rout,  and  established 
the  power  of  the  English  more  firmly 
jhan  it  had  ever  before  been.  As  gov- 
irnor  of  Calcutta,  Lord  Clive  performed 
great  services,  both  civil  and  military ; 


and  when  he  returned  to  England  ho 
was  raised  to  the  first  peerage  by  the 
titles  which  stand  at  the  head  of  this 
article.  He  once  more  visited  India, 
but  was  called  upon  only  for  civil  meas- 
ures, which  he  took  with  his  usuai 
sagacity.  In  1707  he  returned  to  En- 
gland, having  done  more  to  extend  the 
English  territory  and  consolidate  the 
English  power  in  India  than  any  other 
commander.  But  the  large  wealth  he 
had  acquired  during  his  long  and  ardu- 
ous services  exposed  him  to  an  accusa- 
tion in  the  house  of  commons  of  having 
abused  his  power.  Tie  charge  fell  to 
the  ground,  but  it  had  he  effect  of  in- 
juring his  mind  so  deeply  mat  he  com- 
mitted suicide  in  1774. — Catharine,  a 
celebrated  actress,  was  the  daughter  of 
an  Irish  gentleman  named  Euftar.  At 
an  early  age  she  gave  her  hand  to  Mr. 
Clive,  a  barrister;  but  a  separation 
taking  place  between  them,  she  took 
the  stage  for  her  profession,  and  became 
a  very  great  favorite.  In  private  life  her 
wit  caused  her  to  be  sought  by  persons 
of  the  highest  rank.     D.  1785. 

CLOOTS,  John  Baptist  de,  a  Prus- 
sian baron,  better  known  as  Anaciiarsis 
Cloots,  one  of  the  wildest  and  most 
violent  actors  in  the  early  scenes  of  the 
French  revolution.  He  was  b.  at  Cleves, 
and  very  early  dissipated  the  greater 
portion  of  his  fortune.  In  1790,  being 
at  Paris,  he  presented  himself  at  the 
bar  of  the  national  assembly,  attended 
by  a  number  of  men  dressed  to  repre- 
sent various  foreign  nations;  and,  de- 
scribing himself  as  the  "orator  of  the 
human  race,"  he  demanded  the  right  of 
confederation.  After  making  himself 
conspicuous  by  a  variety  of  projects,  ho 
was  in  1792  sent  to  the  national  conven- 
tion as  deputy  from  the  department  of 
the  Oise.  He  was  among  those  who 
voted  for  the  death  of  the  unfortunate 
Louis  XVI.,  but  becoming  an  object  of 
suspicion  to  Robespierre,  he  was  arrest- 
ed, and  guillotined  in  1791. 

CLOSTERMAN,  John,  a  German 
portrait  painter.  He  was  employed  in 
Spain,  Italy,  and  England  :  in  the  latter 
country  there  are  many  of  his  works  ; 
among  them  the  great  picture  of  Queen 
Anne,  in  Guildhall,  London.     D.  1713. 

CLOVIS.  the  first  Christian  king  of 
France.  From  a  comparatively  petty 
tract  he  extended  his  rule  far  and  wide, 
partly  by  force  of  arms  and  partly  by 
lii*  marriage  witli  Clotilda,  daughter  of 
Childeric,  the  deceased  king  of  the  Bur 
gundians.  Having  conquered  the  petty 
independent  states  of  Gaul,  he  added 


300 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cob 


them  to  Lis  dominions,  and  established 
the  capita!  of  his  kingdom  at  Paris, 
where  lie  d.  in  511. 

CLOWES,  John,  an  English  divine, 
rector  of  the  church  of  St.  John  at  Man- 
chester. Embracing  the  doctrines  of 
Swedenborg,  he  published  translations 
of  a  large  portion  of  his  theological  wri- 
tings, and  many  works  in  agreement 
with  them.     B.  1743;  d.  1881. 

CLUBBE,  John,  an  English  divine, 
author  of  a  satirical  tract,  entitled  "The 
History  and  Antiquities  of  Wheatfield," 
intended  as  a  satire  on  conjectural  ety- 
mologists ;  "  A  Letter  of  Advice  to  a 
Young  Clergyman,"  &c.  D.  1773. — 
William,  son  of  the  above,  vicar  of 
Brandeston,  in  Suffolk;  translator  of 
Horace's  "  Art  of  Poetry,"  and  of  six 
of  the  satires  of  that  poet,  and  author 
of  three  lvric  odes,  &c.     D.  1814. 

CLUTTERBUCK,  Robert,  an  English 
antiquary  and  topographer,  was  a  native 
of  Hertfordshire,  and  having  an  inde- 
pendent fortune,  devoted  his  time  to 
scientific  and  literary  pursuits.  Having 
collected  materials  for  a  new  edition  of 
Ohaunoey's  "  History  of  Hertfordshire," 
he  changed  his  plan,  and  produced  a 
new  work  instead  of  re-editing  the  old 
one.     D.  1831. 

CLITVIKR,  Philip,  a  Dutch  soldier 
and  scholar,  author  of  "Germania  An- 
tiqua,"  "  Sieilia  Antiqua,"'  "  Italia  An- 
tiqua,"  &c.  He  is  said  to  have  under- 
stood and  spoken  with  fluency  no  fewer 
than  nine  languages.     D.  1023. 

CLYMER,  George,  a  patriot  of  the 
American  revolution,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  independ- 
ence. He  was  educated  a  merchant. 
In  1775  he  was  one  of  the  first  conti- 
nental treasurers.  In  1780  he  co-oper- 
ated with  Robert  Morris  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  bank  for  the  relief  of  the 
country.  He  was  a  member  of  congress 
under "  the  present  constitution.  Tn 
1791  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
excise  department  in  Pennsylvania.  In 
1796  he  was  sent  to  Georgia  to  negotiate, 
together  with  Hawkins  and  Pickens,  a 
treaty  with  the  Cherokee  and  Creek 
Indians.  He  was  afterwards  president 
of  the  Philadelphia  bank,  and  of  the 
academy  of  fine  arts.     D.  1813,  aged  73. 

COBB,  Samuel,  an  ingenious  poet, 
educated  at.  Christ's  hospital,  of  which 
he  afterwards  became  master.  He  was 
of  Trinity  college,  Cambridge.  D.  at 
London,  1713.  He  wrote  observations 
on  Virgil,  and  a  collection  of  poems. 
He  also  assisted  Rowe  in  his  "Calli- 
paedia,"    and  Ozell   in  his    "Boileau's 


Lutrin." — Ebenezer,  remarkable  for 
longevity,  was  b.  in  Plymouth,  Mias., 
March  22,  1694,  and  was  ten  years  co- 
temporary  with  Peregrine  White,  of 
Marshfield,  the  first  son  of  New  En- 
gland, who  was  born  on  board  the  May- 
flower in  Cape  Cod  harbor  in  Nov..  1620. 
D.  at  Kingston,  Dec.  8,  1803,  rged  107 
years. — James,  secretary  to  the  East  In- 
dia Company,  author  of  "  The  Siege  of 
Belgrade,"  "  The  Haunted  Tower,"  and 
other  dramatic  pieces.     D.  1818. 

COBBETT,  William,  was  b.  in  the 
parish  of  Earnham,  Surrey,  1762,  and 
brought  up  from  his  earliest  years  on 
his  father's  farm.  An  accident  —  the 
mere  sight  of  the  stage-coach  on  its 
journey  to  London  while  he  was  going 
to  Guildford  fair  —  led  him  suddenly  to 
quit  his  home  and  rustic  pursuits,  in 
order  to  seek  his  fortune  in  a  wider 
sphere.  His  first  employment,  unfitted 
as  he  was  for  it  by  nature  and  habit, 
was  that  of  an  "under-strapping  quill- 
driver"  in  Gray's  Inn.  After  nine 
months'  drudgery  he  enlisted  as  a  sol- 
dier, and  he  was  sent  to  the  depot  at 
Chatham,  where  he  remained  about  a 
year,  attending  closely  to  his  duty,  but 
applying  every  leisure  moment  to  the 
improvement  of  his  mind.  The  regi- 
ment at  length  sailed  for  Nova  Scotia, 
and  was  then  ordered  to  St.  John's,  New 
Brunswick,  where  he  soon  attracted  the 
notice  of  his  superiors  by  his  industry, 
regularity,  and  habitual  temperance , 
and  was  rewarded  by  being  appointed 
senreant-major  of  the  regiment.  After 
seven  years'  service,  the  regiment  re- 
turned to  England;  and  Sergeant-majo? 
Cobbett  solicited  and  received  his  dis- 
charge. But  seeing  that  a  war  with  En- 
gland was  inevitable,  he  embarked  for 
America,  where,  under  the  sobriquet  of 
Peter  Porcupine,  he  quickly  began  to 
exercise  his  talents  by  the  publication 
of  his  "Observations"  and  other  polit- 
ical pamphlets,  opposed  to  the  preva 
lence  of  French  principles.  But  he 
found  it  necessary  to  quit  America; 
and,  on  his  return  to  England,  com- 
menced a  daily  paper  called  the  "  Por- 
cupine," in  which  at  first  lie  strenuously 
supported  the  srovernment.  He  then 
began  a  publication  styled  "  The  Weekly 
Register,"  which  contained  various 
articles  which  were  severely  denomi- 
nated libels,  and  he  was  arrested,  fined, 
and  imprisoned.  From  this  perio  1  a 
gradual  change  may  be  discovered  in 
the  tone  of  Cobbett's  political  disquisi- 
tions, and  ere  long  he  was  looked  upoiz 
as  the  leader  of  the  radical  reformers. 


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CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


301 


In  1809  ho  again  attracted  the  notice  of 
Sir  Vicary  Gibbs,  at  that  time  his  maj- 
esty's attorney-general.  Tlie  libel  re- 
lated to  tlie  flogging  of  some  men  in  the 
local  militia,  at  Ely,  in  Cambridgeshire ; 
lie.  was  found  guilty,  sentenced  to  two 
years'  imprisonment  in  Newgate,  to  pay 
a  fine  of  £1000  to  the  king,  and  at  the 
expiration  of  the  two  years  to  give  se- 
curity for  his  good  behavior  for  seven 
years,  himself  in  £300,  and  two  securi- 
ties in  £100  each.  This  severe  sentence 
Cobbett  never  forgot  or  forgave.  No 
sooner  was  he  liberated  thai:  he  showed 
his  enemies  that  his  active  mind  had 
received  a  fresh  stimulus  ;  he  reduced 
his  "Register"'  to  2d.,  whereby  its  sale 
was  immensely  increased,  and  he  sought 
for  every  possible  means  of  annoying 
those  who  had  persecuted  him.  At 
length  the  arbitrary  "Six  Acts"  were 
passed;  and  as  he  firmly  believed  they 
were  passed  for  the  express  purpose  of 
silencing  him,  (particularly  the  Power 
of  Imprisonment  Act,)  he  instantly  took 
his  departure  for  America,  and  settled 
in  Long  Island  ;  from  which  spot  his 
future  "  Registers"  were  dated,  till  his 
return  to  England,  in  1819,  after  that 
act  was  repealed.  Cobbett  announced, 
on  his  arrival  at  Liverpool,  that  he  had 
brought  with  him  the  bones  of  the  cele- 
brated republican,  Tom  Paine.  In  1832 
lie  was  chosen  a  member  of  parliament. 
His  writings  are  numerous,  spirited,  and 
valuable.     D.  1835. 

COBENTZEL,  Charles,  count  de,  an 
eminent  statesman.  He  was  a  native  of 
Laybach,  and  at  an  early  age  commen- 
ced his  public  career.  During  the  trou- 
bles in  the  reign  of  Maria  Theresa,  his 
services  gave  so  much  satisfaction,  that 
in  1753  he  was  placed  at  tiie  head  of  af- 
fairs in  the  Austrian  Netherlands.  In 
this  important  situation  he  showed  great 
respect  for  literature  and  the  arts,  and 
several  useful  reformations  were  carried 
into  effect  by  him.  Among  his  other 
services  was  that  of  foundingthe  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences  at  Brussels.  D.  177(>. 
— Louis,  count  de,  son  of  the  above, 
and,  like  him,  a  diplomatist.  At  the 
early  age  of  27  he  was  intrusted  with 
a  mission  to  Catharine  II.  of  Russia,  and 
his  gallantry  and  compliance  with  her 
taste  for  theatricals  made  him  a  great 
favorite  with  her.  From  1795  he  was 
concerned  in  many  of  the  important  ne- 
gotiations between  Austria  and  other 
powers,  until  the  treaty  of  Luneville,  in 
1801.  That  treaty  restoring  peace  be- 
tween Austria  and  France,  he  wasshort- 
\y  afterwar  's  made  minister  of  state  for 
26 


foreign  affairs  at  Vienna.  In  1305  ho 
was  dismissed  from  this  office,  and  lied, 
in  1809. — John  Philip,  count  de,  a 
cousin  of  the  last  named,  and  also  a 
diplomatist.  Being  sent  to  Brabant  to 
treat  with  the  Netherlanclcrs,  who  re- 
sisted some  edicts  of  the  emperor  which 
they  considered  oppressive,  they  refused 
to  receive  him,  and  the  edicts"  were  in 
consequence  revoked.  This  failure  pre- 
vented him  from  Vicing  employed  again 
during  the  following  10  years;  but  at 
length,  in  1801,  he  was  sent  ambassador 
to  Paris.     D.  1810. 

COBURG,  Frederic  Josias,  duke  of 
Saxe-Coburg,  an  Austrian  field-marshal, 
was  b.  1737.  In  1789  he  commanded  the 
imperial  army  on  the  Danube,  and,  in 
connection  with  the  Russian  general, 
SuwarrofF,  defeated  the  Turks,  and  con- 
quered Bucharest.  In  1793  he  defeated 
the  French  at  Neerwinden,  expelled 
them  from  the  Netherlands,  and  invaded 
France,  taking  Valenciennes,  Cambrsy, 
and  other  places;  but  when  the  English 
army,  under  the  duke  of  York,  separa- 
ted from  him,  he  sustained  several  de- 
feats, retreated  across  the  Rhine,  and 
resigned  his  command.     D.  1815. 

COCCEIUS,  John,  a  Dutch  scholar  of 
the  17th  century,  professor  of  theology 
at  Leyden.  He  taught  that  the  Old 
Testament  was  merely  a  type  of  the 
New  ;  and  the  book  of  Revelations  being 
a  principal  object  of  his  attention,  he 
warmly  asserted  the  doctrine  of  the 
Millennium.  His  followers  formed  a 
rather  numerous  sect,  called  Coeceians. 
Besides  10  folio  volumes  of  writings  on 
divinity,  which  he  published  during  his 
life,  he  left  a  work,  not  printed  till  many 
years  after  his  death,  entitled  "Opera, 
Anecdotiea  Theologica  et  Philoloarica." 
B.  1603;  d.  1669.— Henry,  an  eminent 
Dutch  civilian  ;  author  of  "  Prodromus 
Justitise  Gentium,"  "  Theses,"  &c.  He 
was  raised  to  the  dignity  of  a  baron  of 
the  empire  in  1713,  and  d.  1719. — Sam- 
uel, son  of  the  last  named,  and  sir  cen- 
sor to  his  title.  He  became  grand  chan- 
cellor of  Prussia,  under  Frederic  the 
Great,  and  was  a  chief  author  of  the 
Frederickian  code.  He  also  published 
a  valuable  edition  of  Grotius,  "  De  Jure 
Belli  et  Pacis."     D.  1755. 

COCHIN,  Charles  Nicholas,  an  emi- 
nent French  engraver  and  writer  of  tho 
18th  century;  author  of  "Travels  in 
Italy,"  "  Letters  on  the  Pictures  pt 
Herculaneum,"  "Dissertation  en  the 
Effect  of  Light  and  Shade,"  &c.  His 
plates  are  numerous  and  well-executed. 

COOHL^US,  John,  an  able  hat  bit 


302 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


[cod 


ter  opponent  of  Luther,  Calvin,  and 
other  reformers,  but  more  especially  of 
the  first  named,  whom  he  censured  with 
great  asperity  in  his  work,  "  De  Actis  et 
Seriptis  Lutheri."  lie  published,  be- 
sides this  work,  a  very  curious  "  Histo- 
ry of  the  Hussites,"  and  he  maintained 
a  fierce  controversy  with  Dr.  Morrison, 
an  English  clergyman,  on  the  subject  of 
the  marriage  of  Henry  Vlll.  and  Anne 
Boleyn.     D.  1552. 

COCHRAN,  William,  a  Scotch  ar- 
tist of  considerable  talent  and  reputa- 
tion. After  studying  at  Rome,  he  settled 
at  Glasgow,  where  his  abilities  were  so 
well  appreciated,  that  he  realized  a  re- 
spectable fortune.  Of  his  historical 
pieces,  "  Endymion"  and  "Daedalus" 
are  held  in  high  estimation.  B.  1738  ; 
d.  1785. 

COCHRANE,  Archibald,  carl  of 
Dundonald,  b.  1749.  He  became  a  cor- 
net of  dragoons,  but  exchanged  from  the 
army  to  the  navy,  and  had  risen  to  the 
rank  of  lieutenant  when  he  succeeded 
to  the  earldom.  He  then  devoted  him- 
self entirely  to  scientific  pursuits,  with 
the  intent  of  making  improvements  in 
the  commerce  ami  manufactures  of  the 
kingdom.  Among  the  numerous  works 
published  by  him  in  the  prosecution  of 
this  patriotic  intention,  were  "  The 
Principles  of  Chemistry  applied  to  the 
Improvement  of  Agriculture,"  "  An  Ac- 
count of  the  Qualities  and  Uses  of  Coal 
Tar  and  Coal  Varnish,"  &c.  He  made 
many  useful  discoveries,  for  some  of 
which  he  obtained  patents;  but  unfor- 
tunately, though  he  did  good  service  to 
bis  country,  he  was  so  far  from  enrich- 
ing himself,  that  he  was  at  one  time 
actually  obliged  to  receive  aid  from  the 
Literary  Fund.  D.  1831. — John  Dun- 
das,  nephew  of  the  above,  an  English 
naval  officer.  On  retiring  from  the  na- 
val service,  he  travelled  on  foot  through 
France,  Spain,  and  Portugal ;  and  then 
through  the  Russian  empire  to  Kam- 
schatka.  Of  this  latter  journey  he  pub- 
lished an  account  in  two  volumes,  which 
contain  much  curious  information.  He 
was  about  to  travel  on  foot  across  South 
America,  when  he  d.  at  Valentia,  in  Co- 
lumbia, 1825. 

COCKBURN,  Catharine,  an  English 
authoress.  Though  almost  self-educa- 
ted, she  began  to  publish  at  the  early 
age  of  17,  her  first  production  being  a 
tragedy,  entitled  "  Agnes  de  Castro." 
In  two  years  more  she  produced  another 
tragedy,  entitled  "Fatal  Friendship," 
which  was  received  with  much  approba- 
tion   at   the   theatre   in    Lincoln's    Inn 


Fields.  Besides  these,  and  a  tragedy, 
entitled  "  The  Revolution  of  Sweden," 
she  published  some  poems,  a  "  History 
of  the  Works  of  the  Learned,"  "  Vindi- 
cations of  the  Philosophy  of  Locke," 
and  several  metaphysical  treatises.  B. 
1679 ;  d.  1749. 

COCKER,  Edward,  an  English  pen- 
man and  arithmetician  ;  whose  fame  as  a 
computist  was  formerly  held  in  such  re- 
pute, that  "  according  to  Cocker"  is  still 
used  as  an  arithmetical  proverb.  D. 
1677. 

COCLES,  Publius  IIoratius,  a  valiant 
Roman.  He  was  a  descendant  of  the 
Iloratii,  and  proved  himself  worthy  of 
his  line.  When  Porsenna,  king  of  the 
Etruscans,  had  pursued  the  Romans  to 
the  wooden  bridge  over  the  Tiber,  Co- 
des and  two  companions  boldly  with- 
stood the  enemy  unt  the  Romans  had 
crossed  the  bridge.  His  two  compan- 
ions then  retired,  bi  t  Codes  remained 
until  the  bridge  was  broken  down  be- 
hind him,  and  then  plunged  into  the 
river,  and  swam  to  the  city. 

CODDINGTON,  William,  the  father 
of  Rhode  Island,  was  a  native  of  Lin- 
colnshire, England.  He  came  to  this 
country  as  an  assistant,  or  one  of  the 
magistrates  of  Mass.  and  arrived  at  Sa- 
lem in  the  Asbclla,  1630.  He  removed 
to  Rhode  Island,  1638,  and  was  the  prin- 
cipal instrument  in  effecting  the  origi- 
nal settlement  of  that  place.  After  va- 
rious visionary  projects,  something  liko 
a  regular  plan  ot  government  was  adopt- 
ed, anil  Mr.  Coddingtom  chosen  govern- 
or, and  continued  in  that  office  until 
the  charter  was  obtained,  and  the  islana 
was  incorporated  in  Providence  planta- 
tions. In  1647  he  assisted  in  forming 
the  body  of  laws,  which  has  been  the 
basis  of  the  government  of  Rhode  Island 
ever  since.  In  1648  he  was  elected  gov- 
ernor, but  declined  the  office.  In  1651 
he  went  to  England  and  was  commis- 
sioned governor  of  Aquetnech  island, 
separate  from  the  rest  of  the  colony; 
but  as  the  people  were  jealous  lest  his 
commission  should  affect  their  laws,  he 
resigned  it.  He  was  governor  m  the 
years  1674  and  1675.     D.  1678,  aged  77. 

CODRINGTON,  Christopher,  a  na- 
tive of  Barbadoes,  was  educated  at  All 
Saints  college,  Oxford  ;  to  which  he  be- 
queathed the  sum  of  £10,000  for  the 
erection  of  a  library,  leaving  his  West 
Indian  estates  to  the  Society  for  the  Pro- 
pagation of  the  Gospel.  As  an  author, 
this  munificent  gentleman  is  only  known 
by  some  verses  addressed  to  Garth,  on 
the   publication   of  his   "  Dispensary," 


cok] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


303 


and  bv  some  Latin  poems  in  the  "  Mu- 
Bse  Anglicanai."    B.  16US  ;  d.  1710. 

CODRUS,  the  17th  and  last  king  of 
Athens.  Disguised  as  a  common  per- 
son, he  rushed  into  the  midst  of  the 
army  of  the  Heraclidse,  and  was  slain;  a 
sacrifice  he  was  led  to  make  by  the  ora- 
cle having  pronounced  that  the  leader 
of  the  conquering  party  must  fall.  At 
his  death,  tue  Athenians  deeming  no  one 
worthy  to  be  worthy  to  be  the  successor 
of  their  patriotic  monarch,  established  a 
republic. 

(JOELLO,  Alonzo  Sanchez,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  a  native  of  Portugal,  whose 
works  obtained  for  him  the  appellation 
of  the  Portuguese  Titian.  B.  1515  ;  d. 
1710. 

COEN,  John  Peterson,  governor  of 
the  Batch  settlements  in  the  East  In- 
dies, and  founder  of  the  city  of  Batavia. 
He  went  to  India  as  a  merchant,  and  in 
1617  succeeded  to  the  governorship  of 
Bantam,  when  in  1619  he  removed  to 
the  new  factory  he  had  founded.  After 
passing  a  short  time  in  Europe,  he,  in 
1627,  returned  to  Batavia,  and  bravely 
defended  that  place  against  the  emperor 
of  Java.  So  many  men  perished  in  this 
memorable  contest,  that  their  bodies 
produced  a  pestilence,  of  which  Coen  d., 
1629. 

COEUR,  James,  a  French  merchant  of 
the  loth  century.  His  trade  surpassed 
that  of  any  other  individual  in  Europe; 
mid  he  is  said  to  have  had  300  agents  in 
the  Mediterranean.  He  lent  Charles  VII. 
an  immense  sum,  to  enable  him  to  con- 
quer Normandy,  which  was  never  re- 
paid; for  being  falsely  accused  of  pec- 
ulation, and  of  poisoning  the  king's 
mistrels,  he  was  so  disgusted,  that,  on 
getting  his  release,  he  went  into  volun- 
tary exile.     D.  1456. 

COFFEY,  Charles,  a  poet  and  dram- 
atist ;  author  of  "  The  Devil  to  Pay," 
&c,  and  editor  of  an  edition  of  the 
works  of.Drayton.  He  was  deformed 
.n  person,  and  performed  the  part  of 
^Esop  for  his  own  benefit.     D.  1745. 

COGAN,  Thomas,  an  English  phy- 
sician, b.  in  Somersetshire.  In  1574  he 
was  chosen  master  of  the  school  at  Man- 
chester, where  he  also  practised  in  his 
proper  profession.  He  wrote  the  "  Ha- 
ven of  Health,"  "  A  Preservative  from 
the  Pestilence,"  and  an  "  Epitome  of 
Cicero's  Epistles."  D.  1607.— Thomas, 
a  physician,  b.  at  Kibworth,  Leicester- 
shire, 1736;  who,  in  conjunction  with 
Dr.  Ilawes,  founded  the'  Humane  So- 
ciety. He  translated  the  works  of  Cam- 
per, and  was  the  author  of  "A  Philo- 


sophical Treatise  on  the  Passions," 
"  Theological  Disquisitions,"  <fce.  D. 
1818. 

COGSWELL,  William,  an  eminent 
divine  and  writer  of  New  Hampshire, 
secretary  of  the  Education  Society,  and 
at  first  a  professor  at  Dartmouth,  and 
then  president  of  the  Gilmnntic  Theo- 
logical Seminary.    B.  1788;  d.  1850. 

COHAUSEN*  John  Henry,  a  German 
physician.  He  wrote  a  curious  work, 
instructing  his  readers  how  to  live  to 
1 15  years  of  age  ;  it  was  translated  into 
English  by  Dr.  Campbell,  under  the 
title  of  "  Ilermippus  Kedivivus,  or  the 
Safe's  Triumph  over  Old  Age  and  tho 
Grave."     D.  in  his  85th  year,  1750. 

COHORN,  Menno,  Baron,  a  celebrated 
Dutch  engineer,  who,  after  distinguish- 
ing himself  as  a  military  officer  on  many 
important  sieges  and  battles,  fortified 
Namur,  Jk-rgen-op-Zoom,  and  other 
towns.  He  was  the  author  of  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  Fortification."     D.  1704. 

COKAYNE,  Sir  Aston,  a  poet  and 
dramatist  of  the  17lh  century.  A  col- 
lection of  his  plays  and  poems  was 
printed  in  1658.     D.  1634.  . 

COKE,  Sir  Edward,  a  celebrated  En- 
glish judge  and  law  writer,  b.  at  Mile- 
ham,  Norfolk,  1549,  He  pleaded  his  first 
cause  in  1578  ;  and  having  married  a  sis- 
ter of  the  minister  Burleigh,  he  possessed 
considerable  political  influence.  In  1592 
he  had  obtained  a  high  reputation,  and 
was  appointed  solicitor-general ;  and  in 
1600,  being  then  attorney-general,  he 
prosecuted  the  earl  of  Essex ;  and  the 
asperity  with  whioh  he  conducted  him- 
self to  that  nobleman  amounted  to  very 
little  less  than  brutality.  In  1603  he 
was  knighted;  and  we  find  him  prose- 
cuting Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  and  behaving 
to  him  as  unfeelingly  as  he  had  formerly 
behaved  to  Essex.  In  1606  he  was  made 
chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas;  and 
in  1613  he  was  sworn  of  the  privy  coun- 
cil, and  removed  to  the  court  of  King's 
Bench.  His  activity  in  the  case  of  Sir 
Thomas  Overbury's  murder  made  him 
many  enemies ;  and  his  opposition  to 
the  king  and  Chancellor  Egerton  caused 
him  to  be  removed  from  office  in  1616. 
Having  vainly  endeavored  to  get  into 
favor  with  the  court,  he  in  1621  joined 
the  popular  party,  and  was  committed, 
though  only  for  a  short  time,  to  the 
Tower.  In  1628  be  represented  the 
county  of  Buckingham  in  parliament, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  zeal 
against  the  duke  of  Buckingham.  In 
mere  legal  knowledge  he  has  never  per- 
haps been  equalled ;  but  for  the  nobler 


304 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cor, 


qualities  of  his  mind  we  may  seek  in 
vain.  His  "  Commentary  on  Littleton" 
and  his  "Reports"  are  invaluable.  D. 
1634. 

COLBERT,  John  Baptist,  marquis  of 
Seguelai,  a  celebrated  French  statesman, 
to  whose  talents,  activity,  and  enlarged 
views  France  owes  much  of  its  financial 
and  commercial  prosperity,  was  de- 
scended from  a  Scottish  family,  but  b. 
at  Rheims,  1619,  where  his  father  was 
a  wine  merchant.  In  1648  he  became 
clerk  to  the  secretary  of  state,  Le  Tellier, 
whose  daughter  he  married ;  and  his 
conduct  in  this  situation  recommended 
him  to  the  king  as  intendant  of  finances. 
Subsequently  he  became  superintendent 
of  buildings,  secretary  of  state,  and  min- 
ister of  the  marine;  and  in  every  ca- 
pacity he  acted  so  as  to  merit  the  love 
of  his  countrymen,  and  obtain  the  ap- 
probation of  his  king.  To  literature  and 
the  arts  he  constantly  gave  encourage- 
ment ;  he  instituted  the  Academy  of 
Sciences,  and  that  of  sculpture  and  paint- 
ing; and  it  was  at  his  recommendation 
that  the  royal  observatory  was  erected. 
To  him,  too,  Paris  owed  the  erection  of 
many  elegant  buildings  ;  and,  if  a  less 
brilliant  minister  than  some  of  his  pre- 
decessors, he  certainly  conferred  more 
substantial  benefits  upon  his  country 
than  most  of  them.  D.  16S3?—  John 
Baptist,  marquis  of  Torcy,  son  of  the 
preceding.  He  filled,  successively,  the 
offices  of  secretary  of  state  for  the  foreign 
department  and  director-general  of  the 
posts  ;  and  wrote  "  Memoirs  of  the  Ne- 
gotiations from  the  Treaty  of  Rvswick 
to  the  Peace  of  Utrecht."  B.  1665;  d. 
1746. 

COLBURN,  Zera,  an  arithmetical 
prodigy,  b.  at  Cabot,  Vt.,  1804.  His 
powers  of  mental  calculation,  displayed 
at  an  early  age,  made  him  famous  both 
in  this  country  and  in  England.  He 
could  solve  the  most  difficult  problems 
almost  instantaneously.  While  in  En- 
gland he  studied  under  Charles  Kemble 
for  the  stage,  but  the  experiment  was  a 
failure.  He  subsequently  became  a 
teacher  of  a  school  at  Fairfield,  N.  Y., 
and  afterwards  a  Methodist  preacher. 
D.  1840. 

COLCHESTER,  Charles  Abbot,  Lord, 
was  b.  at  Abingdon,  Berks,  1757 ;  and 
naving  received  the  rudiments  of  his 
education  at  Westminster  school,  was 
entered  of  Christ-church,  Oxford,  in 
1775.  After  spending  some  time  abroad, 
he  was  called  to  the  bar,  and  practised 
with  every  prospect  of  becaming  a  popu- 
lar   advocate.     His    forensic    pursuits, 


however,  were  hut.  of  short  continuance, 
for  on  entering  parliament  for  Helston 
he  was  speedily  noticed  for  his  talent 
and  business-like  habits,  and  on  the 
formation  of  the  Addington  ministry  he 
was  appointed  secretary  for  Ireland,  and 
keeper  of  the  privy  seal.  He  now  com- 
menced some  useful  reforms  in  Ireland, 
but  before  he  could  complete  them  ho 
was  elected  speaker  of  the  house  of 
commons.  In  1817  an  attack  of  erysipe- 
las obliged  him  to  resign  the  office  of 
peaker  ;  on  which  occasion  he  was  called 
to  the  upper  house  by  the  title  of  Baron 
Colchester,  with  a  pension  of  £4000  per 
annum.     D.  1829. 

COLDEN,  Cadwallader,  was  b.  in 
Dunse,  Scotland,  1688.  After  studying 
at  the  university  of  Ediuburgh,  he  turned 
his  attention  to  medicine  and  mathe- 
matical science  until  the  year  170S,  when 
he  emigrated  to  Pennsylvania,  and  prac- 
tised physic  with  much  reputation  till 
1715.  In  171S  he  went  to  the  city  of 
New  York,  and  relinquishing  the  practice 
of  physic,  turned  his  attention  to  public 
affairs,  and  became  successively  sur- 
veyor-general of  the  province,  master 
in  chancery,  member  of  the  council,  and 
lieutenant-governor.  His  political  char- 
acter was  rendered  very  conspicuous  by 
the  firmness  of  his  conduct  during  the 
violent  commotions  which  preceded  the 
revolution.  His  productions  were  nu- 
merous, consisting  of  botanical  and 
medical  essays.  His  descriptions  of 
between  three  and  four  hundred  Ameri- 
can plants  were  printed  in  the  "  Acta 
Upsaliensia."  He  also  published  the 
"  History  of  the  Five  Indian  Nations." 
D.  1775.  He  had  three  sons,  Cadwalla- 
der, David,  and  Alexander,  all  orwhom 
acquired  more  or  less  local  distinction 
in  and  about  New  York. — David,  the 
youngest,  excelled  in  mathematics  and 
natural  philosophy,  and  was  a  corre- 
spondent of  Dr.  Franklin. — Cadwalla- 
der D.,  son  of  David,  was  b.-  on  Long 
Island,  1769.  He  practised  law  at 
Poughkecpsie,  till  he  came  to  New 
York,  1796.  He  was  there  made  dis- 
trict attorney,  and  acquired  the  highest 
rank  in  his  profession.  He  was  mem- 
ber of  the  assembly  in  1818,  mayor  of 
the  city  after  De  Witt  Clinton,  in  1822, 
member  of  congress,  and  in  1824,  of  the 
state  senate.  He  was  an  active  pro- 
moter of  public  schools  and  all  other 
charitable  projects.     D.  1834. 

COLE,  William,  an  English  herbalist. 
He  was  educated  at  Morton  college,  Ox- 
ford, and  became  secretary  to  Dr.  Duppa, 
bishop  of  Winchestei.     His  works  aro. 


Cul] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


305 


"The  Art  of  Simpling,"  and  "Adam  in 
Eden,  or  Nature's  Paradise."  D.  1662. 
^Thomas,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
American  landscape  painters,  was  b.  in 
England,  but  was  brought  to  this  coun- 
try, where  his  parents  had  previously 
resided,  when  a  child.  They  lived  for 
a  time  at  Philadelphia,  and  then  re- 
moved to  the  West.  His  father,  in  ISIS, 
established  a  paper  factory  at  Steuben- 
ville,  Ohio,  where  young  Cole  took  his 
first  lessons  in  drawing.  He  was  ex- 
ceedingly fond  of  the  art,  and  passion- 
ately in  love  with  natural  scenery. 
About  1S20,  a  Mr.  Stein,  a  travelling 
portrait  painter,  lent  him  an  English 
work  on  painting,  which  opened  and 
turned  his  mind  to  the  art.  He  pursued 
it  from  that  time  with  indefatigable  in- 
dustry and  zeal.  Like  Goldsmith,  with 
no  companion  but  his  flute,  he  then 
began  to  wander  over  the  West  as  a 
portrait  painter.  He  met  at  first  with 
indifferent  success,  but  finally  reached 
the  city  of  Philadelphia.  There  he  paint- 
ed some  transparencies  to  celebrate  the 
arrival  of  Lafayette,  which  enabled  him 
to  go  to  New  York,  whither  his  father 
had  removed.  He  erected  his  easel  in 
the  family  garret,  where  he  was  long 
without  a' patron,  till  Mr.  G.  W.  Bruen 
gave  him  a  small  commission,  and  he 
gradually  got  into  notice.  Mr.  Cole 
subsequently  went  to  Europe,  passed 
some  time  in  Italy7,  and  on  his  return 
painted  those  splendid  serial  works,  the 
"  Course  of  Empire,"  the  "Voyage  of 
Life,"  "  Past  and  Present,"  with  numer- 
ous landscapes,  which  have  made  his 
name  immortal.  The  latter  part  of  his 
existence  was  passed  at  Cattskill,  in  the 
prosecution  of  his  art.  D.  1847.  Mr. 
Bryant,  the  poet,  his  friend,  has  com- 
memorated his  genius  in  a  beautiful  and 
appreciative  discourse,  delivered  before 
the  Academv  of  Design  of  New  York. 

COLEBROOKE,  Henry  Thomas,  an 
eminent  orientalist,  and  director  of  the 
Royal  Asiatic  Society,  was  b.  1765,  and 
in  17S2  was  appointed  to  a  writership  in 
India.  Being  sent  as  one  of  a  deputa- 
tion to  investigate  the  resources  of  a 
part  of  the  country,  it  led  to  his  publish- 
ing "  Remarks  on  the  Husbandry  and 
Commerce  of  Bengal ;"  in  which  treatise 
he  advocated  a  free  trade  between  Great 
Britain  and  her  eastern  possessions. 
Boon  after  this  he  began  the  study  of 
the  Sanscrit  language,  in  which  he  sub- 
sequently became  so  eminent.  The 
translation  of  the  great  "Digest  of 
Hindu  Law,"  which  had  been  compiled 
juder  the  direction  of  Sir  W.  Jones, 
26* 


but  left  unfinished  at  his  death,  was 
confided  to  Mr.  Colebrooke  ;  and  while 
engaged  in  this  work,  he  was  appointed 
to  a  judicial  situation  at  Mirzapore, 
where  he  completed  it  in  171)6.  His 
other  works  consist  of  a  "Dictionary 
of  the  Sanscrit  Language,"  the  "Alge- 
bra of  the  Hindoos,"  and  various  trea- 
tises on  their  laws,  philosophy,  and 
arithmetic ;  besides  numerous  communi- 
cations to  the  society  of  which  he  was 
director.     D.  1S87. 

COLERIDGE,  Samuel  Taylor,  emi- 
nent as  a  poet,  essayist,  and  moral  phi- 
losopher, was  b.  at  Bristol,  in  1770, 
where  he  received  the  rudiments  of  his 
education.  He  was  afterwards  sent  to 
Christ's  hospital,  London,  at  which 
establishment  he  made  great  progress 
in  the  classics ;  and  he  completed  his 
studies  at  Jesus  college,  Cambridge, 
where,  in  1792,  he  obtained  the  gold 
medal  for  the  best  Greek  ode.  ItTap- 
pears  that  he  was  first  inspired  with  a 
taste  for  poetry  by  the  perusal  of  Lisle 
Bowles'  Sonnets:  and  his  intimacy  with 
such  men  as  Southey  and  Wordsworth 
(which  commenced  in  early  life)  was 
likely  to  produce  a  congeniality  of  feel- 
ings and  lead  to  similar  results.  The 
chief  of  Mr.  Coleridge's  works  are, 
"Sibylline  Leaves,"  a  collection  of 
poems;  "  Biographia  Literaria,"  or  bio- 
graphical sketches  of  his  life  and  opin- 
ions; "Aids  to  Reflection,  in  the  Form- 
ation of  a  Manly  Character,"  &c. ;  and 
"The  Friend,"  a  series  of  essays ;  be- 
sides a  variety  of  minor  poems,  many 
of  which  arc  replete  with  beautiful  ima- 
gery and  sublime  feeling ;  and  numerous 
treatises  and  essays  connected  with 
public  events  in  the  moral  and  political 
world,  some  of  which  were  published 
in  a  separate  form,  but  the  major  part 
appeared  in  the  public  journals.  D.  at 
Highgate,  1S34.  His  "  Specimens  of 
Table  Talk,"  and  some  of  his  other 
productions,  were  published  after  his 
death  by  his  nephew,  Henry  Nelson 
Coleridge,  who  distinguished  himself 
by  various  valuable  contributions  to 
"Knight's  Quarterly  Magazine"  and 
other  words,  and  who  d.  a  victim  to 
rheumatism,  1843. — Hartley,  one  of  the 
most  original  and  pleasing  writers  of  the 
day,  son  of  the  above,  was  b.  1797.  He 
was  the  author  of  many  minor  poems 
of  great  merit,  of  "  Biographies  of  North- 
ern Worthies,"  and  an  extensive  con- 
tributor to  "Blackwood's  Magazine." 
D.  1849. 

COLIGNI,  Gaspard  de,  admiral  of 
France.    On  the  death  of  Henry  II.,  ha 


30G 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[col 


became  chief  of  the  Calvinist  party,  and 
the  most  efficient  of  its  leaders  against 
the  Guises.  When  peace  was  tempo- 
rarily established  in  1571,  he  appeared 
at  court,  and  was  received  with  every 
appearance  of  cordiality.  But  at  the 
horrible  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew, 
in  1572,  he  was  among  the  victims  of 
party  rage;  and  the  infamous  Catharine 
de  Medici  ordered  his  head  to  be  sent  to 
the  pope. — Ooet,  brother  of  the  above, 
archbishop  of  Toulouse,  was  deposed 
for  having  embraced  the  Protestant 
faith,  and  retired  to  England,  where  he 
was  poisoned  by  a  servant,  in  1571. — 
Henrietta,  counters  de  la  Suse ;  an 
ingenious  French  poetess,  whose  odes 
and  songs  are  printed  with  the  poems 
ofPelisson.     I).  1673. 

COLLADO,  Diego,  a  Spanish  Domin- 
ican, superintendent  of  the  convents  of 
the  Philippines;  author  of  a  Japanese 
dictionary,  and  a  treatise  on  the  Japan- 
ese grammar.     D.  1638. 

COLLAN'GP;,  Gabriel  de,  a  French 
writer;  author  of  "  Polygrapby,  or  Uni- 
versal Cabalistical  Writing."  This  book, 
which  lie  published  under  the  name  of 
J.  M.  Trithemins,  subjected  the  author 
to  the  charge  of  magic.  At  the  massa- 
cre of  St.  Bartholomew,  in  1572,  he  was 
mistaken  for  a  Protestant,  and  murdered 
— as  one  of  his  biographers  naively  says 
— "  by  mistake." 

COLLEGE,  Stephen,  a  mechanic  of 
the  time  of  Charles  II.  He  was  a  very 
zealous  supporter  of  Protestantism, 
whence  he  obtained  the  sobriquet  of 
the  ''Protestant  joiner;"  and  probably 
it  was  on  this  account  that  some  inform- 
ers charged  him  with  being  concerned 
in  a  ph>t  against  the  king.  He  defended 
himself  with  spirit  and  ability,  but  was 
condemned  and  executed  in  1681. 

COLLEONE,  Bartholomew,  an  Ital- 
ian soldier  of  fortune,  b.  at  Bergamo,  in 
14^0.  He  served  at  first  under  De  Mon- 
.  tone,  ami  then  in  the  army  of  Queen 
Joan  of  Naples.  Passing  into  the  ser- 
vice of  Venice,  he  totally  destroyed  the 
army  of  Nicholas  Piccinino;  but  being 
ill  rewarded,  he  left  the  Venetians,  and 
took  his  troops  to  the  aid  of  Philip  Vis- 
conti.  He  next  served  with  Francis 
6forza,  and  gained  the  battle  of  Frascati 
over  the  French.  The  Venetians  now 
made  him  their  generalissimo,  and  when 
he  d.,  in  147.".,  the  senate  erected  a  statute 
to  his  memory. 

COLLI  EK,'Jeremiah,  an  English  non- 
juring  divine  and  learned  writer,  b. 
1650."  At  the  revolution  he  refused  to 
lake  the  oaths,  and  was  imprisoned  in 


Newgate  for  writing  in  favor  of  James  IT. 
He  attended  Sir  John  Friend  ana  Sir 
William  Perkins,  when  they  were  exe- 
cuted for  the  "  assassination  plot."  Two 
nonjuring  clergymen  who  accompanied 
him  on  this  occasion,  were  taken  up, 
but  Collier  escaped,  and  lay  hidden  un- 
til the  affair  had  blown  over,  when  he 
again  made  his  appearance,  and  publish- 
ed ''Essays  on  Miscellaneous  Subjects." 
This  work  obtained  him- considerable 
reputation ;  and  his  next  publication 
was  a  spirited  attack  upon  the  licen- 
tiousness of  the  stage.  He  was,  as  a 
matter  of  course,  replied  to  by  many  of 
the  dramatic  writers  of  the  time.  He 
next  translated  and  continued  "  Moreri's 
Dictionary;"  and  his  reputation  bad  :,r>w 
so  much  increased,  that  Queen  Anne's 
government  ottered  him  valuable  church 
preferment,  which,  with  a  rare  consist- 
ency, he  steadily  declined.  His  remain- 
ing works  were,  an  "Ecclesiastical  His- 
tory," brought  down  to  the  death  of, 
Chitrles  II.,  some  sermons,  pamphlets, 
and  a  translation  of  "Marcus  Antoni- 
nus."    1).  1726. 

COLLIN,  DTIarville,  John  Francis, 
a  French  advocate,  dramatist,  and  poet; 
author  of  "  The  Inconstant,"  "  Le  Vieux 
< ',  lcbitaire,"  and  various  other  dramas. 
B.  1750;  d.  1806. — Henry  de,  a  German 
poet ;  author  of  six  tragedies,  some  frag- 
ments of  an  epic  poem,  entitled  "The 
Rodolphiad,"  and  a  number  of  spirit- 
stirring  war  songs.     B.  1772;  d.  1811. 

COLLI NGS,  John,  a  nonconformist 
divine  ;  author  of  "  The  Weaver's  Pock- 
et Book,  or  Weaving  Spiritualized,"  and 
other  works  of  a  similar  class.  At  the 
restoration  he  was  one  of  the  Presbyte- 
rian divines  at  the  famous  Savoy  con- 
ference.    D.  1690. 

COLLINGWOOD,  Cuthbert,  Lord,  a 
celebrated  English  admiral,  was  V.  at 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  1748.  He  enter- 
ed the  navy  when  only  13  years  of  age, 
and  his  services  were  long,  arduous,  and 
valuable.  In  the  action  of  June  1,  1794, 
he  was  flag-captain  to  Admiral  Bowyer 
on  board  the  Prince;  and  at  the  battle 
of  Cape  St.  Vincent,  in  1797,  he  com- 
manded the  Excellent.  Having  attained 
the  rank  of  vice-admiral  of  the  blue,  and 
being  second  in  command  at  the  battle 
of  Trafalgar,  where  the  hero  of  England's 
navy  fell,  the  command  of  the  fleet 
devolved  upon  Admiral  Collingwood, 
whose  gallant  conduct  at  the  onset  had 
called  forth  an  exclamation  of  deii^ht 
from  Nelson,  and  to  whose  skill  and 
judgment,  after  the  battle,  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  captured  vessels  was  chiefly 


col] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


307 


attributable.  For  this  and  his  other  im- 
portant services  he  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  vice-admiral  of  the  red,  and  ele- 
vated to  the  peerage.  His  letters,  pub- 
lished since  his  death,  which  took  place 
in  1810,  show  him  to  have  possessed 
considerable  literary  ability.  —  Francis 
Edward,  a  captain  in  the  English  navy, 
was  a  midshipman  on  board  tiie  Victory, 
at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar;  and  to  him  is 
ascribed  the  honor  of  being  the  avenger 
of  Nelson's  death,  having  shot  the 
Frenchman  in  the  maintop  of  the  Re- 
doubtable, who  was  seen  to  take  delib- 
erate aim  at  the  English  hero  the  mo- 
ment before  he  fell.     D.  1835. 

COLLINS,  Anthony,  a  deistical  con- 
troversialist, was  b.  at  Heston,  Middle- 
sex, in  1676.  Among  his  works  are  "  A 
Discourse  on  Free  Thinking,"  "  A  Dis- 
course on  the  Grounds  and  Reasons  of 
the  Christian  Religion,"  "  Priestcraft  in 
Perfection,"  &c.  He  was  intimate  with 
Locke  «"d  other  great  men,  and  spent 
his  life  ii  literary  pursuits,  and  his  wri- 
tings exhibit  him  as  a  determined  foe  to 
Christianity.  B.  1676;  d.  1729.— Ar- 
thur, a  celebrated  English  genealogist; 
author  of  an  English  "Peerage"  and 
"Baronetage;"  lives  of  "Cecil,  Lord 
Burleigh,"' and  "Edward  the  Black 
Prince,"  &c.  He  was  rescued  from 
poverty  by  a  pension  of  £400  per  an- 
num, granted  to  him  by  George  II.  B. 
1682;  d.  1760. — David,  grandson  of  the 
above,  a  distinguished  military  officer, 
and  governor  of  Van  Dieman's  Land  ; 
author  of  "  A  History  of  Botany  Bay," 
which  is  written  in  a  very  unpretend- 
ing style,  and  abounds  with  interest- 
ing information.  D.  1810.  —  Francis, 
doctor  of  the  Ambrosian  college,  at 
Milan ;  author  of  a  treatise,  "  De  Ani- 
mabus  Paganorum,"  &c.  D.  1640. — 
John,  an  able  mathematician  and  ac- 
countant. He  was  for  some  time  in  the 
naval  service  of  Venice  against  the 
Turks;  but  at  the  restoration  he  was 
appointed  to  the  office  of  accountant  to 
the  excise  office,  the  court  of  chancery, 
&c.  He,  however,  found  time  to  con- 
tribute largely  to  the  transactions  of  the 
Royal.  Society ;  corresponded  with  Bar- 
row, Newton,  and  other  eminent  math- 
ematicians ;  and  wrote  various  mathe- 
matical works.  B.  1624;  d.  1683.— 
William,  a  highly  gifted  but  ill-fated 
English  poet;  author  of  odes,  eclogues, 
ifec.,  was  b.  1720,  at  Chichester/  In 
1774,  he  settled  himself  in  London,  but 
suffered  from  poverty  even  beyond  the 
common  lot  of  poets.  The  death  of  his 
anc'^  Colonel  Martin,  who  bequeathed 


him  a  legacy  of  £200,  raised  him  from 
this  abject  condition ;  but  his  health 
and  spirits  were  broken,  and  after  lin- 
gering for  some  time  in  a  state  of  men- 
tal imbecility,  he  d.  1756.  His  odes, 
which  when  published  were  utterly  dis- 
regarded, are  unquestionably  among  the 
first  productions  of  British  poesy  ;  and 
the  fate  of  their  author  is  an  indelible 
disgrace  to  the  pretended  patrons  of 
genius,  and  the  age  in  which  he  lived. 
— William,  an  artist  of  distinguished 
merit,  was  b.  in  London,  1787.  He  in- 
herited an  enthusiastic  admiration  fur 
the  beauties  of  nature  from  both  his  pa- 
rents. His  father,  who  was  one  of  the 
first  picture  dealers  of  his  time,  was  a 
man  of  considerable  literary  attain- 
ments; and  his  friendship  with  Mor- 
land  the  painter,  early  led  to  his  son's 
initiation  into  the  mysteries  of  the  pen- 
cil. In  1807  he  became  a  student  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  and  having  prosecuted 
his  studies  with  great  zeal  and  success, 
he  was  chosen  an  associate  in  1814,  and 
elected  an  academician  in  1820.  Down 
to  the  year  1846  he  contributed  regularly 
to  every  exhibition,  displaying  the  ver- 
satility of  his  powers  by  most  elaborate 
productions  illustrative  of  history,  and 
by  frequent  revivals  of  those  more  do- 
mestic subjects  by  which  he  had  won 
his  early  fame.  True  to  his  "  first  love," 
his  last  production,  "  Early  Morning," 
was  an  English  sea-piece.     D.  1847. 

COLLlNSON,  Peter,  an  English  bot- 
anist, was  b.  1694.  He  was  intimate 
with  Franklin  and  Linnams,  the  latter, 
of  whom  gave  the  name  Collinsonia  to  a 
genus  of  plants.     D.  176S. 

COLLOT  D'HERBOIS,  Jean  Marie, 
a  French  actor  of  little  repute,  but  a 
fierce  republican.  On  the  breaking  out 
of  the  revolution  he  became  a  conspicu- 
ous agitator,  and  was  the  first  who  voted 
for  the  abolition  of  royalty.  When  Ro- 
bespierre was  falling  he  joined  in  im- 
peaching him,  while  his  treatment  of 
the  royalist  Lyonese  obtained  him  tho 
sobriquet  of  the  Tiger  He  wrote  some 
dramatic  pieces,  and  the  almanac  of 
Father  Gerard.  Being  transported  to 
Cayenne,  he  d.  1706. 

COLLYER,  Joseph,  senior  associate 
engraver  of  the  Royal  Academy,  was  b. 
of  parents  who  were  conspicuous  in  the 
literary  world  by  their  translations  from 
Gesner  and  Boder,  when  the  German 
language  was  but  little  known  in  En- 
gland. He  showed  superior  talent  in 
the  stippled  style  of  engraving;  his 
portraits  in  that  line  stand  unrivalled. 
D.  1827. 


308 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[col 


COLM  AN,  George,  a  dramatic  writer 
ami  accomplished  scholar,  was  b.  at 
Florence,  1733,  where  his  lather  at  that 
time  resided  as  the  British  envoy. 
Having  received  his  education  at  West- 
minster school  and  at  Christ-church, 
Oxford,  he  turned  his  attention  to  the 
law  as  a  profe^ion;  but  his  writings 
in  "The  Connoisseur"  having  met  with 
success,  gave  him  a  bias  towards  po- 
lite literature.  His  first  dramatic  at- 
tempt was  "  Polly  Honeyeombe,"  which 
was  performed  at  Drury-lane  with  great, 
though  only  temporary  success.  In  the 
following  J  ear,  1761,  he  produced  his 
comedy  of  the  "Jealous  Wife,"  which 
at  once  became  popular,  and  has  ever 
since  kept  the  stage.  "  The  Clandes- 
tine Marriage,"  "The  English  Mer- 
chant," &c,  added  to  his  fame ;  and 
he  wrote  a  number  of  other  pieces, 
which,  though  inferior  to  these,  were  by 
no  means  deficient  in  merit.  He  also 
translated  the  comedies  of  Terence,  and 
iL~ace's  "De  Arte  Poetica."  D.  1794. 
— GtortGE,  "the  younger,"  an  eminent 
dramatist  and  wit,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  b.  1762.  In  1784  his  first  acknowl- 
edged play,  called  "Two  to  One,"  was 
brought  forward,  and  introduced  to  the 
public  by  a  prologue  from  the  pen  of 
his  father,  who  announced  it  as  the  pro- 
duction of  "a  chip  of  the  old  block." 
The  success  of  this  exceeded  his  most 
sanguine  expectations.  In  17S7  his  cel- 
ebrated opera  of  "Inkle  and  Yarico" 
appeared,  ami  at  once  stamped  his  fame. 
His  principal  works  were,  "The  Moun- 
taineers," "The  Iron  Chest,"  "The 
Heir  at  Law,"  "Blue  Beard,"  "The 
Kcview,  or  Wags  of  Windsor,"  "The 
Poor  Gentleman,"  "Love  laughs  at 
Locksmiths,"  "John  Bull,"  "  Who 
wants  a  Guinea?"  "  We  flv  bv  Night," 
"The  Africans,"  and  '''X."  Y.  Z." 
These,  with  numerous  preludes  and  in- 
terludes, prologues  and  epilogues,  may 
be  said  to  embrace  his  dramatic  works  : 
his  other  compositions,  entitled  "Ran- 
dom Records."  "My  Nightgown  and 
Slippers,"  "Broad  Grins,"  "Poetical 
Vagaries,"  "  Vagaries  Vindicated,  or 
Hypocritic  Ilvpcrcritics,"  complete  the 
list.     D.  1836'. 

COLOCCI,  Angelo,  an  Italian  bishop, 
author  of  some  very  elegant  Latin 
poems.  After  the  fashion  of  his  time, 
he  assumed  a  Latin  name  ;  that  of  An- 
gelus  Colotius  Bassus.     D.  l,r)49. 

COLOCOTRONIS,  Theod.,  one  of 
the  regenerators  of  modern  Greece,  was 
b.  in  Messema  1770 ;  distinguished 
himself  in  numerous  engagements  with 


the  Turkish  oppressors  of  bis  country, 
and  contributed,  by  his  heroic  conduct 
during  the  insurrection,  to  the  final 
triumph  of  the  Greek  cause  in  1828. 
After  the  death  of  Capo  d'l stria,  he  be- 
came a  member  of  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment; but  having  conspired  against 
the  regency  established  till  the  majority 
of  King  Otho  in  1834,  he  was  condemned 
to  death,  and  owed  his  escape  to  the 
clemency  of  the  king.    D.  1843. 

COLOMIES,  otherwise  OLOME- 
SIUS,  Paul,  a  French  scholar  and 
critic.  He  was  librarian  to  the  arch 
bishop  of  Canterbury,  but  lost  that 
office  on  the  deprivation  of  Sancroft. 
He  wrote  "  Icon  Theologorum  Presby- 
terianorum,"  "  Bibliotheque  Choisie," 
&e.     D.  1692. 

COLONNA,  Francis,  an  ingenious 
philosopher,  author  of  the  "  Natural 
History  of  the  Universe."  He  was 
burnt  to  death  in  his  house,  at  Paris, 
in  1726.  —  Prospero,  son  of  Anthony, 
prince  of  Salerno,  was  a  very  distin- 
guished military  officer.  He  assisted 
Charles  VIII.  of  France  to  conquer 
Naples,  hut  subsequently  aided  in  re- 
taking it  for  the  house  of  Aragon.  D. 
1523. — Pompeo,  nephew  of  the  above, 
a  restless  and  intriguing  Roman  cardi- 
nal, who  at  length  became  viceroy  of 
Naples.  A  poem  of  his  is  extant,  en- 
titled  "  De  Laudibus  Muliebrum."  1). 
1532. — Vittoria,  marchioness  of  Pes- 
cara,  a  celebrated  Italian  poetess,  whose 
works  are  alike  remarkable  for  the 
beauty  of  their  thoughts  and  the  ele- 
gance of  their  diction.  B.  1490;  d.  1547. 
~  COLOTHES,  orCOLOTES,  a  Grecian 
sculptor,  cotemporary  with  Phidias, 
whom  he  is  said  to  have  assisted  in  the 
statue  of  Jupiter  Olympus.  Several  of 
his  works  are  spoken  of  in  very  high 
terms,  especially  an  ivory  figure  of  Alb- 
culapins. 

COLQUHOUN,  Patrick,  a  celebrated 
writer  on  statistics  and  criminal  juris- 
prudence. He  was  a  native  of  Dum- 
barton, in  Scotland,  b.  1745,  and  early 
in  life  came  to  America.  On  his  return 
from  that  country  he  settled  at  Glasgow 
as  a  merchant,  and  became  lord  provost 
of  the  city,  and  president  of  its  chamber 
of  commerce.  Subsequently  he  removed 
to  London,  and  in  1792  he  was  made  a 
police  magistrate.  lie  published  sev- 
eral valuable  works,  including  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  lire  Police  of  the  Metropolis,"  a 
tract  on  the  "  Education  of  the  Laboring 
Classes,"  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Popula- 
tion, Wealth,  Power,  and  Resources  of 
the  British  Empire,"  &c.     D.  I82u. 


com] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


309 


COLTON.  Caleb  C,  a  writer  of  con- 
siderable talent,  but  of  eccentric  and 
discreditable  habits,  first  attracted  no- 
tice by  the  publication  of  a  pamphlet, 
entitled  "A  plain  and  authentic  Narra- 
tive of  the  Sainpford  Ghost,"  in  which 
he  attempted  to  prove  that  certain  oc- 
currences which  took  place  in  a  house 
at  Sampford  Peverell,  near  Tiverton, 
originated  in  supernatural  agency.  He 
aLo  wrote  a  satirical  poem,  entitled 
"  Hypocrisy,"  and  another  on  "  Napo- 
leon :  '  but  he  obtained  most  of  his 
fame  from  "  Lacon,  or  Many  Things  in 
Few  Words,"  which  he  published  in 
1S20.  Though  a  beneficed  clergyman, 
holding  the  vicarage  of  Kew  with  Pe- 
tersham, in  Surrey,  he  was  a  well-known 
frequenter  of  the  gaming-table;  and 
suddenly  disappearing  from  his  usual 
haunts  in  the  metropolis  about  the  time 
of  Weare's  murder,  it  was  strongly  sus- 
pected that  he  had  fallen  by  the  hand 
of  an  assassin.  Jt  was,  however,  after- 
wards ascertained  that  he  had  absconded 
to  avoid  his  creditors;  and,  in  1828,  a 
successor  was  appointed  to  his  living. 
He  then  came  to  reside  in  America  ;  but 
subsequently  lived  in  Paris,  a  professed 
gamester:  and  it  is  said  that  lie  -rained 
by  this  vicious  course  of  life,  in  two 
years  only,  the  sum  of  £25,000.  He 
blew  out  his  brains  while  on  a  visit  to  a 
friend  at  Fontainblean,  in  1S:>2. — Wal- 
ter, an  American  author,  and  chaplain 
in  the  United  States  navy.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is  "Ship  and  Shore,"  a 
series  of  sketches  in  the  countr'cs  bor- 
dering the  Mediterranean.     D.  1850. 

COLUMBA,  St.,  a  native  of  Ireland, 
who  went  to  Scotland,  and  founded  the 
famous  monastery  of  leolmkill.    D.  5U7. 

COLUMBUS,  Christopher,  the  most 
celebrated  navigator,  and  in  many  re- 
spects one  of  the  greatest  men  record- 
ed in  history,  was  b.  at  Genoa,  1437. 
He  soon  evinced  a  strong  passion  for 
geographical  knowledge,  together  with 
an  irresistible  inclination  for  the  sea. 
After  many  years  spent  in  the  active 
duties  of  a  maritime  life,  he  went  to 
Lisbon,  where  an  elder  brother  of  his 
was  settled  ;  married  the  orphan  daugh- 
ter of  Palestrello,  an  Italian  navigator; 
And  studied  all  the  maps  and  charts  he 
could  procure,  making  occasional  voy- 
ages. His  own  reflections,  corroborated 
by  facts  of  which  he  was  informed  by 
various  seamen,  led  him  at  length  to 
feel  convinced  that  there  were  unknown 
lands  separated  from  Europe  by  the 
Atlantic.  After  vainly  seeking  aid  from 
Senoa,  Portugal,  and  England,  he   at 


length  induced  Ferdinand  and  Isabella 
of  Spain  to  equip  and  man  three  vessels 
for  a  voyage  of  discovery ;  it  being 
stipulated  that  Columbus  should  have  a 
tenth  of  all  profits,  and  be  viceroy  of  all 
the  land  he  expected  to  discover.  He 
set  sail  from  Palos,  on  his  daring  ad- 
venture, on  the  2d  August,  1492;  and, 
after  sailing  for  two  months,  was  in  im- 
minent danger  of  losing  the  reward  of 
all  his  study  and  toil,  the  variation  of 
the  needle  having  so  much  alarmed  his 
crews,  that  they  were  on  the  point  of 
breaking  into  open  mutiny,  and  he  was 
obliged  to  promise  that  if  three  days 
produced  no  discovery  he  would  com- 
mence his  homeward  voyage.  On  the 
third  day  they  happily  hove  in  sight  of 
one  of  the  Bahamas,  and  subsequently 
explored  some  other  of  the  West  India 
Islands.  Having  thus  far  succeeded,  he 
built  a  fort  at  Hispaniola,  left  some  of 
his  men  there,  and  then  set  out  on  his 
return  to  Europe,  where  he  was  re- 
ceived with  every  mark  of  admiration 
and  regard.  The  gold  and  other  valu- 
ables which  he  presented  to  the  king 
and  queen  in  token  of  his  success,  ex- 
cited the  spirit  of  adventure  in  both  the 
sovereigns,  and  their  subjects,  and  in 
his  second  voyage  he  had  no  difficulty 
in  obtaining  followers.  It  was  not  until 
his  third  voyage,  made  in  1498,  that  he 
saw  the  mainland  of  America,  which 
both  Americus  Vespucius  and  Sebas- 
tian Cabot  reached  before  him.  Having 
assumed  the  command  of  the  settlement 
at  Hispaniola,  various  complaints  were 
made  against  him,  and  Columbus  was 
not  merely  displaced,  but  Bobadilla,  a 
new  governor,  who  had  been  dispatched 
thither  by  the  court  of  Spain,  even  sent 
him  to  that  country  manacled  as  a  pris- 
on t.  Columbus  endured  this  outrage 
with  noble  equanimity;  and  on  his  re- 
turn, having  obtained  an  audience  of 
his  sovereigns,  was  partially  restored  to 
his  dignities ;  but  lie  found  that  full 
justice  was  never  intended  to  be  award- 
ed him.  Yet,  notwithstanding  this  un- 
worthy treatment,  he  made  another 
voyage,  in  which  he  encountered  every 
imaginable  disaster  from  storms  and 
shipwreck;  and,  two  years  after  his. re- 
turn, his  noble  mind  sunk  under  tho 
load  of  injustice  and  oppression.  D.  at 
Valladolid,  1506. — Bartholomew,  Bon, 
brother  of  the  above,  was  famous  for 
his  skill  in  constructing  sea-charts.  D. 
1501. 

COMBE,  Dr.  Andrew,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  medical  practitioners  and 
writers  of  our  time,  was  b.  at  Edin- 


310 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[con 


»urgh,  1797.  In  1825  he  took  the  de- 
gree of  M.D.,  iiud  two  years  later  was 
elected  president  of  the  Phrenological 
Society.  During  these  and  several  fol- 
lowing years,  he  contributed  many  in- 
teresting papers  to  the  "  Phrenological 
Journal,"  and  published  a  work  on 
mental  derangement.  In  1836  he  had 
the  gratification  of  being  appointed 
physician  to  the  king  of  the  Belgians, 
between  the  years  1834-39,  he  publish- 
ed the  three  great  works  for  which  he 
had  been  long  and  carefully  collecting 
and  arranging  the  materials,  "The 
Principles  of  Physiology  applied  to  the 
Preservation  of  Health  and  to  Educa- 
tion,"' "The  Physiology  ot'  Digestion," 
and  "The  Moral  and  Physical  Manage- 
ment of  Infancy."  In  1838  he  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  physicians  extraor- 
dinary to  the  queen  in  Scotland.  D. 
1S47." 

COMENIUS,  John  Amos,  a  Moravian 
minister.  He  for  some  time  officiated 
as  pastor  to  a  congregation  at  Fulnec, 
but  was  driven  thence  by  the  invasion 
of  the  Spaniards,  and  settled  in  Poland. 
where  he  published  a  work,  entitled 
"Janua  Linguarum,"  which  obtained 
him  so  great  a  celebrity  that  he  was 
invited  to  England;  but  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  war  rendered  his  stay 
both  brief  and  unprofitable,  and  he  set- 
tled for  the  remainder  of  his  life  at  Am- 
sterdam.    B.  1592;  d.  1671. 

COMES,  Natalis,  the  Latinized  name 
of  Natal  Conti,  an  Italian  writer,  au- 
thor of  poems  in-  Greek  and  Latin,  &c, 
and  of  a  system  of  mythology.  D.  1590. 
COMMANDINE,  Frederic,  an  Ital- 
ian mathematician,  the  author  of  some 
original  works,  and  translator  of  Ar- 
chimedes, Apollonius,  and  other  ancient 
mathematicians.     I).  1575. 

COMMEL1N,  Jerome,  a  very  learned 
French  printer.  He  established  his 
presB  first  at  Geneva,  and  subsequently 
at  Heidelberg;  and  published  several 
of  the  Greek  and  Latin  fathers,  with 
notes  from  his  own  pen.     D.  1598. 

COMMERSON,  Philibert,  a  French 
physician  and  botanist.  He  wrote 
"Iethyologv."  two  quarto  volumes; 
and  the  "Martyrology  of  Botany,"  an 
account  of  those  who  hail  lust  their 
lives  in  botanical  pursuits.  B.  1721 ;  d. 
1773. 

COMMINES,  or  COMINES,  Philip 
ae,  lord  of  Argcnton ;  an  eminent  his- 
torian, statesman,  and  courtier  of  the 
reLrn  of  Louis  XL,  b.  in  Flanders,  1445. 
His  '•  Memoirs  of  his  own  Times" 
abound  with  valuable  facts  and  obser- 


vations, though  he  is  too  lenient  when 
speaking  of  the  atrocities  of  Louis  XI. 
On  the  death  of  that  monarch,  Corn- 
mines  was  thrown  into  prison  and 
treated  with  great  severity,  but  was  at 
length  liberated.     D.  1509. 

COMMIRE,  John,  a  French  Jesuit, 
distinguished  for  his  Latin  poetry. 
Among  his  works  are  fables,  which 
some  have  considered  equal  to  Phaj 
drus.     D.  1702. 

COMMOD1,  Andrea,  an  Italian  his- 
torical painter.  His  best  work  is  a  pic- 
ture painted  for  Paul  V.,  of  the  angels 
fallii.*  from  heaven.     I).  1638. 

COMMODUS,  Lucius  Aitrelius  An 
tu.mnus,  a  Roman  emperor,  son  and 
successor  of  Antoninus  the  philosopher, 
lie  was  guilty  of  the  worst  crimes,  and 
was  poisoned  by  his  concubine,  Marcia,' 
who  had  discovered  that  he  intended  to 
put  her  to  death,  122. 

COMNENUS,  Demetrius  Stephano- 
puli  Constantine,  the  supposed  de- 
scendant of  the  celebrated  family  of  the 
Comneni,  which  for  ages  sat  on  the 
throne  of  the  eastern  empire,  was  b. 
174'.i,  in  the  island  of  Corsica.  After 
studying  at  Rome,  with  the  intention 
of  becoming  an  ecclesiastic,  Demetrius 
entered  into  the  service  of  France,  and 
obtained  a  captaincy  in  a  regiment  of 
dragoons  in  1778.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  revolution,  he  fought  under  the 
banners  of  Condc,  and  went  into  exile 
with  other  royalists;  but  he  returned 
to  France  in  1802,  and  lived  on  a  pen- 
sion of  4000  francs,  assigned  to  him  by 
Napoleon.  Louis  XVIII.  confirmed 
this  stipend,  and  made  him  marechal 
de  camp,  and  knight  of  St.  Louis.  D. 
1821. 

COMPTE,  Louis  le,  a  French  Jesuit 
and  mathematician.  He  was  for  some 
time  a  missionary  in  China,  and  on  his 
return  to  Europe  published  memoirs  of 
that  country.     D.  1729. 

COMPTON,  Spencer,  carl  of  North 
ainpton,  one  of  the  bravest  and  mos' 
zealous  adherents  of  Charles  I.  Being 
overpowered  at  the  battle  of  llopton 
Heath,  he  was  offered  quarter,  but  in- 
dignantly refused  it,  and  was  slain,  1643. 
CONCA,  Sebastian,  an  eminent  Ital- 
ian painter.     D.  1761. 

CONCINO  CONCINI  (more  celebra- 
ted and  better  known  by  his  title  of 
Marshal  d'Ancre)  was  by  birth  a  Flor- 
entine, and  accompanied  Mary  de  Me- 
dici, the  wife  of  Henry  IV.,  to  France. 
He  obtained  great  preferment,  and  after 
the  death  of  Henry  IV.  so  much  abused 
the  influence  he  had  over  the  queen- 


con] 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


311 


regent,  that  when  her  son,  Louis  VIII., 
bee. nae  old  enough  to  act  for  himself', 
he  consented  to  the  assassination  of  the 
marquis,  which  accordingly  took  place 
in  1U17;  and  in  the  same  year  his  wife 
was  burned  to  death  as  a  sorceress.  The 
judges  who  tried  her  on  this  absurd 
charge,  demanded  of  her  by  what  arts 
she  had  gained  her  ascendency  over  the 
queen,  when  she  made  the  memorable 
reply,  "  My  only  sorce>y  has  been  the 
influence  of  a  strong  mind  over  a  weak 
one."  - 

CONDE,  Louis,  first  prince  of,  was 
the  son  of  Charles  of  Bourbon,  duke  of 
Vendome,  and  greatly  distinguished 
himself  at  the  battle  of  St.  Quintin, 
though  he  was  then  very  young.  At 
the  death  of  Henry  II.  he  became  a 
leader  of  the  Huguenots,  and  was  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Jarnac,  in  1569.  His 
memoirs  were  published  after  his  death. 
■ — Henry,  prince  of,  who,  at  the  request 
of  Henry  IV.,  became  a  Catholic,  was  b. 
1588.  In  1616  he  was  sent  to  the  Bas- 
tile,  where  he  remained  three  years. 
After  the  death  of  Louis  XI1L  the 
prince  was  liberated,  and  made  minister 
of  state  to  the  regent.  D.  1646. — Louis, 
prince  of,  duke  of  Enghien,  the  illus- 
trious son  of  the  preceding,  and  usually 
called  the  Great,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1621. 
When  he  was  a  mere  boy,  his  conversa- 
tion evinced  so  much  talent,  that  Cardi- 
nal Richelieu  predicted  that  he  would 
beco'iic  "  the  first  general  in  Europe  and 
the  first  man  of  his  time."  When  only 
22  years  of  age  he  gained  the  victory  of 
Roeroi.  over  the  Spaniards ;  and  follow- 
ed up  that  achievement  by  the  capture 
of  Thionville  and  other  important  places. 
Subsequently  he  distinguished  himself 
in  various  actions  in  Germany,  whence 
he  was  recalled  and  sent  to  Catalonia,  but 
was  repulsed  before  Lerida.  In  1641  he 
defeated  the  Imperialists  in  Elandcrs, 
on  which  occasion  the  slaughter  was 
prodigious.  For  a  time  he  sided  with 
the  queen-mother  and  her  advisers,  and 
even  succeeded  in  reconciling  them  to 
their  opponents ;  but  being  ill-treated 
by  Cardinal  Mazarin,  he  joined  the  mal- 
contents, and  fought  against  the  court 
in  the  civil  war  of  1652.  Refusing  to 
accede  to  the  peace  made  between  the 
contending  parties,  he  entered  into  the 
service  of  Spain ;  but  at  the  peace  of 
1659  he  was  restored  to  the  favor  of 
France,  and  greatly  distinguished  him- 
self, particularly  in  the  conquest  of 
Franchc  Compte,  until  infirmity  of  body 
compelled  him  to  retire  to  private  life. 
D.  1686. 


CONDILLAC,  Stephen,  a  French 
metaphysician  ;  author  of  an  "Essay  on 
the  Origin  of  Human  Knowledge,"  a 
"Treatise  on  Animals,"  a  "Treatise  on 
the  Sensations,"  "A  Course  of  Study 
drawn  up  for  the  Instruction  of  tho 
Prince  of  Parma,"  to  whom  he  was 
tutor,  &c.     D.  1780. 

CONDORCET,  John  Anthony  Nich- 
olas Caritat,  marquis  of,  a  French 
mathematician  and  philosopher,  was  b. 
atRibemont,  in  Picardy,  in  1743,  and  ed- 
ucated at  the  college  of  Navarre.  When 
only  22  years  of  age  he  distinguished 
himself  among  m:."'-ematieians  by  the 
publication  ot  his  work  on  "Integral 
Calculations."  Two  years  afterwards 
he  published  a  treatise  ou  "The  Prob- 
lem of  the  Three  Bodies,"  and  in  the 
following  year  his  "Analytical  Essays." 
In  1769  he  was  chosen  member  of  tho 
Academy,  and  in  1773  became  its  secre- 
tary, in  which  situation  Jic  distinguish- 
ed himself  by  the  graceful  eloquence  of 
his  elogres.  In  1791  he  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  national  assembly  and  of  the 
Jacobin  club,  and  he  soon  became  as 
noted  for  his  political  virulence  as  he 
had  already  been  eminent  for  his  scien- 
tific genius.  Becoming  offensive  to 
Robespierre,  that  tyrant  "threw  him  into 
prison,  where,  on  the  third  morning, 
28th  March,  1794,  he  was  found  dead  in 
his  bed.  Besides  the  works  named 
above,  he  wrote  "A  Sketch  on  the  Pro- 
gress of  the  Human  Mind,"  an  "  Ele- 
mentary Treatise  on  Arithmetic,"  and  a 
tract  on  "Calculation." 

CONFUCIUS,  or  CONG-FU-TSE,  a 
Chinese  philosopher,  was  b.  551  b.  c. 
He  spent  his  life  in  endeavoring  to  en- 
lighten and  improve  his  fellow-subjects, 
and  his  advice  was  attended  to  by  the 
king  of  Lu,  with  a  respect  little  short 
of  reverence.  His  descendants  to  this 
day  are  mandarins  of  the  highest  but- 
ton, and  his  books  are  regarded  by  the 
Chinese  as  treasures  of  the  purest  mo- 
rality.    D.  407  b.  c. 

CONGREVE,  William,  an  eminent 
English  dramatist,  was  b.  near  Leeds, 
1670,  and  educated  at  Trinity  college, 
Dublin.  He  entered  himself  as  a  stu- 
dent at  the  Middle  Temple,  but,  like 
many  more  before  and  since,  abandoned 
the  law  for  literature.  His  first  piece, 
written  at  the  age  of  17,  was  a  romance, 
entitled  "Incognita,  or  Love  and  Duty 
Reconciled."  In  1693,  being  then  only 
21  years  old,  he  wrote  his  first  comedy, 
"The  Old  Bachelor."  This  produced 
him  not  only  great  reputation,  but  also 
the  substantial  benefit  of  a  commission- 


312 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[con 


ership  In  the  hackney-coach  office, 
which  was  given  to  him  by  the  earl  of 
Halifax,  who  afterwards  still  further 
patronized  and  favored  him.  He  wrote 
also  "Love  for  Love,"  "The  Dou- 
ble Dealer,"  "The  Mourning  Bride," 
"The  Way  of  the  World,"  an  opera; 
and  some  poems.  D.  1729.  Witty  and 
spirited  as  Congreve's  plays  are,  they 
are  too  licentious  to  keep  possession  of 
the  stage  at  the  present  day ;  and  in  his 
own  time  they  received  severe  castra- 
tion from  the' celebrated  Jeremiah  Col- 
lier.— Sir  William,  the  inventor  of  the 
Con?reve  rockets,  was  b.  in  1772,  and 
entered  the  military  service  early,  in 
which  he.  obtained  the  rank  of  lieuten- 
ant-colonel. He  possessed  much  inven- 
tive talent,  which  he  applied  to  the 
mechanic  arts;  and  for  several  years  the 
rocket  which  bears  his  name,  and  which 
was  first  used  in  the  attack  on  Boulogne, 
in  1800,  was  considered  a  grand  auxili- 
ary in  warlike  operations,  although  it 
has  now  fallen  into  comparative  disre- 
pute.    D.  1828. 

CONNOR,  Bernard,  an  Irisli_  physi- 
cian, for  some  time  settled  at  Warsaw; 
author  of  a  "History  of  Poland,"  and 
also  of  a  Latin  work  on  the  miracles  of 
our  Saviour.     D.  1698. 

CONRAD  I.,  count  of  Franconia.    In 
912  he  was  elected  king  of  Germany,  hut 
Arnaul,  duke  of  Bavaria,  disputed  his 
title,  and  engaged  the  Huns  to  overrun 
Germany.     Conrad,  however,   avoided 
the  threatened  ruin  by  entering  to  pay 
a  yearly  tribute.     D.  918i— II.,  son  of 
Herman,  duke  of  Franconia,  was  elected 
king  of  Germany  in   1024.     Attempts 
were  made  to  displace  him,  but  he  heat 
his  opponents,  and  in  1027  was  crowned 
emperor  at  Koine.     By  the  will  of  Ro- 
dolphus  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy  be- 
came his  in   10:53.     D.  1039.— III.,  em- 
peror of  Germany,  was  son  of  Frederic, 
duke  of  Suabia,  and  before  his  election 
was  duke  of  Franconia.     His   election 
produced  civil  war ;  but  he  terminated 
that  and  went  to  the  Holy  Land,  where 
he   lost   a    vast   number   of  his   troops 
through  the  Greeks  poisoning  the  foun- 
tains." He  died  in  his  own  dominion, 
1150. — iv.,  duke  of  Suabia,  was  elected 
emperor  at  the  death  of  his  father,  Fred- 
eric II.     The  pope,  Innocent  IV.,  pre- 
tended that  the  right  of  appointment 
lay   in   him,    and    preached    a  crusade 
against  the  new  emperor.     Conrad  re- 
plied to  this  by  marching  into  Italy,  and 
taking    several    important    places.      D. 
1254.— Conrad,  or  Conradin,  son  of  the 
last  named,  who  left  him  the  kingdom 


of  Naples.  Pope  Urban  IV.  gave  the 
kingdom  to  Charles  of  Anjou,  who  de- 
feated Conrad,  then  only  1G  years  old, 
and  caused  him  to  be  beheaded  in  1268. 
CONPJNGIUS,  Hermann,  professorof 
physic  and  politics  at  the  university  of 
He'lmstadt ;  author  of  valuable  treatises 
on  law,  German  antiquities,  and  on  the 
Aristotelian  system.     D.  1681. 

CONSALVI,  Ercole,  cardinal  and 
prime  minister  of  Pope  Pius  VII.,  was 
b.  at  Toscanella,  1757.  As  he  had  ever 
opposed  the  French  party  in  Rome  to 
the  utmost  of  his  power,  he  was  ban- 
ished from  that  city  when  the  French 
took  possession  of  it.  When,  however, 
the  papal  affairs  were  in  a  better  condi- 
tion he  returned ;  and,  as  secretary  of 
state,  he  concluded  the  famous  concor- 
dat with  Napoleon  ;  continuing,  in  fact, 
at  the  head  of  all  the  political  and  eccle- 
siastical affairs  of  the  Roman  state  till 
the  death  of  the  pope.     D.  1824. 

CONSTABLE,  Archibald,  the  most 
enterprising  bookseller  that  Scotland  has 
ever  produced,  was  b.  at  Kcllie,  in  Fife- 
shire,  1775.    After  serving  his  appren- 
ticeship to  Mr.  Peter  Hill,  of  Edinburgh, 
the  friend  and  correspondent  of  Burns, 
he  commenced  business   for  himself  in 
1795  ;  and  his  obliging  manners,  general 
intelligence,  and  indefatigable   activity 
sained  him  the  esteem  of  all  who  came 
in  contact  with  him.     His  reputation  as 
a  publisher  dates  from  1802,  when  he 
published  the  first  number  of  the  Edin- 
burgh Review  ;  and  in  1805  lie  published, 
in  conjunction  with  Messrs.  Longman 
&  Co.',   "The    Lay  of   the   Last  Min- 
strel," the  first  of  that  Ions  series  of 
original   and   romantic  publications   in 
poetrv  and  prose  which  has  immortal- 
ized 'the   name  of  Walter  Seott.     The 
well-known  "Miscellany"  that  bears  his 
name  was  his  last  project.     D.  1827. — 
John,    an    eminent   landscape    painter, 
was  b.  at  East  Benrholt,  in  Suffolk,  1776. 
Having  early  displayed  a  love  of  art.  he 
visited  London  in  1795,  and  in  1802  sent 
his  first  picture  to  the  exhibition  of  the 
Royal  Academy.     From  this  period  he 
was  a  regular  contributor  down  to  the 
year  of  his  death.     Few  pencils,  indeed, 
have  been  more  prolific  ;  and  the  works 
he  has  left  behind  him,  both  in  number 
and  excellence,  have  earned  for  him  a 
distinguished   place    anions   the    land- 
scape painters,  not  only  of  England,  but 
of  the  world.     In  1829  he  was  elected 
an  academician.    D.  1837. 

CONSTANS  I.,  Flavius  Julius,  one 
of  the  sons  of  Constantine  the  Great, 
and  his  successor  in  the  sovereignty  of 


'] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


313 


Africa,  Italy,  and  Western  Tllyrieum. 
His  brother  Constantino  endeavored  to 
dispossess  him  of  it ;  but  being  defeat- 
ed and  slaiu  in  the  attempt,  Constans 
became  master  of  the  whole  empire. 
His  conduct  was,  however,  so  offensive 
to  the  people,  that  the  standard  of  revolt 
was  hoisted,  and  Constans  was  put  to 
death,  350. 

CONSTANT  DE  EEBECQUE,  Ben- 
jamin de,  a  distinguished  orator  and 
author,  attached  to  the  liberal  or  consti- 
tutional party  in  France.  He  was  b.  at 
Lausanne  in  1767,  and  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  French  revolution  went  to 
reside  at  Paris,  where  he  soon  distin- 
guished himself,  both  by  his  political 
writings  and  his  eloquent  speeches  in 
the  senate.  His  conduct,  however,  ren- 
dered him  obnoxious  to  the  first  consul, 
and  he  was  dismissed  from  his  office  in 
1802.  After  retiring  to  Germany  he 
again  appeared  at  Paris  in  1814,  and 
publicly  advocated  the  cause  of  the  Bour- 
bons. In  1819  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  chamber  of  deputies,  where 
he  long  remained  as  a  distinguished 
leader  of  the  opposition,  particularly  in 
all  the  discussions  relating  to  the  cen- 
sorship of  the  press  and  the  rights  of 
the  people.  He  wrote  many  works  on 
political  questions,  was  one  of  the  editors 
of  "  La  Minerve,  and  a  contributor  to 
the  "  Biographic  Universelh>"  As  an 
orator  he  was  eloquent  and  profound; 
and  as  a  writer  lively,  imaginative,  and 
acute.     D.  1830. 

CONSTANTINE,  Caius  Flavius  Va- 
lerius Aurelius  Claudius,  surnamed 
the  Great,  emperor  of  the  Romans,  was 
the  son  of  Constantius  Chlorus,  by 
Helena,  and  b.  a.  d.  274.  On  the  death 
of  his  father,  in  306,  he  was  proclaimed 
emperor  by  the  troops.  After  defeating 
the  Franks,  he  crossed  the  Rhine  into 
Belgium,  which  he  overran.  In  307  he 
married  Fausta,  the  daughter  of  Maxi- 
mal!, but  he  was  soon  involved  in  a  war 
with  his  father-in-law,  who  assumed  the 
title  of  emperor.  The  usurper's  reign 
was  brief;  and  on  his  being  taken  pris- 
oner, Constantino  caused  him  to  be 
strangled.  This  involved  him  in  a  war 
with  Maxentius,  son  of  Maximinian,  in 
which  the  latter  was  defeated  and  drown- 
ed in  the  Tiber.  It  was  at  this  time  that 
the  emperor,  as  he  alleged  to  Eusebius, 
saw  a  luminous  cross  in  the  heavens, 
with  the  inscription,  "In  hoc  sisno 
vinces."  (Under  this  sign  thou  shalt 
conquer.)  He  accordingly  caused  a 
standard  to  be  made  in  imitation  of  this 
cross;  marched  to  Rome  in  triumph; 
27 


published  the  memorable  edict  of  toler- 
ation in  favor  of  the  Christians ;  and  was 
declared  by  the  senate,  chief,  Augustus, 
and  pontifex  maximus.  Constantino 
had  married  his  daughter  to  Licinius  ; 
but  the  latter,  jealous  of  his  fame,  took 
up  arms  against  him,  and  they  met  in 
Pannonia,  a.  d.  314.  Constantine,  sur- 
rounded by  bishops  and  priests,  in- 
voked the  aid  of  "the  true  God  ;"  while 
Licinius,  calling  upec  his  soothsayers 
and  magicians,  relied  v. per  them  and 
their  gods  for  protection.  The  Chris- 
tian emperor  was  victorious,  and  a  peace 
was  granted  to  Licinius ;  but  he  after- 
wards renewed  hostilities,  was  again  de- 
feated, and  finally  put  to  death.  Thus 
Constantine  became,  in  325,  sole  head  of 
the  Eastern  and  Western  empires  ;  and 
his  first  care  was  the  establishment  of 
peace  and  order.  Though  his  actions 
on  the  whole  entitled  him  to  the  proud 
surname  of  "  The  Great,"  yet  various 
acts  of  cruelty,  and,  above  all,  the  mur- 
der of  his  son  Crispus,  have  left  a  stain 
upon  his  character  alike  as  a  man,  a 
Christian,  and  an  emperor.  D.  S87. — 
II.,  son  of  the  above.  In  the  division 
of  the  empire  he  had  for  his  share,  Gaul. 
Spain,  and  Britain ;  but,  discontented 
with  the  arrangement,  he  marched 
against  his  brother  Constans,  and  was 
killed  at  Aquileia,  340. — Flavius  Julius, 
a  private  soldier,  who  was  raised  by  the 
army  in  Britain  to  the  imperial  dignity 
in  407,  on  which  he  crossed  over  to 
Gaul,  and  conquered  that  country  and 
Spain.  He  fixed  his  court  at  Aries, 
where  he  was  besieged  by  Constantius, 
the  general  of  the  Emperor  Honorius, 
to  whom  he  surrendered  on  the  promise 
that  his  life  should  be  spared  ;  but  it  was 
basely  violated,  and  both  Constantine 
and  his  son  were  put  to  death,  a.  n.  411. 
— IV.,  who  was  called  the  Bearded,  was 
son  of  Constans  II.,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  658.  The  army  having  set  up  his  two 
brothers  as  his  coadjutors,  he  ordered 
their  noses  to  be  cut  off.  He  defeated 
the  Saracens,  and  called  a  council  at 
Constantinople,  at  which  the  doctrine  of 
the  Monothelites  was  condemned.  D. 
685. — VI.,  was  son  of  Leo  II.,  whom  he 
succeeded.  Being  only  ten  years  old 
when  his  father  died,  his  mother  Irene 
was  his  guardian  and  regent  of  the  em- 
pire. On  arriving  at  a  mature  age  ho 
assumed  the  government  himself;  but 
Irene,  made  cruel  by  ambition,  took  ad- 
vantage of  an  invasion  of  the  Bulgarians 
to  cause  her  son  to  be  seized  and  de- 
prived of  his  eyes.  This  occurred  in 
792,  and  the  unfortunate  emperor  Ian- 


814 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[coo 


guished  some  years  in  obscurity,  and 
when  he  d.  was  succeeded  by  his  un- 
natural parent.— VII.,  surnamed  Tor-, 
phyrogenitus,  succeeded  Leo  the  Wise 
in  912.  He  drove  the  Turks  from  Italy, 
and  defeated  the  Lombards.  But  mil- 
itary affairs  did  not  prevent  him  from 
attending  to  letters  ;  and  besides  other 
writings,  he  left  a  treatise  on  state  af- 
fairs, the  geography  of  the  empire,  and 
the  "  Life  of  the  Emperor  Basilius  the 
Macedonian."  D.  959.— IX.,  was  son 
of  the  Emperor  Romanus,  and,  in  con- 
junction with  his  brother,  Basil  II., 
succeeded  John  Rimiscea  in  976  ;  the 
actual  power,  however,  was  chiefly 
wielded  by  Constantine.  D.  102S. — 
Dracoses  or  Paljeologus,  the  last  of  the 
Greek  emperors,  succeeded  to  the  throne 
in  1449.  He  was  killed  in  bravely  de- 
fending Constantinople  against  Mahomet 
II.,  who,  in  1453,  besieged  the  city  with 
300,000  men.  The  heroic  valor  display- 
ed by  Constantine  in  this  unequal  eon- 
test  demands  our  admiration  ;  but  valor 
Was  of  no  avail,  the  city  was  taken  by 
storm,  and  thus  ended  the  Greek  em- 
pire.— CjEsarovitch  Paulovitcii,  grand- 
iirinee  of  Russia,  second  son  of  the 
Cmperor  Paul,  and  brother  of  Alexan- 
der, was  b.  1779.  He  attended  his 
brother  in  all  his  campaigns,  and  was 
distinguished  for  bravery  in  the  field: 
but  he  possessed  the  characteristics  of  a 
half-civilized  ruler,  being  cruel  and 
tyrannical  in  all  that  related  to  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  Poles,  over  whom  he 
was  placed.  He  formally  renounced  his 
right  of  succession  to  his  younger  bro- 
ther, the  Emperor  Nicholas,  and  was 
present  at  his  coronation.     D.  1831. 

CONSTANTIUS,  Chlorus,  the  son 
of  Eutropius,  and  the  father  of  Constan- 
tine the  Great.  Be  obtained  the  title  of 
Ca;sar  from  his  victories  in  Germany 
and  Britain  ;  and  on  the  abdication  of, 
Diocletian  was  chosen  the  colleague  of 
Galerios.  He  d.  at  York,  in  306.— 
Ei.avius  Jui.irs,  the  second  son  of  Con- 
stantine the  Great,  was  b.  317,  made 
Cm-::  in  323,  and  elected  emperor  in 
337.  The  soldiers,  to  secure  the  throne 
to  the  three  sons  of  Constantine,  mas- 
sacred the  uncles  and  cousins  of  those 
princes,  with  the  exception  of  Julian  the 
Apostate,  and  his  brother  Gal!  us.  After 
this  the  sons  of  Constantine  divided  the 
empire,  Constantius  taking  the  East  to 
his  share.  He  d.  on  his  march  against 
Julian  in  861. 

CONTAT,  Louise,  madame  dc  Parny, 
ft  French  actress,  remarkable  for  her 
beauty,  vivacity,  grace,  and  dignity ;  b. 


1760  ;  sustained  her  station  on  the  stage 
32  years  ;  and  d.  1613. 

CONTE,  Nicholas  Jacques,  a  French 
painter,  but  more  distinguished  for  the 
ingenuity  of  his  mechanical  contrivances. 
He  accompanied  the  expedition  to  Egypt, 
where  his  services  were  of  the  greatest 
value ;  for,  the  machines  and  instru- 
ments of  the  army  having  fallen  into  the 
hands  of  the  Arabs,  he  constructed  corn 
and  gunpowder  mills,  manufactured 
swords,  engineering  instruments,  tele- 
scopes, and,  in  short,  every  thing  r.eces- 
sarv  for  a  military  and  scientific  expedi- 
tion.    B.  1755;  d.  1S05. 

CONWAY,  Henry  Seymour,  was  a 
distinguished  military  officer  and  states- 
man, b.  1720.  He  served  with  applause 
in  the  seven  years'  war,  was  secretary 
of  state  from'  1765  to  1768,  appointed 
commander-in-chief  in  1782,  and  d.  in 
1795,  being  at  that  time  the  senior  Brit- 
ish field-marshal. 

CONYBEARE,  John,  bishop  of  Bris- 
tol ;  author  of  an  able  "  Defence  of 
Revealed  Religion,"  against  TindaPs 
"Christianity  as  Old  as  the  Creation," 
and  of  two  volumes  of  sermons.  D. 
1757. — John  Josias,  a  learned  English 
divine,  critic,  and  antiquary ;  author  of 
a  volume  of  sermons,  preached  at  the 
Bampton  Lecture,  and  of  various  arti- 
cles on  Saxon  literature,  contributed  to 
the  "  Censura  Literaria,"  and  the  "  Brit- 
ish Bibliographer."     D.  1824. 

COOK, "Henry,  an  English  painter. 
He  studied  in  Italy  under  Salvator 
Rosa,  but  for  many  years  after  his  re- 
turn to  England  he  lived  in  obscurity 
and  distress.  He  was  at  length  em- 
ployed by  King  William  to  repair  the 
cartoons,'  from  which  time  he  seems  to 
have  been  comparatively  prosperous,  as 
Horace  Walpole  mentions  several  pub- 
lic works  which  were  either  wholly  or 
in  part  performed  by  him.  T>.  1700. — 
James,  a  celebrated  'English  navigator, 
was  b.  at  Marton,  in  Yorkshire,  1728, 
and  his  parents  being  poor,  his  3afly 
education  included  only  reading,  wri- 
ting, and  the  rudiments  of  common 
arithmetic.  He  commenced  his  naval 
career  in  the  merchant  service,  then  en- 
tered on  board  the  Eagle  man-of-war, 
and  after  four  years1  meritorious  service, 
was  made  master  of  the  Mercury.  This 
vessel  formed  part  of  the  squadron  sent 
against  Quebec,  and  Cook  performed 
the  difficult  task  of  taking  soundings  in 
the  St.  Lawrence,  in  the  very  face  of  the 
French  encampment,  and  of  making  a 
chart  of  the  St.  Lawrence  below  Que- 
bec.    After  varions  and  arduous  servi- 


coo] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


315 


ces  lie  was  at  length  raised  to  the  rank 
of  lieutenant,  and  then  commenced  that 
Beries  of  voyages,  the  details  of  which 
form  one  of  the  most  popular  and  de- 
lightful books  in  our  language.  Un- 
happily, while  touching  at  Owhyhee, 
Captain  Cook,  in  spite  of  the  utmost 
prudence  and  humanity,  was  involved 
in  a  dispute  with  the  natives,  and  while 
endeavoring  to  reach  his  boat,  was  sav- 
agely murdered,  on  St.  Valentine's  Day, 
1779. 

COOKE,  Benjamin,  an  able  musician 
and  composer;  author  of  ''How  Sleep 
the  Bra\e,"  "Hark,  hark,  the  Lark," 
and  many  other  beautiful  and  popular 
glees.  B.  1814. — George  Frederick, 
an  eminent  modern  English  actor,  was 
b.  1756.  In  early  life  he  was  appren- 
ticed to  a  printer,  but  his  attention  to 
theatricals  so  completely  absorbed  his 
mind,  that  his  master  soon  had  his  in- 
dentures cancelled.  He  then  tried  the 
navy  with  no  better  success,  his  inclina- 
tion for  the  stage  being  unconquerable. 
In  October,  1800,  he  made  his  appear- 
ance at  Oovent-garden,  in  the  character 
of  Bichard  III.  His  performance  of 
this  character  gave  him  at  once  a  place 
among  the  very  first  histrionic  artists  of 
the  day.  Be  afterwards  accepted  an 
engagement  in  America,  where  he  per- 
formed with  similar  success,  but  his 
indulgence  in  debauched  habits  broke 
his  originally  vigorous  constitution,  and 
he  d.  in  1812. —  Thomas,  an  English 
poet,  translator  of  the  works  of  Hesiod, 
and  of  some  of  those  of  Cicero.  He 
also  wrote  some  political  tracts,  dramas, 
and  poems,  the  latter  of  which  gave 
offence  to  Pope,  and  procured  their  au- 
thor a  place  in  the  "  Dunciad."  B. 
1756. —  Thomas,  whose  versatility  of 
musical  talent  has  had  few  equals,  was 
b.  at  Bublin,  1781.  He  evinced  even  in 
his  infancy  a  genius  for  musie,  and  so 
assiduously  did  he  cultivate  his  talents, 
that  at  the  a^e  of  15  he  became  leader 
of  the  band  at  the  Theatre  Royal  of  his 
native  city.  His  first  appearance  as  a 
siiitrer  was  in  the  character  of  Seraskier, 
in  the  "Siege  of  Belgrade."  In  1813 
he  appeared  on  the  boards  of  the  En- 
glish Opera  house,  now  the  Lyceum,  in 
London,  where  he  at  once  became  a 
public  favorite.  Besides  being  the  lead- 
er of  the  Philharmonic  concerts  for 
nany  years,  and  a  conductor  on  many 
occasions,  he  was  appointed,  in  1846, 
leader  of  the  Concerts  of  Ancient  Mu- 
sic, and  was  repeatedly  engaged  in  the 
name  capacity  for  the  great  musical  fes- 
tival? throughout  the  country.    D.  1848. 


— William,  an  eminent  English  lawyer, 
author  of  a  "Compendious  System  ot 
the  Bankrupt  Laws,  with  an  Appendix 
of  Practical  Precedents."  B.  lSt!-2.— 
William,  a  poet  and  biographer,  b.  at 
Cork,  in  Ireland;  author  of  "The  Art 
of  Living  in  London,"  "  Elements  of 
Dramatic  Criticism,"  "Biographies  of 
Macklin  and  Foote,"  "Conversation," 
a  didactic  poem,  &c.     D.  1824. 

COOMBE,  William,  an  industrious 
and  clever  writer  ;  author  of  "  The  Dia- 
boliad,"  a  satire  ;  "  The  Devil  upon  Two 
Sticks  in  England,"  "Tour  of  Dr.  Syn- 
tax in  Search  of  the  Picturesque," 
"  History  of  Johnny  Qiue  Genus," 
"  English  Dance  of  "Death,"  &c.  D. 
1S23. 

COOPER,  Anthony  Ashley,  first 
earl  of  Shaftesbury,  an  eminent  states- 
man, b.  1621.  He  studied  for  a  short 
time  in  Lincoln's  Inn,  but  at  the  early 
age  of  10  he  was  elected  member  of 
parliament  for  Shrewsbury.  At  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  war,  he  at  first 
sided  with  the  king,  but  afterwards 
went  over  to  the  parliament,  raised 
troops,  and  stormed  Warcham,  in  Dor- 
setshire. After  serving  in  the  long  par- 
liament, and  in  the  convention  which 
succeeded  it,  and  being  also  one  of 
Cromwell's  privy  councillors,  he  be- 
came one  of  Monk's  colleagues  in  bring- 
ing about  the  restoration  of  Charles  II. 
The  king,  in  1672,  created  him  earl  of 
Shaftesbury,  and  raised  him  to  the  high 
and  important  post  of  lord  high  chan- 
cellor. This  oihee,  however,  he  held 
only  a  year;  and  on  the  seals  being 
taken  from  him  he  became  one  of  the 
opposition.  In  this  capacity  he  was  so 
violent  that  he  was  at  length  sent  to 
the  Tower,  where  he  remained  more 
than  a  year,  and  only  obtained  his  re- 
lease at  last  by  making  a  full  submis- 
sion. When  "^e  again  got  into  power, 
he  had  the  merit  of  bringing  forward, 
and  causing  to  be  passed,  the  invaluable 
law  called  the  habeas  corpus  act.  His 
unremitting  efforts  to  exclude  the  duke 
of  York  from  the  succession,  roused 
that  prince  to  such  strenuous  exertions, 
that  in  four  months  the  ministry  was 
turned  out,  and  shortly  afterwards  the 
earl  was  sent  to  the  Tower  on  a  charge 
of  high  treason.  On  this  perilous  charge 
he  was  acquitted,  to  the  great  joy  of  the 
people  at  large ;  but  his  triumph  was 
somewhat  d  imped  by  the  withering 
satire  with  which  his  character  was  de- 
picted in  Dryden's  "Absalom  and 
Achitophel."  D.  1683. — Anthony  Ash- 
ley,  third    earl    of   Shaftesbury,    and 


316 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY-. 


[cop 


grandson  of  the  last  named,  was  an  emi- 
nent English  writer,  b.  1671.  In  161)3 
he  was  elected  member  of  parliament 
for  Poole,  in  Dorsetshire.  lie  was  the 
author  of  various  works,  the  principal 
one  of  which  is  entitled  "Characteristics 
of  Men,  Manners,  Opinions,  and  Times." 
As  a  man,  both  in  public  and  private 
life,  he  was  beloved  and  respected  by 
all  parties.  D.  1713. — Sir  A9tley  Pas- 
Ton,  a  surgeon  of  distinguished  celebri- 
ty, was  b.  at  Brooke,  in  Norfolk,  176S. 
In  his  20th  year  he  went  to  London,  and 
took  up  his  abode  with  Mr.  Cline,  who 
found  him  so  able  a  coadjutor,  in  his 
situation  of  demonstrator  to  the  stu- 
dents, as  to  assign  him  a  share  in  his 
anatomical  lectures  also.  In  this  promi- 
nent position  he  outshone  all  who  had 
preceded  him  as  a  popular  teacher.  His 
class  of  students  increased  from  50  to 
400,  which  was  the  largest  ever  known 
iu  London.  In  1792  he  visited  Paris, 
and  attended  the  lectures  of  Desault 
and  Chopart;  and  on  his  return  he  took 
up  his  residence  in  London,  first  in 
Jeffery-square,  and  afterwards  in  Broad- 
street.  His  practice  had  now  become 
immense,  and  long  before  he  removed 
to  New-street,  Spring  Gardens,  he  was 
decidedly  affluent.  While  there  he  for 
many  years  realized  from  £18,000  to 
£20,000  per  annum.  The  honor  of  a 
baronetcy  was  conferred  on  him  at  the 
coronation  of  George  IV.,  to  whom  he 
had  been  appointed  surgeon.  D.  1841. — 
John  Gilbert,  a  clever  English  writer; 
author  of  "  The  Power  of  Harmony,"  a 
poem;  "The  Life  of  Socrates,"  "Let- 
ters on  Taste,"  "The  Tomb  of  Shak- 
spcare,"  &c.  D.  1769. — Samuel,  an 
eminent  English  painter  whose  excel- 
lence in  miniature  painting  gained  him 
the  name  of  the  Miniature  Vandyke. 
One  of  his  best  works  is  his  portrait  of 
Oliver  Cromwell.  D  1672. — Samuel,  an 
American  clergyman,  distinguished  both 
as  a  preacher  and  a  patriot.  He  was 
among  the  foremost  in  opposing  Great 
Britain  in  her  dispute  with  the  colonies, 
and  wrote  many  political  tracts  ;  and  he 
was  also  an  eminent  critic  and  theologi- 
an. B.  172.3;  d.  1823.— Thomas,  bishop 
of  Winchester ;  author  of  "An  Epit- 
ome of  the  Chronicles,"  "An  Exposi- 
tion of  the  Sunday  Lessons,"  "Thesau- 
rus Linguae  Romanse  et  Britannicie,  et 
Dictionarium  Historicum  et  Poetieum," 
&c.  He  was  a  very  learned  and  zealous 
prelate,  and  much  favored  by  Queen 
Elizabeth.  D.  1594. — Thomas,  a  dis- 
tinguished political  writer,  b.  at  Lon- 
don, 1759,  educated  as  a  physician,  and 


who  took  an  active  part  in  defence  of 
the  French  revolution.  lie  was  de- 
nounced by  Burke  for  his  demoeratio 
sentiments.  He  came  to  America,  joined 
Priestley  in  Pennsylvania,  where  he  es- 
tablished himself  as  a  lawyer.  His 
early  opposition  to  the  administration 
of  the  elder  Adams,  caused  him  to  be 
prosecuted  under  the  sedition  act.  He 
was  afterwards  appointed  to  the  chair 
of  chemistry  in  Dickenson  college,  and 
then  to  that  of  Columbia  college,  S.  C. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  a  translation 
of  "Justinian's  Institutes,"  a  treatise 
on  "  Bankrupt  Laws,"  and  a  great  many 
minor  essays,  metaphysical,  political,  re- 
ligious, and  scientific. 

COOTE,  Sir  Eyre,  a  distinguished 
military  officer.  He  was  b.  in  Ireland, 
1726,  and  as  early  as  the  rebellion  of 
1745  bore  arms  in  the  king's  service. 
His  regiment  being  ordered  to  the  East 
Indies  in  1754,  he  greatly  distinguished 
himself  at  the  sieges  of  Haughlev,  Chan- 
dernagore,  and  Pondicherrv,  and  at  the 
battle" of  Plassey.  etc.  In  1780,  Ilyder 
Ally  having  invaded  the  Carnatic,  Sir 
Eyre  Cooto,  with  a  vastly  inferior  force, 
arrested  his  progress,  and  in  various 
encounters  signally  defeated  him.  D. 
at  Madras,  1783. 

COPERNICUS,  Nicholas,  a  cele- 
brated mathematician  and  astronomer, 
was  a  native  of  Thorn,  in  Prussia.  He 
travelled  into  Italy,  and  became  a  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  Rome.  On  his 
return  to  his  native  country,  his  uncle, 
the  bishop  of  Warmia,  gave  him  a  ean- 
onry;  and  being  thus  at  ease  as  to 
fortune,  he  diligently  labored  to  improve 
the  science  of  astronomy  ;  and  the  fruits 
of  his  researches  appeared  in  his  Latin 
treatise  "On  the  Revolutions  of  the 
Celestial  Orbs,"  in  which  he  represent- 
ed the  sun  as  occupying  a  centre  round 
which  the  earth  and  the  other  planets 
revolve.  His  great  work  remained  in 
MS.  some  years  after  he  had  completed 
it,  so  diffident  was  he  as  to  the  reception 
it  might  meet  with ;  and  it  was  only  a 
few  hours  before  his  death  that  a  print- 
ed copy  was  presented  to  him,  giving 
him  assurance  that  his  opinions  would 
see  the  light,  though  he  would  be  be- 
vond  the  reach  of  censure  and  persecu- 
tion.    B.  1473;  d.  1543. 

COPLESTON,  Edward,  bishop  of 
Llandaff,  and  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  was 
b.  at  Otfwell  in  Devonshire,  of  which 
parish  his  father  was  at  once  the  patron 
and  incumbent,  1776.  At  an  early  age 
of  his  life  he  gained  great  distinction  by 
his  polemical  pamphlets  in  favor  of  the 


Cor] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


31? 


university;  and  besides  contributing 
various  articles  to  the  "  Quarterly  Re- 
view." gave  to  the  world  numerous 
sermons  and  charges,  all  of  them  dis- 
tinguished by  vigor,  clearness,  and  pre- 
cision of  thought.     D.  1849. 

COPLEY,  John  Singleton,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  was  b.  at  Boston,  1738; 
visited  Italy  in  1774;  and  in  1776  went 
to  England,  and  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  Royal  Academy.  As  an  artist  he 
was  self-educated,  and  had  executed 
many  works  of  merit  before  he  left 
America;  but  his  "Death  of  Lord 
Chatham"  established  his  fame  in  En- 
gland. Many  other  tine  historical  sub- 
jects were  subsequently  produced  by 
him,  among  which  were  "  The  Siege 
of  Gibraltar,"  "  Death  of  Major  Pier- 
son,"  "  Charles  I.  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons," &c.  Mr.  Copley  was  the  father 
of  Lord  Lyndhurst,  late  lord  chancellor 
of  England,  and  since  chief  baron  of  the 
exchequer.     D.  1815. 

CORBET,  Richard,  an  English  di- 
vine, and  a  poet;  author  of  a  spirited 
"  Narrative  of  a  Journey  to  France," 
and  of  various  other  poems,  published 
under  the  title  of  "  Poetica  Stromata." 
He  was  remarkable  for  wit,  and  no  less 
so  for  an  eccentricity  and  mirthful  jocu- 
larity, which  did  not  very  well  accord 
with  the  character  of  his  profession.  It 
did  not,  however,  prevent  him  from 
being  raised,  successively,  to  the  bish- 
oprics of  Oxford  and  Norwich.  B.  15S2; 
d.  16-55. 

CORDARA,  Julius  Cesar,  an  Italian 
Jesuit,  author  of  an  able  work,  entitled, 
"  Historia  Societatis  Jesu,"  &c.  D. 
1784. 

CORDAY  D'ARMANS,  Marie  Anne 
Charlotte,  a  female  of  great  beauty  and 
courage,  who,  in  revenge  for  the  death 
of'  her  lover,  an  officer  in  the  garrison 
of  Caen,  became  the  murderer  of  Marat. 
Inspired  with  a  deep-rooted  hatred 
against  him,  she  left  her  home,  and  on 
arriving  at  Paris,  (July  12,  1793,)  she 
went  to  his  house,  but  was  not  admit- 
ted. On  the  same  evening  she  wrote  to 
him  as  follows: — "Citizen,  I  have  just 
now  come  from  Caen.  Y'our  love  for 
your  country  no  doubt  makes  you  de- 
sirous of  being  informed  of  the  unhappy 
transactions  in  that  part  of  the  republic. 
Grant  me  an  interview  for  a  moment. 
I  have  important  discoveries  to  make 
to  you."  The  following  day  came,  and, 
with  a  dagger  in  her  bosom,  she  pro- 
ceeded to  the  house  of  Marat,  who,  just 
on  the  point  of  coming  out  of  his  bath, 
mimedjately  gave  orders  that  she  should 


be  admitted.  Thf  assemblies  at  Cal- 
vados were  the  first  subjects  of  conver- 
sation, and  Marat  heard  witli  eagerness 
the  names  of  those  who  were  present 
at  them.  "All  these,"  he  exclaimed, 
"  shall  be  guillotined."  At  these  words 
Charlotte  plunged  her  dagger  into  his 
bosom,  and  he  instantly  expired,  utter- 
ing the  words,  "To  me,  my  friend!" 
Meanwhile  the  maid  remained  calm  and 
tranquil  as  the  priestess  before  the  altar, 
in  the  midst  of  the  tumult  and  confu- 
sion. She  was  afterwards  conducted  as 
a  prisoner  to  the  Abbaye.  A  young 
man,  who  begged  to  die  in  her  place, 
was  also  condemned  to  death.  Her  first 
care  was  to  implore  the  forgiveness  of 
her  father  for  disposing  of  her  life  with- 
out his  knowledge.  She  then  wrote  to 
Barbaroux  as  follows  :  "  To-morrow,  at 
five  o'clock,  my  trial  begins,  and  on  the 
same  day  I  hope  to  meet  with  Brutus 
and  the  other  patriots  in  elysium." 
She  appeared  before  the  revolutionary 
tribunal  with  a  dignified  air,  and  her 
replies  were  firm  and  noble.  She  spoke 
of  her  deed  as  a  duty  which  she  owed 
her  country.  Her  defender,  (Chaveau 
Lagarde,)  full  of  astonishment  at  such 
courage,  cried  out,  "  You  hear  the  ac- 
cused herself!  She  confesses  her  crime ; 
she  admits  that  she  has  coolly  reflected 
upon  it;  she  conceals  no  circumstance 
of  it;  and  she  wishes  for  no  defence. 
This  unshaken  calmness,  this  total 
abandonment  of  herself,  these  appear- 
ances of  the  utmost  internal  tranquillity, 
are  not  natural !  Such  appearances  are 
not  to  be  explained  only  by  that  polit- 
ical fanaticism,  which  armed  her  hand 
with  the  dagger.  To  you  then,  gentle- 
men of  the  jury,  it  belongs  to  judge  of 
what  weight  this  moral  view  may  be  in 
the  scale  of  justice  !"  His  words  could 
make  no  impression  on  the  minds  of  the 
judges.  She  was  condemned,  and  led 
to  the  scaffold,  retaining  her  calmness 
and  presence  of  mind  to  the  last,  though 
pursued  by  the  crowd  with  yells  and 
shouts  of  execration.  She  was  b.  at  St 
Satumin,  near  Seez,  in  Normandy,  1768, 
and  suffered  by  the  guillotine,  July  17. 
1793.  Lamarthie  calls  her  the  "angel 
of  assassination." 

CORDIER,  Mathurin,  an  eminent 
professor  at  Paris  in  the  16th  century, 
better  known  by  his  Latin  name,  Ci>r- 
derius;  author  of  the  "Colloquies"  so 
much  used  in  the  education  of  youth, 
and  various  other  works.     D.  1546. 

CORD1NER,  Charles,  an  antiquarian 
and  topographical  writer,  was  b.  at  Pe- 
terhead, 1746.     He  wrote    "  The  Pic- 


318 


CYCLOPEDIA     Ut     BlVUtiAfHY. 


[cor 


turesque  Scenery  and  Antiquities  of  the 
North  of  Scotland,"  17S0,  London. 
The  engravings  which  accompany  this 
work  are  from  designs  by  Mr.  Cordiner, 
and  are  much  admired  for  their  ac- 
curacy.    D.  1794. 

COll  DO V A,  Jose,  general  in  chief 
of  the  auxiliary  Colombian  army  in  Bo- 
livia, who  repeatedly  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  bravery,  and  was  for  a  long 
time  the  faithful  adherent  of  Bolivar; 
but  he  set  up  the  standard  of  revolt  in 
Antioquia,  where  he  was  attacked  by 
General  O'Leary,  and  slain,  1829. 

CORIATE,  or  COBYATE,  Thomas, 
an  English  traveller  and  writer.  For  a 
considerable  time  he  held  a  situation  in 
the  household  of  Prince  Henry,  son  of 
James  I.,  and  was  so  remarkable  for 
oddity  and  eccentricity,  that,  as  An- 
thony "Wood  remarks,  "he  was  the 
whetstone  for  all  the  wits  of  the  age." 
In  1608  he  commenced  a  pedestrian  tour 
of  Europe ;  and  having  walked  900 
miles  with  one  pair  of  shoes,  he  hung 
them  up,  on  his  return,  in  the  parish 
church  of  his  native  place,  Odcombc,  in 
Somersetshire.  This  eccentric  traveller, 
who  is  said  to  have  introduced  into  En- 
gland the  use  of  table  forks,  published 
"Crudities  hastily  gobbled  up  in  Five 
Months1  Travel  in  France,  Savoy,  Italy, 
lihotia,  Helvetia,  Germany,  and  the 
Netherlands:"  "Coriate's  Oambe,  or 
his  Colewort  twice  Sodden,"  "Traveller 
for  the  English  Wits,"  and  "A  Letter 
from  the  Court  of  the  Great  Mogul." 
T>.  while  travelling  in  the  East  Indies, 
1617. 

CORILLA,  Maria  Madelina  Fer- 
nandez, a  celebrated  improvisatrice. 
Her  abilities,  both  as  a  poetess  and  a 
musician,  were  very  great  and  versa- 
tile. She  became  a  member  of  the  acad- 
emy of  the  Arcadi  at  Rome,  and  was 
Bolemnly  crowned  at  the  accession  of 
Pius  VI.  She  was  married  to  a  Signor 
Morelli,  of  Leghorn;  but  her  conduct 
after  marriage  was  very  unworthy  of  her 
great  genius.     D.  1S00. 

CORINNA,  a  celebrated  poetess,  to 
whom  the  Greeks  gave  the  appellation 
of  the  Lyric  Muse.  She  composed  a 
great  number  of  poems,  of  which  only^ 
*  few  fragments  have  come  down  to  us  ; 
unci  five  times  obtained  the  poetic  wreath 
from  her  great  competitor,  Pindar.  She 
flourished  in  the  5th  century  u.  c,  and 
a  tomb  was  erected  to  her  memory  in 
her  native  city,  Tanagra,  in  Bieotia. 

CORIOLANUS,  Caius  Marcius.  was 
a  descendant  of  the  patrician  family  of 
the  March,  and  was  from  an  early  age 


distinguished  for  the  courage  and  pride 
so  much  prized  by  the  Romans.  In  a 
war  with  the  Volscians,  the  Romans  be- 
sieging Corioli,  the  capital  of  the  Vol- 
scians, were  driven  back  to  their  lines. 
Marcius  rallied  his  countrymcu,  pursued 
the  enemy,  and  possessed  himself  of 
Corioli :  for  which  he  was  rewarded 
with  a  large  share  of  the  spoil,  and  with 
the  surname  of  Coriolanus.  Subse- 
quently, in  disputes  which  took  place 
between  the  patricians  and  plebeians, 
Coriolanus  made  himself  so  obnoxious 
to  the  latter,  that  he  was  banished. 
Stung  by  the  ingratitude  of  his  coun- 
trymen, he  joined  the  Volscians,  and, 
jointly  with  Tullus  Aufidius,  led  a  nu- 
merous army  against  Rome.  He  had 
encamped  within  rive  miles  of  the  city, 
and  its  ruin  seemed  inevitable,  when, 
at  the  urgent  entreaties  of  his  mother, 
he  withdrew  his  army.  It  is  generally 
supposed  that,  in  a  tumult  of  the  en- 
raged Volscians,  he  was  assassinated  as 
a  traitor  to  their  cause ;  but  the  histo- 
rian Fabius  affirms  that  he  lived  many 
years  after  this  event.     44S  b.  c. 

CORNARO,  Ludovico,  a  Venetian 
noble,  who,  having  greatly  injured  his 
health  by  too  free  indulgence  in  the 
pleasures  of  the  table,  had  the  resolu- 
tion entirely  to  abandon  that  indul- 
gence, and  to  restrict  himself  to  twelve 
ounces  of  food  and  fourteen  ounces  of 
wine  in  the  24  hours.  Having  by  this 
regimen  restored  himself  to  health,  he 
wrote  various  treatises  recommendatory 
of  the  system  from  which  he  had  de- 
rived so  much  benefit.  Besides  these, 
which  are  collected  under  the  title  of 
"Diseorsi  dclla  Vita  Sobria,"  he  wrote 
"  Trattato  delle  Acquc."  He  com- 
menced his  dietary  rule  when  he  was 
40,  and  died  at  the  great  age  of  104,  in 
1566. —  Helena  Lucretia,  a  learned 
Venetian  lady,  who  was  educated  at  the 
university  of  Padua,  where  she  took  her 
degrees,  and  was  made  a  doctor,  and 
received  the  title  of  Unalterable.  At 
Rome  she  was  admitted  at  the  univer- 
sity, and  was  entitled  the  Humble.  She 
made  a  vow  of  perpetual  eelibacv,  that 
she  might  with  more  intense  application 
devote  herself  to  literary  pursuits  ;  and 
so  great  was  the  reputation  of  her  learn- 
ing, that  the  most  illustrious  characters 
who  travelled  through  Venice  were 
more  anxious  to  see  her  than  all  the 
curiosities  of  the  city.     D.  1685. 

CORNBURY,  Edward  Hyde,  lord, 
governor  of  New  York,  was  the  son  of 
the  earl  of  Clarendon,  and  one  of  the 
first  olficcrs  who  deserted  the  army  of 


CORJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


319 


King  James.  King  William,  in  grati- 
tude i'oi  his  services,  appointed  him  to 
nil  American  government.  He  com- 
menced his  administration  as  a  suc- 
cessor of  Lord  Bellamantin,  1702.  He 
Was  a  bigot  in  religion,  and  oppressive 
and  unjust  in  his  administration  ot'  the 
government.     D.  1723. 

CORNELLLE,  Pierre,  the  greatest 
of  the  k  rench  dramatic  poets,  was  b.  at 
Rouen,  16u6,  and  for  some  time  prac- 
tised in  that  city  as  an  advocate.  His 
first  dramatic  performance  was  "  Mt- 
lito,"  a  comedy,  which  met  with  such 
distinguished  success,  that  he  was  en- 
couraged to  devote  Ins  rare  powers  to 
tlie  drama.  The  tragedies  of  '•  Medea," 
''The  Cid,"  "  The  Horatii,"  and  "Chi- 
na," followed,  and  established  for  their 
author  a  pre-eminent  station  among 
French  dramatists.  Besides  the  fore- 
going, he  wrote  many  other  tragedies ; 
and  translated  Thomas  a  Kempis,  "  On 
the  Imitation  of  Jesus  Christ."  It  is 
melancholy  to  reflect  that  the  great  Cor- 
neillc,  who  had  achieved  fame  equally 
for  himself  and  his  country's  literature, 
ended  his  days  in  poverty  and  distress. 
D.  1684. — Thomas,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  also  a  fertile  and  successful 
dramatist,  was  b.  1625.  Several  of  his 
tragedies  are  admirable;  in  fact,  there 
seems  to  be  a  good  deal  of  truth  in  Vol- 
taire's assertion,  that  Thomas  Corneille 
would  have  had  a  great  reputation,  if 
he  had  not  had  a  great  brother.  Be- 
sides dramatic  works,  he  wrote  a  "Dic- 
tionary of  Arts  and  Sciences,"  a  "Geo- 
graphical and  Historical  Dictionary," 
and  a  translation  of  the  Metamorphoses 
of  Ovid.     D.  1708. 

CORNELIA,  an  illustrious  Roman 
lady.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Scipio 
Africanus,  wife  of  Tiberius  Sempronius 
Gracchus,  and  mother  of  the  two  famous 
tribunes.  She  was  of  a  grave  and  dig- 
nified deportment,  and  possessed  so 
great  a  controi  over  her  feelings,  that 
when  a  friend  condoled  with  her  on  the 
death  of  her  sons,  she  replied,  "The 
woman  who  had  the  Gracchi  for  sons 
cannot  be  considered  unfortunate."  Her 
literary  talents  must  have  been  consid- 
erable, as  Cicero  very  highly  commends 
some  of  her  epistles.  She  nourished  in 
the  2d  century  b.  c,  and  after  her  death 
.he  Romans  erected  a  statue  to  her 
memory,  bearing  the  inscription,  "To 
Cornelia,  the  mother  of  the  Gracchi." 

CORN  WALLIS,  Sir  Charles,  an  able 
English  statesman.  He  was  sent  to 
Spain  as  ambassador  from  James  I.,  and 
vas  treasurer  to  the  king's  son,  Prince 


Henry.  D.  1630. — Charles,  marquis 
of,  son  of  the  hist  Earl  Cornwallis,  was 
b.  1738,  and  entered  the  army  as  soon 
as  he  had  compleied  his  education  at 
Cambridge.  In  America  lie  acted  a 
conspicuous  part,  and  greatly  distin- 
guisned  himself  at  the  battle  of  Brandy- 
wine,  and  at  the  siege  of  Charlestcu. 
After  gaining  the  important  battles  of 
Camden  and  Guildford  he  determined 
to  invade  Virginia;  but  his  plans  fad- 
ing, and  owing,  as  he  affirmed,  to  the 
iiieriicient  conduct  of  Sir  Henry  Clinton, 
upon  whom  he  had  relied  for  support, 
he  and  his  army  were  made  prisouers. 
In  1786  he  was  made  go  verm,  ""-general 
and  commander-in-chief  in  li  iia.  In 
1798  he  was  sent  to  Ireland  as  lord 
lieutenant;  and  in  the  trying  and  terri- 
ble scenes  of  the  rebellion  so  conducted 
himself  as  to  gain  the  good  opinion  of 
the  public,  while  vigorously  upholding 
and  vindicating  the  laws.  In  180-4  he 
was  a  second  tune  appointed  governor- 
general  of  India.     D.  1805. 

CORONELLI,  Vincent,  a  Venetian 
ecclesiastic,  and  a  professor  of  geog- 
raphy and  mathematics.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  very  extensive  atlas,  and  the 
founder  of  the  geographical  society  at 
Venice.     D.  1718. 

CORREA  DA  SERRA,  Joseph  Fran- 
cis, a  botanist,  and  the  founder  of  the 
academy  of  sciences  at  Lisbon,  was  b. 
at  Serra,  Portugal,  1750.  In  1816  he 
was  sent  to  the  United  States  as  Portu- 
guese envoy  and  recalled  in  1819,  to  be 
a  member  of  finance.    D.  1823. 

CORREGGlO,  Antonio  Allegri  da, 
a  painter  of  transcendent  ability,  was  b. 
in  14'j-i,  at  Correggio,  in  the  duchy  of 
Modena.  lie  is  the  founder  of  the 
Lombard  school,  and  unrivalled  by  all 
competitors  for  the  grace  and  loveliness 
of  his  figures,  and  the  exquisite  liar 
niony  of  his  coloring.  "His  color  and 
mode  of  finishing,"  says  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds,  "  approach  nearer  to  perfec- 
tion than  those  of  any  other  painter: 
the  gliding  motion  of  his  outline,  and 
the  sweetness  with  which  it  melts  into 
the  ground ;  the  clearness  and  trans- 
parency of  his  coloring,  which  stops  at 
that  exact  medium  in  which  the  puri- 
ty and  perfection  of  taste  lies,  leaves 
nothing  to  be  wished  for."  Yet,  not- 
withstanding his  genius  and  industry, 
"poorly,  poor  man,  he  lived;  poorly, 
poor  man,  he  died  !"     D.  1534. 

CORS1NI,  Edward,  an  Italian  monk, 
professor  of  philosophy  and  metaphysics 
at  Pisa  ;  author  of  "  Philosophical  and 
Mathematical  Institutions,"  in  6  vols.* 


320 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cos 


"Elementary  Geometry,"  several  clas- 
sical works,  "A  History  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pisa,"  &c.    D.  1765. 

COKTEZ,  or  COETES,  Fernando, 
the  conqueror  of  Mexico,  was  b.  1485, 
at  Medetin,  in  Estremadura,  and,  after 
studying  the  law,  quitted  it  for  the  mil- 
itary profession.  In  1511  he  went  with 
Velasquez  to  Cuba;  and  the  conquest 
of  Mexico  being  determined  upon,  Cor- 
tez obtained  the  command  of  the  expe- 
dition for  that  purpose.  In  1518  he  set 
sail  with  700  men  in  ten  vessels ;  and 
on  landing  at  Tabasco  he  caused  his 
vessels  to  be  burned,  in  order  that  his 
soldiers  might  have  no  other  resource 
than  their  own  valor.  Having  conquer- 
ed the  Tlascalans,  and  induced  them  to 
become  his  allies,  he  marched  towards 
Mexico,  where  he  was  amicably  re- 
ceived ;  but  having  seized  upon  their 
inea,  Montezuma,  and  treated  the  peo- 
ple with  the  utmost  insolence,  the  Mex- 
icans first  murmured,  and  then  resisted. 
Cortez  besieged  the  city  of  Mexico ;  and 
in  the  desperate  struggle  which  ensued, 
it  is  said  that  upwards' of  100,000  of  the 
faithful  and  untortunate  Mexicans  were 
killed  or  perished  by  famine.  Having 
reduced  the  devoted  city,  Cortez  com- 
pletely overran  the  Mexican  territories  ; 
in  doing  which  he  committed  atrocities 
which  would  be  incredible  if  related  on 
any  less  irrefragable  testimonies  than 
those  which  compel  our  belief.  In  re- 
ward for  the  addition  he  had  made  to 
the,  wealth  of  Spain,  he  had  a  grant  of 
land  and  the  title  of  marquis ;  but  on 
returning  he  found  that  the  court  of 
Madrid  were  become  jealous  of  his 
power,  and  treated  him  with  cold  neg- 
lect.    D.  1554. 

CORTONA,  Pietroda,  properly  Pne- 
tro  Berrettltti,  an  Italian  painter,  was 
a  native  of  Cortona,  in  Tuscany,  and  at 
an  early  age  was  placed  under  the  tuition 
of  Bac'cio  Ciarpi  at  home.  The  Barbe- 
rini  palace,  the  new  works  at  the  Vat- 
ican, and  many  of  the  churches  of 
Pome,  were  decorated  by  him;  and  at 
Florence  he  adorned  the  Pitti  palace  for 
the  Grand-duke  Ferdinand  II.  In  ad- 
dition to  being  an  eminent  painter,  he 
was  almost  equally  eminent  as  an  archi- 
tect.    D.  1669. 

OORVISART,  John  Nicholas,  an 
eminent  French  physician,  was  b.  1755. 
He  was  chief  physician  to  Napoleon, 
who  made  him  a  baron,  and  an  officer 
of  the  legion  of  honor.  Nor  was  his 
great  merit  overlooked  by  the  Bourbons, 
the  place  of  honorary  member  of  the 
royal  academy  of  medicine  being  con- 


ferred on  him  a  short  time  previous^) 
his  death,  in  1821. 

COSIN,  John,  a  learned,  and  chari- 
table prelate,  was  b.  at  Norwich,  1594. 
In  1640  he  was  made  dean  of  Peter 
borough ;  but  the  Puritans  deprived 
him  of  his  preferments,  and  even  went 
the  length  of  impeaching  him  on  a 
charge  of  being  inclined  to  popery.  On 
this  he  retired  to  France,  where  he  re- 
mained until  the  restoration  of  Charles 
II.,  who  raised  him  to  the  see  of  Dur- 
ham. Among  his  writings  are  "  A 
History  of  Transubstantiation,"  and 
"A  Scholastical  History  of  the  Canon 
of  the  Holy  Scriptures."     D.  1762. 

COSMO'  I.,  grand-di  ke  of  Tuscany, 
b.  in  1519,  was  the  sou  of  John  de 
Medici ;  and  on  the  assassination  of 
Alexander,  chief  of  the  house  of  Medici, 
was  elected  head  of  the  republic  of  Flor- 
ence. Several  attempts  were  made  to 
shake  the  power  of  Cosmo,  but  he  suc- 
ceeded in  defeating  them ;  and  it  was 
probably  in  order  to  secure  himself  able 
and  zealous  defenders  in  case  of  open 
revolt,  that  he  instituted  the  military 
order  of  the  Knights  of  St.  Stephen. 
He  restored  the  university  of  Pisa,  and 
held  out  the  most  liberal  encouragement 
to  men  of  scientific  and  literary  emi- 
nence to  settle  there  as  professors.  He 
also  founded  the  academy  of  Florence, 
established  its  gallery  of  paintings,  and 
performed  many  other  wise  and  honor- 
able actions;  thus  procuring  himself  a 
celebrity  and  influence  which  probably 
he  would  in  vain  have  sought  by  the 
more  dazzling,  but  infinitely  less  useful 
achievements  of  the  warrior.    I).  1574. 

COSTA  FURTADO  DE  MENDOCA, 
Hippolyto  Joseph  da,  a  Portuguese  gen- 
tleman of  scientific  and  literary  attain- 
ments, who,  beinsr  charged  with  free- 
masonry, was  thrown  into  the  prison  of 
the  Inquisition  at  Lisbon.  Here  he  was 
repeatedly  examined,  and  his  answers 
not  being  satisfactory  to  his  persecutors, 
he  was  remanded  to  his  dungeon,  with 
little  prospect  that  his  sufferings  would 
terminate  otherwise  than  in  death.  By 
one  of  those  fortunate  accidents  which 
sometimes  make  "truth  stranger  than 
fiction,"  his  cell  was  left  open,  and  he 
was  enabled  to  possess  himself  ofa  bur  eh 
of  keys  which  opened  every  lock  tnat 
was  between  him  and  liberty.  Having 
taken  these  keys,  and  a  book  which  lay 
beside  them,  he  made  his  escape  ;  and 
after  lying  hidden  several  weeks  in  the 
immediate  neighborhood  of  his  late 
dungeon,  he  found  means  to  embark  foi 
England.    The  book  which  he  brought 


cot] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


321 


from  his  prison  contained,  infer  alia, 
notes  of  his  examinations  before  the  in- 
quisitors ;  and  soon  after  his  arrival  he 
Eublishcd  a  narrative  of  the  persecutions 
e  had  undergone,  the  account  of  his. 
examination  being  taken  from  the  offi- 
cial document  of  which  he  had  thus 
oddly  become  possessed.  His  talents, 
and  "the  interest  excited  by  his  adven- 
tures, obtained  him  considerable  notice, 
and  he  became  foreign  secretary  to  the 
duke  of  Sussex,  and  charge1  d'affaires  in 
England  for  the  Brazilian  government. 
D.  1824. 

COSTANZA,  Angelo  di,  a  Neapolitan 
pcet,  of  noble  birth  ;  author  of  sonnets 
and  other  poems,  and  of  "  Istoria  del 
Regno  di  Napoli,"  containing  the  his- 
tory of  Naples  from  1250  to  1489.  D. 
1591. 

COSTARD,  George,  a  learned  En- 
glish divine  ;  author  of  "  Letters  on  the 
Astronomy  of  the  Ancients,"  a  treatise 
on  "  The  Use  of  Astronomy  in  Chronol- 
ogy and  History,"  "  A  Commentary  on 
the  Book  of  Job,"  &o.  B.  1710;  d. 
17S2. 

COSTE,  Pierre,  a  learned  French 
Protestant,  for  some  time  resident  in 
England,  and  who  acted  as  amanuensis 
to  Locke,  but  subsequently  returned  to 
his  own  country.  He  translated  into 
French,  Locke's  "  Reasonableness  of 
Christianity,"  Newton's  "  Optics,"  &c. 
He  also  wrote  the  "  Life  of  the  Great 
Conde."     D.  1747. 

COSTER,  Laurence  Jan-sex,  a  native 
of  Haerlem,  in  Holland,  to  whom  his 
countrymen  ascribed  the  invention  of 
the  art  of  printing,  in  the  year  1430. 
The  Germans,  however,  with  sufficient 
proof  assert,  that  the  merit  is  due  to 
Guttemberg,  Coster  having  merely  used 
wooden  blocks,  and  not,  as  Junius  as- 
serts, metal  types.     B.  1370  ;  d.  1439. 

COSWAY,  Richard,  an  eminent  En- 
glish artist.  He  painted  miniatures  ad- 
mirably, and  was  almost  equally  great  as 
an  oil  painter.  He  was  one  of  the  oldest 
members  of  the  Royal  Academy,  and  d. 
at  the  age  of  90,  in  1S21. 

COTELIER,  John-,  a  learned  French 
divine  and  critic ;  the  author  of  "  Ec- 
clesia  Grtecoe  Monumenta,"  and  the  co- 
adjutor of  Dn  Cange  in  making  a 
catalogue  of  the  Greek  MSS.  in  the  royal 
library  at  Paris.     D.  1636. 

COTES,  Francis,  an  English  artist  of 
great  eminence  as  a  portrait  painter,  as 
well  in  oil  as  in  crayons.     D.  1770. 

COTIIS,  Charles,  a  French  poet  of 
the  17th  century,  chiefly  known  now 
from  the  satires    levelled    at    him  by 


Boileau  and  Moliere.  He  was  counsellor 
and  almoner  to  the  king,  and  a  member 
of  the  French  Academy.  B.  1604 ;  d. 
1682. 

COTTA,  J.  G.,  Baron,  an  eminent 
bookseller  of  Germany,  and  the  pro- 
prietor of  the  "  Allgemeine  Zeitung,"  a 
political  daily  paper,  as  well  as  of  several 
others  devoted  to  literature  and  the  arts, 
was  b.  at  Stuttgard,  in  1764 ;  for  many 
years  carried  on  an  extensive  and  flour- 
ishing concern  ;  and  also  acted  a  con- 
spicuous part  as  a  political  man.  D. 
1832. 

COTTERELL,  Sir  Charles,  an  excel- 
lent linguist  and  scholar  of  the  17th 
century.  lie  was  master  of  the  requests 
to  Charles  II.,  an  office  which  was  filled 
by  his  descendants  for  several  genera- 
tions. He  translated  the  romance  of 
"  Cassandra"  from  the  French,  besides 
some  works  from  the  Spanish  and  Ital- 
ian.    1).  1637. 

COTTIN,  Sophia  de,  an  accomplished 
French  lady  ;  authoress  of  "  Matilde," 
"  Claire  d'Albe,"  the  well-known  and 
highly  popular  "  Elizabeth,  ou  les  Exiles 
de  Siberie,"  &c.    B.  1773  ;  d.  1807. 

COTTON,  Charles,  an  English  poet; 
author  of  "  Scarronides,  or  Virgil  Tra- 
vestie ;"  a  supplement  to  "  Walton's 
Treatise  on  Angling,"  and  a  volume  of 
original  poems,  &c.  He  also  translated 
Corneille's  tragedy  of  the  Horatii  and 
Montaigne's  Essays.  B.  1530  ;  d.  1687. 
— Nathaniel,  an  English  physician  and 
poet ;  author  of  "  Visions  in  Verse  for 
the  Instruction  of  Younger  Minds." 
He  for  some  years  kept  a  lunatic  asylum 
at  St.  Alban's,  and  the  poetCowper  was 
for  a  time  one  of  its  inmates.  B.  1707  ; 
d.  1788. — Sir  Robert  Bruce,  a  distin- 
guished English  antiquarian,  was  b.  at 
Denton,  in  Huntingdonshire,  1570.  Iu 
162'.)  he  was  brought  before  the  privy 
council,  in  consequence  of  a  political 
treatise  of  his  in  MS.  being  lent  by  his 
librarian,  the  contents  of  which  gave 
so  much  olfence  at  court,  that  he  was 
sent  to  the  Tower.  He  wrote  "  The 
Antiquity  and  Dignity  of  Parliaments  ;" 
and  assisted,  both  with  his  literary  treas- 
ures and  his  purse,  Speed,  Camden,  and 
other  writers  on  British  archaeology. 
D.  1631. — John,  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished of  the  early  ministers  in  New 
England.  When  tlie  English  church 
fell  into  the  hands  of  Bishop  Laud,  a 
complaint  was  preferred  against  Mr. 
Cotton,  for  nonconformity,  in  not  kneel- 
ing at  the  sacrament.  Being  cited  be- 
fore the  high  commission  court  he 
embarked  for  America,  and  arrived  at 


322 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cou 


Boston,  September  4,  1633,  and  October 
10  was  established  the  teacher  of  the 
church  in  Boston,  as  colleague  with  Mr. 
Wilson,  who  was  pastor.  On  the  voy- 
age from  England  Mr.  Cotton's  eldest 
son  was  born,  and  whom  at  his  baptism 
in  Boston  he  called  Seaborn.  lie  re- 
mained connected  with  this  church  more 
than  nineteen  years,  and  such  was  his 
influence  in  establishing  the  order  of 
the  churches,  and  so  extensive  was  his 
usefulness,  that  lie  has  been  called  the 
patriarch  of  New  England.     D.  1652. 

COUDRETTE,  Christopher,  a  French 
priest,  and  a  very  able  opponent  of  the 
Jesuits  ;  author  of  "  A  General  History 
of  the  Jesuits,"  "  Memoirs  relative  to 
the  Formulary,"  &c.  His  bold  and 
liberal  tone  of  thought  caused  him  to  be 
twice  imprisoned  :  at  Venice  in  1735, 
and  at  Paris,  in  the  Bastile,  in  173S.  D. 
1774. 

COULOMB,  Charles  Augustine  de,  a 
French  philosopher  and  officer  of  engi- 
neers, to  whose  scientific  labors  many 
discoveries  in  electricity  and  magnetism 
are  owing.  B.  at  Angonleme,  1786;  d. 
1806. 

COUPLET,  Philip,  a  Flemish  Jesuit 
anil  missionary  to  China:  author  of 
"  Chronological  Tables  of  Chinese  His- 
tory," "  A  Treatise  on  the  Philosophy 
of  Confucius,"  &c.  D.  while  on  a  second 
voyage  to  China,  1693. 

COURIER,  Paul  Louis,  one  of  the 
wittiest  writers  and  most  profound  Hel- 
lenists of  France,  was  b.  near  Angon- 
leme, in  1774.  He  was  for  several  years 
in  the  corps  of  artillery,  in  which  he 
rose  to  be  a  major;  but  at  length  lie  re- 
signed in  disgust.  Every  moment  of 
leisure  while  in  the  army  was  devoted 
by  him  to  the  study  of  Creek  authors. 
He  was  assassinated  in  1825.  Courier 
published  various  translations  from  the 
Greek  ;  but  his  chief  fame  is  derive  1 
from  his  political  pamphlets,  which  arc 
remarkable,  for  wit,  irony,  and  pungency 
of  style. 

COURTANVAUX,  Francis  Cesar  lf. 
Tkllier,  marquis  de,  a  French  military 
officer,  and  also  a  distinguished  natural 
philosopher.  He  served  with  great 
ability  and  courage  in  Bavaria  and  Bo- 
hemia under  his  uncle,  the  marshal  de 
Noailles  ;  but  was  obliged  to  quit  the 
service  in  1745  on  account  of  ill  health. 
He  then  devoted  his  time  to  science,  and 
became  a  member  of  the  Academy.  He 
was  a  good  astronomer  and  mechanician. 
D.  1781. 

COURT  DE  GEBELTN,  Anthony,  a 
native   of  France,    minister  of  the   re- 


formed church  at  Lausanne,  in  Switzer- 
land ;  author  of  "  Le  Monde  Primitif 
analyse  et  compare  avec  le  Monde 
Mod'erne,"  a  pamphlet  in  praise  of  ani- 
mal magnetism,  &a.     13.  1784. 

COURTILZ,  Gamen  re,  a  French 
military  officer,  remarkable  for  his  strong 
predilection  for  literature.  His  works 
are  "  The  Annals  of  Paris,"  "  V  History 
of  the  Dutch  War,"  "The  Lives  of  Co- 
ligni,  Turenne,  and  Rochfort,"  &c. 
Some  of  his  opinions  giving  offence  to 
the  court,  he  was  thrown  into  the  B  istile, 
where  he  remained  nine  years.     D.  1712. 

COURTNEY,  William,  archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  b.  1341.  In  1381  he  be- 
came archbishop  of  Canterbury  an  1  lord 
high  chancellor,  in  which  office  he  show- 
e  1  a  rancorous  spirit  of  persecution 
against  the  Wicklimtes.  His  charactei 
was  resolute  and  arrogant.     D.  1396. 

COURTOIS,  James,  snrnamed  II 
Borgonone,  a  French  painter,  especially 
eminent  in  battle-pieces.  His  wife  dying 
of  poison,  which  he  was  suspected  of 
having  administered,  he  took  the  habit 
of  a  lay  brother  of  the  Jesuits,  with 
whom,  though  he  still  practised  his  :**•*, 
he  remained  till  his  death,  in  1676.— 
William,  brother  of  the  above,  nn  1  also 
an  eminent  painter.  He  excelled  in 
historical  pieces,  an  1  assisted  his  bro- 
ther in  some  of  his  works.     I).  1679. 

COURVOISIER,  Jean  Jos.  Antoine, 
b.  at  Besaneon  about  1770,  was  originally 
a  soldier  under  the  prince  de  Conde,  and 
afterwards  a  lawyer  in  his  native  city. 
In  1815  he  was  made  advocate-general, 
and  was  then  elected  a  deputy  of  the 
chambers  for  eight  years,  where  he  dis- 
played extraordinary  ability  as  a  speaker. 
In  1829  he  was  appointed  to  the  depart- 
ment of  justice  under  the  administration 
of  Polignac.  The  revolution  of  July 
drove  him  into  retirement.  He  is  known 
as  an  author  by  his  "  Dissertation  sur  le 
Droit  Naturcl,"  and  his  "Traitcsur  Ob- 
ligations Divisible  et  Indivisible,  selon 
l'Ancienne  et  la  Nouvelle  Loi."  D. 
1835. 

COUSIN,  John,  a  native  of  France, 
and  generally  regarded  as  the  earliest 
French  historical  painter.  He  chiefly 
painted  on  glass,  but  his  "Last  Judg- 
ment," painte  1  on  canvas  for  the  con- 
vent of  the  Minims  at  Vincenues,  is 
esteemed  an  excellent  work.  He  was 
t'ie  author  of  "  Livre  de  Perspective," 
and  some  other  treatises  connected  with 
the  art.     D.  1590. 

COUSTON,  Nicholas  and  William, 
brothers  ;  two  French  sculptors  of  con- 
siderable eminence  in  their  profession; 


row] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


321 


the  former  b.  at  Lyons,  in  1653;  d.  1733: 
the  latter  b.  1078;  d.  1746. 

COUTIION,  George,  a  French  advo- 
cate and  president  of  the  court  of  justice 
at  Clermont.  Becoming  a  member  of 
the  legislative  assembly  and  of  the  na- 
tional convention,  he  voted  for  the  trial 
and  death  of  Louis  XVI. ;  and  after 
hesitating  awhile  as  to  the  party  with 
which  he  should  act,  gave  in  his  adhe- 
sion to  that  of  Robespierre.  When 
troops  were  sent  against  Lyons,  he  was 
commissioner  from  the  convention,  and 
gave  with  his  own  hand  the  signal  for 
the  destruction  of  the  buildings  of  that 
city.  Sharing  the  power  and  participa- 
ting in  the  acts  of  Robespierre,  he  was 
also  involved  in  his  ruin.  Guillotined 
17'J4. 

COUTTS,  Thomas,  a  London  banker, 
eminent  for  his  wealth  and  connections. 
He  went  from  Scotland  at  an  early  age  ; 
ami  from  being  a  junior  partner  in  a 
mercantile  house  in  London,  rose  to  be 
one  of  the  most  considerable  bankers  in 
England.  In  1815  his  first  wife  died; 
and,  three  months  afterwards,  he  mar- 
ried Harriet  Mellon,  an  actress  of  some 
celebrity,  to  whom  he  bequeathed  the 
whole  of  his  immense  property,  consist- 
ing of  £600,000  in  personal,  besides  real 
estates  in  lands  and  houses,  to  a  great 
amount.     D.  1821,  aged  66. 

COUVREUR,  Adrienne  le,  a  cele- 
brated French  actress.  She  was  the 
mistress  of  the  great  Marshal  Saxe,  and 
when  that  celebrated  commander  was  in 
great  distress  for  money  and  troops,  she 

fdedged  her  plate  and  jewels  for  40,000 
ivres,  and  sent  the  money  to  him.  D. 
1730. 

COVELL,  John,  a  learned  English 
divine.  He  was  for  some  time  chaplain 
to  the  English  embassy  in  Turkey,  and, 
while  resident  in  that  country,  obtained 
much  valuable  knowledge  on  the  early 
constitution  of  the  Greek  church,  on 
which  subject,  when  he  returned  to 
England,  he  published  a  very  valuable 
work.     D.  1722. 

COVENTRY,  Henry,  author  of 
"  Letters  of  Philemon  to  Hydaspes," 
and  one  of  the  authors  of  the  well-known 
"  Athenian  Letters."  D.  1752. — John, 
a  skilful,  self-tanght  English  mechan- 
ician, whose  genius  led  him  to  make 
experiments  in  mechanics.  He  invented 
an  hygrometer,  which  met  with  the  ap- 
probation of  the  Royal  Society,  and  was 
presented  to  the  king.  'Subsequently 
he  employed  himself  in  drawing  mi- 
crometers on  ivory  and  glass  ;  and  to 
such  a  perfection  did  he  bring  them, 


that  his  squares  were  only  the  millionth 
part  of  an  inch  superficial.  He  also 
made  two  chamber  organs,  telescopes 
of  extraordinary  power,  and  some  bal- 
ances for  the  assaying  of  gold,  of  such 
nicety  that  they  would  weigh  to  the 
thousandth  part  of  a  grain.  L\  1812. — 
Thomas,  lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  was  the  son  of 
Thomas  Coventry,  a  justice  of  the  court 
of  common  pleas.  He  was  b.  1578; 
studied  the  law  in  the  Inner  Temple ; 
and  having  by  various  gradations  be- 
come solicitor-general,  attorney-general, 
and  lord  keeper,  in  1628,  he  was  raised 
to  the  peerage;  and,  according  to  the 
character  given  of  him  by  Clarendon, 
he  was  well  worthy  of  his  great  and 
uninterrupted  success. — William,  son 
of  the  above,  was  knighted  in  1665,  and 
made  a  commissioner  of  the  treasury  in 
1667  ;  but  having  offended  the  duke  of 
Buckingham,  lie  was  forbidden  to  appear 
at  court.  On  this  he  retired  to  his  seat 
in  Oxfordshire,  and  passed  the  remain- 
der of  his  life  in  privacy.  He  was  author 
of  several  political  works.     D.  1686. 

COVERDALE,  Miles,  an  English  di- 
vine, and  one  of  the  earliest  reformers, 
was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and  became 
a  canon  of  the  order  of  St.  Augustin. 
Having  embraced  the  reformed  doctrines 
he  went  abroad,  and,  in  1522,  joined 
William  Tyndale  in  translating  the 
Scriptures.  On  his  return  to  England 
he  was  made  almoner  to  Queen  Catha- 
rine, and  subsequently  bishop  of  Exeter. 
On  the  accession  of  Queen  Mary  he  re- 
tired to  the  Continent,  but  returned  on 
the  accession  of  Elizabeth.  D.  1580, 
aged  81. 

COWARD,  William,  an  English  phy- 
sician, and  author  of  "Thoughts  on  tha 
Human  Soul ;  demonstrating  the  Notion 
of  the  Human  Soul  united  to  the  Human 
Body  to  be  an  Invention  of  the  Hea- 
thens, and  not  consonant  to  the  Princi- 
ples of  Philosophy  or  Reason."  This 
work  excited  considerable  indignation 
among  the  more  zealous  divines,. who 
procured  an  order  to  have  it  burned  by 
the  common  hangman.     D.  about  1722. 

COWELL,  John,  an  English  lawyer 
and  antiquary;  author  of  "The  Inter- 
preter," a  law  dictionary,  which  was 
burned  by  the  common  hangman  on 
account  of  some  unconstitutional  doc- 
trines on  the  king's  prerogative,  and 
"The  Institutes  of  the  Laws  of  En 
gland."     D.  1611. 

COWLEY,  Abraham,  an  eminent  En- 
glish poet,  b.  in  London,  1618.  In  his 
17th  year  he  published  a  volume  entitled 


324 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cow 


"Poetical   Blossoms,"   which  procured 
him  considerable  reputation.      In  1636 
lie  was  elected  a  scholar  of  TrinPy  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  he  produced  a 
pastoral  comedy,  entitled  "  Love's  Kid- 
dle,"   and    "  Naufragium    Joculare,"   a 
Latin  comedy,  which  was  performed  by 
the  members  of  his  college.     He  resided 
at  the  university  until  1643,  when  he  was 
ejected  by  the  Puritan  visitors,  and  be- 
came  an\  active   partisan   of  the   royal 
cause.     He  was  much  esteemed  by  Lord 
Falkland,  and  accompanied  the  king  in 
several  journeys.     When  the  queen  left 
the  country  he  accompanied  her  majesty, 
and  remained    abroad  for  some  years; 
during  which  time  he  was  a  chief  agent 
in  managing  the  correspondence  between 
the  kins  and  queen.     In  1656  he  return- 
ed to  England,  and  soon  after  published 
a  volume  containing  most  of  the  poems 
printed   in    the   final   collection   of   his 
works.     Being  suspected  by  the  party 
in  power,  lie  was  thrown   into   prison, 
but  released  on  the  bail  of  Dr.   Scar- 
borough.    He  again  went  abroad,   and 
was  again  employed  in  aiding  the  royal 
cause.     On  the  restoration  taking  place 
he  was  for  some  time  neglected ;  but  at 
Length,  by  the  interest  of  the  duke  of 
Buckingham,  he  obtained  the  lease  of  a 
farm  at  Chortsey,  which  produced  him 
about  £300  a  year.     P.  1667. — Hannah, 
an  accomplished  English  dramatic  wri- 
ter; authoress  of  "The  Runaway,"  "The 
Belle's  Stratagem,"  "  More  Ways  than 
One,"    &c,    besides   some    poems   and 
farces.     The  sprightliness  of  dialogue, 
and  the  variety  of  characters  and  inci- 
dents which  this  lady  introduced  in  her 
dramatic  works,  evince  much  versatility 
of  genius.     D.  1809. — Henry  Weixes- 
lky,  Lord,  a  distinguished  diplomatist, 
and  a  scion  of  that  illustrious  family  of 
which  the  duke  of  Wellington  is  the  hist 
surviving   representative,  was    b.   177o 
In  18^7  he  was  returned  to  parliament, 
and  became  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the 
treasury;  but  in  1SO0  he  exchanged  his 
parliamentary  duties  for  the  embassy  at 
Madrid;  a  mission  which,   amid   great 
difficulties  and  obstructions  of  all  kinds, 
he  fulfilled  for  thirteen  years.     In  1823 
he  went  as  ambassador  to  Vienna;  here 
he  remained  till  1831  ;  and  for  the  ability 
he   displayed    there,   coupled    with    his 
length  of  service,  he  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  with  the  title  of  Baron  Cowley 
— the  original  patronymic  of  the  Welles- 
ley  family.     In  1841  he  was  appointed 
imbassador    to    the    Tuilerie-         This 
office  he  held  till  the  fall  of  S,r  Robert 
reel's  ministry  in  1846.    D.  1847. 


COWPER,  William,  Earl,  an  eminent 
English  lawyer,  who  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne,  by 
the    title   of   Viscount    Fordwick,   and 
made  lord  high  chancellor.     This  office 
he  resigned  in  1710,  but  accepted  it  again 
in  1714.     In   1717  he  was  created  Earl 
Cowper,  and  in  171S  wholly  retired  from 
office.      During  the  latter  years  of  his 
public  life,  he  very  ably  exerted  himself 
in  favor  of  religious  liberty ;  and  par- 
ticularly in  causing  a  bill  to  be  thrown 
out,   by   which   Unitarians  would  have 
been  subject  to   severe   penalties.      D. 
1723. — William,    a    distinguished    En- 
glish   poet,   was  b.   at   Berkhampstead, 
Hertfordshire,  1731.    He  was  the  son 
of  a  clergyman  of  good  family,  and  was 
at  an  early  age  removed  from  a  country 
school  to  that  of  Westminster.     Being 
naturally  of  a  timid  temper  and  slight 
frame,  the   rough    usage   he   met  with 
from   stronger  and  less  sensitive  boys 
rendered  his  school  a  place  of  complete 
torture  to  him,  as  may  be  seen  from  the 
tone  of  his  "Tirocinium.'*     On  quitting 
school,  he  was  articled  to  an  attorney, 
with  whom  he  remained  for  three  years, 
and  then  entered  himself  of  the  Middle 
Temple.      He  seems,  however,  to  have 
been  by  nature   unfit  for  the  rongher 
paths  of  life;  for  though  the  interest  of 
his  family  had  procured  him  the  valu- 
able and  honorable  place  of  clerk  to  the 
house   of   lords,    his   nervousness    and 
mauvaise  hmte  were  such   that  he  was 
obliged  to  resign  it.     He  then  fell  into 
so  terrible  a  state  of  nervous  and  mental 
debility  that  he  was  for  some  time  placed 
in  the  lunatic  asylum  of  Dr.  Cotton.   The 
skill  and  humanity  of  that  gentleman 
restored  him,  and  he  retired  to  Hunting- 
don.    There  he  became  acquainted  with 
the  family  of  the  Reverend  Mr.  Unwin: 
and  after  that  gentleman's  death  he  re 
moved,    with   Mrs.    Unwin,    to    Olney 
Bucks,   where    he    contracted    a    closj 
friendship  with  the  curate  of  Olney.  the 
Reverend    John    Newton,    and    subse- 
quently with  Lady  Austen.    His  natural 
melancholy  gave  him  so  gloomy  a  view 
of  religion,  that  his  mind  was  frequently 
reduced  to  imbecility.     While  this  was 
the  case,  the  influence  of  Lady  Austen 
tended  to  rouse  and  sustain  him ;  though 
that  of  his  other  friends  seem-;  rather  to 
have  increased  his  weakness,  by  coin- 
ciding with  his  delusions.    But  although 
his  mind  was  so  frequently  assailed  by 
srloom,  and  bent  down  by  despondency, 
he  was  not  only  a  very  voluminous  wri- 
ter, but  a  poet  of  first-rate  merit.     In 
addition  to   translating   Homer,  which 


CKa] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


5-25 


he  did  with  more  accuracy  than  Pope, 
it'  with  less  polish,  he  wrote  "The Task" 
— the  host  of  all  his  poems,  "The  Sola," 
"Tirocinium,"  and  a  host  ot'  smaller 
poems;  he  also  translated  some  of  Ma- 
dame Guyon's  spiritual  songs;  and  his 
correspondence,  exhib.ts  him  as  one  of 
the  most  elegant  of  English  letter-wri- 
ters. Towards  the  close  of  his  lite,  his 
gloom  deepened  into  absolute  despair, 
from  which  he  never  wholly  emerged, 
and  he  d.  1800. 

COX,  Mrs.  Letitia.  The  name  of  this 
female,  wlio  d.  at  Bybrook,  in  Jamaica, 
ISos,  is  inserted  here  as  affording  the 
most  surprising  instance  of  longevity  to 
be  met  with  in  modern  times.  By  her 
own  account  she  was  a  grown-up  young 
woman  at  the  time  of  the  destruction 
of  Port  Royal  by  an  earthquake,  (June 
9,  liiy2,)  so  that  she  must  have  been  up- 
wards of  160  years  of  age. — Richard, 
bistiop  of  Ely,  was  b.  at  Whaddon, 
Bucks,  1500.  While  at  New  college,  he 
embraced  the. opinions  of  the  Reforma- 
tion, and  was  consequently  thrown  into 
jail,  but  obtained  his  release  through 
the  influence  of  Cranmer.  lie  subse- 
quently became  tutor  to  El  ward  VI.,  in 
whose  reign  he  was  made  a  privy  coun- 
cillor, almoner  to  tiie  king,  dean  of 
Westminster,  and  chancellor  of  Oxford. 
He  contributed  the  Gospels,  the  Acts, 
and  the  Epistle  to  the  Romans,  to  the 
"Bishops'  Bible,"  besides  writing  vari- 
ous controversial  tracts. 

COXE,  William,  an  historian  and 
traveller,  was  b.  1747.  After  receiving 
a  university  education,  he  became  a 
canon  residentiary  of  Salisbury,  and 
archdeacon  of  Wills.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  --Travels  in  Switzerland,-'  "Trav- 
els in  Poland,  Russia,  Sweden,  and  Den- 
mark," a  '•  History  of  the  House  of 
Austria,"  ''Historical  Memoirs  of  the 
Kings  of  Spain,"  "  Memoirs  of  Sir  Rob- 
ert Walpole,"  and  many  other  works 
equally  interesting,  and  valuable  for 
their  research  and  adherence  to  truth. 
1).  1323. 

COVER,  Gabriel  France,  a  French 
writer,  b.  1707.  His  principal  works  are 
"History  of  John  Sobieski,"  "Travels 
into  Italy  and  Holland,"  and  his  trans- 
lation into  French  of  "  Blackstoue's 
Commentaries."    D.  17s-_'. 

COYPEL,  the  name  of  several  emi- 
nent French  painters. — Noel,  was  b. 
1628,  and  d.  1707.  He  adorned  the  old 
Louvre  and  tiie  Tnileries,  painted  some 
tine  pictures  for  the  council  hall  of  Ver- 
sailles, and  execute!  several  Scriptural 
pieces  of  great  merit. — Anthony,  his 
28 


son,  was  distinguished  by  the  richness 
of  his  imagination  and  the  dazzling  na- 
ture of  his  coloring,  and  his  fame  laid 
the  foundation  for  the  mannerism  of 
the  French  school.  I).  1721. — Noel 
Nicholas,  usually  called  Coypel  the  un- 
cle, despised  the  false  glitter  of  this 
school,  and  aimed  only  at  truth  and  na- 
ture. D.  1735. — Charles  Anthony,  the 
son  of  Anthony,  was  a  decided  coypist 
of  his  father's  manner,  and  accommo- 
dated himself  to  the  prevailing  taste  of 
the  times  for  gaudy  coloring.  B.  1094  ; 
d.  1752. 

COVSEVOX,  Antoine,  a  celebrated 
sculptor,  was  b.  at  Lyons,  1640,  and  d. 
at  Paris,  17-Jo.  Among  his  best  works 
are  the  statue  of  Cardinal  Mazarin,  in 
the  museum  at  Paris,  an  equestrian 
statue  of  Louis  XIV'.,  Castor  and  Pol- 
lux, &c.  On  account  of  the  beauty  and 
animation  of  his  portraits,  he  was  called 
the  Vandyke  of  sculpture. 

CEABBE,  George,  rector  of  Trou- 
bridge,  Wilts,  and  author  of  "The  Li- 
brary," "The  Village,"  "Tales  of  the 
Hall,"  &e. ;  a  poet,  whose  "short  and 
simple  annals  of  tiie  poor"  exhibit  an 
accurate  knowledge  of  human  nature, 
and  show  that  however  homely  or  pain- 
ful the  scenes  may  be  which  he  depicts, 
there  is  no  want  of  skill  or  truth  in  his 
representations.  He  had  the  good  for- 
tune to  receive  the  early  patronage  of 
the  celebrated  Edmund  Burke,  which 
led  to  other  valuable  connections,  of 
whom  Dr.  Johnson  was  one;  and  event- 
ually to  church  preferment,  at  the  hands 
of  the  duke  of  Rutland.  Crabbe's  po- 
etry is  distinguished  for  minuteness  of 
description  and  close  analysis  in  depiet- 
ing  human  character,  however  dark  or 
disgusting ;  yet,  though  searching,  mi- 
nute, and  often  repulsive,  it  abounds 
with  vigor,  pathos,  and  originality.  An 
elegant  edition  of  his  works,  with  a  life 
and  notes,  by  his  son,  was  published  by 
Mr.  Murray,' in  ls:JC     B.  1754;  d.  1832. 

CRAFTS,  William,  a  lawyer,  and  a 
popular  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  in 
Charleston.  S.  C,  1787.  He  received  his 
education  at  Harvard  college,  and  stud- 
ied law  in  his  native  city,  where  he  ac- 
quired some  reputation  for  talent  and 
eloquence.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
South  Carolina  legislature,  and  for  some 
time  editor  of  the  "  Charleston  Courier." 
D.  1826. 

CRAIG,  John,  a  Scotch  mathemati- 
cian of  the  17th  century,  famous  for  a 
work  entitled  "  Theoloiriaj  Christiaiiie 
Principia  Mathematics."  The  object  of 
this  curious  tract  is  to  apply  matheraati- 


32G 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[oRA 


cal  calculation  to  the  credibility  of  the 
gospel  history,  upou  which  principle  he 
maintains  that  the  Christian  religion 
must  end.  according  to  the  doctrine  of 
chances,  in  the  year  3150,  when  our 
Saviour  will  make  his  second  appear- 
ance.— Sir  Thomas,  an  eminent  Scotch 
lawyer,  b.  1548  ;  author  of  a  treatise  on 
feudal  law,  which  has  often  been  re- 
printed. D.  160S. — William,  a  Scotch 
judge,  and  a  literary  character  of  no 
mean  ability,  was  b.  .174.3;  entered  at 
the  bar  in  170S.  and  succeeded  Lord 
Hailes  on  the  bench  in  17»2.  lie  was  a 
principal  contributor  to  the  "Mirror," 
wrote  many  papers  in  the ''Lounger," 
and  numbered  among  his  friends  some 
of  the  most  eminent  literary  men  of  the 
age.     D.  1818. 

CRAMER,  Francis,  an  eminent  mu- 
sician, was  b.  at  Mannheim,  1772.  In 
17'J'J  he  succeeded  his  father  as  a  leader 
of  the  Ancient  concerts,  in  Loudon. 
For  many  vears  he  was  alternate  leader 
of  the  Philharmonic  concerts,  with  Lo- 
der,  T.  Cooke,  Weichscls,  &c. ;  and  for 
upwards  of  40  years  held  the  chief 
place  at  the  great  provincial  festivals. 
D.  1818. — Gabklel,  an  eminent  geome- 
trician; editor  ot'the  works  of  Wolf  and 
the  "  Bernouillis,"  and  author  of  several 
mathematical  and  algebraic  works.  13. 
1704;  d.  1752. — John  Andrew,  a  Ger- 
man mineralogist,  was  b.  at  (jucdlin- 
burg,  1710.  lie  was  the  first  who  sys- 
tematized the  art  of  assaying,  upon 
which  subject  he  wrote  a  very  able  work. 
D.  1787. — John  Andrew,  a  German  poet 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  in  Ssax- 
onv,  1723,  but  principally  resided  in 
Denmark,  where  he  d.  178S.  Besides 
his  poems,  he  wrote  "The  Northern 
Spectator,"  and  "Sermons,"  in  22  vols. 
He  also  translated  "Bossnetfs  Universal 
History,"  and  other  works. — John  An- 
thony, dean  of  Carlisle,  a  well-known 
writer  on  subjects  of  •classical  antiquity, 
was  b.  in  Switzerland,  17D-3.  In  1831  he 
was  appointed  principal  of  New-hall 
Inn.  During  this  period  he  was  actively 
engaged  in  "literary  pursuits,  and  his 
descriptions  of  Ancient  Italy,  Asia  Mi- 
nor, and  Ancient  Greece,  are  enduring 
monuments  of  his  accuracy  and  research. 
In  1842  he  succeeded  Dr.  Arnold  an  re- 
gius  professor  of  modern  history,  and  in 
1844  he  was  nominated  to  the  deanery 
of  Carlisle.     D.  1848. 

GRANFIELD,  Euward,  president  of 
Now  Hampshire,  succeeded  Waldron  in 
1682,  and  was  succeeded  by  Barefoote, 
in  1688.  He  was  afterwards  collector  of 
Barbadocs,  and  d.  about  1700.    The  ty- 


rannical acts  of  his  administration  are 
narrated  by  Belknap.  In  his  displeasure 
towards  the  Rev.  Mr.  Moody,  he  ven- 
tured to  enforce  the  uniformity  act.  He 
ventured  to  tax  the  people  without  their 
consent.  He  came  to  this  country  to 
make  his  fortune;  his  injustice  drove 
him  away  in  dishonor. 

CRANMER,  Thomas,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  whose  life  is  rendered  so 
memorable  by  the  part  he  took  in  the 
Reformation,  was  b.  at  Aslacton,  Not- 
tinghamshire, 14S'J,  and  educated  at 
Jesus  college,  Cambridge.  The  opinion 
which  he  gave  on  the  question  of  Hen- 
ry VIII. 's  divorce  from  his  first  wife, 
Catharine  of  Aragon,  recommerlcd 
him  to  that  monarch,  who  emphyed 
him  to  vindicate  the  measure,  and  sent 
him  to  the  foreign  universities  to  obtain 
their  opinion  upon  the  point.  On  Cran- 
mer's  return  the  king  raised  him  to  the 
archbishopric  of  Canterbury,  in  which 
office  he  zealously  promoted  the  cause 
of  the  Reformation.  Through  his  means 
the  Bible  was  translated  and  read  in 
churches,  and  he  greatly  aided  in  sup- 
pressing the  monastic  institutions.  In 
1586,  when  Anne  Boleyn  was  destined  to 
lose  her  reputation  and  her  life,  Craumer 
meanly  stooped  to  promote  the  sentence 
of  divorce.  By  Henry's  will  he  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  council  of  regency  to 
Edward  VI.;  and  as  the  young  king 
was  brought  up  chiefly  under  the  arch- 
bishop's care,  it  enabled  him  to  further 
the  objects  of  the  Reformation  in  a 
regular  and  consistent  manner,  by  fra- 
ming the  liturgy,  the  homilies,  articles  of 
religion.  &c.  "On  the  accession  of  Mary 
he  was  tried  on  charges  of  blasphemy, 
perjury,  incontinence,  and  heresy,  and 
sentenced  to  be  deprived  of  office. 
Tempted,  however,  by  the  promise  of 
pardon,  he  was  induced  to  sign  a  recan- 
tation of  his  principles,  and  avowed  his 
sorrow  for  having  entertained  them. 
But  when  he  was  brought  into  St. 
Mary's  church  to  read  his  recantation  in 
public,  instead  of  doing  what  was  re- 
quired of  him,  he  besought  the  forgive- 
ness of  God  for  the  apostasy  of  which 
lie  had  been  guilty,  and  exhorted  the 
people  against  the  'errors  of  the  church 
of  Rome.  This  greatly  enraged  his  ad- 
versaries, who,  after  vilifying  him  as  a 
hypocrite  and  heretic,  dragged  him  to 
the  stake  opposite  Baliol  college,  which 
he  approached  with  a  cheerful  counte- 
nance, and  met  his  death  with  the  ut- 
most fortitude,  exclaiming,  as  he  held 
out  his  right  hand  for  the  flames  to 
consume    it,    "This    unworthy    hand! 


creJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


327 


this  unworthy  hand !"      D.  March  21, 
1556. 

CEANZ,  or  KEANZ,  David,  a  Mora- 
vian preacher,  b.  1723,  and  resided  sev- 
eral years  as  a  missionary  in  Greenland, 
of  which  country  he  wrote  a  valuable 
history;  also  "A  History  of  the  Mora- 
vians.''    D.  1777. 

CEASHAW,  Eichard,  a  poet,  b.  in 
London,  and  educated  at  Cambridge. 
He  was  a  friend  of  the  poet  Cowley, 
and  having  embraced  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic faith,  was  appointed  to  a  canonry  at 
Loretto.  His  poems  have  considerable 
merit,  and  contain  ideas  which  were 
thought  worthy  of  imitation  both  by 
Milton  and  Pope.     D.  1650. 

CBASSUS,  Lucius  Licinius,  a  Eoman 
orator,  of  whom  Cicero  speaks  in  terms 
of  the  highest  praise.  He  was  consul 
96  b.  c,  and  afterwards  censor. — Marcus 
Licinius,  snrnamed  Dives,  from  his 
riches,  was  of  the  same  family  as  the 
preceding.  He  defeated  Spartacns,  and 
put  an  end  to  the  Servile  war.  He  was 
first  consul,  then  censor,  and  formed  one 
of  the  triumvirate  with  Cassar  and  Pom- 
pcy.  He  perished,  with  a  great  part  of 
his  army,  m  an  expedition  against  the 
Parthians,  53  b.  c. 

CEAT1NUS,  an  Athenian  poet,  to 
whom  the  invention  of  satirical  comedy 
and  comic  poetry  is  attributed.  His 
powers  of  sarcasm  are  said  to  have  been 
unrivalled.  He  was  an  exception  to  the 
general  rule  that  intemperance  leads  to 
an  early  grave,  having  attained  the  age 
of  lJ7,  though  a  bon  vicant  in  its  fullest 
sense.     D.  431  b.  c. 

CEAVEN,  Charles,  governor  of  Sonth 
Carolina  from  1712  to  1716,  had  been 
previously  secretary  to  the  proprietors. 
They  ordered  him  in  1712  to  sound  Port 
Royal  river,  and  probably  he  built  Beau- 
fort soon  afterwards.  In  1715,  on  the 
occurrence  of  an  Indian  war,  he  dis- 
played great  vigor  and  talents,  and  ex- 
pelled from  the  province  the  invading 
savages. 

CEAWFORD,  Adam,  a  physician  and 
naturalist  of  considerable  eminence  in 
his  profession  ;  physician  to  St.  Thomas's 
hospital,  and  professor  of  chemistry  at 
Woolwich.  He  was  the  author  of  sev- 
eral chemical  works,  and  the  first  who 
prescribed  muriate  of  barytes  for  the 
scrofula.  B.  1749;  d.  1795*. — Anne,  an 
actress  of  great  ability,  which  combined 
with  her  personal  beauty,  caused  her  for 
many  vears  to  be  highly  attractive  on 
the  'stage.  D.  1801, 'aged  67.— David, 
historiographer  for  Scotland  in  the  reign 
of  Qu<;en  Anne,  and  the  author  of  sev- 


eral works  relative  to  that  country.  D.. 
1726. — William  Harris,  b.  in  Nelson 
county,  Va.,  1772,  was  early  removed 
with  his  parents  to  Georgia,  where  he 
taught  a  school,  while  he  was  acquiring 
a  knowledge  of  law,  until  he  was  admit- 
ted to  practice,  in  1799.  Before  1S02  he 
was  at  the  head  of  his  profession,  when 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  legisla- 
ture and  thence  transferred  to  the  sen- 
ate of  the  United  States  in  1807.  He 
was  re-elected  in  1811,  and  in  1813  made 
minister  to  France,  by  Mr.  Madison. 
After  ttfo  years  he  returned  to  take 
charge  of  the  department  of  war,  and 
then  of  the  treasury.  He  was  nomi- 
nated for  the  presidency  in  1816,  in  a 
democratic  caucus  of  the  members  of 
congress,  but  did  not  receive  as  many 
votes  as  Mr.  Monroe.  In  1827  he  was 
appointed  judge  of  the  northern  circuit 
of  Georgia.  D.  1834.  He  was  distin- 
guished as  a  speaker,  and  a  man  of  up- 
right character  and  affable  address. 

CEEBILLON,  Prosper  Jolyot  de,  a 
French  dramatic  poet,  denominated  the 
French  iEsehylus,  was  b.  at  Dijon,  1674. 
He  was  intended  for  the  legal  profession, 
but  evincing  a  decided  predilection  for 
the  drama,  the  solicitor  with  whom  ho 
was  placed  encouraged  him  to  pursue 
the  bent  of  his  inclination.  He  accord- 
ingly devoted  himself  to  the  tragic  muse, 
and  produced  "Idomencus,"  which  met 
with  success.  This  was  followed  by 
"Atreus,"  "  Electra,"  and  "  Ehadamis- 
tus,"  which  were  still  more  successful. 
He  then  led  a  secluded  life  for  many 
years,  but  again  resumed  his  dramatic 
labors,  and  produced  the  tragedies  of 
"Catalinc"  and  "The  Triumvirate." 
D.  1762. — Claude  Prosper  Jolyot  de, 
son  of  the  foregoing,  was  b.  1707.  He 
acquired  the  name  of  the  French  Petro- 
nius,  from  his  novels;  one  of  which, 
entitled  "  Les  Egaremens  du  Coeuret  do 
FEsprit,"  is  alluded  to  by  Sterne  in  his 
" Sentimental  Journey."     D.  1777. 

CEEECH,  Thomas," an  English  poet, 
was  b.  at  Blandford,  Dorsetshire,  1659; 
and  after  receiving  the  rudiments  of  a 
classical  education  at  Sherborne  free- 
school,  finished  his  studies  at  Wadham 
college,  Oxford.  He  translated,  into 
English  verse,  Lucretius,  Horace,  Theoc- 
ritus, Ac.     D.  by  his  own  hand,  1700. 

CEE1GHTON,  Eobert,  an  English 
divine  and  musical  composer.  He 
shared  the  exile  of  Charles  II.,  and 
spent  the  leisure  thus  unhappily  afford- 
ed him  in  the  study  of  music.  Among 
his  compositions  is  the  celebrated  an- 
*Eein,  "  I  will  arise  and  go  to  my  father," 


328 


CrCLOP^DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CRO 


which  is  performed  in  nearly  all  the  En- 
glish cathedrals.    D.  1736. 

CRELLIUS,  John,  a  German  divine. 
He  was  a  Unitarian,  and  one  of  the  ablest 
advocates  of  that  sect,  which  he  defend- 
ed at  once  ably  and  courteously  against 
Grotins.  His  chief  works  are,  "  Answer 
to  Grotins,"  "Two  Books  concerning 
the  One  God,  the  Father,"  "A  Treatise 
concerning  the  Holy  Spirit,"  and  "A 
]  (efenee  of  Religious'Liberty."    D.  1633. 

CRESCENZIj  Juan  Baptiste,  marquis 
de  la  Torre,  was  an  eminent  painter,  b. 
lit  Rome,  towards  the  end  of  the  16th 
century.  Philip  IV.  made  him  a  gran- 
dee of  Castile,  and  honored  him  with 
his  title, — Pietro,  the  restorer  of  the 
scientific  study  of  agriculture  in  Europe, 
was  l>.  a:  Bologna,  1230.  lie  spent  a 
long  life  in  acquiring  and  disseminating 
agricultural  knowledge;  and  his  "Ru- 
ralium  Commodorum"  is  a  masterly  pro- 
duction, founded  on  simple  principles, 
and  free  from  many  errors  that  contin- 
ued to  prevail  even  for  centuries  after. 

CRESPI,  Giovanni  Maria,  surnamed 
II  Spagnuolo,  on  account  of  the  cox- 
combry of  his  attire,  an  eminent  Bolo<,r- 
nese  painter  of  the  18th  century.  His 
chief  talent  lay  in  caricatures;  but  there 
are  many  of  his  more  ambitions  com- 
positions in  the  palaces  and  churches 
of  Bologna.  In  order  to  command  a 
nice  observation  of  the  force  of  light  and 
shadow,  lie  used  to  paint  in  a  room  in 
which  there  was  only  a  sufficient  aper- 
ture to  admit  a  single  ray  of  light. 

CRESSEY,  or  CRESSY,  Hugh  Paulin, 
jm  eminent  Catholic  divine  and  writer; 
author  of  "  Exomologesis,"  a  narration 
of  the  cause  of  his  conversion  to  the 
Catholic  faith;  "The  Church  History 
of  Brittany,"  &e.  He  was  an  able 
writer,  and  as  much  distinguished  for 
his  candor  and  good  temper  in  disputa- 
tion as  for  his  ability  in  argument.  D. 
1674. 

CBEUTZ,  Gustavus  Philip,  count  of, 
a  Swedish  poet  and  statesman,  b.  17ii>. 
His  poem,  entitled  "Atis  og  Camilla," 
is  considered  a  very  fine  production. 
He  was  appointed  Swedish  minister  at 
Paris,  where  he  remained  twenty  years, 
and  became  particularly  acquainted  with 
Marmontel  and  other  celebrated  French 
•vrifers.     I).  1785. 

CREVTER,  John  Baptist  Louis,  a 
French  historical  writer;  author  of  a 
continuation  of  "Rollin's  History," 
"History  of  the  Roman  Emperors  to 
Constantino  inclusive,"  "History  of  the 
University  of  Paris,"  "  Observations  on 
the  Spirit' of  Laws,"  &c.    D.  1765. 


CRICIITON,  James,  a  Scottish  gen- 
tleman of  the  16th  century,  who,  on  ac- 
count of  his  remarkable  endowments, 
obtained  the  surname  of  the  Admirable. 
The  most  extraordinary  tales  of  his 
prowess,  both  bodily  and  mental  have 
been  handed  down  to  us;  but,  so  far  as 
the  latter  is  concerned,  the  verses  that 
remain,  go  far  to  show,  that,  however 
astonishing  he  might  be  on  account  of 
his  versatility,  he  received  at  least  as 
much  praise  as  he  deserved.  lie  was 
educated  at  St.  Andrew's,  and  gave 
such  early  proofs  of  his  learning,  that 
he  obtained  the  degree  of  M.A.  when 
only  14  years  of  age.  He  excelled  in 
eloquence;  overcame  every  opponent  in 
logic  and  scientific  disputation;  knew 
ten  languages;  and  was  a  per.  "et  master 
of  all  military  and  athletic  exercises.  He 
is  said  to  have  been  stabbed  by  his  pu- 
pil, Vincenzo  Gonzaga,  son  of  the  duke 
of  Mantua,  and  to  have  d.  of  the  wounr?, 
in  1583,  aged  only  23. 

CRILLON  MAIION,  Louis  Dr.  Ber- 
ton  des  Balbes  de  QuiERs,  duke  de,  a 
descendant  of  Louis  de  Berthon  Crillon, 
an  eminent  military  officer.  He  served 
against  England  in  her  war  with  the 
United  States  of  America.  lie  com 
manded  at  the  celebrated  siege  of  Gib- 
raltar, where  ho  was  repulsed  by  the 
ability  and  courage  of  General  Elliot. 
He  wrote  "  Military  Memoirs,"  and  d. 
17U6. — Louis  Athanasius  Balbes  Ber- 
ton  de,  brother  of  the  last  named;  an 
eminent  French  divine  and  scholar;  au- 
thor of  "  Mcmoires  Philosophiques  de 
M.  le  Baron  de  *  *  *,  Chambellan  de 
S.  M.  l'Imp.  Reine,"  a  treatise  "Do 
['Homme  Morale,"  &o.     D.  17S'J. 

CR1TIAS,  an  Athenian,  was  among 
the  number  of  the  rulers  who  are  made 
notorious  in  history  under  the  title  of 
the  "thirty  tyrants,"  and  is  said  to 
have  distinguished  himself  even  among 
them  for  cruelty  and  avarice.  When 
Thrasybulus  and  his  patriotic  friends 
took  arms  against  "the  thirty,"  Critins 
was  slain  in  an  attack  made  on  the  Pi 
rams,  in  the  year  400  B.C. 

CROCKETT,  David,  an  eccentric 
backwoodsman,  who  was  elected  to  the 
congress  of  the  United  States  in  IS'27, 
where  he  acquired  great  notoriety  by  his 
speeches  and  actions.  Many  of  the  say- 
ings and  doings  ascribed  to  him,  how- 
ever, are  fictitious.  He  moved  to  Texas 
in  1834,  and  fell  heroically  fighting  in 
defence  of  the  Alamo  in  San  Antonio  de 
Bexar. 

CROES,  John,  bishop  of  the  Protest- 
ant Episcopal  church  of  New  Jersey,  Ix 


CRO] 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


329 


of  Gemvm  parents  at  Elizabeth  town, 
Jj762.  He  educated  himself,  and  was 
ordained  a  priest  in  1792.  His  minis- 
trations were  confined  mostly  to  Spotts- 
wood  and  New  Brunswick,  till  his  elec- 
tion in  1816  to  the  bishopric  of  New 
Jersey  enlarged  the  sphere  of  his  use- 
fulness.    D.  1832. 

CRCESUS,  the  fifth  and  last  king  of 
Lydia.  He  succeeded  his  father,  Alyat- 
te's,  in  the  year  557  b.  c,  and  was  so 
fortunate  in  all  his  enterprises,  that  he 
soon  became  one  of  the  richest  monarehs 
of  that  time.  Vain  of  his  great  wealth 
and  influence,  he  asked  the  philosopher 
Solon  what  he  thought  of  his  good  for- 
tune:  "I  pronounce  no  man  fortunate 
until  his  death,"  was  the  sage's  reply. 
Subsequently  the  wealthy  and  powerful 
monarch  was  overpowered  and  made  a 
prisoner  by  Cyrus,  king  of  Persia.  Ac- 
cording to  the  barbarous  practice  of  the 
time,  the  unhappy  captive  was  bound 
to  the  stake  and  about  to  be  burnt  to 
death.  In  this  miserable  condition  he 
recalled  the  impressive  words  of  Solon, 
and  thrice  repeated  that  philosopher's 
name.  Cyrus,  struck  with  the  earnest- 
ness of  his  tone,  demanded  an  explana- 
tion. Croesus  gave  it;  and  Cyrus,  prob- 
ably impressed  by  it  with  a  more  than 
usual  feeling  of  the  mutability  of  all  hu- 
man greatness,  not  only  spared  his  life, 
but  also  took  him  into  his  favor  and 
protection. 

CROFT,  Sir  Herbert,  was  originally 
intended  for  the  bar,  but  took  holy  or- 
ders, though  he  never  held  any  benefice. 
He  wrote  a  life  of  Dr.- Young,  which 
was  introduced  into  Johnson's  "Lives 
of  the  Poets,"  and  a  volume  of  letters, 
entitled  "Love  and  Madness,"  and  sup- 
posed to  be  written  by  the  Rev.  James 
Hack  man,  who  was  hanged  in  1779,  for 
shooting  Miss  Kay.  D.  1816.— Sir  Rich- 
ard, a  relation  of  the  last  named,  and 
his  successor  in  the  baronetcy.  He  was 
very  eminent  as  a  surgeon  and  accou- 
cheur; and  was  selected  to  attend  the 
Princess  Charlotte,  the  lamented  daugh- 
ter of  George  IV.  and  Queen  Caroline. 
The  unfortunate  death  of  his  illustrious 
patient,  in  1817,  so  preyed  upon  his 
mind,  that  he  committed  suicide  a  few 
months  after. — William,  an  excellent 
English  musician  and  composer.  His 
best  anthems  and  a  sublime  burial  ser- 
vice, were  published  in  1724,  under  the 
title  of  "  Musica  Sacra.  B.  1667  ;  d.  1727. 

CROKE,  Sir  Alexander,  b.  at  Ayles- 
bury, was  an  eminent  civilian,  and  a 
voluminous  writer.  D.  1842.— Richard, 
mi  English  divine  and  scholar  ;  tutor  to 
28* 


the  duke  of  Richmond,  the  natural  son 
of  Henry  VI II.  He  was  one  of  the 
earliest  English  cultivators  of  the  Greek 
language,  and  wrote  some  valuable  trea- 
tises on  philosophical  subjects.  D.  1558. 
CROMWELL,  Thomas,  earl  of  Essex; 
one  of  the  ablest  statesmen  of  the  time 
of  Henry  VIII.  Being  confidentially 
employed  by  Cardinal  Wolsey,  he  got  a 
seat  in  the  house  of  commons;  and 
when  the  full  tide  of  popular  as  well  as 
courtly  hate  ran  against  his  once  power- 
ful friend  and  patron,  he  boldly  and  ably 
defended  him.  In  all  probability  this 
very  circumstance  tended  to  recommend 
him  to  the  truculent  Henry  VIII.,  who, 
on  the  death  of  Wolsey,  distinguished 
and  employed  him.  In  the  various  high 
offices  he  held,  he  served  the  king  zeal- 
ously, ably,  and  faithfully  ;  but  his  merit 
in  that  respect  is  greatly  diminished  by 
the  indifference  he  displayed  to  the  wel- 
fare of  the  people.  Having,  after  all  his 
services,  given  offence  to  the  king,  by 
promoting  the  marriage  between  his 
majesty  and  Anne  of  Cleves,  he  was  ar- 
rested while  sitting  at  the  council  table 
on  a  charge  of  high  treason,  condemned 
even  without  a  hearing,  and  notwith- 
standing a  most  humble  and  affecting 
letter  to  the  king,  beheaded  on  Tower- 
hill,  July  28,  lo4o. — Oliver,  one  of  the 
most  extraordinary  characters  in  English 
history,  was  the  grandson  of  Sir  Henry 
Cromwell,  and  the  son  of  Robert  Crom- 
well, a  man  of  good  property,  and  a 
brewer  at  Huntingdon,  where  Oliver 
was  b.,  April  25,  1599.  Having  been 
educated  at  the  free-school  of  that  city 
and  at  Sydney  college,  Cambridge,  he 
became  a  law  student  at  Lincoln's  Inn. 
Here,  however,  he  did  not  remain  long  ; 
as  in  his  21st  year  he  married  Elizabeth, 
the  daughter  of  Sir  James  Bourchier, 
and  settled  at  Huntingdon.  In  his 
youth  he  is  said  to  have  manifested  a 
degree  of  reckless  dissipation  ;  but  as 
soon  as  he  married  he  threw  the  follies 
of  youth  aside,  and  assumed  a  staid  and 
grave  aspect  and  deportment,  well  cal- 
culated, to  obtain  the  esteem  and  confi- 
dence of  his  neighbors,  one  of  the 
consequences  of  which  was  his  being 
electee!  member  of  parliament  for  Hunt- 
ingdon, in  1625.  Shortly  after  his  elec- 
tion he  openly  attached  himself  to  the 
Puritans,  who  were  just  then  rapidly 
rising  into  power  and  influence.  In  his 
parliamentary  career  he  was  remarkable 
rather  for  his  bnsiness-like  habits  and 
energy  of  character,  than  for  elegance  of 
language  or  gracefulness  of  delivery. 
His   appearance   and    dress,  too,   were 


330 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cnu 


plain  and  unprepossessing.  He  not- 
withstanding acquire!  considerable  in- 
fluence;  and  in  1042,  when  it  was 
resolved  to  levy  forces  to  oppose  the 
king,  Cromwell  received  a  commission 
from  the  earl  of  Essex,  and  raised  a  troop 
of  horse  at  Cambridge,  of  which  he,  of 
course,  had  the  command.  Small  as 
was  this  beginning,  the  energy  an  1  self- 
pos-essiou  of  the  man  made  it  sufficient. 
This  force  he  soon  enlarged  to  a  regi- 
ment of  1000  men,  at  the  head  of  which 
he  became  the  most  conspicuous  of  the 
parliamentary  leaders.  Between  1642 
and  1616  he  signalized  himself  on  a  great 
variety  of  occasions,  particularly  at 
Marst'on  Moor,  Newbury,  Naseby,  and 
Toninston.  In  the  negotiations  which 
ensued  between  the  king  an  1  the  vic- 
torious parliament,  Cromwell  was  at 
•first  disposed  to  consent  to  restoring 
Charles  under  certain  conditions,  but, 
finding  that  the  royal  captive  was  not  to 
lie  trusted,  lie  resolved  to  join  in  bring- 
ing him  to  the  block.  lie  was  one  of 
the  forty  persons  who,  after  the  death  of 
Charles,  formed  the  council  of  state. 
Ireland  yet  remained  to  be  subdued. 
Cromwell  was,  therefore,  appointed  lord 
governor  of  that  island  for  three  years, 
and  in  August,  1649,  he  sailed  to  assume 
the  command.  Storming  Drojrhe  la  and 
Wexford  with  horrible  slaughter  of  the 
garrisons,  he  so  terrified  the  enemy  that 
in  nine  months  peace  was  restored.  In 
1650  he  defeated  the  Scots  at  Dunbar; 
and,  in  the  following  year,  he  obtained 
what  he  called  his  "  crowning  victory" 
over  Charles,  at  Worcester.  One  step 
more  sufficed  to  place  him  at  the  summit 
of  power.  Having  by  force  dissolved 
the  Long  Parliament,  he  assumed  the 
supreme  authority,  in  1653,  under  the 
title  of  lord  protector.  The  title  of  king 
he  was  more  than  once  desirous  to  ob- 
tain, but  was  deterred  from  assuming  it 
by  tlie  dread  of  alienating  his  partisans. 
For  five  years  he  maintained  himself  in 
the  perilous  station  to  which  he  had 
reached,  but  his  sway  was  disturbed  by 
incessant  plots,  cabals,  and  other  cir- 
cumstances of  formidable  annoyance. 
At  length  he  fell  into  a  nervous  fever, 
of  which  he  d.,  September  3,  1658.  The 
political  administration  of  Cromwell  was 
energetic  and  decisive  ;  the  army  was 
regularly  paid,  and  the  public  revenues 
were  strictly  and  economically  managed  ; 
while  the  honor  of  England  was  Wt.ll 
maintained  on  the  ocean,  and  her  foreign 
commerce  assumed  a  flourishing  aspect. 
He  lived  without  parade  or  ostentation ; 
he  was  temperate,  iudefatigably  indus- 


trious, and  exact  in  his  official  duties; 
vet,  under  the  guise  of  piety  and  virtU3, 
he  practised  the  most  subtle  Machiavel- 
ism,  and  maintained  his  power  as  he  had 
acquired  it,  by  cunning  and  boldness. 
lie  had  appointed  his  eldest  son,  Richard, 
to  succeed  him  ;  but  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment were  not  to  be  held  by  one  so  mild 
and  virtuous ;  and  having  been  com- 
pelled by  the  mutinous  officers  to  dis- 
solve the  parliament,  he  voluntarily 
abdicated  the  protectorship,  April  22, 
lGo'J,  and  ended  his  days  in  tranquil 
seclusion,  at  Cheshunt,  Hertfordshire, 
in  1712.  His  brother  Henry,  whose  up- 
right administration,  as  viceroy  of  Ire- 
land, had  gained  him  many  friends,  also 
retired  to  private  life,  am.  d.  in  1074. — 
Oliver,  great  grandson  of  Henry,  second 
son  of  the  protector.  He  was  for  sev- 
eral years  a  solicitor  in  London,  and 
held  the  appointment  of  clerk  to  St. 
Thomas's  hospital.  He  is  noticed  here 
chiefly  on  account  of  his  valuable  pub- 
lication, entitled  "  Memoirs  of  the  Pro- 
tector Cromwell,  and  his  sons  Richard 
and  Henry;  illustrated  by  Original  Let- 
ters and  other  Family  Papers."  Ho 
succeeded  to  the  family  estates  of  The- 
obalds, which  descended  to  hnn  through 
the  children  of  Richard  Cromwell  above 
named,  and  d.  at  Cheshunt-park,  Herts, 
in  1821,  aired  71». 

CRO  WNE,  John,  apoet  and  dramatist 
of  the  17th  century,  and  the  cotompo- 
rary  of  Dryden.  He  was  a  native  of 
Nova  Scotia,  but  passed  the  greater  part 
of  his  life  in  England.  At  the  command 
of  Charles  II.  he  wrote  the  "  Masque  of 
Calisto  ;"  and  subsequently  he  ridiculed 
the  whig  party,  in  his  comedy  of  "The 
City  Politics."  Besides  seventeen  dra- 
ma's, he  wrote  "  Dafneids,"  a  burlesque 
poem  ;  and  "  Pandion  and  Araphigcria," 
a  rom  mce. 

CRUDEN,  Alexander,  who  was  bet 
ter  known  during  his  life  by  his  assumed 
title  of  "  Alexander  the  Corrector,"  was 
a  native  of  Aberdeen,  b.  1701,  and  edu- 
cated with  a  view  to  his  becoming  a 
minister  of  the  kirk  of  Scotland.  Un- 
happily he  exhibited  such  an  unsteadi- 
ness of  intellect  that  he  was  not  consid- 
ered fit  for  so  important  a  profession; 
and,  proceeding  to  London,  he  for  some 
time  maintained  himself  by  giving  pri- 
vate lessons  in  the  classics;  but  in  1732 
he  commenced  business  as  a  bookseller, 
near  the  Royal  Exchange.  While  thus 
employed,  he  devoted  his  leisure  in 
compiling  a  very  elaborate  and  useful 
"Concordance  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testament."     Soon   afterwards    he    be- 


cum] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


331 


came  cbcidedly  lunatic,  and  was  placed 
by  his  friends  in  a  madhouse  at  Bethnal 
green,  from  which  place,  however,  he 
contrived  to  make  his  escape,  and  sub- 
sequently brought  an  action  for  false 
imprisonment,  but  was  nonsuited.  He 
subsequently  resumed  his  old  employ- 
ment of  correcting  the  press.  As  a 
literary  man  he  was  extremely  industri- 
ous, patient,  and  able;  and  his  "Con- 
cordance" holds,  and  ever  will  hold,  a 
very  high  place  in  the  estimation  of  all 
biblical  students.     D.  1770. 

CRUIKS1IAXK,  "William,  an  eminent 
English  surgeon,  anatomist,  and  writer; 
author  of  "  The  Anatomy  of  the  Ab- 
sorbent Vessels  of  the  Human  Body," 
"Experiments  on  the  Insensible  Per- 
spiration of  the  Human  Body,"  &c.  D. 
1800. 

CRUZ,  Juana  Inez  de  la,  an  ingeni- 
ous lady,  b.  at  Mexico.  She  was  natu- 
rally endowed  with  great  powers  of  mind, 
which  were  carefully  cultivated,  and 
rendered  her  well-skilled  in  philosophy, 
history,  mathematics,  poetry,  and  every 
branch  of  literature.  The  poems  which 
she  published  possessed  great  merit, 
according  to  the  opinion  of  Father  Fey- 
jod.  The  best  part  of  her  life  was  spent 
in  the  seclusion  of  the  monastery  ot  St. 
Geronimo,  where  she  d.  1695. 

CRUZ  CANO  Y  OLMEDILLA,  Don 
Juan  de  la,  an  eminent  Spanish  geog- 
rapher of  the  18th  century  ;  author  of 
the  "  Mapo  Geographico  dc  America 
Meridional." 

CTESIBIUS,  of  Alexandria,  an  emi- 
nent ancient  mathematician.  He  is  said 
to  have  invented  the  pump;  and  he 
constructed  a  clepsydra,  or  water-clock, 
in  which  the  moving  power  was  a  falling 
column  of  water.  A  work  of  his,  en- 
titled "Geodesia,  or  the  Art  of  Dividing 
and  Measuring  Bodies,"  is  to  be  found 
in  the  Vatican  Library.  He  flourished 
in  the  165th  Olympiad,  or  about  120  b.  c. 

CTESIPHON,  or  CHERSIPHRON,  a 
famous  Ephesian  architect.  He  gave 
the  design  for  the  first  temple  of  Diana 
of  the  Ephesians,  which  was  fired  by 
Erostratus.  He  flourished  in  the  6th 
century  b.  c. 

CUDWORTH,  Ralph,  an  English 
divine  and  philosopher;  author  of  a 
"  Discourse  concerning  the  True  Nature 
of  the  Lord's  Supper,"  "  The  True  In- 
tellectual System  of  the  Universe,"  &c. 
He  was  an  extremely  learned  and  power- 
ful writer  ;  and,  independently  ot  hold- 
ing some  valuable  church  preferment,  he 
was  master  of  Christ's  college,  Cam- 
tvidge.     D.  1688. 


CUFF,  Henry,  an  eminent  English 
scholar,  was  for  some  time  Greek  pro- 
fessor at  Merton  college,  Oxford;  but 
growing  weary  of  a  secluded  life,  he  be- 
came secretary  to  Robert,  earl  of  Essex, 
on  the  expedition  to  Cadiz.  Being  im- 
plicated in  the  transactions  which  led  to 
the  apprehension  and  trial  of  the  earl  of 
Essex,  the  latter  charged  him  with  beir  y 
his  adviser  and  abettor  in  all  his  violent 
measures.  Cuff  was  accordingly  tried, 
condemned,  and  executed  in  1601. 

CUJACIUS,  or  CUJAS,  James,  a  cele- 
brated French  jurist;  was  professor  of 
law  at  Turin,  and  was  held  in  the  high- 
est esteem  as  an  expounder  of  difficult 
questions.  His  writings  were  collected 
in  five  folio  volumes.     D.  15'JO. 

CULLEN,  William,  a  celebrated  phy- 
sician and  medical  writer,  was  b.  at  Lan- 
ark, 1712.  After  serving  his  apprentice- 
ship to  a  «urgeon  and  apothecary  at 
Glasgow,  he  went  some  voyages  as  a 
surgeon.  He  subsequently  settled  at 
Glasgow,  and  was  appointed  lecturer  on 
chemistry  in  the  university  of  that  city, 
in  which  capacity  he  obtained  so  high  a 
reputation,  that  he  at  length  became 
medical  professor  in  the  university  of 
Edinburgh.  As  an  author,  he  is  well 
known  by  his  "  Lectures  on  the  Materia 
Mcdica,"  "Synopsis  Nosologic  Prac- 
tices,"  and  his  "First  Lines  on  Medical 
Practice."     1).  1790. 

CULPEPER,  Sir  Thomas,  an  English 
writer  of  the  17th  century;  author  of 
"Considerations  on  Marriage,"  a  "Dis- 
course on  Usury,"  "  Brief  Survey  of  the 
Growth  of  Usury  in  England."— Nicho- 
las, an  English  herbalist  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury. He  was  educated  at  Cambridge ; 
an«l,  after  serving  his  apprenticeship  to 
an  apothecary,  settled  in  that  profession 
at  Spitalfields,  in  London.  He  wrote  a 
"  Herbal"  and  a  "  Dispensary,"  but  the 
science  and  industry  which  he  indispu- 
tably possessed  were  in  a  great  degree 
marred  by  his  absurd  pretensions  to  as- 
troloajv. — -Thomas,  lord,  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia from  1680  to  1633.     D.  1711). 

CUMBERLAND,  Richard,  bishop  of 
Peterborough  ;  author  of  a  treatise  "  De 
Legibus  Naturae,"  written  in  opposition 
to  the  philosophy  of  Hobbes ;  a  transla- 
tion from  Eusebius  of  "  Sanconiathon's 
Phoenician  History,"  an  "  Essay  on  the 
Jewish  Weights  and  Measures,"  "  Ori- 
gines  Gentium  Antiquissinue."  He  was 
an  extremely  learned  man,  but  not  more 
remarkable  for  learning  than  for  modest 
and  unaspiring  virtues. — Richakd,  an 
able  dramatic  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  a  sou  of  Dr.  Cumberland,  bishop 


332 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cur 


of  Clonfert,  and  b.  1732.  lie  was  in- 
troduced to  public  lite  us  the  secretary 
of  Lord  Halifax,  when  viceroy  of  Ire- 
land. His  first  literary  efforts  obtained 
tor  him  but  little  tame ;  but  on  the  ap- 
pearance of  his  comedy  of  "The  West 
Indian,"  in  1771,  Ins  reputation  as  a 
dramatist  was  at  once  established.  From 
this  period  till  the  time  of  his  decease, 
he  continued  to  be  one  of  the  most  pro- 
line writers  for  the  stage,  though  none 
of  his  subsequent  pieces  were  so  suc- 
cessful as  the  comedy  before  mentioned. 
In  17s'1  he  was  employed  by  the  govern- 
ment to  conduct  a  secret  negotiation 
with  the  courts  of  Madrid  and  Lisbon; 
which,  to  the  disgrace  of  the  ministry, 
involved  him  in  great  distress,  as.  they 
refused  to  reimburse  his  expenses,  to 
the  amount  of  £5,000,  which  compelled 
him  to  part  with  his  hereditary  proper- 
ty. To  add  to  his  distress,  the  board  of 
trade  was  broken  up,  and  he  retired, 
with  a  trilling  pension,  to  Tunbridge 
"Wells,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  lit- 
erary pursuits  with  the  most  unabating 
ardor  and  industry.  Besides  his  numer- 
ous dramatic  productions,  he  publish- 
ed a  collection  of  essays,  under  the  title 
of  "The  Observer;"  also  the  novels  of 
'■Arundel,"  "Henry,"  and  "John  de 
Lancaster;"  "Calvary,"  a  poem,  and 
various  other  works,  the  last  of  which 
was  his  own  "  Memoirs."  The  comic 
drama  was  certainly  his  forte  ;  but 
throughout  the  whole  of  his  writings 
there  is  much  merit,  and  many  of  them 
possess  the  elements  of  a  lasting  vitali- 
ty. D.  1811. — William  Augustus,  duke 
of,  second  son  of  George  II.,  was  b. 
1721,  and  at  an  early  age  entered  on  the 
duties  of  a  military  lite.  At  the  battle 
of  Dettingen,  in  1743,  he  was  wounded, 
while  fighting  by  the  side  of  his  father ; 
and  in  17-15  lie  signalized  himself,  when 
commander-in-chief  of  the  British  army 
in  Flanders,  at  the  battle  of  Fontenoy, 
where,  however,  he  was  obliged  to  yield 
the  palm  of  victory  to  Marshal  Saxe. 
On  his  return  to  England  he  took  the 
field  against  the  Scottish  rebel  troops, 
whom  he  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Cullo- 
den ;  but  he  stained  his  laurels  by  un- 
necessary cruelty.     1).  17ti5. 

CUNITIA,  Maria,  a  learned  lady  in 
the  17th  century,  b.  in  Silesia.  She 
possessed  a  perfect  knowledge  of  an- 
cient and  modern  languages,  but  par- 
ticularly excelled  in  mathematics  and 
astronomy,  on  which-  she  wrote  some 
ingenious  treatises,  especially  her  "  Ura- 
nia Propitia,"  in  1650,  in  Latin  and  Ger- 
man.    D.  It564. 


CUNNINGHAM,  Alexander,  aScotch 
historical  writer;  author  of  a  "History 
of  Great  Britain,  from  the  Revolution  to 
the  Accession  of  George  I."  This  was 
elegantly  written  by  him  in  Latin,  but  a 
translation  of  it  was  published  by  Dr. 
Thompson,  in  1787.  Cunningham  also 
held  some  government  employments, 
among  which  was  that  of  resident  at 
Venice.  D.  1737. — Allan,  an  eminent 
poet,  novelist,  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  b.  at  Blackwood,  in  Dumfriesshire, 
17S5.  His  parents  were  in  very  humble 
circumstances,  and  he  was  taken  from 
school  when  only  11  years  of  age.  anl 
apprenticed  to  a  stone-mason.  Theso 
disadvantageous  circumstances  did  not 
prevent  him  from  acquiring,  by  great 
though  desultory  reading,  much  inform- 
ation; and  in  1S10  he  repaired  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  at  first  earned  a  main- 
tenance by  contributing  to  periodicals, 
and  reporting  for  the  press.  At  a  later 
period  he  obtained  employment  in  the 
studio  of  the  eminent  sculptor  Chantrey, 
as  principal  assistant,  which  enabled 
him  to  prosecute  his  literary  tastes  with- 
out hazard  ;  and  he  so  well  improved 
his  advantages,  that  he  not  merely  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  critic  and  histo- 
rian as  to  the  arts,  and  as  a  poet  and 
novelist,  but  also  by  combining  the  pru- 
dence and  tact  of  the  man  of  business  ' 
with  the  fervor  and  feeling  of  the  man 
of  genius,  acquired  considerable  pecu- 
niary resources.  Among  his  numerous 
works  are  "Sir  Marmaduke  Maxwell," 
a  drama;  "Paul  Jones,"  and  "Sir  Mi- 
chael Scott,"  novels;  the  "Lives  of 
Burns  and  Sir  David  Wilkic,"  besides 
many  poems,  ballads,  and  lyrics  ;  but 
his  most  important  work,  and  that  by 
which  he  is  best  known  south  of  the 
Tweed,  is  "The  Lives  of  British  Paint- 
ers, Sculptors,  and  Architects."  D. 
1842.— John,  an  ingenious  Irish  poet 
and  dramatic  performer  :  author  of 
"  The  Landscape,"  and  other  poems, 
and  of  "  Love  in  a  Mist,"  a  farce,  upon 
which  Garrick  is  said  to  have  founded 
that  of  the  "  Lying  Valet."     D.  1773. 

CURL,  Edmund,  a  bookseller,  whose 
name  is  handed  down,  like  many  others, 
by  the  satirical  wit  of  Pope,  kept  a  shop 
in  the  purlieus  of  Covent-gardeu,  and 
had  his  ears  cut  off  in  the  pillory  as  a 
reward  for  publishing  obscene  books. 

CURRAN,  John  Pimlpot,  a  celebrated 
Irish  barrister,  of  humble  origin,  was  b. 
near  Cork,  1750  ;  received  his  education 
at  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  and  coming 
to  London,  studied  law  in  the  Temple. 
In  course  of  time  he  was  called  to  tho 


cus] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


333 


bar,  and  though  at  first  he  had  to  strug- 
gle with  great  difficulties,  his  brilliant 
talents,  exerted  in  defence  of  various 
persons  charged  with  political  offences, 
overcame  all  obstacles,  and  lie  quickly 
rose  to  forensic  eminence.  He  became 
a  member  of  the  Irish  house  of  com- 
mons in  1784,  and  was  a  powerful  mem- 
ber of  the  opposition  until  the  Whigs 
came  into  office,  in  180(5,  when  he  was 
made  master  of  the  rolls  in  Ireland. 
This  office  he  held  until  1814,  and  re- 
ceived a  pension  of  £3,000  on  retiring, 
after  which  period  he  generally  resided 
in  London.  His  oratorical  powers  were 
of  the  most  splendid  kind ;  his  wit, 
pathos,  and  sarcasm  being  alike  irresisti- 
ble ;  and  though  mean  in  personal  ap- 
pearance, and  not  always  using  his 
intellectual  reapons  with  good  taste, 
they  enabled  him  to  support  the  charac- 
ter of  a  popular  advocate  and  an  effec- 
tive debater.     D.  1817. 

CUKKIE,  James,  was  a  native  of  Scot- 
laud,  but  settled  as  a  medical  man  at 
Liverpool,  where  he  enjoyed  an  exten- 
sive and  very  lucrative  practice.  He  is 
very  favorably  known  as  a  professional 
writer,  by  a  paper  "On  Tetanus  and 
Convulsive  Disorders,"  and  "  Medical 
Reports,"  &c.  But  his  literary  celebrity 
rests  less  upon  his  professional  treatises 
than  upon  his  biography  of  the  poet 
Burns,  an  edition  of  whose  works  was 
superintended  by  Dr.  Currie,  in  a  man- 
ner which  obtained  him  great  and  well- 
merited  applause.     D.  1805. 

CURTIS,  William,  an  eminent  En- 
glish botanist,  was  a  native  of  Alton,  in 
Hampshire,  and  was  apprenticed  to  an 
apothecary  in  that  place.  But  his  love 
of  botanical  pursuits  induced  him  to 
relinquish  his  profession  to  establish  a 
botanical  garden,  and  exhibit  as  a  botani- 
cal lecturer.  Besides  his  lectures,  which 
were  published  with  expensive  and 
handsome  illustrative  plates,  he  wrote 
"  Practical  Observations  on  the  British 
Grasses,"  "Flora  Londinensis,"  an  ac- 
curate and  beautiful  work  ;  a  "  Botanical 
Magazine,"  &e.    D.  1799. 

CURTIUS,  Marcus,  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man. Livy  relates,  that  in  the  year 
362  b.  o.,  a  vast  chasm  appeared  in  the 
midst  of  the  Forum,  which  the  oracle 
pronounced  could  only  be  closed  by  the 
Romans  throwing  into  it  that  by  which 
they  were  most  powerful.  Curtis  de- 
clared that  the  arms  and  courage  of  the 
Romans  were  their  most  valuable  pos- 
sessions, and  having  solemnly  devoted 
himself,  lie  put  on  his  armor,  mounted 
Uis  horse,  and  galloped  headlorg  into 


the  gulf. — Rcfus  Qcintus,  a  Roman  his- 
torian, who  wrote  the  history  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great  in  ten  books,  the  first 
two  of  which  are  hist.  The  exact  period 
in  which  he  flourished  is  not  known; 
for  though  his  style  would  indicate  that 
he  lived  in  one  of  the  best  periods  of 
the  Latin  language,  no  writer  of  any 
earlier  date  than  the  12th  century  has 
made  any  mention  of  him. 

CUSA,  Nicholas  ije,  an  eminent  car- 
dinal, who  took  his  name  from  that  of 
the  village  of  Cusa,  in  the  diocese  of 
Treves,  where  he  was  born.  After  som* 
minor  preferments  in  the  church,  he 
was  sent  by  Pope  Eugenius  IV.  as  legate 
to  Constantinople,  to  endeavor  to  bring 
about  a  union  between  the  Greek  and 
Latin  churches.  He  was  made  a  cardi- 
nal by  Pope  Nicholas  V.,  who  also  gave 
him  the  see  of  Brixen,  in  the  Tyrol.  Be- 
sides metaphysical,  theological,  mathe- 
matical, and  other  treatises,  which  form 
three  volumes  folio,  he  wrote  a  very 
learned  and  powerful  refutation  of  the 
Koran.     D.  1464. 

CUSHING,  Thomas,  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts,  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college,  1744.  Being  the  son 
of  an  eminent  merchant  of  Boston,  he 
had  no  chosen  profession.  He  was  early 
called  into  public  life,  first  as  a  repre- 
sentative of  Boston,  and  afterwards 
speaker  of  the  house.  He  held  the 
latter  office  when  the  controversy  with 
England  had  reached  the  point,  which 
made  an  appeal  to  arms  indispensable, 
and  he  sided  with  his  country.  Be  was 
a  member- of  the  first  and  second  con- 
gress. On  his  return  to  his  own  state 
he  was  elected  into  the  council,  which 
then  constituted  the  supreme  executive. 
After  the  adoption  of  the  present  con- 
stitution of  Massachusetts  he  was  elect- 
ed lieutenant-governor,  and  was  kept  in 
that  office  till  his  death.  D.  1788,  aged 
62.  —  William,  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  United  States,  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  college,  1751. _  In  1772 
he  received  a  commission  as  justice  of 
the  superior  court  of  Massachusetts,  and 
in  1777  that  of  chief  justice.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  revolution  among  the 
high  in  office,  he,  alone,  supported  the 
rights  of  his  country.  At  the  organ- 
ization of  the  federal  government,  he 
was  placed  by  Washington,  in  1789,  on 
the  bench  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
United  States,  and  held  the  office  till  his 
death.     D.  1810. 

CUSTINE,  Adam  Philip,  couLt  de, 
was  b.  at  Metz,  1740;  ami  having  en- 
tered the  army  early  in  life,  attracted 


334 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CZE 


the  notice  of  Frederic  of  Prussia,  under 
whom  he  served  in  the  seven  years' 
war.  He  afterwards  accepted  a  com- 
mission in  one  of  the  French  regiments 
that  assisted  the  Americans  in  resisting 
the  English;  and  on  returning  to  France 
was  made  governor  of  Toulon.  In  1792 
he  had  the  command  of  the  army  of  the 
Rhine  ;  but  being  suddenly  summoned 
to  France,  the  rulers  of  the  hour  sent 
him  to  the  guillotine,  August,  1793. 

CUTHBERT,  an  English  saint,  who 
had  the  honor  to  baptize  Egfred,  king 
of  Northumberland,  and  the  good  for- 
tune to  be  made  bishop  of  that  district. 
He  founded  a  monastery  at  Liudisfarue, 
and  d.  in  686. 

CUVELLIER  DE  TRIE,  John  Wil- 
liam Augustus,  a  French  dramatist  of 
great  fecundity  and  considerable  talent, 
was  b.  1766,  and  d.  1S24.  He  was  some- 
times called  the  Corneille  of  the  bou- 
levards. 

CUVIER,  George  Leopold  Christian 
Frederic  Dagobert,  Baron ;  the  most 
eminent  naturalist  of  modern  times ; 
was  b.  at  Montbeliard,  in  the  duchy  cf 
Wirtetnberg,  1769.  Having  a  decided 
partiality  for  natural  history,  he  devoted 
his  leisure  hours  to  the  pursuit  of  that 
interesting  science,  while  acting  in  the 
capacity  of  private  tutor  in  the  family 
of  count  d'Hericv,  in  Normandy.  As 
soon  as  he  quitted  this  situation  lie 
established  himself  in  Paris;  and  such 
was  his  talent,  and  such  the  perseve- 
rance with  which  he  followed  up  his 
examinations  and  inquiries,  that  he  was 
ere  Ions  acknowledged  to  be  one  of  the 
first  zoologists  in  Europe.  His  profound 
knowledge  and  comprehensive  views, 
his  ingenious  classifications  and  elegant 
illustrations,  delighted  the  accomplished 
visitors  of  the  Lycee,  where  he  lectured ; 
ami  his  fame  reaching  the  ears  of  Na- 
poleon, the  most  important  offices  in  the 
department  of  public  instruction  were 
given  to  him.  He  twice  visited  England, 
namely,  in  ISIS,  and  in  1830:  and  d.  at 
Paris  in  1S32.  To  Baron  Cuvier,  France 
is  indebted  for  the  finest  osteological 
collection  in  the  world  ;  while  the  whole 
world  is  indebted  to  him  for  the  im- 
mense addition  he  has  made  to  the  gen- 
eral stock  of  zoological  science. — Fred- 
eric, brother  of  the  above,  was  also 
highly  distinguished  as  a  naturalist.  D. 
1838. 

CYPRIAN,  Thascius  Cbcilius,  was  a 
learned  father  of  the  church,  b.  at  Car- 
thage, and  who  embraced  Christianity 
in  246.  He  wrote  a  work,  entitled 
"Gratia  Dei;''    succeeded  Donatus,  as 


bishop  of  Carthage ;  and  suffered  mar- 
tyrdom in  258. 

CYRIL,  St.,  originally  named  Con- 
stantine,  and  called  the  Philosopher, 
was  the  apostle  of  the  Slavi,  in  the  9th 
century,  and  invented  the  Sclavonic  al- 
phabet.    D.  at  Rome.,  in  822. 

CYRUS,  king  of  Persia,  a  renowned 
conqueror,  was  the  son  of  Cambyses  and 
Mandane,  daughter  of  Astyages,  king 
of  Media,  by  whom  he  was  sent  to  Per- 
sia. Here  he  soon  collected  a  formid- 
able army,  and  deposed  his  grandfather, 
560  b.  c.  He  also  conquered  Croesus, 
the  rich  and  powerful  king  of  Lydia, 
and  Nabonadius,  king  of  Babylon,  whose 
capital  he  took,  after  a  siege  of  two 
years.  Extending  his  conquests  on  all 
sides,  till  his  dominions  in  Asia  readied 
from  the  Hellespont  to  the  Indus,  he  at 
length  marched  against  the  Massagetae, 
a  people  of  Scytnia,  then  ruled  by  a 
queen  named  Tomyris  ;  but  though  suc- 
cessful in  the  first  great  battle,  he  was 
defeated  in  the  second,  and  slain,  529 
B.C. — The  Younger,  was  the  son  of  Da- 
rius Nothus,  and  brother  of  Artaxerxes, 
whose  life  he  attempted,  in  order  to 
obtain  the  throne.     He  was,   however, 

Eardoned,  and  made  governor  of  Lydia; 
at  he  treacherously  raised  an  army, 
marched  against  his  brother,  fought  a 
desperate  battle,  and  was  killed,  4oo  b.c. 
— Of  Panapolis,  a  Latin  poet  and  sol- 
dier, in  the  time  of  Theodosius  the 
Younger.  He  was  made  consul  and 
prefect  of  Constantinople  ;  afterwards 
embraced  Christianity,  and  was  made 
bishop  of  Phrvgia,  where  he  died. 

CZERN1-GEORGE,  whose  real  name 
was  George  Pjetrovitsch,  the  appella- 
tion of  "  George  the  Black"  being  triven 
him  on  account  of  the  darkness  of  his 
complexion,  was  b.  of  humble  parents, 
near  Belgrade;  but  he  raised  himself  to 
the  rank  of  a  prince  by  the  force  of  his 
natural  talents,  and  a  degree  of  courage 
rarely  equalled.  With  an  ardent  desire 
to  liberate  Servia,  his  native  country, 
from  the  Turks,  lie  first  raised  a  small 
troop,  was  successful  in  various  en- 
counters, and  at  length,  in  1800,  made 
himself  master  of  Belgrade.  A  long 
and  arduous  struggle  followed ;  and 
though  for  a  time  Czerni-George  was 
the  acknowledged  prince  of  Servia,  ho 
was  eventually  compelled  to  retire  to 
Russia,  where  he  was  received  with 
distinction,  and  created  a  Russian 
prince.  But  he  was  still  bent  on  pos- 
sessing Servia;  and  having  entered  that 
territory,  in  1S17,  he  was  taken  prise ner 
and  beheaded. 


Dal] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


335 


D. 


BACH,  Sfmon,  a  German  poet,  b. 
1605,  professor  of  poetry  at  Konigsberg. 
D.  L659. 

DACIER,  Andrew,  a  critic  and  clas- 
sical commentator  of  some  eminence,  b. 
1651,  at  Castres,  in  Upper  Languedoc. 
Tie  was  made  perpetual  secretary  of  the 
French  Academy  in  17:11,  and  had  the 
care  of  the  cabinet  in  the  Louvre  in- 
trusted to  him.  He  translated  Horace, 
Plato,  Plutarch,  Enictetus,  &c,  into 
French.  D.  1722. — Anne  Lefevre,  wife 
of  the  preceding,  was  b.  1651,  at  Sau- 
lnur.  tier  love  of  classical  literature 
was  displayed  at  an  early  age;  and  her 
proficiency  was  so  great,  that  at  the  age 
of  22  she  produced  an  admirable  edition 
of  "  Callimachus,"  which  was  followed 
by  various  others  of  the  Delphian  clas- 
sics. She  subsequently  translated  Ho- 
mer, Anacreon,  Sappho,  Terence,  with 
portions  from  Aristophanes,  Plautus, 
&e.  In  1683  she  married  M.  Dacier, 
and  soon  after  they  both  renounced  the 
Protestant  religion.  Though  her  life 
was  spent  in  constant  literary  labor,  she 
was  far  from  being  ostentatious  of  her 
eminent  abilities.     D.  1720. 

DAEDALUS,  a  celebrated  Greek  arch- 
itect and  sculptor,  who  is  said  to  have 
flourished  at  Athens  in  the  10th  cen- 
tury b.c,  and  to  have  been  the  inventor 
of  many  useful  instruments,  viz.,  the 
axe,  the  saw,  the  plummet,  the  auger, 
&e. — There  was  also  another  Daxlalus 
of  less  note,  a  sculptor  of  Sicvon. 

DAENDELS,  Herman  William,  a 
Dutch  general,  b.  at  Hattem,  1702,  who 
took  an  important  part  in  the  troubles 
which  began  in  Holland  in  1787,  on  the 
side  of  the  patriots,  and,  with  many  of 
his  countrymen  of  the  same  party,  was 
compelled  to  take  refuge  in  France.  In 
1798  he  was  appointed  colonel  to  the 
new  legion  of  volunteers,  and  rendered 
great  service  to  Dumouriez  and  to  Pich- 
egru  in  1794.  When  Louis  Bonaparte 
ascended  the  throne  he  was  made  gov- 
ernor-general of  Batavia.  He  was  re- 
called by  Napoleon  in  1812,  and  on  his 
return  published  an  account  of  his  ad- 
ministration, in  which  many  valuable 
statistics  were  also  given.  He  was  after- 
wards appointed  by  the  king  of  the 
Netherlands,  to  organize  the  colonies  on 
the  coast  of  Africa.     D.  1818. 

DAGGETT,  Naptiiali,  the  fifth  pres- 
ident of  Vale  college,  was  graduated  &t 


the  same  institution,  in  1748.  He  was 
a  native  of  Attlehorough,  Mass.,  and  in 
1751  was  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Smith 
Town  on  Long  Island.  From  this  place 
he  removed  to  New  Haven  in  17">0,  and 
became  professor  of  divinity  in  the  col- 
lege, lie  held  this  office  till  his  death; 
and  from  the  death  of  Mr.  Clan  in  1766, 
till  April,  1777,  he  exercised  the  duties 
of  president.  D.  17S0. — David,  an  emi- 
nent judge  of  Connecticut,  b.  1704,  a 
senator  of  the  Un:t"d  States,  Kent  pro- 
fessor of  law  at  Yale  college,  and  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
United  States.     D.  1850. 

DAGOBERT  I.,  king  of  the  Franks, 
surnamed  the  Great  on  account  of  his 
military  success,  began  his  reign  in  628, 
and  d.  at  the  ace  of :'.'_'. 

D'  AGUESSEAU,  Henry  Francis,  call- 
ed by  Voltaire  the  most  learned  magis- 
trate that  France  ever  produced,  was  b. 
at  Limoges  in  1668,  and  d.  1751.  His 
works  were  published  in  13  vols.  4to. 

DALBERG,  Charles  Theodore  An- 
thony Maria,  a  baron  of  the  German 
empire,  prince-primate  of  the  confeder- 
ation of  the  Rhine,  grand-duke  of  Frank- 
fort, and,  finally,  archbishop  of  Ratisbon, 
was  b.  near  Worms,  1744.  He  espoused 
the  new  ideas  to  which  the  French  rev- 
olution gave  impulse;  and  though  he 
opposed  the  invasion  of  Germany  by 
the  French  in  17l>7.  he  assisted  at  the 
coronation  of  the  Emperor  Napoleon  in 
1804.  Throughout  life  he  was  distin- 
guished for  industry  in  the  discharge  of 
his  official  duties,  and  for  an  incorrupt- 
ible love  of  justice;  he  was  also  the  en- 
courager  of  "learning  and  science,  and 
himself  the  author  of  several  ingenious 
treatises,  legal,  scientific,  am!  philosoph- 
ical. In  1813  he  voluntarily  resigned 
all  his  possessions  as  a  sovereign  prince, 
and  retired  to  private  life,  retaining  only 
his  ecclesiastical  dignity.     D.  1817. 

D'ALBRET,  Charlotte,  sister  of 
John  d'Albret,  king  of  Navarre,  and 
wife  of  Caesar  Borgia'.  She  was  a  poetess 
of  no  mean  powers,  and  as  remarkable 
for  virtue  as  her  husband  was  for  vice. 
D.  1514.—  Charles,  constable  of  France 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  VI.,  to  whom  he 
was  related  by  blood.  He  commanded 
the  French  army  at  the  famous  battle  of 
Aginconrt,  in  which  he  lost  his  life, 
1514. — Jeanne,  daughter  of  Margaret, 
queen  of  Navarre,  and  mother  of  Henry 


336 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[dal 


of  Navarro,  afterwards  Henry  IV.  of 
France.     D.  1572. 

DALE,  Richard,  an  American  naval 
officer,  was  b.  in  Virginia,  1756;  was 
Bent  to  sea  at  12  years  of  age,  and  at  19 
had  the  command  of  a  merchant- vessel. 
While  serving  as  a  midshipman  on 
hoard  of  the  American  brig-of-war  Lex- 
ington, he  was  taken  by  a  British  cutter ; 
but,  after  being  confined  a  twelvemonth 
in  Mill  prison,  he  effected  his  escape 
into  France,  where  he  joined  the  cele- 
brated Paul  Jones,  then  commanding 
the  American  ship  Bon  Homme  Richard, 
and  was  the  first  man  that  boarded  the 
English  frigate  Serapis,  which  was  cap- 
tured. In  "1801  he  had  the  command 
of  an  American  squadron,  and  hoisted 
his  pendant  on  board  the  President. 
He  was  a  brave,  honorable,  and  intelli- 
gent seaman.  The  adventures  of  his 
early  days  were  of  the  most  romantic 
and  perilous  kind ;  but  his  latter  years 
were  passed  in  the  peaceful  enjoyment 
of  a  competent  estate  at  Philadelphia. 
D.  1826.  —  David,  a  skilful  mechanic, 
and  the  originator  of  the  well-known 
Lanark  Mills,  was  b.  1739,  at  Stewarton, 
in  Ayrshire.  From  being  a  journeyman 
weaver  he  became  a  cotton  manufacturer 
on  a  most  extensive  scale,  first  in  con- 
junction with  Sir  R.  Arkwright,  and 
afterwards  on  his  own  account.  By  his 
means  employment  was  given  to  thou- 
sands, old  and  young;  nor  did  he  leave 
the  latter  without  the  means  of  mental 
instruction,  but  provided  teachers  and 
established  schools  at  all  his  works.  D. 
1S06. — Sir  Thomas,  was  sent  out  to  Vir- 
ginia as  high  marshal,  in  160U,  and  a 
second  time  in  May,  1611,  with  300  col- 
onists, supplies,  and  new  laws,  with  the 
execution  of  which  he  was  intrusted. 
His  administration  was  rigorous  and 
excited  great  disaffection,  but  the  in- 
terests of  the  colony  were  advanced 
under  it.  He  built  the  town  of  Hen- 
rico, on  James  river,  and  conquered 
that  of  the  Appomattox  Indians,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  of  that  name.  In 
August,  1611?  Sir  Thomas  Gates  suc- 
ceeded him  in  the  government.  He 
continued,  however,  to  take  an  active 
part  in  the  affiirs  of  the  colony,  and  on 
the  return  of  Gates  to  England,  in  1614, 
the  chief  command  again  devolved  on 
him.  He  returned  to  England  in  1616. 
He  afterwards  went  to  the  East  Indies, 
and  there  died. 

DALIN,  Olaus  Vox,  called  the  father 
of  modern  Swedish  poetry,  was  the  au- 
thor of  many  spirited  satires,  songs, 
epigrams,  and  fables.      He  also  wrote 


"  The  Argus,"  a  work  on  the  plan  of  the 
Spectator;  "A  General  History  of  Swe- 
den ;"  "  Brumhilda,"  a  tragedy,  &c. 
B.  170S;  d.  1763. 

DALLAS,  Sir  George,  lord  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  common  pleas,  was  b.  in 
London,  1758,  and  at  the  age  of  18  hi 
went  to  India  as  a  writer,  where  his 
talents  soon  raised  him  to  high  civil 
offices.  lie  warmly  espoused  the  cause 
of  Hastings  when  impeached,  and  in 
1789  he  wrote  a  pamphlet,  in  which  ho 
attributed  to  him  the  British  supremacy 
in  India.  In  17'J3  he  published  his 
''Thoughts  upon  our  Present  Situation, 
with  Remarks  upon  the  Policy  of  a  War 
with  France,"  which  created  consider- 
able sensation,  and  especially  excited  the 
admiration  of  Mr.  Pitt.  D.  1833.— Rob- 
ert Charles,  known  as  the  friend  and 
biographer  of  Lord  Byron,  was  b.  at 
Kingston,  Jamaica,  and  studied  the  law 
in  the  Inner  Temple.  After  residing 
for  a  time  in  France  and  America,  he 
returned  to  England,  and  devoted  h.'u- 
self  to  literature.  He  translated  several 
works  from  the  French,  and  wrote  the 
novels  of  "  Aubrey,"  "Perceval,"  "  The 
Morlands,"  &c. ;  but  he  is  now  more 
remembered  for  his  "Recollections  of 
Lord  Byron."  D.  1824. — Alexander 
James,  was  b.  in  the  island  of  Jamaica, 
1759.  In  1783  he  left  Jamaica  for  the 
United  States,  and  settled  in  Philadel- 
phia. In  1785  he  was  admitted  to  prac- 
tise in  the  supreme  court  of  the  state, 
and  in  four  or  five  years  in  the  courts  of 
the  Union.  During  this  time  he  pre- 
pared his  "  Reports,"  and  was  engaged 
in  various  literary  pursuits,  writing 
much  in  the  periodical  journals.  Ho 
occupied  successively  the  offices  of  sec- 
retary of  Pennsylvania;  district  attorney 
of  the  United  States ;  secretary  of  the 
treasury,  and  secretary  of  war.  On  the 
restoration  of  peace  in  1816,  Mr.  Dallas 
resigned  his  political  situation,  and  re- 
sumed the  successful  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession. His  services  as  an  advocate 
were  called  for  in  almost  every  part  of 
the  Union,  but  in  the  midst  of  very 
flattering  expectations  he  d.  at  Trenton 
in  1817. — Alexander  James,  son  of  the 
preceding,  became  a  distinguished  naval 
officer  of  the  United  States.  He  entered 
the  navy  in  1805,  when  only  14  years  of 
age,  was  with  Commodore  Rogers  on 
board  of  the  President,  in  1812,  and, 
subsequently  with  Chauncey  on  lake 
Ontario.  He  also  accompanied  Porter 
in  his  exterminating  cruise  against  the 
West  India  pirates.     D.  1844. 

DALRYMPLE,  Alexander,  hydro)?- 


dan] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


337 


rapher  to  the  Admiralty  and  the  India 
Company,  was  b.  at  New  Ilailes,  near 
Edinburgh,  in  1737,  and  spent  the  early 
part  of  his  life  in  India,  as  a  writer.  He 
wrote  "The  Oriental  Repertory,"  three 
"Collections  of  Voyages,  &e.  D.  1808. 
— Sir  David,  a  Scotch  judge  and  anti- 
quary, was  b.  at  Edinburgh  in  1726,  and 
educated  at  Eton  and  Utrecht.  On  his 
becoming  a  judge  of  the  court  of  session 
in  1706,  he  took  the  title  of  Lord  Hailes. 
His  principal  works  are  "  Annals  of  Scot- 
land," which  Dr.  Johnson  assisted  in 
revising,  and  "  Memorials  relating  to  the 
History  of  Great  Britain."  D.  1792  — 
Sir  John,  for  many  years  a  baron  of 
exchequer  in  Scotland,  and  the  author 
of  "Memoirs  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land."    D.  1810. 

DALTON,  John,  a  mathematician  and 
natural  philosopher,  was  b.  at  Eagles- 
field,  near  Cockennouth,  in  1766.  From 
teaching  a  school  as  a  boy  in  his  native 
village,  in  1793,  when  in  his  23d  year, 
he  became  professor  of  mathematics  and 
natural  philosophy  in  the  new  college, 
Manchester.  He  made  his  first  appearance 
as  an  author  in  a  volume  of  "  Meteoro- 
logical Observations  and  Essays,"  in 
1793.  In  1S08  he  published  "A  New 
System  of  Chemical  Philosophy,"  and  a 
second  part  in  1810.  In  1826  he  was 
presented  with  a  gold  medal  by  the 
Royal  Society  for  his  scientific  discov- 
eries ;  and  iii  1833  the  sum  of  £2000  was 
raised  by  his  friends  and  townsmen  for 
the  erection  of  a  statue  (by  Chantrey) 
to  perpetuate  his  remembrance.  His 
"  Atomic  Theory"  must  ever  render  his 
name  memorable.  Cotemporaneously 
with  Gay-Lussac,  with  whom  many  of 
his  researches  run  parallel,  he  discovered 
the  important  general  law  of  the  expan- 
sion of  gases  ;  and  his  contributions  to 
meteorology  were  also  of  the  most  im- 
portant kind.  D.  1844. — Michael,  an 
eminent  lawyer  of  the  16th  century: 
the  author  of  a  book  on  the  "  Office  of 
a  Justice  of  the  Peace,"  and  another  on 
the  "  Duties  of  Sheriffs."     D.  1020. 

DALZIEL,  Thomas,  a  Scotch  general, 
who  was  with  Charles  II.  at  the  battle 
of  Worcester ;  after  which  he  entered 
into  the  Kussian  service,  but  was  re- 
called at  the  restoration. 

DAMER,  Anne  Seymour,  eminent  as 
a  sculptor  as  well  as  for  her  general  ac- 
complishments, was  the  daughter  of 
Field-marshal  Conway,  and  b.  1748; 
She  took  lessons  in  the  art  from  Ceraeei 
and  Bacon,  and  afterwards  studied  in 
Italy.     D.  1808. 

DAMIENS,  Robert,  who,  owing  to 
29 


his  vicious  inclinations,  obtained  the 
appellation  of  Robert  lo  diable,  was  b. 
1715,  at  Tieulloy,  a  village  of  Artois. 
While  at  Paris,  in  a  menial  employment, 
he  was  accused  of  having  poisoned  one 
of  his  masters  and  robbed  another:  and 
having  evaded  the  law  by  flight,  he  in 
course  of  time  returned,  to  practise  new 
enormities.  In  January,  1757,  lie  Stabbed 
Louis  XV.  in  the  midst  of  his  guards,  as 
he  was  getting  into  his  carriage.  The 
wound  was  not  mortal,  ami  Damiena 
was  instantly  seized  ;  but  the  most  cruel 
tortures  which  he  was  doomed  to  sutler 
could  not  induce  him  to  confess  that  he 
had  any  accomplices;  and  the  horrid 
sentence,  which  condemned  him  to  be 
torn  in  pieces  by  horses,  was  executed 
March  28,  1757. 

DAMOCLES,  a  sycophant  at  the  court 
of  Dionysius  of  Syracuse.  He  was  one 
day  extolling  the  happy  condition  of 
princes,  on  which  the  king  invited  him 
to  a  sumptuous  entertainment,  but 
caused  a  miked  sword  to  be  suspended 
over  his  head  by  a  single  hair;  thereby 
intimating  the  danger  that  awaited  the 
great,  though  surrounded  by  vassals 
and  revelling  in  luxury.  This  is  said  to 
have  produced  a  salutary  effect  on  the 
courtier,  who  begged  that  the  king 
would  dismiss  him  to  any  meaner  sta- 
tion, so  that  he  might  live  in  safety. 

DAMON,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher, 
rendered  memorable  for  his  friendship 
with  Pythias.  Dionysius  having  con- 
demned him  to  death,  he  obtained  leave 
of  absence  to  go  home  and  settle,  his 
affairs,  Pythias  pledging  himself  to  en- 
dure the  punishment  in  his  stead  if  he 
did  not  return  at  the  appointed  time. 
Damon  was  punctual ;  and  this  instance 
of  friendship  so  pleased  the  king,  that 
he  pardoned  Damon,  and  requested  to 
become  one  of  his  friends. 

DAMP1ER,  William,  an  English 
navigator,  was  b.  at  East  Coker,  Somer- 
setshire, in  1652,  and  became  a  mariner 
at  an  early  age.  During  many  years  of 
active  service  in  privateers  and  trading 
vessels,  he  several  times  visited  the 
South  Seas;  and  the  result  of  his  obser- 
vations were  given  to  the  public  in  a 
work,  entitled  "  Voyages  round  the 
World,"  which  possesses  very  con- 
siderable merit.  He  d.,  as  is  supposed, 
in  1712,  but  the  exact  time  is  not  Known. 

DANA,  Francis,  chief-justice  of  Mas- 
sachusetts under  the  constitution  of  1780 
He  was  a  delegate  in  congress  from  Mass. 
from  1776  to  1779,  when  he  accompanied 
Mr.  Adams  to  Paris  as  secretary  of  le- 
gation.   He  was  appointed  minister  to 


338 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[DAN 


Russia  In  1780,  and  though  not  publicly 
received  as  such,  remained  there  till  the 
end  of  the  war  ;  he  returned  to  America 
ill  1783,  and  was  a  delegate  in  congress 
in  1784.  He  was  appointed  chief  justice 
in  1792,  and  resigned  in  1806.  D.  181.1, 
aged  68. — J ames  Freeman,  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  college,  1813,  and  in  a 
few  years  after  was  appointed  assistant 
professor  of  chemistry  in  that  seminary. 
In  1820  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
chemistry  ana  mineralogy  at  Dartmouth 
college ;  resigned  this  office  in  1826,  on 
being  appointed  professor  of  chemistry 
in  the  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons 
at  New  York.  He  published,  with  his 
brother,  "Outlines  of  the  Geology  and 
Mineralogy  of  Boston  ;"  an  "Epitome 
of  Chemical  Philosophy"  as  a  text  book. 
D.1827. 

DANCKERTS,  the  name  of  a  family 
of  Dutch  artists,  of  whom  Cornelius,  b. 
1561,  appears  to  have  been  the  first  of 
any  no  e.  He  excelled  as  a  portrait  and 
historical  engraver; 

DANCOUKT,  Florence  Carton,  a 
French  actor  and  dramatic  poet,  was  b. 
in  1U61,  at  Fontainbleau,  and  was  origi- 
nally a  barrister,  but  quitted  that  pro- 
fession for  the  stage.     D.  1726. 

DANDINI,  Cesar  and  Vincent,  two 
Florentine  painters  of  the  16th  century, 
both  eminent  for  their  historical  pieces  ; 
as  was  also  their  nephew  Pietro,  who  d. 
in  1712. 

D  ANDOLO,  Henry,  a  celebrated  doge 
of  Venice,  to  which  high  office  he  was 
chosen  in  1192,  when  in  his  84th  year. 
At  the  siege  of  Constantinople,  during 
the  fourth  crusade,  the  venerable  doge 
commanded  his  men  to  run  up  to  the 
walls,  and  was  himself  the  first  who 
leaped  on  shore,  D.  1205,  aged  97. — 
Vincent,  a  Venetian  chemist,  descended 
from  the  famous  doge  and  captor  of  Con- 
stantinople, was  b.  175S.  At  all  times 
zealous  for  the  independence  of  Italy,  he 
bscame  a  member  of  the  council  of  the 
Cisalpine  republic,  after  the  treaty  of 
Campo  Formio.  Among  his  works  are 
"  Fondamenti  della  Scienza  Fisieo-Che- 
miea,"  &c.     D.  1819. 

D'ANDKADA,  Anthoxy,  a  Portu- 
guese Jesuit,  who  discovered  in  1624 
the  country  of  Cathay  and  Thibet,  of 
which  he  published  an  account.  D.  1634. 
— Diego  de  Payvu,  a  learned  Portuguese 
divine,  who  distinguished  himself  at  the 
council  of  Trent  by  his  talents  and  elo- 
quence, and  wrote  an  elaborate  defence 
of  it  against  the  attack  of  Chemnitius. 
D.  1575. — Francis,  his  brother,  was  his- 
toriographer to  the  king  of  Spain,  and 


wrote  the  "  History  of  John  III.,  king 
of  Portugal." — Thomas,  another  brother, 
an  Augustine  friar,  called  by  his  order 
Thomas  of  Jesus,  attended  Don  Sebas- 
tian in  his  expedition  against  the  emper- 
or of  Morocco,  was  taken  prisoner,  aud 
shut  up  in  a  cave  by  the  Moors,  in  which 
place  he  wrote  a  book  called  "The  Suf- 
ferings of  Jesus." 

DANE,  Nathan,  an  eminent  jurist 
and  statesman.  He  was  b.  at  Ipswich, 
Mass.  He  was  the  framer  of  the  cele- 
brated ordinance  of  congress  of  1787,  for 
the  government  of  the  territory  of  the 
United  States  northwest  of  the  river 
Ohio,  by  which  the  principles  of  treo 
government,  to  the  exclusion  of  slavery, 
were  extended  to  an  immense  region, 
and  its  political  and  moral  interest  se- 
cured on  a  permanent  basis.  His  great 
work,  entitled  "  A  General  Abridgment 
and  Digest  of  American  Law,"  will  re- 
main a  proof  of  his  learning  and  indus- 
try, and  the  Dane  Professorship  of  Law, 
founded  by  his  munificence  at  Harvard 
university,  and  the  Law  Hall,  will  be 
enduring  monuments  of  his  desire  to 
promote  the  interest  of  the  profession 
of  law,  and  the  welfare  of  the  com- 
munity.    D.  1834,  aged  82  years. 

DANGEAU,  Philip  de  Courcillon, 
marquis  of,  was  b.  1638,  and  distin- 
guished himself  not  less  by  his  own 
talents  than  by  the  patronage  he  af- 
forded to  the  literati  of  his  day.  He 
wrote  an  extensive  "Journal  of  the 
Court  of  Louis  XIV.,"  extracts  fioin 
which  have  been  published,  but  not  the 
work  entire.     D.  1720. 

D'ANGHIERA,  Peter  Martyr,  an 
Italian  scholar  of  a  noble  Milanese  family, 
author  of  several  historical  works,  which 
are  usually  quoted  under  the  name  of 
Peter  Martyr.     B.  1455;  d.  1526. 

DANICIAN,  Andre,  better  known 
by  the  name  of  Philidor,  a  celebrated 
player  and  writer  on  chess,  was  b.  at  Paris, 
and  resided  several  years  in  England, 
where  he  published  his  "  Analysis  "  of 
that  celebrated  game,  and  also  soma 
musical  compositions.     D.  1795. 

DANIEL,  Samuel,  a  poet  and  histo- 
rian, was  b.  1562,  near  Taunton,  Devon, 
and  educated  at  Magdalen  hall,  Oxford. 
He  became  poet  laureate  on  the  death  of 
Spenser,  and  was  subsequently  appoint- 
ed to  the  office  of  groom  of  the  bed- 
chamber to  James  L  Besides  various 
poems,  some  of  which  possess  consid- 
erable merit,  he  wrote  a  "  History  of 
England"  to  the  end  of  the  reign  of 
Edward  III.     D.  1619. 

DANIELL,  Samuel,   an  artist,  who 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


dan] 


travelled  into  the  interior  of  Africa, 
made  numerous  drawings  there,  and  on 
his  return  published  a  work  entitled 
"African  Scenery."  He  also  spent  six 
years  in  the  island  of  Ceylon,  where  he 
d.  in  1811.  He  left  an  extensive  collec- 
tion of  drawings,  chiefly  illustrative  of 
fche  natural  history  of  the  island  ;  and  a 
volume  was  published,  entitled  "The 
Scenery,  An  mals,  and  Native  Inhabit- 
ants of  Ceylon." — William,  an  eminent 
draughtsman,  b.  1769,  was  initiated  in 
the  pictorial  art  at  a  very  early  age,  and 
accompanied  his  uncle  to  India,  when 
he  was  only  14,  for  the  express  purpose 
of  assisting  in  depicting  the  scenery, 
costume,  &c.,  of  that  interesting  coun- 
try. Immediately  on  their  return,  the 
large  work,  entitled  "  Oriental  Scenery,'' 
was  printed.  He  also  published  "  A 
Picturesque  Voyage  to  India,"  a  work 
entitled  "  Zoography,"  and  a  great  va- 
riety of  separate  views  and  panoramas. 
He  "was  particularly  successful  in  de- 
picting the  ocean  in  all  its  varied  aspects  ; 
and  his  glowing  representations  of  East- 
ern scenery  are  well  known  to  the  pub- 
lie  bv  his  splendid  "  Oriental  Annual." 
D.  1837. 

DANNECKER,  John  Henry,  whose 
statue  of  Ariadne  on  the  Leopard,  at 
Frankfort,  would  Buffice  to  place  him  in 
the  first  rank  of  modern  sculptors,  was 
b.  at  Stnttgard,  175S.  His  female  fig- 
ures have  rarely  been  surpassed ;  and 
his  busts  of  Schiller,  Lavater,  Gluck, 
and  many  of  the  members  of  the  royal 
family  of  Wurtemburg,  are  models  of 
artistic  skill.    D.  1841." 

DANTE  ALIGHIERT,  the  sublimest 
of  the  Italian  poets,  was  b.  at  Florence, 
in  1265.  The  family  name  was  Caccia- 
guida,  and  that  of  his  mother  was  Ali- 
ghieri.  The  name  by  which  he  has  de- 
scended to  posterity  is  a  contraction  of 
Durante,  his  Christian  name.  Brunetto 
Latini  was  his  teacher,  and  Dante  rapid- 
ly profited  by  his  instructions.  Nor 
were  his  feelings  less  precocious  than 
his  talents,  if  it  be  true  that  at  the  age 
often  years  he  fell  in  love  with  the  lady 
whom  lie  has  immortalized  under  the 
name  of  Beatrice.  He  was  destined, 
however,  in  his  twenty-sixth  year,  to 
marry  Gemma,  one  of  the  Donati  family, 
from  whom,  after  having  lived  unhap- 
pily wi',h  her,  he  was  separated.  Be- 
fore his  marriage,  he  served  his  country 
with  distinction  in  the  wars  against 
Arezzo  and  Pisa*  and  also  as  an  envoy, 
in  which  capacity  he  v  as  fourteen  times 
employed.  In  1300  he  was  raised  to 
be  one  of  the  eight  chief  magistrates  of 


339 


the  republic.  Here  ended  his  good  for- 
tune. He  belonged  to  the  party  called 
the  Bianehi,  or  Whites;  and  their  oppo- 
nents, the  Ncri,  or  Blacks,  having  gained 

the.  ascendency,  he  was  first  banished 
from  Florence,  and  afterwards  condemn- 
ed to  be  burnt  alive,  in  ease  of  his  fall- 
ing into  their  hands.  Nearly  all  the  re- 
mainder oi  Dante's  life  wa"s  spent  in 
wanderings,  and  in  fruitless  struggles. 
At  length,  he  found  an  asylum  with 
Guido  Novella,  lord  of  Ravenna;  and 
at  Ravenna  he  d.  September  14,  1321. 
Dante  wrote  various  works,  but  his 
tame  rests  on  the  Divina  Commedio, 
which  consists  of  three  parts,  Hell,  Pur- 
gatory, and  Heaven.  In  this  astonish- 
ing production  Dante  does,  indeed,  "  on 
Horror's  head  horrors  accumulate."' 
For  boundless  and  wild  imagination,  for 
gloomy  grandeur,  for  terrific  energy,  it 
has  no  superior;  while,  on  the  other 
hand,  it  often  charms  by  exquisite 
sweetness,  simplicity,  and  grace.  The 
best  English  translation  (and  it  is  not 
likely  to  be  surpassed)  is  that  by  Cary. 
— Ignatius,  a  Dominican,  of  the  same 
family  as  the  poet.  He  was  a  cele- 
brated mathematician,  and  wrote  a  trea- 
tise on  the  astrolabe.  He  became  bishop 
of  Alatri,  and  d.  1586. — John  Baptist, 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Venice  in 
the  15th  century,  was  also  a  member  of 
the  above  family,  and  is  said  to  have 
made  a  pair  of  wings,  with  which  he 
flew  over  the  lake  Tnrasimenus. 

DANTON,  George  James,  b.  in  1759, 
was  an  advocate  by  profession,  but  be- 
came one  of  the  most  active  among  the 
leaders  of  the  French  revolution.  He 
took  the  lead  in  the  meeting  of  the 
Champ  de  Mars,  which  paved  the  way 
to  the  dethronement  of  the  king.  Well 
qualified  for  the  position  he  assumed,  by 
his  colossal  figure,  stentorian  voice,  and 
fierce  demeanor,  he  became  one  of  the 
executive  council,  and  prepared  meas- 
ures for  the  defence  of  the  capital  when 
it  was  threatened  by  the  Prussian  in- 
vaders under  the  duke  of  Brunswick 
He  was  afterwards  a  member  of  the 
convention  and  of  the  committee  of  pub- 
lie  safety,  and  was  a  chief  promoter  of 
all  the  acts  of  that  terrible  period.  At 
length  a  struggle  for  supremacy  took 
place  between  him  and  Robespierre,  in 
which  the  latter  succeeded,  and  Danton 
was  sent  to  the  guillotine,  in  17'J4. 

D'ANVILLE,  Jean  Baptiste  Boiir- 
guignon,  first  geographer  to  the  king  of 
France,  member  of  tlie  Academy  of  In- 
scriptions and  Belles  Lettres,  of  the  An- 
tiquarian Society  of  Loudon,  and   ad 


340 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[dau 


joint-geographer  to  the  Parisian  Acade- 
my of  Sciences.  Among  the  best  of  his 
works  arc  the  "  Atlas  of  Ancient  Egypt," 
"  Orbis  Veteribus  Notus,"  and  "Orbis 
Romanus."  He  published  78  treatises 
and  -_'ll  maps,  all  of  which  are  distin- 
guished for  their  accuracy  and  perspi- 
cuity.    B.  1B97;  d.  1782. 

DAEAN,  James,  an  eminent  French 
surgeon,  b,  1701,  was  celebrated  chiefly 
for  liis  skill  in  diseases  of  the  bladder. 
For  a  considerable  time  he  was  surgeon- 
major  in  the  imperial  army,  but  settled 
in  Paris,  where  lie  acquired  both  fame 
and  fortune  by  his  practice.     D.  1784. 

D'AKBLAY,  Madame,  (FrancesBur- 
NBY,,)  was  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Burney, 
the  celebrated  composer  and  author, 
and  may  be  reckoned  among  the  most 
distinguished  novelists  of  the  last  cen- 
tury ;  her  first  work,  "  Evelina,"  hav- 
ing created  a  greater  sensation  among 
the  literati  of  her  time  than  was  probably 
ever  caused  by  any  similar  production. 
Her  other  chief  works  were  "Cecilia, 
or  the  Memoirs  of  an  Heiress,"  "  Ca- 
milla, or  a  Picture  of  Youth,"  "  The 
Wanderer,  or  Female  Difficulties,"  and 
"Memoirs  of  Dr.  Burney."     D.  1840. 

DARCET,  John,  a  French  chemist 
and  physician,  who  contributed  much 
to  the  progress  of  chemical  science,  was 
b.  in  1725,  at  Douazit,  in  Guienne.  He 
made  several  improvements  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  porcelain,  tried  the  effect  of 
fire  on  various  minerals,  and  demon- 
strated the  combustibility  of  the  dia- 
mond. D.  1801. — His  son,  John  Peter 
Joseph,  also  an  ingenious  practical  chem- 
ist, has  greatly  contributed  to  the  im- 
provement of  science  by  a  number  of 
valuable  discoveries. 

DARCY,  Patrick,  Count,  an  eminent 
engineer,  was  b.  at  Galway,  in  Ireland, 
in  1725,  and  educated  at  Paris.  He  also 
distinguished  himself  by  his  mathemati- 
cal works,  viz. :  "  An  Essay  on  Artil- 
lery," "  A  Memoir  on  the  Duration  of 
the  Sensation  of  Sight,"  &c.     D.  17U9. 

D'ARGENSOLA,  Lupercio  Leonar- 
do, a  Spanish  poet,  b  a,  Balbastro,  Ar- 
agon,  in  1565,  was  secretary  of  war  at 
Naples,  under  the  viceroy  there.  He 
was  the  author  of  three  tragedies  and 
various  poems.  D.  1613. — Bartholo- 
mew, brother  of  the  preceding,  was 
chaplain  to  the  Empress  Maria  of  Aus- 
tria, and  the  writer  of  some  historical 
works  of  merit,  viz.,  a  "  History  of  the 
Conquest  of  the  Molucca  Islands," 
''  Annals  of  the  Kingdom  of  Ara^on," 
&c.     D.  1731. 

D'AEGENSON,  Mark  Rene  le  Vot- 


er Paulmy,  Marquis,  a  distinguished 
statesman  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV., 
was  lieutenant-general  of  the  police  in 
Paris  and  the  first  who  introduced  let- 
tres-de-cachet :  he  was  subsequently 
chancellor;  but  finally  retired  under 
some  disgrace  to  a  monasterv,  in  which 
he  d.  1721.     B.  1602. 

D'ARGONNE,  Noel  Bonaventure,  a 
French  Carthusian  monk  of  the  17th 
century.  His  "Melanges  d'Histoire  et 
de  Litteraturc,"  published  under  the 
name  of  Vigneul  de  Marville,  is  a  clever 
collection  of  anecdotes,  accompanied  by 
striking  and  just  remarks.  Aigonne  is 
also  favorably  known  as  the  author  of 
"  Traite  de  la  Lecture  des  Peres  de 
1'Eglise." 

DARIUS  I.,  king  of  Persia,  was  the 
sou  of  Hystaspes.  He  entered  into  a 
conspiracy,  witli  six  others,  against  the 
usurper  Smerdis,  and  having  slain  him, 
they  agreed  that  he  should  have  the 
crown  whose  horse  should  neigh  first  in 
the  morning.  By  a  well-concerted  plan 
of  his  groom,  the  horse  of  Darius  neigh- 
ed immediately  he  came  to  the  spot 
where  they  were  to  meet,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  was  saluted  king. 
D.  485  b.  c. 

DARNLEY,  Henry,  earl  of,  the  hus- 
band of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  whose 
hand  he  received  in  1565,  and  perished 
about  two  years  afterwards,  owin<r  to 
the  house  in  which  he  resided  being 
blown  up  with  gunpowder.  Whether 
Mary  was  privy  to  this  horrid  crime  or 
not,  has  never  been  clearly  proved ;  but 
there  are  those  who  conjecture  that  her 
illicit  passion  for  Bothwell,  or  resent- 
ment for  the  death  of  her  favorite,  Riz- 
zio,  might  have  been  the  cause  of  the 
catastrophe. 

DARU,  Pierre  Antoine  Noel  Bruno, 
a  peer  of  France,  eminent  as  a  states- 
man, poet,  and  historian,  was  b.  at 
Montpelier,  in  1767.  At  the  age  of  16 
he  entered  the  army,  and  at  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  revolution  adopted  its 
principles.  He  published  a  translation 
of  the  worus  of  Horace,  which,  with  his 
"  Clcopedie,"  or  "Theory  of  Literary 
Fame,  established  his  reputation  as  a 
poet.  It  was  not  long  before  Napoleon 
discovered  his  abilities,  and  rewarded 
him  by  various  official  appointments  of 
trust;  and  at  the  first  restoration  of  the 
Bourbons,  he  was  called  to  the  chamber 
of  peers  by  Louis  XVILJ.  He  afterwards 
wrote  the  "Life  of  Sully"  and  the  "His- 
tory of  Venice,"  the  latter  work  beir.g 
one  of  the  most  important  productions 
of  modern  literature.     D.  1829 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


DAVJ 


DARWIN,  Erasmus,  a  poet  and  phy- 
sician, was  b.  at  Elton,  near  Newark,  in 
1721.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge, 
took  bis  doctor's  degree  at  Edinburgh, 
and  settled  at  Liehneld  as  a  physician 
till  1781,  when  be  removed  to  Derby, 
where  be  d.  in  1802.  lie  was  a  man  of 
great  talent  but  of  remarkably  eccentric 
opinions,  as  bis  works  abundantly  prove. 
His  poetic  fame  rests  upon  bis  "  Botanic 
Garden,"  the  versification  of  which  is 
highly  polisbed  but  too  mechanical. 
Ills  oilier  great  work  is  entitled  "  Zoo- 
nomia,  or  tbe  Laws  of  Organic  Life," 
which,  though  able  and  ingenious,  is 
built  upon  the  must  absurd  bypotbcscs. 
He  also  wrote  "  Physologia,  or  the  Phi- 
losophy of  Agriculture  and  Gardening," 
several"  papers  in  the  "Philosophical 
Transactions,"  &c. 

D ASCII KOFF,  Catharine  Romanow- 
na,  princess  of,  b.  1744,  was  a  woman 
of  great  courage,  and  of  considerable 
literary  abilities".  Having  led  a  body  of 
troops*  to  tbe  Empress  Catharine,  the 
latter  placed  herself  at  their  bead,  and 
precipitated  her  husband  from  tbe 
throne.  For  tbis  service  sbe  desired  to 
have  the  command  of  a  regi incut  of 
guards,  which  the  czarina  refused;  but 
was  made  director  of  the  academy  of 
sciences,  and  president  of  the  newly 
establisbod  Russian  academy.  Sbe  was 
the  author  of  some  comedies  and  other 
works.     D.  1810. 

DAUBENTON,  Louis  Jean  Marie,  a 
French  naturalist  and  physician,  was  b. 
at  Montbar,  Burgundy,  'in  171(5.  He 
was  the  friend  and  coadjutor  of  Butfon 
in  his  "Natural  History  ofQuadrnpeds," 
tbe  anatomical  part  of  which  was  pre- 
pared by  him  with  great  clearness  and 
accuracy.  He  is  the  author  of  "  In- 
struction to  Shepherds,"  "A  Method- 
ical View  of  Minerals,"  and  other  works. 
D.  1S00. — His  wife  was  tbe  author  of  a 
popular  romance  called  "Zclie  dans  lc 
Desert."    D.  1S24. 

D'AUDIGUIER,  Vital,  a  French  no- 
bleman, author  of  a  "Treatise  on  the 
True  and  Ancient  Usage  of,  Duels."  D. 
1630. 

DAUN,  Leopold  Joseph  Maria, 
Count,  an  Austrian  field-marshal,  was 
b.  170.").  He  commenced  his  military 
career  in  the  war  against  the  Turks,  and 
greatly  distinguished  himself;  but  it 
was  as  commander-in-chief,  when  op- 
posed to  Frederic  of  Prussia,  during  the 
seven  years1  war,  that  he  obtained  his 
fame  as  a  great  general.     D.  1766. 

DAUNOU,  Pierre  Claude  Francois, 
a  very  learned  French  writer  and  pro- 
29* 


341 


fessor,  was  b.  at  Boulo<rnc-8ur-mer. 
Being  sent  to  the  convention  by  the  de- 
partment of  Calais,  he  strove  to  save  the 
king  and  the  Girondists,  but  was  thrown 
into  prison  by  Robespierre.  B.  1701 ; 
d.  184i  i. 

DAVENANT,  Sir  William,  an  e  ni- 
nent  poet,  was  b.  at  Oxford,  in  1606,  i  nd 
there  educated.  After  having  been  it: 
tbe  service  of  the  duchess  of  Richmond 
and  Lord  Brooke,  he  began  to  write 
for  tbe  stage;  ami  upon  the  death  of 
Ben  Jonson,  he  was  created  poet  lau- 
reate. Difring  the  civil  war  he  fought 
for  the  king,  was  made  a  lieutenant- 
general,  and  received  the  honor  of 
knighthood.  On  the  restoration  of 
Charles  11.,  he  obtained  a  patent  for  a 
theatre  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.  Bis 
works  consist  of  plays  and  poems,  all 
of  which  display  talents  tar  above  me- 
diocrity. D.  1668. — Charles,  eldest  son 
of  the  preceding,  an  eminent  author  and 
civilian,  was  b.  16o6.  He  was  succes- 
sively joint  inspector  of  plays,  commis- 
sioner of  excise,  and  inspector-gen  end 
of  exports  and  imports.  His  "  Essays 
on  Trade,"  was  his  principal  work  ;  but 
he  also  wrote  "Circe,"  a  tragedy,  and 
some  other  plays.  D.  1714.  —  John, 
bishop  of  Salisbury,  was  the  son  of  an 
eminent  merchant  in  London,  where  he 
was  b.  in  1570.  He  was  elected  professor 
of  divinity  at  Cambridge  in  1609;  but  is 
chiefly  known  as  having  been  sent  by 
James  I.  to  the  synod  of  Dort. 

DAVENPORT,  Christopher,  an  En- 
glish Franciscan  friar  and  theological 
writer.  He  was  chaplain  to  the  queen 
of  Charles  I.  B.  1598;  d.  1680.— John, 
first  minister  of  New  Haven.  He  was 
an  eminent  preacher  among  the  Puritans 
in  London.  Becoming  a  conscientious 
nonconformist,  he  was  obliged  to  resign 
his  pastoral  charge  and  to  retire  into 
Holland,  1633.  A"  letter  giving  a  favor- 
able account  of  the  colony  of  Massa- 
chusetts induced  him  to  come  to  Amer- 
ica in  1637.  Be  sailed  with  his  company 
March  80,  1638,  from  Boston  to  Quinni- 
piack,  or  New  Haven,  to  found  a  new 
colony.  He  preached  under  an  oak, 
April  18th,  the  first  Sabbath  after  their 
arrival,  and  he  was  minister  there  nearly 
thirty  years.  D.  1670,  age;'  72.  —  Ad- 
dington,  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Massachusetts,  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1689,  and  after  having 
visited  England,  Spain,  and  the  West 
Indies,  returned  to  Boston,  and  sus- 
tained successively  several  of  the  most 
responsible  offices  in  the  po\  eminent. 
He  was  clerk  of  the  house  of  re.ore.seat- 


342 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY-. 


[dav 


ativcs,  aud  of.  the  supreme  court  and 
court  of  common  pleas,  a  member  of  the 
council,  and  in  1715  was  appointed  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court.  D.  1736, 
aged  i)6. 

DAVEZAC,  Auguste,  late  charge 
from  our  government  to  the  court  of 
Holland,  was  b.  of  French  parents  in 
St.  Domingo,  and  was  sent  in  his  youth 
to  a  military  college  in  France.  Troubles 
m  St.  Domingo,  which  enabled  the 
blacks  to  expel  the  French,  induced  his 
family  to  take  refuge  in  the  United 
States.  He  studied  medicine"  in  North 
Carolina,  and  afterwards  settled  as  a 
practising  physician  in  Accomac  county, 
Virginia.  After  the  accession  of  Louis- 
iana to  the  Union,  he  went  to  New 
Orleans,  where,  under  the  advice  of  his 
brother-in-law,  the  eminent  jurist,  Ed- 
ward Livingston,  he  commenced  the 
study  of  the  law.  He  soon  became  dis- 
tinguished in  his  new  profession,  par- 
ticularly as  a  criminal  lawyer.  In  the 
last  war  he  served  as  judge  advocate  and 
aid  to  General  Jackson,  and  rendered 
signal  service  at  the  battle  of  New  Or- 
leans. In  1829,  General  Jackson,  then 
president,  appointed  him  secretary  of 
legation  at  the  court  of  the  Netherlands. 
In  18-31  he  was  appointed  eharge-d'af- 
faircs  at  the  same  court.  In  the  years 
1841  and  '43  he  was  elected  to  the 
legislature  of  this  state  from  the  city  of 
New  York.  In  the  early  part  of  Presi- 
dent Folk's  administration,  he  was  sent 
as  charge  to  Holland,  where  he  remained 
four  years.     I).  1S50. 

DAVID,  St.,  the  patron  saint  of 
Wales,  was  the  son  of  the  prince  of 
Ceretica,  now  Cardiganshire,  and  b. 
towards  the  end  of  the  5th  century. 
On  the  death  of  St.  Dubricius,  he  be- 
came archbishop  of  Caerlon,  at  that  time 
the  metropolitan  church  of  Wales  ;  but 
he  translated  it  to  Menevia,  now  St. 
David's.  He  had  the  reputation  of 
great  learning  and  piety,  and  was  the 
founder  of  twelve  monasteries,  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  was  in  the  vale  of  Ross. 
■ — I.,  king  of  Scotland,  succeeded  his 
brother  Alexander  the  Fierce  in  1124. 
He  married  Maud,  grand-niece  of  Wil- 
liam the  Conqueror;  and  was  earl  of 
Northumberland  and  Huntingdon  when 
calle  1  to  the  Scottish  throne.  D.  1153. 
— II.,  king' of  Scotland,  was  the  son  of 
Robert  Bruce,  at  whose  death  lie  was 
only  five  years  old.  On  the  invasion  of 
Scotland  by  Baliol,  David  was  sent  to 
France;  but  his  party  prevailing,  after 
ft  bloody  contest,  he  returned  home  in 
1342.    He  made  several  inroads  on  En- 


gland, but  was  taken  prisoner  after  a 
brave  resistance,  and  conveyed  to  the 
Tower,  and  did  not  recover  his  liberty 
till  1357,  on  paying  a  heavy  ransom.  D. 
1371.  —  Francis  Anne,  a  very  eminent 
French  engraver,  who  published  many 
illustrated  works,  among  which  were 
"Histoirc  de  France,  sons  le  Regno  de 
Napoleon  le  Grand,"  "  Eleinens  du 
Dcssin,''  &c.  D.  1824.— Jacques  Louis, 
a  celebrated  modern  French  painter,  was 
b.  at  Paris  in  1750,  and  was  a  pupil  of 
Vien.  In  1774  he  went  to  Rome,  where 
his  talents  for  historical  painting  were 
quickly  developed;  and  in  1789  he 
finished  a  large  picture,  representing 
Brutus  condemning  his  son  to  death. 
In  the  national  convention  he  became 
one  of  the  Mountain.  In  the  sudden 
changes,  however,  which  at  that  time 
took  place,  he  was  committed  to  the 
Luxembourg,  and  only  escaped  the 
guillotine  from  the  celebrity  he  had 
gained  as  an  artist.  In  1800  Bonaparte 
appointed  him  painter  to  the  govern- 
ment; and,  during  the  imperial  domi- 
nation, David  exercised  considerable 
influence  over  the  measures  adopted  for 
the  cultivation  of  the  fine  arts.  On  the 
restoration  of  the  Bourbons  he  was  ban- 
ished from  France,  and  d.  at  Brussels 
in  1825. 

DAVIDSON,  John,  a  celebrated  trav- 
eller. From  1826  up  to  the  time  of  his 
death,  he  was  constantly  engaged  in  ex- 
ploring distant  regions.  He  visited 
North  and  South  America,  India,  Egypt, 
Syria,  Palestine,  Greece,  Italy,  France, 
and  Germany.  His  last  expedition  was 
to  Africa,  and  it  proved  a  fatal  one. 
Whilst  vainly  attempting  to  reach  the 
great  object  of  European  curiosity,  the 
far-famed  city  of  Timbuctoo,  and  when 
about  25  days'  journey  from  it,  he  was 
robbed  and  murdered  by  a  party  of  the 
tribe  of  El  Harib,  Dec.  18, 1S36.— Lucre- 
tia  Maria,  an  American  poetess  of  ex- 
traordinary talent,  industry,  and  preco- 
city, was  b.  at  Plattsburg  in  180S.  When 
she  was  only  four  years  old  she  was  in 
the  habit  of  retiring  to  some  secluded 
place,  while  her  schoolmates  where  at 
play,  and  there  occupying  herself  in 
making  rude  drawings.,  with  verses  de- 
scriptive of  them,  written  in  the  charac- 
ters of  the  printed  alphabet.  Her  parents 
not  being  in  good  circumstances,  she 
was  much  employed  in  domestic  ser- 
vices ;  but  still  she  devoted  every  interval 
of  leisure  to  intellectual  pursuits,  and 
with  such  a  fatal  ardor,  that  it  laid  the 
foundation  of  a  disease  which  termina- 
ted in  death,  August  27,  1825,  in  the 


DAV] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


343 


17th  year  of  her  age.  Her  poetical 
pieces  were  afterwards  published,  with 
a  biographical  sketch,  by  Mr.  Morse. — 
A  younger  sister  exhibited  a  similar 
precocious  development,  and  died  at  the 
same  early  age. 

DAVIE,  William  Richardson,  a  na- 
tive of  England,  hut  brought  up  in 
America,  was  graduated  at  the  college 
of  Nassau-hall,"  New  Jersey.  He  was 
intended  for  the  law,  but  yielding  to  the 
military  spirit  which  the  war  of  indepen- 
dence had  excited  in  Carolina,  he  ob- 
taiued  the  command  of  a  company  in 
Count  Pulaski's  legion,  quickly  rose  in 
rank,  and  greatly  distinguished  himself 
by  his  zeal,  courage,  and  skill.  In  1799 
he  was  elected  governor  of  North  Caro- 
lina, and,  soon  after,  appointed  by 
President  Adams  one  of  the  envoys  to 
France.  He  possessed  a  commanding 
figure,  a  noble  and  patriotic  spirit,  and 
was  gifted  with  a  masculine,  ready  elo- 
quence, alike  serviceable  to  himself  and 
the  cause  of  his  country.     D.  1820. 

DAVIES,  Sir  John, 'an  English  poet 
and  judge,  b.  157",  was  a  native  of  Wilt- 
shire. On  the  accession  of  James  I.  he 
was  created  a  knight,  and  appointed  to 
the  office  of  attorney-general  for  Ireland. 
In  1626  he  was  made  chief  justice  of 
the  King's  Bench,  but  died  during  the 
same  year.  His  principal  poem,  en- 
titled "  Noscc  Teipsum,"  has  very  con- 
siderable merit,  and  his  work  on  the 
state  of  Ireland  contains  many  sound 
political  arguments  and  reflections. — 
John,  a  learned  Welsh  divine;  author 
of  a  grammar  of  the  Welsh  language, 
and  a  dictionary,  Welsh  and  Latin.  D. 
1644.— Kobert,  a  modern  bard  of  Wales, 
and  one  whose  knowledge  and  love  of 
Cambrian  literature  were  never  exceed- 
ed. He  gained  numerous  medals  and 
premiums  at  the  different  Eisteddfodan, 
for  his  Welsh  effusions  on  popular  and 
patriotic  subjects ;  and  was  also  the  au- 
thor of  an  excellent  "Welsh  Grammar," 
<fec.  Among  the  admirers  of  the  ancient 
Brit  if  ii  language,  Mr.  Davics  was  known 
by  the  bardie  appellation  of  Bard  Nant- 
glyn.  D.  1836. — Walter,  vicar  of  Llhan- 
rhai-adhr,  one  of  the  Cambrian  patriots, 
to  whom,  since  the  middle,  and,  more 
particularly,  since  the  last  decennium 
of  the  18th  century,  the  principality  be- 
came indebted  for  a  new  epoch  in  the 
development  of  old  British  literature, 
and,  at  the  same  time,  of  the  national 
life  and  spirit  of  the  Welsh  people;  was 
b.  at  Wern,  in  the  parish  of  Llhau-y- 
Mechain.  1761  ;  d.  1S40. — Samuel,  presi- 
dent of  Princeton  college,  in  New  Jer- 


sey, was  b.  1724.  ne  went  to  Hanover, 
Va.,  in  1747,  and  soon  obtained  of  the 
general  court  a  license  \<>  officiate  in 
four  meeting-houses.  In  October,  1748, 
three  more  meeting-houses  were  licens- 
ed, and  among  his  seven  assemblies, 
which  were  in  different  counties,  Han- 
over, Henrico,  Caroline,  Louisa,  and 
Goochland,  some  of  them  forty  miles 
distant  from  each  other,  he  divided  his 
labors.  In  1759  he  was  chosen  president 
of  Princeton  college.     1).  1761. 

DA  VILA,  Akkioo  Cateiu.no,  an  emi- 
nent historian,  was  b.  in  the  territory  of 
Padua,  in  1576 ;  and  beiii',r  brought  up 
in  France,  served  with  reputation  in  the 
French  army.  On  his  return  to  his  na- 
tive country,  he  held  several  high  offices 
under  the  Venetian  government;  but  in 
1601,  while  on  his  journey  to  take  the 
command  of  the  garrison  at  Crcma,  he 
was  assassinated.  He  wrote  "'The  His- 
tory of  the  Civil  Wars  of  Fiance,"  a 
work  which  still  ranks  among  the  best 
Italian  productions. 

DAV  IS,  Henry  Edward,  an  English 
divine,  b.  at  Windsor,  in  1756.  He  was 
the  author  of  "  An  Examination  of  Gib- 
bon's Rome,"  and  the  only  opponent 
whom  the  historian  deigned  to  answer. 
D.  1784. — John,  an  eminent  navigator, 
was  b.  near  Dartmouth,  in  Devonshire, 
and  went  to  sea  at  an  early  age.  In 
15S5  he  was  sent  out  with  two  vessels 
to  find  a  northwest  passage,  when  he 
discovered  the  straits  which  still  bear 
his  name.  He  afterwards  explored  the 
coasts  of  Greenland  and  Iceland,  pro- 
ceeding as  far  as  latitude  73°  n.  In 
1571  he  went,  as  second  in  command, 
with  Cavendish,  in  his  unfortunate  voy- 
age to  the  South  Seas.  After  this  ho 
made  five  voyages  to  the  East  Indies,  in 
the  last  of  which  he  was  killed  in  an 
engagement  with  some  Japanese  pi- 
rates off  the  coast  of  Malacca,  1605.  IIo 
wrote  an  account  of  his  voyages,  and  in- 
vented a  quadrant.— Thomas,  a  miscel- 
laneous writer,  by  turns  a  bookseller  and 
an  actor,  was  the  author  of  "The  Life 
of  Garrick,"  "The  Life  of  Henderson," 
"Dramatic  Miscellanies,"  <fec.  D.  1705. 
DAVOUST,  Louis  Nicholas,  duke  of 
Auerstadt  and  prince  of  Eckmuh),  a 
marshal  and  peer  of  France,  was  b.  at 
Annoux,  1770.  He  studied  at  Bricnne 
with  Bonaparte,  and  entered  the  army 
in  17S">.  He  accompanied  Bonaparte  to 
Egypt;  but  it  was  in  those  brilliant 
campaigns  which  took  place  from  1808 
to  lSOlTthat  he  obtained  his  high  repu- 
tation, and  was  rewarded  with  the  titles 
of  marshal,  duke,  and  prince.    D.  1823. 


344 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF     BIOGRAPHY. 


[lEC 


DAVY,  Sir  Humphrey,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  among  modern  chemists, 

was  b.  at  Penzance,  in  Cornwall,  1778. 
He  was  intended  for  the  medical  profes- 
sion, and  placed  with  an  apothecary  for 
the  necessary  initiation ;  but  he  gave 
himself  up  to  the  study  of  chemistry, 
and,  with  the  consent  of  his  master, 
quitted  him  in  his  loth  year,  in  order  to 
prepare  himself  as  a  physician  at  Edin- 
burgh. His  friends  encouraged  the  bent 
of  his  genius,  and  he  was  induced  to 
accept  the  superintendence  of  a  pneu- 
matic institution  at  Bristol.  While 
there  he  published  his  "Chemical  and 
Philosophical  Researches,"  the  fame  of 
which  immediately  obtained  him  the 
professorship  of  chemistry  at  the  Royal 
Institution,  where  his  popularity  as  a 
lecturer  was  unbounded.  In  1802  he 
became  professor  to  the  Board  of  Agri- 
culture ;  in  1818  he  was  created  a  bar- 
onet; and  in  1820  he  was  elected 
president  of  the  Royal  Society ;  and  a 
series  of  scientific  discoveries  and  pro- 
fessional honors  flowed  on  without  in- 
terruption till  his  death,  which  took 
place  at  Geneva,  in  1829.  The  invention 
of  the  safety-lamp,  the  discovery  of  the 
metallic  bases  of  the  alkalies  and  earths, 
and  of  the  principles  of  electro-chemistry, 
and  numerous  other  discoveries  and  in- 
ventions not  less  important,  attest  his 
skill  and  industry,  an  1  give  him  an 
imperishable  fame.  Besides  his  separ- 
ate works  of  a  scientific  character,  he 
was  the  author  of  numerous  papers  in 
the  ''Philosophical  Transactions  ;"  and 
when,  during  his  illness,  he  was  dis- 
posed to  divert  his  min  I  with  lighter 
studies,  he  wrote  "  Salmonia,  or  days 
of  Fly-fishing,"  and  "Consolations  in 
Travel." — John',  a  musical  composer  of 
some  notoriety.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Jackson,  discovered  a  very  early  genius 
for  music,  and  composed  some  success- 
ful operas  and  songs.     B.  1765  ;  d.  1824. 

DAWE,  Geokgk,  an  eminent  painter, 
who  held  the  situation  of  first  painter  to 
the  emperor  of  Russia,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  academies  of  St.  Pctersburgh, 
Stockholm,  and  Florence,  excelled  both 
in  portraits  and  historical  subjects,  and 
was  the  author  of  "  The  Life  of  George 
Horlaml."     D.  1829. 

DAY,  Thomas,  an  English  writer,  was 
b.  in  1748',  and  received  his  education  at 
the  Charterhouse,  from  whence  he  was 
removed  to  Corpus  Christi  college,  Ox- 
ford, after  which  he  entered  the  Middle 
Temple,  but  never  followed  the  law  as  a 
profession.  His  manners  were  eccentric, 
and  his  opinions  visionary.    He  wrote 


many  works,  but  the  only  one  by  which 
his  name  will  be  perpetuated  is  the 
"  History  of  Sandford  and  Merton."  D. 
1789. — Stephen,  the  first  printer  of  New 
England,  came  to  America  in  1638  or 
1639.  The  first  thing  printed  was  the 
freeman's  oath,  next  an  almanac,  made 
by  William  Peirce,  mariner;  then  the 
Psalms,  newly  turned  into  metre.  D. 
1668,  aged  58. 

DAYTON,  Elias,  a  revolutionary 
officer,  was  appointed  by  congress 
colonel  of  a  New  Jersey  regiment,  in 
February,  1778  ;  and  at  the  close  of  the 
war  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  brig- 
adier-general. His  services  were  par- 
ticularly useful  when  the  enemy  under 
Kniphausen  penetrated  into  Jersey,  in 
directing  the  execution  cf  tne  measures 
adopted  for  their  annoyance ;  after  the 
war  was  concluded,  he  held  the  office  of 
major-general  of  the  militia.  In  private 
life  he  sustained  a  high  reputation.  D. 
at  Elizabethtown,  N.J.,  1807,  aged  71.— 
John,  governor  of  South  Carolina,  elect- 
ed in  1800,  and  again  in  1808.  _  He  was 
afterwards  appointed  district  judge  of 
the  United  States,  and  held  the  place  till 
his  death,  at  Charleston,  1822,  in  his  61st 
year.  He  published  "  A  View  of  South 
Carolina,"  and  "  Memoirs  of  the  Revolu- 
tion" in  that  state. 

DEANE,  Sii.as,  a  member  of  the  first 
congress  of  1774,commissioner  to  France, 
and  other  countries,  to  negotiate  treaties. 
D.  17S9. 

DEARBORNE,  Henry,  an  eminent 
revolutionary  general,  who  reached  Lex- 
ington the  day  after  the  battle  with  sixty 
volunteers  ;  was  at  the  fight  on  Bunker 
hill ;  accompanied  Arnold  in  the  expedi- 
tion to  Quebec;  served  with  Gates  at 
the  capture  of  Burgoyne;  distinguished 
himself  at  Monmouth,  and  was  present 
when  Yorktown  was  surrendered.  In 
1801  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  war, 
and  in  1813  captured  York,  in  Upper 
Canada.  He  was  minister  to  Portugal 
in  1822.     D.  1829. 

DE  BERNARD,  Charles,  one  of  the 
most  graceful  and  lively  modern  writers 
of  fiction,  was  b.  1803. "  His  works"  La 
Femine  de  Quarante  Ans,"  "Gerfaut," 
&c,  are  chiefly  illustrative  of  French 
domestic  life.  He  was  of  a  shy  and  re- 
served disposition,  and  many  curious 
anecdotes  are  told  of  his  abstraction  and 
absence  of  mind.     D.  at  Paris,  1850. 

DECATUE,  Stephen,  an  American 
naval  officer,  distinguished  for  skill  and 
bravery,  was  b.  in  1779,  became  captain 
of  the  President  frigate,  and  performed 
many  gallant  exploits  during  the  late 


del] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


345 


War  with  England.  In  1812  ho  fell  in 
with  mid  captured  the  Macedonian, 
English  frigate,  a  vessel  of  inferior  class 
to  his  own,  after  an  engagement  of  an 
hour  and  a  half.  In  1815  he  endeavored 
to  elude  the  vigilance  of  the  British 
squadron  blockading  New  York,  but 
was  captured  after  a  running  fight  of 
two  hours  and  a  half.  lie  lost  his  life 
in  a  duel  with  Commodore  Barron  in 
1820. 

DE  CANDOLLE,  August™  Pyrame, 
one  of  the  first  botanists  of  Europe,  b. 
at  Geneva,  1778,  was  professor  of  botany 
at  Montpelier,  and  wrote  the  "  Thcorie 
Eleiiientairc  de  Botanique,"  "  Plantarum 
Succnlentarum  Historia,"  "  Flore  Fran- 
chise," &c.     D.  1841. 

DECKER,  Thomas,  an  English  dram- 
atist, cotemporary  with  Ben  Jonson, 
who  satirized  hiin  in  his  "  Poetaster," 
under  the  name  of  Crispanus,  but  Deck- 
er retorted  in  his  "  Satyromnstix,  or  un- 
trussing  of  a  Humorous  Poet."  He 
wrote  several  plays,  some  of  which  pos- 
sess great  merit.    D.  1638. 

DECRES,  a  French  admiral,  b.  1761. 
He  commanded  the  Guillaume  Tell  at 
the  battle  of  Aboukir,  and  when  that 
vessel  was  blown  up,  was  saved  and 
made  prisoner  by  the  victors. 

DEE,  John,  a  mathematician  and  as- 
trologer, was  b.  at  London  in  1527,  and 
educated  at  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge. In  the  reign  of  Mary  he  was 
imprisoned  on  a  suspicion  of  treasonable 
practices  ;  but  was  in  great  favor  with 
Queen  Elizabeth,  who  visited  him  at 
Mortlake,  where  he  had  collected  a 
library.  In  1596  he  was  made  warden 
of  Manchester  college,  and  d.  1608.  He 
published  several  mathematical  works 
in  Latin  and  English,  and  wrote  many 
more  which  were  never  printed. 

DEEFAND,  Maria  de  Vichy  Cham- 
eoud,  marchioness  du,  a  French  lady, 
who  for  many  years  was  a  conspicuous 
character  among  the  literati  of  the  age, 
and  whose  "Correspondence"  has  been 
published,  was  b.  in  1697.  Few  females 
possessed  more  natural  or  cultivated 
talents,  and  her  abode  was  regarded  as 
the  rendezvous  of  wit  and  genius.  D. 
1780. 

DEFOE,  Daniel,  an  immortal  English 
writer,  whose  family  name  was  Foe,  was 
the  son  of  a  butcher,  and  b.  1660.  In 
1688  he  kept  a  hosier's  shop  inCornhill, 
out  failing,  he  had  recourse  to  his  pen 
for  a  subsistence.  In  1695  he  was  made 
Bccomptant  to  the  commissioners  of  the 
rlass  4uty,  which  office  he  held  till  that 
anpost  was  taken  off.     In  1701  he  pro- 


duced his  "True-born  Englishman,"  a 
satire,  coarse  but  characteristic.  Tho 
vear  following  appeared  his  "  Shortest 
\Vay  with  the  Dissenters,"  for  which  he 
was  sentenced  to  the  pillory,  fined,  and 
imprisoned.  He  was  instrumental  in 
promoting  the  union  of  England  and 
Scotland.  In  1713  he  was  again  com- 
mitted to  prison  for  some  political  pam- 
phlets, but  Lord  Oxford  procured  his 
pardon.  In  1715  he  published  the 
"Family  Instructor,"  a  religious  per- 
formance of  merit;  and  in  1719  appeared 
his  admirable  "Robinson  Crusoe." 
Defoe  wrote  a  number  of  other  hooks, 
among  which  was  a  "  Journal  of  the 
Plague  in  1665,"  by  a  supposed  witness 
of  it,  "  Captain  Rock,"  &e.     D.  ?731. 

DELABORDE,  Jean  Benjami  r,  a  jel- 
ebrated  French  musical  compo  .cr  and 
performer  on  the  violin.  He  was  h.  in 
1784;  was  a  great  favorite  with  Louis 
XV. ;  became  afterwards  fermier-geiie- 
ral,  and  was  guillotined  during  tho 
reign  of  terror,  as  a  favorer  of  monarch  v. 

DELACAPEDE,  Bernard  Germain 
Stephen  Laviixe,  a  celebrated  French 
naturalist,  b.  1756.  He  held  the  situa- 
tion of  keeper  of  the  cabinets  in  the 
Jardin  du  Rois  at  Paris,  which  he  great- 
ly improved.  lie  was  successively  sec- 
retary and  president  of  the  national 
assembly,  and  on  the  formation  of  the 
institute  he  was  chosen  one  of  the  first 
members.  Under  the  regime  of  Bona- 
parte he  became  president  of  the  con- 
servative senate,  and  grand  chancellor 
of  the  legion  of  honor;  but  when,  in 
1814,  the  reverses  of  the  emperor  tried 
the  fidelity  of  his  friends,  Delacapede 
appeared  to  waver.  At  the  restoration 
of  the  Bourbons  he  returned  to  his 
studies  in  natural  history.     D.  1825. 

DELACOUR,  James,*  an  Irish  poet; 
author  of  "  The  Prospect  of  Poetry," 
and  a  poem  in  imitation  of  Pope's,  en- 
titled "  Abelard  to  Eloisa."  His  intellect 
becoming  deranged,  he  possessed  tho 
notion  that  he  was  gifted  with  the  spirit 
of  prophecy.     B.  1709  ;  d.  1781. 

DELAMBRE,  John  Baptist  Joseph, 
one  of  the  most  eminent  French  astrono- 
mers, and  a  pupil  of  Lelande,  was  b.  at 
Amiens,  1794.  Though  he  did  not  com- 
mence the  study  of  astronomy  till  he 
was  36  years  of  age,  he  rapidly  acquired 
great  fame,  and  produced  numerous 
works  of  great  merit;  among  which  are 
his  "  Theoretical  and  Practical  Astrono- 
my," and  a  "  History  of  Astronomy." 
Di  1822. 

DELANDINE,  Anthony  Francis,  a 
mo^ra    French   writer,    b.   at    Lyons, 


34G 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[dei. 


1756,  of  which  city  ho  became  the  libra- 
rian. He  wrote  "  Memoires  Bibliogra- 
phiques  et  Litteraires,"  and  other 
works.     D.  1S20. 

DELANY,  Patrick,  a  learned  divine, 
was  a  native  of  Ireland,  and  b.  about 
1680.  In  1782  he  published  "Revela- 
tion  examined  with  Candor,"  and  in 
1738  appeared  his  "  Reflections  upon 
Polygamy."  His  next  publication  was 
the  "Life  of  David,"  and  in  1754  he 
published  "  Observations  on  Lord  Orre- 
ry's Remarks  on  the  Life  and  Writings 
of  Swift."     D.  1768. 

DE  LA  RUE,  Gervaise,  a  French 
abbe  and  an  eminent  antiquarian ; 
knight  of  the  legion  of  honor,  and  a 
member  of  many  learned  societies  in 
Europe.  His  works  are  chiefly  elucida- 
tory of  Anglo-Norinan  poetry.    D.  1835. 

DELAUNEY,  Count  D'Antraigues, 
a  distinguished  political  agent  during 
the  revolutionary  era  of  France.  When 
Robespierre  was  in  his  zenith  he  emi- 
grated to  Germany,  and  in  1797  he  was 
employed  in  the  service  of  Russia. 
While  thus  engaged  in  Italy,  he  was 
arrested  by  the  agents  of  France,  and 
thrown  into  prison,  from  which  -he 
was  liberated  through  the  intercession 
of  Madame  St.  Huberti,  a  celebrated 
actress  belonging  to  the  French  opera, 
whom  he  afterwards  married.  In  1806 
he  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  England 
by  the  emperor  of  Russia,  and  he  was 
often  employed  by  the  government.  He 
resided  at  Barnes,  Surrey,  and,  from 
some  cause  wholly  unaccounted  for,  he 
was  assassinated  by  his  Italian  servant, 
on  the  3d  of  July,  1812. 

DELAVAL,  Edward  Husset,  a  chem- 
ist and  natural  philosopher*  He  particu- 
larly directed  his  attention  to  optics,  and 
his  principal  work  was  "An  Experimen- 
tal Inquiry  into  the  Cause  of  the  Changes 
of  Colors  in  Opaque  and  Colored  Bod- 
ies." He  was  brother  to  Lord  Delaval. 
D.  1814. 

DELAVIGNE,  Casimir,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  of  the  modern  French 
poets,  was  b.  at  Havre-de-Grace.  His 
works  were  very  numerous,  and  to  the 
honor  of  French  taste  be  it  said,  they 
were  very  popular  also  ;  for  never  since 
the  days  of  Corneille  has  French  verse 
embodied  sentiments  more  noble  or 
magnificent.     D.  1843,  aged  49. 

DELILLE,  Jaques,  a  modern  French 
poet  of  eminence,  was  b.  at  Aisjue  Perse, 
in  173S.  His  translation  of  "Virgil's 
Georgics,"  in  1769,  established  his  fame, 
and  obtained  him  admission  to  the 
French  Academy.    He  was  professor  of 


Latin  poetry  at  the  college  of  France, 
and  of  the  belles  lettres  at  the  university 
of  Paris  ;  but  in  1794  he  withdrew  from 
France,  though  he  returned  again  in 
1801,  and  was  chosen  a  member  of  tho 
Institute.  lie  again,  however,  emigra- 
ted ;  and  it  was  in  London  that  he  trans- 
lated the  "  Paradise  Lost."  After  his 
final  return  to  his  own  country,  he  wrote 
his  admired  poem,  "  La  Conversation," 
and  became  blind.  Besides  the  poems 
already  mentioned,  the  most  prominent 
of  his  productions  are  the  "Three 
Reigns  of  Nature,"  "Imagination,"  mid 
"  Misfortune  and  Pity."  Without  pos- 
sessing so  large  a  share  of  creative 
genius  as  some  others,  he  was  excelled 
by  none  in  exquisite  versification,  purity 
of  moral  sentiment,  or  true  pathos*.  D. 
1813. 

DELISLE,  Claude,  a  French  1  etg- 
rian,  was  b.  at  Vaucoleurs.  in  1644,  and 
d.  in  1720.  His  works  are,  "Relation 
Ilistorique  du  Royaume  de  Siam," 
"Abridgment  of  the  Universal  Histo- 
ry," 7  vols.,  and  a  "Genealogical  and 
Historical  Atlas." — William  de,  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1675.  He 
was  appointed  geographer  to  the  king, 
to  whom  he  had  the  honor  of  giving 
lessons  in  that  science.  D.  1726. — Louis 
de,  brother  of  the  preceding,  an  able 
astronomer  and  geographer,  made  sev- 
eral journeys  on  the  coast  of  the  frozen 
ocean,  to  determine  the  situation  of  a 
variety  of  places  in  the  countries  lying 
nearest  to  the  north  pole;  after  which 
he  traversed  Siberia  ;  and  in  1741  went 
alone  to  Kamtschatka,  with  the  same 
object,  but  d.  the  same  year. — Joseph 
Nicholas  de,  the  youngest  and  most 
celebrated  of  the  three  brothers,  was  b. 
at  Paris  in  1688 ;  visited  England,  where 
he  formed  an  acquaintance  with  Newton 
and  Halley ;  and  in  1726  was  appointed 
astronomer-royal  at  Petersburg,  where 
he  resided  21  years,  during  which  he 
published  "  Memoirs  Illustrative  of  the 
History  of  Astronomy,"  and  an  atlas  of 
Russia.  On  his  return  to  Paris,  in  1747, 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  mathe- 
matics in  the  royal  college.  D.  1768. — 
John  Baptist  Isoard,  a  French  writer, 
known  under  the  name  of  Delisle  de 
Sales,  was  b.  at  Lyons,  1743.  He  was 
the  author  of  "  La  Philosophie  de  la 
Nature,"  which  being  denounced  as 
immoral  and  irreligious,  he  was  tried 
and  imprisoned,  thereby  acquiring  a 
temporary  celebrity.  He  afterwards 
wrote  romances,  histories,  and  Platonic 
dreams;  was  imprisoned  during  the 
reign  of  Robespierre,  but  subsequently 


dem] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


347 


became  a  member  of  the  Institute.  D. 
181(5. 

DELL  A  MARTA,  Dominique,  a  musi- 
cal coin poser,of  Italian  extraction,  though 
b.  at  Marseilles,  1778.  He  studied  under 
the  first  masters  in  Italy,  and  acquired  a 
Btyle  at  once  pure,  natural,  and  graceful. 
D.  18H0. 

DELOLME,  John  Louis,  a  native  of 
Geneva,  was  b.  in  1745,  and  bred  to  the 
practice  of  the  law ;  but,  taking  an  ac- 
tive part  in  the  political  events  of  his 
country,  he  was  obliged  to  repair  to  En- 
gland, where  he  at  length  became  known 
by  his  celebrated  work  on  the  "  Consti- 
tution of  England."  He  also  wrote  a 
"History  of  the  Flagellants;"  and  re- 
turning to  Switzerland  in  1775,  d.  there 
in  1706. 

DELORME,  Marion,  was  b.  1612  or 
1615,  but  where  is  not  exactly  known, 
though  probably  in  Champagne,  or 
Franche  Compte.  Of  marvellous  beau- 
ty and  exquisite  wit,  she  became,  after 
certain  amatory  adventures,  the  mis- 
tress, and  subsequently,  by  secret  mar- 
riage, the  wife  of  Cinq  Mars ;  and,  as 
such,  was  persecuted  by  the  terrible 
Cardinal  Richelieu.  Even  before  he  was 
sent  to  the  scaffold,  she  had  formed 
other  intrigues,  and  then  had  a  long 
list  of  lovers,  amongst  whom  were  De 
Grammont  and  St.  Evremont.  Then 
she  became  the  "  glass  of  fashion  and 
the  mould  of  form"  of  the  city  of  Paris; 
she  dabbled  in  politics,  and  eventually 
formed  one  oft  he  chiefs  of  the  malcon- 
tent party  ;  was  in  danger  of  arrest,  like 
the  Princes  Do  Conti  and  De  Conde. 
To  escape  a  jail  she  spread  a  rumor  that 
she  was  dead,  and  actually  got  up  a 
mock  funeral  of  herself.  Afterwards 
she  escaped  to  England,  married  a  lord, 
and  in  a  short  time  became  a  widow, 
with  a  legacy  of  £4,000.  She  returned 
to  France,  and  on  her  way  to  Paris  was 
attacked  by  brigands,  robbed  of  her 
money,  and  made  to  marry  the  chief  of 
the  band  ;  four  years  later  she  was  again 
a  widow,  and  then  she  wedded  a  M. 
Laborde;  after  living  with  him  seven- 
teen years,  he  died,  and  she  went  to 
Paris  with  the  remains  of  her  fortune ; 
robbed  by  her  domestics,  she  was  re- 
duced to  beggary,  and  continued  to  lead 
a  wretched  existence  to  the  extraordina- 
ry age  of  1 34. 

DELPINI,  Charles  Anthony,  was  b. 
in  the  parish  of  St.  Martin,  Rome.  He 
was  the  best  clown  of  his  day,  and  the 
author  of  several  dramatic  works.  D. 
1828. 

DELUC,  John  Andrew,  a  Genevese 


naturalist,  latterly  residing  in  England, 
where  he  obtained  a  pension  from 
Queen  Charlotte,   who   appointed   him 

her  reader.  He  was  the  author  of  sev- 
eral geological  works.  B.  1726  ;  d.  1817. 
DEMETRIUS,  surnamed  Poljoroe- 
tes,  king  of  Macedon,  was  the  son  of 
Antigonus.  At  the  age  of  twenty-two 
his  father  intrusted  him  with  an  army 
against  Ptolemy,  by  whom  he  was  de- 
feated near  Gaza.  But  he  soon  repaired 
the  loss,  and  with  a  fleet  of  250  snips 
sailed  to  Athens,  which  he  delivered 
from  Demetrius  Phalereus.  lie  after- 
wards defeated  Cassander  at  Thermo- 
pylae; but  the  successors  of  Alexander, 
alarmed  at  his  progress,  collected  their 
forces  and  marched  against  him.  They 
met  at  Ipsus,  301  u.  c,  and  after  an  ob- 
stinate battle  the  army  of  Demetrius 
was  defeated,  and  his  father  si.  'a,  but 
he  himself  fled  to  Ephesus.  lie,  how- 
ever, mustered  a  new  army,  and  relieved 
Athens  from  the  tyranny  under  which 
it  groaned.  He  then  slew  Alexander, 
the  son  of  Cassander,  and  seated  him- 
self on  the  throne  of  Macedonia.  D. 
284  b.  C. — I.,  king  of  Syria,  surnamed 
Soter,  was  the  son  of  Scleueus  Philopa- 
ter.  He  was  sent  hostage  to  Rome  by 
his  father,  on  whose  death  Antiochus 
Epiphanes,  and  after  him  his  son  Antio- 
chus Eupator,  the  one  the  uncle,  and  the 
other  the  cousin  of  Demetrius,  usurped 
the  throne  of  Syria.  He  applied  to  the 
Roman  senate  for  assistance  to  recover 
his  right,  but  in  vain.  The  Syrians, 
however,  recognized  him  for  their  law- 
ful prince,  and  at  last  he  obtained  the 
throne. — II.,  called  Nicator,  (conquer- 
or,) was  the  son  of  the  preceding.  Ptol- 
emy Philometor,  king  of  Egypt,  placed 
him  on  the  throne  of  his  father,  after 
expelling  the  usurper,  Alexander  Balas, 
146  b.  c.  He  married  Cleopatra,  the 
wife  of  the  same  Alexander,  and  daugh- 
ter of  Ptolemy. — Phalereus,  a  philoso- 
pher of  the  Peripatetic  sect.  The 
Athenians  were  so  charmed  with  his 
eloquence,  as  to  erect  statues  to  his 
honor.  He  afterwards  fell  into  dis- 
grace, and  retired  to  the  court  of  Ptol- 
emy Lagus,  king  of  Egypt,  whose  son 
banished  him  from  his  dominions,  and 
he  d.  by  the  bite  of  an  asp,  234  b.  c— 
A  czar  of  Russia,  commonly  called  the 
false  Demetrius,  was,  according  to  most 
historians,  a  native  of  Jarowslaw,  and  a 
novice  in  a  monastery,  where  he  was 
tutored  by  a  monk  to  personate  Deme- 
trius, son  of  the  czar  John  Basilowitz, 
who  had  been  murdered  by  Boris  Gude- 
now      Having  learnt  his  tale  he  went 


348 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIT. 


[des 


into  Lithuania,  embraced  the  Eoman 
Catholic  religion,  and  married  the 
daughter  of  the  Palatine  Sendomir.  In 
1604  Demetrius  entered  Russia  at  the 
head  of  a  small  army,  was  joined  by  a 
number  of  Russians  and  Cossacks,  and 
defeated  an  army  sent  against  hitn. 
On  the  death  of  Boris,  the  people  stran- 
gled his  son,  and  placed  Demetrius  on 
the  throne ;  but  his  partiality  to  the 
Poles,  and  contempt  of  the  Greek  re- 
ligion, occasioned  an  insurrection,  and 
he  was  assassinated  in  16u6,  after  reign- 
ing about  11  months. 

DEMOGKITUS,  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated philosophers  of  antiquity,  and  of 
the  Eleatic  school,  was  b.  at  Abdera,  400 
b.  c.  He  studied  under  Leucippns  ;  and 
on  the  death  of  his  father,  who  was  a 
wealthy  citizen,  he  travelled  to  Egypt, 
Chaldea,  and  other  countries,  by  which 
he  greatly  enlarged  his  stores  of  knowl- 
edge ;  and  when  ho  returned  to  his  na- 
tive city,  though  at  first  slighted,  his 
intellectual  acquisitions  gained  the  re- 
spect of  his  countrymen,  and  he  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  public  affairs  ;  but, 
indignant  at  the  follies  of  the  Abderites, 
he  resigned  his  office,  and  retired  to 
solitude,  devoting  himself  wholly  to 
philosophical  studies. 

DEMOSTHENES,  the  greatest  orator 
of  antiquity,  was  the  son  of  an  opulent 
sword-blade  manufacturer  at  Athens, 
and  was  b.  about  380  b.  c.  Having  lost 
his  father  when  a  mere  child,  his  educa- 
tion was  neglected ;  but  at  the  age  of 
seventeen  he  determined  to  study  elo- 
quence, though  his  lungs  were  weak, 
his  pronunciation  inarticulate,  and  his 
gestures  awkward.  These  impediments 
he  conquered  by  perseverance,  till  by 
degrees  he  surpassed  all  other  orators 
in  the  power  and  grace  of  eloquence. 
When  the  encroachments  of  Philip  of 
Macedon  alarmed  the  Grecian  states,  he 
depicted  his  ambitious  design  with  so 
much  effect,  that  similar  orations  are  to 
this  clay  called  Philippics.  When  that 
monarch  was  about  to  invade  Attica, 
Demosthenes  was  sent  as  ambassador  to 
prevail  on  the  Boeotians  to  assist  them, 
in  which  mission  he  succeeded.  He 
was  also  at  the  battle  of  Cheronca,  but 
his  conduct  there  showed  that  he  was 
as  deficient  in  personal  courage  as  he 
was  inimitable  in  the  senate.  The  in- 
fluence of  Demosthenes  being  on  the 
decline,  iEschiucs  took  advantage  of  it 
to  bring  an  accusation  against  him  on 
the  subject  of  his  conduct  at  Cheronea, 
and  his  having  had  a  crown  of  gold 
warded  hiin ;    but  the  orator  so   well 


defended  himself  in  his  celebrated  ora- 
tion De  Corona,  that  he  was  honorably 
acquitted,  and  his  adversary  sent  into 
exile.  Shortly  after,  however,  Demos- 
thenes was  convicted  of  receiving  a 
golden  cup  and  twenty  talents  from 
Harpalus,  one  of  Alexander's  generals, 
who  had  retired  to  Athens  with  a  quan- 
tity of  plunder,  which  he  had  gathered 
in  Asia.  To  avoid  punishment,  he  fled 
to  jEgina,  where  he  remained  till  the 
death  of  Alexander,  when  he  was  re- 
called by  his  countrymen,  and  brought 
home  in  triumph.  But  this  change  of 
fortune  was  of  short  duration.  The 
victory  of  Antipatcr  was  followed  by  an 
order*  to  the  Athenians  to  deliver  up 
Demosthenes,  who  fled  to  the  temple  of 
Neptune,  at  Calauria,  where  he  poisoned 
himself,  822  b.  o. 

DEMPSTER,  Thomas,  a  Scotch  writer, 
was  b.  in  1571),  and  studied  at  Cam- 
bridge, from  whence  he  removed  to 
Paris.  He  was  afterwards  professor  of 
philology  at  Pisa,  and  d.  at  Bologna  in 
1625.  He  wrote  several  works,  the  most 
curious  of  which  are  a  "  Martyrology 
of  Scotland,"  a  "  List  of  Scottish  Wri- 
ters," and  a  "  History  of  the  Etruscans." 
DEN  HAM,  Dixon,  an  enterprising 
traveller  and  intrepid  soldier,  was  b.  in 
1786,  and  entered  the  army  as  a  volun- 
teer in  1811,  serving  with  honor  in  the 
peninsular  war,  where  he  obtained  a 
lieutenancy.  In  1821  he  was  chosen  to 
proceed  to  central  Africa,  in  company 
with  Captain  Clapperton  and  Dr.  Oud- 
ney,  for  the  purpose  of  exploring  those 
regions,  his  courage,  perseverance,  ad- 
dress,  and  conciliatory  manners  pecu- 
liarly fitting  him  for  such  an  underta- 
king. On  his  return  to  England,  in  1824, 
he  "published  a  "Narrative"  of  his 
travels.  In  1826  he  was  sent  to  Sierra 
Leone  as  superintendant  of  the  liber- 
ated Africans,  and  in  1^28  was  appointed 
lieutenant-governor  of  the  colony;  soon 
after  which  he  was  seized  with  a  fever, 
which  quickly  proved  fatal. — Sir  John, 
a  poet  of  some  celebrity,  was  b.  1618, 
at  Dublin,  where  his  father  was  chief 
baron  of  the  exchequer,  but  afterwards 
became  a  judge  in  England.  In  1641 
appeared  his  tragedy  of  "The  Sophy," 
and  soon  after  he  was  made  governor  of 
Fareham  castle  for  the  king.  In  1643 
he  published  his  "  Cooper's  Hill."  Ho 
attended  Charles  II.  in  his  exile,  and 
was  sent  by  him  ambassador  to  Poland. 
At  the  restoration  he  was  knighted  and 
appointed  survevor-general  of  the  royal 
buildings.  D.  1668. 
DENINA,  Giacomo  Carlo,  an  Italian 


DES] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


349 


historian,  was  b.  1731,  at  Revel,  in  Pied- 
mont. For  many  years  he  was  a  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric  at  Turin,  and  ulti- 
mately became  librarian  to  Napoleon. 
His  principal  works  are  "History  of 
the  Revolutions  of  Italy,"  "  The  Politi- 
cal and  Literary  History  of  Greece," 
"The  Revolutions  of  Germany,"  &c. 
D.  at  Paris,  1813. 

DENMAN,  Thomas,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  medical  writer,  was  b.  at 
Bakewell,  Derbyshire,  in  1733.  He  first 
served  in  the  navy  as  a  surgeon,  but  in 
1770  he  commenced  giving  lectures  on 
the  obstetric  art  in  London,  and  was  ap- 
pointed licentiate  in  midwifery  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  in  1783.  lie  wrote 
an  "Essay  on  Puerperal  Fever,"  an 
"Introduction  to  the  Practice  of  Mid- 
wifery," and  "  Aphorisms  "  for  the  use 
of  junior  practitioners.  His  son  was 
the  late  distinguished  chief  justice  of 
the  court  of  King's  Bench.     D.  1815. 

DENNIS,  John,  a  dramatist  and  critic, 
was  b.  in  London,  1657,  studied  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  devoted  himself  to  literature. 
Throughout  life  he  was  almost  per- 
petually in  broils  with  one  or  other  of 
the  wits  of  the  age ;  and  Pope,  in  re- 
turn for  his  animadversions,  gave  him  a 
conspicuous  place  in  the  Dnnciad.  He 
originally  had  a  considerable  fortune; 
but  having  dissipated  it,  the  duke  of 
Marlborough  obtained  for  him  the  place 
of  land-waiter  at  the  custom  house; 
this  he  mortgaged,  and  his  latter  days 
were  spent  in  poverty,  aggravated  by 
blindness.     D.  1734. 

DENON,  Dominique  Vivant,  Baron 
ie,  was  b.  in  1747,  at  Chalons-sur-Saono, 
m  Burgundy.  Though  originally  des- 
tined for  the  law,  he  was  appointed  to 
the  office  of  "gentilhomme  ordinaire" 
about  the  person  of  Louis  XV.  He 
afterwards  resided  several  years  in  Ttaly, 
as  secretary  of  embassy,  during  which 
period  he  applied  himself  sedulously  to 
the  study  of  the  arts.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  and  varied  talents ;  and  his 
able  work,  entitled  "  Travels  in  Upper 
and  Lower  Egypt  during  the  Campaign 
of  General  Bonaparte,"  lias  gained  him 
an  imperishable  fame.     D.  1825. 

D'EON  DE  BEAUMONT,  Charles 
Genevieve  Louise  Auguste,  was  b.  at 
Tonnerre,  in  1728,  and  known  until 
1777  as  the  Chevalier  D'Eon.  He  was 
equerry  to  Louis  XV.,  chevalier,  doctor 
of  law,  parliamentary  advocate,  military 
officer,  ambassador,  royal  censor,  &C. ; 
occupying  in  short,  during  his  eventful 
life,  the  most  varied  stations  with  con- 
summate skill,  and  involving  his  sex 
30 


and  real  character  in  unparalleled  mys- 
tery. That  D'Eon  was  a  man  of  talent 
is  sufficiently  evident  by  his  works, 
which  appeared  under  the  title  of  "  Loi- 
sirs  du  Chevalier  D'Eon." 

DERMODY,  Thomas,  a  poet  of  some- 
merit,  was  the  son  of  a  schoolmaster, 
and  b.  at  Funis,  Ireland,  in  1775.  He 
obtained  through  Earl  Moira  a  commis- 
sion in  the  army  ;  but  so  confirmed  were 
his  habits  of  intemperance,  that  he  d.  a 
victim  to  the  disease,  in  1802.  His  poems, 
which  were  written  under  the  pressure 
of  necessity,  and  often  in  great  haste, 
possess  considerable  merit. 

DERRICK,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Ire- 
land, who,  on  the  death  of  Bean  Nash, 
was  appointed  master  of  the  ceremonies 
at  Bath  and  Tunbridge  Wells.  On  coin- 
ing to  London  he  attempted  the  stage; 
but  being  unsuccessful  as  an  actor,  lie 
had  recourse  to  his  pen.  He  wrote  "A 
View  of  the  Stage,"  "  The  Third  Satire 
of  Juvenal  in  English  Verse,"  "  Sylla," 
a  dramatic  piece;  and  edited  "Dryden's 
Poems,"  4  vols.,  a  "Collection  of  Voy- 
ages," &c.     B.  1724;  d.  1769. 

DERSCHAWIN,  or  DERZIIAVINE, 
Gabriel  Romanovitscii,  a  Russian  poet 
and  statesman,  was  b.  atCasan,  in  1743. 
In  1760  he  entered  the  army  as  .  com- 
mon soldier,  but  soon  distinguished 
himself;  and,  after  a  military  service  of 
14  years,  entered  the  civil  service,  in 
which  he  arrived  at  the  important  situ- 
ations of  treasurer  of  the  empire,  and 
minister  of  justice.  He  holds  a  high 
place  among  the  bards  of  his  country. 
D.  1819. 

DERYCK,  or  DERICK,  Peter  Cor- 
nelius, a  painter  of  Delft,  b.  in  1568, 
and  d.  1630.     He  excelled  in  landscapes. 

DESAGULIERS,  John  Theopiiilus, 
an  ingenious  philosopher,  was  b.  1683 
at  Rochelle,  and  at  Oxford  succeeded 
Dr.  Keil  as  lecturer  in  experimental  phi- 
losophy. He  published  a  "Course  of 
Experimental  Philosophy,"  a  "  Disser- 
tation on  Electricity,"  &c.     D.  1740. 

DESAIX  DE  VOIGOUX,  Louis 
Charles  Anthony,  a  French  general, 
was  b.  1768.  In  the  early  part  of  the 
revolution  he  became  aid-de-camp  to 
General  Custine;  and  contributed  great- 
ly, by  his  talents,  to  the  famous  retreat 
of  Moreau.  He  accompanied  Bonaparte 
to  Egypt,  was  appointed  governor  of 
the  upper  part  of  the  country,  and  signed 
the  treaty  of  El-Arish  with  the  Turks 
and  English.  He  was  killed  at  the  battle 
of  Marengo,  to  which  victory  he  greatly 
contributed,  June  14,  1800. 

DESAUSSURE,  Henry  W.,  a  distil* 


350 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[r>ES 


guishad  chancellor  of  South  Carolina. 
lie  bore  arms  in  defence  of  Charleston 

in  the  revolutionary  war,  and  was  ap- 
pointed by  Washington  director  of  the 
mint.  He  was  for  29  years  chancellor 
of  the  state,  during  which  t.mc  he  pub- 
lished four  volumes  of  "Equity  Re- 
port-,'"  which  contain  a  valuable  record 
of  decisions.     B.  1764;  d.  183'J. 

DESCARTES,  Rene,  a  celebrated 
French  philosopher,  was  b.  at  La  Have, 
in  Tonraine,  in  1596,  and  received  his 
education  at  the  Jesuit  college  at  La 
Fleche.  On  leaving  that  seminary  he 
removed  to  Paris,  and  applied  to  the 
study  of  mathematics.  In  1616  he 
entered  into  the  army  of  the  prince  of 
Orange;  and,  while  serving  in  the  garri- 
son at  Breda,  solved  a  difficult  mathe- 
matical problem  which  had  been  posted 
in  the  public  streets.  This  introduced 
him  to  the  acquaintance  of  the  learned 
Beckmann,  the  principal  of  the  college 
ofDort.  While  at  Breda,  he  wrote  in 
Latin  a  "  Treatise  on  Music,"  and  pro- 
jected some  other  works.  He  next 
served  in  the  army  of  the  duke  of  Ba- 
varia, but  soon  after  quitted  the  military 
life,  and  travelled  into  Italy,  where  he 
saw  the  famous  Galileo  at  Florence.  In 
1629  he  settled  at  Amsterdam,  and  ap- 
plied assiduously  to  the  mathematical 
sciences,  particularly  dioptrics,  in  winch 
he  made  some  important  discoveries. 
About  this  time  he  visited  England,  and 
during  his  stay  made  observations  on  the 
declination  of  the  magnetic  needle.  His 
philosophy  now  became  the  subject  of 
much  discussion,  and  met  with  an  ex- 
tensive reception,  though  with  consider- 
able opposition.  At  the  invitation  of 
Christina,  queen  of  Sweden,  he  went  to 
Stockholm,  where  he  d.  1650.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are  "Priueipia  Philoso- 
phise," "  Dissertatio  de  Methodo  recte 
rcgendas  Rationis,"  &e. ;  "  Dioptriete," 
"Meditationes,"  and  "Geometry." 

DESEZE,  Raymond,  or  Romain,  a 
native  of  Bordeaux,  and  an  able  eoun- 
Fellor  of  the  parliament  of  that  city,  was 
b.  in  1750.  He  afterwards  practised  at 
Paris,  and  his  acknowledged  talents 
caused  him  to  be  named  one  of  the 
counsel  for  the  unfortunate  Louis  XVI., 
whose  cause  he  most  ably  defended,  after 
Target  bad  declined  the  dangerous  task. 
He  was  imprisoned  for  a  time,  but  es- 
caped the  scaffold.  He  held  several 
distinguished  offices;  was  a  peer  of 
France,  a  knight  of  the  order  of  Malta, 
a  member  of  the  French  Academy,  and 

? resident  of  the  court  of  repeal.  D. 
.  82*s 


DESFORGES,  Peter  John  Baptist 
Choudard,  a  dramatic  writer  and  actor, 
b.  at  Paris,  in  1746.  He  was  the  author 
of  twenty-four  comedies,  besides  soino 
romances. 

DESGODETS,  Anthony,  a  French 
architect,  was  b.  in  Paris,  1653.  On  his 
passage  to  Rome  in  1674,  he  was  taken 
by  the  Algerines,  and  kept  in  slavery 
sixteen  months.  On  being  exchanged 
he  repaired  to  Rome,  where  lie  eoirj- 
posed  a  work,  entitled  "The  Ancient 
Edifices  of  Rome;"  and,  on  his  return 
to  Paris,  he  was  made  comptroller  of  thfi 
royal  buildings,  and  architect  to  the  king. 
D.  172S. 

I )  KS1IOULIEKES,  Antoinette  du  Li- 
gieb,  a  handsome,  witty,  and  accom- 
plished woman,  and  a  writer  of  much 
versatility,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1634; 
married  a  gentleman  of  family,  and  was 
on  terms  of  friendship  with  the  principal 
literati  of  the  age.  She  produced  nu- 
merous plays  and  operas,  few  of  which 
were  successful ;  but  her  "  Idyls,"  "  Ec- 
logues," and  "Moral  Reflections"  are 
still  admired.  I).,  after  twelve  years  of 
suffering,  of  a  cancer  in  her  breast,  in 
1694. — Antoinette  Therese,  a  daughter 
of  the  preceding,  and  the  inheritor  both 
of  her  talents  and  her  sufferings ;  hav- 
ing written  various  poems,  &c.,  and 
been  for  twenty  years  the  victim  of  can- 
cer.    D.  17is. 

DESMOULINS,  Benedict  Camille,  a 
native  of  Guise,  in  Picardy,  who  dis- 
played his  republican  zeal  at  the  taking 
of  the  Bastille,  and  in  the  demolition  of 
the  monarchy.  As  the  friend  of  Danton 
he  was  one  of  the  original  founders  of 
-the  Jacobin  club.  The  fall  of  Danton 
was  his  own :  for  seized  in  the  night, 
: ',  1  s t  March,  1794,  he  opened  his  windows 
to  call  in  vain  for  help,  and  with  Young's 
Night  Thoughts  and  Hervey's  Medita- 
tions in  his  hand,  he  was  dragged  to 
prison,  and  immediately  after  to  tlio 
scaffold.  His  writings  "were  mainly — 
"The  Revolutions  of  France  and  Bra- 
bant"— "The  History  of  the  Brissotins" 
— the  "  Vieux  Cordelier."  His  wife,  who 
wished  to  share  his  fate,  was  permitted 
to  follow  him  ten  days  after  to  the  scaf- 
fold. When  asked  his  age  by  the  bloody 
tribunal,  he  answered,  "My  aire  is  that 
of  Jesus  Christ  when  he  suffered  death," 
33. 

PESPARD,  Edward  Marcus,  a  native 
of  Ireland.  He  early  embraced  a  'r.i.h- 
tary  life,  ami  was  employed  in  the  West 
Indies,  on  the  Spanish  main,  and  in  the 
bay  of  Honduras,  where  he  was  ap- 
pointed superintendent   of  the  Engl'.sU 


dew] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPIIY. 


351 


colony.  His  conduct  in  this  office  gave 
offence  to  the  settlers,  and  in  conse- 
quence of  their  complaints  lie  was  re- 
called home,  1790;  but  when  he  applied 
to  government  to  investigate  his  ad- 
ministration, his  representations  were 
rejected  without  explanation.  This 
rendered  him  a  disaffected  subject.  He 
was  seized  for  seditious  conduct,  under 
the  suspension  of  the  habeas  corpus  act, 
and  confined  in  several  prisons,  but 
when  at  last  liberated,  past  misfortunes 
had  made  no  impression  upon  him,  but 
rather  stimulated  him  to  revenge.  He 
now  formed  the  plan  of  seducing  the 
soldiery  from  their  allegiance,  and  in 
the  secret  committees  which  he  held 
Willi  his  associates,  under  the  sanction 
of  a  solemn  oath  it  was  agitated  to  as- 
sassinate the  king,  as  lie  proceeded  to 
the  opening  of  parliament.  This  design 
was  discovered  by  some  of  the  accom- 
plices, and  Despard  and  his  associates 
were  seized,  and  tried  at  a  special  com- 
mission in  Southwark,  5th  February, 
1803.  He  suffered  on  the  21st  March 
with  nine  others. — John,  entered  the 
army  at  an  early  age.  and  saw  much 
service  in  different  quarters  of  the  globe. 
He  had  been  in  '24  engagements,  had 
two  horses  shot  under  him,  was  three 
times  shipwrecked,  taken  prisoner  once, 
and  had  the  standard  of  his  regiment 
shot  out  of  his  hand,  when  an  ensign,  at 
15  years  of  age.  After  all  these  "hair- 
breadth escapes"  he  lived  to  attain  his 
85th  year,  and  d.  1829. 

DESSALINES,  John  James,  origin- 
ally a  slave  in  St.  Domingo,  but  having 
an  opportunity  of  showing  great  courage 
and  talents  during  the  disturbances  in 
that  colony,  became  second  in  command 
to  Toussaiut  Louverturc  ;  on  whose  im- 
prisonment he  was  chosen  emperor  of 
Hayti,  under  the  title  of  James  I.  This 
was  in  1804;  but  he  retained  his  im- 
perial dignity  only  two  years,  having 
perished  the  victim  of  a  conspiracy,  in 
1806. 

DESTOUCHES,  Philip  Nericault,  an 
iminent  French  dramatic  writer,  was  b. 
.it  Tours,  1080.  His  principal  pieces  are 
"  Le  I'hilosophe  Marie,"  and  "  Le  Glo- 
ricux."     D.  1754. 

DEVEEEUX,  Robert,  earl  of  Essex, 
b.  in  1567,  accompanied  the  earl  of  Lei- 
cester to  Holland,  where  he  behaved 
with  much  bravery  at  the  battle  of  Zut- 
phen,  and  on  his  return  to  England  was 
made  master  of  the  horse.  In  1591  he 
commanded  the  forces  sent  to  the  assist- 
ance of  Henry  IV.  of  France;  and  in 
1596  be  was  appointed  joint-commander 


with  Lord  Howard  in  an  expedition 
against  Spain,  where  he  contributed  to 
the  capture  of  Cadiz.  In  1597  he  was 
made  earl  marshal  of  England,  and,  on 
the  death  of  Lord  Burleigh,  chancellor 
of  Cambridge.  Beheaded  1601.— Robi  it, 
earl  of  Essex,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
b.  1592,  and  restored  to  his  family  honors 
by  James.  In  1620  Essex  served  under 
Sir  Hoi-,!';,,  Vere  in  the  Palatinate,  and 
afterwards  under  Prince  Maurice  in 
Holland.  On  his  return  to  England  ha 
appeared  as  a  member  of  the  opposition 
against  the  court ;  and  on  the  breaking 
out  of  the  rebellion  had  the  command 
of  the  parliamentary  army,  lie  trained 
the  battle  of  Edgefiill,  after  which  ho 
took  Reading,  raised  the  siege  of  Glou- 
cester, and  fought  the  first  battle  of 
Newbury.  By  the  self-denying  ordi- 
nance in  1045*  he  was  deprived  of  his 
command,  and  d.  the  year  following. 

DEVONSHIRE,  Georgian  a  (  avi :.v- 
dish,  duchess  of,  a  female  alike  remark- 
able for  personal  graces  and  mental  ac- 
complishments, was  b.  1757,  and  married 
to  the  duke  of  Devonshire  in  her  17th 
year.  Her  "Passage  of  Mount  St. 
Gothard,"  and  such  other  of  her  poems, 
as  have  been  published,  bear  the  im- 
press of  a  highly  cultivated  mind.  D. 
1S06. 

D'EWES,  Sir  Simonds,  an  antiquary, 
was  b.  in  1002,  and  created  a  baronet  in 
1641;  but  on  the  breaking  out  of  the 
civil  war  he  espoused  the  cause  of  de- 
mocracy, and  d.  in  1050.  He  was  the 
author  of  "The  Journals  of  the  Parlia- 
ments during  the  Reign  of  Elizabeth." 

DE  WEES,  William  Potts,  a  distin- 
guished physician  of  Philadelphia,  b. 
1768,  at  Pottsgrove,  Pa.  He  was  long  a 
professor  in  the  university  of  Philadel- 
phia, where  he  published  his  "System 
of  Midwifery,"  his  "Diseases  of  Chil- 
dren," his  "Practice  of  Medicine,"  and 
other  works,  which  are  standard  with 
the  profession.     D.  1841. 

DE  WINT,  Peter,  a  distinguished 
artist,  was  b.  at  Stone,  in  Staffordshire 
where  his  father  practised  as  a  physician 
1783.  English  landscape  scenery  formed 
the  chief  theme  for  his  fertile  pencil- 
D.  1S49. 

DE  WITT,  John,  an  enlie-hteneu 
statesman,  was  b.  in  1025,  at  Dort,  in 
Holland.  At  the  age  of  23  he  published 
an  excellent  mathematical  work  entitled 
"The  Elements  of  Curved  Lines."  In 
1650  he  was  chosen  pensionary  of  his 
native  city ;  and,  after  distinguishing 
himself  in  public  affairs,  was  elected 
pensionary  of  Holland.     While  in  that 


352 


CYCLOP.EDIA  OF  BIOCMlAPIir. 


capacity  he  concluded  a  peace  with 
Cromwell,  one  article  of  which  excluded 
the  house  of  Orange  from  the  stadt- 
holdership;  and  in  1667  lie  established 

the  perpetual  edict  for  abolishing  the 
office  of  stadtholder,  for  which  he  re- 
ceived public  thanks.  However,  in 
1672,  when  Holland  was  invaded  by  the 
French,  and  civil  dissension  overspread 
the  country,  both  John  de  Witt  and  his 
brother  Cornelius  were  barbarously  mur- 
dered by  the  populace.  —  Benjamin,  a 
physician  of  New  York,  was  appointed 
professor  of  medicine  in  Columbia  col- 
lege in  1807,  and  professor  of  chemistry 
in  1808.  He  was  also  health  officer  of 
the  city,  and  died  of  the  vellow  fever,  at 
Stateu"  Island,  1819,  aged  45.  He  pub- 
lished a  "Dissertation  on  the  effect  of 
Oxygen,"  1798;  an  "Oration  commem- 
orative of  the  Prisoners  who  died  in  the 
prison  ships  at  Wallabout,"  1808 ;  "  Ac- 
count of  Minerals  in  New  York,"  &c., 
&e. — John,  professor  of  biblical  history 
in  the  theological  seminary  of  the  Dutch 
Eeformed  Church  at  New  Brunswick, 
N.  J.  He  was  a  native  of  Catskill,  N.  Y. 
D.  1831,  aged  about  42. 

DEXTER,  Samuel,  a  benefactor  of 
Harvard  college,  was  a  merchant  of  Bos- 
ton. In  the  political  struggles  just  be- 
fore the  revolution  he  was  repeatedly 
elected  to  the  council  and  negatived  for 
his  patriotic  zeal  by  the  royal  governor. 
in  his  last  years  he  was  deeply  engaged 
in  investigating  the  doctrines  of  the- 
ology. For  the  encouragement  of  bib- 
lical criticism  he  bequeathed  a  hand- 
some legacy  to  Harvard  college.  He 
also  bequeathed  §40  to  a  minister,  whom 
he  wished  to  preach  a  funeral  sermon 
without  making  any  mention  of  him  in 
the  discourse,  from  the  words  "the 
things  which  are  seen  are  temporal,  but 
the  things  which  are  "~>ot  seen  are  eter- 
nal." D.  1810. — Samuel,  secretary  of 
war  of  the  United  States,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  b.  in  1761,  and  graduated 
at  Harvard  college,  1781.  After  being 
some  time  a  member  of  the  house  of 
representatives  in  congress,  he  was 
fleeted  to  the  senate.  During  the  ad- 
ministration of  John  Adams  he  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  war  in  1800,  and 
secretary  of  the  treasury  in  January, 
1801,  and  for  a  short  time,  also  had  the 
charge  of  the  department  of  state.  D. 
1816. 

DIAZ,  Bartholomew,  a  Portuguese 
navigator,  who,  in  1486,  with  two  small 
vessels,  discovered  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  which  he  named  the  Cape  of 
Tempests,  and  perished  there  in  a  storm, 


in  1500.  The  king,  however,  changeh 
it  to  its  present  more  auspicious  appel- 
lation.— John,  a  martyr  to  the  frantic 
zeal  of  his  brother,  was  a  native  of  Cu- 
enza,  in  Spain.  He  studied  at  Paris, 
where,  by  reading  the  works  of  Luther, 
he  became  a  Protestant.  He  then  quitted 
France,  and  visited  Calvin  at  Geneva; 
afterwards  he  went  to  Strasburg,  and 
lastly  to  Neuberg,  whither  he  was  fol- 
lowed by  his  brother  Alphonsus,  a  zeal- 
ous Catholic.  Alphons'is  finding  his 
exhortations  could  not  .claim  him,  pre- 
tended to  close  his  visit  and  take  his 
departure,  but  secretly  returned  at  break 
of  day,  with  a  companion,  and  murdered 
him  with  an  axe,  1546. 

D1BD1N,  Charles,  a  dramatist,  poet, 
and  actor,  but  mostly  celebrated  as  a 
writer  of  songs  and  a  musical  composer, 
was  b.  at  Southampton,  in  1745.  He 
was  intended  for  the  church,  and  re- 
ceived his  early  education  at  Winches- 
ter ;  but,  seduced  by  his  love  of  music, 
and  relinquishing  all  thoughts  of  t'le 
clerical  profession,  he  made  his  first  ap- 
pearance as  a  performer,  in  1762;  but  he 
never  shone  as  an  actor,  though  both  as 
a  writer  of  light  dramatic  pieces  and 
musical  compositions  lie  was  very  suc- 
cessful. His  sea  songs  were  eminently 
popular.  Altogether  he  produced  about 
1400  songs  and  30  dramatic  pieces:  be- 
sides which  he  wrote  "  A  History  of 
the  Stage,"  his  "Professional  Life," 
"A  Musical  Tour,"  three  novels,  &c. 
D.  1814.  —  Thomas,  a  dramatic  author 
and  song  writer,  was  the  eldest  son  of 
the  preceding,  had  the  honor  of  having 
Garriek  for  his  godfather;  and  in  1775, 
when  only  four  years  of  age,  he  appeared 
on  the  stage  as  Cupid,  in  Shakspeare's 
"Jubilee,"  to  the  Venus  of  Mrs.  Sid- 
dons.  From  that  time  until  1795  he  is 
said  to  have  performed  in  every  depart- 
ment of  the  drama,  and  written  more 
than  1000  songs.  Among  his  best  theat- 
rical compositions  are  "  The  Cabinet," 
"  The  English  Fleet,"  "  Mother  Goose," 
(which  yielded  more  than  £20,000  profit 
to  the  managers  of  Covent-garden  thea- 
tre,) "The  High-mettled  "Racer,"  (a 
clear  gain  to  the  proprietors  of  Astley's 
of  £1=5,000,)  "The  Jew  and  Doctor," 
"Past  Ten  o'Cloek,"  &c.  D.  1841.— 
Thomas  Frognall,  nephew  of  the  cele- 
brated song  writer,  and  himself  the 
most  zealous  bibliographer,  and  one  of 
the  most  voluminous  and  miscellaneous, 
writers  of  his  time,  was  b.  at  Calcutta, 
1775,  and  after  receiving  his  education 
under  the  care  of  an  uncle  at  Reading, 
matriculated  at  Oxford,  as  a  commoner 


did] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


353 


of  St.  John's  college,  where  his  taste  for 
literature  and  history  commenced.    The 

law  being  his  destination,  he  became  a 
pupil  of  Mr.  Basil  Montague;  but  he 
subsequently  changed  his  views,  and 
after  waiting  some  time  for  a  degree,  he 
was  ordained  a  clergyman  in  1S04.  D. 
1847. 

DICK,  Sir  Alexander,  a  Scotch  phy- 
sician, was  I),  in  1703,  and  studied  at 
Leyden  under  Boerhaave.  In  1756  he 
was  chosen  president  of  the  college  of 
physicians  at  Edinburgh,  to  which  he 
was  a  benefactor.  He  was  the  first  who 
paid  attention  to  the  culture  of  the  true 
rhubarb  in  Britain;  for  which  he  re- 
ceived, in  1774,  the  gold  medal  from  the 
London  Society  for  promoting  arts  and 
commerce.  D.  1785. — Sir  Robert  Henry, 
entered  the  army  as  an  ensign  in  the 
75th  foot,  in  ISOO";  and  in  1804  obtained 
a  company  in  the  78th.  He  accom- 
panied the  expedition  to  Sicily,  and  was 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Maida;  joined 
Abercromby,  and  was  present  at  the 
battle  of  Alexandria,  and  was  severely 
wounded  at  Kosetta.  In  1S08  he  com- 
manded a  light  battalion  at  Busaco  and 
Ciudad  Rodrigo,  and  at  the  storming  of 
Fort  St.  Michael,  and  during  the  siege 
of  Burgos,  &c.  He  served  in  the  cam- 
paign of  lS15,and  was  severely  wounded 
at  Quatre  Bras  while  commanding  the 
42d.  On  the  restoration  of  peace  he  re- 
tired to  his  paternal  estate  at  Tullimet. 
D.  1846. 

DICKONS,  Mrs.  (whose  maiden  name 
was  Poole,)  was  a  celebrated  singer, 
who,  though  not  equal  to  Mrs.  Billing- 
ton,  many  years  sustained  the  same  cast 
of  characters  at  the  opera,  and  was  regu- 
larly engaged  as  a  principal  vocalist  at 
the  oratorios.  She  commenced  her  pro- 
fessional career  at  Covent-garden  in 
1793,  and  retired  in  1818.     D.  1833. 

DICKINSON.  Jonathan,  first  pres- 
ident of  New  Jersey  college,  was  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  college,  1706.  He  was  a 
settled  minister  of  the  first  Presbyterian 
church,  in  Elizabethtown,  New  Jersey, 
nearly  forty  years.  The  charter  of  the 
college  of  New  Jersey,  being  enlarged 
by  Governor  Belcher,  the  institution 
was  commenced,  and  Mr.  Dickinson 
appointed  president,  Oct.  22,  1746,  and 
d.  Oct.  7,  1747,  aged  59.  His  publica- 
tions were  numerous,  but  exclusively 
upon  theological  subjects,  and  princi- 
pally sermons. — John,  president  of  Del- 
aware and  of  Pennsylvania.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Pennsylvania  assembly 
tn  1764,  and  of  the  general  congress  in 
1765 ;  of  the  first  revolutionary  congress 
30* 


in  1774,  and  in  subsequent  years.  la 
June,  1776,  he  opposed  the  declaration 
of  independence,  when  the  motion  was 
considered  by  congress,  because  he 
doubted  of  the  policy  of  that  particular 
period,  "without  some  precursory  trials 
of  our  strength,"  and  before  the  terms 
of  confederation  were  settled,  and  foreign 
assistance  made  certain.  He  had  occa- 
sion afterwards,  in  order  to  prove  the 
sincerity  of  his  attachment  to  his  coun- 
try's liberty,  to  appeal  to  the  fact,  that 
within  a  few  days  after  the  declaration, 
he  was  the  only  member  of  congress  who 
marched  to  face  the  enemy.  He  accom- 
panied his  regiment  to  Elizabethtown  in 
July  to  repel  the  invading  enemy,  and 
remained  there  till  th.  end  of  the  tour 
of  service.  In  1779  he  was  a  member 
of  congress  from  Delaware,  and  in  1781 
president.  In  1782  he  was  chosen  pres- 
ident of  Pennsylvania,  and  remained  in 
office  from  Nov.  1782  to  Oct.  1785.  In 
Nov.  1767,  he  began  to  publish  his  cel- 
ebrated letters  against  till'  acts  for  tax- 
ation of  the  colonies  ;  in  which  writings 
he  supported  the  liberties  of  his  country, 
and  contributed  much  towards  the 
American  revolution.  Of  the  eloquent 
and  important  state  papers  issued  by 
the  first  congress  he  wrote  the  principal. 
Mr.  Dickinson's  political  writings  were 
collected  and  published  in  two  volumes, 
1801.  D.  1808. — Philemon,  an  officer  in 
the  war  of  the  American  revolution,  who 
engaged  in  that  contest  at  an  early 
period,  and  enjoyed  the  praise  of  cour- 
age and  zeal  in  the  cause  of  liberty.  He 
commanded  the  Jersey  militia  at  the 
battle  of  Monmouth.  After  the  organ- 
ization of  the  national  government  in  its 
present  form,  he  was  appointed  to  a  seat 
in  congress.  Having  discharged  the 
duties  of  the  several  civil  and  military 
stations  which  he  held  with  reputation, 
and  enjoyed  several  years  of  retirement 
from  public  life,  he  d.  at  Trenton  in 
1809. 

DICKSON,  James,  a  Scotch  divine, 
but  known  chiefly  as  a  writer  on  agri- 
culture, was  a  native  of  East  Lothian, 
and  d.,  by  a  fall  from  his  horse,  in  1776. 
His  "  Treatise  on  the  Agriculture  of  the 
Ancients"  is  much  esteemed. 

DIDEROT,  Denis,  a  French  writer, 
was  b.  at  Langres,  in  1713.  In  1746  he 
published  "  Pensces  Philosophiques," 
and  was  concerned  in  a  Medical  Dic- 
tionary, which  suggested  to  him  the  idea 
ofa  Di'ctionnaire  Eneyelopcdique ;  which. 
with  the  assistance  of  D'Alembert  ana 
others,  he  completed.  While  engaged 
in  the  Encyclopedie,  he  wrote  a  licen- 


354 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ma 


tions  novel,  called  "  Lcs  Bijoux  Indis- 
crete," and  two  comedies,  "  Le  Fils 
Naturel"  and  "  Le  Pure  de  Fainille." 
In  1749  appeared  his  "  Letters  to  the 
Blind,"  the  free  sentiments  in  which 
occasioned  Ins  being  imprisoned  six 
months  til  Viucennes.     D.  1TS4. 

DIDOT,  Francis  Ambrose,  a  cele- 
brated printer,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1730. 
He  greatly  raised  the  typographic  art; 
improved  the  construction  of  paper- 
mills  :  and  invented  many  carious  and 
useful  machines  relative  to  the  art  of 
type-founding,  stereotyping,  and  print- 
ing. 1  >.  1804. — Pierre  Francois,  his 
brother,  as  well  as  his  sons  and  nephew, 
have  each  eminently  contributed  to  the 
improvements  of  the  arts  of  type-found- 
ing and  printing. — Firmin,  the  most  cel- 
ebrated and  skilful  or'  modern  printers, 
and  son  of  Francois  Didot,  was  b.  1764. 
His  editions  of  Sail  list,  the  il  Lusiad," 
and  the  "Henriade"  are  much  sought. 
He  was  an  excellent  translator,  and  no 
mean  original  writer.     1).  1836. 

DIEBITSCH,  Count  Sabai.kansky,  a 
distinguished  Russian  general,  was  the 
son  of  a  brave  officer  who  ha  1  served 
under  Frederic  the  Great,  but  who  after- 
wards quitted  the  Prussian  service  tor 
the  Russian,  where  he  obtained  an  im- 
portant command.  In  the  campaign  of 
1812,  '13,  and  '14,  he  signalized  himself 
by  his  skill  and  bravery,  and  was  ad- 
vanced to  the  rank  of  quartermaster- 
general  to  the  Emperor  Alexander.  lie 
displayed  great  courage  in  the  battles  of 
Austerlitz,  Dresden,  Eylau,  and  Fried- 
land.     D.  1831. 

DIEFFENBACH,  Johann  Friedericji, 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  surgical 
operators  that  ever  lived,  was  b.  at 
Konigsberg,  in  1795.  After  studying 
for  the  church  at  Greifswalde,  he  took 
part  in  the  war  of  liberation  of  Germany  ; 
and  it  was  not  till  a  year  or  two  after  the 
fall  of  Napoleon,  in  1815,  that  he  began 
the  study  of  medicine  ami  surgery,  in 
which  lie  has  secured  undying  fame. 
D.  1S4S. 

DIP] MEN,  Anthony  Van,  governor 
of  the  Dutch  East  India  possessions, 
was  b.  at  Kuilenberg,  of  which  place  his 
father  was  a  burgomaster.  lie  went  to 
India,  where  he  was  employed  as  ac- 
countant to  the  government.  In  1625 
he  became  a  member  of  the  supreme 
council.  In  1631  he  returned  to  Ital- 
ian 1  as  comman  ler  of  the  India  fleet, 
but  the  year  following  went  out  air  tin 
as  director-general  ;  and  not  long  after 
he  became  governor-general,  greatly  ex- 
tending the  Dutch  interest  in  the  East. 


In  1 G 42  he  sent  Abel  Tasman  on  a  voy- 
age to  the  south,  the  consequence  of 
which  was,  the  discovery  of  that  Dart  of 
New  Holland  called  Van  Diemen  s  ^and. 
1).  L645. 

D1ETRIC,  John  Conrad,  a  Lutheran 
divine,  was  b.  at  Butzbach,  in  Wetter- 
uvia,  in  1612.  After  studying  at  various 
universities,  he  became  professor  of 
Greek  and  history  in  his  own  country, 
and  in  1653  removed  to  Giessen,  where 
he  d.  1667.  He  wrote  "  De  Pcregriha- 
tione  Studiorum,"  "  Antiquitates  Ro- 
mance," "Lexicon  Etymologico-Grao- 
enm,"  '•  Antiquitates  Biblicsc,"  Ac. 

DIETRICH,  John  William  Ernest, 
an  excellent  painter,  was  b.  1712,  at 
Weimar,  where  his  father  was  painter 
to  the  court,  ami  celebrated  for  his  por- 
traits and  battle-pieces.  After  studying 
under  his  father  he  went  to  Dresden, 
and  was  instructed  in  landscape  paint- 
ing by  Alexander  Thiele.  He  next 
visited  Italy,  and  in  1763  became  pro- 
fessor in  the  academy  of  Dresden,  and 
director  of  the  school  of  painting  at 
Meissen.  For  versatility  and  general 
excellence  few  have  surpassed  him.  D. 
1774. 

DIEZ,  Juan  Martin,  better  known  as 
the  Empecinado  of  modern  Spanish 
guerilla  warfare,  was  the  son  of  a  peasant 
of  Valladolid,  and  b.  in  1775.  lie  first 
served  in  the  regular  army  as  a  dragoon ; 
but  in  1S0S,  with  a  chosen  band  of  about 
50  brave  fellows,  he  commenced  that 
harassing  guerilla  system,  which  so 
much  contributed  to  the  disasters  of  the 
enemy  in  the  Peninsula.  On  the  re- 
establishment  of  Ferdinand's  govern- 
ment, the  Empecinado  became' obnoxious 
to  the  ruling  powers,  who,  regardless  of 
his  former  great  services,  had  him  seized 
on  a  charge  of  conspiracy,  tried,  and  ex- 
ecuted, in  1825. 

DIGBY,  Sir  Everard,  an  English 
gentleman,  a  partisan  in  the  Gunpowder 
plot,  for  which  he  was  executed  in  1607. 
— Sir  Kenelm,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
b.  at  Gothurst.  in  Buckinghamshire,  in 
1603.  He  was  knighted  by  James  I., 
anl  by  Charles  I.  he  was  appointed  to 
several  offices.  On  one  occasion,  when 
some  difference  existed  between  England 
and  the  Venetians,  he  was  sent  with  a 
fleet  into  the  .Mediterranean,  where  ho 
attacked  the  fleet  of  the  republic  in  the 
bay  of  Scan  leroon.  About  1616  he 
quitted  the  church  of  England  for  that 
of  Rom?.  At  the  commencement  of  the 
civil  war  he  was  imprisone  1  by  the  par- 
liament in  Winchester  house,  but  in 
!  1643  he  regained  his  liberty,  and  went  to 


oio] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    Or     MOOKA1M1Y. 


355 


France.  When  Cromwell  assumed  the 
government,  he  ventured  to  visit  his 
native  country,  and  paid  great  court  to 
that  ruler,  lie  wrote  a  ;'  Treatise  on  the 
Nature  of  Bodies,"  "  On  the  Operations 
and  Nature  of  Man's  Soul,"  and  "  Peri- 
patetic Institutions."  D.  1665. — Jon.v, 
ear)  of  Bristol,  b.  in  1580,  was  gentle- 
ma...  of  the  bed-chamber  to  James  I., 
who  sent  him  to  Spain  to  negotiate  a 
marriage  between  Prince  Charles  and 
the  Infanta,  and  the  same  year  he  was 
created  carl  of  Bristol.  When  the  civil 
wars  broke  out  he  emigrated,  and  d.  at 
Paris  in  1653. — Lord  George,  son  of  the 
above  was  b.  at  Madrid  in  1612.  He 
became  a  member  of  the  Long  Parlia- 
ment, wherein  he  at  first  opposed  the 
court,  but  afterwards  joined  the  royal 
party,  and  exerted  himself  in  the  service 
of  Charles  I.     D.  1676. 

DIGGES,  Thomas,  an  astronomer  and 
mathematician;  author  of  "  Ahe  sive 
Scalte  Mathematical,"  "Perfect  Descrip- 
tions of  the  Celestial  Orbs,"  &e.  _  I). 
1595. — Sir  Dudley,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  b.  1583,  and  educated  at  Oxford. 
He  was  knighted  by  James  I.,  who  sent 
him  ambassador  to  Russia;  but  in  the 
parliament  of  1G21  he  resisted  the  court 
measures,  and  so  continued  to  do  till 
1636,  when  he  was  brought  over  by  the 
grant  of  the  mastership  of  the  rolls.  He 
wrote  "  A  Defence  of  Trade,"  "  A  Dis- 
course concerning  the  Bights  and  Priv- 
ileges of  the  Subject."     D.  1639. 

DlLLENlUS,  John  James,  an  emi- 
nent botanist,  was  b.  in  Darmstadt,  in 
Germany,  in  16^7,  and  educated  at  the 
university  of  Gicssen.  In  1721  he  ac- 
companied Dr.  Slierrard  to  England, 
where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his 
days.  Soon  after  his  arrival  he  under- 
took a  new  edition  of  "  Bay's  Synop- 
sis ;"  and  was  appointed  the  first 
botanical  professor  at  Oxford  on  Shcr- 
rard's  foundation.  He  wrote  "  Ilortus 
Elthamensis"  and  a  "History  of  Moss- 
es."    D.  1747. 

DILLON,  Wentworth,  earl  of  Bos- 
common,  was  b.  in  Ireland  about  1633, 
and  educated  at  Caen,  in  Normandy,  by 
the  famous  Bouchart.  After  dissipating 
his  property  by  gaining,  he  was  made 
master  of  the  horse  to  the  duchess  of 
York.  He  then  married  a  daughter  of 
the  carl  of  Burlington,  and  applied  to 
poetrv.     D.  1684. 

DIMSDALE,  Thomas,  a  physician, 
who  became  celebrated  by  his  success- 
ful mode  of  inoculating  for  the  small- 
pox. In  176S  he  went  to  Russia,  and 
inoculated  the  empress  and  grand-duke, 


for  which  he  was  created  a  baron  of  the 
empire,  physician  to  her  majesty,  and 
counsellor  of  state.  He  wrote  Tracts  on 
Inoculation,  in  which  is  an  account  of 
his  first  journey  to  Russia.     1). 

DINEX  DA  CRUZ,  Anthony,  an  emi- 
nent Portuguese  poet,  was  b.  L780,  and 
d.  in  17'JS.  As  a  writer  of  odes,  son- 
nets, and  lyrical  pieces  generally,  ho 
holds  the  first  rank  among  his  country- 
men. 

DINOCRATES,  a  Macedonian  archi- 
tect, who  was  employed  by  Alexander 
in  building  the  city  of  Alexandria.  He 
also  rebuilt  the  temple  of  Ephesus,  and 
proposed  to  cut  Mount  Athos  into  a 
statue  of  the  Macedonian  hero.  He 
died  in  Egypt,  under  the  reign  of  Ptol- 
emv. 

DlNWIDDIE,  Robert,  governor  of 
Virginia  from  1752  to  1 7 ■"■  s ,  had  been 
previously  clerk  to  a  collector  of  customs 
in  the  West  Indies,  whose  enormous 
fraud  he  detected  and  exposed.  For 
this  disclosure  he  was  rewarded  by  his 
appointment  in  Virginia.  But  while  he 
was  governor  he  did  not  forget  what  he 
had  learned  when  a  clerk,  for  he  was 
charged  with  applying  to  his  own  use 
£20,000  sent  to  defray  the  expenses  of 
Virginia  for  the  public  service.  It  was 
during  his  administration  that  Braddock 
proceeded  on  his  expedition  against  the 
Indians.     D.  1770. 

DIOCLETIAN,  Caius  Valerius,  a 
Roman  emperor,  in  whose  reign  tho 
Christians  suffered  a  persecution,  was 
born  of  an  obscure  family  in  Dalmatia. 
He  rose  from  being  a  common  soldier 
to  the  rank  Of  general,  and  on  the  death 
of  Numerum,  in  284,  was  chosen  em- 
peror. Be  renounced  the  crown  in  304, 
and  retired  to  Salona,  where  he  d.  313. 

DIODATI,  John,  an  eminent  divine, 
b.  at  Lucca,  in  1589,  was  descended 
from  a  noble  family,  and  brought  up  in 
the  Catholic  faith ;  but  he  embraced 
Protestantism,  became  professor  of  He- 
brew at  Geneva,  and  is  much  celebrated 
for  a  translation  of  the  Bible  into  Italian. 
D.  1649. 

DIODORUS,  SrcuLus,  a  native  of  Ar- 
gyrium,  in  Sicily,  who  wrote  a  Univer- 
sal History,  of  which  only  15  books  and 
a  few  fragments  remain.  He  flourished 
about  44  b.  c. 

DIOGENES,  surnamed  the  Cynic, 
was  b.  at  Sinope,  a  city  of  Pontus,  414 
b.  c.  He  accompanied  his  father  to 
Athens,  where  he  applied  to  the  study 
of  philosophy  under  Antisthenes,  the 
founder  of  the  Cynics.  He  distinguished 
himself  by  the'  excessive  rudeness  of 


356 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[l)OD 


his  manners,  with  which  was  blended  a 
great  knowledge  of  human  nature,  and 
a  zeai  for  the  interests  of  virtue,  on 
which  account  Plato  called  him  the 
"  Mad  Socrates." — the  Babylonian,  was 
a  Stoic  philosopher,  who  flourished 
about  200  b.  c. — Laebtids,  a  Greek  his- 
torian, was  horn  in  Cilicia.  He  wrote 
the  "  Lives  of  the  Philosophers,"  in  10 
books,  and  d.  822. — a  Cretan  philoso- 
pher; succeeded  his  master  Ariaximenes 
m  his  school  of  Ionia,  about  560  b.  c. 

DION,  a  celebrated  patriot  of  Syra- 
cuse, was  the  disciple  and  friend  of 
Plato  when  that  philosopher  was  at  the 
court  of  Dionysius,  whose  daughter 
Arete  he  married.  Being  accused  of 
treason,  he  was  banished  by  Dionysius, 
and  went  to  Athens,  where  he  acquired 
considerable  popularity;  which  so  pro- 
voked the  tyrant,  that  he  confiscated  his 
estates,  and  compelled  his  wife  to  marry 
another  man.  Dion,  irritated  at  this 
treatment,  resolved  to  attempt  the  de- 
liverance of  his  country;  and  with  a 
small  force  he  landed  in  Sicily  during 
the  absence  of  Dionysius,  and  entered 
Syracuse  in  triumph.  After  various  suc- 
cesses he  perished,  the  victim  of  a  con- 
spiracy, headed  by  one  Calippus,  an 
Athenian.  354  b.  c. 

Dl<  )N  CASSIUS,  an  historian  of  the 
third  century,  born  at  Bithynia;  was 
twice  consul ;  and  wrote,  in  Greek,  the 
"  History  of  Rome,  from  the  Building 
of  the  City  to  the  Reign  of  Alexander 
Severus." 

DIONYSIUS  I.,  of  Syracuse,  who, 
from  being  a  citizen,  became  commander 
of  the  forces,  overthrew  the  govern- 
ment, and  assumed  the  title  of  king, 
404  b.  c. — II.,  the  Younger,  the  son  and 
successor  of  the  above,  was  driven  from 
Syracuse,  343  b.  c,  but  again  returned 
about  10  years  afterwards,  and  was  ex- 
pelled by'Timoleon,  on  which  he  fled  to 
Corinth,  where  he  supported  himself  as 
a  schoolmaster. — An  ancient  geographer, 
who  was  sent  by  Augustus  to  survey 
the  Eastern  part  of  the  world,  was 
called  Periegetes,  from  his  poem  of 
"  Pericsresis,  or  Survey  of  the  World." 
D.  about  1 50. — An  historian  and  critic  of 
Halicarnassus,  in  Caria,  who  was  invited 
to  Rome  about  30  years  b.  c,  and  there 
wrote  his  "  Roman  Antiquities,"  only 
11  books  of  which  are  extant. — The 
Abeopagite,  was  a  native  of  Athens, 
and  a  member  of  the  Areopagus,  where 
he  sat  when  St.  Paul  was  brought  before 
it,  and  made  his  famous  speech  respect- 
ing the  "  unknown  God." 

DIOPHANTUS,  a  mathematician  of 


Alexandria,  to  whom  is  attributed  the 
invention  of  algebra,  is  supposed  to  have 
existed  at  the  beginning  of  the  Chris- 
tian era. 

D1PPEL,  John  Conrad,  a  German 
physician  and  celebrated  alchemist,  wad 
b.  at  Frankenstein,  in  Hesse,  in  1672. 
He  led  a  wandering  kind  of  life,  made 
himself  obnoxious  to  various  govern- 
ments, and  was  often  imprisoned.  lie 
pretended  to  have  discovered  tie  phi- 
losopher's stone,  and  prophesied  that  ho 
would  not  die  till  1808.  He,  however, 
falsified  his  prediction,  by  suddenly  de- 
parting this  life  in  1734  ;  and  instead  ox 
finding  the  philosopher's  stone,  he  dis- 
covered Prussian  blue,  and  the  animal 
oil  which  bears  his  nam" 

DISRAELI,  Isaac,  aiu.ior  of  the 
••  ( luriosities  of  Literature,"  the  "  Quar- 
rels"  and  "Calamities  of  Authors," 
"Illustrations  of  the  Literary  Charac- 
ter," was  b.  at  Enfield,  1767.  He  was 
the  only  child  of  Benjamin  Disraeli,  a 
Venetian  merchant.  Besides  the  works 
above  mentioned,  which  have  carried 
his  name  throughout  the  civilized  world, 
he  published  "Commentaries  on  the 
Life  and  Reign  of  Charles  I.,"  the 
"Amenities  of  Literature,"  and  was 
for  many  years  a  contributor  to  the 
•'Quarterly  Review"  and  the  "Gentle- 
man's Magazine."  Mr.  Disraeli  was 
smitten  with  blindness  in  1839,  and  the 
last  years  of  his  intellectual  pursuits 
were  impeded,  though  not  interrupted, 
by  this  affliction.     D.  1848. 

DOBSOX,  William,  an  English  paint- 
er, who  succeeded  Vandyke  in  the  ap- 
pointments he  held  under  Charles  I., 
was  b.  in  1610,  and  d.  in  1646. 

DODD,  Ralph,  a  civil  engineer,  to 
whom  several  important  public  works 
owe  their  origin,  was  a  native  of  Nor- 
thumberland, b.  1761.  He  was  the  pro- 
jector of  Vauxhall  bridge,  the  South 
Lambeth  waterworks,  the  Gravesend 
tunnel,  &c. ;  and  wrote  several  able 
works  connected  with  his  profession. 
D.  1822. — George,  his  son,  <vho  fol- 
lowed the  same  profession,  was  tho 
planner,  and  for  a  time  the  resident  en- 
gineer, of  Waterloo  bridge.  D.  1827, — 
William,  was  b.  172!»,  at  Bourne,  Lin- 
colnshire; and  after  being  educated  at 
Cambridge,  entered  into  orders,  became 
a  popular  preacher  in  London;  and  was 
made  one  of  the  king's  chaplains.  But 
he  kept  high  society,  and  was  extrava- 
gant; and  finding  himself  unable  to 
support  an  extensive  establishment,  ho 
endeavored  to  procure  the  living  of  St. 
George's,  Hanover-square,  by  offering  a 


dolJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


857 


biibc  of  £3000  to  the  lady  of  the  lord 
chancellor.  She  was,  however,  indig- 
nant at  the  offer,  and  on  her  informing 
the  chancellor,  Dodd  was  struck  otl'tlie 
royal  list.  The  carl  of  Chesterfield,  to 
whom  he  had  been  tutor,  afterwards 
presented  him  with  a  li  ving  ;  but  being 
pressed  for  money  he  forged  a  bond  for 
£4,200  on  his  former  pupil  and  patron, 
probably  intending  to  take  it  up  before 
it  became  due  ;  but  the  fraud  was  soon 
discovered,  and  he  was  tried,  convicted, 
and  executed  at  Tyburn,  in  1777,  not- 
withstanding great  interest  was  used, 
and  the  most  extraordinary  efforts  made 
to  obtain  his  pardon.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  several  works  ;  the  principal  of 
which  are  "  Sermons  on  the  Miracles 
ami  Parables,"  in  4  vols.,  "Sermons  to 
Young  Men,"  3  vols.,  "  Poems,"  "  lie- 
flections  on  Death,"  "Thoughts  in 
Prison,"  and  "  The  Sisters,"  a  novel. 

DODDRIDGE,  Sir  John,  an  English 
judge,  and  the  author  of  several  works 
on  legal  science,  was  b.  in  1555,  at  Barn- 
staple in  Devonshire,  and  educated  at 
Exeter  college,  Oxford.  In  1613  he  be- 
came one  of  the  judges  of  the  King's 
Bench,  and  d.  in  1628.  His  chief  works 
are  "The  Lawyer's  Light,"  "  The  En- 
glish Lawyer,"  "  The  Law  of  Nobility 
and  Peerage,"  "  The  Complete  Parson," 
<fce. — Piitt.ip,  a  pious  and  highly-gifted 
dissenting  minister,  was  b.  in  the  me- 
tropolis iu  170-2.  He  was  successively  a 
minister  at  Kibworth,  Market  Harbor- 
ough,  and  Northampton,  and  acquired, 
a  great  and  deserved  reputation.  Being 
affiicted  with  a  pulmonary  complaint,  he 
went  to  Lisbon  for  the  benefit  of  his 
health,  but  d.  there  in  1751.  His  prin- 
cipal works  aie  "The  Family  Expositor," 
"The  Life  of  Colonel  Gardiner,"  "Ser- 
mons," and  "  Ilvnins." 

DODINGTON,  George  Bubb,  Lord 
Meloombe  Regis,  a  statesman,  remark- 
able for  political  versatility,  was  b.  1691, 
in  Dorsetshire.  In  1715  ho  came  into 
parliament,  was  soon  after  appointed 
envoy  to  Spain;  was  made  lord  of  the 
treasury  during  Walpole's  administra- 
tion; and,  after  years  of  political  in- 
trigue, in  which  the  most  shameless  der- 
eliction of  principle  was  manifest,  he 
was  raised  to  the  title  of  Lord  Meleombe. 
Though  servile  as  a  politician,  he  was 
generous,  witty,  and  hospitable  in  pri- 
vatalife;  and  had  the  merit  of  associa- 
ting with  and  patronizing  men  of  talent. 
His  celebrated  "Diary,"  published  in 
\784,  is  highly  interesting,  revealing,  as 
it  does,  much  of  the  art  and  mystery  of 
statesmanship.    D.  1762. 


DODSLEY,  Robert,  an  author  and 
bookseller,  was  b.  L703,  at  Mans 
Nottinghamshire.  His  parents  being 
po.ir,  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  stocking- 
weaver,  which  trade  he  left,  and  became 
footman  to  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Lowther. 
While  in  this  situation  he  published  a 
volume  of  poems,  entitlod  "The  Muse 
in  Livery,"  and  a  dramatic  satire,  called 
"The  Toyshop,"  which  being  patron- 
ized by  Pope,  and  successfully  brought 
out  on  the  stage,  enabled  E)odslcj  to 
commence  business  as  a  bookseller  in 
Pall  Mall.  He  still  continued  his  literary 
pursuits,  and  produced  "Cle&ne,"  a 
tragedy,  and  four  light  dramas;  many 
poems;  "The  Economy  of  Human  Life," 
(fee.  He  also  edited  and  published  u 
"Collection  of  Old  Plays,"  and  was  the 
projector  of  the  "Annual  Register." 

HODS  WORTH,  Roger,  an  English 
topographer,  was  b.  in  Yorkshire,  in 
1585,  and  d.  in  1654.  He  collected  the 
antiquities  of  his  native  country,  in  162 
folio  volumes,  which  are  iu  the  Bodleian 
library,  Oxford. 

DODWELL,  Henry,  a  learnod  critic 
and  theologian,  was  b.  at  Dublin,  1641, 
and  educated  at  Trinity  college.  In 
ltisS  he  was  appointed  Camden  profes- 
sor of  history  at  Oxford,  but  lost  his 
office  soon  after  the  revolution.  He 
wrote  several  books,  but  the  work  wdiieb 
excited  most  notice  was  "  On  the  Natu- 
ral Mortality  of  the  Soul."  I).  1711.— 
Henry  and  William,  his  sons,  were 
also  both  distinguished  by  their  wri- 
tings;  the  former,  who  was  lire  1  to  the 
law,  by  his  skepticism ;  the  latter,  who 
was  a  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  by  his 
orthodoxy. 

DOES,  Jacob  van  der,  a  Dutch  paint- 
er, b.  1623,  and  d.  1673;  he  studied  at 
Rome,  and  adopted  the  style  of  Bam- 
boccio. — Jacob  and  Simon,  his  sons, 
were  both  good  artists;  the  former, 
celebrated  for  his  historical  pieces,  d.  in 
1613;  the  latter,  who  excelled  in  land- 
scapes and  cattle,  d.  in  1717. 

DOGGETT,  Thomas,  an  actor  and 
dramatic  poet,  was  a  distinguished 
comic  performer  at  Drury-laiic.  lie  is 
now  remembered  by  the  legacy  he  left 
to  provide  a  "coat  and  badge,"  which 
is  rowed  for  annually  on  the  1st  of  Au- 
gust, from  London-bridge  to  Chelsea, 
by  six  watermen.     D.  1721. 

DOLCE,  Louis,  a  Venetian  writer, 
wis  b.  L">08.  He  translate  1  into  Italian 
great  portions  of  Horace,  Ovid,  Seneca, 
Euripides,  &e. ;  but  was  chiefly  cele- 
brated for  bis  heroic  poem,  entitled 
"  L' Achilla  et  TEnca."     He  also  wrote 


358 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[DOS 


a  life  of  Charles  V.  D.  156S  — Carlo,  a 
celebrated  painter,  b.  at  Florence,  1616, 
was  remarkable  for  the  felicitous  man- 
ner in  which  he  treated  sacred  subjects. 
His  heads  of  madonnas  and  saints  are 
inimitable.     D.  1686. 

DOLLOND,  John,  an  eminent  opti- 
cian, was  b.  at  Spitalfields,  London,  in 
1706,  and  brought  up  as  a  silk-weaver; 
but,  devoting  himself  to  the  study  of 
astronomy,  his  attention  became  direct- 
ed to  the  improvement  of  telescopes. 
He  invented  the  achromatic  object-glass, 
the  application  of  the  micrometer  to  re- 
flecting telescopes,&c.  D.  1761. — Peter, 
his  son,  who  d.  in  1820,  made  many  val- 
uable improvements  in  op'ical  instru- 
ments, and  they  both  enjoyed  a  well- 
deserved  reputation. 

DOLOMIEU,  Deodatus,  a  French 
geologist  and  mineralogist,  was  b.  in 
Dauphine,  in  1750,  and  entered  into 
the  order  of  Malta.  He  accompanied 
Bonaparte  to  Egypt,  and  on  his  return 
was  taken  prisoner  and  confined  at  Mes- 
sina. He  was  the  author  of  many  es- 
teemed works,  of  which  his  "  Mineral- 
ogical  Philosophy,"  and  a  "Voyage  to 
the  Lipari  Islands,"  arc  the  chief.  D. 
1801. 

DOMBEY,  Joseph,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  French  botanists  of  the  last 
century,  b.  1742.  After  a  life  of  perse- 
cution, from  which  his  ultra-philanthro- 
py did  not  protect  him,  he  was  captured 
by  corsairs,  in  returning  from  St.  Do- 
mingo, and  d.  in  the  prisons  of  Mont- 
serrat. 

DOMENICIIFN'O,  a  celebrated  paint- 
er, whoso  real  name  was  Domenicho 
Zampieri,  was  b.  at  Bologna,  in  1681, 
and  was  a  pupil  of  the  Caracci.  Though 
at  first  his  progress  was  so  slow  that  his 
fellow-students,  in  derision,  called  him 
'"the  Ox,"  yet  he  rose  to  first-rate  emi- 
nence in  his  art.  He  was  also  well 
skilled  in  architecture,  and  held  the 
situation  of  architect  to  Gregory  XV. 
D.  1641. 

DOMINIC,  St.,  founder  of  the  order 
of  monks  which  bears  his  name,  was  b. 
1170,  at  Calahorra,  in  Old  Castile.  Be 
was  employed  by  Pope  Innocent  to 
convert  the  Albig'enses  ;  but,  failing  in 
his  endeavors,  and,  dying  in  1221,  was 
canonized  for  his  zeal. 

DOMINIS,  Mark  Anthony  r>E,  a 
Dalmatian  archbishop,  who  went  to  En- 
gland, and  was  made  dean  of  Windsor. 
He  wrote  "  De  Republica  Ecclcsiastica," 
and  was  the  first  who  gave  a  true  ex- 
planation of  the  colors  of  the  rainbow. 
D.  1625. 


DOMITIAN,  Titus  Flavius,  the  sec- 
ond son  of  Vespasian,  and  the  last  of 
the  12  Caisars,  was  b.  51,  and  succeeded 
his  brother  Titus  in  81.  lie  was  volup- 
tuous, cruel,  and  malignant ;  and  though 
at  his  accession  he  made  some  show  of 
justice,  and  even  of  kindness  to  the 
citizens,  yet  the  cruelty  of  his  disposi- 
tion was  too  deep-rooted  for  conceal- 
ment, and  he  was  both  feared  and  hated 
for  his  tyranny.  He  was  in  continual 
dread  of  conspirators,  and  at  length  fell 
by  the  hands  of  an  assassin,  in  the  45th 
year  of  his  aire,  96. 

DONALD  V.,  king  of  Scotland,  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  Kenneth  II.  The 
ancient  laws  of  Scotland  were  revised 
and  confirmed  under  his  authority.  He 
d.,  after  a  reign  of  four  years,  in  864. — 
VI.,  succeeded  Gregory  the  Great  on 
the  Scottish  throne,  in  894.  In  n/>s 
reign,  the  Danes  having  invaded  his 
kingdom,  he  fought  and  defeated  tkern. 
lie  d.  at  Forres,  in  904. — V1L,  eomrr:'>JV- 
ly  called  Donald  Banc,  usurped  tha 
throne  in  1093.  He  was  expelled  from 
the  throne  by  Duncan,  in  1094,  but  re- 
gained it  again  by  the  murder  of  that 
prince.  He  did  not,  however,  long  en- 
l'ov  it,  for  he  was  finally  dethroned  by 
Edgar  Atheling,  in  1098. 

DONALDSON,  Joseph,  a  native  of 
Glasgow,  and  author  of  "  The  Eventful 
Life  of  a  Soldier,"  and  "Scenes  and 
Sketches  of  a  Soldier's  Life  in  Ireland." 
D.  1830. 

DON  ATELLO,  or  DONATO,  an  emi- 
nent sculptor,  was  b.  at  Florence,  1383. 
His  statues  and  basso-relievoes  adorn 
many  of  the  Italian  churches,  and  it  is 
said  that  Michael  Angelo  held  his  works 
in  high  esteem.     D.  1466. 

DON  ATI,  Vitaliano.  an  Italian  phy- 
sician, b.  at  Padua,  in  1717;  author  of  a 
"  Natural  History  of  the  Adriatic  Sea." 
He  travelled  to  the  East  for  scientific 
purposes,  and  d.  at  Bassorah,  in  1763. 

DONDUCCI,  George  Andrew,  a  Bo- 
lognese  artist.  He  was  b.  in  1575;  stud- 
ied under  Annibale  Caracci ;  and  his 
pictures  are  remarkable  for  their  strong 
contrasts  of  light  and  shade. 
_  DONDUS,  or  DONDI,  James,  a  phy- 
sician of  Padua,  who  acquired  the  name 
of  Aggregator,  on  account  of  the  nu- 
merous medicines  he  made.  He  was 
also  well  skilled  in  mechanics,  particu- 
larly in  horology.     D.  1350. 

DONNE,  John,  an  English  divine 
and  poet,  was  b.  in  London,  1573.  Be- 
ing the  son  of  a  Catholic,  he  was  brought 
up  in  that  faith ;  but  after  completing 
his  studies  at  Oxford,  he  cml  raced  l'rot- 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIT. 


DOU] 


estantism,  and  became  secretary  to  the 
Lord  Chancellor  Ellcsuiere.  After  hav- 
ing lost  this  oifice,  and  even  been  im- 
prisoned for  clandestinely  marrying  the 
chancellor's  niece,  he  took  orders,  when 
King  James  made  him  one  of  his  chap- 
lains, and  he  afterwards  became  preach- 
er of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  dean  of  St. 
Paul's.  Donne  lias  been  termed  by 
Dr.  Johnson  the  founder  of  the  meta- 
physical school  of  poetry.  Though  rug- 
ged in  his  versification,  he  often  displays 
great  force  and  originality  ;  and  his  pro.^e 
works,  thongli  quaint,  and  sometimes 
pedantic,  show  deep  thinking  and  strong 
powers  of  reasoning.  His  works  com- 
prise Letters,  Sermons,  Theological  Fs- 
savs,  «fec.     L>.  1631. 

DORAT,  John-,  a  French  poet,  b.  in 
1507,  was  professor  of  Greek  at  the 
Royal  college,  and  poet  laureate  to 
Charles  IX.  "  lie  has  the  reputation  of 
greatly  contributing  to  the  revival  of 
classical  literature  in  France,  and  of 
having  written  a  host  of  Greek  and 
Latin  verses,  besides  some  French  po- 
ems. D.  15S3. —  Claude  Joseph,  a 
French  poet,  b.  1734.  His  works  are 
voluminous,  and  embrace  poetry  of  every 
class,  with  dramas  and  romances.  D. 
1780. 

DO  HI  A,  Andrew,  a  Genoese  naval 
commander  of  great  renown,  was  b.  of 
a  noble  family  at  Onoglia,  1468.  Hav- 
ing distinguished  himself  in  the  service 
of  different  Italian  states,  and  success- 
fully contended  against  the  African  pi- 
rate's and  other  enemies  of  his  native 
country,  he  entered  the  French  service, 
in  the  hope  of  counteracting  the  revolu- 
tion that  had  broken  out  in  Genoa,  by- 
putting  that  city  in  possession  of  the 
French;  but  failing  in  his  design,  he 
joined  with  the  Imperialists  in  endeav- 
oring to  expel  them.  This  object  being 
ctfecte  1,  the  Genoese  senate  gave  him 
the  title  of  "  the  Father  and  Defender 
of  his  Country,"  erected  a  statue  to  his 
honor,  and  built  a  palace  for  him.  His 
whole  life  was  a  scene  of  great  exploits 
and  brilliant  successes;  and  he  d.  at 
the  great  aee  of  92,  in  1560. 

DORIGNY,  Michael,  a  French  paint- 
er and  engraver  in  aqua-fortis,  was  b.  in 
1G17,  and  d.  in  1665. — Nicholas,  a  son 
of  the  foregoing,  b.  1657,  was  the  en- 
graver of  the  celebrated  cartoons  of 
Raphael  at  Hampton-court,  for  which 
he  received  the  honor  of  knighthood 
from  George  I.  D.  at  Paris,  1746,  aged 
90. 

D'OKLEA  NS,  Peter  Joseph,  a  French 
biatorian,  and  one  of  the  society  of  Jes- 


359 


nits,  was  the  author  of  "A  History  of 
the  Revolutions  of  England,"  and  "A 
History  of  the  Revolutions  of  Spain." 
B.  16-14;  d.  1698. 

DORSCH,  Everahd,  a  celebrated  en- 
graver on  gems,  was  b.  at  Nuremburg, 
1649,  and  d.  1712. 

DORSET,  Thomas  Sackville,  carl  of, 
the  son  of  sir  Richard  Sackville,  was  b. 
in  1527,  and  educated  at  Oxford  and 
Cambridge.  He  was  distinguished  both 
as  a  statesman  and  an  author,  haviag 
been  ambassador  to  Holland,  chancellor 
of  Oxford,  and  lord  treasurer.  lie  wrote 
the  "Induction  to  the  Mirror  for  Magis- 
trates," and  the  "  Complaint  of  Henry, 
duke  of  Buckingham,"  &c.  1*.  1608.— 
Charles  Sackville,  earl  of,  was  b.  in 
1687.  He  was  one  of  the  distinguished 
wits  and  revellers  at  the  court  of  Charles 
II. ;  but  he  was  of  an  heroic  turn;  and 
while  acting  as  a  volunteer,  under  the 
duke  of  York,  in  the  Dutch  war,  he 
wrote  on  the  eve  of  a  battle  the  cele- 
brated song,  "To  all  you  ladies  now 
on  land."  His  poems  possess  consider- 
able point  and  liveliness.     D.  1 7 ■  > < "> . 

DOSSI,  Dosso,  a  painter  of  Ferrara, 
some  of  whose  works  have  much  of  the 
style  both  of  Titian  and  Raphael.  Ari- 
os'to  mentions  him  in  terms  of  high  eom- 
nieu  lation.     B.  1479;  d.  1560. 

DOUCR,  Francis,  an  antiquarian,  well 
known  to  the  literary  work!  by  his  "  Il- 
lustrations of  Shakspeare  and  of  Ancient 
Manners."  He  also  contributed  various 
papers  to  the  '•  Archseologia,"  the  "Gen- 
tleman's Magazine,"  &c. ;  and  shortly 
before  his  death  published  a  beautiful 
volume,  illustrating  the  "  Dance  of 
Death,"  by  dissertations  on  the  claims 
of  Helbein  and  Macaber.    D.  1834. 

DOUGLAS,  Gawin,  a  Scotch  divine, 
and  poet  of  some  eminence,  was  b.  at 
Brechin,  1474.  After  receiving  a  liberal 
education  he  entered  the  church,  >vas 
made  provost  of  St.  Giles's,  and  event- 
ually- obtained  the  abbacy  of  Aber- 
brothick  and  the  bishopric  of  Dunkeld. 
Political  dissensions  induced  him  to 
seek  refuge  in  England,  where  he  waa 
liberally  treated  by  Henry  VIII.,  'out  ho 
fell  a  victim  to  the  plague  of  Ron  Ion, 
in  1522.  He  wrote  "The  Palace  of 
Honor."  and  other  works  ;  but  his  chief 
performance  is  a  translation  «t'  Virgil's 
^Eneid. — Tames,  an  eminent  anatomist, 
was  b.  in  Scotland,  107"> ;  settled  in  Lon- 
don, and  was  patronized  by  the  cele- 
brated Dr.  John  Hunter.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  a  "Comparative  Description  of 
all  the  Muscles"  and  other  works  on 
medical  science.    D.  174'-'.— Sir  James, 


3G0 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[dou 


a  renowned  warrior,  \%  ho  on  the  death 
of  Kobert  Bruce,  king  ot'  Scotland,  was 
commissioned  to  carry  tlie  king's  heart 
to  the  holy  sepulchre  at  Jerusalem; 
upon  which  errand  he  sailed  in  June, 
1330.  On  arriving  olf  Sluys,  in  Flanders, 
where  he  expected  to  find  companions 
in  his  pilgrimage,  he  learned  that  Al- 
phonso  XL,  the  young  king  of  Leon 
and  Castile,  was  engaged  in  a  war  with 
Osman  the  Moor;  and  such  was  the 
crusading  zeal  of  Douglas  that  he  en- 
tered the  lists  against  the  foes  of  Chris- 
tianity. The  Moore  were  defeated ;  but 
Douglas  was  shun. — Archibald,  brother 
of  the  preceding,  was  appointed  regent 
for  Scotland  for  king  David  Bruce,  and 
fell  at  the  battle  of  Halidon  Hill,  July 
22,  1833. —  William,  lord  of  Liddisdale, 
was  a  warrior  of  considerable  renown  in 
the  14th  century;  but  whose  fame  was 
tarnished  by  an  act  of  baseness  and  in- 
humanity towards  the  brave  Alexander 
Ramsay.  The  king  pardoned  him,  but 
he  was  killed  by  the  earl  of  Douglas,  in 
13">3,  while  hunting  in  Ettrick  forest. — 
William,  first  earl  of,  was  taken  pris- 
oner with  David  Bruce  at  the  battle  of 
Durham,  but  soon  ransomed.  lie  re- 
covered Douglasdale  and  other  districts 
from  the  English;  afterwards  went  to 
France,  and  fought  at  the  battle  of  Poic- 
tiers.  D.  13S4. — James,  second  earl  of, 
after  performing  many  valorous  exploits, 
was  kille  1  at  the  battle  of  Otterburn,  in 
1388.— William,  lord  of  Nithsdalc,  call- 
ed "The  Black  Douglas,"  whose  very 
name  was  said  to  be  a  terror  to  the 
English,  married  Egedia,  daughter  of 
Robert  II. ;  and  after  a  life  of  bold  and 
successful  warfare,  was  murdered  by 
the  earl  of  Clifford,  inl3'J0. — Archibald, 
the  fourth  earl,  succeeded  his  father 
Archibald  in  the  title  and  estates,  and 
married  Margaret,  daughter  of  Robert 
II.  •  When  Henry  IV.  of  England  laid 
siege  to  the  castle  of  Edinburgh,  in 
1400,  Douglas  successfully  defended  it; 
but  he  lost  an  eye  and  was  taken  pris- 
oner at  the  battle  of  Homildon.  He 
afterwards  joined  Ferey  in  his  rebellion 
against  his  king,  was  taken  prisoner  at 
the  brittle  of  Shrewsbury,  but  recovered 
his  liberty  and  went  to  France,  where 
he  was  slain  at  the  battle  of  Vcrnoil,  in 
1424. — Archibald,  the  fifth  earl,  was  the 
ambassador  to  England  for  the  release 
of  James  1.  D.  1438. — William,  the 
sixth  earl,  is  remembered  on  account  of 
the  tragical  fate  which  awaited  him, 
almost  as  soon  as  he  came  to  his  family 
titles  and  estates.  Under  the  specious 
pretext  that  tbe  young  earl's  presence 


was  necessary  at  the  meeting  of  parlia- 
ment, to  be  held  at  Edinburgh,  he  and 
his  brother  accepted  an  invitation  to  a 
royal  feast  at  the  castle.  The  entertain- 
ment was  prolonged  with  unusual  pomp, 
and  every  delicacy  spread  on  the  table ; 
till  at  length  a  bull's  head  was  suddenly 
placed  before  the  two  noble  guests, 
which  they  knew  to  be  the  herald  ot 
death.  They  then  hastily  sprung  from 
their  seats,  and  made  some  vain  efforts 
to  escape ;  but  a  body  of  armed  men,  at 
a  given  signal,  rushed  in,  bound  their 
hands,  and  led  them  to  instant  execu- 
tion. This  happened  in  1437.  —  Wil- 
liam, the  eighth  earl,  was  a  haughty  and 
ambitious  noble,  wielding  at  times  an 
uncontrolled  influence  over  the  king, 
and  at  others  openly  bearding  his  au- 
thority. He  raised  the  power  and 
grandeur  of  the  house  of  Douglas  to  its 
loftiest  height;  and,  not  content  with 
the  sway  he  exercised  at  home,  caused, 
himself  to  be  received  at  Rome  an  I 
France  with  those  honors  which  are  duo 
to  sovereign  princes.  Killed  hy  King 
James,  1452.  —  James,  brother  of  the 
foregoing,  and  ninth  aud  last  earl,  took 
up  arms  to  revenge  his  brother's  death, 
and,  assembling  all  the  members  of  the 
league,  brought  a  largo  army  into  the 
field.  The  king,  however,  being  active, 
and  well  provided  with  forces,  laid  siege 
to  the  castle  of  Abercom,  when  Douglas 
fled  to  Annaudale,  with  his  brothers, 
the  earls  of  Onnond  and  Moray.  Thither 
they  were  pursued  by  the  king's  forces; 
Moray  was  slain,  Ormond  made  pris- 
oner, and  Douglas  himself  driven  to 
provide  for  his  safety  in  England.  Sev- 
eral years  after,  Douglas  returned  with 
Percy,  carl  of  Northumberland,  upon  an 
expedition  against  his  country,  in  which 
Douglas  was  taken  prisoner;  and  James 
contented  himself  with  sending  his  rebel 
captive  to  the  abbey  of  Lindores,  where 
he  d.  1488. — George,  fifth  earl  of  Angus, 
was  commander  of  the  forces  that  de- 
feated the  earls  of  Douglas  and  Nor- 
thumberland, when  Douglas  was  taken 
prisoner,  and  his  estates  forfeited.  D. 
14(52. — Archibald,  sixth  earl  of  Angus, 
commanded  the  right  wing  of  the  royal 
army  at  the  battle  of  Torwood,  where 
James  III.  lost  his  life;  and  at  the  fatal 
battle  of  Flodden  Field  he  endeavored, 
though  unsuccessfully,  to  dissuade 
James  IV.  from  that  engagement.  His 
eldest  son,  George,  was  there  slain  ;  and 
the  earl  died  in  the  year  following. — ■ 
James,  earl  of  Morton,  was  for  some 
time  regent  of  Scotland,  and  was  a  chief 
actor  in  the   transactions   which    took 


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CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


3G1 


place  in  that  country  during  the  reign 
of  Mary,  and  in  the  minority  of  her  son 
James  VI.  lie  was  beheaded  in  1581. — 
James,  carl  of  Morton  and  Aberdeen, 
was  b.  at  Edinburgh,  1707.  Ho  estab- 
lished the  Edinburgh  Philosophical  So- 
ciety, and  in  1733  was  elected  president 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  London.  D. 
1708. — Jon.v,  a  learned  divine  and  critic, 
b.  atPittcuweein,  Fifeshire,  in  1721 ;  was 
raisod  to  the  see  of  Carlisle  in  1787; 
transferred  to  that  of  Salisbury  in  1792; 
and  d.  in  1807.  Dr.  Douglas  was  a  dis- 
tinguished writer,  and  the  friend  of  Dr. 
JVmnson  and  most  of  the  eminent  lit- 
erary characters  of  his  day. — David  B., 
an  officer  of  the  United  States  army,  who 
behaved  gallantly  at  Lunch's  Lane  and 
the  siege  of  Fort  Erie.  lie  afterwards 
took  an  active  part  in  the  organization 
of  the  military  academy  at  West  Point, 
where  he  was  a  professor  for  some  years, 
when  he  retired  to  prepare  the  plans, 
etc.,  for  the  Croton  aqueduct,  and  to 
discharge  the  duties  of  president  of 
Kenyon  college.     B.  1793;  d.  1849. 

DOUSA,  John,  whose  real  name  was 
Van'deb  Does,  was  b.  at  Noordwick, 
Holland,  in  1545.  He  became  eminent 
botli  as  a  soldier  and  a  scholar.  D.  1604. 

DOUW,  Gerard,  an  eminent  Dutch 
painter,  and  the  pupil  of  Rembrandt, 
was  b.  at  Leyden,  1613,  and  d.  there  in 
1674,  or,  as  some  say,  in  1680.  For  the 
excellence  of  his  coloring,  delicacy  of 
finish,  and  attention  to  every  minutiae 
of  his  art,  this  master's  compositions  are 
unrivalled;  and  the  prices  which  some 
of  his  paintings  have  obtained  are  al- 
most without  parallel. 

DOVER,  George  James  Welbore 
Agar  Ellis,  Lord,  was  b.  1797.  In  1818 
he  was  returned  as  member  for  Heytes- 
bury  ;  in  succeeding  parliaments  he  sat 
for  Scaford,  Ludgcrshall,  and  Oak- 
hampton;  and  in  1830  he  was  appointed 
chief  commissioner  of  woods  and  forests. 
But  it  is  as  a  patron  of  the  fine  arts,  and 
as  a  promoter  of  literature,  that  Lord 
Dover  will  be  chiefly  remembered.  In 
1828  he  published  "Historical  Inquiries 
respecting  the  Character  of  Edward 
Hyde,  Earl  of  Clarendon  ;"  after  which 
appeared  the  "Ellis  Correspondence," 
which  was  followed  by  his  "  Life  of 
Fredef.c  the  Great;"  and  his  last  liter- 
ary task  was  that  of  editing  the  "  Letters 
of  Horace  Walpole  to  Sir  Horace  Mann." 
D.  1833. 

DOYEN,  Gabriel  Francis,  an  emi- 
nent French  painter,  pupil  of  Vanloo. 
The  "  Death  of  Virginia,"  "  Death  of 
St.  Louis,"  and  other  works  of  great 
31 


merit,    were    produced    by    him.      D 

1806. 

DRACO,  an  Athcniar  legislator,  the 
extraordinary  and  indiscriminate  sever- 
ity of  whose  laws  has  rendered  his  name 
odious  to  humanity, 

DRAKE,  Sir  Fbanois,  an  eminent 
navigator  and  commander,  was  b.  at 
Tavistock,  Devon,  1545.  He  first  served 
in  the  royal  navy  under  his  relative,  Sir 
John  Hawkins  ;  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  valor  at  the  unfortunate  ex- 
pedition against  the  Spaniards,  in  the 
harbor  of  Vera  Cruz.  In  1570  he  went 
to  the  West  Indies,  on  a  cruise  against 
the  Spaniards,  which  he  soon  repeated 
with  success  ;  and  in  1572,  having  re- 
ceived the  command  of  two  vessels,  for 
the  purpose  of  attacking  the  commercial 
ports  of  Spanish  America,  he  took  pos- 
session of  two  of  their  cities,  and  re- 
turned laden  with  booty.  On  his  return 
he  equipped  three  frigates  at  his  own 
expense,  with  which  he  served  as  a  vol- 
unteer, under  the  carl  of  Essex,  in  Ire- 
land, where  he  distinguished  himself  so 
much  by  his  bravery,  that  Sir  Christo- 
pher Hatton  introduced  him  to  Queen 
Elizabeth.  Drake  disclosed  to  her  his 
plan,  and  being  furnished  with  five 
ships,  he  sailed,  in  1577,  to  attack  the 
Spaniards  in  the  South  seas.  In  this 
expedition  he  ravaged  the  Spanish  set- 
tlements, coasted  the  North  American 
shore  as  far  as  48"  N.  hit.,  and  gave  the 
name  of  New  Albion  to  the  country  he 
had  discovered.  He  then  went  to  the 
East  Indies,  and  having  doubled  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  returned  to  Ply- 
mouth in  1580.  In  1585  he  again  sailed 
to  the  West  Indies,  and  succeeded  in 
taking  several  places  and  ships.  In 
1587  he  commanded  a  fleet  of  30  sail, 
with  which  he  entered  the  harbor  of 
Cadiz,  and  destroyed  the  shipping  :  and, 
in  the  following  year,  he  commanded  as 
vice-admiral  under  Lord  Howard,  and 
had  his  share  in  the  destruction  of  the 
Spanish  armada.  D.  off  Nombre  de 
Dios,  1596. — Francis,  an  eminent  anti- 
quary and  surgeon  at  York  ;  author  of 
"  Eboracum,"  or  the  history  and  anti- 
quities of  that  city.  D.  1770. — James, 
an  English  physician  and  political  wri- 
ter, was  b.  at  Cambridge,  in  1667.  In 
1704  he  published  a  volume,  entitled 
"  The  Memorial  of  the  Church  of  En- 
gland," which  gave  such  offence  that  a 
proclamation  was  issued  for  discovering 
the  author,  who  kept  concealed.  He 
was  afterwards  prosecuted  for  the  pub- 
lication of  a  newspaper,  called  "  Mer- 
curius  Politicus  ;"  but  though  he   was 


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CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    TUOGRA1-HY. 


[duo 


acquitted,  it  produced  in  him  such 
violent  excitement  :>s  to  cause  his  death. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  a  "System  of 
Anatomy,"  a  translation  of  Herodotus, 
&c  D.  1707. — Joseph  Rodman,  a  poet 
and  physician  of  the  city  of  New  York, 
who  d.  while  he  was  yet  young,  but  who, 
in  his  "  Culprit  Fay,"  and  several  mis- 
cellaneous pieces,  gave  promise  of  the 
most  exalted  fame.  His  friend,  Fitz- 
Greene  Halleck,  has  celebrated  his 
memory,  in  those  often-quoted  lines  : 


He  was  b.  1795;  d.  1S20. 

DRAPER,  Sir  William,  a  military 
officer,  well  known  also  as  a  controver- 
sial writer,  was  b.  at  Bristol,  1721. 
Having  entered  the  army,  he  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  East  Indies,  was 
raised  to  the  rank  of  a  colonel  in  1760, 
and  in  1763  he  commanded  the  troops  at 
the  capture  of  Manilla,  for  which  he  re- 
ceived the  honor  of  knighthood.  In 
1779  he  was  appointed  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  Minorca.  He  owes  his  literary 
celebrity  to  the  circumstance  of  his 
having  undertaken  the  defence  of  his 
friend,  the  marquis  of  Gran  by,  against 
the  attacks  of  Junius.     D.  1787. 

DRAYTON,  Michael,  a  poet,  was  b. 
at  Atherstone,  Warwickshire,  in  1563, 
and  educated  at  Oxford.  He  wrote 
"The  Shepherd's  Garland,"  "Baron's 
Wars,"  "  Erfgland's  Heroical  Epistles," 
"  Polyolbion,"  "Nymphidia,"  &c,  and 
is  reckoned  a  standard  author  among 
the  carl v  poets.     D.  1631. 

DREBBEL,  Cornelius  Van,  a  Dutch 
chemist  and  natural  philosopher,  wash. 
at  Alkmaar,  in  1572.  With  a  consider- 
able share  of  charlatanism,  he  combined 
real  talent,  and  made  several  useful  dis- 
coveries ;  such  as  the  invention  of  the 
thermometer,  the  method  of  dyeing 
scarlet,  and  the  improvement  of  tele- 
scopes and  microscopes.     D.  1634. 

DRELINCOURT,  Charles,  a  French 
Protestant  divine,  was  b.  at  Sedan  in 
1595,  and  d.  at  Paris  in  1661).  He  was 
the  author  of  several  religions  books, 
but  the  only  one  by  which  he  is  now  re- 
membered is  that  entitled  "Consola- 
tions against  the  Fears  of  Death." 

DREW,  Samuel,  the  son  of  poor 
parents  at  St.  Austell,  Cornwall,  was  b. 
in  1765,  and  became  a  shoemaker.  In 
1799  he  published  his  "Remarks  on 
Painc's  Age  of  Reason."  This  was 
very  favorably  received  ;  but  it  was  from 
his  next -pro duction,  entitled  "An  Essay 
on  the  immateriality  and  Immortality 
of  the  Soul,"  that  he' is  chiefly  indebted 


for  his  reputation  as  a  thcologkal  meta- 
physician. Quitting  trade,  he  now  wrote 
several  valuable  works,  among  which 
must  be  noticed  his  "Treatise  on  the 
Being  and  Attributes  of  God ;"  and  from 
the  year  1S19  to  his  death  he  edited  the 
"Imperial  Magazine"  with  singular 
ability.     D.1833. 

DROUET.  John  Baptist,  one  of  the 
French  revolutionists,  was  b.  1763.  He 
was  postmaster  of  Mcnehould  when 
Louis  XVI.  and  his  family,  in  1791, 
passed  through  that  town  in  their  en- 
deavors to  escape  from  France ;  and  it 
was  owing  to  Drouct  that  they  were 
conducted  back  to  Paris.  For  this  im- 
portant service  the  national  assembly 
ottered  him  30,000  francs,  winch  he  re- 
fused.  In  1792  he  was  nominated  a 
deputy  to  the  convention,  in  which  ho 
distinguished  himself  by  his  support  of 
the  most,  violent  measures.      D.  1824. 

DROUOT,  General  Count,  the  well- 
known  commander  of  the  artillery  of  the 
guard  under  Napoleon,  was  b.  at  Nancy, 
1774.  Scarcely  had  he  finished  his  edu- 
cation when  the  wars  of  the  revolution 
broke  out  in  1792.  The  foil  wing  year 
he  was  admitted  into  the  school  of  artil- 
lery as  sub-lieutenant,  and  gradually 
rose  through  the  different  ranks  to  that 
of  general  of  division,  which  he  attained 
in  1813.  In  abilities  as  an  officer  of 
artillery,  in  bravery  and  steadiness,  and, 
above  all,  in  single-minded  honesty, 
standi  fidelity,  and  unimpeachal  le  vir- 
tue, he  had  no  superior  and  but  few 
equals  in  all  that  band  of  heroes  who 
raised  the  emperor  to  his  throne.  D. 
1847. 

DROZ,  Peter  Jacquet,  a  skilful  me- 
chanician, was  a  native  of  Switzerland, 
and  b.  in  1721.  Among  other  curious 
things  he  made  a  writing  automaton,  the 
motions  of  whose  fingers,  &c.,  corre- 
sponded exactly  with  those  of  nature. 
D.  1790. — Henry  Lours  Jaoqcet,  a  son 
of  the  foregoing,  b.  in  175'.i,  excelled 
even  his  father,  by  whom  he  was  taught, 
in  the  construction  of  mechanical  fig- 
ures. At  the  age  of  22  he  went  to  Paris 
with  some  of  the  products  of  his  inge- 
nuity, among  which  was  an  automaton 
representinsx  a  female  playing  on  the 
harpsichord,  which  followed  the  notes 
in  the  music-book  with  the  eyes  and 
head,  and  having  finished  playing,  got 
up  and  made  an  obeisance  to  the  eoin- 
panv.     D.  1791. 

D'RUMMOND,  William,  a  Scotch 
poet,  was  the  son  of  Sir  John  Drum- 
mond  of  Hawthorn  den,  and  b.  1585.  Ho 
was  educated  at  thj  university  of  Edin- 


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CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY-. 


303 


burgh,  rind  studied  civil  law  at  Bourses  ; 
but  Parnassus  had  more  charms  for  Vim 
than  legal  science ;  and,  on  coming  to 
the  family  estate,  the  romantic  beauties 
of  Ilawt'honulcn  inspired  him  with  a 
lovo  for  poetry  and  polite  literature. 
His  poems  are  replete  with  tenderness 
and  delicacy.  He  d.  1640,  and  his  death 
is  said  to  have  been  accelerated  by  grief 
for  the  tragical  fate  of  Charles  1. — Sir 
William,  a  learned  antiquary,  a  states- 
man, and  the  author  of  several  works, 
classical  and  historical.  He  was  a  privy 
councillor,  and  at  one  period  tilled  the 
office  of  envoy  extraordinary  and  minis- 
ter plenipotentiary  from  Great  Britain  to 
the  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies;  and  at  an- 
other, (1801,)  went  on  an  embassy  to 
Constantinople,  when  he  was  invested 
with  the  Turkish  order  of  the  Crescent. 
His  principal  works  are  "  A  Review  of 
the  Governments  of  Sparta  and  Ath- 
ens," "  Ilerculauensia,"  "Odin,"  a  po- 
em, and  "  Origines,  or  Remarks  on  the 
Origin  of  several  Empire.^,  States,  and 
Cities."     D.  at  Rome,  1828. 

DRYDEN,  John,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  English  poets,  was  b.  at  Aid- 
winkle,  Northamptonshire,  in  1681,  and 
received  his  education  at  Westminster 
school  and  Trinity  college,  Cambridge. 
On  the  death  of  his  father,  in  1654,  lie 
went  to  London,  and  acted  as  secretary 
to  his  relation,  Sir  Gilbert  Pickering, 
who  was  one  of  Cromwell's  council : 
and  on  the  death  of  the  protector  he 
wrote  his  well-known  laudatory  stanzas 
on  that  event.  At  the  restoration,  how- 
ever, he  greeted  Charles  II.  with  a  poem, 
entitled  "  Astrea  Redux,"  which  was 
quickly  followe  1  by  a  panegyric  on  the 
coronation;  and  from  thai  time  his  love 
for  the  royal  house  of  Stuart  appears  to 
have  known  no  decay.  In  1661  lie  pro- 
duced his  first  play,  "The  Duke  of 
Guise,"  but  the  first  that  was  performed 
Was    "The  Wild   Gallant,"    which   ap- 

E  eared  in  the  year  following.  In  1667 
e  published  his  "  Annus  Mirabilis ;" 
and  his  reputation,  both  as  a  poet  and  a 
royalist,  being  now  established,  he  was 
appointed  poet  laureate  and  historiogra- 
pher royal,  with  a  salary  of  £200  per 
annum.  He  now  became  professionally 
a  writer  for  the  stage,  and  produced 
many  pieces,  some  of  which  have  been 
Btrongly  eeu.s.irc  1  for  their  licentiousness 
and  want  of  good  taste.  In  1681  he 
tommenccd  his  career  of  political  satire, 
ind  at  the  express  desire  of  Charles  II. 
composed  his  famous  poem  of  "  Absa- 
lom and  Aehitophel,"  which  he  followed 
Up  by  "  The  Medal,"  and  "  A  Satire  on 


Sedition."  His  next  satire  was  "  Mao 
Flccknoe;"  after  which  appeared  "  Re- 
li.urio  Laici,"  a  compendious  view  of  the 
arguments  in  favor  of  revelation.  At 
the  accession  of  James  II.,  Dryden  be- 
came a  Roman  Catholic,  and,  like  most 
converts,  endeavored  to  defend  his  new 
faith  at  the  expense  of  the  old  on.',  in  a 
poem  called  "The  Hind  anil  Panther," 
which  was  admirably  answered  by  Prior 
and  Montague,  in  "The  Countrj  Mouse 
and  City  Mouse."  The  abdication  of 
James  deprived  Dryden  of  all  his  offi- 
cial emoluments;  and  during  the  10 
concluding  years  of  his  life,  when  he 
actually  wrote  for  bread,  he  produced 
some  of  the  finest  pieces  of  which  our 
language  can  boast.  His  translation  of 
Virgil,  which  alone  would  be  sufficient 
to  immortalize  his  memory,  appeared  in 
1607;  and,  soon  after,  that  masterpiece 
of  lyric  poetry,  "  Alexander's  Feast," 
his  "Fables,"  &c.     D.  1700. 

DUBOCAGE,  Maeie  Anne  le  Page, 
a  French  lady  of  considerable  literary 
abilities,  and  a  member  of  the  academies 
of  Rome,  Bologna,  &c.,  was  b.  at  Rouen, 
1710.  She  translated  Pope's  "Temple 
of  Fame,"  Milton's  "  Paradise  Lost," 
"The  Death  of  Abel,"  &c.  into  French, 
and  wrote  "The  Columbiad,"  an  epic 
poem  on  the  discovery  of  America ; 
"The  Amazons,"  a  tragedy ;  and  "  Trav- 
els through  England,  Holland,  and  Ita- 
ly."    D.1802.  ' 

DU  BOIS,  Edward,  who  trained  a 
high  reputation  in  the  lighter  literature 
of  the  day,  was  b.  1775.  He  commenced 
his  literary  career  as  the  editor  of  the 
"Monthly'  Mirror,"  while  Thomas  Hill 
was  its  proprietor,  and  Theodore  Hook 
was  a  contributor.  He  at  the  same  time 
filled  the  lighter  departments  of  the 
"Morning  Chronicle,"  under  Mr.  Per- 
ry; and  he  maintained  his  connection 
with  the  press  to  his  latest  years.  In 
1808  appeared  "My  Pocket  Book,  or 
Hints  for  a  rvghte  merrye  and  eonceit- 
ede  Tour  in  Quarto,"  written  in  ridicule 
of  the  books  of  travel  manufactured  by 
Sir  John  Carr.  The  only  works  pub- 
lished with  his  name  were  "Tho 
Wreath,"  "  Old  Nick,"  a  satirical  story, 
the  "  Decameron  of  Boccacio,  with 
Remarks  on  his  Life  and  Writings," 
and  an  edition  of  "  Francis's  Horace. 
D.  1850. — De  Cranoe,  Edmund  Louis 
Alexis,  a  modern  French  statesman, 
was  b.  at  Charleville  in  1749.  lie  was 
one  of  the  deputies  to  the  states-general 
in  17s'j,  and  in  the  convention  he  voted 
for  the  death  of  the  king.  To  him  the 
republican  army  owed  its  first  organiza 


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CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


[dud 


tion,  by  hi*  having  procured  the  decree 
for  the  levy  of  ii00,000  men,  promotion 
iiccording  to  seniority,  &c.  D.  1814. — 
William,  a  French  cardinal  and  states- 
man, notorious  for  his  ambition  and  his 
vices,  was  the  son  of  an  apothecary,  and 
b.  at  Brive  la  Gaillard,  in  the  Limousin, 
in  1656.  Haying  obtained  the  situation 
of  preceptor  to  the  duke  of  Orleans,  he 
pandered  to  the  passions  of  his  pupil, 
and  secured  his  attachment ;  till  at 
length  he  became  his  privy  councillor, 
and  overseer  to  the  household ;  and, 
when  the  duke  became  regent,  he  was 
appointed  minister  of  foreign  affairs. 
Ihc  archbishopric  of  Cambray  having 
become  vacant,  Dubois,  though  not 
even  a  priest,  had  the  boldness  to  re- 
quest it,  and  succeeded ;  and  by  his 
consummate  address  he  afterwards  ob- 
tained a  cardinal's  hat,  and  was  made 
prime  minister.     D.  1723. 

DUBOS,  Jean  Baptiste,  an  author  of 
merit,  and  secretary  to  the  French  Acad- 
emy, was  b.  at  Beauvois  in  1670,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  both  as  an  historian 
and  a  writer  on  the  polite  arts.  D. 
1742. 

DUBY,  Peter  Aucher  Tobiesen,  a 
celebrated  Swiss  medalist  and  antiqua- 
rian, was  b.  1721,  and  d.  1782. 

DUCAREL,  Andrew  Ooltee,  an  emi- 
nent antiquary  and  civilian,  was  b.  at 
Caen,  Normandy,  1713.  His  principal 
works  arc  ''Anglo-Norman  Antiquities" 
and  "Histories  of  Lambeth  Palace  and 
of  St.  Catharine's  Church."     D.  1785. 

DUCASSE,  Jean  Baptiste,  a  French 
naval  officer,  who,  as  governor  of  St. 
Domingo,  rendered  himself  formidable 
to  the  English,  and  who  also  obtained  a 
victory  over  Benbow.     D.  1715. 

DUCHANGE,  Gaspard,  a  French  en- 
graver, and  counsellor  of  the  academy 
of  painting.     B.  1662;  d.  1756. 

DUCHESNE,  Andrew,  geographer 
and  historiographer  to  the  king  of 
France,  was  b.  15S4,  and  d.  1640. — 
Joseph,  better  known  by  the  Latin 
name  of  Quercetanus,  a  celebrated 
French  physician  and  writer;  author  of 
a  "  Pharmacopoeia,"  and  several  med- 
ical works,  now  very  rarely  referred  to. 
D.  1609. 

DUCHESNOTS,  Josephine  Rufin,  a 
celebrated  French  actress  of  whom  it  is 
said  that  she  was  so  much  attracted  by 
the  representation  of  "  Medea,"  which 
she  witnessed  when  only  8  years  of  age, 
that  she  secretly  began  to  prepare  for 
her  future  career,  and  appeared  in  the 
part  of  Palmyra,  in  "  Mahomet,"  when 
■>nly  13.    She  performed  at  the  Theatre 


Francais  from  1802  until  1S30.   B.  1777 
d.  1835. 

DUCIS,  Jean  Francois,  a  distin- 
guished French  dramatist,  was  b.  at 
Versailles  in  1733.     D.  1817. 

DUCK,  Stkphe.,-,  an  English  poet, 
was  originally  an  agricultural  laborer, 
near  Marlborough,  Wilts,  who,  in  a  fit 
of  mental  derangement,  drowned  him- 
self, in  1756. 

DUCKWORTH,  Sir  John  Thomas,  an 
English  admiral,  b.  in  Surrey,  1748,  and 
entered  the  navy  in  1759.  lie  had  fre- 
quent opportunities  of  distinguishing 
himself  during  the  war,  from  the  mem- 
orable action  of  the  1st  of  June,  1794, 
in  which  he  took  a  conspicuous  part,  to 
his  destruction  of  the  French  squadron 
off  St.  Domingo,  in  1806.     D.  1817. 

DUCLOS,  Charles  Pineau,  a  French 
novelist  and  biographer,  was  b.  at  Di- 
nant,  in  Brittany,  in  1705;  became  sec- 
retary of  the  French  Academy,  and  on 
the  death  of  Voltaire  was  appointed  to 
the  office  of  historiographer  of  France. 
All  his  writings  arc  lively  and  satirical, 
descriptive  of  love,  women,  and  in- 
trigue ;  the  principal  are  "  Memoires 
stir  le  Mceurs  dn  XVllImc  Siecle," 
"Confessions  du  Compte  du  B."  D. 
1772. 

DUCREST,  Charles  Louis,  marquis 
was  a  brother  of  maclame  de  Ge.nlis.  He 
published,  in  1817,  "  Faite  de  la  Mo- 
narchic Absolute,"  a  work  containing, 
among  other  singular  propositions,  one 
to  teach  the  military  discipline  on  the 
Lancasterian  system. 

DUDLEY,  '  Edmund,  a  celebrated 
statesman,  b.  1462,  who  on  the  death  of 
Henry  VII.  was  sent,  with  Empson,  to 
the  Tower,  and  beheaded  in  1510. 
While  in  confinement,  Dudley  wrote  a 
piece  entitled  "  The  Tree  of  the  Com- 
monwealth."— John,  duke  of  Northum- 
berland, was  a  son  of  the  preceding,  and 
b.  in  1502.  He  was  first  created  Vis- 
count Lisle,  then  earl  of  Warwick,  and 
after  being  appointed  lord  high  admiral, 
reached  his  dukedom  in  1551.  He  ef- 
fected a  marriage  between  his  son,  Lord 
Guildford  Dudley,  and  Lady  Jane  Grey, 
daughter  of  the  duke  of  Suffolk.  He 
afterwards  prevailed  on  the  young  king, 
Edward,  to  set  aside  his  sisters,  Mary 
and  Elizabeth,  from  the  succession  in 
favor  of  Lady  Jane,  whom  he  caused  to 
be  proclaimed  at  the  king's  death.  But 
an  insurrection  being  raised  in  favor  of 
Mary,  she  was  proclaimed  in  London, 
and  the  duke  executed  as  a  traitor,  in 
1558. — Robert,  earl  of  Leicester,  a  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  b.  1532.     Queen 


DUIl] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


r>t>c 


Elizabeth  proposed  him  as  a  husband 
for  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  but  she  re- 
jected him  with  disdain;  and  in  1572 

he  married  privately  Lady  Douglas,  but 
never  acknowledged  her  as  his  wife. 
He  afterwards  married  the  countess 
dowager  of  Essex,  and  muling  Lady 
Douglas  intractable  to  his  proposals  for 
a  separation,  is  charged  with  having 
poisoned  her.  D.  1588. — Sir  Robert, 
the  son  of  the  earl  of  Leicester  by  the 
Lady  Douglas,  was  b.  1573.  He  drained 
the  morass  between  Pisa  and  the  Bea, 
by  which  Leghorn  became  one  of  the 
finest  ports  in  the  world.  He  was  the 
author  of  "Del  Arcano  del  Mare,"  and 
other  works.  D.  1630. — Sir  Henry 
Bate,  was  b.  in  1745.  educated  for  the 
church,  and  took  orders.  Much  of  his 
early  life  was,  however,  spent  in  politi- 
cal, literary,  and  convivial  society;  and, 
in  spite  of  his  sacerdotal  calling,  he  was 
engaged  in  several  duels.  "  Parson 
Bate,"  as  he  was  familiarly  called,  es- 
tablished the  "Morning  Post,"  and 
M  Morning  Herald,"  daily  papers ;  and 
wrote  "The  Woodman,"  "Rival  Can- 
didates," and  several  other  dramatic 
pieces.  His  political  connections  event- 
ually procured  him  a  baronetcy  and 
valuable  church  preferment.  D.  1824. — 
John  William  Ward,  earl  of,  was  a 
man  of  powerful  talents,  but  remarkable 
for  his  absence  of  mind  and  the  habit 
of  "thinking  aloud,"  of  which  man, 
ludicrous  anecdotes  are  told.  In  182J 
he  succeeded  to  the  peerage;  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  state  for  foreign 
affairs,  and  sworn  a  member  of  the 
privy  council  in  1827  ;  raised  to  the 
rank  of  an  earl  in  the  same  year,  and 
d.  1833. 

DUFAU,  Fortune,  a  native  of  St.  Do- 
mingo, who  studied  under  David,  and 
became  an  excellent  painter.  His 
"Count  Ugolino  in  Prison"  is  an  ad- 
mirable production.     D.  1821. 

DU FRESNO Y,  Charles  Alphonso,  a 
French  painter  and  poet,  was  b.  1611. 
In  1634  lie  went  to  Italy,  where  he  com- 
pleted his  well-known  poem,  "  De  Arte 
Graphica;"  though  it  did  not  appear 
till  after  his  death,  when  his  friend  De 
Piles  published  it,  with  annotations. 
It  has  been  three  times  translated  into 
English,  by  Dryden,  Graham,  and  Ma- 
son. In  painting,  Titian  and  the  Ca- 
racci  appear  to  have  been  his  models; 
uid  though  he  benefited  but  little  by 
nis  artistical  labors,  they  are  now  highly 
valued.     D.  ]665. 

DUFRESN  Y,  Charles  Riviere,  a  ver- 
satile and  witty  French  dramatist  and 
8]* 


comic  writer,  was  b.  in  1648,  and  d.  in 
1724. 

DUGDALE,  Sir  William,  an  emi- 
nent antiquary  and  herald,  was  b.  near 
Coleshill,  Warwickshire,  1605.  His 
chief  work  is  the  "  Monastic-cm  Angli- 
ciiuiim ;"  but  he  also  wrote  "The  Bar- 
onage of  England,"  "The  History  of 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral,"  "  Origines  Juri- 
dicales,"  and  several  other  works  of 
merit.     D.  16S6. 

DUGUAY  TROUIN,  Rene,  one  of 
the  most  celebrated  naval  officers  of 
France,  was  b.  at  St.  Malo  in  1678.  His 
love  for  a  maritime  life  soon  showed 
itself,  and  at  the  age  of  18  he  was  the 
commander  of  a  privateer.  At  20  he 
maintained  an  action  with  forty -gun 
ship,  against  six  English  v  sscls,  but 
was  captured.    D.  1736. 

DUGUESCLIN,  Bertrand,  a  re- 
nowned French  warrior  and  statesman, 
who  was  constable  of  France  in  the  11th 
century,  may  be  regarded  as  a  model  of 
valor,  prudence,  and  high-minded  hero- 
ism. Though  deformed  in  person,  and 
of  an  unamiablc  disposition  in  his  youth, 
he  persevered  in  his  endeavors  to  eclipse 
these  defects  by  the  brilliancy  of  liia 
actions ;  and  mainly  to  him  must  be 
attributed  the  expulsion  of  the  English 
from  Normandy,  Guienne,  and  Poitou. 

DUIIALDE,'  John  Baptist,  a  French 
Jesuit,  was  the  author  of  "  A  Geograph- 
ical and  Historical  Description  of  China," 
which  lie  compiled  from  the  records  of 
successive  missionaries,  and  is  allowed 
to  furnish  the  best  account  ever  pub- 
lished of  that  immense  empire.  B.  1674; 
d.  1743. 

DUHAMEL,  John  Baptist,  a  French 
ecclesiastic  and  a  philosopher,  was  b.  at 
Vire,  in  Lower  Normandy,  1624.  In 
1678  appeared  his  "Philosophia  Vetus 
et  Nova."  His  other  works  are,  "  Re- 
gis Scientiarnm  Academias  Historia," 
and  an  edition  of  the  "  Vulgate  Bible, 
with  Notes  and  Tables,  Chronological 
and  Geographical."  D.  17"6— Du  Mon- 
ceau,  Henry  Louis,  an  eminent  French 
philosopher  and  writer  on  agriculture, 
b.  at  Paris,  1700.  His  whole  life  was 
dedicated  to  the  cultivation  of  useful 
science;  and  besides  largely  contribu- 
ting to  the  transactions  of  different  learn- 
ed societies,  of  which  he  was  a  member, 
the  following  arc  among  his  separate 
works:  "  Traite  de  la  Culture  des 
Terres,"  "Elements  of  Agriculture," 
Traite  des  Arbres  et  Arbustes  qui  se 
ctiltivcnt  en  France  en  pleinc  Terre," 
"Physique  des  Arbres,"  "  De  l'Ex- 
ploitation  des  Bois,"  "  Traite  des  Arbres 


3G6 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[dum 


Fruitiers,"  "  Eh'mens  de  l'Arehitecture 
Navale."    D.  1782. 

DUIGENAN,  Patrick,  an  Irish  civil- 
ian, was  b.  of  humble  parents,  in  1735. 
He  practised  as  a  barrister,  was  after- 
wards kii  g's  advocate,  then  judge  in 
the  prerogative  court ;  till  by  perseve- 
ring industry  he  raised  himself  to  the 
post  of  vicar-general  of  the  diocese  of 
Armagh,  with  a  seat  in  the  Irish  house 
of  commons,  and  the  rank  of  a  privy 
councillor.  He  was  a  strong  promoter 
of  the  Union,  and  as  firm  an  opponent 
of  Catholic  emancipation.  He  wrote 
"  Lachrymal  Academics,"  and  various 
political  pamphlets.    D.  1816. 

DUJARD1N,  Charles,  an  eminent 
Hutch  painter,  a  pupil  of  Berghem,  was 
b.  at  Amsterdam,  in  1640;  and  d.  at 
Venice,  1678. 

DU  JARRY,  Laurence  Juillakd, 
eminent  both  for  his  pulpit  oratory  and 
his  poetry,  was  b.  1658;  d.  1730. 

DULO'N,  Louis,  a  distinguished  flute- 
player  and  musical  composer,  was  b.  at 
Oranieuburg,  near  Berlin,  1769.  He  lost 
his  sight  at  a  very  early  age,  but  evin- 
cing a  decided  taste  for  music,  lie  was 
put  under  the  first  performers,  and  soon 
arrived  at  singular  eminence  in  his  pro- 
fession. He  prepared  an  autobiographi- 
cal work,  entitled  "The  Life  and  Opin- 
ions of  the  Blind  Flutist,"  which  was 
edited  by  the  celebrated  Wieland.  H. 
1826. 

DULONG,  a  celebrated  French  chem- 
ist, to  whom  we  owe  the  discovery  of 
the  "Chlorure  d' Azote,"  by  an  explo- 
sion of  which  dangerous  substance  he 
lost  an  eye  and  a  finger.  B.  1785;  d. 
1838. 

DUMANIANT,  John  Andrew,  an 
actor  and  dramatic  writer,  was  b.  in 
1754,  at  Claremont,  and  d.  in  1828. 

DUMARESQ,  Henry,  who  at  the 
time  of  his  death  was  chief  commission- 
er of  the  Australian  company  iu  New 
South  Wales,  entered  the  army  as  a  lieu- 
tenant in  the  9th  foot,  at  the  age  of  16 ; 
and  served  in  8  campaigns,  of  which  6 
were  in  the  Peninsula,  one  in  Canada, 
and  the  last  that  of  Waterloo,  where  he 
was  shot.  The  ball,  which  was  never 
extracted,  is  supposed  to  have  event- 
ually induced  paralysis,  and  caused  his 
death,  March,  1838. 

DUMESNIL,  Makie  Francoise,  a  cele- 
brated French  actress,  who  rose  to  the 
highest  eminence  as  a  tragical  performer, 
was  b.  1713,  first  appeared  on  the  stage 
in  1737,  retired  from  it  in  1775,  and  d. 
1803.  Like  Mrs.  Siddons,  she  surpassed 
all  her  cotemporaries  iu  parts  requiring 


queenly  dignity,  deep  pathos,  or  the  ve- 
hement display  of  the  fiercer  passions. 

DUMONT,  George,  a  statistical  wri- 
ter, and  at  one  time  secretary  to  the 
French  embassy  at  St.  Petcrsburgh,  was 
b.  at  Paris  in  1725,  and  d.  in  1788. 
Among  his  works  are  a  "  History  of  the 
Commerce  of  the  English  Colonies^"  a 
"Treatise  on  the  Circulation  of  Cred- 
it," &c. — John,  an  eminent  publicist, 
was  a  native  of  France,  but  settling  in 
Austria,  became  historiographer  to  the 
emperor,  by  whom  he  was  created  baron 
of  Carlscroon.  He  published  a  volumi- 
nous work,  entitled  "  A  Universal  Diplo- 
matic Code  of  the  Law  of  Nations," 
besides  "  Voyages,"  &c.  D.  1726. — 
Etienne,  a  distinguished  writer  on  le- 
gislation, and  a  member  of  the  order  of 
Jesuits,  was  b.  at  Geneva,  in  1750.  Ho 
resided  for  several  years  in  England, 
and  was  on  friendly  terms  with  the  cele- 
brated Jeremy  Bentham,  who  intrusted 
him  with  the  manuscript  of  his  "Traite 
de  Legislation  Civile,"  which  Dumont 
published  in  1802.  He  subsequently 
translated  and  edited  Bentham's  "  Thco- 
rie  des  Peines  et  des  Recompenses," 
and  also  published  his  "Tactics  of  Le- 
gislative Assemblies."  Since  his  death, 
which  happened  in  1829,  at  Milan,  an 
interesting  work  by  him,  under  the  title 
of  "  Souvenirs  sur  Mirabeau,"  has  been 
published. 

DUMONT  D'URVILLE,  Jules  Se- 
bastian Cesar,  one  of  the  most  skilful 
and  intrepid  navigators  of  France.  D. 
1842. 

DUMOURTER,  Chaeles  Francois,  an 
eminent  French  general,  was  b.  at  Cam- 
bray,  1739.  He  entered  the  army  early 
in  life,  and  at  24  years  of  age  had  re- 
ceived 22  wounds,  and  was  made  a 
knight  of  St.  Louis.  In  1772,  Louis 
XV.  sent  him  with  communications  to 
Sweden,  but  he  was  arrested,  and  for  a 
long  time  confined  in  the  Bastille.  How- 
ever, in  1789,  we  find  him  a  principal 
director  of  the  Jacobin  club,  which  was 
composed  of  all  who  aspired  to  be  ac- 
counted the  friends  of  liberty.  The 
directory  entertained  suspicions  regard- 
ing his  designs,  because  it  was  known 
that  he  was  desirous  to  spare  the  life  of 
the  king,  and  Dumourier  retired  into 
Switzerland.  Finding  that  a  reward  of 
300,000  francs  was  ottered  for  his  head, 
he  went  to  Hamburgh,  where  he  lived 
on  a  small  pension  from  the  landgrave 
of  Hcsse-Ca^sel  until  1804,  when  he  ac- 
cepted an  asylum  in  England,  wrote  his 
own  memoirs,  and  employed  his  mind 
in  other  literary  pursuits.    D.  1823. 


Dop] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


307 


DUNBAR,  William,  a  Scotch  poet  of 
considerable  merit,  was  b.  about  1405, 
and  d.  in  1535.  For  the  age  in  which 
he  lived,  his  poems  display  much  skill, 
and  are  not  dericieot  eitucr  in  imagina- 
tion or  energy.  "The  Thistle  and 
Kos;"  and  "  The  Friars  of  Berwick"  arc 
favoiable  specimens  of  his  poetical  vein. 

BUNCAN,  Adam,  Viscount  Duncan, 
of  Camperdown,  &c,  was  a  native  of 
Drndee,  and  b.  1731.  lie  went  to  sea 
when  young,  rose  to  the  rank  of  post- 
captain  iu  1761,  and  steadily  advanced 
till  he  became  admiral  of  the  blue. 
While  in  command  of  the  North  Sea 
fleet,  he  had  for  two  years  the  tedious 
duty  of  watching  the  motions  of  the 
Butch  squadron,  and  was  at  length 
forced  to  quit  the  station,  in  conse- 
quence of  a  mutiny  breaking  out  among 
his  men,  during  which  the  enemy  put 
to  sea.  The  admiral,  however,  came  up 
with  the  Butch  fleet  otf  Camperdown, 
totally  defeated  them,  and  captured  8 
sail  of  the  line,  June  11,  17i)7.  B.  1804. 
—  William,  a  learned  writer,  was  b. 
1717,  at  Aberdeen,  where  he  was  edu- 
cated, and  afterwards  became  professor 
of  philosophy  in  the  Marischal  college. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  "  Treatise  on 
Logic,"  and  the  translator  of  Cicero's 
Orations  and  Caesar's  Commentaries. 

BUNCOMBE,  William,  b.  in  Lon- 
don, 1690,  was  the  author  of  "  Lucius 
Junius  Brutus,"  a  tragedy.  lie  also 
translate  I  Horace,  and  wrote  various 
minor  poems  and  prose  pieces.  B. 
170.1. — John,  his  son,  b.  1730,  and  d. 
1780,  was  the  author  of  "The  Femc- 
neid"  and  other  poems. 

BUN  DAS,  Sir  David,  a  general  in 
the  English  army,  and  a  member  of  the 
privy  council,  was  b.  at  Edinburgh  in 
1730,  and  entered  the  military  service  in 
1758.  His  "  Principles  of  Military  Move- 
ments" and  "  Regulations  for  the  Caval- 
ry" are  both  acknowledged  standard 
works  in  the  army.     B.  1820. 

BUNEAP,  William,  an  eminent 
painter,  b.  at  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.,  1700, 
who  was  among  the  earliest  and  most 
successful  of  American  artists.  He  was 
originally  a  pupil  of  Benjamin  West, 
some  of  whose  works  he  copied.  He 
was  also  a  dramatist  and  an  author, 
having  written  "  Memoirs  of  George 
Frederic  Cooke,"  a  "  History  of  the 
American  Theatre,"  the  "  Art  of  Be- 
Bign,"  several  plays,  and  a  "  Biography 
Of  Charles  Brockden  Brown."     B.  1839. 

BUNN,  Samuel,  a  mathematician, 
who  having  acquired  considerable  prop- 
erty in  the  exercise  of  his  profession, 


bequeathed  it  at  his  death  towards  the 
foundation  of  a  mathematical  school  at 
his  native  town  of  Crediton,  in  Devon- 
shire. He  published  an  atlas,  treatises 
on  book-keeping,  navigation,  &C.  B. 
171)2. 

BUNNING,  John,  Lord  AsiiBuiaoN, 
a.  celebrated  lawyer,  was  b.  at  Ashbur- 
ton,  Devon,  in  1731.  He  become  attor- 
ney-general iu  1707,  chancellor  of  the 
duchy  of  Lancaster  in  1782,  and  was 
raised  to  the  peerage,  but  d.  in  the  fol- 
lowing year. 

DliiNUlS,  John,  count  of  Orleans  and 
Lougueville,  an  illegitimate  son  of  the 
duke  of  Orleans,  was  b.  in  1406.  So 
successful  was  he  in  his  military  ca- 
reer, particularly  in  the  share  he  bore 
in  the  expulsion  of  the  English  1  oin 
France,  that  Charles  VII.  honored  him 
with  the  title  of  "  Restorer  of  his  Coun- 
try."    B.  1408. 

BUNS,  John,  usually  styled  Buns 
Scolus,  a  theological  disputant,  who 
acquired  the  title  of  "'the  most  subtle 
doctor"  by  his  metaphysical  abstrac- 
t.ons,  was  b.  at  Bunstance,  in  Northum- 
berland; studied  at  Mertou  college, 
Oxford;  and  having  entered  the  uni- 
versity of  Paris,  was  soon  appointed 
professor  and  regent  in  the  theological 
schools.  Great  as  was  his  fame,  the 
works  which  obtained  it  are  now  disre- 
garded as  a  mass  of  misapplied  talent 
and  intellectual  lumber.  B.  at  Cologne, 
in  loU'J. 

BUNSTAN,  St.,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, an  accomplished  prelate  and  emi- 
nent statesman,  was  b.  at  Glastonbury, 
in  i)25,  in  the  reigu  of  Athclstan.  lie 
took  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  political 
struggles  of  the  day;  and  assumed,  as 
was  the  custom  of  the  clergy  in  that  age, 
as  great  a  share  in  the  temporal  authority 
of  the  kingdom  as  in  its  spiritual  affairs, 
B.  988. 

BUNTON,  John,  a  noted  London 
bookseller,  was  b.  at  Graff  ham,  Hun- 
tingdonshire, iu  100'J.  He  projected 
and  carried  on  "The  Athenian  Mer- 
cury," a  selection  from  which,  under 
the  title  of  "The  Athenian  Oracle," 
was  reprinted.  He  was  also  the  author 
of"  Atlienianism,"  consisting  of  numer- 
ous treatises  in  prose  and  verse ;  and  * 
curious  work,  entitled  "  Buuton's  Life 
and  Errors."     B.  1733. 

DUPATY,  Jean  Baptiste  Mekcier, 
president  in  the  parliament  of  Bordeaux, 
was  b.  at  Rochelle,  1740  ;  and  d.  at  Paris. 
1788.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Historical 
Reflections  on  Penal  Laws,"  "  Academi- 
|  eal  Biscourses,"  and  "  Letters  on  Italy." 


3G8 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[dcr 


— Charles,  his  son,  was  a  celebrated 
sculptor,  whose  productions  are  remark- 
able for  their  classic  purity.     D.  1825. 

DUPEKEON,  James  Davy,  a  Swiss 
Protestant,  who,  having  abjured  his 
religion,  was  successively  promoted  by 
Henry  III.  and  IV.,  till  he  at  length  ob- 
tained the  archbishopric  of  Sens,  and 
was  elected  a  cardinal.  B.  1556  ;  d.  1618. 
DUPIN,  Louis  Ellis,  an  eminent 
French  historian  and  ecclesiastic,  was  b. 
in  Normandy,  1637.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  in  the  royal  college, 
but  lost  the  professorship  in  conse- 
quence of  his  religious  moderation.  He 
was  tiie  author  of  an  extensive  and  valu- 
able work,  entitled  "Bibliothcque  Uni- 
verselle  des  Auteurs  Eeck'siastiques," 
&c.     D.  1719. 

DUPLE1X,  Joseph,  was  a  celebrated 
French  merchant,  who,  as  the  head  of 
the  factory  at  Chandernagore,  had  raised 
it  to  such  a  pitch  of  prosperity,  that,  in 
1742,  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
Pondicherry,  and  director-general  of  the 
French  factories  in  India.  In  1748  he 
successfully  defended  it  against  the  En- 
glish, for  which  be  was  raised  to  the 
rank  of  marquis ;  and  during  his  whole 
administration  he  displayed  first-rate 
talents,  both  civil  and  military.  D.  1763. 
— Scipio,  historiographer  of  France,  was 
b.  in  1566.  He  wrote  "  Memoirs  of  the 
Gauls,"  a  "History  of  France,"  a  "His- 
tory of  Rome,"  "  A  Course  of  Philoso- 
phy," &e.     D.  1601. 

DUPONT  DE  NEMOURS,  Peter 
Samuel,  a  French  political  economist, 
was  b.  at  Paris,  1739.  Though  he  twice 
sat  as  president  of  the  constitutional 
assembly,  and  held  other  high  official 
situations  under  the  revolutionary  gov- 
ernment, he  invariably  opposed  the 
anarchists,  and  narrowly  escaped  be- 
coming their  victim,  in  1797,  by  his 
timely  retreat  to  America.  From"  that 
country  he  returned  in  1805,  and  became 
president  of  the  chamber  of  commerce  ; 
and  in  1814  he  was  appointed  secretary 
to  the  provisional  government.  In  the 
following  year  he  finally  retired  to 
America,  where  he  d.  in  1817.  Dupont 
was  the  author  of  various  treatises  on 
different  branches  of  political  economy; 
he  also  wrote  "Philosophic  de  l'Uni- 
vers,"  and  other  works  of  merit. 

DUPRE  BE  ST.  MAUR,  Nicholas 
Francis,  a  French  writer,  b.  1695,  and 
d.  at  Paris,  1775.  He  translated  Mil- 
ton's "  Paradise  Lost,"  and  wrote  some 
■Works  on  numismatics. 

DUPUYTREN,  Baron  William,  one 
l»l'the  most  renowned  surgeons  of  mod- 


ern times,  was  b.  in  the  department  ot 
Haute  Vienne,  1777.  At  the  age  of  3 
years  he  -was  stolen  from  his  home  by  a 
lady  of  rank,  who  wished  to  adopt  hi>n  ; 
but  he  was  subsequently  returned  to 
his  parents,  and  he  owed  his  future 
elevation  to  the  accidental  circumstance 
of  an  officer  who  seeing  him  in  his  na- 
tive village,  and  being  struck  with  his 
address,  made  proposals  that  he  should 
go  with  him  to  Paris,  where  his  educa- 
tion should  be  attended  to.  Placed  by 
this  officer  in  the  college  cte  la  March e. 
he  soon  evinced  a  great  aptitude  for 
medical  science;  in  1803  he  took  his 
degree  of  M.D.,  and  after  passing  with 
distinction  through  various  grades  of 
the  profession,  he  obtained  in  1815  the 
chair  of  clinical  surgery  in  the  Hotel 
Dieu,  the  laborious  duties  of  which  he 
discharged  with  equal  ability  and  sne- 
cess  for  twenty  years.  Dupuytren  was 
equally  distinguished  as  a  physiologist 
and  as  a  surgeon;  and  there  are  few 
among  the  most  enlightened  practition- 
ers of  France  who  do  not  acknowledge 
him  as  their  master.     D.  1835. 

DUQUESNE,  Abraham,  a  brave  and 
skilful  naval  officer  in  the  French  service, 
was  b.  at  Dieppe,  in  1610.  He  distin- 
guished himself  by  numerous  acts  of 
intrepidity  during  a  long  career,  and 
added  much  to  the  maritime  character 
of  his  country.     D.  1688. 

DURANTE,  Francesco,  a  celebrated 
musical  composer,  was  b.  at  Naples,  in 
1693,  where  he  d.  in  1755.  He  is  prin- 
cipally known  as  the  composer  of  vocal 
church  music. 

DURER,  Albert,  an  eminent  painter 
and  engraver,  was  b.  at  Nuremberg  in 
1471.  His  father  was  a  goldsmith,  in 
which  profession  the  son  had  made  con- 
siderable progress  before  he  turned  his 
attention  exclusively  to  the  arts.  He 
was  the  first  who  in  Germany  taught 
the  rules  of  perspective,  and  of  the  pro- 
portions of  the  human  body,  according 
to  mathematical  principles.  Though 
particularly  eminent  as  a  painter,  he 
also  excelled  as  a  sculptor  and  architect, 
wrote  several  works  illustrative  of  those 
arts,  and  made  great  improvements  in 
copperplate  and  wood  engraving.  He 
was  patronized  by  the  emperors  Maxi- 
milian I.  and  Charles  V.,  and  d.  at  his 
native  town,  in  1528. 

D'URFEY,  Thomas,  a  facetious  poet, 
once  highly  popular,  but  now  nearly 
forgotten,  was  the  son  of  a  French  ref- 
ugee, and  b.  at  Exeter  in  1028.  He 
abandoned  the  study  of  the  law  for  the 
life  of  a  dramatist,  and  was  the  author 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


i; 


DWl] 


of  about  thirty  comedies,  all  of  which 
have  justly  become  obsolete  from  their 
licentiousness.  lie  was  also  a  writer  of 
songs  and  party  lyrics,  which  were 
printed  in  6  vols.,  under  the  title  of 
"Pills  to  purge  Melancholy;"  and  being 
the  boon  companion  of  Charles  II.  his 
society  was  courted  by  the  witty  and 
profligate  frequenters  of  his  court.  D. 
1723. 

DURHAM,   John  George  Lamp.ton, 
carl  of,  was  in  1828  raised  to  the  peer- 
age by  the  title  of  Baron  Durham.     On 
tlic  formation  of  Earl  Grey's  government 
in   1830,   he   became  a  member  of  the 
cabinet,  as  lord  privy  seal ;  and  to  him 
is   mainly   attributed   the   great   extent 
nnd  liberality  of  the  reform  bill,  and  its 
eventual  triumph.     In  1835  he  went  to 
Russia  as    ambassador,   and   remained 
there  till  the  summer  of  1837,  when  he 
returned  to  England ;  and  in  the  follow- 
inw  year  he  went  out  as  governor-general 
to  Canada,  intrusted  with  extraordinary 
powers ;    but  finding  himself  not  sup- 
orted  as  he  expected  by  the  ministry, 
e  returned  home  the  same  year.     B. 
1792;     d.    1840. — Sir    Philip    Charles 
Calderwood,  was  b.  at  Largo,  in  Fife- 
shire,  in  1763,  and  entered  the  navy  in 
1777,   as   a  midshipman   on   board   the 
Edgar,  of  74  guns.     He  was  afterwards 
acting  lieutenant  in  the   Viceroy,  104, 
flag-ship  of  Admiral  Kempenfelt,  whom 
he   followed   on   his    removing    to   the 
Royal  George.     He  was  appointed  act- 
ing lieutenant  of  the  Union,  98,  at  the 
relief  of  Gibraltar,  by  Lord  Howe;  and 
after  various  promotions,  to  which  his 
services    well    entitled    him,    he    com- 
manded the  Defence,  of  74  guns,  at  the 
battle  of  Trafalgar,  Oct.  21,  1S05  ;  but, 
in    fact,   he  was    almost    continuously 
employed  from  1780  to  1815,  when  the 
last  Bonapartean  flag  that  waved  in  the 
West  Indies   struck  to  him.     He  was 
made  vice-admiral  in  1819,  and  full  ad- 
miral in  1S20.     His  last  service  was  that 
of  commander-in-chief  at  Portsmouth, 
which   post   he   resigned  in  1839.    Sir 
Kiilip  was  M.  P.  for~Queensborou<rh  in 
1830,  and  for  Devizes  in  1835.     D.  1845. 
DUROC,  Michael,  duke  of  Friuli  and 
a  marshal  of  France,  was  b.  1772,  and 
entered  the  army  in  1792.     Being  sub- 
sequently   appointed    aid-de-camp    to 
Bonaparte,    lie    accompanied    hira_  to 
Egypt,  where  he  eminently  distinguish- 
ed  himself.     On  the  formation  of  the 
imperial  court  in  1805,  he  was  created 
grand-marshal  of  the  palace ;  and  was 
afterwards  employed  in  diplomatic  mis- 
sions, though  he  still  took  his  full  share 


3G9 


of  peril  and  glory  in  the  wars  of  France, 
till  the  time  of  his  death,  which  happen- 
ed at  the  battle  of  Wurt/.cn,  in  1818, 
Napoleon,  who  was  firmly  attached  to 
Duroc,  wept  over  him  on  his  death- 
bed. 

DUSART,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  paint- 
er, who  excelled  in  tavern  scenes,  revel- 
ry, &c.,  was  Uie  disciple  of  Adrian 
Ostade.     B.  1665;  d.  1704. 

DUSSAULT,  John  Joseph,  a  French 
journalist  and  critic,  was  b.  at  Paris, 
1769.  He  contributed  largely  to  the 
"  Journal  des  Debate,"  and  the  articles 
he  furnished  were  afterwards  published, 
entitled  "  Annales  Litterairea  "  D.  1824. 

DUSSEK,  John  Louis,  an  eminent 
musical  composer,  was  b.  at  Czaslau,  in 
Bohemia,  1762,  and  studied  at  Ham- 
burgh, under  the  famous  Emanuel  Bach. 
From  the  north  of  Europe  he  went  to 
France,  but  being  compelled  to  leave 
that  country  during  the  revolution,  he 
repaired  to  London  in  1796,  and,  in  con- 
junction with  Corri,  opened  a  musical 
establishment.     D.  1812. 

DUTENS,  Louis,  a  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter, was  b.  at  Tours,  1730.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are,  "  An  Inquiry  into  the 
Origin  of  Discoveries,"  and  "  Memoirs 
of  a  Traveller  in  Retirement."     D.  1812. 

DUVAL,  Alexander  Vincent  Fin- 
der, a  popular  and  voluminous  French 
author.  He  was  a  member  of  the  In- 
stitute, and  keeper  of  the  arsenal  library 
B.  1767;  d.  1842. — Valentine  Jamerai, 
the  son  of  a  peasant,  was  b.  at  Artonay, 
in  Champagne,  in  1695.  Being  left  ai 
orphan  at  the  age  of  10,  he  was  employ- 
ed as  a  shepherd's  boy,  and  underwent 
great  privations  ;  but  at  18  he  became 
keeper  of  the  cattle  belonging  to  the  her- 
mits of  St.  Anne,  near  Luneville,  and  by 
one  of  that  fraternity  he  was  taught  to 
read.  Thenceforth  he  displayed  an 
earnest  desire  for  acquiring  knowledge ; 
and  being  discovered  by  two  noblemen 
while  he  was  studying  geography  under 
a  tree,  with  his  maps  stretched  out  be- 
fore him,  they  were  so  pleased  with  his 
conversation  that  they  introduced  him 
to  the  duke  of  Lorraine,  who  sent  him 
to  college,  afterwards  made  him  his 
librarian,  and  eventually  procured  him 
the  situation  of  keeper  of  the  books  and 
medals  of  the  imperial  cabinet  of  Vienna. 
D.  1775. 

DUVERNEY,  Joseph  Guichard,  a 
celebrated  French  anatomist,  was  b.  at 
Feurs,  in  1648  ;  appointed  professor  of 
anatomy  at  the  royal  garden  in  1679,  and 
d.  in  1730. 
D WIGHT,    Timothy,    an   American 


370 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[eat 


divine,  of  great  reputation  hot h  as  a  pul- 
pit orator  and  h  writer,  wtw  b.  in  Massa- 
chusetts, in  1752;  became  president  of 
Yale  college  in  17!).r>;  and  d.  in  1817. 
His  "System  of  Theology"  is  regarded 
as  a  work  of  great  merit,  and  has  been 
frequently  reprinted. 

DYER,  Sir  Edwakd,  a  poet  of  the 
Elizabethan  age,  was  b.  about  1540.  He 
received  many  proofs  of  the  royal  favor, 
being  employed  in  various  embassies  by 
the  queen,  who  conferred  on  him  the 
chancellorship  of  the  garter  in  1596.  His 
poetical  pieces  consist  chiefly  of  pastoral 
odes  and  madrigals. — George,  a  classical 
scholar  and  miscellaneous  writer,  whose 
long  fife  of  literary  toil  may  in  some  sort 
be  exemplified  by  quoting  from  the 
*' Gentleman's  Magazine"  the  following 
mournful  record  : — "The  greatest  labor 
of  his  life  was  the  share  he  had  in  the 
production  of  Valpy's  edition  of  the 
classics  in  141  volumes,  being1  a  combi- 
nation of  the  Dolphin,  Bipont,  and  Vari- 
orum editions.  With  the  exception  of 
the  preface,  Dyer  contributed  all  that 
was  original  in  this  vast  work,  upon 
which  he  was  engaged  from  the  year 
1819  to  1830!  He  had  scarcely  com- 
pleted this  work  when  his  eyesight  gave 
way,  and  shortly  afterwards  left  him  in 
total  blindness."  His  writings  are  va- 
ried and  numerous ;  auicugst  them  his 


"  History  of  the  Dnivcmity  and  Polioses 
of  Cambridge."  2  vols.,  and  "The  I'riv- 
ileges  of  the  University  of  Cambridge," 
&c.,  are  the  most  important.  I>.  1755; 
d.  1841. — Sir  James,  chief  justice  of  the 
common  pleas,  and  speaker  of  the  house 
of  commons,  was  b.  1512,  and  d.  1581. 
Dyer's  "  Reports"  are  still  highly  valued 
by  the  profession. — John, a  poet  cf  con- 
siderable reputation,  was  b.  at  Afcer- 
glasney,  Caermarthenshire,  in  1700,  and 
educated  at  Westminster  school,  lie 
was  intended  for  the  law,  which  ho 
abandoned  for  painting,  but  not  arriving 
at  excellence  as  an  artist,  he  took  orders, 
and  obtained  some  respectable  church 
preferment.  In  1727  he  published  his 
poem  of  "  Grongar  Hill,"  which  met 
with  deserved  success.  He  then  made 
the  tour  of  Italy,  where,  besides  the 
usual  study,  he  often  spent  whole  days 
in  the  country  about  Rome  and  Florence, 
sketching  those  picturesque  scenes  that 
there  abound ;  and  it  is  very  naturallj 
imagined  that  the  beautiful  land,  capes 
depicted  in  his  two  subsequent  poems 
owe  their  existence  in  no  slight  degree 
to  that  cause.  These  are  entitled  "The 
Ruins  of  liome."  and  "The  Fleece." 
His  poetry  displays  a  lively  imagination, 
and  combines  great  originality  with  the 
warmest  sentiments  of  benevolence  and 
virtue.    D.  1758. 


E. 


EACnARD,  John,  an  English  divine, 
was  b.  1636.  After  studying  at  Catha- 
rine hall,  Cambridge,  he  was  chosen 
master  in  1675,  and  d.  16'J7.  He  wrote 
a  work,  entitled.  "The  Grounds  and 
Reasons  of  the  Contempt  of  the  Clergy 
and  Religion  inquired  into,"  and  was 
also  known  as  the  author  of  two  dia- 
logues, in  which  the  system  of  Ilobbes 
is  attacked  with  satiric  humor. 

EADMER,  an  English  Benedictine 
monk  of  the  12th  century,  who  became 
abbot  of  St.  Alban's.  He  wrote  a  "His- 
tory of  the  Liberty  of  the  Church,"  and 
various  other  ecclesiastical  works.  D. 
1124. 

EARLE,  John,  an  English  prelate, 
was  b.  at  York,  and  entered  Merton  col- 
lege, Oxford,  in  1620.  He  became  chap- 
lain and  tutor  to  Charles,  prince  of 
Wales,  and  suffered  much  in  the  rebel- 
lion. At  the  restoration  he  was  made 
dean  of  Westminster  and  bishop  of 
Worcester,    from    which    sec    he    was 


translated  to  Salisbury  in  1638.  Dr. 
Earle  was  the  author  of  an  ingenious 
work,  entitled,  "  Mierocastnography  ; 
or,  a  Piece  of  the  World  Characterized, 
in  Essays  and  Characters."  He  also 
translated  the  "Icon  Basilike"  into 
Latin.     D.  1665. 

EARLOM,  Richard,  a  mezzotinto  en- 
graver, was  b.  in  London,  1740.  Ho 
was  employed  by  Boydell  to  make  draw- 
ings from  the  celebrated  collection  of 
pictures  at  Houghton,  which  he  after- 
wards engraved  in  mezzotinto — an  art  in 
which  he  was  his  own  instructor.  D. 
1822. 

EATON,  William,  an.  American  offi- 
cer, was  b.  at  Woodstock,  Conn.,  1764, 
and  at  the  age  of  16  enlisted  as  a  soldier. 
In  1702  he  received  a  captain's  commis- 
sion in  the  American  army,  and  in  1704 
obtained  the  appointment  of  American 
consul  at  Tunis.  War  being  declared 
in  1801  against  the  United  States,  by 
the  bey  of  Tripoli,  who  was  a  usurper, 


edm] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


371 


Harriet  Pacha,  tlie  cx-l)ey,  who  was  then 
an  exile  at  Tunis,  induced  Mr.  Eaton  to 
join  him  in  the  desperate  attempt  of 
recovering  possession  of  his  dominions. 
D.  1811. 

EBELING,  Christopher  Daniel,  a 
distinguished  geographer,  was  b.  1741 ; 
d.  1817. 

EC-HARD,  Laurence,  an  English  di- 
vine and  historian,  was  b.  1671 ;  became 
archdeacon  of  Stowe,  and  obtained  some 
valuable  livings  in  his  native  county, 
Suffolk,  lie  was  a  very  voluminous 
writer:  "  The  Roman  History,"  a  "  Gen- 
eral Ecclesiastical  History,"  a  "History 
of  England,"  and  a  "  Gazetteer,"  are 
the  most  prominent  of  his  works.  D. 
1730. 

ECHINUS.  Sebastian,  a  Venetian 
nobleman,  eminent  for  his  writings, 
particularly  on  medals.     D.  1585. 

ECKHARD,  John  Frederic,  a  learn- 
ed and  voluminous  writer  on  philology 
and  bibliography,  was  director  and  li- 
brarian of  the  college  of  Eisenach;  b.  in 
Saxony,  1723  ;  d.  1794. — John  George, 
an  antiquary  and  historian,  was  b.  in 
Brunswick,  1764,  and  brought  up  a 
Protestant;  but  abjuring  his  religion, 
he  was  made  historiographer  and  keep- 
er of  the  archives  at  Wurzburg.  His 
principal  works  are,  "A  Body  of  His- 
tory of  the  Middle  Ages  "  "The  Origin 
of  the  Families  of  Hapsburg  and 
Guclph,"  &c.     D.  1730. 

ECKHEL,  Joseph  Hilary,  a  learned 
Jesuit,  well  skilled  in  numismatics,  was 
b.  in  Upper  Austria,  1736.  His  two 
works,  entitled  "Doctrina  Nummorum 
Yeterum"  and  "  Nnmini  Veteres  Anec- 
doti,"  are  both  replete  with  sound  in- 
formation on  the  subject.     D.  1798. 

ECLUSE,  Charles  del',  better  known 
by  the  name  of  Clusius,  was  b.  at  Arras, 
in  Flanders,  in  1526,  and  became  emi- 
nent as  a  physician  and  botanist.  D. 
1609. 

EDELINCK,  Gerard,  an  eminent 
cnyraver,  b.  at  Antwerp,  1649  ;  3.  1707. 

EDEN,  Sir  Frederic  Morton,  a 
writer  on  statistics  and  political  econ- 
omy. His  principal  work  is  entitled 
"The  State  of  the  Poor,  or  a  History  of 
the  Laboring  Classes  in  England,  from 
the  Conquest  to  the  present  Time."  D'. 
1809. — Sir  Morton,  a  diplomatist,  who, 
after  being  employed  as  ambassador  to 
various  continental  powers,  was  raised 
to  the  peerage  by  the  title  of  Lord  Hen- 
ley, and  d.1802. 

EDGAR,  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished Saxon  kings  of  England,  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  Edwy  in  959,  at  the 


age  of  16.  The  moderation  of  his  reigrj 
procured  him  the  name  of  PeacenblOi 
He  vanquished  the  Soots,  and  laid 
Wales  under  n  yearly  tribute  of  a  o<-r- 
tain  number  of  wolves'  beads,  which 
cleared  the  country  of  those  animals, 
lie  subdued  part  Of  Ireland,  and  main- 
tained a  large  fleet  which  secured  hi* 
kingdom  from  invasion.     I).  975. 

EDGEWORTH,  Richard  Lovell,  of 
Edgeworthtown,  Ireland,  was  b.  at  Bath, 
1744.  Being  possessed  or  a  good  fortune 
he  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  agricul- 
tural improvements,  as  well  as  to  tho 
amelioration  of  the  existing  modes  of 
education,  by  writing,  in  conjunction 
with  his  highly  gifted  daughter,  many 
useful  works.  He  also  wrote  his  own 
"  Memoirs  ;"  and  among  his  various 
mechanical  inventions  was  a  telegraph. 
D.  1817.— Maria,  the  celebrated  Irish 
novelist,  whose  works  have  had  great 
influence  in  promoting  the  cause  of 
education,  and  of  social  morality,  was  1>. 
in  Oxfordshire,  in  1766.  She  was  tho 
daughter  of  Richard  Lovell  Edgcworth 
above  mentioned.  She  commence!  her 
career  as  an  authoress  about  1800;  and 
in  her  early  literary  efforts  she,  was 
greatly  assisted  by  the  advice  of  her 
father.  The  famous  "  Essay  on  Irish 
Bulls,"  the  joint  production  of  herself 
and  her  father,  was  published  in  1801. 
Her  "  Castle  Raclcrent"  abounds  in  ad- 
mirable sketches  of  Irish  life  and  man- 
ners. Her  "  Belinda,"  a  novel  of  real 
life  and  ordinary  characters,  is  also  de- 
scriptive of  some  of  the  strikin?  traits 
of  the  Irish  character.  In  1S04  she 
published  her  "  Popular  Tales  ;"  and 
two  years  afterwards,  "  Leonora,"  a 
novel'  in  2  vols.  In  1809  she  issued 
"Tales  of  Fashionable  Life,"  of  a  moro 
powerful  and  varied  east  than  any  of 
her  previous  productions.  Three  other 
vols,  of  "Fashionable  Tales"  appeared 
in  1812,  and  fully  sustained  the  high 
reputation  which  she  had  now  attained. 
In  1814  her  novel  of  "Patronage"  was 
published.  For  many  years,  indee  1, 
literary  composition  formed  the  chicr 
business  of  her  life.  Originality  and 
fertility  of  invention,  and  a  power  of 
depicting  Irish  manners,  unequalled 
among  modern  authors,  are  her  chief 
characteristics  as  a  novelist.    D.  1849. 

EDM.ONDE3,  Sir  Thomas,  a  states- 
man in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth,  James 
I.,  and  Charles  I.  He  was  also  distin- 
guished as  a  political  writer.     I).  Ib39. 

EDMI  )XDS(  >N,  Joseph,  a  genealogist 
and  heraldic  painter.  His  principal 
works  are,  "A  Body  of  Heraldry,"  and 


372 


CYCLOP.-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[edtv 


"  Baronaeiurn  Genealofficum,  or  the 
Pedigrees  of  English  Peers."    D.  1786. 

EDMUND,  St.,  king  of  the  East  An- 
gles, was  so  illustrious  for  his  piety  as 
to  obtain  a  place  in  the  Roman  calendar. 
In  870  he  was  defeated,  and  taken  pris- 
oner by  the  Danes  under  Ivar,  who 
caused  him  to  be  fastened  to  a  tree,  and 
to  be  shot  to  death  with  arrows.  His 
remains  were  interred  at  Bury  St.  Ed- 
mund's.— I.,  king  of  England,  son  of 
Edward  the  Elder,  succeeded  his  bro- 
ther Athelstan  in  941.  He  subdued 
Mercia,  Northumberland,  and  Cumber- 
land. He  was  killed  in  948,  while  at  a 
banquet,  by  an  outlaw,  named  Leolf. — 
II.,  surnamed  Ieonside,  on  account  of 
his  prodigious  strength,  was  the  son  of 
Ethelred,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1016  ; 
but  being  opposed  by  Canute,  he  agreed 
to  share  the  crown  with  him.  After  a 
reign  of  nine  months  only,  he  was 
treacherously  murdered,  in  1017. 

EDRIDGE,  Henry,  an  eminent  land- 
scape and  miniature  painter,  b.  at  Pad- 
diugton,  1768.    D.  1821. 

EDR1SST,  Abu  Abdallah  Mohammed 
ben  Mohammed,  a  descendant  of  the 
African  princes  of  the  race  of  Edris, 
was  b.  in  Spain,  in  1099,  and  settled  at 
the  court  of  Roger,  king  of  Sicily,  for 
whom  he  framed  an  immense  terrestrial 
globe  of  silver,  and  wrote,  in  Arabic,  a 
geographical  work  to  explain  it. 

EDWARD  the  Elder,  son  of  Alfred 
the  Great,  succeeded  his  father' in  901. 
He  encouraged  learning,  and  improved 
the  university  of  Cambridge.  North- 
vnnbria  and  East  Anglia  were  subdued 
by  him ;  and  he  extended  his  domin- 
ions, by  conquests,  in  Scotland  and 
Wales. '  D.  92S. — The  Martyr,  son  of 
Edgar,  king  of  England,  was  b.  in  962, 
and  crowned  in  975.  He  was  murdered 
by  order  of  his  stepmother  Elfrida,  at 
Corfe  castle,  after  a  reign  of  three  years. 
— The  Confessor,  was  the  son  of  Ethel- 
red,  and  succeeded  Hardicannte  in  1041. 
He  restored  Malcolm  to  the  throne  of 
Scotland,  which  had  been  usurped  by 
Macbeth..  He  caused  the  Saxon  laws  to 
be  revised,  amended,  formed  into  one 
body,  and  translated  into  Latin ;  hence 
they  verc  called  his  laws.  He  consulted 
William  of  Normandy  about  the  choice 
if  a  successor,  which  furnished  that 
prince  with  a  plea  for  Invading  the 
kingdom  after  the  death  of  Edward, 
which  happened  in  1065. — T.,  (of  the 
Norman  line,)  called  Longshanks,  suc- 
ceeded his  father.  Henry  III.,  in  1272. 
After  firmly  establishing  his  authority 
At  home,  he  led  an  army  into  Palestine, 


against  the  Saracens,  where  he  signali- 
zed his  valor  on  many  occasions;  and 
having,  on  his  return,  conquered  Wales, 
he  created  his  son  prince  of  that  coun- 
try, which  title  has  from  that  time  been 
given  to  the  heir-apparent.  He  also 
brought  Scotland  into  subjection,  and 
took  the  king,  John  Baliol,  prisoner. 
D.  at  Carlisle, 1807.— II.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, b.  at  Caernarvon.  He  was  gov 
erncd  by  his  favorites,  Gaveston  and 
the  Spencers,  which  occasioned  the 
barons  to  rise  against  him.  After  re- 
signing his  crown,  he  was  confined  in 
Berkeley  castle,  Gloucestershire,  where 
he  was  traitorously  murdered  oy  the 
contrivance  of  his  queen,  Isabe'Ja,  and 
her  favorite,  Roger  Mortimer,  carl  of 
March,  in  1328. — III.,  the  son  and  suc- 
cessor of  the  above,  was  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  heroes  of  his  country. 
Being  but  15  when  the  crown  devolved 
to  him,  the  queen  dowager  and  her  in- 
famous paramour  governed  during  the 
first  three  years  of  his  reign  ;  but  in 
1330  the  king  took  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment into  his  own  hands ;  disgraced 
and  confined  his  mother,  and  caused 
Mortimer  to  be  tried  and  executed  for 
the  murder  of  bis  father,  and  his  nncle, 
the  earl  of  Kent.  He  then  put  himself 
at  the  head  of  his  army,  reduced  the 
Scots,  and  took  their  kins',  David,  pris- 
oner. He  next  invaded  France,  laid 
claim  to  the  crown,  as  heir  to  his  moth- 
er, the  sister  of  Charles,  the  last  king, 
who  died  without  issue.  Victorious  by 
sea  and  land,  against  France  and  Spain, 
he  was  elected  emperor  of  Germany,  but 
refused  the  imperial  throne,  and  re- 
turned in  triumph  to  England,  leaving 
his  son  Edward,  the  Black  Prince,  to 
command  the  army  in  his  absence.  D. 
1377.— The  Prince  of  Wales,  surnamed 
the  Black  Prince,  son  of  Edward  III., 
was  b.  in  1330,  and,  accompanying  his 
father  to  France,  in  1345,  took  a  leading 
part  in  gaining  the  victory  of  Creey,  in 
the  year  following.  During  his  stay  in 
France,  in  1356,  he  won  the  srreat  battle 
of  Poictiers.  D.  1376. — IV.,  son  of 
Richard,  duke  of  York,  succeeded  Hen- 
ry VI.,  in  1461.  He  married  Lady 
Elizabeth  Grey,  which  so  disgusted  the 
carl  of  Warwick,  commonly  called  the 
king-maker,  that  he  joined  the  Lancas- 
trian party,  and  defeated  Edward's 
forces  near  Banbury,  in  1469.  Soon 
afterwards  he  took  Edward  prisoner, 
who  effc  ted  his  escape,  and  obtained  a 
victory  over  Warwick,  at  Stamford 
Wells.  That  nobleman  fled  to  France, 
from  whence  he  returned  with  a  supply 


bge] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


37? 


of  trcops,  and  proclaimed  Henry.  Ed- 
ward on  this  escaped  beyond  sea,  and 
Warwick  released  .Henry  from  the  Tow- 
er and  placed  him  on  the  throne;  but 
Edward  returned  with  succors,  and 
marched  to  London,  where  he  took 
Henry  prisoner.  lie  shortly  after  de- 
feated Warwick,  who  was  slain.  An- 
other victory  at  Tewkesbury  secured  to 
him  the  quiet  possession  of  the  throne. 
D.  14S-3. — V.,  son  of  the  preceding, 
whom  he  succeeded  at  the  aire  of  12 
years.  Richard,  duke  of  Gloucester, 
his  uncle,  took  the  guardianship  of  him 
and  his  brother  into  his  own  hands,  and 
placed  them  in  the  Tower,  where  they 
were  smothered  in  their  beds,  in  14s:]. 
— VI.,  the  only  son  of  Henry  VIII.,  by 
Jane  Sevmour,  his  third  queen,  ascend- 
ed the  throne  when  only  nine  years  old, 
and,  considering  his  extreme  youth, 
displayed  many  qualities  of  the  fairest 
promise.  He  promoted  the  reforma- 
tion, and  established  the  service  of  the 
church  of  England,  in  1552,  by  act  of 
parliament.  He  founded  the  hospitals 
of  Christ-church,  Bridewell,  and  St. 
Thomas.  I).  1553. — Plantagenet,  earl 
of  Warwick,  the  only  surviving  male 
descendant  of  the  house  of  York,  was 
kept  a  prisoner  in  the  Tower  several 
years,  through  jealousy,  and  at  last  be- 
headed, in  1499,  on  a  pretext  that  he 
entered  into  a  conspiracy  with  Perkin 
Warbeck  against  Henry  VII. 

EDWARDS,  Bryan,  an  ingenious 
writer,  b.  1743,  at  Westbury,  in  Wilt- 
shire. Mr.  Edwards  wrote  "The  His- 
tory, Civil  and  Commercial,  of  the  Brit- 
ish Colonies  in  the  West  Indies,"  "The 
Proceedings  of  the  Governor  and  As- 
sembly of  Jamaica,  in  regard  to  the 
Maroon  Negroes,"  and  "  An  Historical 
Survey  of  the  Ercnch  Colony  in  the 
Island  of  St.  Domingo."  D.  1800.— 
George,  an  eminent  naturalist,  was  b. 
1693,  at  Stratford,  in  Essex.  D.  1773. 
— Jonathan,  celebrated  for  his  meta- 
physical knowledge,  was  b.  at  Windsor, 
Conn.,  1703.  In  1722  he  became  a 
preacher,  at  New  York,  to  a  Presbyte- 
rian congregation,  and  in  1724  was  cho- 
sen tutor  of  Yale  college.  In  1726  he 
resigned  that  station,  and  became  assist- 
ant tc  his  grandfather,  who  was  a  min- 
ister at  Northampton.  Here  he  con- 
tinued till  1750,  when  he  was  dismissed 
for  refusing  to  administer  the  sacrament 
to  those  who  could  not  give  proofs  of 
jheir  boiiv.:  converted.  The  year  follow- 
ing he  went  as  missionary  among  the 
Indians,  and  in  1757  was  chosen  presi- 
dent of  the  college  of  New  Jersey, 
82 


where  he  d.  in  1758.  He  wrote  a  "  Trea- 
tise concerning  Religious  Affections," 
"The  Lifts  of  David  Brainerd,  a  Mis- 
sionary," "An  Inquiry  into  the  Modern 
Prevailing  Notion  of  that  Freedom  of 
Will  which  is  supposed  to  be  essential 
to  Moral  Agency,"  &c. — Thomas,  an  in- 
genious poet  and  critical  writer,  was  l>. 
in  London,  in  1699,  and  bred  to  the  bar. 
In  1744  he  attacked  Warburton's  edition 
of  Shakspearc,  which  being  coarsely 
noticed  by  the  haughty  editor,  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  humorous  publication,  enti- 
tled "Canons  of  Criticism,  with  a  Glos- 
sary," which  passed  through  several 
editions.  D.  1757. — William,  a  self- 
taught  architect,  was  b.  in  Glamorgan- 
shire, in  1719.  lie  was  only  a  common 
mason,  but  by  the  force  of  genius  ho 
acquired  an  extraordinary  skill  in  build- 
ing bridges,  the  principal  of  which  is 
that  on  the  river  Taafe.     D.  1789. 

EDWIN,  Jonx,  a  comic  actor  of  very 
considerable  talents,  was  b.  in  London, 
in  1750.  lie  made  his  first  appearance 
on  the  London  boards  at  the  J  lay  market 
theatre,  in  1775,  and  subsequently  per- 
formed at  Covcnt-garden,  where  he  was 
a  decided  favorite.     D.  1790. 

EDWY,  king  of  England,  son  of  Ed- 
ir.uud  I.,  succeeded  his  uncle  Edred,  in 
9;i5.  He  opposed  the  temporal  power 
of  St.  Dunstan,  and  called  him  to  ac- 
count for  his  share  in  the  administration 
of  the  preceding  reign ;  but  the  wily 
ecclesiastic  proved  too  much  for  the 
monarch,  and  Edwy  was  driven  from 
his  throne,  to  make  way  for  his  brother 
Edgar.     D.  959. 

EGBERT,  the  first  king  of  all  En- 
gland, and  the  last  of  the  Saxon  heptar- 
chy, was  a  prince  of  great  accomplish- 
ments ;  but,  while  young,  he  was  obliged 
by  Brithric,  king  of  Wesscx,  to  with- 
draw to  France,  where  he  lived  at  the 
court  of  Charlemagne.  There  he  ac- 
quired both  the  arts  of  war  and  govern- 
ment;  and  beincr  recalled  to  take  pos- 
session of  the  kingdom  of  Wesscx,  to 
which  he  was  the  rightful  heir,  he  soon 
united  all  the  other  kingdoms  under 
him,  giving  the  whole  the  name  of  En- 
gland. His  dominions  were  twice  after- 
wards invaded  by  the  Danes  with  groat 
force,  but  he  signally  defeated  them  on 
both  occasions.     D.  838. 

EGEDE,  Hans,  a  Dutch  divine,  b.  in 
1686,  was  the  founder  of  the  religious 
missions  to  Greenland,  whither  he  went 
in  1721.  D.  1758.—  Paul,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  his  assistant  in  the  mis- 
sion. Be  compose  1  a  dictionary  and 
grammar  of  the  language,  translated  into 


374 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[elo 


it  a  part  of  tlic  Bible,  and  published  a 
journal  of  his  residence  in  Greenland, 
from  1721  to  1788.     D.  1789. 

EGERTON,  John,  an  eminent  pre- 
late. 1).  in  London,  1721  ;  was  made  dean 
of  Hereford  in  1750,  and  afterwards  suc- 
cessively preferred  to  the  bishoprics  of 
Bangor,  Lichfield,  and  Durham.  D. 
1787. — Thomas,  lord  chancellor  of  En- 
gland in  the  reign  of  James  I.,  b.  1540; 
■was  made  attorney-general  in  1592 ;  soon 
after,  master  of  the  rolls,  unci  then  lord 
keeper.  In  1603  he  was  appointed  lord 
chancellor,  with  the  title  ot  Baron  Elles- 
mei\^ ;  and  in  1616  he  was  created 
Viscount  Brackley.  His  principal  work 
is  entitled  "The  Privileges  and  Preroga- 
tives of  the  High  Court  of  Chancery." 
D.  1617. 

EGG,  John  Gaspar,  a  Swiss  agricul- 
turist and  political  economist,  b.  in  1738. 
He  was  the  founder  of  several  industri- 
ous agricultural  colonies,  working  with 
common  funds,  in  the  manner  of  those 
projected  by  Mr.  Owen  of  Lanark. 

EGIL,  Soalleorim,  an  Icelandic  war- 
rior and  poet  of  the  10th  century,  who 
distinguished  himself  by  his  warlike  ex- 
ploits in  predatory  invasions  of  Scotland 
and  Northumberland. 

EGINII AKT,  or  J5GINHAKD,  a  cele- 
Drated  historian,  was  a  native  of  Ger- 
many and  the  pupil  of  Alcnin,  who  rec- 
ommended him  to  Charlemagne.  At 
lirst  he  was  the  emperor's  secretary,  and 
it  appears  that  he  gained  his  esteem  and 
confidence;  but  the  story  of  his  nightly 
interview  and  marriage  with  Charle- 
magne's daughter,  Imma,  is  now  be- 
lieved to  oe  as  fabulous  as  it  is  incredi- 
ble. He  wrote  a  "  Life  of  Charlemagne," 
"Annals  of  France,  from  741  to  829," 
and  some  epistles.  He  became  abbot 
of  the  monastery  of  Seligenstadt,  and 
d.  839. 

EGINTON,  Francis,  an  artist  cele- 
brated for  his  paintings  on  glass,  and  to 
whom  we  are  indebted  for  the  restora- 
tion of  that  art,  was  b.  1737,  and  d.  at 
Uandswortb,  in  Shropshire,  in  1805. 

EGMONT,  Lamoral,  count  of,  a  dis- 
tinguished nobleman  in  Flanders,  was 
b.  1522,  and  served  in  the  armies  of 
Charles  V.  with  great  reputation.  He 
was  made  general  of  horse  by  Philip  II., 
and  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle 
of  St.  Quintin  in  1557.  But  the  duke 
of  Alva  fearing  his  power,  and  that  his 
designs  were  in  fu"or  of  the  prince  of 
Orange,  caused  h'.rn  to  be  beheaded  at 
Brussels,  in  156?,  together  with  Count 
Horn. 

ElCIII10Ri>,  John  George,  an  emi- 


nent German  divine  and  biblical  critic, 
was  b.  in  1752,  and  became  professor  of 
Oriental  literature  at  Jena;  from  which 
place  he  went  to  the  university  of  Got- 
tingen,  where  he  was  long  one  of  its 
brightest  ornaments.  His  works  are 
erudite  and  voluminous,  the  principal 
being  "The  History  of  Literature  from 
the  Earliest  to  the'  Latest  Times."  a 
"General  Library  of  Biblical  Litera- 
ture," "Repertory  of  Biblical  and  Ori- 
ental Literature,"  "Introductions  to  the 
Old  and  New  Testaments,"     D.  ls^7. 

ELBEE,  Gigot  n",  generalissimo  of 
the  Vendeau  royalists,  was  b.  at  Dres- 
den, 1752.  He  entered  the  French 
army  as  lieutenant  of  cavalry;  and  hav- 
ing,  at  the  commencement  of  the  rev- 
olution, retired  to  his  estate  in  Anjou, 
the  insurgent  peasants  of  La  Vendee,  in 
1793,  chose  him  their  leader.  He  dis- 
played great  courage  and  firmness,  won 
many  victories,  and  was  often  defeated 
by  superior  numbers;  at  length  he  was 
wounded  and  taken  prisoner,  brought 
before  a  court-martial,  and  shot,  Jan- 
uary 2,  1794. 

ELDON,  John  Scott,  earl  of,  a  dis- 
tinguished lawyer  and  statesman,  who 
for  twenty-five  years  filled  the  office  of 
lord  high  chancellor  of  England,  was 
the  third  son  of  William  Scott,  coal- 
fitter,  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne.  lie 
was  b.  on  the  4th  of  June,"  1751.  In 
1773  he  was  admitted  a  member  of  the 
Middle  Temple;  but  he  resided  chiefly 
in  or  near  Oxford,  till  he  was  called  to 
the  bar  in  1776.  In  1783  he  came  into 
parliament  and  attached  himself  to  tho 
party  of  Mr.  Pitt,  who  was  his  personal 
friend.  He  was  made  solicitor-general 
in  1788,  received  the  honor  of  knight- 
hood, and  became  attorney-general  in 
1793  ;  succeeded  Sir  James  Eyre  as  lord 
chief  justice  of  the  common  picas  ;  and 
in  July,  1799.  was  raised  to  the  peerage 
hs  Baron  Eldon,  of  Eldon,  in  the  county 
of  Durham.  In  1801  he  became  lord 
high  chancellor  of  England.  In  Feb- 
ruary, 1806,  he  resigned  the  great  seal ; 
but  was  reappointed  in  April,  1807, 
from  which  period  he  held  it  until  April 
30,  1827.  At  the  coronation  of  George 
IV.  the  lord  chancellor  was  promoted  to 
tne  dignities  of  Viscount  Eneombe  and 
earl  of  Eldon.     D.  1838. 

ELGIN,  Thomas  Bruce,  earl  of,  was 
b.  1771,  and  succeeded  to  the  peerage  in 
his  childhood.  On  many  occasions  the 
earl  of  Elgin  was  honored  with  diplo- 
matic missions,  the  last  of  which  was  to 
the  Sublime  Porte,  in  17s9,  where  1  9 
continued  till  the  French  were  finally 


ell] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    TSIOGRAPIIY. 


375 


driven  out  of  Egypt.  Being  desirous  of 
reselling  the  remains  of  Greece  ;ilso 
from  destruction  and  oblivion,  lie  availed 
himself  of  the  opportunities  of  his  sta- 
tion, and  succeeded  in  forming  a  vast 
collection  of  statues,  specimens  of  archi- 
tecture, medals,  and  other  valuable  an- 
tiquities, which  were  eventually  pur- 
chased by  government  for  £35,000,  and 
deposited  in  the  British  Museum.  D. 
1841. 

ELIAS,  Matthew,  an  eminent  painter, 
was  b.  at  Cassel  in  1658,  and  settled  at 
Dunkirk,  where  he  painted  a  grand  altar- 
piece.  His  portraits  are  in  high  estima- 
tion.    D.  1741. 

ELIO,  Francis  Xavier,  a  Spanish 
general,  who  nobly  defended  his  coun- 
try against  the  French,  and  at  the  res- 
toration of  Ferdinand  VII.  was  appointed 
governor  of  Valencia;  but  when  the 
revolution  took  place,  in  1820,  part  of 
the  population  rose  against  the  governor, 
and  declaring  him  guilty  of  tyrannical 
acts,  he  was  imprisoned,  tried  by  a 
rulitary  commission,  and  sentenced  to 
ti.  t  punishment  of  death,  which  was 
inflicted,  Sept.  3,  1822. 

ELIOT,  John,  styled  the  apostle  to 
the  Indians,  was  b.  1604;  came  to  New 
England  in  1631 ;  and  there  learned  the 
Indian  language,  that  he  might  devote 
himself  to  the  conversion  of  the  natives. 
In  this  he  met  with  great  success,  and 
obtained  a  considerable  influence  over 
the  various  tribes.  He  translated  the 
Bible  into  their  language,  and  wrote 
several  pieces  of  practical  divinity.  D. 
168lJ. — Thomas,  an  English  writer  in  the 
.  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  He  was  a  native 
of  Suffolk,  but  resided  chiefly  at  Cam- 
bridge. He  compiled  a  Latin  and  En- 
glish dictionary.     D.  1546. 

ELIOTT,  George  Augustus,  Lord 
Heathfield,  was  b.  about  1718.  After 
receiving  his  education  at  Leyden  he  in 
1735  attached  himself  to  the  engineer 
corps.  In  1759  he  served  on  the  Con- 
tinent with  great  reputation ;  and  on 
his  recall  from  Germany  he  was  sent  to 
the  Havanna,  in  the  reduction  of  which 
he  had  an  eminent  share.  In  1775  Gen- 
eral Eliott  was  appointed  commander-in- 
chief  in  Ireland  ;  from  whence  he  re- 
turned soon  after,  and  was  made  gov- 
ernor of  Gibraltar,  which  fortress  he 
defended  with  consummate  talent  and 
persevering  fortitude.  He  was  very 
abstemious,  his  constant  food  being 
vegetables,  and  his  drink  water.  He 
never  allowed  himself  but  four  hours 
sleep  at  a  time;  and  was  so  accustomed 
to  hardiness  that  it  was  become  habitual. 


On  his  return  to  England  he  was  raised 
to  the  peerage  by  the  title  of  Lord  Heath* 
held,  Baron  Gibraltar.     1).  1790. 
ELISSK,  Perk,  a  name  oneo  of  great 

diplomatic  influence.     15.  170'J;  d.  1S17. 

ELIZABETH,  queen  of  England,  was 
the  daughter  of  Henry  VI II.  by  Anno 
Bolevn,  and  b.  in  1533.  She  was  edu- 
cated in  the  Protestant  religion  ;  and  in 
the  reign  of  Mary,  in  consequence  of 
her  known  attachment  to  it,  she  was 
sent  to  the  Tower,  from  whence  she 
was  afterwards  removed  to  Woodstook. 
On  the  death  of  her  sister  in  1558.  shg 
was  proclaimed  queen.  Philip  of  Spain 
made  her  an  offer  of  marriage,  which 
she  declined.  The  French  and  Span- 
iards having  formed  a  league  for  tlio 
extirpation  of  heresy,  Elizabeth  was  in- 
duced to  protect  the  Protestants;  ami 
this  she  did  so  effectually  as  to  separate 
the  United  Provinces  from  the  Spanish 
throne.  In  1588  Philip  sent  against  En- 
gland his  famous  Armada,  to  which  the 
pope  gave  the  name  of  "Invincible." 
On  this  occasion  the  queen  distinguished 
herself  by  her  great  presence  of  mind 
and  courage.  She  rode  on  horseback  in 
the  camp  of  Tilbury,  and  inspired  her 
people  by  her  deportment  and  her 
speeches.  The  English  fleet,  however, 
assisted  by  the  winds,  prevented  the 
Spaniards  from  landing,  and  their  boast- 
ed armada  was  destroyed.  Elizabeth 
combined  prudence  with  fortitude,  and 
judgment  with  vigor;  but  she  was  vio- 
lent, haughty,  and  insatiably  fond  of 
admiration.  She  had  strong  natural 
talents,  was  well  versed  in  Greek  and 
Latin,  and  gave  repeated  proofs  of  her 
skill  in  the  art  of  governing.  D.  1602.-— 
Petrowna,  daughter  of  Peter  the  Great, 
was  b.  1709.  In  1741  she  usurped  the 
imperial  throne,  by  dethroning  the  in- 
fant Ivan,  which  revolution  was  effected 
without  the  shedding  of  blood.  At  her 
accession  she  made  a  vow  that  no  capi- 
tal punishments  should  take  place  in 
her  reign.  But  her  humanity  was  equiv- 
ocal, as  is  instanced  in  the  shocking 
punishment  which  she  inflicted  upon 
the  Countess  Bestnchef  and  Lapookin, 
who  were  publicly  knouted,  and  had 
their  tongues  cut  out,  for  betraying 
some  secrets  relating  to  the  amours  of 
the  empress.     D.  1761. 

ELLP:NB0K0UGII,  Edward  Law, 
lord  chief  .justice  of  the  King's  Bench, 
and  a  distinguished  lawyer,  b.  1748,  at 
Great  Salkfield,  Cumberland.  On  tho 
trial  of  Warren  Hastings,  in  1785,  Ers- 
kine  having  refused  to  undertake  the 
defence,  he  served  as  leading  counsel, 


876 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ell 


and  obtained  the  victory.  In  1S01  he 
was  made  attorney-general,  and  next 
year,  on  the  death  of  Lord  Kenyon,  be- 
came lord  chief  justice  of  the  King's 
Bench,  and  was  created  a  peer.  It  is 
said  that  the  result  of  the  trials  of  Hone, 
who  was  prosecuted  for  in.pious  paro- 
dies and  libels,  (the  jury  having  round 
verdicts  contrary  to  his  lordship's 
charges,)  had  a  great  effect  on  his  de- 
clining state  of  health ;  and  though  he 
continued  to  appear  in  court,  and  per- 
formed his  functions  with  his  usual 
energy  of  mind,  his  trame  was  fast 
sinking.     D.  1818. 

ELLEY,  Sir  John,  a  distinguished 
English  officer,  who  by  his  own  merit 
rose  to  the  highest  military  rank,  and  to 
a  host  of  other  honors,  from  the  very 
humble  situation  of  a  private  in  the 
roval  horse  guards.     D.  1S39. 

ELLIOTT,  Ebenezer,  "The  Corn- 
Law  Rhymer,"  was  b.  at  Masborough, 
near  Kotherham,  in  1781,  where  his  fa- 
ther was  a  commercial  clerk  in  the  iron 
works.  His  first  publication,  "  The 
Vernal  Walk,"  written  in  his  17th  year, 
showed  to  what  extent  the  scenery  of 
his  native  country  had  impressed  itself 
on  his  mind.  From  this  period  his 
poetic  effusions  were  unceasing.  He 
contributed  to  the  "New  Monthly  Mag- 
azine," "Tait's  Magazine,"  and  many 
other  periodicals.  The  great  object  of 
his  political  life  was  the  abolition  of  the 
corn  laws  :  and  it  is  not  too  much  to  say 
that  the  "Corn-Law  Rhymes"  were  as 
instrumental,  especially  in  the  manufac- 
turing districts,  in  fanning  the  excite- 
ment which  ultimately  led  to  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  corn  laws,  as  the  eloquence 
of  any  member  of  the  Anti-Corn-Lavv- 
.  League.  The  last  edition  of  his  poems 
appeared  in  one  volume  in  1840.  D. 
184y. — I  esse  Duncan,  a  distinguished 
commodore  of  the  United  States,  navy, 
b.  in  Maryland,  1785,  who  served  with 
honor  in  the  war  on  the  lakes  in  1812, 
performing  many  gallant,  exploits,  and 
afterwards  on  the  Mediterranean  and 
West  India  stations.     1).  1845. 

ELLIS,  George,  a  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter of  considerable  talent,  was  b.  in  Lon- 
don, 1745,  and  d.  1815.  He  commenced 
his  literary  career  as  the  author  of  various 
political  satires  and  essays  ;  and  he  sub- 
sequently produced  "  Specimens  of  early 
English  poets,"  "Specimens  of  early 
English  Metrical  Romances." — John,  an 
English  poet,  was  b.  in  London  in  16lJ8, 
and  brought  up  a  scrivener.  D.  1791 . — 
John,  a  naturalist,  was  b.  in  London  in 
1710,  and  d.  177G.    His  principal  works 


are  "  An  Essay  towards  a  Natural  His- 
tory of  British  Corallines,"  and  "  A  Nat- 
ural History  of  uncommon  Zoophytes." 
— William,  a  practical  agriculturist  of 
the  18th  century,  who  lived  at  Great 
Gaddcsden,  Herts,  and  enjoyed  con- 
siderable reputation  both  as  an  inventor 
of  tanning  implements,  and  as  the  au- 
thor of  "The  Modern  Husbandman." 

ELLISTON,  Robert  William,  an 
eminent  comedian,  was  b.  in  London  in 
1774.  He  was  intended  for  the  church; 
but  at  the  age  of  16  he  quitted  school, 
without  the  knowledge  of  his  friends, 
went  to  Bath,  and  there  first  gratified 
his  ambition  for  scenic  celebrity.  His 
first  bow  to  a  London  audience  was 
made  at  the  Ilaymarket  theatre,  1796 ; 
but  it  was  not  till  1S04  that  he  became 
fixed  at  either  of  the  winter  houses. 
This  occurred  on  Kemblc's  retirement 
from  Drury-lano ;  and  till  the  destruc- 
tion, by  fire,  of  that  edifice  in  1809,  he 
continued  to  be  one  of  its  most  active 
and  efficient  supporters.     D.  1831. 

ELLSWORTH,  Oliver,  chief  justice 
of  the  United  States,  graduated  at  tho 
college  in  New  Jersey,  1766.  In  1777 
he  was  chosen  a  delegate  in  congress 
from  Connecticut.  In  1780  he  was 
elected  into  the  council  of  Connecticut, 
and  was  a  member  of  that  body  till 
1784,  when  he  was  appointed  a  judge 
of  the  superior  court.  In  1787  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  convention, 
which  framed  the  federal  constitution. 
In  an  assembly  illustrious  for  talents, 
erudition,  and  patriotism  he  held  a  dis- 
tinguished plac.e.  When  the  federal 
government  was  organized  in  1789  he 
was  a  member  of  the  senate  from  Con- 
necticut. In  1796  he  was  appointed  by 
Washington  chief  justice  of  the  supremo 
court  of  the  United  States,  but  on  ac- 
count of  ill  health  resigned  the  office  in 
1800.  In  1799  he  was  appointed  by 
President  Adams  envoy  extraordinary 
to  France  for  the  purpose  of  settling  a 
treatv  with  that  nation.  D.  1807,  aged  65. 
ELLWOOD,  Thomas,  was  b.  at  Crow- 
ell  in  Oxfordshire,  in  1639.  He  was  bred 
in  the  tenets  of  the  church  of  England, 
but  was  induced  tc  join  the  Quakers, 
through  which  he  lost  the  favor  of  his 
father.  He  became  reader  to  Milton, 
which  tended  greatly  to  his  improve- 
ment in  learning.  Ellwood  suffered 
imprisonment  for  his  profession,  and 
wrote  a  number  of  books  in  its  defence. 
He  also  edited  "  George  Fox's  Journal," 
and  published  a  "  History  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments  ;"  a  sacred  poem  oa 
the  life  of  David,  &c.     D.  1713. 


ELz] 


CYCLOPEDIA.    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


377 


ELMS  LEY.  Peter,  an  eminent  phi- 
lologist and  classical  scholar,  was  b.  in 
177?.  In  pursuit  of  his  philological 
studies  he  visited  the  principal  libraries 
on  the  Continent;  and  in  IS  It),  in  con- 
junction with  Sir  Humphrey  Davy,  he 
accepted  a  commission  from  govern- 
ment for  the  development  of  the  Hercu- 
lancan  papyri,  but  their  labors  proved 
abortive.  On  his  return  he  settled  at 
Oxford,  where  he  obtained  the  Camden 
prnfpissnvsliin  of  ancient  history,  and 
was  elected"  nrinninal  of  St.  Alban's 
hall.  He  produced" editions  of  various 
classics,  and  contributed  to  the  early 
numbers  of  the  "Edinburgh  Review," 
and  at  a  subsequent  period  to  the 
"Quarterly."     D.  1825. 

ELPHINSTON,  Arthur,  Lord  Bal- 
Meri.no,  was  b.  1658.  He  had  the  com- 
mand of  a  company  of  foot  in  Lord 
Shannon's  regiment  in  the  reign  of 
Queen  Anne ;  but  at  the  accession  of 
George  I.  resigned  that  commission,  and 
joined  the  earl  of  Mar,  under  whom  he 
served  at  the  battle  of  Sheriffmuir.  At 
the  decisive  battle  of  Culloden  he  was 
taken  prisoner  by  the  duke  of  Cumber- 
laud's  army.  Being  conducted  to  Lon- 
don, he  was  committed  to  the  Tower, 
and  brought  to  trial  in  Westminster 
hall,  29th  July,  174C,  along  with  the 
earls  of  Kilmarnock  and  Cromarty,  both 
of  whom  pleaded  guilty.  The  earl  of 
Cromarty  obtained  a  pardon,  but  the 
other  two  suffered  decapitation  on 
Tower-hill.  18th  August,  1746.— James, 
a  native  of  Edinburgh,  whose  attempts 
to  effect  an  imaginary  reformation  in 
the  orthography  ~of  the  English  lan- 
guage, by  spelling  all  words  as  they  are 
pronounced,  occupied  a  great  part  of 
his  life,  and  ended  in  complete  disap- 
pointment. In  this  pursuit  he  pub- 
lished various  works,  anion"  which  we 
may  mention  "English  Orthography 
epitomized,"  and  "Propriety's  Pocket 
Picture."     B.  1721 :  d.  1809. 

ELPHINSTONE,  George  Keith, 
Viscount,  b.  1747,  was  a  distinguished 
naval  officer.  He  entered  the  service 
eai.y  in  life,  and  arrived  at  the  rank  of 
post-captain  in  1775.  During  the  Amer- 
ican war  he  served  with  great  credit  at 
the  attack  on  Mud  Island,  at  Charles- 
ton, &c. ;  he  also  captured  L'Aigle  of 
40  guns  and  600  men ;  and  when  the 
war  broke  out  with  France  he  was 
among  the  first  who  sustained  the  credit 
of  the  British  navy.  D.  1823.— Georoe 
William  Keith,  b.  1782.  Early  in  life 
this  distinguished,  but  eventually  un- 
"ortunate,  officer  entered  the  service  as 
32* 


ensign  in  the  84th  infantry.  After 
serving  with  much  distinction  in  various 
parts  of  the  globe,  he  was  made  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  the  33d  foot  in  1813. 
lie  was  made  major-general  in  1887,  and 
was  commander-in-chief  of  the  Bengal 
army,  when  the  British  arms  received 
so  awful  and  disgraceful  a  check  in  Aff- 
ghanistan.     L>.  1842. 

ELSTOB,  William,  a  learned  divine, 
was  b.  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  1673, 
and  d.  1714.  lie  was  profoundly  skilled 
in  the  Saxon  language  and  antiquities, 
and  published  a  Latin  translation  of  the 
"Saxon  Homily  of  Lupus;"  and  the 
"Homily  on  St.  Gregory's  Day,"  in 
Saxon  and  Latin.  He  also  wrote  "An 
Essay  on  the  Affinity  and  Agreement 
between  the  Two  Professions  of  Law 
and  Divinity,"  &c. — Elizabeth,  sister 
of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Newcastle, 
16S3.  She  resided  with  her  brother  at 
Oxford,  and  became  the  partner  of  his 
studies.  She  accompanied  his  "  Homi- 
ly on  St.  Gregory"  with  an  English 
version  and  a  preface,  and  published  a 
Saxon  grammar.     D.  1756. 

ELV1US,  Peter,  a  Swedish  mathe- 
matician, and  secretary  of  the  royal  acad- 
emy of  sciences  at  Stockholm,  was  b.  at 
Up'sal,  1710;  and  d.  1749. 

EL  WES,  John,  an  extraordinary  mi- 
ser. His  family  name  was  Meggot, 
which  he  altered  in  pursuance  of  the 
will  of  Sir  Harvey  Elwes,  his  uncle,  who 
left  him  at  least  £250,000,  and  he  wan 
possessed  of  nearly  as  much  of  his  own. 
At  this  time  he  attended  the  most  noted 
gaining  houses,  and  after  sitting  up  a 
whole  night  at  play  for  thousands,  he 
would  proceed  to  Smithfield  to  meet  his 
cattle,  where  he  would  stand  disputing 
with  a  cattie-butcher  for  a  shilling.  Ho 
would  sit  in  wet  clothes  to  save  the  ex- 
pense of  a  fire;  eat  his  provisions  in  the 
last  stage  of  putrefaction  ;  and,  in  short, 
subject  himself  to  any  privation,  or  bo 
guilty  of  any  beggarly  conduct,  by 
which  a  sixpence  might  be  saved ;  yet, 
if' by  his  personal  exertions  he  could  as- 
sist another,  provided  it  cost  him  noth- 
ing but  his  labor,  he  was  active  and 
ready.  In  1774  he  was  chosen  mcir.be> 
for  Berkshire,  and  his  conduct  in  parlia 
ment  was  perfectly  independent.  D 
1789,  aged  about  77,  leaving  a  fortuni 
of  £500,000,  besides  entailed  estates. 

ELZEVTR.  The  name  of  a  celebrated 
family  of  printers,  residing  at  Amster- 
dam and  Leyden,  whose  beautiful  edi- 
tions were  chiefly  published  between  the 
years  1594  and  1680. — Louis,  the  first  of 
them,  began  to  be  known  at  Leyder.  in 


378 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


1595,  and  was  the  first  who  made  the 
distinction  between  the  v  consonant  and 
the  it  vowel.  He  took  for  liis  device  an 
eagle  holding  seven  arrows,  with  the 
motto.  "  Concordia  res  parvse  erescunt." 
This  he  afterwards  exchanged  for  that 
of  a  man  standing,  with  the  motto  "  Non 
6oms;"  and  this  was  adopted  by  his 
successors.  Their  names  were  John, 
Daniel,  Matthew,  Isaac,  Bonaventiira, 
and  Abraham.  The  latter  two  prepared 
the  smaller  editions  of  the  classics,  in 
12mo.  and  lflino.,  winch  are  still  valued 
for  their  beauty  and  correctness.  Al- 
though the  Elzevirs  were  surpassed  in 
Learning,  and  in  Greek  and  Hebrew  edi- 
tions, by  the  Stephcnses  of  Paris,  they 
were  unequalled  in  their  choice  of 
works,  and  in  the  elegance  of  their  ty- 
pography. 

EMANUEL,  king  of  Portugal,  suc- 
ceeded John  II.  in  1495.  lie  restored 
the  nobility  to  their  privileges,  and 
greatly  encouraged  maritime  adven- 
tures, by  which  means  a  new  passage 
to  India  was  discovered  by  Gama,  and 
Brazil  in  1501,  by  Cabral.  Emanuel  also 
sent  an  expedition  to  Africa,  and  estab- 
lished a  commercial  intercourse  with 
the  kingdom  of  Congo.     D.  1521. 

EMERY,  John,  an  actor  of  very  con- 
siderable merit,  (particularly  in  rustic 
characters,  where  his  perfect  knowledge 
of  the  Yorkshire  dialect  rendered  him 
so  effective,)  was  b.  at  Sunderland,  in 
1777.     I).  1822. 

EMLYN.  Thomas,  a  Protestant  dis- 
Henting  minister,  memorable  for  the 
persecution  he  sustained  in  consequence 
of  his  religions  sentiments  with  regard 
to  the  Trinity,  was  b.  at  Stamford,  Lin- 
colnshire, in  lfiG",  and  studied  at  the 
university  of  Cambridge.  In  1091  he 
settled  at  Dublin,  as  assistant  to  the 
Rev.  Joseph  Boyce,  but  was  soon  inter- 
dicted from  his  pastoral  duties,  on  sus- 
picion of  Arianism.  Finding  himself 
the  object  of  much  odium  and  miscon- 
ception, he  published  "  A  Humble  En- 
quiry into  the  Scripture  Account  of  Je- 
sus Christ ;"  upon  which  he  was  arrest- 
ed on  the  charge  of  blasphemy,  tried, 
and  sentenced  to  a  year's  imprisonment 
and  a  fine  of  £1000.  His  character  was 
amiable,  and  he  was  on  terms  of  inti- 
macy with  Dr.  Clarke,  Whiston,  and 
other  eminent  men.     D.  1743. 

EMMETT,  Robert,  the  son  of  a  phy- 
sician at  Cork,  was  educated  for  the  le- 
gal profession ;  but,  on  the  breaking 
ont  of  the  Irish  rebellion,  he  was  drawn 
into  its  vortex,  became  secretary  to  the 
secret  directory   of  United    Irishmen, 


[enq 


and  in  1803  suffered  the  death  of  a  trai- 
tor. His  youthful  ardor,  eloquence,  and 
intrepidity  have  been  greatly  extolled. — 
Thomas  Addis,  elder  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  also  bred  to  the  profession 
of  the  law,  but  becoming  involved  in 
the  Irish  rebellion,  he  fled  his  country, 
and  settled  in  the  United  States,  where 
he  practised  as  an  advocate.  D.  at  New 
York,  1827. 

EMPEDOCLES,  a  Greek  philosopher, 
whose  doctrines  were  nearly  allied  to 
those  of  Pythagoras,  was  b.  about  480 
b.  c,  at  Agrigentnm,  in  Sicily.  The 
sovereignty  was  offered  him  by  his  fel- 
low-citizens; but  being  a  friend  to  pore 
democracy  he  refused  it,  and  established 
a  popular  government. 

ENFIELD,  William,  a  dissenting 
minister,  and  a  writer  of  much  judg- 
ment, was  b.  at  Sudbury,  1741  ;  and  af- 
ter filling  the  situation  of  resident  tutor 
and  lecturer  on  the  belles  lettres  at 
Warrington  academy  till  the  dissolu- 
tion of  that  establishment,  he  d.  1797. 
He  was  one  of  the  principal  contributors 
to  "  Dr.  Aikin's  Biographical  Diction- 
ary;1' and  is  known  as  the  author  or 
compiler  of  several  useful  works,  viz., 
"  The  Speaker,"  "  Exercises  on  Elocu- 
tion," "Natural  Philosophy,"  &c. 

EXCEL,  John  James,  a  German  wri- 
ter, whose  philosophical  works  are  held 
in  high  esteem,  was  b.  in  Mecklenburgh, 
1741  ;  and,  after  studying  at  several 
German  universities,  he  accepted  the 
office  of  professor  of  morals  and  litera- 
ture at  Berlin,  where  he  was  made  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences, and  wrote  the  greatest  part  of  his 
works.     D.  1802. 

ENGELBRECITT,  John,  a  religious 
fanatic,  was  b.  at  Brunswick.  1599.  He 
travelled  for  several  years  through  Ger- 
many, fasting  at  times  for  a  fortnight 
together,  and  not  tin  frequently  falling 
into  trances,  during  which  he  pretended 
to  receive  divine  revelations  and  mis- 
sions for  proselytizing  mankind.  D. 
1642. 

ENGIIIEN,  Louis  Antoine  Henri  de 
Boihbon,  duke  of,  son  of  the  duke  ol 
Bourbon,  and  a  descendent  of  the  great 
Oond6,  was  b.  at  Chantillv,  in  1772. 
Having  served  with  credit  in  the  armies 
opposed  to  the  French  republic,  he  went 
to  Baden,  in  1804.  married,  and  lived 
there  as  a  private  citizen.  He  was,  how- 
ever, regarded  with  a  jealous  eye,  as  one 
who  n light  become  a  dangerous  foe  to 
the  ambitious  designs  of  the  first  consul ; 
and  an  order  to  arrest  him  was  accord 
ingly  issued.     He  was  accused  of  having 


KFl] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHT. 


379 


taken  part  in  conspiracies  against  the 
life  of  the  first  consul ;  and  though  notli- 
ing  was  proved  against  him,  lie  received 
sentence  of  death,  and  was  led  into  the 
fosse  of  the  castle,  where  he  heroically 
and  firmly  submitted  to  it. 

ENGLEFIELD,  Sir  Henry  Charles, 
a  fellow  of  the  .Royal  and  Antiquarian 
societies,  to  whose  "  Transactions''  he 
contributed  largely,  was  b.  1752.  lie 
was  the  author  of  a  work  "On  the  De- 
termination of  the  Orbits  of  Comets," 
"  A  Description  of  the  Picturesque 
Beauties  and  Geological  Phenomena  of 
the  Isle  of  Wight,"  ~&c.     D.  1822. 

ENNIUS,  Qdintus,  a  celebrated  Latin 
poet  of  the  earlier  times  of  the  republic, 
was  b.  at  Calabria  239  b.  c.  Cato  the 
Censor  became  acquainted  with  him  in 
Sardinia,  was  his  pupil,  and  brought 
him  to  Koine,  where  he  soon  gained  the 
friendship  of  the  most  distinguished  in- 
dividuals, and  instructed  young  men  of 
rank  in  Greek.     D.  269  b.  c. 

ENTICK,  Joux,  an  English  divine,  d. 
in  1780.  He  published  a  "  History  of 
the  War  which  ended  in  170V  a  "  His- 
tory of  London,"  a  well-known  and  ap- 
proved "  Latin  and  English  Dictionary," 
&c. 

EXTINOPUS,  an  eminent  architect 
of  Candia  in  the  4th  century,  who  may 
properly  be  styled  the  founder  of  Venice. 
Having  fled  from  the  ravages  of  the 
Goths  to  the  morasses  on  the  Adriatic 
coast,  he  built  the  first  house  there  for 
himself,  and  afterwards  assisted  the  in- 
habitants of  Padua,  who  also  took  refuge 
there,  in  building  the  80  houses  which 
formed  the  first  city.     D.  about  420. 

EPAMINONDAS,  a  Theban  general, 
illustrious  for  his  talents  and  his  virtues, 
was  the  son  of  Polymnis.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Pelopidas,  and  by  him  appoint- 
ed to  the  command  of  the  Theban  armies. 
He  defeated  Cleombrotus,  and  gained 
the  battle  of  Leuctra ;  overcame  Alex- 
ander tyrant  of  PheraBa;  and  fell  in  the 
moment  of  victory  at  the  battle  of  Man- 
tinea,  863  b.  c. 

EPEE,  Charles  Michael  de  l',  a 
French  abbe,  founder  of  the  institution 
in  Paris  for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  was  b. 
at  Versailles  in  1712,  and  deserves  grate- 
ful remembrance  for  the  philanthropic 
occupation  in  which  the  greater  part  of 
his  life  was  spent.  He  entered  into  holy 
orders,  and  became  a  Catholic  priest ; 
but  his  great  object  being  to  impart  in- 
struction to  the  deaf  and  dumb,  he  spent 
his  whole  income,  besides  what  was 
contributed  by  benevolent  patrons,  in 
the   education    and  maintenance  of  his 


pupils,  for  whose  wants  ho  provided 
with  such  disinterested  devotion,  that  he 
often  deprived  himself  of  the  necessaries 
of  life,  restricting  himself  to  the  plainest 
food,  and  clothing  himself  in  the  coarscs. 
apparel.     ]).  1789, 

EP1CHABMUS,  of  Cos,  a  philosophy 
of  the  Pythagorean  school,  lived  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  5th  century  u.  c,  a. 
Syracuse,  and  there  wrote  his  celebrated 
comedies,  all  of  which  are  now  lost,  lie 
also  wrote  upon  medical  and  philosoph- 
ical subjects,  and  attained  the  age  of  97 
years. 

EPICTETUS,  a  Stoic  philosopher,  who 
lived  in  the  first  century,  was  a  native 
of  Hierapolis,  in  Phrygia,  and  was  origi- 
nally a  slave  to  Epaphroditus,  one  of 
Nero's  freedmen.  Having  been  eman- 
cipated, he  gave  himself  up  wholly  to 
the  study  of  philosophy,  and  his"  life 
afforded  an  example  of  unblemished 
virtue. 

EPICURUS^  the  founder  of  the  Epi- 
curean sect  of  philosophers,  was  l>.  at 
Gargettus,  342  B.C.,  and  studied  at 
Athens.  For  a  time  he  resided  succes- 
sively at  Colophon,  Mitylene,  and  Lamp- 
sacus,  but  finally  settled  at  Athens, 
where  he  purchased  a  garden,  and  there 
expounded  his  system  of  philosophy. 
D.  271  B.C. 

EPIMENIDES,  a  celebrated  philos- 
opher and  poet  of  Crete,  who  flourished 
during  the  Gth  century  b.  c.  He  is  rep- 
resented as  favored  with  divine  commu- 
nications, and  as  an  infallible  prophet. 

EPINAY,  Louise,  madame  d  ,  a  female 
of  considerable  talents,  and  notorious  for 
her  connection  with  Rousseau,  was  the 
wife  of  M.  Delalive  de  Bcllegardc,  who 
filled  the  office  of  farmer-general.  Du- 
ring the  earlier  part  of  her  lite,  she  form- 
ed an  acquaintance  with  the  philosopher 
of  Geneva,  to  whom  she  gave  a  cottage 
in  her  park  of  Chevrette,  (afterwards  the 
well-known  hermitage,)  where  he  passed 
many  of  his  days,  which  were  rendered 
happy  by  this  romantic  attachment,  un- 
til he  became  jealous  of  Baron  Grimm, 
whom  he  had  himself  introduced  to  his 
mistress.  She  was  the  author  of  "  Les 
Conversations  d'Emilie,"  "  Lettres  a 
mon  Fils,"  and  "Mes  Moments  Heu- 
reux."     D.  1783. 

EPISCOPIUS,  Simon,  alearned  divine, 
b.  at  Amsterdam.  1583.  In  1012  he  was 
chosen  divinity  professor  at  Leyden ; 
was  the  principal  of  the  remonstrants,  or 
Arminians,  at  the  synod  of  Dort,  which 
arbitrary  assembly  deposed  him  and  the 
other  deputies  from  their  ministerial 
functions,  and  banished   them   the  re- 


880 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[eri 


public.  lie  tlicn  went  to  Antwerp,  but 
in  1320  lie  returned  to  Holland,  and  be- 
came minister  to  tbe  remonstrants  at 
Kotterdam.     I).  1643. 

EPON1NA,  a  Koman  female,  whose 
Btrcngtli  of  conjugal  affection  is  worthy 
of  record,  was  the  wife  of  Julius  Sabinus, 
who,  after  being  defeated  in  his  revolt 
against  Vespasian,  took  shelter  in  a  sub- 
terranean cave,  where,  during  nine  years, 
be  and  Kpon'ma  lived  concealed.  Their 
retreat  being  at  length  discovered,  and 
Sabinus  being  condemned  to  suffer 
death,  the  faithful  wife  having  vainly 
implored  the  emperor's  clemency  for  her 
husband,  heroically  refused  to  survive 
his  loss,  and  d.  a  willing  martyr  to  her 
constancy,  78. 

ERASISTRATUS,  an  ancient  physi- 
cian, who  acquired  great  reputation  at 
tbe  court  of  Seleucus  Nicanor,  king  of 
Syria,  was  one  of  the  first  who  dissected 
human  bodies,  and  accurately  described 
the  brain. 

ERASMUS,  Desiderius,  one  of  the 
most  eminent,  scholars  of  his  age,  was  b. 
at  Kotterdam,  1467.  He  was  the  illegit- 
imate son  of  one  Gerard,  by  the  daugh- 
ter of  a  physician ;  but  his  father  and 
mother  dying  when  he  was  only  nine 
years  old,"  he  was  left  to  the  care  of 
three  guardians,  who  determined  on 
bringing  him  up  to  a  religious  life,  that 
they  might  enjoy  his  patrimony ;  for 
which  purpose  they  removed  him  from 
one  convent  to  another,  till  at  last,  in 
14S6,  he  took  the  habit  among  the 
canons-regular  at  Stein,  near  Tcrgou. 
The  monastic  life  being  disagreeable  to 
him,  he  accepted  an  invitation  from  the 
archbishop  of  Cambray  to  reside  with 
him.  During  his  abode  with  this  prelate 
he  was  ordained  priest;  but  in  1406  he 
went  to  Paris,  and  supported  himself  by 
giving  private  lectures.  In  1497  he  vis- 
ited England,  and  met  with  a  liberal  re- 
ception from  the  most  eminent  scholars. 
On  his  return  he  spent  twelve  years  in 
France,  Italy,  and  the  Netherlands  ;  and 
during  that  time  he  published  several 
works  of  great  merit.  In  1506  he  took 
his  doctor's  degree  at  Turin,  and  went 
to  Bologna,  where  he  continued  some 
time  ;  thence  he  removed  to  Venice,  and 
resided  with  the  famous  Aldus  Manu- 
tius.  From  Venice  he  went  to  Padua 
and  Rome,  where  many  offers  were  made 
him  to  settle;  but  having  received  an 
invitation  from  Henry  VIII.  he  went 
to  England  again  in  1510;  wrote  his 
"  Praise  and  Folly"  while  residing  with 
Sir  Thomas  More ;  and  was  appointed 
Margaret    professor    of    divinity,    and 


Greek  lecturer,  at  Cambridge.  Tn  1514 
be  once  more  returned  to  the  Continent, 
and  lived  chiefly  at  Basle,  where  he  vig- 
orously continued  his  literary  labors, 
and  prepared  his  edition  of  the  New 
Testament,  with  a  Latin  translation ; 
his  "  Ciceroninnus,"  and  his  celebrated 
"Colloquies,"  which  latter  gave  such 
offence  to  the  monks,  that  they  us^i  to 
say,  "Erasmus  laid  the  egg  which  Lu- 
ther batched."  With  Luther,  however, 
whom  he  had  provoked  by  his  treatise 
on  Free  Will,  he  was  in  open  hostility. 
In  1528  appeared  his  learned  work,  "  De 
recta  Latinis  Graecique  Sermonis  Pro- 
nunciatione,"  and  his  last  publication, 
which  was  printed  the  year  before  his 
death,  was  entitled  "  Ecclesiastes,  or  the 
Manner  of  Preaching."     I).  1536. 

ERATOSTHENES,  a  native  of  Cyreno, 
in  Africa,  275  b.  c,  was  librarian  at  Alex- 
andria, and  improved  the  science  of 
mathematical  geography,  which  he.  cor- 
rected, enlarged,  and  reduced  to  system. 
He  was  also  a  philosopher,  poet,  and 
grammarian ;  while  he  rendered  much 
service  to  the  sciences  of  astronomy  and 
geography,  by  first  observing  the  ob- 
liquity of  the  ecliptic,  and  by  discover- 
ing the  method  of  measuring  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  globe. 

ERCILLA  Y  ZUNIGA,  a  Spanish 
poet  and  soldier,  was  b.  in  Biscay,  about 
1530.  He  was  brought  up  at  the  court 
of  Charles  V.,  and  joined  an  expedition 
which  was  sent  out  to  Chili  against  a 
tribe  of  natives  called  the  Araccanians. 
Hence  came  his  admirable  epic  of  "  La 
Araucana,"  which  describes  the  perils 
and  exploits  of  that  fierce  and  dangerous 
contest ;  this  he  wrote  on  scraps  of  paper, 
and  on  bits  of  leather  when  paper  could 
not  be  had,  during  those  brief  intervals 
which  could  be  snatched  from  active 
dutv. 

EREM1TA,  Daniel,  a  writer  of  the 
17th  century,  was  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
and  became  secretary  to  the  duke  of 
Florence.  He  wrote  several  works,  the 
principal  one  being  entitled  "  De  Auliea 
Vita  acCivili."     D.  1613. 

ERIC  IX.,  king  of  Sweden,  Denmark, 
and  Norway,  succeeded  Margaret  in  1412. 
He  married  the  daughter  of  Henry  IV. 
of  England.  In  1439  he  was  formal'y 
deposed.  He  afterwards  settled  in  Po- 
merania,  where  he.  d.  in  1459.  He  com- 
piled a  "  History  of  Denmark  to  tho 
year  1288." — XIV.,  son  and  successor 
of  Gustavus  I.,  king  of  Sweden.  He 
courted  the  Princess  Elizabeth,  after- 
wards queen  of  England,  but  being 
refused,  he  married  the  daughter  of  a 


ERS] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


331 


Eeasanl.  This  alienated  from  him  the 
earts  of  his  subjects,  and,  together  with 
his  cruelties,  occasioned  a  revolt.  Eric 
was  compelled  to  renounce  his  throne 
in  1568.     D.  in  prison,  in  1578. 

ERICEIRA,  Ferdinand  ue  Menezes, 
Count,  a  Portuguese  historian,  was  b. 
at  Lisbon,  in  1614.  He  devoted  himself 
to  military  service,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  an  able  general  at  Tangier. 
He  wrote  "  The  History  of  Tangier," 
"  History  of  Portugal,"  <fec. — Francis 
Xavlek  Menezes,  Count,  great-grandson 
of  the  above,  was  b.  at  Lisbon,  in  1768; 
and  d.  in  1713.  He  wrote  on  "  Academ- 
ical Studies,"  "Parallels  of  Illustrious 
Men  and  Women,"  &c. 

ERIGENA,  John  Scotos,  a  learned 
man  of  the  9th  century,  was  b.  in  Scot- 
land, though  some  make  him  a  native 
of  England,  and  others  of  Ireland.  He 
is  said  to  have  travelled  to  Athens, 
where  he  acquired  the  Greek  and  Ori- 
ental languages.  He  resided  many  years 
at  the  court  of  Charles  the  Bald,  king  of 
France,  with  whom  he  lived  on  terms 
of  the  greatest  familiarity;  At  the  re- 
quest of  his  patron  he  translated  the 
works  of  Diouysius  into  Latin,  which 
drew  upon  him  the  resentment  of  the 
pope,  to  avoid  whose  fury  he  went  to 
England,  where  he  was  courteously  re- 
ceived by  Alfred  the  Great,  who  placed 
him  at  the  head  of  his  newly-founded 
college  at  Oxford  ;  but  after  a  residence 
there  of  about  three  years,  he  retired  to 
the  abbey  of  Malmcsbury.  His  greatest 
work  was  the  "Division  of  Nature,  or 
the  Nature  of  Things,"  printed  at  Ox- 
ford in  1681. 

ERNESTI,  John  Augustus,  an  emi- 
nent German  critic,  and  professor  of 
theology  at  Leipsic,  was  b.  1707.  He 
published  several  valuable  editions  of 
Xenophon,  Cicero,  Suetonius,  Tacitus, 
Homer,  and  Calliinachus,  accompanied 
with  learned  notes  ;  and  a  "  Theological 
Library."  D.  1781. — Augustus  Wil- 
liam, a  nephew  of  the  preceding,  was 
also  a  distinguished  classical  scholar, 
and  published  several  learned  works. 
B. 1753;  d.  1801. 

ERSCI1,  John  Samuel,  a  German 
bibliographer,  b.  1766,  was  principal 
librarian,  and  professor  of  geography 
and  statistics,  at  the  university  of  Halle. 
He  wrote  a  "  Manual  of  German  Litera- 
ture ;"  a  "  Dictionary  of  French  Writers, 
from  1771  to  lSOi;"  was  joint  editor 
with  Professor  Griiber  of  the  "  Universal 
Encyclopaedia,"  published  at  Leipsic; 
and  editor  of  the  "Jena  Literary  Ga- 
zette."   D.  182S. 


ERSKINE,  Ebenezer,  'he  founder  of 
the  secession  church  in  Scotland,  b.  at 
Dryburgh,  in  Berwickshire,  L680.  In 
1731  he  accepted  of  a  call  to  Stirling; 
and  circumstances  soon  afterwards  hav- 
ing occurred  to  augment  the  hostility  ho 
had  always  shown  to  the  law  of  patron- 
age, he  declared  the  church  judicatories 
to  be  illegal  and  unchristian,  and,  after 
some  delay  and  discussions,  was  "de- 
posed from  the  office  of  the  holy  minis- 
try" in  1740.  But  he  was  soon  joined 
by  his  brother  Ralph,  minister  of  Dun- 
fermline, and  other  ministers;  and  hav- 
ing constituted  themselves  into  a  presby- 
tery, they  founded  the  secession  church 
of  Scotland.  D.  17">4. — John,  son  of  an 
eminent  Scotch  lawyer  of  the  same  name, 
was  b.  at  Cardross,  in  1721,  and  destined 
for  the  bar;  but  his  inclination  leading 
him  to  the  study  of  theology,  he  was, 
in  174-J,  licensed  to  preach.  His  "Theo- 
logical Dissertations"  appeared  in  I70">, 
but  his  "Sketches  and  Hints  of  Church 
History  and  Theological  Controversy" 
were  not  published  till  many  years 
after.  These,  with  a  volume  of  sermons, 
are  his  principal  works.  D.  1803. — 
Thomas,  Lord,  third  sou  of  David  Henry 
Erskine,  earl  of  Buchan,  was  b.  in  1750. 
He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  177S,  and 
obtained  immediate  success.  In  May, 
1783,  he  received  a  silk  gown,  and,  the 
same  year,  was  elected  member  of  parlia- 
ment, and  unanimously  rechosen  for  the 
same  borough  on  every  succeeding  elec- 
tion, until  raised  to  the  peerage.  In 
1792,  being  employed  to  defend  Thomas 
Paine,  when  prosecuted  for  the  second 
part  of  his  "  Rights  of  Man,"  he  declared 
that,  waiving  all  personal  convictions, 
he  deemed  it  right,  as  an  English  advo- 
cate, to  obey  the  call;  by  the  mainte- 
nance of  which  principle  he  lost  his 
office  of  attorney-general  to  the  prince 
of  WTales.  The  most  arduous  effort, 
however,  in  his  professional  life,  arose 
out  of  the  part  cast  upon  him.  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  (afterwards  SirVicary) 
Gibbs,  in  the  trials  of  Hardy,  Tooke,  and 
others,  for  high  treason,  in  1794.  These 
trials  lasted  for  several  weeks,  and  the 
ability  displayed  by  Mr.  Erskine  on  this 
eventful  occasion  was  admired  and  ac- 
knowledged by  all  parties.  He  was  a 
strenuous  opposer  of  the  war  with 
France;  and  wrote  a  pamphlet,  entitled 
"A  View  of  the  Causes  and  Consequen- 
ces of  the  War  with  France ;"  when 
such  was  the  attraction  of  his  name, 
that  it  ran  through  the  unprecedented 
number  of  forty-eight  editions.  In  1S02, 
the  prince  of  Wales  not  only  restored 


382 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[eth 


him  to  his  office  of  attorney-general,  but 
made  him  keeper  of  his  seals  for  the 
duchy  of  Cornwall.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  political  romance,  entitled  "Ar- 
mata,"  and  some  pamphlets  on  the 
Greek  cause.  But  it  was  at  the  bar 
that  he  shone  with  peculiar  lustre.  D. 
182;}. 

ERXLEBEN,  John  Christian  Poly- 
cm^,  a  German  naturalist,  b.  at  Qued- 
linburg,  1744.  lie  studied  physic  at 
Gottingon,  and  gave  lectures  there  on 
the  veterinary  art  and  natural  history. 
His  "Principles  of  Natural  History"  is 
particularly  valuable.     D.  1777. 

ESCOBAR  Y  MENDOZA,  Anthony, 
a  celebrated  Spanish  Jesuit,  b.  at  Valla- 
dolid,  1539,  and  d.  1669.  He  was  a 
popular  preacher  and  a  voluminous  au- 
thor. His  most  noted'  works  are  his 
"Moral  Theology,"  and  his  "Cases  of 
Conscience." 

ESCOltjUIZ,  Don  Juan,  a  Spanish 
diplomatist  and  author,  b.  1702.  He 
was  the  confidential  friend  of  Ferdinand 
VII.,  whom  he  defended  zealously 
against  the  machinations  of  the  Prince 
of  Peace,  and  of  Napoleon  at  Bayonne ; 
yet  for  having  advised  the  king  to  accept, 

•  at  least  in  part,  the  constitution  of  the 
Cortes,  he  was  banished  on  his  restora- 
tion, and  d.  in  exile,  in  1820.  Among 
his  works  are  the  "  Conquest  of  Mexico," 
and  also  translations  from  Milton  and 
Young. 

ESMENARD,  Joseph  Alphonse,  a 
French  poet  ami  political  writer,  was  b, 
1770,  at  Pelissane,  in  Provence.  During 
the  revolution  he  was  connected  with 
many  literary  and  political  journals ; 
accompanied  General  Leclerc  to  St.  Do- 
mingo; and  on  his  return  became  ac- 
quainted with  Marmontel.     His  poem, 

•  "  La  Navigation,"  is  highly  descriptive; 
he  also  wrote  the  operas  of  "Trajan" 
and  "Ferdinand  Cortez."     D.  1811. 

ESPAGNAC,  Joh:s  Baptist,  baron  d', 
a  French  general,  b.  1713.  He  served 
under  Marshal  Saxe,  and  wrote  a  num- 
ber of  books  on  the  military  art,  and  a 
history  of  the  marshal,  in  3  vols.  4to. 

ESPER,  John  Frederic,  a  naturalist 
ind  astronomer,  was  b.  at  Drossenfeld, 
ai  Bayreuth,  1732.  He  published  "A 
Method  of  determining  the  Orbits  of 
Comets,  and  other  celestial  Bodies, 
without  astronomical  Instruments  or 
mathematical  Calculations;"  and  was 
the  first  who  examined  and  described 
the  curious  fossil  remains  in  the  subter- 
ranean caverns  of  Bavreuth.     D.  1781. 

ESPREMENIL,  James  Duval  d',  a 
counsellor  of  the  parliament  of  Paris, 


and  deputy  from  the  nobility  to  the 
states-general  in  1789.  He  had  from  his 
youth  entertained  the  project  of  resto- 
ring to  France  the  states-general;  and 
for  the  violence  of  his  speeches  on  that 
subject  he  was  seized  and  banished  to 
the  isle  of  St.  Margaret ;  but  being  re- 
called to  Paris  in  1789,  he  defended  tho 
monarchy  against  innovators  with  as 
much  warmth  as  he  had  before  opposed 
the  despotism  of  the  ministry.  He  was 
ultimately  condemned  by  the  revolu- 
tionary tribunal,  and  perished  on  the 
Boaflfold,  in  1793. 

ESTAING,  Charles  Henry,  Count,  a 
French  commander,  wat  b.  of  a  noble 
family  in  Auvergne,  ana  commenced 
his  career  in  the  East  Indies,  under 
Lallv,  when  he  was  taken  prisoner  by 
the  English.  In  the  American  war  he 
was  employed  as  vice-admiral  and  gen- 
eral of  the  French  armies  on  that  sta- 
tion, where  he  took  the  island  of  Grena- 
da. In  1787  he  became  a  member  of 
thi'  assembly  of  notables,  and  command- 
ant of  the  national  guards  at  Versailles, 
at  the  commencment  of  the  revolution: 
but,  like  many  others  who  had  promoted 
the  revolution,  he  was  accused  of  coun- 
ter-revolutionary projects,  and  suffered, 
in  1793,  by  the  guillotine. 

ESTE,  one  of  the  most  ancient  and 
illustrious  families  of  Italy,  which  owed 
its  origin  to  those  petty  princes  who 
governed  Tuscany  in  the  time  of  the 
Carlovingians.  In  later  times,  they  re- 
ceived from  the  emperors  several  dis- 
tricts and  counties,  to  be  held  as  fiefs  of 
the  empire,  with  the  title  of  marquis. 
Of  this  family  was  Guelf'o  IV.,  who, 
having  received  the  investiture  of  the 
duchy  of  Bavaria,  founded  the  house  of 
Brunswick. 

ESTRADES,  Godfrey,  Count,  a 
French  general  and  diplomatist,  b.  1607, 
and  d.  K561.  He  served  with  distinction 
in  the  Netherlands,  under  Prince  Mau- 
rice. 

ESTREES,  Gabrielle,  duchess  of 
Beaufort,  mistress  to  Henry  IV.  of 
France,  was  b.  about  1571,  and  was  de- 
scended from  an  ancient  and  noble 
family  in  Picardy.  So  passionately  was 
she  loved  by  Henry,  that  he  intended  to 
raise  Gabrielle  to  the  throne  as  his  law- 
ful consort,  for  which  purpose  he  pro- 
cured a  divorce  from  Margaret  of  Valois. 
The  design  was  strongly  opposed  by 
Sully,  who  succeeded  in  rendering  it 
abortive.    D.  1599. 

ETHELBERT,  king  of  England,  the 
second  son  of  Ethelwolf,  succeeded  hia 
brother  Ethelbald,  in  860.     He  was  a 


eul] 


CYCLOP.-EDIA    OF    BIOGRA1MIY. 


383 


virtuous   prince,   and    beloved    by  his 
mbjects. 

ETHELRED  I.,  king  of  England,  son 
of  Ethelwolf,  succeeded  Ins  brother 
Etheibert,  in  866.— II.,  king  of  England, 
the  son  of  Edgar,  succeeded  his  brother 
Edward  the  Martyr  in  978,  and,  from 
his  want  of  vigor  and  capacity,  was  sur- 
named  the  Unready.  He  paid  a  tribute 
to  the  Danes  by  a  tax  levied  on  his  sub- 
jects, called  Daneyell.  To  free  himself 
irom  this  oppression,  he  caused  till  the 
Danes  in  England  to  be  treacherously 
iiiassacred  in  one  day.  On  this,  Sweyn, 
king  of  Denmark,  entered  his  kingdom, 
and  compelled  him  to  fly  to  Normandy: 
but  Sweyn  dying  soon  after,  Ethelred 
returned  and  resumed  the  government. 
D.  1016. 

ETHELWOLF,  king  of  England,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Egbert,  in  838,  and 
gave  to  his  son,  Athelstan,  the  sover- 
eignty over  Essex,  Kent,  and  Sussex. 
D.  857. 

ETIIEREDGE,  Sir  George,  an  En- 
glish dramatist,  and  one  of  the  wits  of 
the  court  of  Charles  II.,  was  b.  about 
1636.  lie  studied  at  one  of  the  inns 
of  court,  but  soon  relinquished  legal 
science  for  the  dissipation  which  char- 
acterized the  era  in  which  lie  lived.  lie 
devoted  considerable  attention  to  light 
literature,  and  wrote  songs,  panegyrics, 
lampoons,  and  dramas ;  which,  though 
tinctured  with  licentiousness,  possess 
humor,  ease,  and  spirit.  His  comedies 
are  entitled  "  The  Comical  Revenge,  or 
Love  in  a  Tub,"  "She  Would  if  She 
Could,"  and  "  The  Man  of  Mode."  He 
is  said  to  have  lost  his  life,  in  16S3,  by 
falling  down  stairs  while  in  a  state  of  in- 
toxication. 

ETOILE,  Peter  de  l',  a  French  wri- 
ter, b.  1540,  whose  diary  of  events  fur- 
nished the  matter  for  the  "Journal  of 
Ilenrv  III.,"  and  the  "  Journal  of  Hen- 
ry IV."     D.  1611. 

ETTY,  William,  a  distinguished  art- 
ist, was  b.  at  York,  1787.  On  his  arrival 
iu  London,  In  1805,  he  soon  attracted 
the  attention  of  Opie,  Fuseli,  and  Sir 
Thomas  Lawrence  ;  and  the  death  of  an 
uncle,  who  bequeathed  him  a  consider- 
able fortune,  having  enabled  him  to 
prosecute  his  studies  as  he  pleased,  he 
proceeded  on  a  tour  to  Italy,  where  he 
imbibed  that  taste  for  Venetian  art 
which  he  subsequently  carried  out  in 
the  numerous  works  that  proceeded 
from  his  pencil.  His  "  Judith"  and 
"  Joau  of  Arc"  may  rank  with  the  best 
Compositions  of  modern  times.   D.  1850. 

EUCLID,  an  eminent  philosopher  of 


Megara,  and  the  disciple  of  Socrates, 
from  whom  he  differed  in  the  manner 
of  teaching;  for,  instead  of  instructing 
his  pupils  in  morals,  he  confined  their 
attention  wholly  to  the  subtleties  of 
logic.  He  flourished  about  four  centu- 
ries before  the  Christian  era,  and  vus 
the  founder  of  the  Megaric  sect.— A 
celebrated  mathematician  of  Alexan- 
dria, who  nourished  800  B.  o.  Ho  im- 
mortalized his  name  by  his  books  on 
geometry,  in  which  he  digested  all  the 
propositions  of  the  eminent  geometri- 
cians who  preceded  him,  as  Thales, 
Pythagoras,  and  others.  His  "  Ele- 
ments" have  gone  through  innumerable 
editions;  ana  hough  he  wrote  on  mu- 
sic, optics,  and  other  subjects,  it  is  as  a 
geometrician  that  he  will  ever  be  re- 
membered. 

EUDOCIA,  a  learned  female  of 
Athens,  whose  original  name  was  Athe- 
nais,  was  the  daughter  of  Leontius  the 
philosopher.  In  421  she  was  married 
to  the  emperor  Theodosius,  who  after- 
wards divorced  her  in  a  fit  of  jealousy. 
She  then  went  to  Jerusalem,  where  she 
built  churches,  and  led  a  life  of  great 
devotion.  This  empress  wrote  several 
Greek  poems,  and  paraphrases  on  some 
of  the  prophets.     D.  460. 

EUGEN  E,  Francis,  of  Savoy,  known 
as  Prince  Eugene,  a  distinguished  mili- 
tary commander,  and  a  grandson  of  tho 
duke  of  Savoy,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1663. 
He  was  intended  for  the  church,  but  his 
predilection  for  military  life  was  so 
strong,  that  on  being  refused  a  regi- 
ment in  the  French  army,  he  entered 
the  service  of  the  emperor,  as  a  volun- 
teer against  the  Turks,  whore  his  bra- 
very attracting  notice,  he  was  soon  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  a  regiment 
of  dragoons.  He  was  afterwards  placed 
at  the  head  of  the  army  of  Hungary,  and 
was  the  companion  in  arms  of  the  great 
duke  of  Marlborough,  participating  in 
the  victories  of  Blenheim,  Oudenarde. 
&c.  He  likewise  saved  Turin,  expelled 
the  French  from  Italy,  reduced  Lisle, 
and,  in  short,  raised  his  name  to  the 
very  pinnacle  of  military  renown,  by 
repeated  demonstrations  of  skill  and 
bravery.     D.  1736. 

EUGENIUS,  an  obscure  man,  who, 
from  being  a  grammarian,  was  pro- 
claimed emperor  in  Dauphine,  by  Count 
Arbogatus,  after  the  death  of  Valentin- 
iau  the  Younger,  in  392.  He  crossed 
the  Alps,  and  made  himself  master  of 
Milan;  but  in  394  he  was  defeated  and 
slain  by  the  emperor  Theodosius. 

EULER,  Leonard,  a  celebrated  mo- 


884 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


EVA 


thcmatician,  b.  at  Basic,  in  1707,  and 
was  a  pupil  of  John  Bernouilli.  He  was 
one  of  the  literati  invited  to  St.  Peters- 
burg by  Catharine  I.,  and  for  a  time 
sustained  the  whole  weight  of  the  ma- 
thematical department  in  the  new  uni- 
versity, with  great  talent  and  industry. 
In  1741  he  accepted  an  invitation  from 
Frederic  the  Great,  and  remained  at 
Brienne  till  1766,  when  he  returned  to 
the  Russian  capital,  where  he  d.  in  1783. 
Though  he  had  been  blind  for  many 
years  before  his  death,  he  still  con- 
tinued his  literary  labors ;  and  in  that 
state  he  produced  his  "  Elements  of 
Algebra"  and  his  "Theory  of  the 
Moon."  His  writings,  which  are  nu- 
merous, are  able  and  original,  both  in 
metaphysics  and  philosophy  ;  and,  in 
fact,  he  may  justly  be  regarded  as  one 
of  the  greatest  mathematicians  of  the 
age. —  John  Albert,  Charles,  and 
Christopher,  three  sons  of  the  pre- 
ceding, were  each  eminent  in  their  re- 
spective walks  of  life. — John  Albert,  a 
mathematician,  was  b.  at  St.  Petersburg, 
in  1734,  and  d.  there  in  1800.  He  was  a 
counsellor  of  state,  and  secretary  of  the 
Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences,  and 
wrote  many  treatises  on  astronomy,  op- 
tics, &c. — Charles,  the  second  son,  who 
was  b.  at  St.  Petersburg,  in  1740,  was 
physician  to  the  court,  and  a  member 
of  the  Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences. 
D.  1766;  and  to  him  is  attributed  an 
able  treatise  on  the  motion  of  the  plan- 
ets.— Christopher,  the  youngest  son, 
was  b.  at  Berlin,  1743.  "Besides  being 
eminent  as  a  mathematician,  he  was  an 
excellent  astronomer,  and  was  one  of 
the  persons  selected  to  observe  the  tran- 
sit of  Venus,  in  1769. 

EURIPIDES,  a  Grecian  tragic  poet, 
was  b.  in  the  island  of  Salamis,  480  b.  o. 
He  studied  at  Athens  under  Anaxagoras 
the  philosopher,  and  Prodieus  the  rhet- 
orician ;  but  left  that  city  in  disgust,  on 
account  of  the  rivalship  of  Sophocles 
and  the  raillery  of  Aristophanes,  and 
went  to  the  court  of  Archelaus,  king  of 
Macedon.  He  wrote  an  immense  num- 
ber of  tragedies,  nineteen  of  which  are 
extant.  As  he  was  walking  one  evening 
in  a  wood,  he  was  attacked  by  the  king's 
hounds  and  torn  in  pieces.  He  was 
then  in  his  75th  year. 
•  EUSDEN,  Laurence,  an  English  poet, 
was  b.  in  Yorkshire.  In  1718  he  ob- 
tained the  laureateship,  which  raised 
him  several  enemies,  particularly  Pope, 
who  placed  him  in  the  "  Dunciad."  He 
became  rector  of  Coningsby,  in  Lincoln- 
•hire.    D.  1730. 


EUSEBIUS,  Pamphilus,  an  ecclesias- 
tical historian,  was  b.  in  Palestine  about 
270.  In  the  persecution  by  Diocletian, 
he  assisted  the  suffering  Christians  by 
his  exhortations,  particularly  his  friend 
Pamphilus,  whose  name,  out  of  venera- 
tion, he  assumed.  Euscbius  was  chosen 
bishop  of  Csesarca  about  313.  He  was 
at  first  the  friend  of  Arius,  because  ho 
considered  him  as  persecuted,  but  on 
perceiving  the  dangerous  extent  of  his 
opinions,  he  abandoned  him,  and  as- 
sisted at  the  council  of  Nice,  which  he 
opened  with  an  address.  He  was  also 
at  that  of  Antioch.  The  emperor  Con- 
stantino had  a  particular  esteem  for  him, 
and  showed  him  several  tokens  of  favor. 
He  died  about  338.  He  wrote  an  "  Ec- 
clesiastical History,"  the  "  Life  of  Con- 
stantino,"  and  other  works,  the  principal 
of  which  is  "  Evangelical  Preparation." 

EUSTACHIUS,  Bartholomew,  an 
eminent  Italian  physician  of  the  16th 
century.  He  settled  at  Rome,  where  he 
formed  his  anatomical  tables,  and  made 
several  important  discoveries,  among 
which  is  the  passage  from  the  throat  to 
the  internal  ear,  called  the  Eustachian 
tube.  Boerhaave  published  this  author's 
"  Opuscula  Anatomica"  in  1707.  D.  1  >70. 

EUSTATHIUS,  an  eminent  critic  and 
archbishop  of  Thessalonica,  was  b.  at 
Constantinople,  and  lived  in  the  12th 
century.  He  wrote  commentaries  on 
Homer  and  Dionysius  the  geographer ; 
displaying,  in  the  former  more  especial- 
ly, profound  philological  learning. 

EUTROPIUS,  Flavius,  a  Latin  his- 
torian of  the  4th  century.  He  was  sec- 
retary to  Constantino  the  Great,  and 
served  under  Julian  in  his  Persian  ex- 
pedition. He  wrote  an  epitome  of  the 
history  of  Rome,  of  which  numerous 
editions  have  been  printed. 

EUTYCHES,  an  ecclesiastic  of  the  5th 
century,  from  whom  the  sect  of  Euty- 
chians'sprung,  was  a  man  of  strict  piety, 
but  who,  in  opposing  the  doctrines  of 
Ncstorius,  fell  into  the  opposite  extreme, 
and  denied  the  human  nature  of  Christ. 

EVAGORAS,  a  Greek  writer  in  the 
time  of  Augustus.  He  wrote  a  History 
of  Esrypt,  the  Life  of  Timagenes,,  "  De 
Artifieio  Thucydidis  Oratorio,"  &e. 

EVANS,  Abel,  commonly  called  Dr. 
Evans,  the  epigrammatist,  was  one  of 
the  Oxford  wits,  and  intimate  with  the 
most  eminent  poets  of  the  age.  He  was 
a  member  of  St.  John's  college,  and 
vicar  of  St.  Giles,  Oxford.  He  took  his 
degree  of  D.  D.  in  1711. —  Arise,  an 
astrologer  of  the  17th  century,  was  a 
native  of  Wales,  and  educated  at  Oxford. 


eve] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


385 


He  removed  to  London,  where  he  taught 
the  mathematics,  practised  astrology, 
and  had  the  reputation  of  a  necro- 
mancer.— Caleb,  was  an  eminent  Bap  • 
list  minister  at  Bristol,  and  the  author 
of  "  Sermons  on  the  Scripture  Doctrine 
of  the  Son  and  Holy  Spirit,"  "niirist 
Crucified,  or  the  Scripture  Doctrine  of 
the  Atonement,"  &c.  D.  1791.— Cor- 
nelius, an  impostor,  was  b.  at  Mar- 
seilles, but  his  father  was  a  Welshman. 
In  1648  he  went  to  England,  and  pre- 
tei.ded  to  be  the  prince  of  Wales,  to 
whom  he  bore  a  great  resemblance. 
After  carrying  on  this  farce  a  few  weeks 
he  was  sent  to  Newgate,  from  whence 
he  effected  his  escape,  but  what  became 
of  him  afterwards  is  not  known.— John, 
a  Baptist  minister,  and  theological  wri- 
ter, was  b.  at  Uske,  in  Monmouthshire. 
He  wrote  and  compiled  several  works, 
but  is  chiefly  known  as  the  author  of 
"  A  Brief  Sketch  of  the  several  Denom- 
inations into  which  the  Christian  World 
is  divided.  D.  1827. — Nathaniel,  minis- 
ter and  poet,  was  b.  in  Philadelphia,  1742. 
Having  been  ordained  by  the  bishop  of 
London,  he  entered  on  a  mission  near 
the  close  of  that  year,  (under  the  pa- 
tronage of  the  Society  for  Propagating 
the  Gospel,)  in  Gloucester  county, 
N.  J.,  where,  after  laboring  nearly  ten 
years,  he  d.  1767.  He  had  a  high  repu- 
tation for  talents,  and  left  a  variety  of 
manuscripts,  from  which  a  selection  of 
poetry  and  prose  was  soon  after  pub- 
lished.— Lewis,  eminent  for  his  ac- 
quaintance with  American  geography, 
was  a  surveyor  in  Pennsylvania,  and  d. 
1756.  He  made  many  journeys  into  the 
neighboring  colonies,  and  had  been  fre- 
quently employed  in  surveying  lands 
fmrchascd  of  the  natives.  He  bad  eol- 
ected  a  great  store  of  materials  from 
other  sources.  From  these  he  compiled 
a  map  of  the  middle  colonies,  and  of 
the  adjacent  country  of  the  Indians 
lying  northward  and  westward.  The 
first  edition  of  it  was  published  iu  174'j, 
and  a  second  in  1755,  accompanied  with 
an  explanatory  pamphlet. 

EVAKTS,  Jeremiah,  secretary  of  the 
American  board  of  commissioners  for 
foreign  missions,  graduated  at  Yale  col- 
lege,^ 802.  From  1803  to  1804  he  was 
the  instructor  of  the  academy  at  Peach- 
am,  and  afterwards  studied  law  with 
Judge  Chaunccy  of  New  Haven,  where 
he  commenced  practice.  In  1810  he  re- 
moved to  Charlestown,near  Boston,  in  or- 
der to  become  editor  of  the  "Panoplist," 
a  religious  and  literary  monthly  publica- 
tion.   In  1820  the  "  Missionary  Herald" 


was  substituted  in  place  of  the  "  Panop- 
list," under  the  authority  of  the  Ameri- 
can board.  This  work  was  also  committed 
to  him.  He  had  been  chosen  treasurer 
of  the  board  in  1812,  and  the  next  year 
one  of  the  prudential  committee.  He 
served  as  treasurer  till  1822.  In  1821, 
he  succeeded  Dr.  Worcester  as  corre- 
sponding secretary,  in  which  office  ho 
continued  nearly  ten  years,  till  his  death. 
D.  1831. 

EVELYN,  John,  was  b.  in  1620. 
Throughout  life  he  evinced  a  love  for 
the  liberal  and  useful  arts ;  and  having 
at  an  early  period  been  induced  to  leavo 
England  on  account  of  the  civil  war,  ho 
added  greatly  to  his  stock  of  knowledge 
by  the  good  use  he  made  of  his  time 
while  travelling  in  France  and  Italv. 
He  returned  home  in  1651,  and  made 
some  efforts  in  favor  of  the  royal  cause  ; 
on  which  account  he  was  much  favored 
by  Charles  II.  after  his  restoration.  On 
the  foundation  of  the  Koyal  Society,  he 
was  nominated  one  of  the  first  fellows; 
soon  after  which  he  published  his  most 
celebrated  work,  entitled  "Sylva,  or  a 
Discourse  of  Forest  Trees,"  &c.  In 
1664,  Evelyn  was  appointed  one  of  the 
commissioners  of  sick  and  wounded 
seamen ;  also  a  commissioner  for  re- 
building St.  Paul's  cathedral ;  and  he 
afterwards  had  a  place  at  the  board  of 
trade.  In  the  reign  of  James  II.  he  was 
made  one  of  the  commissioners  for 
executing  the  office  of  lord  privy  seal, 
and  after  the  revolution  lie  was  ap- 
pointed treasurer  of  Greenwich  hos- 
pital. Evelyn  has  the  honor  of  being 
one  of  the  first  who  improved  horticul- 
ture, and  introduced  exotics  into  this 
country.  Of  his  garden  at  Sayes  Court, 
a  curious  account  may  be  seen  in  the 
"  Philosophical  Transactions."  Besides 
his  "  Sylva,"  he  wrote  "  Terra,  a  Philo- 
sophical Discourse  of  Earth."  li  Numis- 
mata,  or  a  Discourse  of  Medals," 
"  Sculptura,"  "  Acetaria,"  &c.  His 
"  Memoirs,"  comprehending  a  curious 
Diary  and  Correspondence,  have  been 
published  ;  besides  an  interesting  "  Me- 
moir of  Mrs.  Godolphin,"  (which  he  left 
in  MS.,)  edited  by  the  present  bishop 
of  Oxford  ;  and  still  more  recently  a 
"  History  of  Religion."     D.  1706. 

EVEKAKD,  Johannes  Secunuus,  son 
of  Nicholas  Everard,  president  of  the 
council  of  Holland,  was  b.  at  the  Hague, 
1511,  and  became  Latin  secretary  to  the 
emperor  Charles  V.,  whom  he  accom- 
panied to  the  sie<*e  of  Tunis.  He  was 
the  author  of  "  Basia,"  a  collection  of 
Latin  poems,  elegant  in  language,  but 


386 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


EYO 


licentious  in  principle;  it  is  therefore  to 
be  lamented  that  they  have  been  transr 
lated  into  most  modern  European  lan- 
guages. Johannes  Secundus,  as  he  is 
usually  called,  died  in  1536. 

EVEEDINGEN,  Alder  Van,  a  Dutch 
painter,  celebrated  both  for  landscapes 
and  sea-pieces,  was  b.  in  1621. 

EVERETT,  Alexander  II.,  a  distin- 
guished literary  man,  was  b.  at  Dorches- 
ter, Mass.,  1790.  After  leaving  college, 
he  was  an  usher  at  Phillips'  academy, 
Exeter;  and  in  1809  accompanied  Mr. 
Adams  to  St.  Petersburg,  as  secretary 
of  legation.  In  1818  he  was  appointed 
by  Mr.  Monroe  charge  d'affaires  at 
Brussels,  and  in  1825,  by  Mr.  Adams, 
minister  to  Spain.  He  remained  at 
Madrid  until  the  year  1829,  when  he 
was  recalled  by  General  Jackson.  Mr. 
Everett  returned  to  America  by  the 
way  of  Paris,  in  which  city  he  held  an 
interesting  interview  with  Charles  X.,  a 
short  time  previous  to  the  breaking  out 
of  the  revolution  of  the  three  days. 
A  few  months  after  his  return  to  the 
United  States,  Mr.  Everett  became  the 
editor  and  principal  proprietor  of  the 
"North  American  Review."  He  had  long 
been  a  leading  contributor  to  this  jour- 
nal, which,  under  his  charge,  was  mate- 
rially improved.  About  the  year  1832 
he  engaged  actively  in  politics  ;  and  soon 
after  connected  himself  with  the  demo- 
cratic party.  On  the  accession  of  Mr. 
Polk  to  the  presidency,  he  gave  to  Mr. 
Everett  the  appointment  of  commis- 
sioner to  China.  Mr.  Everett  sailed  for 
Canton  about  1845,  but  proceeded  no 
farther  titan  Rio  Janeiro,  in  consequence 
of  ill-health.  From  Eio  Janeiro  lie  re- 
turned to  the  United  States,  and  after 
an  interval  of  several  months  again 
cailed  for  Canton,  but  had  hardly  be- 
come settled  in  his  new  residence,  when 
he  d.  1847. 

EVEEMOND,  St.,  Charles  Marque- 
tei.  de  St.  Denis,  lord  of,  was  b.  1613, 
and  became  one  of  the  most  lively  and 
amusing  writers  of  his  time.  He  stud- 
ied the  law,  but  subsequently  entered 
the  military  service,  and  obtained  the 
rank  of  general  under  the  prince  of 
Conde;  but  he  lost  his  commission  for 
having  indulged  his  propensity  for 
satire  at  the  expense  of  the  prince.  He 
then  g-ot  embroiled  with  Cardinal  Maza- 
rin,  was  imprisoned  in  the  Bastille,  and 
afterwards  escaped  a  second  arrest  only 
by  flying  to  England.  He  was  well  re- 
ceived at  the  gay  court  of  Charles  II. ; 
and,  after  indulging  in  a  life  of  ease  and 
enjoyment,  d.  1703". 


EWALD,  John,  an  eminent  Danish 
poet,  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman,  and 
b.  at  Copenhagen,  1743.  Having  lost 
his  father  while  young,  and  disliking 
the  clerical  lite,  he  left  his  home  when 
but  15  years  of  age,  and  enlisted  in  the 
Prussian  army.  Deserting  to  the  Aus- 
trian service,  he  was  made  a  sergeant, 
but  not  being  able  to  obtain  his  dis- 
charge when  he  wished,  he  deserted 
again  and  returned  to  Denmark.  His 
youthful  follies  being  now  at  an  end,  he 
pursued  a  literary  life  with  great  ardor, 
and  produced  several  very  excellent 
works;  but  that  one  to  which  he  owed 
his  earliest  distinction  as  a  poet  was  an 
"  Elegy  on  the  Death  of  Frederic  V." 
His  "Songs  of  the  Scalds-,"  and  other 
pieces  after  the  manner  of  Ossian,  gave 
him  great  reputation;  and  he  may  be 
said  to  have  surpassed  all  preceding 
Danish  poets  in  spirit  and  originality. 
D.  1781. 

EW1NG,  John,  an  eminent  divine, 
natural  philosopher,  and  mathematician, 
was  b.  in  Maryland,  in  1732.  He  was 
pastor  to  the  first  Presbyterian  church 
in  Philadelphia;  and  on  visiting  Great 
Britain  in  1773,  lie  received  from  the 
university  of  Edinburgh  the  diploma  of 
D.D.  In  1775  he  returned  home  ;  and 
in  a  few  years  afterwards  was  made  pro- 
vost of  the  university  of  Philadelphia. 
He  also  became  one  of  the  vice-presi- 
dents of  the  American  Philosophical 
Society;  and  was  justly  esteemed  as  a 
mathematician  of  distinguished  reputa- 
tion.    D.  1802. 

EXMOUTH,  Edward  Pellew,  Vis- 
count, was  descended  from  a  Cornish 
family  of  respectability,  and  born  at 
Dover  in  1757.  At  the  age  of  13  ho 
entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman  on 
board  the  Juno  frigate  ;  and  during  the 
American  war  we  find  him  in  the  Blonde 
frigate,  contending  for  naval  supremacy 
on  Lake  Champlain,  where  lie  attracted 
the  notice  of  his  superiors  by  bis  daring. 
He  also  served  in  the  war  with  France. 
Few  men  in  the  naval  service  bore  so 
prominent  a  part,  or  evinced  more  deter- 
mined courage  and  coolness  in  discharge 
of  their  arduous  duties,  than  did  this 
gallant,  humane,  and  active  officer.  Ho 
seemed  to  be  the  verv  beau  ideal  of  a 
British  sailor.     D.  1833. 

EYCK,  Hubert  and  John  Van,  bro- 
thers, both  eminent  as  painters,  were  b. 
at  Maaseyk,  in  Holland;  the  former  in 
1866,  the  latter  in  370.  Hubert  is  re- 
garded as  the  founder  of  the  Flemish 
school ;  and  John,  who  from  his  place 
of  residence  is  known  as  John  of  Bra- 


fxb]  cyclopedia  of  biography.  387 

gcs,  was  certainly  the  first  who  brought  I  have  excelled  all  others  in  painting  on 
the  art  of  painting  in  oil  to  perfection,  glass,  delicately  blending  his  colors,  and 
He  also  made  great  improvements  in  the  yet  so  firmly  fixing  them  that  oblitera- 
nrt  of  perspective;    and  is   allowed  to  |  tion  was  impossible,     lie  d.  in  1441. 


F. 


FABER,  Basil,  a  learned  German 
Protestant,  who  published,  in  1571,  a 
work,  entitled  "  Thesaurus  Eruditionis 
Scholiasticte,"  since  improved  by  Cel- 
larius  and  others.  D.  1576.— John,  a 
German  diviile,  was  b.  at  Heilbron  in 
1500. — There  was  another  of  this  name, 
termed  "  Malleus  Hereticorum,"  or  the 
Crusher  of  the  Heretics,  who  wrote  sev- 
eral publications  against  the  Protestants, 
for  which  lie  was  raised  to  the  archbish- 
opric of  Vienna.     D.  1542. 

FABERT,  Abraham  de,  a  French 
military  commander  of  great  reputation, 
was  b.  at  Mctz  in  1599.  When  only  13 
years  ol  1,  his  father  procured  him  a 
commiss-  on  in  the  army  ;  and  such  was 
his  skill  and  ardor  for  the  service,  that 
he  rose  to  the  first  rank  in  his  profes- 
sion, and  distinguished  himself  by  a 
series  of  exploits  which  have  had  but 
few  parallels  in  modern  warfare.  D. 
1602. 

FABIAN,  Robert,  an  English  chron- 
icler of  the  15th  century.  He  was  a 
tradesman  of  London,  and  served  the 
offices  of  alderman  and  sheriff.  His 
"  Chronicle  of  England  and  France"  was 
first  printed  at  London  in  1516. 

FABIUS,  Maximus  Rullianus,  an  il- 
lustrious Roman.  In  303  b.  c.  he  served 
the  office  of  censor,  and  obtained  the 
name  of  Maximus  for  lessening  the 
power  of  the  populace  in  elections.  He 
triumphed  over  seven  nations,  and 
served  the  office  of  dictator  a  second 
time,  287  b.  c. — Maximus,  Quintus,  sur- 
named  Verrucosus,  was  a  lineal  de- 
scendant of  the  above.  He  was  employed 
against  Hannibal,  in  opposition  to  whom 
he  adopted  a  harassing  and  protracted 
mode  of  warfare,  instead  of  risking  the 
fortunes  of  Rome  upon  the  event  of  a 
single  battle ;  and  thus  the  Fabian 
manner  of  conducting  a  campaign  has 
become  an  adage.  D.  203  b.  c. — Pictor, 
the  first  writer  of  the  Roman  history, 
tvho  flourished  225  B.C.  There  is  a  work 
extant  under  his  name,  but  it  is  a  man- 
ifest forgery. 

FABRE,  John  Claudius,  a  French 
writer  of  some  note,  was  b.  at  Paris  in 
1868,  and  d.  about  the  middle  of  the 


last  century,  ne  wrote  a  "Continua- 
tion of  Fleury's  Ecclesiastical  History," 
a  "  French  and  Latin  Dictionary,"  and 
translated  Virgil,  Phajdrus,  &c. — John, 
a  native  of  ISisines,  whose  name  deserves 
to  be  handed  down  to  posterity  as  a 
noble  instance  of  filial  piety.  At  a  pe- 
riod when  the  spirit  of  persecution  waa 
rife  in  France,  his  father  was  condemn- 
ed to  the  galleys  for  having  made  one 
of  a  Protestant  congregation.  The  son 
was  no  sooner  informed  of  the  cruel 
sentence  than  he  solicited  to  be  ex- 
changed for  him,  and  was  accepted. 
Though  compelled  to  herd  with  the 
vilest  of  mankind,  he  remained  in  this 
degrading  state  of  slavery  upwards  of 
six  years,  having  refused  to  purchase 
his  l'iberty  on  the  condition  of  prevailing 
upon  the  Protestant  pastor  to  quit  the 
kingdom.    B.  1729;  d.  1797. 

FABRICIUS,  Caius,  surnamed  Lus- 
cinus,  a  Roman  general,  who  was  twice 
consul,  and  gained  several  victories  over 
the  Sanmites  and  Lucanians.  He  was  a 
pattern  of  virtue,  in  his  integrity  and 
contempt  of  riches.  D.  250  b.c— John 
Albert,  a  learned  critic  and  divine,  was 
b.  at  Lcipsic,  1668.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  eloquence  at  Hamburgh,  where 
he  d.  in  1736;  leaving  behind  him  a 
justly-acquired  fame  for  profound  and 
comprehensive  erudition.  Be  is  the 
author  of  "  Bibliotheca  Latina,"  "  Bib- 
liotheca  Graeca,"  "  Codex  ApocryphuS 
Novi  Testamenti,"  and  many  ether 
learned  works.— John  Christian,  a  dis- 
tinguished entomologist,  and  the  friend 
and  pupil  of  Limncus,  was  b.  at  Tun- 
dern,  in  Sleswick,  in  1742,  and  d.  at 
Copenhagen  in  18o7. 

PABRONI,  Angiolo,  a  learned  Ital- 
ian, was  b.  at  Marradi,  in  Tuscany  in 
1732.  He  is  generally  known  by  his 
biographies  of  Italian  literati  of  the  17th 
and  18th  centuries,  of  which  work  he 
published  18  volumes,  and  left  another 
ready  for  the  press.  He  also  wrote  the 
"  Lives  of  Lorenzo  and  Cosmo  de  Me- 
dici," and  of  "  Leo  X. ;"  besides  edit- 
ing a  literary  journal,  wkich  extended 
tO°110  volumes.  Towards  the  eiose  of 
Ids  life  he  retired  to  Pisa,  became  (TO- 


388 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF     BIOGRAPHT. 


[fai 


nitor  of  that  university,  nnd  theTe  d.  in 
1802.  —  Giovanni,  an  Italian  writer  of 
preat  celebrity,  whose  works  on  polit- 
ical economy,  agriculture,  and  physical 
science  are  alike  remarkable  for  the 
Bound  maxims  they  contain,  and  the 
extensive  views  in  which  they  abound. 
lie  was  director  of  bridges  and  high- 
ways, (under  the  imperial  government.) 
for  the  department  beyond  the  Alps, 
and  held  many  honorable  situations 
connected  with  literature  and  science. 
B.  1752;  d.  at  Florence,  1823. 

FABROT,  Charles  Annibal,  a  learn- 
ed jurist,  was  professor  of  jurisprudence 
at  Aix,  in  Provence,  where  he  was  b. 
in  1581.  His  principal  work,  entitled 
"  Basilicon,"  is  a  translation  of  the 
liasilies  or  laws  of  the  Eastern  empire  ; 
but  he  wrote  several  professional  works, 
and  edited  many  of  the  Bvzantine  his- 
torians.    D.  1659. 

FABRY,  John  Baptist  Germain,  sec- 
retary of  Fouche,  duke  of  Otranto,  Bo- 
naparte's minister  of  police.  He  was 
the  author  of  '•  Le  Spectateur  Francois 
au  19me  Sieele,"  and  many  other  works. 
B.  1780;  d.  1821. 

FACCIOLATI,  James,  an  Italian  phi- 
lologist, was  b.  at  Torreglia,  near  Padua, 
in  1682.  He  devoted  great  attention  to 
reviving  the  study  of  ancient  literature; 
and  having  conceived  the  idea  of  a  Latin 
lexicon,  in  which  every  word,  with  all 
its  significations,  should  be  contained 
and  illustrated  by  examples  from  the 
classical  writers,  this  immense  under- 
taking occupied  for  nearly  forty  years 
both  him  and  his  pupil  Forcellini.  D. 
1769. 

PACINI,  Peter,  a  native  of  Bologna, 
who  was  first  a  pupil,  and  afterwards 
the  rival,  of  Annibal  Caraeci.  He  was 
extensively  employed  in  ornamenting 
churches  and  mansions  ;  but  his  works 
being  painted  in  fresco,  few  of  them  are 
preserved.     B.  1561 ;  d.  1602. 

PAGE,  Raimond  de  la,  a  French 
artist,  celebrated  for  the  extraordinary 
facility  and  beauty  of  his  pen-and-ink 
drawings,  some  of  which  have  been  en- 
graved and  published.     D.  1690. 

FAGEL,  Caspar,  an  eminent  Dutch 
statesman,  b.  at  Haerlem,  in  1629,  was 
grand  pensionary  of  Holland,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  not  more  by  the 
firmncs  with  whi  h  he  opposed  Louis 
XIV.,  when  he  invaded  his  country, 
than  by  the  activity  with  which  he  sup- 
ported the  prince  of  Orange  in  his  plans 
for  the  expulsion  of  James  II.  from  En- 
gland.    P.  1688. 

FAGIULOLI,  John  Baptist,  an  Ital- 


ian poet,  celebrated  for  Jie  facetiousness 
and  drollery  of  his  writings,  was  b.  at 
Florence,  in  1660,  and  d.  in  1742. 

FAHRENHEIT,  Gabriel  Daniel,  an 
experimental  philosopher,  whose  ar- 
rangement of  the  thermometer  and  ba- 
rometer which  bear  his  name,  was  a 
work  of  great  utility.  He  was  a  native 
of  Dantzic.     B.  1686;  d.  1736. 

FAIRFAX,  Edward,  was  the  son  of 
Sir  Thomas  Fairfax,  of  Denton,  in  York- 
shire, and  is  regarded  as  one  of  the 
great  improvers  of  English  versification. 
Settling  at  Newhall,  in  Knarosborough 
forest,  he  led  the  life  of  a  retired  conn- 
try  gentleman,  devoted  to.  literary  pur- 
suits. His  chief  reputation  as  a  poet 
rests  on  his  translation  ofTasso's  "God- 
frey of  Bouillon,"  which  is  written  in 
the  same  stanza  with  the  original,  and 
combines  fidelity  to  the  sense  of  the  au- 
thor, with  striking  harmony  of  style. 
He  also  wrote  "  Eclogues,"  and  a  prose 
work  on  "  Demonology,"  in  which  he 
was,  it  seems,  a  believer.  D.  about  1632. 
— Thomas,  Lord,  a  distinguished  com- 
mander in  the  civil  wars,  and  one  of  the 
leading  characters  of  that  turbulent  pe- 
riod, was  the  eldest  son  of  Lord  Fairfax, 
to  whose  title  and  estates  he  succeeded 
in  1647.  When  the  disputes  between 
Charles  I.  and  the  parliament  terminated 
in  open  rupture,  Fairfax  warmly  es- 
poused the  cause  of  the  latter,  and 
joined  his  father  in  making  active  prep- 
arations for  the  approaching  contest. 
In  the  earlier  part  of  his  career,  he  suf- 
fered various  checks  from  the  royalist 
forces,  but  he  retrieved  his  character  at 
Marston-moor,  and  was  appointed  gen- 
eral-in-chief  when  Essex  resigned.  He 
was  afterwards  victorious  at  Naseby, 
reduced  the  west  to  obedience,  and 
compelled  Colchester  to  surrender.  But 
he  was  hostile  to  the  execution  of  the 
dethroned  monarch;  and  considerable 
jealousy  appears  to  have  been  enter- 
tained of  him  by  Oliver  Cromwell.  At 
length  he  resigned  the  command  of  the 
army,  and  retired  for  awhile  from  pub- 
lic life.  At  the  restoration  he  crossed 
over  to  Holland  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
gratulating CharleG  II.  on  his  accession, 
and  was  formally  reconciled  to  that 
monarch.  He  devoted  his  leisure  hours 
to  the  encouragement  and  cultivation 
of  letters,  and  left  behind  him  a  volume 
of  poems  and  miscellanies,  including  an 
interesting  sketch  of  his  own  life.  D. 
1671. 

FAIRFIELD,  John,  a  senator  of  tno 
United  States,  from  Maine,  b.  at  Saeo, 
1797,  and  elected  to  congress  in  1835, 


fan] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


389 


where  he   became  distinguished.    _  In 

1842  he  was  chosen  governor  of  Maine, 
and  the  same  year  senator.  He  was  re- 
elected in  1845.     D.  184S. 

FALCONER,  William,  an  English 
poet  and  writer  on  naval  ati'airs,  was  b. 
at  Edinburgh,  about  1730.  When  very 
young,  he  went  to  sea  in  the  merchant 
service,  and  had  risen  to  the  situation 
of  second  mate,  when  the  vessel  to 
which  he  belonged  was  cast  away. 
Thus  furnished  with  the  incidents  of 
his  "Shipwreck,"  it  was  published  in 
1762.  In  170a  he  was  appointed  purser 
of  the  Aurora,  which  ship  was  never 
heard  of  after  she  quitted  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  in  December,  17(39,  and  was 
therei;  re  supposed  to  have  foundered  at 
sea,  and  all  her  crew  to  have  perished. 
Besides  "The  Shipwreck,"  he  wrote 
some  minor  poems,  and  a  "Marine 
Dictionary." 

FALCONET,  Stephen  Maurice,  a 
celebrated  French  sculptor,  was  b.  at 
Paris,  in  171(3.  Although,  owing  to  his 
humble  origin,  lie  had  been  apprenticed 
to  a  cutter  of  barber's  blocks,  he  became 
an  excellent  modeller,  and,  assisted  by 
Lemoine,  the  sculptor,  rose  to  eminence 
as  an  artist;  while,  owing  to  his  per- 
severing application,  he  also  shone  as 
an  author.  In  176(3  he  was  invited  to 
Russia,  to  execute  the  colossal  statue  of 
Peter  the  Great,  and  there  he  resided 
twelve  years.     D.  1791. 

FALCON ETTO,  John  Majua,  an  Ital- 
ian architect,  was  b.  at  Verona,  in  1458. 
He  built  palaces,  and  much  improved 
the  style  of  architecture  in  the  Venetian 
states;  and  a  building  of  his  at  Padua 
is  said  to  have  suggested  to  Palladio  the 
idea  of  the  famous  Villa  Capra,  which 
served  as  the  model  of  Lord  Burling- 
ton's villa  at,  Chiswick.     D.  1534. 

FALIERI,  Marino,  a  Venetian  noble, 
succeeded  Andrew  Dandolo  as  doge  of 
Venice,  in  1354.  He  had  previously 
commanded  the  troops  of  the  republic 
at  the  siege  of  Zara,  in  Dalmatia,  where 
he  gained  a  brilliant  victory  over  the 
king  of  Hungary ;  and  was  afterwards 
ambassador  to  Genoa  and  Rome.  When 
he  succeeded  to  the  office  of  doge,  he  was 
76  years  of  age,  and  had  a  young  and 
beautiful  wife.  Jealous  of  Michael  Steno, 
he  quarrelled  with  and  was  insulted  by 
him  at  a  masquerade ;  but  Steno  being 
sentenced  to  no  more  than  a  month's 
imprisonment  for  his  offence,  Falieri, 
du  ruing,  with  revenge,  entered  into  a 
lonspiracy  with  the  plebeians  to  overturn 
the  government  and  massacre  the  patri- 
cians. On  the  night  before  it  was  to  be 
"83* 


carried  into  effect,  the  plol  was  discov- 
ered, and  Falieri  suffered  decapitation, 
April  17,  L355. 

FALK,  John  Daniel,  was  the  son  of 
a  poor  wig-maker  at  Dantzic,  whe 
would  scarcely  allow  him  to  lie  taught 
even  to  read  and  write  before  he  em- 
ployed him  in  his  trade;  but  his  love 
of  knowledge  was  sufficient  to  ovcrconu 
the  difficulties  that  lay  in  his  way  of  at- 
taining it,  and  all  his  little  savings  were 
laid  out  at  the  circulating  library.  Hav- 
ing thus  obtained  a  tolerable  education, 
he  published  some  admirable  satires, 
but  afterwards  wrote  principally  upon 
religious  subjects".    B.  1770;  d.  1826. 

FALKENSTEIN,  John  Henry,  a  vo- 
luminous writer,  was  b.  in  Franconia, 
in  1682.  He  wrote  the  "  Antiquities  of 
Nordgau,"  and  other  works  of  a  similai 
kind."   D.  17t>- 

FALKLAND,  Henry  Cary,  Viscount, 
son  of  Sir  Edward  Cary,  master  of  tho 
jewel  office  to  Queen  Elizabeth  and  to 
James  I.,  was  made  comptroller  of  the 
king's  household,  and  elevated  to  the 
(Scotch)  peerage  of  Falkland  in  1(317. 
Subsequently  he  was  made  lord  deputy 
of  Ireland,  but  did  not  loner  hold  the 
office,  the  Catholic  party  being  much 
opposed  to  him.  He  w;us  a  man  of  con- 
siderable literary  talent,  and  published 
"Letters  to  the  Duke  ot  Buckingham," 
"  A  Histoiy  of  that  unfortunate  Prince, 
Edward  II.,"&c.  D.  1633.— Lucius  Cary, 
Viscount,  son  of  the  preceding,  fought 
boldly  and  for  his  king;  and  d.  at  the 
battle  of  Newbury,  in  "the  34th  year  of 
his  age,  1643.  —  Henry  Lucius  Cary, 
Viscount,  son  of  the  above,  died  young. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  a  man  of  talent, 
but  the  only  proof  we.  have  of  it  is  a 
play,  cdlea  "  The  Wedding  Night." 
D.'l663. 

FALLOPIUS,  Gabriel,  an  eminent 
anatomist  and  physician,  was  b.  at  Mo- 
dena ;  studied  at  Fcrrara  and  Padua; 
was  professor  of  anatomy  for  three  years 
at  Pisa;  and,  lastly,  filled  the  chair  of 
anatomy  and  surgery  at  Padua,  where 
he  remained  till  his  death,  in  1563.  He 
was  the  first  who  accurately  described 
the  vessels  and  bones  of  the  foetus:  and 
his  account  of  the  Fallopian  tubes  has 
served  to  perpetuate  his  name.  His 
chief  work  is  entitled  "  Observations 
Anatomicae." 

FANEUIL,  Peter,  founder  of  Faneuil 
hall  in  Boston,  d.  March  3,  1743.  He 
possessed  a  large  estate,  and  he  employ- 
ed it  in  doing  good.  While  his  charities 
were  extensive,  his  liberal  spirit  induced 
him  to  present  to  the  town  of  Boston  a 


390 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[far 


stately  edifice  for  the  accommodation  of 
the  inhabitants  at  their  public  meetings. 

FANSHAWE,  Sir  Richard,  a  states- 
man and  poet,  was  b.  at  Ware  park, 
Herts,  in  1608.  In  1635  he  was  sent 
ambassador  to  Spain,  whence,  in  1641, 
he  returned,  and  acted  steadily  for  the 
royal  cause.  He  was  taken  prisoner  at 
the  battle  of  Worcester,  and  closely  eon- 
fined  for  a  considerable  time  ;  but  at  last 
recovered  his  liberty,  and  went  to  Breda, 
where  he  was  knighted  by  Charles  II., 
in  1656.  At  the  restoration  he  was 
made  master  of  requests,  and  sent  to 
Portugal  to  negotiate  the  marriage  with 
the  king  and  the  Infanta  Catharine.  In 
1664  he  was  sent  ambassador  to  Spain, 
and  d.  there  in  1666.  He  translated  into 
English  the  "  Pastor  Fido,  or  Faithful 
Shepherd  of  Guiarini  ;"  also  the  "  Lu- 
siad,"  by  Camoens.  Hisjjetters  during 
Lis  embassies  in  Spain  and  Portugal 
v/ere  printed  in  1702. 

FANTIN-DESODOARDS,  Antotne 
Etienne  Nicholas,  a  French  historian 
and  political  writer,  was  b.  in  1738,  at 
Pont  de  Bcauvoisin,  in  Dauphine.  He 
was  originally  an  ecclesiastic;  but  be- 
coming acquainted  with  Danton  and 
Robespierre,  he  employed  his  pen  in  de- 
fendinir  the  revolutionary  career  of  his 
cotemporaries.  He  was  the  author  of 
several  extensive  works,  among  them  his 
"  Histoire  Philosophique  de  la  Revolu- 
tion Francaise." 

FARE,  Charles  Augustus,  marquis 
de  la,  a  French  poet,  and  captain  of  the 
guards  to  the  duke  of  Orleans,  was  b.  in 
1644,  and  d.  in  1712.  According  to 
Voltaire,  Fare  did  not  begin  to  write 
poetry  till  he  was  nearly  60.  His  com- 
positions arc  remarkable  for  sweetness 
and  clearance.  He  was  also  the  author 
of  "  Memoires  sur  lc  Regno  de  Louis 
XIV.,"  a  work  containing  satirical  re- 
flections on  cotemporarv  characters. 

FARIA  Y  SOUS  A,'  Manuel  de,  a 
Portuguese  historian  and  poet,  was  b.  at 
Souto,  in  Portugal,  about  1590,  and  for 
some  time  secretary  to  the  marquis  of 
Castel  Rodrigo,  ambassador  of  Rome. 
He  wrote  various  historical  works  rel- 
ative to  Portugal  and  its  distant  posses- 
sions, seven  volumes  of  poems,  &e.  D. 
1649. 

FARINATO,  Paul,  an  eminent  paint- 
er of  Verona,  whose  numerous  works 
were  distinguished  by  freedom  of  design, 
boldness  of  coloring,  and  great  facility 
if  execution.     B. 1522;  d.  1606. 

FARINFJ.LI,  a  Neapolitan  singer  of 
great  eminence,  whose  real  name  is  said 
to  be  Carlo  Brosohi,  was  b.  at  Naples, 


1705.  He  studied  under  Porpora,  and 
went  from  Rome  to  Vienna,  where  the 
emperor,  Charles  VI.,  loaded  him  with 
rich  presents.  In  1734  he  came  to  Lon- 
don, and,  by  the  magic  of  his  singing, 
so  delighted  the  public  that  Handel  was 
obliged  to  dismiss  a  rival  company  over 
which  he  presided,  in  spite  of  all  hia 
powers  and  popularity.  Many  extraor- 
dinary stories  are  related  of  his  vocal 
skill,  and  his  command  over  the  feelings 
and  sympathies  of  his  audience  appears 
to  have  been  unrivalled. 

FARINGTON,  George,  an  historical 
painter,  and  a  pupil  of  West.  In  17S0 
ids  painting  of  the  incantation  scene  in 
Macbeth  was  rewarded  with  a  gold 
medal  by  the  Royal  Academy.  B.  1754; 
d.  1788. — Joseph,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  eminent  as  a  landscape 
painter.  He  made  many  drawings  for 
the  "  Britannia  Dcpicta,"  and  left  be- 
hind him  several  good  pictnres  of  lake 
and  landscape  scenery.     D.  IS! 8. 

FARMER,  Richard,  a  divine  and  an- 
tiquary, was  b.  at  Leicester  in  1735.  In 
1767  he  became  one  of  the  preachers  at 
Whitehall.  He  subsequently  became 
vice-chancellor  and  librarian  of  the  uni- 
versity ;  and  also  obtained  prebends  at 
Lichfield  and  Canterbury,  the  latter  of 
which  he  exchanged  for  a  eanonry  at  St. 
Paul's.  In  his  "  Essay  on  the  Learning 
ot'Shakspearc,"  which  is  a  work  of  ijreat 
critical  merit,  he  proved  that  all  the 
knowledge  of  ancient  history  and  myth- 
ology possessed  by  the  immortal  bard, 
was  drawn  from  translations.  1).  1797. 
— John,  well  known  throughout  New 
England,  as  a  arenealogist  and  antiquary, 
was  b.  at  Chelmsford,  Mass.,  1789,  and 
was  a  lineal  descendant  of  Edward 
Farmer,  who  emigrated  from  Aneely,  in 
Warwickshire,  England,  and  settled 
about  1670  at  Billerica.  He  was  self- 
taught,  possessed  great  industry,  and 
his  labors  in  the  peculiar  departments 
of  learning  to  winch  he  almost  exclu- 
sively devoted  his  power,  will  !on<r  be 
appreciated.  His  publications  have  been 
numerous,  among  which  the  most  im- 
portant are  his  edition  of  "Belknap's 
History  of  New  Hampshire,"  to  which 
he  added  a  body  of  notes  and  illustra- 
tions scarcely  less  valuable  than  the  text 
itself;  and  his  "Genealogical  Register 
of  the  First  Settlers  of  New  England," 
published  in  1S29,  a  work  of  vast  labor 
and  research,  and  embracing  nearly 
every  family  of  the  first  European  set- 
tlers of  this' country.     D.  1838. 

FARNESE,  the  name  of  an  illustrious 
family  in  Italy,  many  of  the  mf  mberso/ 


FAu] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOOKAPIIT. 


391 


which  filled  the  highest  situations  in 
ehurch  and  state. — Alexander,  the  son 
of  Peter  Louis  the  first  grand-duke  of 

Parma  and  Placentia,  was  b.  in  1520,  and 
created  a  cardinal  by  his  grandfather, 
Pope  Paul  III.  lie  was  dean  of  the. 
sacred  college,  and  distinguished  himself 
highly  by  his  learning  and  his  virtues  ; 
while  as"  a  statesman  his  talents  were 
such  as  to  obtain  for  him  the  office  of 
nuncio  to  the  courts  of  Vienna  and  Paris. 
1).  1689. — Alexander,  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  was  the  third  duke  of  Parma, 
and  highly  distinguished  as  a  military 
commander  under  Philip  II.,  who  sent 
him  to  Flanders,  where  the  situation  of 
the  Spaniards  was  becoming  desperate. 
He  recovered  several  cities,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  reconciling  the  Catholic  part 
of  the  population  to  the  Spanish  govern- 
ment, lie  afterwards  invaded  France, 
and  compelled  Henry  IV.  to  raise  the 
siege  of  Rouen.  On  his  return  from 
that  expedition  he  received  a  wound  in 
his  arm  before  Caudebee,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  neglect  of  which  he  died, 
at  Arras,  in  1592,  aged  46. 

FARNE WORTH,  Ellis,  an  English 
divine,  was  b.  in  Derbyshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  Jesus  college,  Cambridge.  In 
1762  he  obtained  the  rectory  of  Carsiug- 
ton,  in  Derbyshire,  where  he  d.  the  year 
following.  He  translated  the  "Life  of 
Pope  Sixtus  V."  from  the  Italian,  1574; 
Davila's  "History  of  the  Civil  Wars  of 
France,"  in  1757;  the  works  of  Ma- 
ehiavel,  1701  ;  and  Fleury's  "History 
of  the  Israelites." 

FARQUHAR,  George,  a  comic  wri- 
ter, was  b.  at  Londonderry,  in  Ireland, 
in  1678,  and  educated  at  Trinity  college, 
Dublin,  from  which  he  either  eloped  or 
was  expelled  for  irregular  conduct,  and 
repaired  to  London  with  his  friend 
"Wilks,  the  actor,  where  he  commenced 
his  career  of  dramatic  authorship.  His 
first  production  was  "  Love  in  a  Bottle," 
performed  at  Drury-lane  theatre  with 
success  in  1698,  about  which  time  he  at- 
tracted the  favor  of  Lord  Orrery,  who 
procured  him  a  lieutenancy  in  his  own 
regiment.  In  1700  he  added  to  his  rep- 
utation by  "  The  Constant  Couple,"  a 
comedy  in  which,  under  the  character  of 
Sir  Harry  Wildair,  he  exhibited  a  lively 
picture  of  the  foppish  fine  gentleman  of 
the  end  of  the  17th  century.  lie  d.  in 
1707,  at  the  premature  age  of  29,  and 
during  the  run  of  his  last  and  best  play, 
"  The  Beaux  Stratagem."  Farquhar's 
Wit  is  genuine  and  spontaneous,  his 
characters  are  obviously  drawn  from  na- 
ture, and  his  incidents   well  arranged. 


His  libertinism  of  language  and  senti- 
mentarc,  however,  highly  reprehensible. 

FARKANT,  Richard,  an  English  mu- 
sician, lb;  held  situations  in  the Cliapol 
Loyal  andfit.  George's  chapel,  Wincktor, 
from  1564  to  1580,  and  is  remarkable  for 
the  devout  and  solemn  Style  of  his  com- 
positions. 

FARREN,  Eliza,  countess  of  Derby, 
was  the  daughter  of  a  surgeon  at  Cork, 
who  failing  in  his  profession  become  a 
provincial  actor,  and  died  youui'.  leaving 
his  family  in  destitute  circumstances, 
Eliza  was  b.  in  1759;  made  her  first 
appearance  at  Liverpool,  when  14  years 
of  age;  and,  in  1777,  appeared  at  the 
Hay  market  theatre,  London,  as  Miss 
Hardcastle,  in  "  She  Stoops  to(  lonquer." 
She  afterwards  played  at  Drury  Lane 
and  Covent  Garden ;  and  eventually 
succeeded  Mrs.  Abfngton  in  her  princi- 
pal characters,  which  she  played  with 
great  eclat,  and  established  her  theatri- 
cal fame.  She  married  Lord  Derby. 
1).  1829. 

FASTOLF,  Sir  John,  the  supposed 
prototype  of  Shakspeare's  l-'alstatl,  was 
a  native  of  Norfolk.  Adopting  the  pro- 
fession of  a  soldier,  he  served  with 
some  distinction  in  Ireland,  under  Sir 
Stephen  Scrope,  deputy  to  t  he  lord  lieu- 
tenant, and  married  his  widow,  who  was 
an  heiress;  through  the  acquisition  of 
whose  property  he  obtained  the  honor 
of  knighthood,  and  the  order  of  the 
Garter.  He  was  wounded  at  the  battle 
of  Agincourt,  and  rewarded  for  his 
bravery  ;  but  at  the  battle  of  Patay  ho 
shamefully  tarnished  his  laurels  by  flee- 
ing, panic-stricken,  from  Joan  of  Arc. 
D.~1469. 

FATIO  DE  DUILLIER,  nn  ingenious 
mathematician,  was  b.  at  Basle,  in  1664; 
settled  in  London  in  1687,  and  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  geometrician  and 
astronomer;  but  becoming  a  zealous 
partisan  of  a  fanatical  sect,  called  the 
French  prophets,  he  was  tried  and  put 
in  the  pillory.  Many  inventions  in  the 
mechanical  arts  owe  their  existence  to 
him ;  among  others,  was  the  jewelling 
of  watches. 

FAUCHET,  Claude,  a  French  histo- 
rian and  archaeologist  in  the  16th  century, 
and  historiographer  to  Henry  IV.  Ho 
wrote  various  antiquarian  works,  of 
which  his  "AntiqniU's  et  Histoires. 
Gauloises  et  Francoises"  is  the  chief. 
D.  1601.— Claude,  a  native  of  Dome, 
France,  was  grand-vicar  to  the  arch- 
bishop of  Bourges,  and  preacher  to 
the  king.  Just  previous  to  the  French 
revolution   he    joined  the   sect  of  tho 


392 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[faw 


llluniinati,  and  became  one  of  their 
chiefs  •  and  during  the  popular  commo- 
tions in  Paris,  he  took  an  active  part, 
appearing  sword  in  hand  at  the  head  of 
the  mob  "-Inch  attacked  the  Bastille.  In 
1791  he  was  elected  constitutional  bishop 
of  the  department  of  Calvados,  ana 
chosen  a  member  of  the  legislative  as- 
sembly, lie  continued  to  distinguish 
himself  by  his  revolutionary  furor  till 
the  trial  of  Louis  XVI.,  for  whose  im- 
prisonment he  voted  instead  of  his 
death ;  and  having  joined  the  Girondists, 
he  was  persecuted  by  the  opposite  party. 
At  last  lie  was  condemned  to  death  on 
the  unfounded  charge  of  being  an  ac- 
complice of  Charlotte  Corday  in  the 
assassination  of  Marat,  and  suffered  by 
the  guillotine  in  October,  171)3. 

FAU JAfc  DP:  ST.  FOND,  Bartholo- 
mew, an  en  inent  French  geologist,  was 
b.  at  Montelimart,  in  1750  ;  became  pro- 
fessor at  the  museum  of  natural  his- 
tory ;  and  wrote  various  works  connected 
with  his  favorite  pursuit;  among  which 
are  "The  Mineralogy  of  Volcanoes," 
"  A  Natural  History  of  Dauplnne,"  "A 
Journey  in  England,  Scotland,  and  the 
Hebrides,"  &c. 

FAULIIABER,  John,  an  ingenious 
mathematician,  and  the  friend  of  Des- 
cartes, was  b.  at  Ulm,  in  Suabia,  where 
he  d.  in  16  (5. 

FAUQUE,  a  French  authoress,  known 
by  the  name  of  Madame  de  Vaucluse, 
was  b.  at  Avignon,  at  the  beginning  of 
the  18th  century.  She  had  been  forced 
by  her  parents  to  become  a  nun  against 
her  will ;  and  having  obtained  a  dispen- 
sation from  her  vows,  she  retired  to 
England,  where  she  supported  herself 
by  "writing  for  the  press.  Among  her 
productions  are  "  Dialogues  Moraux  et 
Amusans,"  and  "  Histoire  de  Madame 
de  Pompadour."     D.  1777. 

FAUST,  or  FUST,  John,  one  of  the 
three  artists  to  whom  the  invention  of 
printing  has  been  ascribed,  was  the  son 
of  a  goldsmith  at  Mentz.  The  other  two 
■were  Guttetnburg  and  Scharffer  ;  to  the 
former  of  whom  "the  invention  of  print- 
ing with  wooden  blocks  is  attributed ; 
and  to  the  latter,  who  married  the 
daughter  of  Faust,  is  allowed  the  honor 
2>f  having  invented  punches  and  mat- 
rices, by  means  of  which  this  grand 
art  was  carried  to  perfection.  It  has 
been  pretended  that,  when  Faust  went 
to  Paris  to  sell  a  second  edition  of  his 
Bible  of  1402,  he  was  arrested  on  the 
Supposition  that  he  effected  the  printing 
of  them  by  magic;  but  this  story  ap- 
pears to  bo  a  mere  fiction.    There  is 


reason  to  believe  that  he  d.  of  the  plague 
in  1466. — Dr.  John,  who  lived  in  the 
beginning  of  the  16th  contury,  was  b. 
at  Knittlingen,  in  Suabia.  After  receiv- 
ing an  education  at  Wittemburg,  he 
went  to  Ingoldstadt,  where  he  studied 
medicine,  astrology,  and  magic ;  and 
occupied  himself  in  alchemical  experi- 
ments. That  he  was  a  man  of  great 
scientific  acquirements  there  is  little 
doubt;  and,  according  to  legendary  tra- 
dition, he  made  use  of  his  power  in  a 
manner  calculated  to  inspire  his  coun- 
trymen with  a  firm  belief  that  he  had 
familiar  dealings  with  the  devil.  The 
supernatural  feats  performed  by  him 
and  his  servant,  Mephistopheles,  have 
been  immortalized  by  the  genius  of 
Goethe. 

FAVAET,  Charles  Simon,  a  dramatic 
poet,  to  whom  the  comic  opera  in  France 
is  greatly  indebted,  was  b.  in  1710.  D. 
1792. 

FAVRAT,  Francis  Andrew,  a  Prus- 
sian general,  so  remarkable  for  his 
strength,  that  he  is  said  to  have  once 
lifted  up  a  horse  and  its  rider,  and  to 
have  otten  carried  a  cannon  on  his 
shoulder  with  as  much  apparent  ease  as 
a  soldier  carries  his  firelock.  lie  was 
governor  of  Glatz,  and  wrote  "Memoirs 
of  the  Historv  of  the  War  of  the  Polish 
Revolution  from  1794  to  1796." 

FAWCETT,  John,  an  eminent  the- 
atrical performer,  was  the  son  of  an  actor 
of  humble  pretensions  at  Drury-lane, 
and  was  b.  in  London,  in  1769.  At  the 
age  of  15  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  linen- 
draper,  but  clandestinely  left  the  shop 
for  the  Margate  theatre,  where,  under 
the  name  of  Foote,  he  made  his  first 
appearance.  He  afterwards  joined  Tate 
"Wilkinson  on  the  York  circuit;  and  in 
1791  made  his  bow  to  a  London  audience, 
at  Covent-gardcn,  as  Caleb,  in  "  rie 
would  be  a  Soldier."  His  dramatic 
reputation  was  at  length  fixed  by  his 
representation  of  Dr.  Pangloss,  Ollapod, 
Caleb  Quotem,  and  Job  Thornberry. 
In  1798  he  joined  the  Haymarket  com- 
panv,  and  became  acting  manager,  in 
1800,  of  that  theatre.  In  1813  he  ap- 
peared at  the  English  Opera,  and  in 
1816  rejoined  the  Haymarket.  He  after- 
wards became  manager  of  Coven  t-gar- 
den  theatre,  which  situation  he  held  till 
his  retreat  from  the  stage  in  1836.  D. 
1837. 

FAWKES,  Francis,  an  English  poet 
and  divine,  was  b.  in  Yorkshire,  about 
1721.  He  published  a  volume  of  poems, 
and  translations  of  Anacreon,  Sappho, 
Bion,   Moschus,    and   Theocritus.    His 


fel] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


393 


poetry,  though  not  of  first-rate  talent,  is 
elegant  and  correct.    D.  1777. 

FAY,  Charles  Francis  de  Cisternai 
dd,  the  son  of  an  officer  of  the  French 
guards,  was  b.  in  1698;  and  though  he 
first  embraced  the  military  profession, 
soon  quitted  it  for  the  study  of  chemis- 
try and  natural  philosophy,  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  re- 
searches concerning  the  phosphoric 
light  in  the  mercurial  vacuum  of  the 
barometer,  the  magnet,  and  the  nature 
of  electricity,  which  he  divided  into  two 
kinds,  the  vitreous  and  the  resinous, 
answering  to  the  positive  and  negative 
electricities  of  Franklin.     D.  1739. 

FAYDIT,  Anselm,  a  troubadour  of 
the  13th  century,  patronized  by  Richard 
C'ceur  de  Lion,  whose  praises  he  cele- 
brated in  a  funeral  elegy. 

FAYETTE,  Marie  Madeleine  de  la 
Verge,  countess  of,  a  female  of  great 
literary  attainments,  wife  to  the  Count 
de  la  Fayette,  in  the  reign  of  Louis 
XIV.  She  was  in  habits  of  friendly 
intimacy  with  many  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished men  of  letters ;  and  her 
romances  of  "Zaide"  and  "  The  Prin- 
cess of  Cleves,"  afford  ample  testimony 
that  the  fame  she  acquired  for  delicacy 
of  sentiment  and  graceful  description 
was  not  exaggerated.  She  wrote  also 
"  Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  France."  D. 
169?. 

FAZIO,  Bartholomew,  an  historian 
and  biographer  of  the  loth  century,  was 
by  birth  a  Genoese,  and  patronized  by 
Alphonso,  king  of  Naples,  at  whose 
instance  he  translated  Arrian's  "  History 
of  Alexander"  into  Latin;  but  his  most 
important  work  is  entitled  "  De  Viris 
lllustribus,"  containing  brief  accounts 
of  the  most  famous  of  his  eotemporaries. 

FEAENE,  Charles,  a  writer  on  meta- 

£hysics  and  jurisprudence,  was  b.  in 
lOndon,  in  1749,  and  educated  at  West- 
minster school.  He  became  a  student 
at  the  Inner  Temple,  and  attained  a  first- 
rate  reputation  as  a  chamber  counsel  and 
conveyancer.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  An  Essav  on  Contingent  Remainders," 
&c.     D.  1794. 

FEATLEY,  Daniel,  an  eminent  En- 
glish divine  of  the  17th  century,  was 
b.  at  Charlton  Kings,  Oxfordshire,  in 
1582.  He  was  the  author  of  "Clavis 
Mystica,  a  Key  opening  divers  difficult 
Texts  of  Scripture,"  &c. ;  and  among 
Lis  controversial  tracts  is  one  bearing 
the  quaint  title  of  "  The  Dipper  dint,  or 
the  Anabaptist  plunged  over  Head  and 
Ears,  and  shrunk  in  the  Washing.' ' 


FEITII,  Rhynvis,  a  modern  Dutch 
poet,  was  b.  at  Zwolle  17.V;.  Ii 
led  law  at  Leyden,  and,  returning  to  his 
native  city,  was  made  burgomaster,  and 
afterwards  receiver  at  the  admiralty  col- 
lege; but  he  did  not  relinquish  the  art 
of  poetry.  He  wrote  "  Inez  de  Castro," 
and  several  other  good  tragedies;  many 
poems,  hymns,  and  odes,  remark  nolo 
for  feeling  and  elevated  sentiment ;  and 
his  "Grave"  stands  foremost  among 
the  best  didactic  poems  in  the  language. 
D.  1822.  " 

FELIX  I.  succeeded  Pope  Dionysius 
in  269.  He  suffered  death  in  274,  and 
was  canonized.  An  episllc  by  him 
against  Sabcllius  and  Paul  us  Samosanc 
tus  is  extant. — II.,  antipopo.  He  was 
placed  in  the  papal  chair  in  355  by  the 
emperor  Constans,  during  the  exile  of 
Liberius,  on  the  return  of  whom  he  was 
expelled.  Constans  would  have  had 
the  two  popes  reign  together,  but  the 
people  exclaimed,  "'One  God,  one  Christ, 
and  one  bishop  !"  Felix  was  then  ex- 
iled, andd.  in  365. — III.,  succeeded  Sim- 
plicity in  483.  He  had  a  violent  dis- 
pute with  the  emperor  Zeno  in  behalf  of 
the  Western  church,  and  d.  in  4'Jii. — - 
IV.,  a  native  of  Beneventum,  ascended 
the  chair  after  John  I.  in  1526.  Ho 
governed  the  church  with  zeal  and  piety, 
and  d.  in  1530. 

FELL,  John,  a  dissenting  minister, 
was  b.  at  Coekcrinouth,  in  Cumberland, 
in  1735,  and  bred  a  tailor.  He  wrote 
"An  Essay  on  the  Love  of  One's  Coun- 
try," "Genuine  Protestantism,"  "A 
Letter  to  Mr.  Burke  on  the  Penal 
Laws,"  "An  Essay  towards  an  English 
Grammar,"  &c.  JJ.  1797. — Dr.  John, 
bishop  of  Oxford,  was  b.  at  Longworth, 
in  Berkshire,  in  1625.  At  the  restora- 
tion he  was  made  canon  and  dean  of 
Christ  church,  and  lu  years  after  he  had 
obtained  the  deanery  he  was  raised  to 
the  see  of  Oxford.  He  was  a  learned 
prelate,  and  a  liberal  benefactor  to  his 
college,  the  magnificent  tower  of  which, 
called  the  "Tom  Gate,"  he  built.  Sev- 
eral valuable  works  from  his  pen  are  ex- 
tant; among  others,  a  Latin  translation 
of  Wood's  "  History  and  Antiquities  of 
Oxford,"  "In  Laudem  Musices  Carmen 
Sapphicum,"  a  "Paraphrase  on  St. 
Paul's  Epistles,"  &c.    D.  1686. 

FELLENBERG,  Emanuel  de,  whose 
labors  in  the  cause  of  education  have 
earned  for  him  immortal  fame,  was  b. 
at  Berne,  in  Switzerland,  in  1771.  His 
father  was  of  patrician  rank,  and  a 
member  of  the  government  of  Berne  j 
his  mother,  a  great  grand-daughter  ot 


394 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[feu 


the  celebrated  Dutch  admiral  V«r 
Tromp.  After  a  somewhat  desultory 
education  at  home  and  under  different 
masters,  young  Dc  Fcllenberg  repaired 
to  the  university  of  Tubingen  in  1790, 
to  complete  his  studies  in  civil  law;  but 
these  lie  soon  abandoned  for  the  more 
congenial  pursuits  of  politics  and  phi- 
losophy. In  order  to  acquaint  himself 
with  the  moral  state  of  his  countrymen, 
he  spent  much  of  his  time  in  travelling 
through  Switzerland,  usually  on  foot, 
with  iiis  knapsack  on  his  back,  residing 
in  the  villages  and  farm-houses,  min- 
gling in  the  labors  and  occupations  and 
partaking  of  the  rude  lodging  and  fare 
of  the  peasants  and  mechanics,  and 
often  extending  his  journey  to  the  adja- 
cent countries.  Immediately  after  the 
fall  of  Robespierre  in  1795  he  visited 
Paris.  lie  purchased,  in  1799,  the  es- 
tate called  llofwyl,  two  leagues  from 
Berne;  and  his  life  forms,  hencefor- 
ward, an  important  page  in  the  records 
of  benevolent  enterprise.  But  it  would 
be  impossible  within  our  limits  to  give 
even  an  outline  of  the  various  schemes 
for  the  improvement  and  diffusion  of 
education  that  emanated  from  M.  de 
Fcllenberg  during  the  long  period  of 
forty-five  years  that  followed ;  of  the 
skill  and  tact  with  which  he  defeated 
the  combinations  of  interested  and  jeal- 
lous  opponents  ;  and  the  success  which 
ultimately  crowned  his  labors.  D.  Nov. 
21st,  1S44. 

FELLER,  Francis  Xayier,  b.  at  Brus- 
sels in  1735  ;  author  of  an  "  Historical 
Dictionary,"  "  Remarks  on  the  Newto- 
nian Philosophy,"  &c.  D.  at  Ratisbou, 
1802.  —  Joachim,  a  German  poet,  was 
b.  at  Zwickaw  in  1638;  chosen  profes- 
sor of  poetry  at  Leipsie  in  1661 ;  and 
became  librarian  to  that  university  in 
1676.  His  compositions  were  chiefly  in 
Latin.  His  death,  which  happened  in 
1691,  was  occasioned  by  his  falling 
from  a  window,  in  a  fit  of  somnambu- 
lism.— Joachim  Frederic,  son  of  the 
foregoing,  was  secretary  to  the  grand- 
duke  of  Weimar,  a  situation  he  filled 
during  20  years.  He  wrote  a  valuable 
work,  entitled  *'  Monumenta  varia  Ine- 
dita,"  and  some  others.     D.  1726. 

FELLOYVES,  Robert,  a  writer  chiefly 
on  religions  and  political  subjects,  was 
b.  in  Norfolk,  1770.  He.  was  educated 
at  St.  Mary  hall,  Oxford,  where  he  at- 
tained the  degree  of  M.  A.  in  1801,  and 
was  ordained  in  179") ;  but  he  gradually 
relinquished  the  doctrines  of  the  church 
of  England,  and  at  length  adopted  the 
opinions  maintained  iu  the  work  which 


he  published  in  1836,  under  the  title  ol 
"  Tho  Religion  of  the  Universe."  Ho 
was  the  intimate  friend  of  Dr.  Parr  and 
the  Baron  Mascres ;  the  former  present- 
ed him  to  Queen  Caroline,  whose  cause 
he  espoused  with  great  zeal ;  and  the 
latter  left  him  nearly  £200,000,  which 
enabled  him  at  once  to  gratify  his  own 
tastes  for  literature,  and  to  benefit  his 
fellow-creatures.  He  entered  with  much 
spirit  into  the  project  of  establishing  a 
university  in  London,  supporting  it  both 
by  his  counsel  and  his  purse.  D.  18-17. 
'FELTHAM,  Owen,  was  b.  about  tho 
middle  of  the  17th  century  in  Suffolk. 
Little  more  is  known  of  him  than  that 
he  resided  many  years  in  the  family  of 
the  Earl  of  Thoniond,  during  which  pe- 
riod he  published  a  work  of  great  merit, 
entitled  "Resolves,  Divine,  Political, 
and  Moral,"  which  went  through  12 
editions  before  the  year  1709.  D.  about 
1678. 

FENDALL,  Josias,  governor  of  Mary- 
land, who  exercised  also  the  powers  of 
chief  justice,  received  his  appointment 
from  the  commissioners  of  parliament 
in  1658.  He  had  previously  been  ap 
pointed  governor  by  the  proprietors, 
but  rendered  himself  unworthy  of  their 
confidence  by  his  intrigues',  which 
caused  great  confusion  iu  the  province. 
In  June,  1660,  he  was  succeeded  by 
Philip  Calvert.  Twenty  years  after  he 
was  fined  forty  thousand  pounds  of  to- 
bacco, and  banished  from  the  province 
for  his  seditious  practices. 

FENELON,  Francis  de  Salignac  de 
i,.a  Motte,  archbishop  of  Cambray,  was 
b.  1651,  at  the  chateau  Fenelon,  in  Peri- 
gord  of  a  family  illustrious  in  church 
and  state.  He  studied  at  Cahors  and 
Paris,  where  he  made  such  astonishing 
progress  in  the  most  difficult  studies, 
that,  in  his  15th  year,  he  preached  with 
great  applause.  At  the  age  of  24,  Fene- 
lon took  holy  orders,  and  commenced 
his  regular  ministerial  functions  in  the 
parish  of  St.  Sulpiee.  He  was  after- 
wards appointed  chief  of  a  mission  for 
the  conversion  of  heretics  in  Saintonge 
and  Aunis;  and  on  his  return  he  be- 
came known  to  the  pubbo  as  a  writer, 
by  a  work,  "Surle  Ministere  des  Pas- 
teurs,"  and  a  treatise,  "  De  TEdueation 
des  Filles."  In  16S9,  Louis  XIV.  in- 
trusted to  him  the  education  of  hia 
grandsons,  the  dukes  of  Burgundy,  An- 
ion, and  Berri.  In  16;i4,  Fenelon  was 
created  archbishop  of  Cambray ;  soon 
after  which,  a  theological  dispute  with 
Bossuet,  his  former  instructor,  respect- 
ing the  devotional  mysticism  of  the  cele- 


fee] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHV. 


395 


bratcd  Madame  Guyor ,  whose  opinions 
Fenelon  favored,  teiminated  in  his  con- 
demnation by  Pope  Innocent  XII.,  and 
his  banishment  to  his  diocese  by  Loins 
XIV.  lie  wrote  many  excellent  works  ; 
among  the  chief  of  which  may  be  reck- 
oned his  "  Dialogues  of  the  Dead," 
"Dialogues,  on  Eloquence,"  "Letters 
on  different  Religious  and  Metaphysical 
Subjects,"  &c.  But  his  most  celebrated 
production,  and  the  one  which  for  ages 
will  survive,  is  his  "Adventures  of 
Teleinachus,"  in  which  he  endeavored 
to  exhibit  a  model  for  the  education  of  a 
prince;  and  more  pure  and  elevated 
maxims  were  never  woven  into  a  tale 
either  of  truth  or  fiction.  His  death 
was  accelerated  by  the  overturning  of 
his  carriage,  which  brought,  on  a  fever, 
and  the  amiable  and  virtuous  prelate 
expired  in  Jan.  1715. 

FENTON,  Elijah,  a  poet  of  consid- 
erable talent,  was  b.  in  16S3,  at  Shelton, 
near  Newcastle,  in  Staffordshire.  Hav- 
ing received  a  classical  education,  the 
earl  of  Orrery,  in  1710,  made  him  his 
private  secretary,  and  placed  his  eldest 
pon  under  his  care.  He  afterwards  lived 
with  Lady  Trumbull,  as  tutor  to  her 
son.  He  became  acquainted  with  most 
of  the  wits  of  the  age,  and  assisted  Pope 
in  his  translation  of  the  "Odyssey." 
Besides  this,  he  published  "  Marianne," 
a  tragedy,  and  the  lives  of  Milton  and 
Waller. "  D.  1730. — Sir  Geoffrey,  an 
English  writer,  was  b.  in  Nottingham- 
shire, and  d.  at  Dublin,  1608.  He  trans- 
lated Guicciardini's  "History  of  the 
Wars  of  Italy." 

FERAUD,  John  Francis,  a  French 
grammarian,  and  a  professor  of  rhetoric 
and  philosophy  at  Besaneon,  was  b. 
1725.  He  wrote  a  "Grammatical  Dic- 
tionary of  the  French  Language,"  and 
a  "Critical  Dictionary."     D.  1807. 

FERBER,  John  James,  a  Swedish 
mineralogist  of  note,  was  b.  at  Carlscro- 
na,  in  1743,  and  d.  in  Switzerland,  while 
on  a  scientific  tour,  in  1790.  He  wrote 
"Letters  from  Italy,"  which  are  much 
esteemed. 

FERDINAND  V.,  king  of  Aragon, 
surnamed  the  Catholic,  on  account  of 
the  expulsion  of  the  Moors  from  Spain, 
was  the  son  of  John  IT.  of  Aragon,  and 
b.  in  1453.  By  his  marriage  with  Isa- 
bella, queen  it  Castile,  he  founded  the 
union  of  the  different  Spanish  king- 
doms :  overcame  Alphonso,  king  of 
Portugal,  at  the  battle  of  Toro,  in  1476; 
.otally  Bibjugated  the  Moorish  power  in 
Spain,  which  had  for  so  many  centuries 
baffled  all  the  efforts  of  his  ancestors; 


and  brought  under  his  rule  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  Neapolitan  dominions, 
lint  the  most  extraordinary  feature  in 
his  rc.ign  is  tin  lsco\u\  :t  intent  i 
by  Columbus,  which  opened  to  him  and 
his  successors  the  sovereignty  of  a  new 
hemisphere.  D.  1516. — I.,  emperor  of 
Germany,  succeeded  his  brother,  <  Diaries 
V.,  in  1558, at  which  time  Ferdinand  was 
king  of  the  Romans,  and  of  Hungary  and 
Bohemia.  11.,  was  the  son  of  the 'arch- 
duke of'Styria:  elected  king  of  Bohemia 
in  1617,  and  of  Hungary  in  1611.  Soon 
afterwards  he  succeeded  Mathias  us  em- 
peror. D.  1687. — 111.,  surnamed  Ernest, 
was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  b.  in 
160S  ;  made  kin<r  of  Hungary  in  1625,  of 
Bohemia  in  1627,  and  succeeded  his 
father  in  1637.  D.  1657. — Ok  Cokdova, 
a  learned  scholar  and  accomplished 
cavalier  of  the  loth  century,  whose  at- 
tainments in  every  art  and  science  tha*. 
can  adorn  the  mind,  or  add  a  dignity 
to  manhood,  have  been  handed  down 
for  the  admiration  of  posterity  .—I.,  king 
of  the  Two  Sicilies,  was  b.  in  1751,  and 
succeeded  his  father,  Charles  III.,  on 
the  throne  of  Naples,  in  1759,  on  the 
accession  of  the  latter  to  that  of  Spain. 
D.  1825. — VII.,  king  of  Spain  and  the 
Indies,  son  of  Charles  IV.  and  Maria 
Louisa  of  Parma,  was  b.  at  St.  Ildefon- 
so,  in  1784.  In  1816  Ferdinand  married 
Theresa,  a  princess  of  Portugal,  for  his 
second  wife ;  in  1819,  Maria-Joseph*. 
Amelia,  a  princess  of  Saxony,  for  his 
third.  She  died  in  1828,  and  'in  1829  ha 
married  Maria  Christina,  the  daughter 
of  Francis  I.,  king  of  Naples,  mother  of 
the  present  queen  of  Spain.     D.  1833. 

FERDUSI,  or  FERDOUSI,  a  celebra- 
ted Persian  poet,  whose  talents  having 
attracted  the  notice  of  Malnnoud,  the 
reigning  sultan,  he  gave  him  a  distin- 
guished reception  at  his  court,  and  em- 
ployed him  to  write  a  metrical  _  history 
of  the  Persian  sovereigns.  This  work-, 
which  is  called  the  "  Sckahnameh,"  con- 
tains 60,000  stanzas,  and  occupied  him 
30  years,  during  which  long  period  the 
enemies  of  Ferdusi  succeeded  in  preju- 
dicing Mahmoud  against  him.  Instead 
of  being  rewarded,  according  to  promise, 
with  60,000  pieces  of  gold,  the_  same 
number  of  the  smallest  silver  coin  was 
sent  to  him,  which  tiie  poet  indignantly 
distributed  anions  the  menials,  wrote  a 
severe  satire  on  the  sultan,  and  lied  to 
Bagdad.     B.  916  ;  d.  1020. 

FERGUSON,  Adam,  an  eminent  his- 
torian and  moral  philosopher,  was  b. 
1724,  at  Logierait,  Perthshire,  lie  was 
educated   at   Perth,  St.  Andrew's,  and 


39G 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ker 


Edinburgh ;   was  chaplain  to  the  42d 

regiment,  in  Flanders,  till  the  peace  of 
Aix-la-Chapelie ;  and,  on  his  return  to 
Edinburgh,  was  chosen  professor  of 
natural  philosophy,  which  chair  he  sub- 
sequently resigned  for  that  of  moral 
philosophy.  In  1767  appeared  his  "Es- 
say on  Civil  Society,"  which  procured 
him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  In  1773  he 
accompanied  the  carl  of  Chesterfield  on 
his  travels;  and  in  1776,  having  replied 
to  Dr.  Price  on  civil  liberty,  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  secretaryship  of  a  recon- 
ciliatory  mission  sent  out  to  America  in 
1778.  On  his  return  he  resumed  his 
professorial  duties,  and  composed  his 
"  History  of  the  Roman  Republic." 
Several  years  after  this  appeared  his 
"  Treatise  on  Moral  and  Political  Sci- 
ence," and  "Institutes  of  Moral  Phi- 
losophy. D.  1816. — James,  an  experi- 
mental philosopher,  astronomer,  and 
mechanist,  was  the  son  of  a  laborer,  and 
b.  in  1710,  at  Keith,  in  Banrtshire,  Scot- 
land. His  extraordinary  genius  quickly 
displayed  itself,  as  he  learned  to  read  in 
infancy  by  hearing  his  father  teach  one 
of  his  brothers ;  and  when  only  eight 
years  of  age,  he  constructed  a  wooden 
clock.  "When  old  enough  to  work,  he 
was  placed  out  as  a  servant  to  a  farmer, 
who  employed  him  in  keeping  sheep, 
in  which  situation  he  acquired  a  sur- 
prising knowledge  of  the  stars,  and  his 
abilities  being  discovered  by  some 
neighboring  gentlemen,  one  of  them 
took  him  to  his  house,  where  he  learned 
decimal  arithmetic  and  the  rudiments 
of  algebra  and  geometry.  From  a  de- 
scription of  the  globes  in  Gordon's 
grammar,  he  made  one  in  three  weeks 
sufficiently  accurate  to  enable  him  to 
work  problems  ;  and,  having  a  taste  for 
drawing,  began  to  draw  portraits  with 
India  ink,  by  which  he  supported  him- 
self creditably  some  years.  In  1743  he 
went  to  London,  where  he  published 
some  astronomical  tables  and  calcula- 
tions, and  gave  lectures  in  experimental 
philosophy,  which  he  repeated  with 
success  throughout  the  kingdom.  In 
1754  he  published  a  brief  description 
of  the  solar  system,  with  an  astronomi- 
cal account  of  the  year  of  our  Saviour's 
crucifixion  ;  also  an  idea  of  the  material 
universe,  deduced  from  a  survey  of  the 
solar  system.  But  his  greatest  work  is 
his  "  Astronomy  explained  upon  Sir 
Isaac  Newton's  Principles,  and  made 
easy  to  those  who  have  not  studied 
Mathematics."  On  the  accession  of 
George  III.  he  was  elected  a  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society.     He  published   nu- 


merous works  on  astronomy,  mechan- 
ics, drawing,  electricity,  «fcc.     1).  1776. 

FERGUSSON,  Robert,  a  poet,  was  b. 
at  Edinburgh,  1750.  He  was  educated 
for  the  ministry,  but  a  love  of  poetry 
and  dissipation  disqualified  him  for 
that  profession,  and  he  obtained  a  place 
in  the  sheriff-clerk's  office  at  Edinburgh. 
His  conversational  powers  rendercf  Ins 
company  highly  attractive,  and  the  ex- 
cesses into  which  he  was  led  are  said  to 
have  impaired  his  naturally  feeble  con- 
stitution, and  rendered  him  an  inmate 
of  the  Edinburgh  lunatic  asylum,  where 
he  d.  in  1774.  His  poems,  written  in 
the  Scottish  dialect,  have  considerable 
merit ;  but  those  in  English  are  often 
below  mediocrity. 

FERISHTA,  Mohammed  Casem,  an 
Indian  historian,  who  flourished  in  the 
16th  and  17th  centuries,  was  b.  at 
Ahmedagur,  in  the  Deccan.  He  was 
liberally  patronized  by  the  sovereign  of 
Visapour,  under  whose  auspices  he  pub- 
lished his  "History  of  India  under  the 
Mussulmans,"  a  work  of  acknowledged 
merit  for  impartiality  and  truth. 

FERMAT,  Peter  ue,  an  eminent 
mathematician,  civilian,  and  poet,  was  b. 
at  Toulouse,  in  1500.  He  was  a  good 
scholar,  and  wrote  poetry  in  the  Latin^i 
French,  and  Spanish  languages.  His 
prose  works  were  collected  and  pub- 
lished under  the  title  of  "  Opera  Varia 
Mathematical'     D.  1664. 

FERNANDEZ,  Juan,  a  Spanish  pilot 
and  navigator,  who,  in  1572,  discovered 
the  island  which  bears  his  name. 

FERNANDEZ  XIMENES  DE  NA- 
VARETTE,  John,  a  celebrated  Spanish 
painter,  and  a  pupil  of  Titian,  was  b.  at 
Losn'ono,  in  1576,  and  surnamed  El 
Mudo,  in  consequence  of  being  deaf  and 
dumb.  He  was  appointed  painter  to 
Philip  II.,  and  d.  in  1579. 

FERRACIXO,  Bartholomew,  a  self- 
taught  genius  of  Padua.  He  was  b.  in 
1695,  and  bred  a  sawyer.  His  first  in- 
vention was  a  saw  worked  by  the  wind. 
He  made  curious  clocks  and  hydraulic 
engines,  but  his  <rreatest  work  is  the 
bridge  over  the  Brenta,  which  is  re- 
markable for  the  boldness  of  the  design 
and  its  firmness.     D.  1764. 

FERRARI,  the  name  of  a  Milanese 
family,  many  of  whose  members,  du- 
ring the  16th  and  17th  centuries,  were 
distinguished  by  their  scholastic  attain- 
ments.— Octavian,  b.  1518,  professor  of 
politics  and  ethics  successively  at  Milan 
and  Padua,  translated  the  works  of 
Athenams  into  Latin,  and  wrote  two 
treatises  on  the  works  of  Aristotle,  &c. 


FEs] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGHAPIIY. 


397 


D.  1586. — Francisco  Bernardino,  b.  in 
1577,  was  a  doctor  of  the  Ambrosinn  col- 
lege of  Milan,  and  celebrated  throughout 
Europe  for  his  intimate  acquaintance 
with  books  and  literature  in  general. 
His  collection  of  rare  books  formed  the 
foundation  of  the  celebrated  Ambrosian 
library ;  and  his  own  writings,  several 
of  which  arc  yet  extant,  display  great 
erudition.  1).  1669. — Octavio,  b.  1607, 
was  professor  of  rhetoric  and  historiog- 
rapher at  Milan.  He  afterwards  settled 
at  Padua,  where  the  fame  of  his  learning 
brought  him  numerous  scholars,  and  the 
patronage  of  crowned  heads.  Among 
thes;  were  Christina  of  Sweden  ana 
Lou's  XIV.,  from  the  latter  of  whom  he 
enjoyed  a  pension  of  500  crowns.  Dis- 
tinguished as  he  was  by  his  great  tal- 
ents, he  was  not  less  remarkable  for 
suavity  of  manners  and  disposition, 
universally  acquiring  thereby  the  appel- 
lation of  Pacificator.  He  followed  Scaligcr 
in  an  able  work  entitled  "  Uridines  Lin- 
gua; Italicae,"  and  wrote  various  treatises 
on  ancient  manners,  customs,  &c.  D. 
1682. — Gaudenzio,  an  eminent  painter, 
was  b.  at  Valdugia,  in  1484,  and  assisted 
Ratfaelle  in  ornamenting  the  Vatican. 
D.  1550. — Giovanni  Andrea,  celebrated 
as  well  for  his  paintings  of  fruit  and 
flowers  as  for  his  landscapes  and  his- 
torical pieces,  was  b.  at  Genoa,  1599,  and 
d.  in  1669.— Louis,  an  Italian  mathema- 
tician, was  b.  1552,  at  Bologna,  where 
he  became  professor.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  Cardan,  and  the  discoverer  of  the 
method  of  resolving  biquadratic  equa- 
tions. 

FERRARIS,  Joseph,  count  de,  an 
Austrian  general,  distinguished  as  a 
geographer  and  skilful  engineer.  He 
was  b.  at  Luneville,  in  1726  ;  entered 
the  army  in  1741,  and  in  1776  was  ap- 
pointed director-general  of  artillery  for 
the  Netherlands,  at  which  time  he  un- 
dertook and  completed  the  25  sheet 
map  of  that  country,  which  bears  his 
name.  He  served  against  the  French 
in  the  campaign  of  1793 ;  afterwards 
became  vice-president  of  the  aulie  coun- 
cil of  war  at  Vienna :  was  made  a  field- 
marshal  inl80S:  d.  1814. 

FERRARS,    George,    a    lawyer  and 

fioet,  was  b.  in  1512,  near  St.  Alban's. 
le  was  in  great  esteem  with  Henry 
VIII. ,  who  gave  him  a  large  grant  of 
lands  in  Hertfordshire.  He  wrote  some 
pieces  inserted  in  the  "  Mirror  for  Ma- 
gistrates," published  in  1559  ;  and  the 
"  History  of  Queen  Mary,"  in  Grafton's 
"  Chronicle."  1).  1579. 
FERREIRA,  Antonio,  a  poet  ranked 


by  the  Portuguese  as  one  of  their  classic 
author.-,,  was  b.  at  Lisbon,  1528.  Ho 
carried  to  perfection  the  elegiac  and 
epistolary  style,  and  his  "Ines  de  Cas- 
tro" is  the  second  regular  tragedy  that 
appeared  alter  t lie  revival  of  letters  in 
Europe.     I).  1560. 

FERRERASj  John  de,  a  learned 
Spanish  historian  and  ecclesiastic,  was 
b.  at  Labaneza,  1652,  of  a  poor  bat  noble 
family,  and  completed  his  studies  at 
Salamanca.  He  wrote  several  works  in 
philosophy,  theology,  and  history,  the 
most  considerable  ot  which  is  his  "His- 
tory of  Spain,"  in  10  vols.  4to.  He  also 
assisted  in  the  compilation  of  the  great 
"Spanish  Dictionary."     I).  1735. 

FERKETI,  or  FERRETO,  an  historian 
and  poet  of  Vicenza,  was  b.  about  1296., 
and  contributed  greatly  to  the  restora- 
tion of  polite  literature  in  Italy. 

FERRIAR,  John,  a  physician  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  at  Chester, 
1764 ;  took  his  medical  degree  at  Edin- 
burgh, and  settled  in  Manchester,  whero 
he  was  chosen  physician  to  the  infirmary 
and  lunatic  asylum,  and  became  an  effi- 
cient and  active  member  of  the  Literary 
and  Philosophical  Society.  He  wroto 
many  professional  tracts,  published  un- 
der the  title  of  "  Medical  Histories  and 
Reflections  ;"  also  "  Illustrations  of 
Sterne,"  which  display  much  research 
in  tracing  that  eccentric  author's  literary 
obligations  to  Burton,  Hall,  and  other 
satirical  moralists,  besides  other  works, 
in  verse  and  prose.     D.  1815. 

FEKRI,  Ciko,  an  eminent  Italian 
painter  and  architect,  was  b.  at  Rome, 
1634.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Pietro  de 
Cortona,  to  whose  style  his  pictures 
bear  a  strong  resemblance.     D.  1689. 

FESCH,  Joseph,  senior  priest-cardinal 
of  the  sacred  college,  and  archbishop  of 
Lyons,  and  brother  of  Laetitia  Ramolini, 
mother  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  was 
b.  at  Ajaccio,  in  Corsica,  1764,  educated 
in  France,  and  was  in  that  country 
when  the  revolution  broke  out.  In 
1796  we  find  him  commissary-general 
to  the  army  of  Italy,  which  was  then 
commanded  by  his  Bonaparte.  Having 
in  this  capacity  realized  a  princely  for- 
tune, he  retired  from  the  army,  resumed 
his  clerical  studies  and  profession,  and 
in  1802  was  consecrated  archbishop  of 
Lyons.  Early  in  the  following  year  he 
received  a  cardinal's  hat,  and  went  to 
Rome  as  ambassador  from  Frame.  In 
1804  the  cardinal  accompanied  I'ius  VII. 
to  Paris,  and  assisted  in  the  consecra- 
tion of  Napoleon ;  by  whom,  in  the  fol- 
lowing year,  lie  was  made  grand  almoner 


398 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[fio 


of  France,  a  principal  officer  of  the  legion 
of  honor,  and  a  member  of  the  senate 
As  president  of  the  council  of  Paris,  he 
opposed  his  self-willed  nephew  in  many 
of  his  schemes,  who  deprived  him  of 
his  succession  to  the  arch-chancellor- 
ship. When  his  disgrace  with  the  em- 
peror was  thus  published,  he  retired  at 
first  to  Lyons,  and  subsequently  to 
Rome,  where,  with  Madame  Bona- 
parte, he  lived  a  quiet  but  most  luxuri- 
ous life.  His  library  and  picture  gallery 
were  the  finest  that  even  Rome,  that 
city  of  the  arts,  could  boast.     D.  1839. 

FESSENDEN,  Thomas  Green,  an 
American  author,  b.  at  Walpole,  N.  II., 
1771.  AY  lien  in  college,  one  of  his 
poetical  effusions,  "  Jonathans  Court- 
ship," was  so  popular  as  to  lead  him  to 
indulge  freely  in  the  writing  of  rhyme. 
In  1801  Mr.  Fessenden  visited  London 
with  a  view  to  some  patent-right  specu- 
lation that  had  been  imposed  upon  him. 
Not,  however,  succeeding  in  this,  and 
being  destitute  of  cash,  he  betook  him- 
self to  his  pen  as  his  most  natural  re- 
source. The  result  was—"  Terrible 
Tractoration" — a  poem  in  Iludibrastic 
verse.  It  went  through  successive  edi- 
tions, and  gained  for  him  much  reputa- 
tion. On  his  return  to  America  in  1804, 
he  published  a  political  satire  in  verse, 
entitled  "  Democracy  Unveiled."  He 
also  published  other  fugitive  works  of 
a  similar  character,  from  all  which  he 
derived  but  small  pecuniary  advantage. 
After  various  expedients  and  vicissi- 
tudes, in  1S22  he  became  the  editor  of 
the  "  New  England  Farmer,"  a  weekly 
journal  devoted  principally  to  the  dif- 
fusion of  agricultural  knowledge.  Be- 
sides his  editorial  labors,  Mr.  Fessenden 
published,  from  time  to  time,  various 
compilations  on  agricultural  subjects,  or 
adaptations  of  English  treatises  to  the 
use  of  the  American  husbandman.  He 
also  edited  the  "  Horticultural  Register," 
and  the  "  Silk  Manual."  D.  at  Boston, 
1837. 

FEUERBACH,  Paul  John  Anselm 
Von,  one  of  the  most  eminent  of  late 
Eiropean  jurists  and  scholars,  was  b. 
at  Frankfort-on-the-Maine,  1775.  He 
studied  philosophy  and  law  at  Jena, 
where  he  also  taught  in  1799.  In  1804 
he  was  invited  to  Landshut,  in  Bavaria, 
to  superintend  the  university  and  draw 
up  a  new  penal  code  for  the  kingdom. 
This  code  was  adopted  in  several  other 
German  states.  In  1S04  he  was  made 
second  president  of  the  court  of  ap- 
peal. His  writings  in  law  were  nu- 
merous,   profound,    and    able,    placing 


him  by  the  side  of  Beecaria  and  other 
illustrious  jurists.     D.  1833. 

FEUILLEE,  Louis,  an  eminent  natu- 
ralist, geographer,  and  mathematician, 
was  b.  at  Provence,  about  the  middle 
of  the  17th  century.  Louis  XIV.  sent 
him  to  South  America  to  make  re- 
searches in  natural  history  and  philoso- 
phy, of  which  he  wrote  a  "  Journal." 
He  was  afterwards  employed  in  an  ex- 
pedition to  the  Canary  Islands,  to  ascer- 
tain the  relative  pi  Mtion  of  the  meridian 
of  Ferro,  which,  having  satisfactorily 
performed,  he  was  rewarded  with  a  pen- 
sion and  the  situation  of  botanist  to  the 
king.     D.  1732. 

FEVRE,  Guy  le,  a  French  poet,  was 
b.  1544,  at  La  Boderie,  in  Lower  Nor- 
mandy. He  was  the  author  of  several 
works'  relating  to  oriental  literature,  be- 
sides several  poems,  which  obtained  for 
him  considerable  reputation.  1).  1598. 
— Anthony  le,  a  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, an  eminent  statesman,  was  am- 
bassador at  Brussels  in  16J7,  when  he 
discovered  the  conspiracy  of  Marshal 
Biron  against  his  master,  Henry  IV.  He 
was  twice  ambassador  to  England,  and 
d.  in  1615. 

FEVRE,  or  FABER,  Tanaquil,  a 
classical  scholar,  of  great  eminence,  was 
b.  at  Caen,  in  Normandy,  1615.  Cardi- 
nal Richelieu  procured  him  a  pension 
of  2000  livres,  with  the  office  of  inspector 
of  works  printed  at  the  Louvre.  He 
was  subsequently  professor  of  classical 
literature  at  Saumur,  and  died  there  in 
1672.  His  works,  which  are  very  nu- 
merous, chiefly  consist  of  commentaries 
on,  and  translations  from,  the  Greek  and 
Latin  authors.  The  celebrated  Madame 
'Lacier  was  his  daughter.     D.  1672. 

FEYJOO  Y  MONTENEGRO,  Bene- 
dict Jerome,  a  Spanish  Benedictine 
monk  of  the  last  century,  who  pub- 
lished his  thoughts  on  a  vast  variety  of 
topics,  in  the  form  of  essays  designed 
for  popular  use,  whence  he  has  been 
sometimes  styled  the  Spcmisi  Addison, 
His  '•  Teatro  Critico  Universal,"  and 
his  "Cartas  eruditas  y  curiosas,"  both 
works  of  merit,  are  devoted  to  a  com- 
mon object — the  refutation  of  error,  and 
the  removal  of  prejudice.  A  selection 
from  his  essays  and  discourses  was 
translated  into  English,  and  published 
in  4  vols,  in  1780. 

FICIITE,  John  Theophilus,  a  cele- 
brated German  philosopher,  and  meta- 
physician, was  b.  in  17H2,  in  Upper 
Lusatia  ;  studied  at  "Wittenberg  and 
Leipsic  ;  and  was  successively  professor 
of  philosophy  at  Jena,  Erla  igeu,  and 


fie] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGUAPHY. 


399 


Berlin.  In  most  of  his  writings  lie  un- 
folds the  doctrines  ot'  transcendental 
idealism,  representing  the  lite  of  the 
mind  as  the  only  real  life,  and  all  the 
reality  ill  the  universe  being  expressed 
in  what  he  called  the  "  absolute  I."  His 
works  have  been  translated  into  English. 
D.  1814, 

F1DDES,  Richard,  a  clergyman  of 
the  church  of  England,  and  author  of 
several  works,  was  b.  at  Iluiimauby, 
Yorkshire,  1071.  Among  his  various 
works  are,  "  A  Body  of  Divinity, " 
"Fifty-two  Practical  Discourses,"  and 
a  "  Life  of  Cardinal  Wolsey."     D.  1723. 

FIELDING,  Henry,  an  English  nov- 
elist and  a  political  writer,  pre-eminently 
distinguished  for  genuine  humor  and  a 
knowledge  of  the  world,  was  the  son  of 
Lieutenant-general  Fielding,  of  Sharp- 
ham  park,  Somerset,  where  Henry  was 
b.  April  22,  1707.  He  was  first  sent  to 
Eton,  whence  ho  removed  to  Leyden ; 
but  the  straitened  circumstances  of  his 
father  shortened  his  academical  studies, 
which,  added  to  a  love  of  gayety  and 
dissipation,  led  him  to  turn  his  attention 
to  the  stage.  His  first  piece,  which 
came  out  in  1727,  was  entitled  "  Love 
in  several  Masks,"  aud  its  success  in- 
duced him  to  persevere.  Some  of  his 
dramatic  etforts  were,  however,  failures; 
though  neither  wit,  humor,  nor  spright- 
liuess  is  generally  wanting  in  them.  In 
his  27th  year  he  married  Miss  Oaddoek, 
a  lady  of  some  fortune ;  and,  at  the  same 
time,  by  the  death  of  his  mother,  be- 
came possessed  of  a  small  estate  in  Dor- 
setshire. Unfortunately,  instead  of  hus- 
banding these  resources,  he  immediately 
set  up  for  a  country  gentleman,  on  a 
scale  which,  in  three  years,  reduced  him 
to  greater  indigence  than  ever,  with  a 
young  family  to  support.  He  then,  for 
the  first  time,  dedicated  himself  to  the 
bar  as  a  profession,  aud,  for  immediate 
subsistence,  employed  his  pen  on  vari- 
ous miscellaneous  subjects,  "  The  His- 
tory of  Jonathan  Wild"  being  among 
the  early  fruits  of  his  literary  industry. 
In  1742  appeared  his  first  novel,  "  Jo- 
soph  Andrews,"  in  which  the  Cervantic 
style  of  humor  is  admirably  imitated. 
It  immediately  received  the  attention  to 
which  it  was  entitled ;  but  success  as  a 
novel  writer  was  not  very  likely  to  ad- 
vance his  practice  at  the  bar ;  nor  was 
the  emolument  attached  to  it  sufficient 
for  a  manner  of  life  never  sufficiently 
•egulated  by  the  rules  of  prudence.  He 
was  further  impeded  in  his  profession 
by  repeated  attacks  of  the  gout ;  added 
to  which,  his    domestic   aftliction   was 


greatly  increased  by  the  death  of  his 
wife.  Neither  disease  nor  grief,  how- 
ever, paralyzed  the  efforts  of  his  pen. 
In  rapid  succession  he  brought  forth 
four  periodical  papers,  called  "  Tlio 
Champion,"  "The  True  Patriot,"  "The 
Jacobite  Journal,"  and  "The  Covcnt- 
Garden  Journal,"  "Essays  on  Conver- 
sation, and  on  the  Knowledge  and 
Characters  of  Men,"  '^A  Journey  from 
this  World  to  the  Next.."  and  the  novels 
of  "Tom  Jones"  and  \uic.ln."  Du- 
ring the  rebellion  of  1745,  he  lent  the 
assistance  of  his  literary  talents  \u  the 
government,  and  was  rewarded  with  the 
then  not  altogether  reputable  office  of  a 
Middlesex  justice.  To  the  credit  of 
Fielding,  however,  he  did  much  to  ren- 
der it  more  respectable  by  the  preven- 
tion of  crimes,  and  the  improvement  of 
the  police.  Ill  health  at  length  obliged 
him  to  try  the  milder  air  of  Lisbon,  aud 
a  Narrative  of  his  Voyage  to  that  place 
was  the  last,  of  his  works.  lie,  unhap- 
pily, received  no  benefit  from  the  change, 
but  d.  in  the  Portuguese  capital,  in  1754. 
— Sir  John,  half-brother  of  Henry,  and 
his  successor  as  a  justice  for  Middlesex. 
Though  blind  from  his  childhood,  he 
discharged  his  office  with  great  credit, 
and  in  1701  received  the  honor  of  knight- 
hoo  1.  He  published  some  tracts  on  the 
penal  code,  and  a  miscellaneous  collec- 
tion, entitled  "The  Universal  Mentor." 
D.  1780. — Sarah,  the  third  sister  of 
Henry,  was  b.  in  1714,  lived  unmarried, 
and  d.  at  Bath,  1703.  She  was  a  woman 
of  talent,  and  wrote  several  novels,  &c, 
of  which  "David  Simple"  is  the  princi- 
pal. She.  also  translated  from  the  Greek, 
"Xenophon's  Memoirs  of  Socrates." 

FIESCO,  John  Louis,  count  of  La- 
vagna,  a  Genoese  of  an  illustrious  fam- 
ily, was  at  the  head  of  the  conspiracy 
which  was  formed  against  the  celebrated 
Andrew  Doria  and  his  nephew.  On 
the  evening  of  the  1st  of  January,  1">47, 
Fiesco,  who  had  prepared  a  galley  under 
pretence  of  a  cruise  against  the  corsairs, 
waited  upon  Doria  to  request  permis- 
sion to  depart  from  the  harbor  early  in 
the  morning.  Having  succeeded  in  lull- 
ing his  intended  victims  into  a  false 
security,  he  sallied  forth  in  the  night  at 
the  head  of  500  men;  and  dispatching 
parties  to  take  possession  of  different 
posts,  himself  proceeded  to  the  dock 
where  the  galleys  lay ;  but  in  passing 
on  a  plank  from  one  galley  to  another, 
he  fell  into  the  water,  and,  owing  to  the 
weight  of  his  armor,  was  unable  to  rise 
again.  His  confederates  failed  in  their 
attempt  on  Andrew  Doria,  though  Gi- 


400 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    IUOGRAPHY. 


ennctino,  his  ncpl  cw,  fell  beneath  their 
swords;  and  the  family  of  Fiesco  were 
made  to  pay  the  penalty  of  his  ambition 
by  ruin  and  proscription. 

FIESOLE  (so  called  from  the  monas- 
tery to  which  he  belonged)  was  one  of 
the  most  celebrated  restorers  of  painting 
in  Italy.  His  family  name  was  Santi 
Tosini.*    B.  1537;  d.  1534. 

F1GUEKOA,  Bartholomew  Carasco- 
sa  he,  a  Spanish  poet,  was  a  native  of 
Logrono,  and  studied  at  the  university 
of  Salamanca.     B.  1510;  d.  1570. 

FILANGIERI,  Gaetano,  a  celebrated 
writer  on  political  economy  and  legisla- 
tion, was  b.  at  Naples,  1752.  He  was  at 
first  intended  for  the  army,  but  being 
of  studious  habits,  he  was  allowed  to 
gratify  his  inclination  for  a  literary  life. 
His  great  work,  entitled  "The  Science 
of  Legislation,"  notwithstanding  it  was 
never  completed  according  to  his  origi- 
nal design,  attracted  great  attention, 
from  its  bold  and  original  views,  and 
the  liberality  of  its  sentiments,  and 
places  him  in  the  rank  of  a  first-rate 
writer  upon  one  of  the  most  difficult  and 
important  subjects  that  can  engage  the 
mind  of  man.  In  1787  he  was  made  a 
member  of  the  supreme  council  of  fi- 
nance.    D.  1783. 

FILICAIJA,  Vincenzo  da,  an  eminent 
Italian  poet,  was  b.  at  Florence,  in  1642, 
and  studied  at  Pisa.  His  "Canzoni," 
commemorating  the  deliverance  of  Vi- 
enna by  John  Sobieski,  fully  established 
his  poetical  fame,  and  obtained  for  him 
from  the  duke  of  Tuscany  the  title  of 
senator,  while  more  solid  rewards  await- 
ed him  in  being  appointed  governor, 
first  of  Volterra,  and  afterwards  of  Pisa. 
D.  1707. 

FILMER,  Sir  Robert,  an  English 
writer,  was  b.  in  Kent,  and  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge.  He  wrote 
"The  Anarchy  of  a  limited  and  mixed 
Monarchy,"  "  Patriarcha,"  in  whicii  ne 
contends  that  government  was  monarch- 
ical in  the  patriarchal  ages;  and  "The 
Freeholder's  Grand  Inquest."  He  was 
a  man  of  talent,  but  a  more  bigoted 
champion  of  absolute  monarchy  has  sel- 
dom appeared  ;  and  it  was  to  refute  the 
doctrines  of  Filmer  that  Locke  wrote  his 
"Treatises  on  Government."     D.  1747. 

FINCH,  Heneaoe,  first  earl  of  Not- 
tingham, was  the  son  of  Sir  Heneage 
Finch,  recorder  of  London.  He  was  b. 
1621.  Charles  II.  made  him  solicitor- 
general,  and  created  him  a  baronet.  He 
was  returned  to  parliament  for  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  in  1661.  In  1670  he 
was    appointed    attorney-general,    and 


soon  after  lord-keeper,  with  the  rank  of 
a  peer.  In  1675  ho  was  made  lord 
chancellor,  and  in  1681  created  earl  of 
Nottingham.  His  powers  as  an  orator 
were  highly  rated ;  and  Dryden  has 
handed  down  his  portrait  to  posterity 
in  nis  poem  of  "Absalom  and  Achito- 
phel,"  under  the  character  of  Amri.  D. 
1682. — Daniel,  eldest  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  b.  1647.  In  1680  he  was 
appointed  first  lord  of  the  admiralty, 
and  in  1692  succeeded  his  father  as  tho 
earl  of  Nottingham.  On  the  v'cath  of 
Queen  Anne,  he  was  one  of  the  lords 
justices  for  the  administration  of  affairs, 
and  soon  after  was  made  president  ot 
the  council ;  but  in  1716  he  was  dismiss- 
ed, on  account  of  a  speech  which  he 
made  in  behalf  of  the  Scottish  lords  con- 
demned for  high  treason.  He  devoted 
his  remaining  years  to  the  enjoyment 
of  retirement  and  literary  leisure,  the 
fruits  of  which  appeared  in  an  eloquent 
reply  to  Winston,  on  the  subject  of  the 
Trinity.  D.  1730. — Robert,  an  ingeni- 
ous antiquary,  was  b.  in  London,  1783. 
He  travelled  through  the  south  of  Eu- 
rope and  Palestine,  and  died  at  Rome, 
1830;  bequeathing  to  the  Ashmolean 
museum,  at  Oxford,  his  valuable  library, 
medals,  coins,  pictures,  and  antique  cu- 
riosities. 

FINGAL,  celebrated  in  the  poems  of 
Ossian  his  son ;  was  prince  of  Morven, 
a  province  of  ancient  Caledonia,  and  was 
b.  about  the  year  232.  He  constantly 
struggled  with  the  Romans,  who  at  that 
time  ruled  in  England;  and  frequently 
made  expeditions  to  Sweden,  the  Orkney 
Islands,  and  Ireland.  Fingal's  charac- 
ter, as  sketched  by  Ossian,  is  that  of  a 
noble  hero,  the  father  of  his  people. 

FINIGUERR  A,  Tommaso,  a  celebrated 
sculptor  and  goldsmith,  tc  whom  is 
ascribed  the  invention  of  copperplate 
printing.  He  lived  at  Florence,  about 
the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and 
practised  the  art  called  niello,  which 
consisted  in  enchasing  dark  metallic 
substances  into  cavities  worked  on  gold 
or  silver,  and  fixing  them  by  fusion.  D. 
1475. 

FINLAY,  John,  a  modern  Scotch 
poet,  was  b.  at  Glasgow,  in  1782.  Ho 
was  the  author  of  "  Wallace  of  Ellerslie," 
a  "  Life  of  Cervantes,"  and  the  edition 
of  "  A  Collection  of  Scottish  Ballads, 
historical  and  romantic."     D.  1310. 

FINLEY,  'Samuel,  president  of  the 
college  of  New  Jersey,  was  a  native  of 
Ireland,  and  came  to  America  1734. 
Having  been  licensed  to  preach,  he  was 
ordained    by  the    presbytery   of    New 


FIT  J 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


401 


Brunswick,  1740.  The  first  part  of  his 
ministry  was  spent  in  fatiguing  itine- 
rant labors.  In  1744  he  was  settled  as 
the  minister  of  Nottingham,  Maryland, 
where  he  remained  seven  years.  \|'hile 
here  he  established  an  academy  which 
acquired  great  reputation.  On  receiving 
the  appointment  of  president  of  New 
Jersey  college  he  removed  to  Princeton. 
D.  176(3,  aged  50. — Kobkrt,  president  of 
the  university  of  Georgia,  graduated  at 
Princeton  college,  1787.  From  1793  to 
1795  he  was  a  tutor,  and  a  trustee  from 
1807  till  1817,  when  he  resigned.  He 
was  the  minister  of  Basking  Bridge, 
N.  J.,  from  June,  1797  till  1817.  Deeply 
interested  in  the  welfare  of  the  free 
blacks,  he  formed  a  plan  of  sending 
them  to  Africa,  and  may  be  considered 
as  the  father  of  the  Colonization  society. 
D.  1817. 

FIRENZUOLA,  Angelo,  an  Italian 
dramatic  poet,  b.  at  Florence  in  1493. 
He  was  originally  bred  to  the  bar,  but 
left  it  for  the  church,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  literary  pursuits.     D.  1545. 

FISCHER,  John  Bernard,  an  emi- 
nent German  architect,  b.  at  Vienna,  in 
1560.  He  erected  the  palace  of Schoen- 
brunn,  the  church  of  St.  Boromeo,  and 
a  number  of  other  fine  edifices  at  Vien- 
na; and  was  appointed  chief  architect 
to  Joseph  I.,  who  created  him  baron 
d'Erlach.     D.  1724. 

FISH,  Simon,  a  native  of  Kent,  and  a 
member  of  the  legal  profession,  who, 
having  acted  a  part  in  a  play  written  for 
the  purpose  of  ridiculing  Cardinal  Wol- 
sey,  was  obliged  to  flee  to  the  Continent. 
He  there  wrote  a  satire  upon  the  Catholic 
clergy,  entitled  "The  Supplication  of 
the  Beggars,"  which  was  answered  by 
Sir  Thomas  More  in  his  "  Supplication 
for  Souls,"  Fish  was  ultimately  re- 
called home  by  Henry  VIII.,  but  d.  of 
the  plague  soon  after  his  return,  in  1531. 

FISHER,  John,  bishop  of  Rochester, 
a  learned  divine,  was  b.  at  Beverly,  in 
Yorkshire,  in  1459.  He  became  vice- 
chancellor  of  Cambridge  ;  and  being  ap- 
pointed confessor  to  Margaret,  countess 
of  Richmond,  it  was  through  his  influ- 
ence that  she  founded  St.  John's  and 
Christ's  colleges.  Deeply  prepossessed 
in  favor  of  the  ancient  faith,  he  opposed 
with  zeal  and  perseverance  the  princi- 
ples of  Luther  and  his  followers ;  and 
having  denied  the  supremacy  of  Henry 
VIII.  as  head  of  the  church,  he  was  con- 
victed of  high  treason,  and  beheaded  on 
Tower-  hill,  in  1535. — Payne,  a  poet  of 
the  17th  century,  chiefly  memorable  for 
having  held  the  office  of  laureate  under 
34* 


Oliver  Cromwell.  He  was  a  native  of 
Dorsetshire,  studied  at  Oxford  and 
Cambridge,  unci  served  on  the  royalist 
side  in  the  civil  wars;  but  on  the  de- 
cline of  the  king's  affairs  he  joined  the 
republicans,  and  celebrated  their  suc- 
cesses in  several  Latin  poems,  lie  also 
wrote  a  "Synopsis  of  Heraldry,"  and 
various  poems.     1).  L098. 

FISK,  1'linv,  a  missionary,  graduated 
at  Middlebnry  college,  1814.  Having 
studied  theology  at  Andover,  he  was  < - 1  n— 
ployed  as  an  agent  for  the  board  of  for- 
eign missions  one  year,  and  sailed  for 
Palestine  with  Mr.'l'arsous,  1819.  On 
arriving  at  Smyrna  they  engaged  in  the 
study  <>f  the  Eastern  languages  ;  but  in  a 
few  months  removed  to  Scio,  in  order  to 
study  modern  Greek  under  Professor 
Bambas.  The  college  at  Scio  then  had 
about  800  students.  But  in  1821  the 
island  was  desolated  by  the  barbarous 
Turks.  In  1822  he  accompanied  to 
Egypt  his  fellow-laborer,  Mr.  Parsons, 
and  witnessed  his  death,  and  buried 
him  in  the  Greek  convent.  From  Egypt 
he  proceeded  through  the  desert  to  3u- 
dea.  Having  visited  Jerusalem  he  went 
to  Bcyroot,  Balbec,  Damascus,  Aleppo, 
and  Antioch.  When  he  withdrew  trom 
Jerusalem  in  the  spring  of  1825,  he  re- 
tired to  Beyroot,  where  he  d.  He  was  a 
preacher  in  Italian,  French,  modern 
Greek,  and  Arabic.  He  had  been  em- 
ployed in  preparing  a  dictionary  in  En- 
glish and  Arabic. —Wilbur,  president 
of  the  Wesleyan  university  at  Middle- 
town,  Ct.,  a  distinguished  Methodist 
preacher,  and  author  of  "  Travels  in  Eu- 
rope."    B.  1793  ;  d.  1839. 

FITCH,  John,  an  ingenious  but  un- 
fortunate inventor,  who,  after  a  life  of 
poverty  and  distress,  saw  the  merits  of 
Ids  discoveries  appropriated  by  others, 
while  his  own  genius  remained  unac- 
knowledged. He  was  b.  at  Windsor, 
Ct.,  1743,  received  a  common  school 
education,  and  served  an  apprenticeship 
to  clock-making.  In  1767  he  was  un- 
happily married,  and  soon  separated 
from  liis  wife.  Two  years  afterwards  ho 
settled  as  a  silversmith  in  Trenton,  N.  J., 
where  his  house  and  property  were  de- 
stroyed by  the  British  army.  He  then 
joined  the  army  as  a  lieutenant  oi'  vol- 
unteers. He  afterwards  went  to  Ken- 
tucky, where  he  purchased  large  grants 
of  lands,  but  fell  into  the  hands  of  In- 
dians, by  whom  he  was  kept  in  painful 
captivity  for  years.  In  17«2  he  returned 
to  the  East,  and  lived  by  the  construction 
of  maps  of  the  western  country,  the:: 
almost  unknown.     On  the  29th  August, 


402 


CVCLOP^DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


FLA 


l?85,  lie  presented  to  congress  a  plan  fjr 
"  applying  steam-power  to  water-craft." 
His  first  experiment  was  made  on  the 
1st  May,  1T87,  when  a  packet  was  run 
between  Philadelphia  and  Burlington. 
But  Fitch  was  so  embarrassed  by  want 
of  funds,  by  1 1 10  ignorance  of  mechanics, 
by  controversies  with  rivals,  and  by  the 
indifference  of  the  public  bodies  to 
which  he  applied,  that  he  almost  gave 
up  in  despair.  Some  of  the  state  legis- 
latures gave  him  patents,  and  he  visited 
France  and  England,  but  was  not  able 
to  carry  out  his  designs,  lie  returned 
to  the  West  in  discrust,  and  d.  in  June, 
1798.  The  spot  where  he  was  buried  is 
now  unknown. 

FITZGERALD,  Edward,  Lord,  b. 
170'>.  At  a  time  when  the  revolutionary 
spirit  was  at  its  height  in  Ireland,  lie 
joined  the  malcontents,  became  the  ob- 
ject of  proscription,  and  was  shot  in 
1798. 

FITZGIBBON,  John,  first  earl  of 
Clare,  and  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland, 
was  b.  in  1749 ;  and  was  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Dublin,  and  at  Oxford. 
He  rapidly  rose  in  the  legal  profession, 
till  he  became  a  chancellor,  in  1789,  with 
the  title  of  Baron  Fitzgibbpn  ;  and  in 
1795  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  the 
earl  of  Clare.  He  was  an  eminent  law- 
yer and  a  decided  promoter  of  the 
Union.     D.  1802. 

FITZIIEKBERT,  Sir  Anthony,  an 
able  and  learned  judge  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.,  was  b.  at  Norbury,  in  Der- 
byshire, and  educated  at  Oxford,  from 
whence  he  removed  to  one  of  the  inns 
of  court.  In  1523  he  was  made  a  judge 
in  the  court  of  common  pleas,  and  d.  in 
1538.  He  wrote  "  The  Grand  Abridg- 
ment, "  a  "Collection  of  Law  Cases," 
"  The  Office  and  Authority  of  Justices 
of  the  Peace,"  "The  Office' of  Sheriffs," 
"Natura  Brevium,"  &c.  He  is  also 
supposed  to  have  written  a  book  on  the 
Surveying  of  Lands,  and  another  on 
Husbandry,  though  some  have  ascribed 
these  to  his  brother,  .John. — Nicholas, 
grandson  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  about 
the  middle  of  the  16th  century  ;  was 
educated  at  Oxford  ;  went  to  Italy,  and 
leld  the  situation  of  secretary  to  Cardi- 
nal Alan,  whose  life  he  wrote;  and  is 
said  to  be  the  author  of  a  treatise  on  the 
"Antiquity  and  Duration  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Religion  in  England."  He  was 
necidentallv  drowned  in  1012. 

FITZJAMES,  Edward,  duke  of,  was 
Jie  wtc  it-erandson  of  the  duke  of  Ber- 
wick, who  was  natural  son  of  James  II 
of  England,  by  a  sister  of  tho  duke  of 


Marlborough.  At  the  time  of  the  French 
revolution,  the  name  of  the  duke  of 
Fitzjames  was  placed  on  the  list  of  pro- 
scription, in  consequence  of  his  having 
emigrated  ;  but,  at  the  restoration  of 
the  "Bourbon  family,  he  returned  to 
France,  and  became  aid-de-camp  and 
first  nobleman  of  the  chamber  to  the 
count  d'Artois,  afterwards  Charles  X 
D.  1889. 

FITZSTEPHEN,  William,  a  learned 
English  monk  of  the  12th  century,  and 
the  friend  of  Thomas  a  Beeket,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  whose  life  he 
wrote.  Prefixed  to  this  life  is  a  "De- 
scription of  the  City  of  London,  and  of 
the  Manners  and  Customs  of  its  Inhab- 
itants," which  is  curious  on  account  of 
its  being  the  earliest  account  of  London 
extant,  and  has  been  preserved  by  being 
printed  at  the  end  of  Stowe's  Survey. 
D.  1191. 

F1TZ  WILLI  AM,  William  Went- 
worth  Fitzwilliam,  earl,  was  b.  in  1748  ; 
commenced  his  education  at  Eton,  fin- 
ished it  at  Oxford,  and  took  his  scat  in 
the  house  of  peers  in  1709.  In  1798  he 
was  appointed  lord  lieutenant  of  the 
West  Riding  of  Yorkshire  ;  and  on  Mr. 
Pitt's  death,  in  1806,  he  became  pres- 
ident of  the  council,  which  he  retained 
until  the  fall  of  the  Grenville  adminis- 
tration in  the  following  year.  Afterthis 
he  gradually  retired  from  public  life. 
D.  1833. 

FLACCUS,  Caius  Valerias,  was  a 
Roman  poet  of  the  1st  century,  who 
lived  at  Padua,  and  d.  young.  He  wrote 
an  epic  poem,  entitled  "  Argonautica," 
of  which  seven  books,  and  part  of  the 
eighth,  were  completed  by  himself,  and 
the  others  supplied  by  Apollonius. 

FLAMSTEED,  John,  an  eminent  as- 
tronomer, was  b.  at  Denby,  in  Derby- 
shire, in  1046,  and  received  his  education 
at  the  free-school  of  Derby.  He  was  led 
to  the  stuay  of  astronomy  by  perusing 
Sacrobosco's  work,  "  De  Sphasra  :"  and 
he  prosecuted  his  studies  with  so  much 
assiduity,  as  to  be  inferior  only  to  Sir 
Isaac  Newton,  his  cotemporary,  who,  in 
fact,  availed  himself  of  some  of  Flam- 
steed's  calculations  in  his  "  Principia." 
he  was  appointed  astronomer-royal,  and 
the  observatory  at  Greenwich  was  erect- 
ed for  him,  where,  during  the  remainder 
of  his  life,  he  assiduously  cultivated  the 
sublime  science.  His  principal  work  is 
entitled  "  Historia  Coelestis  Britannica." 
D.  1719. 

FLAXMAN,  Jonx,  an  eminent  sculp- 
tor, was  b.  at  York,  in  1755  ;  and  was 
admitted  a  student  of  the  Royal  Acad 


fle] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


403 


emy  in  17<  0.  Having  made  considerable 
progress  in  his  own  country,  he  visited 
Italy,  and,  during  a  seven  years'  resi- 
dence there,  executed  several  important 
works  in  sculpture,  besides  making 
drawings  for  the  illustration  of  Homer, 
JSschylus,  Ilesiod,  and  Dante.  This 
established  his  tame  as  an  artist  of  clas- 
sical taste,  and  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  academies  of  Florence  and  Car- 
rara. In  1794  he  returned  to  England  ; 
and  from  that  period  till  his  death  he 
was  almost  uninterruptedly  employed 
in  works  of  first-rate  character.  Among 
them  may  be  named,  Lord  Mansfield's 
'  monument  in  Westminster  abbey  ;  and 
those  of  Collins,  the  poet;  Lord  Nelson, 
Earl  Howe,  Sir  Josliua  Reynolds,  and 
the  Baring  family.  He  also  finished  a 
set  of  drawings  and  a  model  for  the 
6bield  of  Achilles,  as  described  in  Ho- 
mer's Iliad.  In  1810  he  wras  appointed 
professor  of  sculpture  to  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy, and  d.  in  1826. 

FLEC1IIER,  Esprit,  a  famous  French 
bishop,  wash,  in  1622,  at  Pernes,  in  the 
county  of  Avignon.  He  was  greatly  ad- 
mired as  a  preacher  at  Paris,  and  his 
funeral  orations  set  him  on  a  level  with 
Bossuet.  In  1679  he  published  his 
"  History  of  Theodosins  the  Great." 
In  1685  he  was  made  bishop  of  Livaur  ; 
on  which  the  king  said,  "  I  should  have 
rewarded  you  much  sooner,  but  that  I 
■was  afraid  of  losing  the  pleasure  of  hear- 
ing your  discourses."  Shortly  after  he 
was  promoted  to  the  see  of  Nismes ;  and 
d.  1710. 

FLECKNOE,  Richard,  an  English 
poet  and  dramatic  writer,  whose  name 
is  now  more  remembered  on  account  of 
its  having  been  held  up  to  ridicule  by 
Dryden,  in  his  invective  against  Shad- 
well,  than  for  the  value  of  his  own  com- 
positions.    I).  1678. 

FLEETWOOD,  Charles,  a  parlia- 
mentary general  in  the  civil  wars,  was 
the  son  of  Sir  William  Fleetwood,  who 
belonged  to  the  household  of  Charles  I. 
He  entered  the  army,  and,  on  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  civil  wars,  declared  against 
the  king;  commanded  a  regiment  of 
cavalry  in  1641;  and  at  the  battle  of 
Worcester  bore  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
general.  Becoming  allied  to  the  family 
of  the  protector,  by  marrying  his  daugh- 
ter on  the  decease  of  her  first  husband, 
Iret^n,  he  was  sent  as  lord  deputy  to 
Ireland  ;  but,  on  the  death  of  Cromwell, 
he  joined  in  inducing  his  son  Richard  to 
Bodicate  :  thus  hastening  the  restoration 
Df  Charles  II.,  an  event  which  he  did 
Hot  long  survive. — William,  an  English 


lawyer,  and  recorder  of  London  in  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth,  was  b.  in  Lancashire. 
lie  wrote  tin'  histon  of  Edward  V., 
Richard  III.,  Henry  VII.  and  VIII.,  the 

"  Office  of  a  Justice  of  Peace,"  &c.  J). 
13'J3. — William,    an    eminent    prelate, 

was  b.  in  London,  16n6.    S i  after  the 

revolution  he  became  chaplain  to  Wil- 
liam and  .Mary,  and  fellow  of  Eton.  In 
1702  he  obtained  a  canonry  of  Windsor, 
and  in  1706  he  succeeded  Bishop  Bov- 
eridge  in  the  see  of  St.  Asaph,  from 
whence,  in  1714,  he  was  translated  to 
Ely.  He  wrote  " Inscriptionnm  Anti- 
qnarum  Bylloge,"  "  Chronicura  Preci- 
osum,  or  an  Account  of  the  English 
Money,  the  Price  of  Coin,''  &c.,  8vo., 
UA  plain  Method  of  Christian  Devo- 
tion," 8vo.,  "An  Essay  on  Miracles," 
&c.     D.  1723. 

FLEMING,  a  poetical  writer  and 
translator  of  the  Elizabethan  age  He 
was  the  author  of  numerous  poems, 
chiefly  devotional,  translated  some  of  tho 
classic  authors,  and  was  the  editor  of 
"  Hollinshed's  Chronicle." — Robert,  a 
Scotch  Presbyterian  minister,  who  re- 
tired from  his  pastoral  charge  at  Cam- 
buslang  on  the  establishment  of  prelacy, 
and  went  to  Rotterdam,  and  is  known 
as  the  author  of  a  work,  entitled,  "The 
Fulfilling  of  the  Scriptures."  B.  1630; 
d.  1694. — Robert,  son  of  the  preceding, 
accompanied  his  father  to  the  Continent, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  universities  ot 
Leyden  and  Utrecht.  He  was  for  some 
years  minister  to  the  Scotch  church  at 
Amsterdam  ;  but  on  coming  to  England 
he  was  chosen  pastor  to  the  Scotch 
church  at  Lothbury,  and  lectured  at 
Salter's  hall.  He  is  principally  known 
by  his  work  entitled  "  Christiology,"  a 
"  History  of  Hereditary  Right,"  and  a 
discourse  on  the  rise  and  fall  of  Popery, 
in  which  arc  many  passages  that  corre- 
spond remarkably  with  the  early  events 
in  the  French  revolution.     D.  1716. 

FLETCHER,  Andrew,  a  Scottish  po- 
litical writer,  was  b.  in  1653.  D.  1766.— 
James,  author  of  a  "  History  ot' Poland," 
a  volume  of  Poems,  &c,  was  b.  in  1811, 
and  filled  the  situation  of  assistant  in  a 
school  at  St.  John's  Wood,  London.  I). 
1832. — Iohn,  an  eminent  English  dra- 
matic poet,  was  the  son  of  the  bishop  of 
London,  and  b.  in  1576.  He  received 
his  education  at  Cambridge,  and  wrote 
several  plays  in  conjunction  with  Beau- 
mont.  In  this  dramatic  partnership,  it 
is  said  that  Fletcher  found  fancy,  and 
Beaumont  judgment.  Ho  d.  of  tho 
plague  at  London  in  162"',  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Saviour's  church,  South- 


404 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF     BIOGRAPHY. 


[flo 


wark.  Tlic  principal  piece  of  his  own 
writing  is  a  dramatic  pastoral,  entitled 
"The  Faithful  Shepherdess,"  and  there 
is  no  doubt  it  suggested  the  idea  of  Mil- 
ton's "Gonitis."  Edward  Phillips,  the 
nephew  of  Milton,  classes  him  with 
Shakspeare  and  Ben  Jonson,  as  one  of 
the  "  nappy  triumvirates"  of  the  age. — 
Giles,  was  a  native  of  Kent,  and  finished 
his  education  at  Cambridge,  where  he 
acquired  the  reputation  of  being  a  good 
poet.  In  1588  lie  was  sent  ambassador 
to  Russia,  of  which  country  he  published 
an  account  on  his  return,  but  it  was 
quickly  suppressed,  lest  some  strictures 
on  the  brutal  tyranny  of  Ivan  Basilo- 
vitch  should  offend  the  reigning  prince. 
He  enjoyed  some  civic  offices,  and  was 
treasurer  of  St.  Paul's.  D.1610. — Giles, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  1588,  and 
d.  at  Aldcrton,  Suffolk,  1623.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  fine  poem,  entitled 
"Christ's  Victory  and  Triumph  in 
Heaven  and  Earth,  over  and  after 
Death." — Phineas,  brother  of  the  fore- 
going1, was  b.  about  1582.  In  1621  lie 
obtained  the  living  of  Hilgay,  in  Nor- 
folk, where  he  d.  in  1650.  He  is  best 
known  by  a  poem,  entitled  "  The  Pur- 
ple Island,"  which  is  an  allegorical  de- 
scription of  man,  in  12  books,  written 
in  Spenserian  verse.  He  also  wrote 
"  Piscatory  Dialogues,"  "Poetical  Mis- 
cellanies," and  a  work  in  prose,  entitled 
"  De  Literatis  Antique  Britannia1." 

FLEURIEU,  Charles  Pierre  Claret, 
count  de,  a  French  naval  officer,  and 
one  of  the  most  learned  hydrographers 
of  modern  times,  was  b.  at  Lyons,  1738. 
Having  turned  his  attention  to  nautical 
studies,  he  invented  the  sea-chronome- 
ter. In  1790  he  was  made  minister  of 
the  marine ;  but  the  revolution  obliged 
him  to  discontinue  his  public  occupa- 
tions, and  he  was  committed  to  prison 
in  1703.  Having,  however,  survived  the 
reign  of  terror,  he  was  nominated  by 
Bonaparte,  in  1799,  a  member  of  the 
council  of  state  ;  and  he  was  also  made 
intendant  of  cavalry  and  governor  of 
the  Tuileries,  which  office  he  resigned 
in  1805.     D.  1810. 

FLEURY,  Andre  Hercule  de,  a  car- 
dinal and  prime  minister  of  France, 
under  Louis  XV.,  was  b.  at  Lodeve,  in 
Languedoc,  in  1653.  Coming  to  court, 
ne  won  general   favor  by  his  pleasing 

Eerson  and  fine  understanding;  became 
isliop  of  Frejus;  and,  through  the  in- 
terest of  Madame  Maintenon,  was  ap- 
pointed instructor  to  Louis  XV.  In 
1726  he  was  made  cardinal,  placed  at 
the  head  of  the  ministry,  and  from  his 


73d  to  his  90th  year,  he  administered 
the  affairs  of  his  country  with  great  suc- 
cess. D  1743. — Claude,  a  French  his- 
torian and  divine,  was  b.  1640.  He  was 
educated  as  an  advocate,  and  became 
a  counsellor  of  the  parliament  of  Paris 
in  1658;  but  subsequently  took  orders, 
and  acquiring  a  great  reputation  for 
learning,  was  appointed  preceptor  to 
the  princess  of  Conti,  and  afterwards 
associated  with  Fenelon  in  the  task  of 
educating  the  young  dukes  of  Bur- 
gundy, Anjou,  and  Berri.  He  subse- 
quently obtained  the  priory  of  Argen- 
teuil,  where  he  resided  till  1716,  when 
he  left  it  to  become  confessor  to  Louis 
XV.  His  most  important  works  are 
"  Ecclesiastical  History,"  "  Manners  of 
the  Israelites,"  and  "Manners  of  the 
Christians."     D.  1723. 

FLINDERS,  Matthew,  an  eminent 
English  navigator,  was  b.  at  Donning- 
ton,  Lincolnshire,  and  entered  early 
into  the  merchant  service,  from  which 
he  removed  into  the  royal  navy  as  a 
midshipman,  in  1795.  In  1801  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  an  ex- 
pedition of  discovery  to  New  Holland, 
having  previously  distinguished  him- 
self by  the  discovery  of  Bass's  Straits  ; 
and  after  exploring  a  considerable  part 
of  the  coast,  his  vessel  was  wrecked  on  a. 
coral  reef,  and  he  was  obliged  to  return 
to  Port  Jackson.  On  his  passage  home- 
ward, in  1803,  having  touched  at  tho 
Mauritius,  he  was  detained  by  General 
Dccaen,  the  governor,  who,  notwith- 
standing he  had  passports  from  the 
French  government,  thought  proper  to 
make  him  a  prisoner.  There  he  was 
kept  till  1806,  when,  through  the  inter- 
cession of  the  Royal  Society  of  London 
and  the  National  Institute  of  France,  he 
was  set  at  liberty,  and  had  his  vessel 
restored.  He  d.  in  1814,  having  pre- 
pared an  account  of  his  researches,  un- 
der the  title  of  "A  Voyage  to  the  Terra 
Australia,"  &e.,  which  was  published 
after  his  decease. 

FLINT,  Timothy,  a  native  of  Reading, 
Pa.,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1800,  and  for  several  years  a  preacher 
at  Lunenberg,  Mass.,  a  missionary  to 
the  Mississippi  valley,  and  an  author  of 
some  brilliancy  and  force.  His  principal 
writings  were  "Recollections  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley,"  "History  and  Geo- 
graphy of  the  Mississippi  Valley," 
"  Francis  Berrian,  the  Mexican  Patriot,'' 
and  "George  Mason,  the  Young  Back- 
woodsman," the  two  last  novels.  B. 
1779;  d.  1839. 

FLOOD,  William,  one  of  the  signers 


fol] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHV. 


405 


of  the  declaration  of  American  independ- 
ence, was  a  member  of  the  committee 
of  correspondence  of  New  York  in  1774, 
and  a  delegate  to  congress  from  Suffolk 
county,  lie  continued  in  that  station 
until  near  the  close  of  the  revolution, 
after  which  he  removed  to  the  then  un- 
settled valley  of  Oneida,  and  resided 
there  during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
In  1789  he  was  again  elected  a  member 
of  congress.  In  1792  he  was  one  of  the 
elector:;  of  president  and  vice-president, 
and  was  repeatedly  appointed  to  the 
suine  office  at  subsequent  elections.  lie 
d.  at  Western,  1821,  aged  89. 

FLORIAN,  Jean  Pierre  Clarb  de,  a 
popular  French  writer,  was  b.  in  1755. 
Among  his  earliest  works  were  "  Gala- 
tea," "Estelle,"  and  "Numa  Pompi- 
lius."  He  also  produced  some  admirable 
"Fables,"  and  various  dramatic  pieces. 
D.  1794. 

FLORIO,  John,  the  descendant  of  a 
family  of  Italian  refugees  in  England, 
was  b.  in  London,  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
VIII.,  taught  French  and  Italian  at  Mag- 
dalen college,  Oxford ;  and  on  the  ac- 
cession of  James  I.  was  appointed  tutor 
to  Prince  Henry,  and  clerk  of  the  closet 
to  the  queen.  "  His  works  are,  "First 
Fruits,"  "  Second  Fruits,"  and  the 
"  Garden  of  Recreation,"  besides  a 
"  Dictionary,  Italian  and  English."  D. 
1625. 

FLOYER,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, was  b.  at  Ilinters  iii  Staffordshire, 
in  1IU9,  settled  at  Lichfield,  was  knight- 
ed, and  d.  in  1734.  His  works  are,  "  The 
Touchstone  of  Medicines,"  "The  Vir- 
tues of  Cold  Water,"  "  The  Physician's 
Pulse;  Watch,"  "The  Galenic  Art  of 
Preserving  Old  Men's  Health,"  &c. 

FLUDI),  Robert,  an  English  philos- 
opher, was  the  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Flildd, 
and  b.  at  Milgatc,  in  Kent,  in  1574.  His 
writings  are  wholly  on  alchemy,  and 
the  mysticism  of  the  Rosierucians.  D. 
1637. 

FOGLIETTA,  Uberto,  an  historian 
and  orator  of  Genoa,  from  which  city  he 
was  banished  and  his  property  confis- 
cated, for  censuring  the  nobles,  in  a 
book  entitled  "  Delia  Republica  di  Ge- 
nova."  He  wrote  several  works  of 
merit  during  his  exile.  B.  1518  ;  d.  1581. 

FOIX,  Gaston  de,  the  nephew  of 
Louis  XII.  of  France,  was  b.  in  1489. 
lIe  had  the  command  of  the  army,  and 
on  account  of  his  daring  exploits  was 
denominated  the  Thunderbolt  of  Italy. 
After  performing  prodigies  of  valor,  he 
was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Ravenna,  in 
1512. — Louis  de,  a  French  architect  in 


the  employ  of  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  who 
was  engaged  in  the  erection  of  the  Ks- 
curial,  near  Madrid.  On  his  return  to 
France  he  constructed  the  canal  of  the 
Adour,  ami  built  the  tower  of  Cordouan. 
— Paul  de,  archbishop  of  Toulouse,  was 
b.  in  1528,  ami  distinguished  himself  as 
much  for  his  diplomatic  abilities  as  for 
his  virtuous  and  tolerant  conduct  as  a 
churchman,  lie  was  employed  on  em- 
bassies in  England,  Scotland,  Venice, 
and  Rome.     D.  1584. 

FOLCZ,  John,  a  barber  of  Nurem- 
berg, b.  at  Ulm,  in  the  15th  century, 
was  a  celebrated  German  poet,  belong- 
ing to  the  class  called  Mastersingers,  ;i 
class  which  sprung  up  in  Germany  in 
the  14th  century,  after  thn  extinction  of 
the  Minnesingers,  or  Suai  ian  bar  Is. 

FOLENGO,  Theoi'iiilus,  an  Italian 
burlesque  poet,  who  wrote  under  the 
name  of  Merlin  Coccaic,  was  b.  near 
Mantua,  in  1491 ;  became  a  monk  of  the 
Benedictine  order,  which  ho  quitted 
for  several  years,  and  wrote  Macaronic 
verses.     D.  1554.       , 

FOLKES,  Martin,  an  English  philos- 
opher and  antiquary,  was  b.  at  West- 
minster in  1090.  At  the  age  of  23  he 
was  chosen  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, and  in  1741  he  succeeded  Sir  Hans 
Sloane  as  president  of  that  learned  body, 
and  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris.  Mr. 
Folkes  wrote,  besides  a  number  of  pa- 
pers in  the  "Philosophical  Transac- 
tions," a  "  Table  of  English  Silver 
Coins,  from  the  Norman  Conquest  to 
the  Present  Time."     D.  1754. 

FOLLEN,  Charles,  late  professor  of 
the  German  language  and  literature  in 
Harvard  college,  was  b.  at  Romrod,  in 
Hesse -Darmstadt,  in  1796.  After  the 
assassination  of  Kotzcbite,  by  Sand,  he 
was  wrongly  suspected  of  being  con- 
cerned in  the  deed,  and  driven  from 
Germany.  He  took  refuge  at  Basle,  in 
Switzerland,  where  he  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  civil  law,  but  the  despotism  of 
Prussia  readied  him  there,  and  he  fled 
to  the  United  States.  In  1830  he  was 
made  professor  at  Cambridge,  and  not 
long  after  qualified  himself  for  the  cleri- 
cal "profession,  and  was  employed  in 
several  places  in  Massachusetts  and 
New  York.  He  was  lost  in  the  burning 
of  the  steamboat  Lexington,  in  Long 
Island  Sound,  in  1840.  lie  was  a  man 
of  the  noblest  character  and  fine  attain- 
ments. His  principal  writings,  consist- 
ing of  "  Lectures  on  Schiller,"  havo 
been  collected  and  published  by  his 
widow. 


406 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[fow 


FOLLETT,  Sir  William  Webb,  an 
eminent  lawyer,  was  b.  at  Topsham, 
Devon,  in  1798.  In  1818  lie  became  a 
member  of  the  Im.er  Temple,  and  com- 
menced practice  a>  ft  special  pleader  in 
1S23.  Oil  Sir  Kobert  Peel's  accession  to 
place  as  prime  minister,  in  1834,  lie  was 
appointed  solicitor-general ;  but  upon 
Sir  Uibert's  resignation  in  1835,  he  also 
quitted  office,  and  was  knighted.  At 
flie  general  election  of  1837,  and  again 
in  1841,  he  was  re-elected  member  for 
Exeter.  On  Sir  Kobert  Peel's  resump- 
tion of  office,  lie  was  once  more  ap- 
Pointed  solicitor-general.  On  Sir  F. 
'ollock's  elevation  to  the  judicial  bench 
in  1844  he  succeeded  him  as  attorney- 
general.     D.  1845. 

FONBLANQUE,  John  de  Grenier, 
an  eminent  barrister,  wasb.  in  1759,  and 
in  1789  was  called  to  the  bar.  In  1790  he 
acted  as  leading  counsel  for  the  London 
merchants,  in  opposition  to  the  Quebec 
bill,  at  the  bar  of  the  house  of  commons. 
It  1793  appeared  his  celebrated  "Trea- 
tise on  Equity,"  which  went  through 
several  editions,  anl  is  regarded  by  the 
courts  as  an  authority  on  the  subject. 
D.  1837. 

FONESCA,  Eleanora,  marchioness 
de,  a  lady  of  great  beauty  and  talents, 
was  b.  at  Naples,  in  17G8.  She  cultiva- 
ted the  study  of  botany,  &c,  with 
success,  and  assisted  Spallanzani  in  bis 
philosophical  investigations.  She  warm- 
ly espoused  tbe  cause  of  the  French 
revolution,  and  when  the  French  in- 
vaded Italy,  she  engaged  in  intrigues 
against  that  court,  though  less  perhaps 
from  principle  than  from  her  having 
formerly  been  dismissed  from  her  situa- 
tion of  attendant  on  the  queen.  During 
the  triumph  of  the  republican  party  she 
was  in  the  zenith  of  her  fame,  and 
edited  a  paper  called  "The  Neapolitan 
Monitor;"  but  the  royal  cause  again 
succeeding,  she  was  ultimately  arrested 
aud  hanged,  in  1790. 

FONTAINE,  John  de  i.a,  the  inimi- 
table fabulist,  wasb.  in  1621,  at  Chateau 
Thierry,  where  his  father  was  overseer 
of  the  forests.  His  taste  for  poetry  was 
first  aroused  by  hearing  one  of  Mal- 
herbe's  odes  recited  ;  but  to  tbe  patron- 
age of  the  duchess  of  Bouillon,  who 
invited  him  to  Paris,  and  encouraged 
him  to  write  his  Tales,  be  owed  much  of 
tbe  distinction  in  literature  he  afterwards 
acquired.  For  35  years  be  lived  in  Paris, 
residing  successively  with  the  duchesses 
of  Bouillon  and  Orleans,  madame  de 
Sabliere,  and  madame  d'llcrvart;  and 
was  in  hab  ts  of  intimacy  with  Moliere, 


Boileau,  Eacine,  and  all  the  first  wits  of 
the  French  capital,  by  whom  he  was 
much  beloved  tor  the  candor  and  sim- 
plicity of  his  character.  Yet,  with  this 
simplicity,  which  amounted  almost  to 
stupidity,  he  united  the  talent  of  ma- 
king  severe,  shrewd,  and  sensible  obser- 
vations on  human  life,  and  decorating  his 
verse  with  touches  of  exquisite  grace 
and  delicacy.  Besides  his  "Tales"  and 
"  Fables,"  'La  Fontaine  was  the  author 
of  "  Les  Amours  de  Psyche."  "  Ana* 
creontiques,"  two  comedies,  &c.  D.1695« 
FONTANA,  Dominic,  an  eminent 
Italian  architect,  was  b,  in  1543,  at  Mill, 
on  the  lake  of  Como.  He  was  employed 
by  popes  Sextus  V.  and  Clement  V1IL, 
and  afterwards  appointed  to  the  situa- 
tion of  first  architect  to  the  two  king- 
doms of  Naples  and  Sicily.  Among  the 
many  edifices  be  built,  no  one  is  more 
remarkable  than  the  Egyptian  obelisk 
in  front  of  St.  Peter  Vat  Pome.  D. 
1607. — John,  bis  brother,  was  distin- 
guished as  an  hydraulic  architect,  and 
performed  some  extremely  important 
works  in  that  department  of  the  art.  B. 
1540,  d.  1040. — Felix,  an  eminent  philos- 
opher and  naturalist,  was  b.  at  Pomarlo, 
in  the  Tyrol,  in  173o.  lie  was  appointed 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Pisa  by  tbe 
grand-duke  of  Tuscany;  and  afterwards 
invited  to  Florence  by  Leopold  II.,  wbo 
made  him  bis  physician,  and  employed 
him  to  form  a  cabinet  of  natural  history. 
To  this  be  added  a  variety  of  anatomical 
figures  in  colored  wax,  most  exquisitely 
finished,  which,  with  other  objects  of 
interest  and  curiosity,  together  form  at 
present  one  of  the  attractions  of  the 
Florentine  capital.  D.  1805. — Gregory, 
a  mathematician,  and  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  b.  in  1735.  lie  filled  the 
office  of  mathematical  professor  at  Pisa, 
for  more  than  thirty  years,  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Cisalpine  republic  in 
1796,  and  d.  in  1805.— Francis,  a  Nea- 
politan astronomer  of  the  17th  century, 
to  whom  the  invention  of  the  telescope 
has  been  erroneously  attributed,  first 
studied  jurisprudence,  and  received  the 
degree  of  doctor  of  laws,  but  afterwards 
devoted  himself  to  astronomical  and 
mathematical  researches,  and  made  im- 
provements in  several  instruments.  D. 
1656: 

FONTANELLE,  John  Caspar  Do- 
bois,  a  popular  French  writer ;  author  of 
"  Aventures  Philosophiqnes,"  "  Nau- 
frage  et  Aventures  de  Pierre  Viand," 
"Pours  de  Belles  Lettres,"  several  plays, 
&c.    B.  1737;  d.  181-2. 

FONTANES,  Louis  de_.   an  eminent 


for] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


407 


French  writer,  was  b.  in  1761.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  revolution  lie 
edited  a  journal,  called  "The  Modera- 
tor," and  after  the.  fall  of  Robespierre 
joined  La  Ilarpe  and  others  in  the  pub- 
lication of  another,  called  "The  Memo- 
rial," which  with  many  others  was 
suppressed  by  the  national  convention 
in  1797,  and'  the  proprietors,  editors, 
&c,  included  in  one  common  sentence 
of  banishment  and  confiscation  of  prop- 
erty. When  the  amnesty  was  granted 
on' the  elevation  of  Bonap:irte  to  the 
consulship,  he  took  a  share  in  the  man- 
agement of  the  "  Mercure  dc  France," 
and  soon  after  obtained  a  seat  in  the 
legislative  assembly,  of  which  he  became 
the  president.  He  afterwards  attained 
the  rank  of  senator,  and  was  one  of  the 
first,  in  1814,  to  propo-e  the  recall  of 
Louis  XVIIL,  who  made  him  a  peer 
and  a  privy  councillor.  D.  1821. 
-  FONT  ENAY,  Peter  Claude,  a 
French  Jesuit;  author  of  a  "  Ilistorv  of 
the  Gallican  Church."  B.  1683;  d.  1742. 
FONTENELLE,  Bernard  le  Bovier 
de,  a  nephew  of  the  great  Corneille,  and 
an  author  of  great  and  varied  talents, 
was  b.  at  Rouen,  in  1657.  lie  studied 
the  law  at  the  request  of  ids  father,  who 
was  an  advocate ;  but  soon  devoted 
himself  exclusively  to  literature.  At 
the  outset  of  his  career  he  met  with 
little  encouragement  in  his  poeros  and 
dramas,  but  on  the  appearance  of  his 
"  Dialogues  of  the  Lead,"  and  his 
"Conversations  on  the  Plurality  of 
Worlds,"  his  fame  was  at  once  fully 
established.  In  1699  lie  was  made 
secretary  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 
which  post  he  held  forty-two  years,  and 
of  the  proceedings  of  which  body  he 
published  a  volume  annually.  He  con- 
tinued to  write  on  general  subjects, 
agreeably  combining  a  taste  for  the 
belles  lettres  with  more  abstruse  studies, 
with  little  intermission,  till  he  had 
almost  reached  the  patriarchal  age  of 
100  years.     D.  1757. 

FOOTE,  Samuel,  a  comic  writer  and 
actor,  was  b.  in  1721,  at  Truro,  Corn- 
wall; and  intended  for  the  bar._  After 
a  course  of  dissipation,  to  which  his 
small  fortune  fell  a  sacrifice,  he  turned 
his  attention  to  the  stage,  and  appeared 
in  "  Othello,"  but  having  little  success, 
he  struck  out  an  untrodden  path  for 
himself  in  the  double  character  of  dra- 
matist and  performer.  In  1747,  he 
opened  the  Haymarket  theatre  with 
some  very  humorous  imitations  of  well- 
known  individuals-  and  thus,  having 
discovered  where  his  strength  lay,  he 


wrote  several  two-act  farces,  and  con- 
tinued to  perforin  at  one  of  t  ic  winter 
theatres  every  season,  usually  bringing 
out  some  pieces  of  his  own,  and  regu- 
larly returning  to  his  summer  quarters. 
In  1777,  having  been  charged  with  an 
infamous  crime  by  a  discarded  man- 
servant, he  was  tried  for  the  crime,  and, 
though  fully  acquitted,  it  had  such  an 
effect  upon  his  mind  and  health,  that  ho 
d.  in  a  few  months  after.  He  wrote 
twenty-six  dramatic  pieces,  all  replete 
with  wit,  humor,  and  satire;  but  "The 
Mayor  of  Gamut"  is  the  only  one  which 
at  present  keeps  possession  of  the  stage. 

FOPPENS,  John  Francis,  a  learned 
Flemish  divine  and  critic,  was  b.  about 
1689,  and  d.  in  1761.  lie  was  professor 
of  divinity  at  Louvain,  and  canon  of 
Malines  ;  compiler  of  the  "Bibliotheca 
Bclgica,"  containing  an  account  of 
Flemish  writers;  and  the  author  of 
various  works,  historical  and  theologi- 
cal. 

FORBES,  Sir  Charles,  bart.,  an  emi- 
nent Indian  merchant,  was  b.  in  Aber- 
deenshire, 1773.  lie  was  for  more  than 
40  years  the  head  of  the  first  mercantile 
and  financial  house  in  India;  and  his 
name  stood  in  the  highest  repute  in  the 
commercial  world  for  ability,  foresight, 
and  rectitude  of  character.  He  was  re- 
turned to  parliament  in  1812  for  Beverley  J 
and  during  five  parliaments,  from  1818 
to  1832,  he  sat  for  Malmesbury.  L.  1849. 
— Duncan,  an  eminent  Scottish  judge, 
was  b.  at  Cullodcn,  in  16S5.  it  was 
mainly  owing  to  bis  exertions  that  the 
rebellion  of  1745  was  prevented  from 
spreading  more  widely  among  the  elans. 
Ho  was  the  author  of  "Thoughts  on 
Religion,"  &c.  D.  1747. —Patrick, 
bishop  of  Aberdeen,  descended  of  a 
noble  family,  was  b.  in  1564,  took  orders 
in  1592,  and  was  raised  to  the  episcopal 
bench  by  James  VI.  in  1G1S.  He  was 
a  munificent  patron  to  the  university  of 
Aberdeen,  which  owes  to  him  the  re- 
vival of  the  dormant  professorships  of 
theology,  medicine,  and  civil  law.  Ho 
was  the  author  of  an  elaborate  "Com- 
mentary on  the  Apocalypse."  D.  16 18. 
— Alexander,  Lord  Forbes  of  Pitsligo, 
commanded  a  troop  of  horse  in  the  re- 
bellion of  1745  ;  and  after  the  battle  of 
Cullodcn  he  fled  to  France,  but  returned 
to  Scotland  in  1749,  and  d.  1762.  He 
was  the  author  of  "  Moral  and  Philo- 
sophical Essays,"  and  is  said  to  have 
been  the  prototype  of  the  baron  of  Brad- 
wardine  in  the  novel  of"  Waverly." — Sir 
William,  b.  at  Pitsligo,  in  1739,  was  the 
founder,  in  conjunction  with  Sir  James 


108 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[for 


Hunter  Blair,  of  the  first  banking  estab- 
lishment in  Edinburgh.  He  was  an 
early  member  of  the  celebrated  literary 
club,  which  numbered,  amongst  its  il- 
lustrious associates,  the  names  of  John- 
son, Reynolds,  Garrick,  and  Burke. 
Some  time  previous  to  his  death,  which 
happened  in  1806,  he  published  an 
account  of  the  lite  and  writings  of  Dr. 
Beattie,  which  exhibits  throughout  sound 
judgment  and  discriminating  taste. 

FOECELLINI,  Giles,  an  eminent 
critic  and  lexicoirrauher,  was  b.  at  Tre- 
viso.  in  the  Venetian  States,  in  1GS8,  and 
d.  there  in  176S.  lie  was  associated  in 
his  literary  labors  with  Faeciolati ;  jointly 
producing,  amongst  others  of  less  note, 
that  important  work,  ''Lexicon  totius 
Latinitatis." 

FORD,  John,  an  English  dramatic 
author  of  great  ability,  was  b.  in  15S6, 
at  llsington,  in  Devonshire,  where  his 
father  was  a  justice  of  the  peace.  He 
became  a  member  of  the  Middle  Temple 
in  1002,  and  d.  about  1639.  His  first 
tragedy,  "The  Lover's  Melancholy," 
was  printed  in  1629 ;  and  he  was  the 
author  of  many  other  plays,  besides 
some  which  he  wrote  in  conjunction 
with  Drayton  and  Decker. — Sir  John, 
was  b.  at  Harting,  Sussex,  in  1605.  Du- 
ring the  civil  wars  he  commanded  a 
regiment  of  horse,  and  suffered  much 
in  the  royal  cause,  being  imprisoned  on 
suspicion  of  aiding  the  king's  escape 
from  Hampton  Court;  but  owing  to  the 
interest  of  Ireton,  whose  sister  he  had 
married,  he  obtained  his  release.  He 
was  a  man  of  considerable  mechanical 
ingenuity ;  and  at  the  request  of  the 
citizens  of  London,  he  contrived  machi- 
nery for  raising  the  Thames  water  into 
all  the  high  streets,  which  machinery 
was  afterwards  used  to  drain  mines  and 
lands  in  other  parts  of  the  country.  D. 
1670. 

FORDUN,  Joiinde,  a  Scotch  historian 
of  the  14th  century;  author  of  a  history 
of  Scotland,  entitled  "  Scotiehronicon," 
which  would  be  a  valuable  document, 
were  it  not  disfigured  by  much  that  is 
absurd  and  fabulous. 

FORDYCE,  David,  an  ingenious  wri- 
ter, was  b.  at  Aberdeen,  1711.  He  was 
educated  at  that  university,  and  became 
professor  of  moral  philosophy  in  Maris- 
chal  college.  In  1750  he  made  a  tour 
to  Italy,  and  on  his  return  the  follow- 
ing year,  was  drowned  on  the  coast 
of  Holland.  He  wrote  "  Dialogues 
concerning  Education,"  "  The  Ele- 
ments of  Moral  Philosophy,"  &c. — 
James,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  b. 


in  1720,  at  Aberdeen,  and  educated  at 
that  university.  He  published  "Ser- 
mons to  Young  Women,"  "Addresses 
to  Young  Men,"  "  Addresses  to  tho 
Deity,"  a  volume,  of  poems,  and  some 
single  sermons.  D.  1796. — George,  an 
eminent  physician,  nephew  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  b.  in  1736.  In  1759  ho 
settled  in  London,  and  commenced  lec- 
tures on  the  materia  medica  and  practice 
of  physic,  in  which  he  acquired  an  un- 
rivalled reputation.  In  1770  he  was 
chosen  physician  to  St.  Thomas's  hos- 
pital, and  in  1776  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society.  In  1787  he  was  elected,  .spcciali 
gratia,  a  fellow  of  the  college  of  phy- 
sicians. Dr.  Fordyce  is  known  by  his 
"Dissertations  on  Fever,"  a  "Treatise 
on  Digestion,"  "Elements  of  the  Prac- 
tice of  Physic,"  <fec.  He  was  also  an 
excellent  experimental  chemist,  and 
published  "  Elements  of  Agriculture 
and  Vegetation."     D.  1802. 

FOREST,  John,  painter  to  the  king 
of  France,  was  b.  at  Paris  in  1636,  and 
d.  in  1712.  His  landscapes  arc  much 
admired. 

FORESTT,  or  FORESTA,  James 
Philip,  usually  called  Philip  of  Ber- 
gamo, an  Augustine  monk,  and  author 
of  a  "Chronicle  from  the  earliest  Period 
to  1203,"  &c.     D.  1520. 

FORKEL,  John  Nicholas,  an  eminent 
writer  on  the  history  and  theory  of  mu- 
sic, and  director  of  music  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Gottingen,  was  b.  in  1749,  and  d. 
1819.  His  "  General  History  of  Music." 
is  reckoned  the  most  valuable  of  his 
numerous  works.  He  was  also  a  com- 
poser and  a  good  pianist. 

FORSKAL,  Peteu,  a  young  Swedish 
naturalist,  the  scholar  and  friend  of  Lin- 
naeus, who,  after  completing  his  studies 
at  Upsal,  travelled  into  the  East  with 
Nicbuhr,  but,  d.  at  Djcriin,  in  Arabia, 
during  the  second  year  of  his  travels, 
and  before  he  had  attained  his  28th  year. 
On  Niebnhr's  return  he  published  For- 
skal's  remarks  on  the  productions  of  tho 
countries  through  which  he  had  passed. 

FORSTER,  John  Reinhold,  an  emi- 
nent naturalist  and  geographer,  was  b. 
in  1729,  at  Dirschau,  in  Polish  Prussia; 
and  officiated  as  minister  of  Dantzic,  and 
afterwards  at  Nassenhuben.  He  then 
went  to  England,  as  teacher  of  the  French 
and  German  languages,  and  natural  his- 
tory, at  the  dissenting  academy  at  War- 
rington. In  1772  he  accompanied  Cap- 
tain Cook  in  his  second  voyage  round 
the  world,  as  naturalist  to  the  expedition, 
and  took  his  son  with  him  as  a  compan- 
ion.   Besides  hia  "  History  of  Voyages 


fop] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


409 


and  Discoveries  in  the  North,"  he  wrote 
several  other  original  works,  and  trans- 
lated many  into  German.  D.  1798. — 
John  George  Adam,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  b.  in  1754;  accompanied  his 
father  in  the  voyage  round  the  world; 
was  professor  of  natural  history  in  Hesse 
Cassel,  and  afterwards  at  Wilna.  He 
subsequently  settled  at  Mentz  as  a  book- 
seller, and  entered  warmly  into  the  revo- 
lutionary principles  of  France ;  on  which 
account  ho  was  nominated  a  deputy  to 
the  Rhenish  convention,  and  sent  to 
Pari.*,  but  Mentz  being  besieged  and 
taken  by  the  Prussians,  Forster  was 
obliged  to  remain  at  Paris,  where  he  d. 
in  1794,  while  preparing,  as  it  is  said, 
for  a  voyage  to  Hindostau  and  Thibet. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  works  on 
geography,  natural  history,  philosophy, 
and  politics. — Nathaniel,  a  learned  di- 
vine and  writer,  was  b.  in  1717,  at  Plym- 
stoek,  Devon  ;  obtained  a  prcbendal  stall 
in  ti  e  cathedral  of  Bristol,  and  the  vicar- 
age of  Rochdale,  in  1754.  He  was  the 
author  of  "  Reflections  on  the  Antiquity, 
Government,  Arts,  and  Sciences  in 
Egypt,"  "A  Dissertation  on  Joscphus's 
Account  of  Jesus  Christ,"  and  a  "He- 
brew Bible  without  points."     I).  1757. 

FORSYTH,  Alexander  John,  "the 
discoverer  of  the  percussion  principle," 
was  h.  1769.  He  succeeded  his  father 
in  the  pastoral  charge  of  the  parish  of 
Bclhclvic,  1791.  Soon  after  his  settle- 
ment, he  commenced  for  his  amuse- 
ment, a  series  of  chemical  experiments, 
principally  on  fulminating  powders,  and 
other  explosive  compounds.  In  the  year 
1805  he  was  called  to  London,  to  make 
experiments  for  the  government  on  the 
percussion  principle,  which  he  had 
about  two  years  previously  discovered. 
D.  1843. — William,  an  able  horticul- 
turist, was  b.  at  Old  Meldrum,  Aber- 
deenshire, in  1757.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
the  celebrated  Philip  Miller,  and  suc- 
ceeded him  at  the  physic-gardens  of  the 
apothecaries1  company  at  Chelsea.  In 
1784  he  was  made  superintendent  of  the 
roy?l  gardens  at  Kensington  and  St. 
James's,  and  d.  in  1804. — John,  a  dis- 
tinguished politician,  b.  in  Virginia, 
1780.  His  father  was  a  native  of  En- 
gland, but  served  in  the  American 
army,  during  the  revolution.  He  was 
educated  at  Princeton  college,  and  stud- 
ied law  at  Augusta,  Ga.  In  1808  he 
became  attorney-general  of  the  state, 
and  in  1811  was  elected  to  congress. 
Mr.  Monroe  made  him  minister  to 
Spain  in  1819.  In  1828  he  was  governor 
of  Georgia,  and  in  1835  a  member  of 
35 


the  U.  S.  senate,  where  he  took  a  fore- 
most position.     D.  1841. 

FORTEyCTTE,  Sir  John,  an  eminent 
judge  and  writer  on  the  law,  was  a  son 
of  Sir  Henry  Kortescue,  lord  chief  jus- 
tice of  Ireland.  He  studied  at  Lincoln's 
Inn,  was  called  to  the  bar,  ami  in  1442 
was  made  chief  justice  of  the  court  of 
King's  Bench.  He  was  a  principal 
counsellor  in  the  court  of  Henry  \  I., 
and  for  his  devotion  to  that  monarch  he 
was  attainted  by  the  parliament  under 
Edward  IV.;  and  in  14''.:;  h,.  fled,  with 
Queen  Margaret  and  her  suite,  to  Flan- 
ders, where  he  remained  in  exile  several 
years,  during  which  time  he  wrote  his 
well-known  work  "  Ue  Laudibi  <i  Legnm 
Anglia?."  Returning  to  Engine  I,  to  join 
in  the  struggle  for  the  rcstorat  on  of  the 
house  of  Lancaster,  he  was  taken  at  tlio 
battle  of  Tewkesbury,  but  obtained  his 
pardon  from  Edward,  and  was  allowed 
to  retire  to  his  seat  in  Gloucestershire, 
where  he  d.  in  his  90th  vear. 

FORTIGUERRA,  Nicholas,  an  Ital- 
ian prelate  and  poet,  was  b.  at  Pistoia,  in 
1674,  and  d.  in  1735.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  burlesque  poem,  entitled  "Riceiar- 
detto,"  a  lively  and  elegant  production, 
in  which  the  style  of  Ariosto  and  Pulci 
is  bv  turns  very  happilv  imitated. 

FOSBROOKE,  Thomas  Dudlet,  a 
learned  and  industrious  antiquary  and 
archaeologist,  was  b.  in  1770;  com- 
menced his  literary  career  in  1796,  with 
a  poem  entitled  "The  Economy  of  Mo- 
nastic Life;"  and,  in  1799,  he  produced 
his  "British  Monachism."  His  next 
work  was  the  "  History  of  Gloucester- 
shire," and  in  1819  appeared  his  "His- 
tory of  the  City  of  Gloucester."  These 
were  followed  by  the  "  Wye  Tour," 
"  Ariconensia,"  and  the  "  Berkeley 
Manuscripts."  In  1S24  he  published 
his  most  important  work,  the  "  Ency- 
clopaedia of  Antiquities,  and  Elements 
of  Archaeology ;"  and,  in  1S2S,  a  kind 
of  sequel  to  it,  called  "Foreign  Topog- 
raphs"    D.  1842. 

FOSCOLO,  Ugo,  a  distinguished  Ital- 
ian writer,  was  b.  at  sea,  in  1776,  in  a 
Venetian  frigate,  lying  near  Zantc,  of 
which  island  his  father  was  governor. 
He  was  educated  at  Padua,  and  pro- 
duced his  tragedy  of  "  Thyestcs"  before 
he  was  20.  He  was  soon  after  employed 
as  secretary  to  Battoglia,  who  was  sent 
ambassador  to  Bonaparte,  to  endeavor 
to  preserve  the  independence  of  the 
Venetian  republic.  The  embassy  was 
unsuccessful,  and  Foseolo  retired  into 
Lombardy,  where  he  produced  his  cele- 
brated "Letters  of  Ortis,"  which  estab- 


410 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[yov 


lished  liia  fame.  Having  enlisted  in  the 
first  Italian  legion  that  was  formed,  he 
was  shut  up  in  Genoa  during  the  famous 
siege  of  1799,  with  General  Massena,  and 
while  there  lie  composed  two  of  his 
finest  odes,  lie  remained  in  the  Italian 
army  till  1805,  when  he  was  sent  to 
Calais  with  the  troops  professedly  des- 
tined for  the  invasion  of  England  ;  but 
he  soon  after  quitted  the  service.  He 
was  appointed  professor  of  literature  at 
Pavi  i,  in  L809  fwhen  the  bold  language 
cf  his  introductory  lecture  is  said  to 
have  offended  Bonaparte,  and  the  pro- 
fessorship was  immediately  suppressed. 
In  1812  he  produced  his  tragedy  of 
"Ajax,"  which  was  represented  at  the 
theatre  Delia  Scala,  at  Milan ;  but  it 
being  supposed  to  convey  a  satire  on 
the  character  of  Bonaparte,  he  found  it 
necessary  to  withdraw  to  Florence.  He 
is  said  to  have  subsequently  engaged  in 
a  conspiracy  to  expel  the  Austrians 
from  Italy ;  but  a  discovery  taking 
place,  he  was  obliged  to  decamp,  first 
to  Switzerland,  from  whence  he  shortly 
after  removed  to  England,  where  he 
was  well  received  by  the  most  eminent 
literati,  and  noticed  by  people  of  dis- 
tinction. Besides  publishing  his  "Es- 
says on  Petrarch,"  "  Disputations  and 
Notes  on  Dante,''1  &e.,  he  contributed 
to  the  Edinburgh,  Quarterly,  and  other 
reviews.     D.  1827. 

FOSSE,  Ciiaiu.es  tie  la,  an  eminent 

Eainter,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1640.  He 
eeame  successively  professor,  director, 
and  chancellor  of  the  academy  of  paint- 
ing, an  1  (1.  in  1716. — Anthony  de  i.a, 
sienr  d'Aubigny,  nephew  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1653.  He  was 
secretary  to  the  duke  d'Aumont,  but  he 
devoted  considerable  time  to  literary 
pursuits,  and  wrote  several  successful 
tragedies,  of  which  the  best  is  entitled 
"Manlius  Capitolinus."     1).  1708. 

FOSTER,  James,  an  eminent  dissent- 
ing minister  of  the  sect  called  Indepen- 
dents, was  b.  at  Exeter,  in  1697,  and 
commenced  preaching  there  in  1718. 
He  afterwards  removed  to  Trowbridge, 
in  Wiltshire,  where  he  turned  Baptist; 
and  in  1724  was  chosen  successor  to  Dr. 
John  (lale,  of  the  chapel  in  Barbican, 
London,  where  he  acted  as  a  pastor 
nearly  20  years,  and  also  as  a  lecturer  at 
a  meetincr-honse  in  the  Old  Jewry.  He 
was  so  eloquent  a  preacher  that  crowds 
flocked  to  hear  him,  and  Pope  has  made 
honorable  mention  of  him  in  his  satires. 
He  wrote  a  "  Defence  of  Revelation,"  in 
replv  to  Tindal;  "Tracts  on  Heresy," 
"  Discourses  on   Natural  Religion  and 


Social  Virtue,"  &c.  D.  1753— John, 
one  of  the  most  able  writers  and  origin- 
al thinkers  of  modern  times,  was  b.  in 
Yorkshire,  1770.  At  an  early  a?e  he 
entered  the  Baptist  college  at  Bristol, 
and  on  the  completion  of  his  theological 
studies,  was  successively  settled  as  a 
preacher  at  various  places,  the  last  of 
which  was  Downend,  near  Bristol  ;  but 
he  afterwards  relinquished  his  pastoral 
duties,  and  the  last  20  years  of  his  life 
were  chiefly  devoted  to  literary  pursuits. 
He  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
"  Eclectic  Review,"  (some  of  his  article i 
have  been  collected  and  published  sep 
arately,)  but  his  chief  reputation  is 
founded  on  his  "  p]ssays,"  which  have 
gone  through  numerous  editions,  and 
whose  popularity  seems  to  increase  with 
the  lapse  of  time.  D.  1843.— Sir  Mi- 
chael, an  eminent  lawyer,  was  b.  a* 
Marlborough,  in  Wiltshire.  In  1735  he 
was  chosen  recorder  of  Bristol  ;  and,  in 
1745,  appointed  one  of  the  justices  of 
the  King  s  Bench,  on  which  occasion  he 
received  the  honor  of  knighthood.  He 
published  a  tract  against  Bishop  Gib- 
son's "Codex  on  Church  Power,"  and  a 
"  Report  of  the  Trials  of  the  Rebels,  in 
the  year  1746."  He  was  an  independent 
and  fearless  assertor  of  the  liberty  of  the 
subject. 

FOTIIERGILL,  George,  an  eminent 
divine,  was  b.  in  Westmoreland,  in  1705, 
and  educated  at  Kendal  school,  from 
whence  he  removed  to  Queen's  college, 
Oxford,  where  he  became  fellow  and 
tutor.  In  1751  he  was  elected  principal 
of  Edmund  hall,  and  presented  to  the 
vicarage  of  Bramley,  in  Hampshire.  H^ 
wrote  two  volumes  of  sermons,  whicl 
were  highly  esteemed.     D.  176<). 

FOUCHE,  Joseph,  duke  of  Otranto, 
was  the  son  of  a  captain  of  a  merchar 
ship,  and  b.  at  Nantes,  in  1763.  It  was 
intended  he  should  follow  the  same  pro- 
fession as  his  father,  but  he  adopted  that 
of  the  law,  and  the  events  of  the  revo- 
lution soon  brought  him  into  notice. 
He  headed  a  popular  society  at  Nantes, 
by  which  he  was  sent,  in  1792,  as  thsir 
deputy  to  the  national  convention  :  and 
on  the  trial  of  Louis  XVI.,  he  voted  for 
his  death.  In  1793  he  was  sent  to  Lyons 
with  Collot  d'Herbois,  and  the  cruelties 
he  there  committed  are  recorded  in  his 
own  letters  and  reports.  Returning  to 
Paris,  he  joined  in  the  destruction  of 
Robespierre.  Circumstances  at  length 
placed  him  at  the  head  of  the  Parisian 
police,  in  which  office  he  was  a  useful 
instrument  in  the  hands  of  Bonaparte. 
To  the  superintendence  c  f  police  Bona- 


FOU] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


411 


parte  added  the  management  of  the 
interior,  and  in  18C5  he  made  him  duke 
of  Otrnnto.  He  then  opened  his  draw- 
ing-room to  the  ancient  nobility,  many 
of  whom  lie  employed  as  spies  ;  but  the 
emperor  grew  suspicious  of  this  minis- 
ter, and  after  his  second  marriage  he 
resolved  on  dismissing  him,  for  which 
an  opportunity  soon  offered,  lie  was 
then  sent  into  a  sort  of  honorable  exile, 
with  the  empty  title  of  governor  of 
Koine.  In  1814  he  returned  to  France, 
and  was  well  received  by  the  restored 
government.  When  Napoleon  reap- 
peared in  France,  Fouche  was  suddenly 
called  to  the  ministry,  and  filled  his  post 
with  skill.  After  the  battle  of  Waterloo 
he  was  appointed  president  of  the  pro- 
visional government,  when  he  appeared, 
as  negotiator  between  the  emperor  and 
the  allied  powers ;  and  seeing  the  use- 
tassness  of  Paris  offerins  a  defence,  he 
acted  honorably  in  advising  Napoleon 
to  abdicate.  Louis  XVIII.  continued 
Otranto  as  one  of  his  ministers,  until, 
by  the  law  of  the  6th  of  January,  1816, 
he  was  obliged  to  quit  France.    D.  1820. 

FOULIS,  Robert  and  Andrew,  two 
eminent  printers  in  Glasgow,  distin- 
guished for  the  beauty  and  accuracy  of 
their  books,  particularly  the  Latin  and 
Greek  classics.  Andrew  d.  1774,  and 
Robert,  L776. 

FOUQUIER  TTNVILLE,  Anthony 
Quentin,  was  b.  1747.  As  director  of 
Robespierre's  revolutionary  tribunal  in 
1793,  lie  boasted  of  pronouncing  only 
one  word — "Death."  It  was  he  that 
accused  Marie  Antoinette  of  incest  with 
the  dauphin  ;  to  which  infamous  accusa- 
tion she  replied,  "  I  appeal  to  all  mo- 
thers whether  the  charge  is  possible." 
He  called  the  guillotine  the  coining  ma- 
chine of  the  revolution  ;  but  was  guillo- 
tined himself  in  179"'. 

FOUQUIERES,  James,  a  Flemish 
painter,  was  b.  at  Antwerp  in  1580.  He 
was  the  disciple  of  Velvet  Breughel, 
and  became  so  excellent  in  painting 
landscapes,  as  to  be  ranked  with  Titian. 
D.  1659. 

FOUKCROY,  Antoine  Francois  de, 
mi  eminent  French  chemist  and  natural 
philosopher,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  175o; 
and  having  adopted  the  profession  of 
medicine,  he  applied  himself  closely  to 
the  study  of  the  sciences  connected 
with  it,  especially  to  chemistry.  In 
1784  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
chemistry  at  the  Jardin  du  Roi ;  and 
about  this  period  he  became  associated 
Willi  Lavoisier,  Berthollet,  &c,  in  re- 
learchcs   which  led  to   vast   improve- 


ments and  discoveries  in  chemistry,  and, 
in  conjunction  with  them,  he  drew  up 
the  new  "Methode  dc  Nomenclature 
Chimiqiie."     When  the  revolution  took 

place,  he  engaged  in  politics,  and  was 
chosen  a  deputy  from  Paris  to  the  na- 
tional convention.  In  1794  lie  became 
a  member  of  the  committee  of  public 
safety,  and,  next  year,  passed  into  the 
council  of  ancients.  In  1799,  Bonaparte 
gave  him  a  place  in  the  council  of  state, 
when  he  was  intrusted  with  the  manage- 
ment of  all  affairs  relating  to  public  in- 
struction, and  acquitted  "himself  in  a 
manner  highly  meritorious.  He  was  the 
author  of  many  valuable  works  ou 
chemical  science  and  natural  philosophy. 
1).  1509.  *  '    ' 

FOURIER,  Francois  Charles  Marie, 
was  b.  at  Besancon  on  the  7th  April, 
1772.  He  was  the  son  of  a  linen-draper, 
was  educated  at  the  college  of  his  native 
city,  and  was  an  industrious  and  suc- 
cessful student.  It  was  his  wish  to  de- 
vote himself  entirely  to  scientific  pur- 
suits, but  his  family  had  determined 
that  he  should  follow  some  mercantile 
occupation.  This  disappointment  im 
bittered  his  naturally  irritable  temper 
and  laid  the  foundation  of  that  detest 
ation  for  commerce  and  its  customs 
which  he  ever  afterwards  entertained. 
When  Fourier  was  in  his  ninth  year  his 
father  died,  leaving  him  about  four  thou- 
sand pounds.  At  the  age  of  eighteen 
he  went  to  Rouen,  where  he  remained 
two  years  in  the  shop  of  a  linen-draper. 
From  Rouen  he  removed  to  Lyons  to 
occupy  a  situation  in  a  merchant's  office. 
He  set  up  in  1793  as  a  merchant  in  Ly- 
ons on  his  own  account  with  the  money 
which  his  father  had  left  him.  In  1796 
the  political  events  in  which  Lyons  was 
involved  ruined  him.  The  same  year 
he  was  obliged  by  the  mandate  of  the 
government  to  join  a  cavalry  regiment. 
His  health  failing,  he  obtained  permis- 
sion in  1798  to  leave  the  army,  when  he 
entered  as  clerk  into  a  large  commercial 
house  at  Marseilles.  In  1800  he  spent 
some  months  at  Paris,  through  which 
on  his  wav  to  Rouen  he  had  formerly 
passed.  From  1800  to  1814  he  seems 
chiefly  to  have  resided  at  Lyons,  though 
as  a  commercial  traveller  he  visited  du- 
ring that  time  Germany  and  other  coun- 
tries. About  the  year  1800  he  com- 
menced publishing  articles  in  newspa- 
pers. In  1808  appeared  Fourier's "Thco- 
rie  des  Quatre  Monvemens,"  intended 
as  a  confession  of  faith  and  aiso  as  an 
introduction  to  the  series  of  works 
which  he  proposed  afterwards  to  pub- 


412 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


Tfox 


lish.  In  the  autumn  of  1814  he  went  to 
reside  with  a  married  sister  who  lived 
at  Belley,  not  far  from  Lyons.  About 
this  time  lie  was  fortunate  to  make  one 
convert,  M.  Just  Muiron.  In  1S22  he 
went  to  Paris,  and  endeavored  to  at- 
tract the  notice  of  the  press  to  his 
"Theory  of  the  Four  Movements,"  and 
also  his  " Traite"  de  l'Unite  Universelle," 
but  failed.     I).  1842. 

FOX,  George,  founder  of  the  society 
of  Friends,  or  Quakers,  was  b.  at  Dray- 
ton, Leicestershire,  in  1624,  and  appren- 
ticed to  a  crazier.  At  the  age  of  19  he 
persuaded  himself  that  he  had  received 
a  divine  command  to  devote  himself 
solely  to  religion.  He  accordingly  for- 
sook his  relations,  and  wandered  from 
place  to  place,  leading  a  life  of  itineran- 
cy, in  which  he  fasted  much,  walked 
abroad  in  retired  places,  studying  the 
Bible,  and  sometimes  sat  in  a  hollow 
tree  for  a  day  together.  In  1648  he 
becan  to  propagate  his  opinions,  and 
commenced  public  preacher.  At  Derby, 
his  followers  were  first  denominated 
Quakers,  in  consequence  of  their  tremu- 
lous manner  of  delivery.  He  was  taken 
up  in  1635,  and  sent  a  prisoner  to 
Cromwell,  who,  being  satisfied  with  his 
pacific  intentions,  set  him  at  liberty.  In 
fact,  he  was  more  than  once  indebted 
to  the  Protector  for  his  freedom,  when 
committed  to  prison  by  the  country 
magistracy  for  his  frequent  interruption 
of  ministers  while  performing  divine 
service.  In  1666  he  was  liberated  from 
prison  by  order  of  Charles  II.,  and  im- 
mediately commenced  the  task  of  form- 
ing his  followers  into  a  formal  and 
united  society.  In  1669  he  married  the 
widow  of  Judge  Fell,  and  soon  after 
came  over  to  America,  for  the  express 
purpose  of  making  proselytes.  On  his 
return  he  was  again  thrown  into  prison, 
but  was  soon  released,  and  went  to  Hol- 
land. Returning  to  England,  and  refu- 
sinir  to  pay  tithes,  he  was  cast  in  a  suit 
for  the  recovery  of  them,  and  again 
visited  the  Continent.  His  health  had 
now  become  impaired  by  the  incessant 
toil  and  suffering  he  had  endured,  and 
he  again  revisited  his  native  land,  living 
in  a  retired  manner  till  his  death,  in 
1690.  He  was  sincere  in  his  religious 
opinions,  and  a  rigid  observer  of  the 
great  moral  duties.  "His  writings  consist 
of  his  "  Journals,"  "  Epistles,"  and 
"  Doctrinal  Pieces." — Henry,  the  first 
Lord  Holland,  an  eminent  statesman, 
was  b.  in  1705.  After  filling  lower  offi- 
;es  in  the  state,  he  was  in  1746  appoint- 
3d  secretary  at  war ;  retired  in  1756,  to 


make  way  for  Mr.  Pitt,  aftcT.vards  earl 
of  Chatham,  but  returned  to  office  tha 
following    year    as    paymaster    of   the 
forces;  and  in  this  situation  his  public 
conduct  has  been  much  animadverted 
upon.     In  1763  he  was   created  Baron 
Holland     of   Foxley,    and     d.    1774. — 
Charles  James,  the  second  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  b.  Jan.  13th,  1748;  and 
received  his  education  at  Westminster, 
Eton,  and  Oxford,  where  his  proficiency 
in  classical  literature  attracted  consid- 
erable notice.     It  was  the  intention  of 
his  father,  who  had  a  high  opinion  of 
his   capacity,  that   he  should  occupy  a 
prominent  station  in  the  political  world, 
and  he  accordingly  procured  for  him  a 
seat  in  parliament   for  the  borough  of 
Midhurst  when   he  was  only  19.     He,, 
however,  prudently  remained  silent  till 
he  had  attained  the  legal  age  of  a  mem- 
ber, and   then   we  find  him,   in   1770, 
aiding  the  ministry,  who  rewarded  him 
with  the  office  of  one  of  the  lords  of  the 
admiralty  ;  but  he  resigned  that  situa- 
tion in  1772;  and,  in  1773,  was  nomi- 
nated a  commissioner  of  the  treasury, 
from    whence    he    was    suddenly   dis- 
missed, in   consequence  of  some  disa- 
greement with   Lord  North.     Mr.  Fox 
now  entered  the  lists  of  opposition,  and 
throughout  the  whole  of  the  American 
war  proved  a  most  powerful  antagonist 
to  the  ministers  of  that  period.     On  the 
downfall  of  Lord  North  he  was  appoint- 
ed,  in   1782,  one  of  the  secretaries   of 
state,   which  situation  he  resigned    on 
the  death  of  the  marquis  of  Rocking- 
ham, when  the  carl  of  Shelburne,  after- 
wards   marquis   of    Landsdowne,    was 
appointed  to  succeed  him.     On  the  dis- 
solution of  that  short-lived  administra- 
tion he  formed  the  coalition  with  Lord 
North,  (a  coalition  which  was  odious  to 
the  great  mass  of  the  people,)  and  re- 
sumed   his    former    office.       He    now 
brought  in  his  India  bill,  which,  after 
having  passed  the  house  of  commons, 
was  unexpectedly  thrown   out   by  the 
house  of  lords,  and  occasioned  the  res- 
ignation of  the  ministry,  of  which  he 
formed  a  part.     Mr.  Pitt  then  came  into 
power;  while  Mr.  Fox  placed  himself 
at  the  head  of  the  opposition,  and  a  long 
contest  took  place  between  these  illus- 
trious rivals.     Worn  out,  and  perhaps 
disgusted,  with  public  business,  he,  in 
1788,  repaired  to  the  Continent,  in  com- 
pany with  Mrs.  Fox,  and  after  spending 
a  few  days  with  Gibbon,  the  historian, 
at  Lausanne,  entered  Italy.     His  literary 
abilities  were  of  the  first  order;  and  had 
he   lived    in  less   stirring  times,    thera 


fra] 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


413 


is  ever}'  probability  his  country  would 
bavc  benefited  by  his  writings.  As  it 
was,  he  left  little  behind  him  for  our 
admiration  but  his  eloquent  speeches, 
and  "The  History  of  the  Early  Tart  of 
the  Reign  of  James  II."  On  the  death 
of  Mr.  Pitt  he  was  again  recalled  to 
power,  and  set  on  foot  a  negotiation  for 
peace  with  France,  but  did  not  live  to 
see  the  issue  of  it.  He  d.  in  the  59th 
year  of  his  aire,  on  the  13th  of  Septem- 
ber, 1806. — John,  a  celebrated  church 
historian  and  divine,  was  b.  in  1517,  at 
Boston,  Lincolnshire.  Applying  him- 
self closely  to  the  study  of  theology,  he 
became  a  convert  to  the  principles  of  the 
reformation,  was  expelled  his  college  on 
a  charge  of  heresy,  and  suffered  great 
privation.  He  was  the  author  of  many 
controversial  and  other  works ;  but  the 
only  one  which  now  obtains  perusal  is 
his  "History  of  the  Acts  and  Monu- 
ments of  the  Church,"  cOmmonlv  called 
"  Fox's  Book  of  Martyrs."     D.  1537. 

FOY,  Maximilian  Sebastian,  general, 
was  a  native  of  Ham,  in  Picardy,  where 
lie  was  b.  in  1 7 7 "> .  He  entered  the  army 
at  fifteen  years  of  age,  and  made  his  first 
campaign  under  Dumouriez  in  1792. 
He  displayed  his  military  talents  to  great 
advantage  in  Italy,  Germany,  and  Por- 
tugal, and  succeeded  Marmont  as  com- 
mander-in-chief after  the  battle  of  Sala- 
manca, where  he  conducted  a  skilful 
retreat  to  the  Douro.  He  received  his 
fifteenth  wound  on  the  field  ot'Waterloo, 
but  refused  to  quit  his  post  until  the 
close  of  that  engagement.  He  was  af- 
terwards employed  as  inspector-general 
of  infantry  ;  and  in  1819  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  chamber  of  deputies  at 
Paris,  when  he  distinguished  himself 
as  an  orator,  and  was  a  great  public  fa- 
vorite.    D.  1825. 

FRA  PIAVOLO,  a  Neapolitan  rob- 
ber, whose  real  name  was  Michael  Pozzo, 
was  b.  about  1769.  He  was  at  first  a 
Btocking-maker,  afterwards  a  friar,  and 
in  the  latter  capacity  united  himself  as 
leader  to  a  gang  of  outlawed  banditti  in 
Calabria.  In  his  double  character  of 
robber  and  priest,  he  offered  his  ser- 
vices, in  1799,  to  Cardinal  RnfTo,  who 
headed  the  counter-revolutionary  party 
in  favor  of  the  Bourbons  of  Naples.  For 
his  services,  although  a  price  had  been 
previously  set  on  his  head,  he  obtained 
pardon,  distinction,  and  a  pension  of 
3600  ducats,  with  which  he  retired  to  an 
estate*vhich  he  purchased.  On  Joseph 
Napoleon  becoming  king,  the  expelled 
government  again  set  him  in  motion. 
He  marie  a  descent  in  1806.  with  a  large 
35* 


body  of  banditti  and  recruits,  at  Sper- 
lpnga,  threw  open  the  prisons,  and  was 
joined  by  numerous  lazzaroni ;  but,  aftei 
a  severe  action,  he  was  defeated  and 
taken  prisoner,  condemned  by  a  special 
commission,  and  executed.  He  d.  with 
disdainful  indifference.  He  often,  like 
Robin  Hood,  restored  their  liberty  and 
property  to  captives  who  interested 
him,  especially  females,  even  making 
them  presents,  and  affecting  to  protect 
the  poor. 

FLAMFRY,  Nicholas  Stephen,  an 
eminent  French  musician  and  dramatist, 
b.  at  Rouen  in  174").  He  was  the  com- 
poser both  of  the  poetry  and  music 
of  several  operas ;  wrote  many  critical 
tracts,  &c,  and  for  a  time  conducted 
the  "Journal  de  Mnsique."     D.  1810. 

FRANCIA,  Francesco,  an  eminent 
painter,  was  b.  at  Bologna,  1450.  Ilo 
had  been  a  goldsmith  and  an  engraver 
of  medals,  but  afterwards  applied  wholly 
to  painting.  Being  employed  by  Ra- 
phael to  place  a  picture  of  his  in  a  church 
at  Bologna,  it  is  said  that  he  was  so 
struck  with  its  beauty,  and  convinced 
of  his  own  inferiority,  that  he  fell  into  a 
desponding  state.  D.  1518. — Jose  Gas- 
par  Rodriguez,  the  celebrated  dictator 
of  Paraguay,  was  the  son  of  a  small 
French  proprietor  in  the  country,  and 
b.  at  Assumeion,  in  1757.  Bis  mother 
was  a  Creole.  Arrived  at  the  proper 
age,  he  was  sent  to  the  university  of 
Cordova,  with  a  view  to  entering  the 
church  ;  but  his  plans  underwent  a 
change  while  he  was  still  a  student,  and 
on  his  return  to  his  native  town  with 
the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws,  he  began 
his  public  career  as  a  barrister.  His 
high  reputation  for  learning,  but  still 
more  for  honesty  and  independence, 
procured  him  an  extensive  practice; 
and  he  devoted  himself  to  legal  pursuits 
for  thirty  years,  varying  his  professional 
avocations  with  a  perusal  of  the  French 
Encyclopaxlian  writers,  and  the  study 
of  mathematics  and  mechanical  philoso 
phy,  to  which  he  remained  addicted 
throughout  his  life.  In  1811,  soon  after 
the  revolution  of  'die  Spanish  posses- 
sions of  South  America  became  general, 
Dr.  Francia,  then  in  his  54th  year,  was 
appointed  secretary  to  the  independent 
junta  of  Paraguay;  and  such  was  the 
ability  he  displayed  in  this  capacity, 
that  on  the  formation  of  a  new  congress, 
called  in  1813,  he  was  appointed  consul 
of  the  republic,  with  Ycgros  for  his  col- 
league. From  this  moment  the  affairs 
of  his  country  underwent  a  favorable 
change;  the  finances  were  husbanded; 


414 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIT. 


[fI14 


peace  was  obtained  in  Paraguay,  while 
llie  rest  of  the  South  American  conti- 
nent was  a  prey  to  anarchy  ;  and  the 
people's  gratitude  to  their  deliverer  was 
characteristically    exhibited    by  confer- 
ring upon  him,  in  18X7,  unlimited  des- 
potic authority,  which  he  exercised  du- 
ring the  remainder  of  his  life.     D.  1840. 
FRANCIS,  Gilbert  Y.,   a  native  of 
Virginia,    noted   tor  bis   romantic  and 
eventful  life.     He  was  in  early  life  at- 
tached to  the  navy,  then  to  the  stage, 
travelled  over  the  world,  was  for  two 
years  a  prisoner  in  the  great  desert  of 
Xrabia,  afterwards  a  slave  to  the  bashaw 
of  Tunis,  then  a  lieutenant  of  guerillas 
in  Spain,  and  master  of  a  Dutch  lugger 
trading  to  the  Malaccas.    He  was  next 
overseer  of  a  sugar  estate  in  Jamaica,  a 
prisoner  of  the  Mexican  banditti,  a  cap- 
tive among  the  Cainanche  Indians,  ran- 
somed by  some  fur-traders  from  Oregon, 
a  trader  to  Chili  in  the  employ  of  the 
Russians,  and  finally  one  of  the  early 
settlers  of  Texas.     He  was  a  man  of  de- 
fective education,  but  of  the  most  ener- 
getic character.       D.  at  New  Orleans, 
of  yellow  fever,  1839.— I.,  king  of  France, 
ascended  the  throne  in  L515,  at  the  age 
of  '21.     He  was  the  son  of  Charles  of  Or- 
leans, and  of  Louisa  of  Savoy,  grand- 
daughter of  Valentine,  duke  of  Milan, 
in  right  of  whom  he  laid  claim  to  that 
duchy.     He  founded  the  Royal  College 
of  Paris,   and  furnished  a  magnificent 
library  at  Fontainbleau,  besides  build- 
ing   several    palaces,    which    he    orna- 
mented with   pictures    and   statues,    to 
the  great  encouragement  of  the  fine  arts. 
He  is  frequently"  termed  "  the  Great," 
and    "the  Restorer  of  Learning."     D. 
1547.— Of  Lorraine,    emperor   of   Ger- 
many, was  b.  in  1708,  and  married  in 
1736*  Maria  Theresa,  daughter  of  Charles 
VI.     On  the  death  of  her  father  in  1740, 
Maria  Theresa  appointed  her  husband 
to  the  administration  of  the  government, 
and  on  the  death  of  Charles  VII.  in  1745, 
he  was  elected  emperor.     D.  1765.— St., 
or  Fkancis  of  Assisi,  the  founder  of  the 
order   of  Franciscan   friars,   was    b.   at 
Assisi,  in  Unibria,  in  11S2.    He  was  the 
son  of  a  merchant,  and  said  to  be  of 
dissolute  habits  ;  but  on  recovering  from 
a  dangerous  illness  he  became  enthusi- 
astically devout,  and  devoted  himself 
to  solitude,   joyfully  undergoing  every 
species   of  penance   and    mortification. 
Thinking   his   extravagance    proceeded 
from  insanity,  his  father  had  him  closely 
nririned  ;    and  at  length,  being  taken 
before  the  bishop  ofAssisi,   in   order 
Corn  ally  to  resign  all  claim  to  his  pater- 


nal estate,  he  not  only  assented  to  it, 
but  literally  stripped  himself.     He  was 
now  looked  upon  as  a  saint ;  and  gre$» 
numbers  joining  him  in  his  vow  of  pov 
erty,  he  drew   up  rules  for  their  use, 
which  being  sanctioned  by  Pope  Inno- 
cent III.,  the  order  of  Franciscans  was 
established.      So  rapidly  did   they   in- 
crease, that  in  1219  he  held  a  chapter, 
which  was  attended  by  5000  friars.    Af 
ter  having  made  a  fruitless  effort  to  eon 
vert  the  Sultan  Melcddin,  he  returned 
to  Assisi,  where  he  d.  in  1226;  and  was 
canonized  by  Pope  Gregory  in  1230. — 
(  )e  Paulo,  a  saint,  b.  at  Paulo,  in  Cala- 
bria, in  1416.    He  was  brought  up  in  a 
Franciscan   convent;    and   in   order  to 
exceed  the  preceding  saint  in  austerity 
of  life,  he  retired  to  a  cell  on  the  desert 
part  of  the  coast,  where  he  soon  obtain- 
ed  followers,    built   a    monastery,   and 
thus    commenced   a   new    order,   called 
Minims.     lie  enjoined  on  his  disciples 
a  total  abstinence  from  wine,  flesh,  and 
fish;   besides  which  they  were  always 
to  go  barefoot,  and  never  to  sleep  on  a 
bed.     lie  d.  in  France,  aged  91,  in  1508, 
and  was  canonized  by  Leo  X. — Ue  Sales, 
another  saint,  was  b.  of  a  noble  family 
at  the  castle  of  Sides,  near  Geneva,  1567. 
lie  obtained  great  praise  for  the  success 
which  attended  his  missions  for  the  con- 
version of  his  Protestant  countrymen. 
He  was  ultimately*made  bishop  of  Ge- 
neva ;  and  he  performed  the  duties  of 
his  station  with  exemplary  diligence  and 
charity.     He  d.  in  1622,  and  was  canon- 
ized in  1665. — Philip,  son  of  the  dean 
of  Lismore,   was   a  poet  and  dramatic 
writer,  though  much   more   celebrated 
for  his  translation  of  Horace  and  other 
classic   authors,   than   for   his    original 
compositions.    He  was  educated  at  Dub- 
lin ;    and    having    taken    orders,    first 
settled  at  Esher,  Surrey,  where  he  kept 
an  academy,  and  had  Gibbon  the  his- 
torian among  his  pupils.     He  afterwards 
held  the  living  of  Barrow,  Suffolk,  and 
was  chaplain  to  Chelsea  Hospital.     He 
wrote    "  Eugenia"   and    "  Coustantia," 
two  tragedies,  some  controversial  tracts, 
&c,     D.  1773. — Sir  Philip,  a  political 
character  of  some  distinction,  and  a  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Dublin  in 
1740.     He  entered  into  public  life  as  a 
clerk  in  the  secretary  of  state's  office  ; 
after  which  he  went  out  as  secretary  to 
the  embassy  to  Portugal ;  and,  in  1773, 
he  became  a  member  of  the  council  of 
Bengal.     He  remained  in  India  till*1780, 
during  which  time  he  was  the  constant 
and  strenuous  opponent  of  the  measures 
of  Governor  Hastings ;  and  his  opposi- 


fra] 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


415 


tiou  savoring  too  much  of  personal  hos- 
tility, a  duel  was  the  result.  On  hi- 
return  co  England  lie  was  chosen  mem- 
ber for  the  borough  of  Yarmouth,  in  the 

Isle  of  Wight;  and,  joining  the  opposi- 
tion, he  took  a  prominent  part  in  most 
of  their  measures,  particularly  in  the 
Impeachment  of  Mr.  Hastings.  He  pub- 
lished many  political  pamphlets  and 
speeches,  all  of  which  are  imbued  with 
considerable  spirit  and  party  feeling. 
The  celebrated  "  Letters  of  Junius" 
have  been  attributed  to  him.  D.  1818. 
— I.,  Joseph  Charles,  emperor  of  Aus- 
tria, king  of  Lombardy,  &c,  was  b.  in 
176S,  and  succeeded  his  father,  Leopold 
II.,  in  1792.  At  that  time  he  was  styled 
emperor  of  Germany,  by  the  name  of 
Francis  II.;  but,  in  1804,  when  France 
bad  been  declared  an  empire,  he  as- 
sumed the  title  of  hereditary  emperor 
of  Austria;  and,  on  the  establishment 
of  the  confederation  of  the  Rhine  in 
ISOfi,  he  renounced  the  title  of  Roman 
emperor  and  German  kinjr,  and  resigned 
the  government  of  the  German  empire. 
D.  1835. 

FRANCKLIN,  Thomas,  was  the  son 
of  the  printer  of  the  celebrated  anti- 
ministerial  paper  called  "  The  Crafts- 
man," and  b.  in  1721.  He  was  educated 
at  Westminister  school  and  Trinity  col- 
lege, Cambridge  ;  became  Greek  pro- 
fessor at  Cambridge ;  obtained  succes- 
sively the  livings  of  Ware,  Tunbridge, 
and  Brasted,  and  was  made  king's  chap- 
lain. He  translated  Luciau,  Sophocles, 
and  other  classic  authors  ;  wrote  a 
"  Dissertation  on  Ancient  Tragedy," 
four  volumes  of  "Sermons,"  "The  Earl 
of  Warwick,"  and  various  other  dramas. 
D.  1784. 

FRANCKS,  or  FRANKEN,  Francis. 
There  were  two  eminent  Dutch  painters 
of  this  name,  father  and  son  ;  distin- 
guished for  the  beauty  of  their  scrip- 
tural pieces.  The  elder  Franks  d.  1G16  ; 
the  other  1642. 

FRANKLIN,  Benjamin,  an  eminent 
philosopher  and  politician,  was  b.  at 
Boston,  17015.  His  father,  who  had  emi- 
grated from  England,  was  a  tallow- 
chandler  ;  and  Benjamin,  the  fifteenth 
of  seventeen  children,  was  apprenticed 
to  his  elder  brother,  a  printer  and  pub- 
lisher of  a  newspaper  at  Boston.  His 
early  passion  for  reading,  which  he  had 
always  manifested,  was  now  gratified  ; 
and  he.  was  able  also,  through  the  medi- 
um of  the  newspaper,  to  try  his  powers 
it  1  terary  composition.  Some  political 
articles  in  this  journal  having  offended 
'  the  general  court  of  the  colony,  the  pub- 


lisher was  imprisoned,  and  forbidden 
to  continue  it.  To  elude  this  prohibi- 
tion, young  Franklin  was  made  the 
nominal  editor,  and  his  indentures  were 
ostensibly  cancelled.  After  the  release 
of  his  brother,  he  took  advantage  of 
this  act  to  assert  his  freedom,  and  thus 
escaped  from  a  severity  of  treatment 
which  he  thought  savored  more  of  the 
rigorous  master  than  the  kind  relation 
He  therefore  secretly  embarked  aboarc 
a  small  vessel  bound  to  New  York, 
without  means  or  \  commendations  ; 
and  not  finding  employment  there,  he 
set  out  for  Philadelphia,  where  he  ar- 
rived on  foot  with  a  penny  roll  in  his 
hand,  and  one  dollar  in  his  purse.  Here 
he  obtained  employment  as  a  composi- 
tor, and  having  attracted  the  notice  of 
Sir  William  Keith,  governor  of  Penn- 
sylvania, was  induced  by  his  promises 
to  visit  England,  for  the  purpose  of 
purchasing  types,  &c,  to  establish  him- 
self in  business.  Upon  reaching  Lon- 
don, in  172n,  he  found  himself  entirely 
deceived  in  his  promised  letters  of 
credit  and  recommendation  from  Gov- 
ernor Keith  ;  and  being,  as  before,  in  a 
strange  place,  without  credit  or  ac- 
quaintance, he  went  to  work  once  more 
as  a  compositeur.  While  lie  was  in  Lon- 
don (a  period  of  about  eighteen  months) 
he  became  a  convert  to  deistieal  opin- 
ions, and  wrote  a  "  Dissertation  on  Lib- 
erty and  Necessity,  Pleasure  and  Pain," 
wherein  he  endeavored  to  show  that 
there  was  no  difference  between  virtue 
and  vice.  In  1726  he  returned  to  Phila- 
delphia ;  soon  after  which  he  entered 
into  business  as  a  printer  and  stationer; 
and  in  1728  he  established  a  newspaper. 
In  1732 he  published  his  "PoorRicnard's 
Almanac,"  which  became  noted  for  the 
concise  and  useful  maxims  on  industry 
and  economy  with  which  it  was  sprin- 
kled. In  1736  he  was  appointed  clerk  to 
the  general  assembly  at  Pennsylvania, 
and  the  year  following,  postmaster  of 
Philadelphia.  In  the  French  war.  in 
1744,  he  proposed  and  carried  into  effect 
a  plan  of  association  for  the  defence  of 
that  province,  which  merits  notice,  as 
it  served  to  unfold  to  America  the  secret 
of  her  own  strength.  About  the  same 
time  he  commenced  his  electrical  exper- 
iments, making  several  discoveries  in 
that  branch  of  philosophy,  the  principal 
of  which  was  the  identity  of  the  electrio 
fire  and  lightning;  and  as  practical  util- 
ity was,  in  his  opinion,  the  ultimate 
object  of  all  philosophical  investigation, 
be  immediately  applied  his  discoveries 
to  the  invention  of  iron  conductors  foi 


416 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[fkb 


the  protcctior  of  buildings  from  light- 
ning. In  1747  he  was  chosen  a  repre- 
sentative of  the  general  assembly,  in 
which  situation  lie  distinguished  him- 
self by  several  acts  of  public  utility. 
By  his  means  a  militia  bill  was  passed, 
arid  lie  was  appointed  colonel  of  the 
Philadelphia  regiment.  In  1557  he  was 
sent  to  England  as  agent  for  Pennsyl- 
vania. At  this  time  he  was -chosen 
fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  honored 
with  the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws  by  the 
universities  of  St.  Andrew's,  Edinburgh, 
and  Oxford.  In  1762  he  returned  to 
America ;  but  two  years  afterwards  lie 
again  visited  England,  in  his  former 
capacity,  as  agent;  and  it  was  at  this 
period  that  he  was  examined  at  the 
house  of  commons  concerning  the 
stamp  act.  In  1775  he  returned  home, 
and  was  el.  cted  a  delegate  to  the  con- 
gress. He  was  very  active  in  the  con- 
test between  England  and  the  colonies  ; 
and  was  sent  to  France,  where,  in  1778, 
he  signed  a  treaty  of  alliance,  offensive 
and  defensive,  which  produced  a  war 
between  that  country  and  England.  In 
1783  he  signed  the  definite  treaty  of 
peace,  and  in  1785  returned  to  America, 
where  he  was  chosen  president  of  the 
supreme  council.  D.  1790.  Besides  his 
political,  miscellaneous,  and  philosophi- 
cal pieces,  he  wrote  several  pupers  in 
the  "  American  Transactions,"  and  two 
volumes  of  essays,  with  his  life  prefixed, 
written  by  himself. — Eleanor  Anne,  the 
wife  of  Captain  Franklin,  the  celebrated 
navigator,  but  known  as  an  authoress  as 
Miss  Pordcn,  was  the  youngest  daughter 
of  Mr.  Pordcn,  an  architect;  and  b.  1795. 
In  early  youth  she  exhibited  great  talent 
and  a  strong  memory,  and  acquired  a 
considerable  knowledge  of  Greek  and 
other  languages.  Her  first  poem,  "The 
Veils,"  was  written  when  she  was  17. 
Her  next  was  "  The  Arctic  Expedition," 
which  led  to  her  acquaintance  with 
Captain  Franklin  ;  but  her  principal 
work  is  the  epic  of  "Cceur  de  Lion." 
D.  1825. 

FRAUENIIOFER,  Joseph  von,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  in  the  Royal  Bava- 
rian Academy,  was  the  son  of  a  glazier 
at  Straubing,  and  apprenticed  to  a  glass- 
cutter.  After  struggling  with  many 
difficulties,  he  acquired  a  knowledge  of 
the  theory  of  optics  and  mathematics, 
constructed  aghiss-cutting  raachinef  and 
ground  optical  glasses.  His  subsequent 
discoveries  and  inventions  in  optics,  the 
excellence  of  the  telescopes  which  he 
manufactured,  and  his  "Researches 
concerning  the  Laws  of  Light,"  printed 


in  Gilbert's  "  Annals  of  Physics,"  all 
contributed  to  establish  his  fame  ;  and 
he  d.  in  1826,  after  having  been  raised 
to  deserved  celebrity  as  a  man  of  science 
FREDERIC  I.,  surnamed  Barbarossa, 
emperor  of  Germany,  b.  in  1121,  was 
the  son  of  Frederic,  duke  of  Suabia,  and 
succeeded  his  uncle  Conrad  on  the  im- 
perial throne  in  1152.  His  principal 
etforts  were  directed  to  extend  and  con- 
firm his  power  in  Italy,  but  the  events 
of  the  war,  which  lasted  almost  twenty 
years,  were  not  particularly  favorable  for 
him. — II.,  the  grandson  of  the  prece- 
ding, and  son  of  Henry  VII.,  was  b.  in 
1194;  elected  king  of  the  Romans  in 
1196,  and  emperor  in  1210,  in  opposition 
to  Otho.  He  afterwards  went  to  the 
Holy  Land,  and  concluded  a  truce  with 
the  sultan  of  Babylon,  which  so  pro- 
voked Pope  Gregory  IX.  that  he  anath- 
ematized him.  On  this  Frederic  returned 
to  Europe,  and  laid  siege  to  Rome,  which 
occasioned  the  famous  parties  of  the 
Guelphs  and  the  Ghibelines.     D.  1250. 

FREDERIC  WILLIAM,  generally 
called  the  Great  Elector,  was  b.  in  1620, 
and  at  the  age  of  20  years  succeeded  his 
father  as  elector  of  Brandenburg.  He 
is  considered  as  the  founder  of  the  Prus- 
sian greatness  ;  and  from  him  is  derived 
much  of  that  military  spirit  which  is  now 
the  national  characteristic.  By  afford- 
ing protection  to  the  French  Protestant 
refugees,  he  gained,  as  citizens  of  the 
state,  20,000  industrious  manufacturers, 
an  acquisition  of  no  slight  importance  to 
the  north  of  Germany;  and  lie  also  gave 
great  encouragement  to  agricultural  im- 
provements. He  founded  the  library  at 
Berlin,  and  a  university  at  Duisburg; 
and  at  his  death  he  left  to  his  son  a 
country  much  enlarged,  and  a  well-sup- 
plied treasury.  D.  1688. — I.,  king  of 
Prussia,  son  of  Frederic  I.,  and  father 
of  Frederic  the  Great,  was  b.  in  1688, 
and  ascended  the  throne  in  1713,  having 
previously  married  a  daughter  of  tho 
elector  of  Hanover,  afterwards  George  I. 
of  England.  _  His  habits  were  entirely 
military  ;  and  his  constant  care  was  to 
establish  the  strictest  discipline  among 
his  troops.  D.  1740. — II.,  king  of  Prus- 
sia, commonly  called  the  Great,  and 
sometimes  erroneously  styled  Frederic 
III.,  was  b.  in  1712.  He  obtained  but  a 
scanty  education,  owing  to  his  father's 
predilection  for  military  discipline,  and 
his  determination  to  check  the  strong 
inclination  which  he  perceived  in  the 
heir-apparent  to  cherish  literature.  This 
led  him,  in  1730,  to  attempt  an  escape 
from  Prussia  ;  but  the  scheme  being  dis- 


fre] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


417 


coveted,  the  prince  was  confined  in  the 
castle  of  Gastrin,  and  his  young  com- 
panion, Kattc,  executed  before  liis  face. 
After  an  imprisonment  of  some  months, 
a  reconciliation  was  effected  ;  and  in  1738 
he  married  the  princess  of  Brunswick 
Woll'enbuttel,  in  obedience  to  his  fa- 
thers command  ;  but  it  is  said  the  mar- 
riage was  never  consummated.  In  1740 
lie  succeeded  to  the  throne,  and  it  was 
not  long  before  he  added  Lower  Silesia 
to  his  dominions.  In  1744  he  took 
Prague,  with  its  garrison  of  16,000  men. 
In  174.)  he  defeated  the  prince  of  Lor- 
raine at  Frcidburgh,  and  then  marched 
into  Bohemia,  where  he  defeated  an 
Austrian  army.  Shortly  after  he  took 
Dresden,  laid  it  under  heavy  exactions, 
■uul  there  concluded  a  highly  favorable 
^eace.  During  the  ten  years  of  com- 
parative tranquillity  that  followed,  Fred- 
eric employed  himself  in  bringing  his 
troops  into'  a  state  of  discipline  never 
before  equalled  in  any  age  or  country. 
He  also  encouraged  agriculture,  the  arts, 
manufactures,  and  commerce,  reformed 
the  laws,  and  increased  the  revenues  ; 
thus  improving  the  condition  of  the 
state,  and  rendering  it  more  than  a 
match  for  foreign  euemies.  Secret  in- 
formation of  an  alliance  between  Aus- 
tria, Russia,  and  Saxony  gave  him  reason 
to  fear  an  attack,  which  he  hastened  to 
anticipate  by  the  invasion  of  Saxony,  in 
1756.  This  commenced  the  seven  years' 
war,  in  which  he  contended  single- 
handed  against  the  united  forces  of 
Russia,  Saxony,  Sweden,  France,  Aus- 
tria, and  the  great  majority  of  the  other 
German  states;  till  at  length,  after  vari- 
ous changes  of  fort.ine,  he  was  left,  in 
1763,  in  the  peaceful  possession  of  all 
his  paternal  and  acquired  dominions. 
He  now  entered  into  a  league  with  his 
former  enemies,  which  in  1772  was  ce- 
mented by  the  partition  of  Poland,  an 
act  which  was  then,  as  it  is  now,  de- 
nounced by  every  lover  of  freedom  and 
national  security.  The  remainder  of  his 
life,  with  the  exception  of  a  short  de- 
monstration of  hostility  towards  Austria, 
which  was  terminated  by  the  mediation 
of  Russia,  was  passed  in  the  tranquillity 
of  literary  leisure,  and  in  an  unreserved 
intercourse  with  learned  men  ;  among 
whom  Voltaire  and  Manpertuis  were  for 
a  long  time  his  especial  favorites.  His 
own  literary  attainments  were  far  above 
mediocrity,  as  may  be  seen  bv  his  "  His- 
tory of  his  own  Times,"  "  The  History 
of  the  Seven  Years' War,"  "Consider- 
ations on  the  State  of  Europe,"  "  Me- 
moirs of  the  House  of  Brandenburgh," 


poems,  &c.  D.  1786.— III.,  king  of 
Prussia,  was  b.  in  1770,  and  ascended 
the  throne,  on  the  death  of  his  father, 
in  1797. 

FREIND,  John,  a  learned  physician 
and  writer  on  medical  science,  was  b.  in 
1675,  at  .Croton,  in  Northamptonshire. 
In  1703  he  distinguished  himself  by  an 
able  work  on  diseases  peculiar  to  females, 
which  raised  him  to  eminence  as  a  phys- 
iologist. The  next  year  lie  was  appoint- 
ed chemical  professor  at  Oxford  ;  and  in 
1705  he  accompanied  the  earl  of  Peter- 
borough in  his  expedition  to  Spain,  aa 
physician  to  the  army.  On  his  return 
in  1707  he  published  a  vindication  of 
the  earl's  conduct  in  Spain,  which  gain- 
ed him  considerable  reputation.  He 
then  obtained  his  diploma  of  M.D.,  and 
in  1709  published  his  "  Lectures  on 
Chemistry."  In  1716  he  was  elected  a 
fellow  of  the  college  of  physicians,  and 
in  1722  be  was  brought  into  parliament 
for  Launceston.  The  year  following  he 
was  sent  to  the  Tower  on  suspicion  of 
being  concerned  in  Atterhury's  plot,  but 
was  soon  released  on  bail.  While  in 
confinement,  he  wrote  an  epistle  to  his 
friend  Dr.  Mead,  "  De  quibusdam  Vari- 
olarum  Generibus.'"  He  also  formed  the 
plan  of  his  greatest  literary  undertaking, 
which  he  afterwards  published,  under 
the  title  of  "  The  History  of  Physic," 
&c.  At  the  accession  of  George  II.  ho 
was  appointed  physician  to  the  queen. 
D.  1728. 

FREINSHEM,  or  FREINSHEMIUS, 
John,  a  learned  German,  was  b.  at  Ulm, 
in  1608,  and  became  professor  of  rhetoric 
in  the  university  at  Upsal,  and  librariau 
to  Queen  Christina  of  Sweden ;  but 
returned  to  Germany  in  consequence  of 
ill  health,  and  died  at  Heidelberg,  1  -560. 
He  showed  himself  a  profound  scholar, 
particularly  by  his  celebrated  supple 
ments  to  the  lost  books  and  passages  of 
Curtius  and  of  Livv. 

FRENICLE  DE  BESSY,  Bernard,  a 
French  mathematician,  celebrated  for 
his  skill  in  solving  mathematical  ques- 
tions without  the  aid  of  algebra.  He 
kept  his  method  a  secret  during  his  life, 
but  a  description  of  it  was  found  among 
his  papers,  and  is  c;dled  the  method  of 
exclusion,     D.  1675. 

FRERE,  John  HooKnAM,  a  gentleman 
distinguished  for  his  diplomatic  talents, 
was  b.  in  1769,  and  was  educated  at 
Eton,  where,  in  conjunction  with  Can- 
ning, &c,  he  appeared  as  one  of  the 
youthful  writers  of  the  "Microcosm."  He 
entered  parliament  in  1796  as  membef 
for  West  Looo ;  in  1799  succeeded  hi* 


418 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


[fro 


frien  1  Mr.  Gunning  as  undcr-sceretary 
cf  state  tor  foreign  affaire,  and  subse- 
quently filled  various  diplomatic  mis- 
sions in  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Prussia. 
Mr.  Frere  was  a  good  scholar,  and  a 
man  of  great  and  varied  talents  ;  but 
most  of  his  writings  were  of  a  fugitive 
kind,  and  have  not  been  published  in  a 
collected  form.  He  had  reside!  at  Malta 
many  years,  and  there  he  d.  1846. 

FRERET,  Nicholas,  a  French  writer, 
was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1688,  ami  abandoned 
his  profession  of  law  to  devote  himself 
to  the  study  of  history  and  chronology. 
His  treatises  and  controversies  on  these 
subjects,  among  others  with  Newton, 
compose  a  great  part  of  the  memoirs  of 
the  Academy  at  that  time.  His  first 
work,  "On  the  Origin  of  the  French," 
wounded  the  national  vanity  so  deeply, 
that  it  occasioned  his  imprisonment  in 
the  Bastille.     D.  1749. 

FRERON,  Elie  Catharine,  a  French 
critic,  was  b.  at  Quimper,  in  1719,  and 
was  originally  a  Jesuit,  but  quitted  the 
society  at  the  age  of  20.  In  1749  he 
commence-!  his  "  Letters  on  certain 
Writings  of  the  Times,"  which  extended 
to  13  vols. ;  and,  as  he  freely  criticised 
the  works  and  actions  of  others,  it  pro- 
cured him  some  powerful  enemies, 
among  whom  was  Voltaire.  He  then 
began  his  "  Annie  Littiraire,"  which 
lie  continued  till  his  death,  1776.  Be- 
sides the  above  works,  he  wrote 
Miscellanies,  "  Les  Vrais  Plaisirs," 
"Opuscules,"  <fec. — Louis  Stanislaus, 
eon  of  the  preceding,  was  one  of  most 
violent  of  the  French  revolutionists. 
In  1789  he  commenced  an  incendiary 
journal,  called  "  L'Orateur  du  Peuple," 
associated  himself  with  Marat,  and  was 
guilty  of  manv  enormities  at  Toulon  and 
elsewhere.     B.  1757  ;  d.  1802. 

FRESNEL,  Augustine  John,  an  ex- 
perimental French  philosopher,  distin- 
guished by  his  admirable  experiments 
on  the  inflection  and  polarization  of 
light;  was  b.  at  Broglie,  in  1788,  and  d. 
in  1^27. 

FRESCOBALDI,  Girolamo,  an  emi- 
nent musician  and  composer,  b.  at 
Ferrara,  in  1601,  and  appointed  organist 
at  St.  Peter's,  Rome,  in  1624,  lie  is  the 
first  Italian  wdio  composed  in  fugue  for 
the  organ,  which  is  a  German  invention  ; 
and  is  considered  as  the  father  of  that 
species  ot  organ  playing  known  at  this 
day  by  the  name  of  "  voluntaries." 

FRISCH,  John  Leonard,  a  German 
naturalist  and  divine,  was  b.  in  Sulzbaeh, 
in  1666.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  silk 
manufactory  iu  Brandenburg,  and  was 


the  first  who  cultivated  mulberry-trees 
in  that  country.  He  was  the  author  of 
a  "German  and  Latin  Dictionary,"  a 
"  Description  of  German  Insects,"  &c. 
D.  1743. 

FRISCHLIN,  Nioodemus,  a  German 
writer,  who  distinguished  himself  by 
his.  classical  attainments,  and  still  m~re 
by  his  poetical  satires.  He  was  b.  at 
Balingen.  in  the  duchy  of  Wirtembnrg, 
in  1447 ;  studied  at  the  university  of 
Tubingen,  where  he  obtained  a  profes- 
sorship at  20  years  of  age;  and  wrote  a 
critical  work,  entitled  "  Strigil  Grain- 
matica,"  which  involved  him  in  much 
angry  controversy.  Having  written  an 
abusive  letter  to  the  duke  of  Wirtem- 
bnrg, for  refusing  to  grant  him  some 
pecuniary  favor,  he  was  arrested,  and 
sent  to  the  prison  of  Aurach  ;  from  which 
he  attempted  to  escape,  but  fell  down  a 
frightful  precipice,  and  was  dashed  to 
pieces.     This  happened  in  1590. 

FRIST,  Paul,  a  mathematician  and 
philosopher,  was  b.  at  Milan,  in  1727; 
obtained  professorships  in  several  col- 
legea  ;  and  ultimately  was  placed  by  tho 
government  at  the  head  of  the  archi- 
tectural department  in  the  university  of 
his  native  city.  He  was  the  author  of 
many  useful  treatises  on  electricity, 
astronomv,  hvdraulics,  &c.     D.  1784. 

FROBENIUS,  or  FROBEN,  John,  a 
learned  printer,  was  b.  at  Ilammelburg, 
in  Franconia,  in  1460.  He  established 
a  press  at  Basle,  at  which  Erasmus,  who 
was  his  intimate  friend,  and  lodged  in 
his  house,  had  all  his  works  printed 
D.  15^7. 

FROBISIIER,  Sir  Martin,  a  cele- 
brated English  navigator,  was  b.  near 
Doncaster,  Yorkshire,  and  bi  ought  up 
to  a  maritime  life.  The  discovery  of  a 
northwest  passage  to  the  Indies  excited 
his  ambition;  and,  after  many  fruitless 
attempts  to  induce  merchants  to  favor 
his  project,  he  was  enabled,  by  the 
ministers  and  courtiers  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, to  fit  out  a  private  adventure, 
consisting  only  of  two  small  barks  and 
a  pinnace.  In  this  enterprise,  he  ex- 
plored various  parts  of  the  arctic  coast, 
and  entering  the  strait  which  has  ever 
since  been  called  by  his  name,  returned 
to  England  with  some  black  ore,  which 
being  supposed  to  contain  gold,  induced 
Qu?en  Elizabeth  to  patronize  a  second, 
and  even  a  third  voyage,  but  all  of  them 
proved  fruitless.  In  1585,  Frobishcr 
accompanied  Drake  to  the  AS7 est  Indies  ; 
and,  at  the  defeat  of  the  Spanish 
Armada,  was.honored  with  knighthood 
for    his   bravery.     In    1590    and   1592, 


fug] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


419 


he  commanded  squadrons  successfully 
Against  the  Spaniards ;  and  in  1594,  be- 
ing sent  with  four  ships  of  war  to  the 
assistance  of  Henry  IV.  of  France,  he 
was  wounded  in  attacking  fort  Croyzan, 
near  Brest,  and  died  on  his  return  home. 
FROlSSART,  John,  an  early  French 
chronicler  and  poet,  was  b.  at  Valen- 
ciennes, in  1337.  Ho  was  originally 
destined  for  the  church  ;  but  his  incli- 
nation for  poetry  was  soon  apparent, 
and  was  accompanied  by  a  great  passion 
for  the  fair  sex,  and  a  fondness  for  feasts 
and  gallantry.  In  order  to  divert  his 
mind  from  the  chagrin  attendant  on  an 
unsuccessful  love-suit,  or,  what  is  more 
likely,  a  desire  to  learn  from  their  own 
mouths  the  achievements  of  his  cotem- 
porary  warriors,  induced  him  to  travel ; 
and  he  visited  England,  where  he  was 
kindly  patronized  by  Philippa  of  Hai- 
nault,  queen  of  Edward  the  III.,  whose 
court  was  always  open  to  the  gay  poet 
and  narrator  of  chivajric  deeds.  In  1366 
he  accompanied  Edward  the  Black 
Prince  to  Aquitaine  and  Bordeaux. 
On  the  death  of  his  protectress  Philippa, 
Froissart  gave  up  all  connection  with 
England;  and,  after  many  adventures 
as  a  diplomatist  and  soldier,  lie  became 
domestic  chaplain  to  the  duke  of  Bra- 
bant, who  was  a  poet  as  well  as  himself, 
and  of  whose  verses,  united  with  some 
of  his  own,  he  formed  a  kind  of  romance, 
called  "  Meliador."  On  the  duke's 
death,  in  1384,  he  entered  the  service  of 
Guy,  count  of  Blois,  who  induced  him 
to  continue  his  chronicles.  He  paid 
another  visit  to  England  in  1395,  and 
was  introduced  to  Richard  II.,  but  on 
the  dethronement  of  this  prince  he  re- 
turned to  Flanders,  where  he  died,  in 
1401.  His  historical  writings  strikingly 
exhibit  the  character  and  manners  of 
his  age,  and  are  highly  valuable  for  their 
simplicity  and  minuteness. 

FRUGONI,  Charles  Innocent,  a  cele- 
brated Italian  poet,  b.  at  Genoa,  1692. 
He  originally  belonged  to  one  of  the 
monastic  orders,  but  obtained  leave  to 
quit  it,  settled  at  Parma,  and  was  ap- 
pointed court  poet.  He  was  a  fertile  and 
elegant  writer,  and  his  works  include 
almost  every  variety  of  poetical  compo- 
sition.    D.  1768. 

FRY,  Mrs.  Elizabeth,  whoso  active 
exertions  and  pious  zeal  in  administer- 
ing to  the  moral  and  spiritual  wants  of 
the  wretched,  will  hand  down  her  name 
to  posterity  as  a  benefactor  of  mankind, 
ivas  the  wife  of  Joseph  Fry,  esq.,  of 
Upton,  Essex,  and  sister  to  Joseph  Gur- 
oey,  esq.,  of  Earlham  Hall,    near   Nor- 


wich; also,  sister  to  Lady  Buxton, 
widow  of  Sir  Fowcll  Buxton.  Mrs.  Frj 
has  been  emphatically  called  ''  the 
female  Howard  ;"  and  although  she  did 
not  confine  her  sphere  of  observation  to 
the  unhappy  inmates  of  I  lie  prison  alone, 
but  dispensed  her  blessings  to  the  poor 
and  helpless  wherever  found,  her  main 
object  through  life  was  the  alleviation  of 
the  sorrows  of  the  captive.     U.  1845. 

FRYE,  Thomas,  an  artist,  horn  in 
Ireland,  in  1710.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  the  first  manufacturer  of  porcelain 
in  England,  hut  tin-  heat  of  the  furnaces 
having  injured  his  health,  he  adopted 
the  profession  of  a  portrait  painter  and 
mezzotinto  engraver.     1).  1 7<*ii. 

FUCA,  Juan  de,  whose  real  name  was 
Apostolos  Valerianos,  was  a  native  of 
Cephalonia,  and  d.  at  Zante,  in  1032. 
For  upwards  of  forty  years  he  acted  as 
a  pilot  in  the  Spanish  American  posses- 
sions; and,  in  15'J2,  he  was  sent  by  the 
viceroy  of  Mexico  to  explore  the  west 
coast  of  North  America,  for  an  inlet 
which  might  lead  to  a  communication 
with  the  Atlantic.  But  the  account  of 
his  discovery  was  mingled  with  such 
romantic  tales,  that  it  remained  disbe- 
lieved in  modern  times,  until  the  tra- 
ding vessels  which  frequent  this  coast, 
in  the  fur  trade,  having  approached  the 
shore  from  which  Captain  Cook  had 
been  driven  by  contrary  winds,  discov- 
ered the  inlet  mentioned  by  l)c  Fuca, 
between  the  48th  and  49th  parallels. 
This  s:raitwas  thoroughly  explored  by 
Vancouver,  in  1792. 

FUCHS,  Theophilhs,  a  German  poet, 
b.  at  Leppcrsdorf,  in  Upper  Saxony,  was 
the  son  of  a  poor  peasant,  whose  labors 
he  shared  till  he  was  18.  He  afterwards 
studied  theology  at  Ecipsic,  became  a 
country  clergyman,  and  wrote  many 
lyrical  pieces.^    D.  about  1810. 

FUESSLI,  John  Gasiwrd,  a  Swiss 
artist,  b.  at  Zurich,  in  1706  ;  author  of  a 
"  History  of  the  Artists  of  Switzerland," 
&e.  D.  1781,  leaving  three  sons. — Ro- 
dolph,  afterwards  librarian  to  the  em- 
peror of  Germany;  Heney,  the  eminent 
painter,  better  known  by  the  name  of 
Fuseli  ;  and  Gaspar,  a  skilful  entomolo- 
gist, who  resided  at  Leipsic,  and  pub- 
lished several  works  on  his  favorite 
science. 

FUGER,  Frederic  Henry,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  and  director  of  the  impe- 
rial picture-gallery  in  Belviderc,  at 
Vienna,  was  b.  at  Heilbron,  1751.  _  Ho 
began  by  painting  miniatures  while  a 
mere  child  ;  but  as  he  grew  up,  his  pas- 
sion for  historical  subjects  led  him  to 


420 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF     BIOGRAPHY. 


[ful 


emulate  the  great  masters  in  that  branch 
of  the  art.  In  1774  he  went  to  Vienna, 
and  was  sent  as  a  pensioner  to  Rome  by 
the  Empress  Maria  Theresa.  After  a 
diligent  study  of  seven  years  there,  lie 
went  to  Naples,  and  resided  two  years 
in  the  house  of  the  imperial  ambassador, 
Count  Vcn  Lamberg,  where  he  had  a 
fine  opportunity  of  exerting  his  talents. 
On  his  return  to  Vienna,  in  17S4,  he 
was  appointed  vice-director  of  the 
school  of  painting  and  sculpture  at  Vi- 
enna, lie  painted  many  large  portraits, 
miniatures,  and  historical  pieces,  some 
of  which  are  highly  esteemed.  His 
"St.  John  in  the  Wilderness,"  painted 
for  the  imperial  chapel,  in  1804,  is  a 
masterpiece,  and  for  it  he  received  1000 
ducats.     D.  1818. 

FUGGER,  the  name  of  a  rich  and 
noble  family,  whose  founder  was  John 
Fugger,  a  weaver,  residing  in  a  small 
village  near  Augsburg. — John,  his  eld- 
est son,  likewise  a  weaver,  obtained,  by 
marriage,  the  rights  of  a  citizen  of  Augs- 
burg, and  carried  on  a  linen  trade  in 
that,  city,  then  an  important  commercial 

Elace.  D.  1409. — Axijkew,  son  of  the 
ist,  acquired  such  frre.it  wealth,  that 
he  was  called  the  rich  Fugger.  He  died 
without  issue,  and  his  three  nephews. 
Ulrich,  George,  and  James,  married 
ladies  of  noble  families,  and  were  raised 
to  the  rank  of  nobles  by  the  Emperor 
Maximili  n.  Under  the  Emperor  Charles 
V.  this  family  rose  to  its  highest  splen- 
dor. When  Charles  held  the  memora- 
ble diet  at  Augsburg,  in  1530,  he  lived 
for  a  year  and  a  day  in  Anthony  Fug- 
ger's  splendid  house  near  the  wine  mar- 
ket. The  emperor  derived  considerable 
pecuniary  aid  from  him,  and  in  return 
raised  him  and  his  brother  Raimond  to 
the  dignity  of  counts  and  bannerets,  in- 
vested them  with  the  estates  of  Kirch- 
beru  and  Weissenhorn,  and  granted 
them  letters  giving  them  princely  privi- 
leges, and  the  right  of  coining  money. 
Anthony  left  at  his  death  6,000,000  void 
crowns,  besides  jewels  and  other  valu- 
able property,  and  possessions  in  all 
parts  of  Europe  and  the  Indies.  It  was 
of  him  that  the  Emperor  Charles,  when 
viewing  the  royal  treasure  at  Paris,  ex- 
claimed, "There  is  at  Augsburg  a  linen 
weaver  who  could  pay  as  much  as  this 
with  his  own  gold."  And  it  was  he 
also  who  did  one  of  the  most  graceful 
and  princely  courtesies  on  record,  as  the 
following  anecdote  will  show  : — When 
Charles   V.   returned   from   Tunis,  and 

taid   Anthony   a  visit,   the   latter  pro- 
uced  the  emperor's  bond  for  an  im- 


mense sum  of  money  with  which  he 
had  supplied  him  :  and  on  a  fire  made  of 
cinnamon  wood,  which  had  been  lighted 
in  the  hall,  he  nobly,  though  somewlmt 
ostentatiously,  made  a  burnt-offering  of 
it  to  his  imperial  visitor.  "This  noble 
family,"  says  the  "  Mirror  of  Honor," 
"contains  in  five  branches,  (1619,)  47 
counts  and  countesses,  and  including 
the  other  members,  old  and  young, 
about,  as  many  persons  as  the  year  has 
days."  Even  while  counts  they  con- 
tinued to  pursue  commerce,  and  their 
wealth  became  such,  that,  in  94  years, 
they  bought  real  estate  to  the  amount 
of  941,000  florins,  and  in  1762  wned 
two  counties,  six  lordships,  and  51  other 
estates,  besides  their  houses  and  lands 
in  and  around  Augsburg.  They  had 
collections  of  rich  treasures  of  art  and 
rare  books.  Painters  and  musicians 
were  supported,  and  the  arts  and  sci- 
ences were  liberally  patronized  by  them. 
Their  gardens  and  buildings  displayed 
good  taste,  and  they  entertained  their 
guests  with  regal  magnificence.  But 
while  the  industry,  the  prudence,  the 
honors,  the  influence  of  the  Fugger 
family  is  mentioned,  we  ought  also  to 
state  that  these  were  equalled  only  by 
their  unbounded  charity  and  their  zeal 
to  do  good.  In  acts  of  private  benevo- 
lence, and  in  the  foundation  of  hospitals, 
schools,  and  charitable  institutions,  they 
were  unrivalled. 

FULDA,  Charles  Frederic,  a  Prot- 
estant divine,  b.  at  Wimpfen,  in  1722; 
author  of  several  learned  treatises,  viz.: 
"On  the  Goths."  "On  the  Cimbri," 
"On  the  Ancient  German  Mytholotrv," 
&e.     D.  1788. 

FULLER,  Thomas,  an  eminent  histo- 
rian and  divine  of  the  church  of  En- 
gland, in  the  17th  century,  was  b.  at 
Aldwinkle,  Northamptonshire,  in  1608. 
His  first  clerical  appointment  was  that 
of  a  minister  of  St.  Bonnet's  parish, 
Cambridge,  where  he  acquired  great 
popularitv  as  a  preacher.  He  was  after- 
wards collated  to  a  prebend  in  Salisbury 
cathedral,  and  obtained  the  rectory  of 
Broad  Winsor,  Dorsetshire.  His  first 
literary  production  was  entitled  "  Da- 
vid's heinous  Sin,  hearty  Repentance, 
and  heavy  Punishment."  In  1640  he 
published  his  "  History  of  the  Holy 
War,"  soon  after  which  he  removed  to 
London,  and  was  chosen  lecturer  at  tho 
Savov  church,   in   the   Strand.     About 

1642  he  published  his  "  Holy  State."  In 

1643  he  went  to  Oxford,  and  joined  tho 
king,  became  chaplain  to  Sir  Ralph 
Hopton,  and   employed   his  leisure   in 


fdn] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


421 


making  collections  relative  to  English 
History  and  antiquities.  In  1050  ap- 
peared his  "  Pisgan  Sight  of  Palestine," 
and  his  "Abel  Kedivivus;"  but  it  was 
not  till  after  his  death  that  his  principal 
literary  work  was  published,  entitled 
"The  Worthies  of  England,"  a  produc- 
tion valuable  alike  for  the  solid  informa- 
tion it  affords  relative  to  the  provincial 
history  or'  the  country,  and  for  the  pro- 
fusion of  biographical  anecdote  and 
acute  observation  on  men  and  manners. 
In  1648  he  obtained  the  living  of  Walt- 
liam,  in  Essex,  which,  in  1658,  he  quit- 
ted foi  that  of  Crant'orcl  in  Middlesex; 
and  at  the  restoration  he  was  reinstated 
in  his  prebend  of  Salisbury,  of  which 
he  had  been  deprived  by  the  Parlia- 
mentarians. He  was  also  made  D.  D. 
and  chaplain  to  the  king. — -Andrew,  an 
eminent  Baptist  minister,  and  secretary 
to  the  Baptist  Missionary  Society,  was 
b.  at  Wicken,  in  Cambridgeshire,  1754. 
His  father  was  a  small  farmer,  who  gave 
his  son  the  rudiments  of  education  at 
the  free  school  of  Soham  ;  and  though 

fjrineipally  engaged  in  the  labors  of 
tusbandry  till  he  was  of  age,  yet  he 
studied  so  diligently,  that  in  1775  he 
became,  on  invitation,  the  pastor  of  a 
congregation,  first  at  Soham  and  after- 
wards at  Kettering.  In  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Baptist  Missionary  Society, 
by  Dr.  Carey  and  others,  Mr.  Fuller  ex- 
erted himself  with  great  energy,  and 
the  whole  of  his  future  life  was  identi- 
fied with  its  labors.  He  was  also  an  able 
controversialist.  His  principal  works 
ore  a  tientise  "On  the  Colvinistie  and  So- 
cinian  Systems  compared  a's  to  their  Mo- 
ral Tendency,"  "Socinianism  Indefen- 
sible," "The  Gospel  its  own  Witness," 
"  Discourses  on  the  Book  of  Genesis," 
&e.  D.  16(51. — Sarah  Margakit,  (mar- 
chioness d'Ossoli,)  a  distinguished  fe- 
male writer  of  the  United  States,  whose 
untimely  and  tragic  death  imparted  a 
melancholy  interest  to  her  writings. 
She  was  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  and 
by  her  literary  acquirements,  early  gain- 
ed a  reputation.  She  was  the  writer  of 
many  miscellaneous  articles  in  "The 
Dial,"  translator  of  "Eckermann's  Con- 
versations with  Goethe,"  and  authoress 
of  "  A  Summer  on  the  Lakes,"  "  Wom- 
an in  the  Nineteenth  Century,"  an  1 
"Papers  on  Literature  and  Art."  In 
1847  she  went  to  Europe  as  the  corre- 
spondent of  the  "  New  York  Tribune." 
and  was  there  married  to  the  marquis 
d'Ossoli,  with  whom,  and  one  beautiful 
and  promising  child,  she  was  returning 
to  her  native  land,  when  the  vessel  was 
30 


wrecked  just  as  they  came  in  sight  of 
the  shore.  At  the  time  of  her  death 
she  had  partly  finished  a  work  on  the 
"  Recent  Revolutionary  Changes  in  Eu- 
rope'."    B.  L810;  d.  1850. 

FULTON,  Robert,  an  American  en- 
gineer ami  projector,  of  celebrity,  was  b. 
in  Little  Britain,  Pennsylvania,  in  L765. 
Having  acquired  some  knowledge  of  por- 
trait and  landscape  painting,  lie  went  to 
England,  and  studied  under  his  distin- 
guished countryman,  West,  with  whom 
lie  continued  an  inmate  several  years; 
and,  after  quitting  him,  he  made  paint- 
ing his  chief  emploj  ment  for  some  time. 
He  afterwards  formed  an  acquaintance 
with  another  fellow-countryman,  named 
Rumsey,  who  was  well-skilled  in  me- 
chanics, and  hence  he.  ultimately  adopt- 
ed the  profession  of  a  civil  engineer. 
He  also  became  acquainted  with  the 
duke  of  Bridgewater,  so  famous  for  his 
canals,  and  with  Karl  Stanhope,  a  noble- 
man celebrated  for  his  attachment  to  the 
mechanic  arts.  In  1796  he  published  a 
treatise  on  "Inland  Navigation;"  and 
after  making  public  some  clever  inven- 
tions and  useful  contrivances,  in  spin- 
ning, sawing,  &c,  Mr.  Fulton  went,  in 
17ii7,  to  Paris,  where  he  lived  seven 
years,  and  studied  the  higher  mathemat- 
ics, physics,  chemistry,  and  perspective. 
It  was  there,  in  1800,  that  lie  projected 
the  first  panorama  ever  exhibited  ;  and 
there  also  that  he  perfected  the  plan  for 
his  submarine  boat,  or  torpedo.  Re- 
turning to  America  in  1806,  he  imme- 
diately engaged  in  building  a  steam- 
boat, of  wdiat  was  then  deemed  very 
considerable  dimensions,  and  which  be- 
gan to  navigate  the  Hudson  river  in 
1807,  its  progress  through  the  water 
being  at  the  rate  of  five  miles  an  hour. 
He  liad  meditated  on  this  experiment 
since  1793,  and  was  the  first  who  ap- 
plied water-wheels  to  the  purpose  of 
steam-navigation  ;  and  though  he  claim- 
ed the  invention,  he  certainly  was  not 
the  real  inventor — that  credit  being  due 
to  John  Fitch.  It  is  said  that  vexation 
at  being  denied  the  merit  of  ibis  diseov- 
ery,  and  prevented  from  deriving  the 
whole  benefit  of  it,  preyed  on  his  mind, 
and  hastened  his  death.    D.  1*15. 

FUNES,  Gbegokio,  a  patriot  of  La 
Plata,  in  Smith  America,  lie  was  dean 
of  the  cathedral  church  of  Cordova,  in 
which  station  he  employed  all  his  infiu- 
ence  in  support  of  the  revolution.  Itx 
1810  lie  was  sent  as  a  deputy  from  Cor- 
dova to  the  congress  of  Buenos  Ayres, 
and  on  various  subsequent  occasions  ho 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  political 


422 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[t'UX 


transaction*  of  his  country.  lie  was 
also  distinguished  as  an  historical  wri- 
ter, especially  by  hi*  "Essays  de  la 
ffistoria  Civil  del  Paraguay,  Buenos 
Avres,  y  Tncuman."    D.  1829. 

■fURETIERE,  Anthony,  abbot  of 
Chalivoy,  was  a  French  philologist,  b. 
1620.  lie  distinguished  himself  by  va- 
rious literary  productions,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  French  Academy,  but 
was  expelled  from  it  on  a  charge  of  hav- 
ing pillaged  the  unpublished  lexico- 
graphical labors  of  his  colleagues  to 
enrich  a  dictionary  of  his  own;  and  his 
expulsion  gave  rise  to  a  virulent  paper 
war  between  him  and  his  former  as- 
sociate-'. Besides  this  "Dictionary,'' 
which  served  as  the  basis  of  the  "  Dic- 
tionnaire  de  Trevoux,"  he  published 
"  Gospel  Parables,"  "  Five  Satires," 
"  Le  Roman  Bourgeois,"  &c.     D.  1683. 

FUEIETTI,  Joseph  Alexander,  a 
cardinal,  b.  at  Bergamo,  in  1685  ;  author 
of  a  treatise  on  the  mosaic  art  of  paint- 
ing.    D.  1764. 

FURXEAUX,  Philip,  a  nonconform- 
ist divine,  b.  at  Totness,  Devon,  in  1726. 
He  was  the  author  of  "  An  Essay  on 
Toleration."     D.  1783. 

FDEST,  Walter,  was  a  native  of 
Altorf,  Switzerland,  by  whose  means, 
aided  by  the  heroic  William  Tell  and 
Arnold  of  Melcthal,  the  liberty  of  his 
countrv  was  established,  in  1:307. 

FURSTEMBERG,  Ferdinand  de.  an 
eminent  prelate,  b.  at  Bilstern,  in  YVest- 

Ehalia,  in  1626.  He  was  raised  to  the 
ishopric  of  Paderborn  in  1661,  by  Pope 
Alexander  VII.,  who  afterwards  made 
him  apostolical  vicar  of  all  the  north  of 
Europe.  He  collected  a  number  of  MSS. 
and  other  monuments  of  antiquity,  and 
published  them  under  the  title  of 
"  Monnmenta  Paderbornensia :"  he  also 
published  a  valuable  collection  of  Latin 
poems.     D.  1683. 

FUTRADO,  Abraham,  a  French  Jew, 
who  was  one  of  the  leading  members  of 
the  Sanhedrim,  convoked  by  Bonaparte 
in  ISoS,  at  Paris.  He  wrote  several 
wcrls,  and  is  said  to  have  possessed 
grj<v.  eloquence.     B.  1759;  d.  1817. 

FLSELI,  Henry,  was  the  second  son 
of  Caspar  I  Fuessli,  and  b.  at  Zurich, 
about  173IL  He  was  originally  intended 
for  the  church;  but  he  had  employed 
himself,  while  under  his  father's  roof, 
in  making  copies  from  the  works  of 
Michael  Angelo  and  Raphael,  and  this 
had  inspired  him  with  an  insurmount- 
able desire  to  devote  himself  to  the  pro- 
fession. While  at  the  Humanity  college, 
'o  Zurich,  he  formed  an  intimate  friend- 


ship with  the  celebrated  Lavater,  and 
became  enamored  with  literature.  H« 
studied  English,  read  the  best  authors 
in  that  language,  and  translated  the 
tragedy  of  Macbeth  into  Gorman.  In 
1763  he  went  to  England,  and  on  his 
showing  his  specimens  of  painting  to 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  the  latter  express- 
ed himself  in  terms  of  high  commenda 
tion,  and  advised  him  to  go  to  Rome 
This  he  did  ;  and  after  eight  years  spent 
in  studying  the  Italian  masters,  he  re- 
turned to  England.  Having  suggested 
to  Alderman  Boydell  the  idea  of  forming 
his  "  Shakspeare  Gallery,"  for  which  he 
painted  eight  of  his  best  pictures,  that 
splendid  design  was  accordingly  exe- 
cuted. In  17'JO,  Fuseli  became  a  royaj 
academician  ;  and  during  the  next  nine 
years  he  painted  a  series  of  47  pictures, 
afterwards  exhibited  as  the  "  Milton 
Gallery."  In  1799  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  painting,  and,  in  1804, 
keeper  of  the  Royal  Academy.     D.  1825. 

FUSS,  Nicholas  von,  a  distinguished 
mathematician  and  natural  philosopher, 
b.  at  Basle,  1755.  lie  first  studied  under 
Bernouilli,  then  professor  of  mathemat- 
ics at  the  university  of  that  place,  whe 
procured  him  a  situation,  when  he  was 
17,  with  his  friend,  the  celebrated  Euler, 
at  St.  Petersburg,  who  wished  to  ob- 
tain a  young  man  of  talent  in  the  pros- 
ecution of  his  philosophical  inquiries. 
Here  he  soon  obtained  distinction  and 
preferment.  In  1776  he  was  appointed 
adjunct  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  for 
the  higher  mathematics.  In  1784,  Cath- 
arine II.  gave  him  a  professorship  in  the 
corps  of  noble  land  cadets  ;  and  in  1792 
he  was  appointed  secretary  to  the  free 
economical  society.  In  1800  he  was 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  a  counsellor  of 
state;  in  1805  he  was  constituted  one  of 
the  council  for  the  organization  of  mil- 
itary schools;  and,  continuing  to  ad 
vance  the  interests  of  science  in  the 
various  honorable  stations  to  which  he 
was  promoted,  he  was  rewarded  with 
the  order  of  Vladimir  and  a  pension. 
He  was  a  regular  contributor  to  the 
''Memoirs  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
at  Petersburg"  for  a  period  of  50 years, 
and  published  various  works,  chiefly  on 
mathematics  and  astronomy.     D.  1826. 

FUX,  John  Joseph,  a  celebrated  mu- 
sical composer  during  the  reigns  of  the 
emperors  Leopold  I.,  Joseph  I.,  and 
Charles  VI.,  was  born  in  Styria,  aboul 
the  year  1660,  and  held  the  office  of 
imperial  chapel-master  for  about  40 
years.  He  composed  several  operas, 
and  had  great  influence  on  the  musical 


GAl] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


423 


taste  of  his  time.  His  "  Musical  Grains" 
and  some  of  his  sacred  pieces  arc  still 
highlv  esteemed.    D.  1750. 

FYT,  John,  a  Dutch  painter,  b.  at 
Antwerp,  in  1625.  His  pencil  was  so 
prolific,    that    almost  every   important 


collection  of  pointings  has  eome  of  hia 
productions.  His  subjects  arc  chiefly 
game,  beasts,  birds,  fruit,  and  flowers; 
and  they  arc  remarkable  for  their  fidelity 
to  nature  in  the  drawing,  and  for  their 
rich  and  glowing  colors. 


G. 


GABBIANI,  Antony  Dominic,  an 
Italian  painter;  b.  at  Florence,  1652, 
and  accidentally  killed  by  falling  from  a 
scaffold,  while  employed  in  painting  the 
large  cupola  of  Castello,  in  1726. 

GADBURY,  John,  an  astrologer, 
who,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury, attracted  considerable  notice,  lie 
was  originally  a  tailor ;  afterwards  be- 
came an  assistant  to  Lilly  the  fortune- 
teller, (the  Sidrophel  of  Butler;)  and, 
like  his  master,  he  published  astrological 
almanacs  and  other  works  of  a  similar 
description. 

GADD,  Peter  Adrian,  a  Swedish 
chemist  and  natural  philosopher;  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  in  the  university  of 
Abo,  in  Finland,  lie  wrote  several  trea- 
tises on  geology,  &c. ;  and  d.  about  the 
end  of  the  18th  century. 

GADSDEN,  Christopher,  was  b.  in 
Charleston,  1724.  He  was  appointed 
one  of  the  delegates  to  the  congress 
which  met  at  New  York  in  October, 
1765,  to  petition  against  the  stamp  act. 
He  was  also  chosen  a  member  of  the 
congress  which  met  in  1774.  He  was 
among  the  first  who  openly  advocated 
republican  principles,  and  wished  to 
make  his  country  independent  of  the 
monarchical  government  of  Great  Brit- 
ain. During  the  siege  of  Charleston,  in 
1780,  he  remained  within  the  lines  with 
five  of  the  council,  while  Governor  Rut- 
ledge  with  t*ie  ether  three  left  the  city 
at  the  earnest  request  of  General  Lincoln. 
In  17S2,  when  it  became  necessary,  by 
the  rotation  established,  to  choose  a  new 
governor,  he  was  elected,  but  declined 
on  account  of  his  age.     D.  1805. 

GAFFARELLI,  James,  a  French  wri- 
ter, who  applied  himself  to  the  study 
of  the  Hebrew  language  and  rabbinical 
learning,  was  b.  at  Mamies,  in  Provence, 
about  1601.  He  adopted  the  doctrines 
of  the  Cabala,  in  defence  of  which  he 
wrote  a  quarto  volume  in  Latin.  He 
became  librarian  to  Cardinal  Richelieu, 
who  gave  him  several  preferments.  He 
d.  at  Sigonce,  of  which  place  he  was 
then  abbot,  in  1671.    Besides  the  above, 


he  wrote  a  book,  entitled  "  Unheard-of 
Curiosities  concerning  the  Talismanio 
Sculpture  of  the  Persians,  the  Horo- 
scope of  the  Patriarchs,  and  the  Leading 
of  the  Stars." 

GAFURIO,  Franchino,  an  eminent 
Italian  composer  and  professor  of  music, 
was  b.  at  Lodi  in  1451. 

GAGE,  Thomas,  the  last  governor  of 
Massachusetts  appointed  by  the  king, 
first  came  to  America  as  a  lieutenant 
with  Braddock,  and  was  present  at  tho 
battle  in  which  that  officer  received  his 
mortal  wound.  He  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  Montreal  in  170U,  and  in  1763 
succeeded  General  Amherst  as  com- 
mander-in-chief  of  the  British  forces  in 
North  America.  In  1774  he  succeeded 
Hutchinson  as  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts, when  he  soon  began  the  course 
of  illegal  and  oppressive  acts  that  brought 
on  the  war  of  the  revolution.  In  1775 
the  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts 
declared  him  an  enemy  to  the  colony, 
and  not  long  after  he  returned  to  En- 
gland, where  he  d.  in  1787. 

GAGNIER,  John,  a  celebrated  orien- 
talist, was  a  native  of  Paris.  He  was 
bred  a  Roman  Catholic,  entered  into 
holy  orders,  and  became  a  canon  in  the 
church  of  St.  Genevieve;  but  turned 
Protestant  and  settled  in  England.  He 
was  patronized  by  Archbishop  Sharp 
and  many  other  eminent  persons,  and 
received  the  degree  of  M.A.  at  Cam- 
bridge and  Oxford.  In  1706  he  pub- 
lished an  edition  of  Ben  Gorton's  "His- 
tory of  the  Jews,"  in  Hebrew,  with  a 
Latin  translation  and  notes.     D.  1740. 

GAIL,  John  Baptist,  a  celebrated 
Hellenist,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1755,  and  d. 
in  the  same  city,  in  1828,  professor  of 
Greek  literature  at  the  college  of  France. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  academy  of 
inscriptions  and  belles  lettres,  and  a 
knight  of  the  legion  of  honor.  He  con- 
tributed greatly  to  render  the  study  of 
Greek  popular  in  France.  Among  his 
productions  are  a  "Greek  Grammar," 
and  translations  of  Xenophon,  Thucyd- 
ides,   Theocritus,  Bion,    Moschus,  anl 


424 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[gal 


Lucian's  "  Dialogues  of  the  Dead." — 
Sophia,  the  wife  of  the  foregoing,  was 
b.  about  177'.',  and  d.  at  Paris  in  1819. 
For  the  arts,  and  particularly  for  music, 
she  manifested  an  early  taste,  and  she 
bewail  to  compose  when  she  was  not 
more  than  twelve  years  of  age.  Among 
her  principal  compositions  are  the  operas 
of  " The  Jealous  fair,"  "Mademoiselle 
de  Launay  in  the  Bastille,"  and  "The 
Serena'  le. 

GA1LLARD  de  Lonjomead,  bishop 
of  Apt,  in  Provence,  was  the  first  who 
projeeted  a  universal  historical  diction- 
ary, and  employed  Moreri,  who  was  his 
almoner,  to  execute  the  work.  L>.  161)5. 
— Gabriel  Henry,  a  French  historian, 
bi  at  Ostel,  near  Soissous.  in  1728,  and 
d.  in  1806.  lie  was  the  author  of  "  His- 
toire  ilc  Charlemagne,"  "  Rhetorique 
Francoise,"  "  Histoire  de  Francis  1.," 
and  many  other  works  of  a  similar  char- 
acter.—  John  Ernest,  a  musical  com- 
poser of  considerable  merit,  was  b.  at 
Zell,  in  10iT,  and  became  a  pupil  of 
Farinelli.     D.  174'J. 

GAINSBOROUGH,  Thomas,  a  cele- 
brated landscape  painter,  was  b.  at  Sud- 
bury, in  Suffolk,  in  1737.  lie  was  self- 
taught,  and  used  to  entertain  himself  by 
drawing  Ian  Iscapes  from  nature,  in  the 
woods  of  his  native  county.  From  Sud- 
bury he  went  to  London,  and  com- 
menced portrait  painter,  in  which  line 
be  acquired  great  eminence.  His  chief 
excellence,  however,  was  in  landscape, 
in  which  he  united  the  brilliancy  of 
Claude  with  the  precision  and  simplicity 
of  Ruysdael.  lie  was  highly  esteemed 
by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  who  bestowed 
on  him  a  high  bat  well-merited  compli- 
ment in  one  of  his  academical  discourses. 
D.  17SS. 

GALAS,  Matthew,  one  of  the  greatest 
generals  of  hi.s  time,  was  b.  at  Trent  in 
1589.  He  served  in  Italy  and  Germany, 
and  rendered  eminent  services  to  the 
Emperor  Frederic  II.  and  Philip  IV. 
king  of  Spain.  He  was  deprived  of  the 
command,  after  being  defeated  by  the 
Swedes  near  Magdeburg,  but  w;is  re- 
stored, and  d.  at  Vienna  in  1647. 

GALATIN,  Peteb,  a  Franciscan 
mcik,  who  flourished  about  1530.  He 
wrote  "He  Arcanis  Catholicae  Verita- 
tis,"  a  work  of  considerable  reputation. 
GALBA,  Servius  Sulpicics,  emperor 
of  Home,  was  descended  from  the  an- 
cient family  ofSulpicii.  He  was  succes- 
sively praetor,  proconsul  of  Africa,  and 
general  of  the  Roman  armies  in  Ger- 
many and  Spain.  He  retired  to  avoid 
the  jealousy  of  Nero ;    but  the  tyrant 


having  issued  an  order  for  his  death, 
Galba  revolted  against  he  emperor; 
and  Gaul  declaring  for  him,  Nero  put  a 
period  to  his  own  existence.  Galba 
gave  himself  up  to  the  government  of 
three  obscure  men,  whom  the  Romans 
called  his  schoolmasters;  and  he  was 
slain  by  the  praetorian  band,  who  pro- 
claimed Otho  in  Ins  stead,  tiy. 

GALE,  Theofhilus,  an  eminent  non- 
conformist divine,  was  b.  in  hJtiS.  at 
King's  Teighton,  in  Devonshire,  and  d. 
in  1678.  He  wrote  many  works,  the 
principal  of  which  is  his  "Court  of  the 
Gentiles,"  3  vols.  4to.,  in  which  he 
proves  that  the  theology  and  philosophy 
of  the  pagans  were  borrowed  from  the 
Scriptures. — Thoiias,  a  learned  English 
divine,  was  b.  in  1636  at  Scruton,  iD 
Yorkshire.  He  published  a  collection 
of  the  Greek  mythologists,  "Historiffl 
Poeticse  antiqui  Scriptores  Graecaa  et 
Latinas,"  "Herodoti  Halicarnassensis 
Historiarum,"  "  Historic  Britanniese, 
Saxonicas,  Anglo-Danicae,"  &c.  D.  1702. 
— Roger,  the  eldest  sou  of  the  preced- 
ing. He  published  some  valuable  book*, 
the  principal  of  which  was  an  edition 
of  his  father's  "Commentary  on  Anto- 
ninus." D.  1744. — Samuel,  his  brother, 
was  also  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of 
antiquities.     D.  1754. 

GALEX,  Christopher  Bernhard  van, 
the  warlike  bishop  of  Minister,  first  en- 
tered the  military  service,  which  he 
afterwards  left  for  the  church.  In  1660 
he  was  chosen  prince-bishop  of  Minister, 
but  was  obliged  to  besiege  the  city  on 
account  of  the  opposition  of  the  citizens  ; 
he,  however,  conquered  it,  and  built  a 
citadel  to  secure  his  power.  In  1664  he 
was  appointed  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
imperial  army  against  the  Turks  in 
Hungary.  He  afterwards  fought  against 
the  Dutch,  first  in  alliance  with  En- 
gland, and  then  with  France,  taking 
from  them  several  cities  and  fortresses. 
After  this  he  joined  the  Danes  against 
the  Swedes,  and  made  new  conquests; 
and  in  1764  he  formed  an  alliance  with 
Spain,  and  again  gave  battle  to  his  old 
enemies  the  Dutch,  he  was  a  man  of 
extraordinary  enterprise,  one  of  the 
greatest  generals  of  his  time,  and  an 
adroit  diplomatist.  D.  167S,  aged  73. 
— Claumus,  one  of  the  most  celebra- 
te.l  physicians  of  ancient?  times,  was  b. 
at  Pergamus,  in  Asia,  in  131.  Af- 
ter studying  philosophy  and  general 
literature",  he  travelled  through  Egypt 
and  other  countries  in  the  East  for  the 
purpose  of  acquiring  medical  and  ana- 
tomical knowledge.    Qn  his  return    ba 


gal] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


425 


practised  four  years  in  his  native  city, 
and  then  went  to  Koine,  but  was  driven 
from  thence  by  the  intrigues  of  his  jeal- 
ous rivals,  who  attributed  his  success  to 
magic.  From  Home  he  returned  to  Per- 
gamus;  but  was  recalled  by  an  especial 
mandate  of  the  Emperor  Marcus  Aurc- 
lius,  who,  on  quitting  Rome  to  make 
war  on  the  Germans,  confided  to  Galen 
the  care  of  the  health  of  his  son  Coin- 
modus.  The  place  and  time  of  his  death 
are  uncertain;  but  he  is  supposed  to 
have  i.l.  at  Koine,  in  about  the  7oth  year 
of  his  age.  A  part  only  of  his  very  nu- 
merous writings  has  been  preserved ; 
but  even  that  part  forms  five  folio  vol- 
umes, and  affords  undoubted  proofs  of 
his  practical  and  theoretical  skill. 

GALEKIUS,  Catus  Valerius  Maximi- 
anus,  a  Roman  emperor.  Entering  the 
army  as  a  common  soldier,  he  rose  to 
the  highest  ranks  by  his  bravery,  and 
was  adopted  by  Dioclesian,  who  gave 
him  his  daughter  in  marriage.  He  as- 
cended the  imperial  throne  in  305,  and 
d.  in  311.  He  was  naturally  of  a  cruel 
disposition,  and  during  his  reign  the 
Christians  suffered  great  persecution. 

GALILEI,  Galileo,  an  illustrious 
astronomer,  mathematician,  and  philoso- 
pher, was  the  son  of  a  Florentine  noble- 
man, and  b.  at  Pisa,  in  1564.  He  was 
intended  by  his  father  for  the  medical 
profession  ;  but  his  love  for  mathemati- 
cal studies  was  so  decidedly  evinced, 
and  his  aversion  for  the  other  so  strong, 
that  he  was  allowed  to  pursue  the  for- 
mer, which  he  did  with  such  unwearied 
diligence,  that  at  the  age  of  24  he  was 
appointed  mathematical  professor  at 
.'r'isa.  There  he  was  constantly  engaged 
in  asserting  the  laws  of  nature  against 
the  Aristotelian  philosophy,  which  raised 
up  such  a  host  of  enemies  against  him, 
that,  in  1592,  he  was  obliged  to  resign 
his  professorship.  He  then  went  to 
Padua,  where  he  lectured  with  un- 
paralleled success,  and  students  flocked 
to  hear  him  from  all  parts  of  Europe. 
After  remaining  there  eighteen  years, 
Cosmo  III.  invited  him  back  to  Pisa, 
and  soon  after  called  him  to  Florence, 
with  the  title  of  principal  mathematician 
and  philosopher  to  the  grand  duke. 
Galileo  had  heard  of  the  invention  of 
the  telescope  by  Jaiisen ;  and  making 
one  for  himself,  a  series  of  most  import- 
ant astronomical  discoveries  followed. 
He  found  that  the  moon,  like  the  earth, 
has  an  uneven  surface ;  and  he  taught 
his  scholars  to  measure  the  height  of  its 
mountains  by  their  shadow.  A  particu- 
lar nebula  he  resolved  into  individual 
36* 


stars  j  but  his  most  remarkable  dis- 
coveries were  Jupiter's  satellites,  Bat- 
urn's  ring,  the  sun's  spots,  and  the 
starry  nature  of  the  milky  way.  The 
result  of  his  discoveries  was  his  decided 
conviction  of  the  truth  of  the  Copi 
system;  though  the  blind  and  furious 
bigotry  of  the  monks  charged  him  with 
.heresy  for  it,  and  he  was  twice  perse- 
cuted by  the  Inquisition,  first  in  1615, 
and  again  in.  1688.  tin  both  occasions 
he  was  compelled  to  abjure  the  system 
of  Copernicus;  but  it  is  said,  that 'in  the 
last  instance,  when  he  had  repeated  the 
abjuration,  he  stamped  his  foot  on  the 
earth,  indignantly  muttering,  "yet  it, 
moves  !"  The  latter  years  of  his  life 
were  spent  at  his  own  country-house 
near  Florence,  where  he  devoted  him- 
self to  the  perfecting  of  his  telescope; 
and  he  d.  at  the  age  of  7s,  in  n;4u,  the 
year  in  which  Newton  was  born. 

GAL1TZIN,  Demetrius  Augustine,  a 
son  of  Prince  Galitzin,  one  of  the  high- 
est of  the  Russian  nobility,  who  became 
a  Catholic  priest,  and  settled  at  Loretto, 
near  Baltimore,  Md.,  where  he  collected 
a  congregation  and  preached.  He  wrote 
a  "  Defence  of  Catholic  Principles."  D. 
1819. 

GALL,  John  Joseph,  the  celebrated 
phrenologist,  was  b.  in  1758,  at  Teifen- 
brunn,  Wirtemburg.  He  studied  med- 
icine under  Professor  Shermann,  and 
settled  in  Vienna,  where  he  attracted 
much  attention  by  his  '"  Anatomical  and 
Physiological  Inquiries  respecting  the 
Brain  and  Nerves,"  on  account  of  the 
principles  it  contained,  that  certain 
talents  and  tendencies  depend  on  the 
formation  of  certain  parts  of  the  head,— • 
that,  in  fact,  each  faculty  of  the  mind 
has  a  separate  organ  in  the  brain,  and 
that  those  organs  are  marked  externally 
by  elevations  or  protuberances  on  the 
cranium.  He  afterwards  travelled 
through  the  north  of  Germany,  Swe- 
den, and  Denmark,  delivering  lectures; 
and,  in  1807,  established  himself  in 
Paris,  thinking  France  the  most  likely 
part  in  which  to  circulate  his  doc- 
trines. Prince  Mctternich  consulted 
him  as  his  physician,  and,  in  1810,  guar- 
anteed  the  expense  of  publishing  the 
work  of  Gall  and  Spurzheim  on  phre- 
nology. Dr.  Gall  d.  at  Paris,  182s.  n0 
directed  that  no  clergyman  should  at- 
tend his  funeral,  and  that  his  head 
should  be  dissected  and  placed  in  the 
museum  he  had  collected. 

GALLAND,  Anthony,  an  able  ori- 
entalist,  was  b.  1(546,  at  Rollot,  in  Pi- 
cardy.     He  was  employed  to  travel  « ■ 


420 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cm. 


account  of  the  French  government;  and 
his  zca!  iind  industry  are  evinced  by 
several  treatises,  which  lie  published  on 
his  return,  illustrative  of  the  manners 
and  customs  of  the  Mohammedan  em- 
pire and  religion.  He  is  now  princi- 
pally known  by  his"Mille-et-un  Nuits," 
a  curious  collection  of  eastern  romances, 
translated  into  all  the  languages  of  Eu- 
rope, and  known  to  us  as  the  "  Arabian 
Nights'  Entertainments."  Galland  was 
Arabic  professor  to  the  college  of  France, 
and  antiquary  to  the  king.     I).  1715. 

GALLATIN,  Albert,  a  distinguished 
Statesman,  scholar,  and  financier,  was  b. 
at  Geneva.  January  29th,  1701.  He  was 
left  an  orphan  in  his  infancy,  but  was 
sent  to  the  university  of  Ins  native  place, 
where  he  graduated  in  1779.  In  the 
nineteenth  year  of  his  age  he  came  to 
this  country,  with  a  letter  from  La 
Rochefoucauld  to  Ur.  Franklin.  In  1782 
he  was  chosen  a  French  teacher  in  Har- 
vard university,  and  four  years  after- 
wards settled  ill  Pennsylvania,  when  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  convention 
to  revise  the  constitution.  In  1790  he 
was  chosen  to  the  house  of  representa- 
tives of  that  state,  and,  in  1792,  to  con- 
gress. The  next  year  he  became  senator 
of  the  U.  S.  In  1801  Jefferson  made 
him  secretary  of  the  treasury,  and  in 
this  capacity  his  financial  abilities  ena- 
bled him  to  do  much  towards  extin- 
guishing the  national  debt.  In  1813  he 
was  one  of  the  commissioners  to  Ghent, 
to  settle  the  peace  with  Great  Britain. 
His  subsequent  life  was  mostly  passed 
in  diplomatic  services,  being  successively 
minister  to  France,  to  the  Netherlands, 
and  to  England.  In  1840  he  published 
an  "  Essay  on  the  North-E.istern  Bound- 
ary," and  he  wrote  in  his  later  years 
many  historical  and  ethnological  papers, 
and  also  a  Tract  on  the  Currency  CJues- 
tion.     D.  1849. 

GALLIANI,  Ferdinand,  an  Italian 
abbe,  celebrated  for  his  writings,  was  b. 
at  Chieti,  in  the  province  of  Abruzzo, 
Naples,  1728.  He  made  a  rapid  progress 
in  his  studies,  and  was  no  less  remarka- 
ble for  playful  wit  than  for  more  solid 
acquirements.  Having  made  a  collection 
of  specimens  of  the  various  volcanic  pro- 
ductions of  Vesuvius,  he  sent  them  to 
the  pope  in  a  box,  thus  labelled,  "  Bea- 
tissime  Pater  fac  ut  lapides  isti  panes 
fiant" — "Holy  Father,  command  that 
these  stones  be  made  bread,"  which  the 
pope  virtually  attended  to  by  giving  him 
the  canonry  of  Amain,  worth  "400  ducats 
per  annum.  One  of  his  earliest  produc- 
tions was  a  volume  written  on  the  death 


of  the  public  executioner,  in  order  to 
ridicule  the  academical  custom  of  pour- 
ing forth  lamentations  in  prose  and 
verse,  on  the  death  of  great  personages. 
In  1759  he  was  appointed  secretary  to 
the  French  embassy,  and  soon  took  a 
lead  among  the  wits  and  literati  in  Paris. 
He  wrote  a  number  of  able  works ; 
among  which  are  a  "Treatise  on  Mo- 
ney," "Annotations  upon  Horace," 
"Dialogues  on  the  Corn  Trade,"  "On 
the  Reciprocal  Duties  of  Neutral  and 
Belligerent  Princes,"  &c.  He  held  sev- 
eral important  offices  under  the  Neapoli- 
tan government,  and  d.  greatly  esteemed, 
1787. 

G  ALLIEN  US,  Pubt.ius  Licinius,  a 
Roman  emperor,  who  reigned  in  con- 
junction with  Valerian,  his  father,  for 
seven  years,  and  became  sole  ruler  in 
200. 

GAL  LOIS,  John,  a  French  critic  of 
the  17th  century,  celebrated  for  the  uni- 
versality of  his  knowledge.  He  was  one 
of  the  projectors  of  the  "Journal  des 
Savans,  '  and  its  conductor  for  many 
years.     D.  1707. 

GALLUS,  Caius  Fibius  Tuebonianus, 
emperor  of  Rome,  was  an  African  by 
birth  ;  but  holding  a  command  in  Moesia, 
under  Decius,  at  the  time  that  monarch 
was  slain  in  a  battle  with  the  Goths,  he 
was  proclaimed  emperor  by  the  army, 
in  251.  He  proved  unworthy  of  his 
station,  and  he  fell  by  assassination  in 
253.— Cornelu:s,  a  Roman  poet,  was  b. 
70  b.  c,  at  Forum  Julii,  and  was  inti- 
mate with  Virgil,  whose  tenth  eeloguo 
is  inscribed  to  him. 

GALT,  John,  a  voluminous  author  on 
a  great  variety  of  subjects,  but  chiefly 
known  as  a  novelist,  was  b.  in  Ayrshire, 
1779.  The  scene  of  his  novels  is  in  gen- 
eral laid  in  Scotland,  and  his  intimate 
acquaintance  with  every  light  and  shad 
ow  of  Scottish  life,  makes  them  realh 
important  to  all  who  would  know  Scot 
land — especially  the  Scotland  of  middle 
and  lower  life—as  it  really  is.  The  list 
of  his  works  is  formidably  16ns:  per- 
haps the  best  of  them  are,  "The  Entail," 
"The  Annals  of  the  Parish,"  "The 
Ayrshire  Legatees,"  and  "Ringan  Gil- 
haize."  Independent  of  his  numerous 
novels,  he   published   tragedies,   minor 

Eoems,  voyages,  and  travels,  and  several 
iographies.  He  was,  for  some  time, 
editor  of  the  Courier  newspaper,  and 
it  is  asserted  that  he  gave  up  that  ap- 
pointment rather  than  allow  the  inser- 
tion, though  at  the  request  of  a  minister, 
of  an  article  which  he  considered  ob 
jcctionable.     For  several  years  preview 


oar] 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


427 


to  his  dentil  \e.  suffered  very  severely 
from  paralysis  of  the  limbs.     D.  1839. 

G ALU PPL  Baldessaro,  a  distinguish- 
ed composer,  was  b.  near  Venice,  1703. 
His  operas,  about  50  in  number,  arc  al- 
most all  of  the  comic  kind,  and  had,  at 
one  time,  the  chief  run  throughout  Italv. 
D.  1785. 

GALVANI,  Louis,  an  Italian  physi- 
ologist, celebrated  as  the  discoverer  of 
galvanism,  was  b.  at  Bologna.  1707.  lie 
studied  medicine  under  Galcazzi,  whose 
daughter  he  married.  In  1702  he  be- 
came lecturer  on  anatomy  at  Bologna, 
and  obtained  a  considerable  reputation. 
By  experiments  on  frogs,  lie  discovered, 
that  all  animals  are  endued  with  a  pecu- 
liar kind  of  electricity  ;  and  he  followed 
up  this  discovery  with  so  much  perse- 
verance and  success,  as  to  give  his  name 
to  a  system  of  physiology,  which  has 
excited  universal  attention.  His  first 
publication  on  this  subject  was  in  1791, 
and  entitled  "  Aloysii  Galvanii  de  Viri- 
bus  Electricitatis  in  Motu  Musculari 
Commentarius."  Upon  this  system  the 
famous  Volta  made  vast  improvements. 
Galvani,  on  the  death  of  ins  wife,  in 
1790,  fell  into  a  state  of  melancholy ; 
and  d.  1798.  Besides  the  above  work, 
he  wrote  several  memoirs  upon  profes- 
sional subjects. 

GAMA,  Vasco  or  Vasquez  de,  an 
illustrious  navigator,  was  b.  at  Sines,  in 
Portugal,  of  a  noble  family;  and  to  him 
belongs  the  merit  of  having  discovered 
the  route  to  the  East  Indies  by  sea. 
Having  under  his  command  four  vessels, 
manned  with  1)50  marines  and  sailors, 
Gama  set  sail,  July  9th,  1497  ;  in  the 
beginning  of  the  next  year  reached  the 
eastern  coast  of  Africa,  and,  holding  his 
course  straight  towards  the  coast  of 
Malabar,  arrived  in  May,  at  Calicut,  a 
city  inhabited  by  Hindoos,  where  the 
ruler  over  the  country,  called  the  zamn- 
mm,  or  king,  had  his  residence.  He 
returned  to  Lisbon  in  two  years  and 
two  months  from  the  time  of  his  setting 
out ;  and  the  result  of  this  expedition 
promised  such  great  advantages,  that, 
in  1502,  he  went  out  with  20  shins,  but 
he  was  attacked  by  an  opposing  fleet  on 
the  part  of  the  zamorin,  which  he  de- 
feated, and  returned  the  following  year 
with  10  rich  vessels  which  he  had  cap- 
ured  in  the  Indian  seas.  John  III.  of 
Portugal  appointed  him  viceroy  of  India; 
on  which  lie  went  there  a  third  time, 
*nd  established  his  government  at  Co- 
chin, where  he  d.  ;n  1525.  The  Lusiad 
of  Camoens  is  founded  on  the  adven- 
tures of  his  last  voyage. 


GAMBARA,    Veronica,    an    Italian 

poetess,  born  of  a  noble;  family  in  1  185, 
On  the  death  of  her  husband,  Giberto. 
lord  of  Correggio,  whom  she  survived 

many  years,  she  devoted  much  of  her 
time  to  the  cultivation  of  literature  ;  and 
her  poems  possess  originality  and  spirit. 
D.  L550. 

GAMBART,  Jean  Felix  Adolpa,  a 
distinguished  astronomer,  b.  at  Cetto  in 
1800.  lie  was  director  of  the  observa- 
tory at  Marseilles,  and  was  the  discov- 
erer of  no  less  than  thirteen  comets, 
between  the  years  1822  and  1834.  1).  at 
Paris,  1836. 

GAMBIER,  James,  Lord,  a  British 
admiral,  was  b.  in  1750,  at  the  Bahama 
Islands,  his  father  being  at  that  time 
the  lieutenant-governor.  He  entered 
the  naval  service  at  an  early  age,  was 
actively  engaged  on  various  occasions, 
and  was  rewarded  by  different  grada- 
tions of  rank.     D.  1833. 

GANDOLPIIY,  Peter,  a  Catholic 
priest,  greatly  distinguished  as  a  preach- 
er, was  b.  about  170n.  He  was  a  con- 
troversialist, and  published  "  A  Defence 
of  the  Ancient  Faith,"'  in  1811  ;  and  "  A 
full  Exposition  of  the  Christian  Reli- 
gion," in  1813;  but  a  sermon  "On  the 
Relations  between  Spiritual  and  Tem- 
poral Authority"  exposed  him  to  the 
censure  of  his  diocesan,  in  1810.  D.  1821. 

GANDON,  James,  an  eminent  En- 
glish architect,  and  the  first  who  re- 
ceived the  architectural  gold  medal  of 
the  Royal  Academy.  His  reputation  was 
much  enhanced  by  his  editorial  labors 
in  producing  the  "  Vitruvius  Britanni- 
cus ;"  after  which  he  went  to  Ireland, 
and  remained  there  till  he  died,  in  182-1, 
aged  Si.  He  designed  the  custom-houi-e, 
tlie  four  courts,  and  many  other  eleg.mt 
structures  in  Dublin. 

GANS,  Edward,  b.  at  Berlin,  1798, 
was  one  of  the  leading  jurists  of  v.is  age. 
For  many  years  he  was  at  the  nead  of 
the  philosophical  school  of  jurispru- 
dence in  Germany.  His  writings  were 
numerous  and  able  ;  among  them,  the 
"  System  of  Roman  Law"  and  tho 
"Scholia;  to  Gains,"  and  he  also  edited 
the  lectures  of  Hegel  on  the  "Philoso- 
phy of  History,"  which  is  almost  wholly 
his  own.     D.'l839. 

GARAMOND,  Claude,  a  celebrated 
French  engraver  and  letter-founder,  was 
b.  at  Paris  towards  the  close  of  the  15th 
century.  He  brought  the  art  of  letter- 
fonnding  to  such  perfection,  that  all 
parts  of  Europe  were  supplied  with  his 
types.  Among  his  works  are  some 
beautiful   specimens   of  Greek,   and  it 


428 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[gar 


was  he  who  brought  the  Roman  charac- 
ter to  perfection.     D.  1561. 

GAKAY,  John  i>e,  a  brave  Spanish 
officer,  b.  at  Badajoz,  in  1541.  lie  came 
to  America,  as  secretary  to  the  governor 
of  Paraguay  ;  where  he  displayed  so 
much  enterprise  and  talent,  that  lie  was 
raised  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general 
and  governor  of  Assumption.  He  found- 
ed Santa  Fe,  rebuilt  and  fortified  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  endeavored  by  kindness  to 
civilize  the  Indians.  He  was  killed  on 
the  banks  of  the  Parana,  about  15H2.— 
Don  Martin  de,  a  Spanish  statesman, 
who  acted  a  conspicuous  part  in  the 
management  of  public  affairs  from  1808 
till  the  restoration  of  Ferdinand  VII. 
He  was  made  minister  of  finance  in 
1816,  dismissed  in  1818,  and  d.  in  1S22. 

GARCIA,  Manuel,  a  distinguished 
musical  performer  and  composer,  was 
b.  at  Seville,  in  Spain,  in  1782.  He 
showed  great  proficiency  at  an  early  age, 
and  appeared  as  a  public  singer  at  the 
opera-houses  of  Madrid,  Paris,  Rome, 
Naples,  Turin,  and  London.  He  was 
engaged  as  principal  male  singer  at  the 
King's  theatre,  London,  in  1824 ;  and 
his  abilities  attracted  much  attention, 
both  as  a  vocalist  and  as  an  actor.  His 
dramatic  compositions  are  too  numerous 
for  insertion  here,  and  many  of  them 
possess  great  merit.  Madame  Malibran 
de  Beriot  was  his  daughter.  Garcia  d. 
in  1832. 

GARCIA  DE  MASCARENHAS, 
Blaise,  a  Portuguese,  who  figured  both 
as  a  soldier  ami  poet,  was  b.  in  1596,  at 
Avo.  In  1614  he  entered  into  the  mili- 
tary service,  and  went  to  Brazil,  where 
he  remained  26  years,  and  on  his  return 
to  Lisbon  was  appointed  governor  of 
Alfayates.  Having  been  falsely  charged 
with"  treason  and  imprisoned,  and  being 
denied  the  use  of  pens  and  ink,  he  com- 
posed a  letter  in  verse  to  the  king,  in 
the  following  ingenious  manner  : — he 
procured  a  printed  book,  cut  out  the 
words  he  wanted,  and  pasted  them  on 
a  blank  leaf;  this  he  threw  from  his 
window  to  a  friend,  who  delivered  it, 
and  it  procured  his  liberation.    D.  1656. 

GARCILASO  DE  LA  VEGA,  called 
the  prince  of  Spanish  poets,  was  b.  at 
Toledo,  in  1503.  He  was  early  distin- 
guished for  his  wit  and  fancy,  wrote 
several  pathetic  pastorals  and  sonnets, 
and  did  much  towards  reforming  that 
taste  for  bombast,  which,  at  the  period 
in  which  he  flourished,  disfigured  the 
productions  of  his  countrymen.  Gar- 
cilaso  followed  the  profession  of  arms, 
and  attended  Charles  V.  in  many  of  his 


expeditions,  and  fell  in  battli),  in  1536.-^ 
Another,  surnamed  the  Inca,  because, 
by  his  mother's  side,  he  was  descended 
from  the  royal  family  of  Peru,  was  b.  at 
Cuseo,  in  that  country,  in  1630.  Philip 
II.  dreading  the  influence  of  Garcilaso 
among  the  nat  ves,  summoned  him  to 
Spain,  where  he  died.  He  wrote  an 
interesting  and  faithful  history  of  Peru, 
and  also  a  history  of  Florida. 

GARDEN,  Alexander,  an  eminent 
botanist  and  zoologist,  was  b.  in  Scot- 
land, in  1730,  and  educated  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh.  He  came  to 
America,  and  settled  as  a  physician  at 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  where  he 
engaged  in  botanical  researches,  and 
was  very  successful  in  the  discovery 
and  verification  of  new  species  among 
the  animal  and  vegetable  tribes  of  North 
America.  He  opened  a  correspondence 
with  Linnaeus,  which  was  attended  with 
many  reciprocal  advantages.  After  a 
residence  of  20  years  in  America,  he  re- 
turned to  England,  where  he  d.  in  1791. 

GARDINER,  Stephen,  a  celebrated 
prelate  and  statesman,  was  b.'  at  Bury 
St.  Edmund's,  in  Suffolk,  in  1483. 
He  was  the  illegitimate  son  of  Dr. 
Woodville,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  and 
brother  of  Elizabeth,  queen  of  Edward 
IV.  Gardiner  drew  up  articles  accusing 
Henry  VIII. 's  last  queen,  Catharine 
Parr,  of  heresy;  but  the  queen  avoided 
the  storm,  and  he  fell  into  disgrace.  At 
the  accession  of  Edward  VI.  lie  opposed 
the  reformation,  and  was  committed  first 
to  the  Fleet,  and  afterwards  to  the  Tower, 
where  he  was  a  prisoner  during  the  re- 
mainder of  the  reign.  He  was  also 
deprived  of  his  bishopric;  but  on  the 
accession  of  Mary  he  was  restored  to 
his  see,  and  appointed  chancellor  of 
England.  His  conduct  towards  the 
Protestants  was  cruel  and  sanguinary. 
He  d.  in  1555.  He  was  a  learned  man, 
but  artful,  dissembling,  ambitious,  and 
proud. — William,  an  Irish  engraver,  of 
talents  rarely  excelled,  b.  in  1760;  who, 
after  a  life  of  great  vicissitude  and  dis- 
tress, during  which  he  had  been  alter- 
nately jockey,  bookseller,  painter,  priest, 
and  actor,  wrote  a  paper  on  the  miseries 
of  life,  and  destroyed  himself  in  1814.— 
John,  was  b.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  about 
1731 ;  was  sent  to  England  to  complete 
his  education  ;  studied  law  at  the  Inner 
Temple  ;  and  was  admitted  to  practise 
in  the  courts  at  Westminster  hall.  He 
was  an  intimate  associate  at  this  time 
with  Churchill,  the  poet,  and  John 
Wilkes,  the  reformer,  in  whose  cause, 
at  the  time  politics  ran  high,  he  aopearej 


qarJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


429 


as  junior  counsel,  and  attracted  the  no- 
tice of  Lord  Mansfield,  who  expressed  a 
high  opinion  of  his  natural  endowments 
for  eminence  in  his  profession,  although 
his  political  connections  were  not  such 
is  to  secure  his  lordship's  favor,  or  his 
own  rapid  advancement.  lie  practised 
a  short  time  in  the  Welch  circuit  with 
success,  and  then  married  a  Miss  Harris, 
of  respectable  family  in  South  Wales; 
out  being  impatient  to  get  at  once  into 
lucrative  practice  he  procured  the  ap- 
pointment of  attorney-general  at  the 
island  of  St.  Christopher's  in  the  West 
Indies,  whither  he  removed  with  his 
family  about  the  year  17f>5.  He  prac- 
tised law  with  great  success  in  the 
islands  of  St.  Christopher  and  Jamaica, 
until  the  termination  of  the  American 
revolution  by  the  peace  of  1783,  when 
lie  removed  with  his  family  to  his  native 
town.  After  practising  law  in  Boston 
lor  two  or  three  years  with  much  celeb- 
rity, he  removed  in  1788,  to  an  estate 
left  by  his  father  at  Pownel borough  in 
th?  then  district  of  Maine,  where  he 
also  practised  law,  and  whence  he  was 
sent  as  representative  to  the  Massachu- 
setts legislature,  from  the  year  1759  to 
his  death,  which  happened  in  1793. 

GARNERIN,  James  Andrew,  a  cel- 
ebrated French  aeronaut,  to  whom  be- 
longs the  merit  of  first  making  the 
daring  experiment  of  descending  in  a 
parachute.  His  first  attempt  was  made 
at  St.  Petersburg,  in  1800;  and  he  sue- 
eessfullv  repeated  it  in  England  on  the 
21st  of  Sept.,  1802.     D.  at  Paris,  1823. 

GARNET,  Thomas,  an  English  phy- 
sician, was  b.  in  1766,  at  Casterton,  in 
Westmoreland.  On  the  foundation  of 
the  royal  institution  in  1800,  he  was 
chosen  professor  of  cheinistiy.  Dr. 
Garnet  was  the  author  of  "  An  Analysis 
of  the  Mineral  Waters  at  Harrowgate," 
a  "Tour  through  Scotland,"  "Outlines 
of  Chemistry,"  several  papers  and  essays 
on  medical  and  physical  subjects;  and 
"Zoonomia,"  which  was  published  after 
his  death.     D.  1802. 

G  ARNIER,  Germain,  Count,  a  French 
statesman,  was  b.  in  1721,  at  Auxerre. 
He  became  prefect  of  the  department  of 
Seine  and  Oise,  and  president  of  the 
senate  ;  and  was  known  as  the  trans- 
lator of  Adam  Smith's  "Wealth  of  Na- 
tions," and  other  English  works  on  polit- 
ical economy.  D.  1821. — Jean  Jacques, 
historiographer  of  France,  was  b.  in 
1729,  at  Goron-fiur-Maine,  and  at  the 
breaking  out  of  the  revolution  was  pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew  in  the  university  of 
Paris.      He   was   the   author  of  "  The 


Man  of  Letters,"  a  treatise  on  "  The 
Origin  of  the  Government  of  France," 
a  "Continuation  of  Velley's  History  of 
France,"  a  treatise  on  "Civil  Educa 
tion,"  &c.  Luring  the  roign  of  terror 
he  fled  from  the  French  capital  to  Bou- 
jival,  where  he  d.  in  1795. 

GAROFALO,  Bhnvjjnuto,  an  artist 
of  Ferrara,  b.  in  1481.  During  his  stay 
in  Rome  lie  formed  an  intimacy  with 
Raphael,  and  frequently  assisted  him. 
His  works  unite  the  grace  and  clearness 
of  Raphael  with  the  rich  coloring  of  the 
Lombard  school,  and  his  Madonnas  and 
angels  are  full  of  beauty  and  expression. 
D.  1559. 

GARK1CK,  David,  the  most  cele- 
brated actor  that  ever  appeared  on  tho 
English  stage,  was  descended  from  a 
French  family,  who,  being  Protestants, 
fled  to  England  on  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes.  His  father,  Peter  Gar- 
rick,  was  a  captain  in  the  army,  and 
generally  resided  at  Lichfield  ;  but  beina 
on  a  recruiting  party  at  Hereford,  David 
was  b.  there  in  1716.  He  received  his 
education  partly  at  t he  grammar  sehoo 
at  Lichfield,  and  partly  under  Dr.  John- 
son, with  whom  he  first  came  to  London, 
in  1736,  and  prepared  himself  for  tho 
study  of  the  law.  The  death  of  his 
father,  however,  disturbed  this  arrange- 
ment;  and  having  been  left  £1000  by 
his  uncle,  he  went  into  partnership  with 
his  brother  in  the  wine  trade.  A  love 
for  the  stage  had  loner  been  deeply  rootc. 
in  his  mind,  and,  abandoning  the  wine 
trade,  he  resolved  on  being  an  actor. 
His  first  attempt  was  at  Ipswich,  in  1741, 
under  the  assumed  name  of  Lyddal; 
and  the  applause  he  met  with  induced 
him  to  make  liis  appearance  at  the  thea- 
tre. Goodman's  Fields,  in  the  character 
of  Richard  III.  The  effect  of  this  was 
immediate  and  decisive.  The  other 
theatres  were  quickly  deserted,  an  1 
Goodman's  Fields  became  the  resort  of 
people  of  fashion,  till  that  theatre  wr.s 
shut  up.  Garrick  then  formed  an  en- 
gagement with  Fleetwood,  the  patentee 
of  Drnrv-lane,  where  his  reception  was 
equally  flattering.  In  the  summer  of 
1743  he  visited  Dublin;  and  in  1747  he 
became  joint-patentee  of  Drnry-lano 
theatre.  In  1749  he  married  Mademoi- 
selle Violette,  a  sketch  of  whose  life 
forms  the  subject  of  our  next  article. 
The  remainder  of  his  career  was  a  long 
and  uninterrupted  series  of  success  and 
prosperity  until  its  close,  which  took 
place  in  1776,  when  he  determined  upon 
a  retreat,  and  sold  his  moiety  of  the  con- 
cern for  £37,000.    D.  1779.— Eva  Maria 


430 


CY«  LOP^EDIA   of   biography 


[gas 


vrife  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Vienna, 
1725.  Her  maiden  name  was  Viegel, 
which  she  changed  to  that  of  Violette, 
by  command  of  the  empress-queen, 
Maria  Theresa,  whose  notice  she  had 
attracted  as  an  opera  dancer.  In  1744 
Bhe  arrived  in  England.  A  mutual  at- 
tachment having  been  formed  between 
her  and  Garrick,  their  nuptials  were  cel- 
ebrated June  22,  1749,  and  the  earl  of 
Burlington 'gave  the  bride  a  marriage 
portion  of  £6000.  From  this  circum- 
stance a  notion  prevailed  that  she  was 
the  carl's  natural  daughter ;  such,  how- 
ever, was  not  the  fact.     D.  1S22. 

GARTH,  Sir  Samuel,  an  eminent 
physician,  and  a  poet  of  no  mean  rank, 
was  a  native  of  Yorkshire,  and  educated 
ut  Peter-house,  Cambridge,  where,  in 
1691,  he  took  his  degree.  He  was  ad- 
mitted a  fellow  of  the  college  of  physi- 
cians in  the  following  year,  and  soon 
attained  the  first  rank  in  his  profession. 
His  taste  for  general  literature,  his  com- 
panionable talents,  and  his  attachment 
to  the  principles  of  the  house  of  Hanover, 
acquired  him  patrons  of  rank  and  influ- 
ence ;  and  on  the  accession  of  George  I. 
he  received  the  honor  of  knighthood, 
and  was  appointed  physician-in-ordi- 
nary to  the  King,  and  physician-general 
to  the  army.  His  principal  poem  is 
"The Dispensary,"  which  contains  much 
lively  and  polished  satire.  D.  1718. — 
Thomas,  an  English  general,  and  colonel 
of  the  1st  regiment  of  dragoons.  From 
the  year  1762  to  that  of  1614,  when  he 
attained  the  rank  of  general,  this  officer 
was  employed  in  active  service.  It  had 
long  been  whispered  that  he  was  the 
husband  of  one  of  the  royal  princesses 
of  England,  though  the  circumstance 
was  never  made  public  during  his  life. 
D.  1829,  aged  85. 

GARZI,  Louis,  a  painter,  was  b.  at 
/Some,  1640.  He  was  a  disciple  of  An- 
drea Sacchi,  and  considered  by  many  as 
equal,  if  not  superior,  to  Carlo  Maratti. 
U.  1721. 

GASCOIGNE,  George,  a  poet  of  the 
Elizabethan  age,  was  the  son  of  Sir  John 
Gaseoigne,  of  Walthamstow,  Essex,  and 
is  sail  to  have  been  disinherited  by  his 
father.  He  studied  at  Cambridge,  from 
whence  he  removed  to  Gray's  Inn,  which 
he  soon  left  for  a  military  life  in  Holland, 
where  the  prince  of  Orange  gave  him  a 
captain's  commission;  but  having  a 
quarrel  with  his  oolonel,  he  resigned  it 
soon  afterwards.  On  his  return  to  En- 
gland he  became  an  attendant  at  court, 
and  accompanied  the  queen  in  some  of 
her  progresses,  during  which  he  wrote 


masques  for  her  entertainment.  Besides 
his  original  and  translated  dramas,  he 
wrote  ,l  The  Steel  Glass,"  a  satire,  and 
other  poems.  Till  of  late,  when  it  be- 
came the  fashion  to  search  after  the  relies 
of  old  English  literature,  the  works  of 
Gaseoigne  were  quite  neglected,  but  his 

Eoems  will  repay  perusal.  D.  1577. — 
ir  William,  an  "eminent  judge  in  the 
reigns  of  Henry  IV.  and  V.  He  was  b. 
at  Gawthorp,  in  Yorkshire,  1350;  be- 
came sergeant-at-law  in  1398;  and  on 
the  accession  of  Henry  IV.  was  appoint- 
ed one  of  the  justices  of  the  common 
pleas,  and  afterwards  made  chief  justice 
of  the  King's  Bench.  In  this  high  office 
he  distinguished  himself  on  many  occa- 
sions, particularly  for  refusing  to  pass 
sentence  upon  Archbishop  Scroop  as  a 
traitor,  by  the  king's  commandment,  as 
being  contrary  to  law;  and  still  more 
remarkable  by  committing  the  prince  of 
Wales,  afterwards  Henry  V.,  to  prison, 
for  striking  him  when  on  the  bench- 
Like  many  other  prominent  events  in 
English  history,  this  has  furnished 
Shakspeare  with  materials  for  a  most 
effective  scene.  D.  1413. — William,  an 
ingenious  natural  philosopher  of  the 
17th  century,  was  b.  1621,  and  is  con- 
sidered as  the  inventor  of  the  microm- 
eter, though  the  merit  of  that  invention 
was  claimed  long  after  his  time  by  M. 
Azout.  Gaseoigne  was  killed  while 
fighting  in  the  royalist  army  at  Marston- 
nfoor,  July  2,  1644. 

GASPARINI,  Francesco,  one  of  the 
ablest  musical  composers  of  the  17th 
century,  was  a  native  of  Lucca,  and  b. 
in  1650.  His  works  are  not  numerous, 
but  possess  much  merit.     D.  1724. 

GASSEXDI,  Peter,  a  celebrated 
French  philosopher  and  mathematician, 
was  b.  1592,  at  Chantersier,  in  Provence. 
Before  he  was  20  years  of  age  he  became 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Aix ;  but  he 
soon  resigned  the  chair,  and  gave  him- 
self up  wholly  to  his  scientific  pursuits. 
In  1645  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
mathematics  in  the  college-royal  of 
Paris,  and  his  lectures  were  exceedingly 
popular.  In  fact,  he  was  distinguished 
as  an  astronomer,  naturalist,  theologian, 
and  mathematician.  Gassendi  combated 
the  metaphysics  of  Descartes,  and  di- 
vided with  that  great  man  the  philoso- 
phers of  his  time,  almost  all  of  wliom 
were  Cartesians  or  Gassendians.  Gib- 
bon calls  him  the  most  philosophic 
among  the  learned,  and  the  most  learned 
among  the  philosophic  of  His  age.  He 
d.  1655,  leaving  nine  volumes  of  hii 
philosophical  works. 


gay] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


431 


GASSICOURT,  Charles  Louis  Cadet 
De,  a  modern  French  philosopher  and 
advocate,  was  the  son  of  an  apothecary 
at  Paris,  and  first  attracted  notice  by  a 
pamphlet,  published  in  1797,  on  the 
Theory  of  Elections  ;  which  he  followed 
up  by  a  variety  of  essays  on  political 
Subjects.  In  1808  appeared  his  new 
"Dictionary  of  Chemistry,"  afterwards 
introduced  in  the  Polytechnic  school. 
He  followed  the  French  army  into  Aus- 
tria in  lSOi),  and  wrote  a  history  of  the 
campaign.  The  modern  plan  for  the 
organization  of  the  French  board  of 
health  owes  its  origin  to  him,  and  he 
had  not  only  the  satisfaction  of  seeing 
it  eagerly  adopted,  hut  that  of  obtaining 
the  appointment  of  reporting  secretary, 
which  situation  lie  held  till  his  death, 
in  ie23. 

GASTON,  William,  b.  at  Newborn, 
N.  C,  1778,  was  descended  from  a  Hu- 
guenot family,  and  his  father  distin- 
guished himself  "in  the  revolutionary 
war.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton 
college  in  1796,  and  began  the  practice 
of  law  in  1798.  Before  he  was  22  he 
was  chosen  a  senator  of  his  native  state, 
and  in  1813  a  representative  in  congress, 
where  he  remained  till  1817.  He  greatly 
distinguished  himself  by  his  advocating 
the  war  with  Great  Britain.  His  useful- 
ness subsequently  was  confined  to  the 
legislature  and  convention  of  North 
Carolina.     D.  1844. 

GATAKEK,  Thomas,  an  English  di- 
vine, was  b.  1574,  in  London.  In  1619 
he  published  a  curious  treatise  on  the 
"Nature  and  Use  of  Lots,"  which  occa- 
sioned considerable  controversy.  _  He 
was  also  the  author  of  "  Opera  Critica," 
Hid  other  eminent  works,  chiefly  of  bib- 
.ical  criticism.     D.  1654. 

GATES,  Horatio,  an  American  officer, 
who  greatly  distinguished  himself  in  the 
war  of  independence,  was  b.  in  England, 
1728.  After  serving  in  the  army,  and 
obtaining  considerable  promotion,  he 
purchased  an  estate  in  Virginia,  and  re- 
sided on  it  until  the  commencement  of 
the  revolutionary  war  in  1775,  when 
congress  appointed  him  adjutant-gen- 
eral;  and  during  the  struggle  which 
followed,  he  rendered  many  brilliant 
services  to  his  adopted  country.  On 
the  8th  of  October.  1777,  he  totally  de- 
feated General  Burgoyne,  who,  on  the 
16th,  was  compelled  to  surrender  his 
whole  army,  which  was  considered  the 
most  important  achievement  of  the 
whole  war,  and  had  the  greatest  effect 
in  obtaining  the  result  that  followed. 
Ho  was,  however,  unfortunate  after  he 


he  had  obtained  the  chief  command  of 
the  southern  districts,  being  signally  de- 
feated at  Camden,  by  Lord  Cornwallifl. 
D.  1806,  a&ed  77. 

GATTFKER,  John-  Christopher,  a 
learned  German  historian  ;  author  of  a 
"  History  of  the  World  to  the  time  of 
Cyrus,"  "An  Essay  towards  a  Genera] 
Universal  History,"  &c.  His  treatises 
display  a  spirit  of  deep  research  and 
sound  criticism.     1>.  1799. 

GAUBIL,  Anthony,  a  learned  French 
missionary  in  China,  was  b.  at  Caillac,  in 
1708,  and  d.  at  Pekin  in  1759,  where  he 
was  interpreter  to  the  court.  He  wrote 
the  history  of  Genghis  Khan,  and  an 
"  Historical  and  Critical  Treatise  on 
Chinese  Astronomy." 

GAUBIUS,  Jerome  David,  a  cele- 
brated physician,  was  b.  at  Heidelberg, 
in  1705.  His  treatise  on  the  •'Method 
of  Prescribing,  or  of  Writing  Receipts," 
contains  the  best  rules  on  that  important 
subject.  But  his  greatest  work  is  his 
"  Principles  of  Nosology."     D.  1780. 

GAUDENTIO,  an  historical  painter  of 
Milan,  was  b.  about  1460.  He  painted 
in  fresco  and  oil  a  number  of  pictures  for 
the  churches  in  his  native  city. 

GAULTIER,  Louis,  a  French  abbe, 
whose  life  was  spent  in  rendering  edu- 
cation a  scientific  amusement  rather  than 
a  task,  was  b.  about  the  year  1745.  D. 
1818. 

GAUTHEY,  Emilian  Marie,  an  emi- 
nent civil  engineer,  was  b.  at  Chalons- 
sur-Saone,  in  France,  in  1732.  He  filled 
several  important  posts  ;  and  under  his 
direction  many  public  works  of  magni- 
tude were  undertaken  and  completed. 
He  conceived  the  idea  of  forming  a  canal 
from  Chalons  to  Dijon,  which  is  termed 
the  "  canal  du  centre,"  and  is  23  leagues 
in  extent.  This  was  completed  in  1791. 
He  also  executed  the  junction  canals  of 
the  Saone,  Yonne,  and  Doubs;  and 
built  several  bridges  and  quays.  He 
wrote  several  professional  treatises,  the 
principal  one  of  which  is  entitled 
"  Traite  complet  sur  la  Construction  des 
Ponts  et  des  Canaux  navigables."  D. 
1806. 

GAVARD,  Hyacinthe,  one  of  the 
most  able  anatomists  of  the  18lh  centu- 
ry, was  b.  at  Montmeliaii,  in  1753,  and 
was  a  pupil  of  Desault.  lie  published 
treatises  on  osteology,  myology,  and 
splanchnology,  the  latter  of  which  es- 
pecially has 'been  highly  praised.  D. 
1802. 

GAY,  John,  an  eminent  English  poet, 
was  b.  at  Barnstaple,  Devon,  in  168*, 
was  apprenticed  to  a  silk-mercer  in  Lou- 


432 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  RIOGRAPHY. 


[ged 


don ;  but,  showing  a  marked  aversion 
to  trade,  his  indentures  were  cancelled 
by  mutual  agreement,  and  he  devoted 
himself  to  literature.  In  1711  he  pub- 
lished his  "  Rural  Sports,"  which  he 
dedicated  to  Pope,  then  a  young  poet 
like  himself;  a  compliment  that  intro- 
duced them  to  each  other,  and  proved 
the  foundation  of  a  friendship  which 
lasted  for  life.  The  year  following  he 
was  appointed  secretary  to  the  duchess 
of  Monmouth.  About  this  time  came 
out  his  burlesque  poem,  entitled  "Trivia, 
or  the  Art  of  Walking  the  Streets  of 
London  ;"  which  was  succeeded,  in  1714, 
by  the  "  Shepherd's  Week,  a  series  of 
Pastorals,''  in  ridicule  of  Phillips.  The 
same  year  he  went  to  Hanover  with  the 
earl  of  Clarendon,  as  secretary  to  the 
embassy;  but  though  he  had  great  ex- 
pectations from  the  court,  they  were 
never  realized.  In  1720  he  published 
his  poems,  in  2  vols.  4to.,  by  subscrip- 
tion ;  which  produced  him  a  consider- 
able sum,  but  he  lost  it  all  in  the  South 
Sea  scheme.  After  producing  many  in- 
genious and  agreeable  works,  some 
instances  of  court  favor  encouraged  him 
to  employ  himself  in  his  well-known 
"  Fables,"  written  professedly  for  the 
instruction  of  the  duke  of  Cumberland, 
ami  published  with  a  dedication  to  that 
prince  in  172(3;  but  though  they  were 
popular,  they  failed  to  serve  him  at  court. 
He  thereupon  wrote  "  The  Beggar's 
Opera,"  which  was  first  acted  in  1727, 
and  ran  for  63  successive  nights  ;  but  it 
so  offended  the  persons  in  power,  that 
the  lord  chamberlain  refused  to  license 
for  performance  a  second  part  of  it,  en- 
titled "  Polly."  This  resentment  in- 
duced his  friends  to  come  forward  on  its 
publication  with  so  handsome  a  sub- 
scription, that  his  profits  amounted  to 
£1200.  The  cause  of  Gay  was  taken  up 
by  the  duke  and  duchess  of  Qucensber- 
ry,  who  gave  him  a  residence  in  their 
house,  where  he  d.  Dec.  11,  1732.  He 
was  buried  in  Westminster  abbey,  and 
a  monument  was  erected  to  his  memory. 
GAY-LUSSAC,  Nicolas  Francois, 
whose  important  discoveries  in  numer- 
ous branches  of  physics  and  chemistry 
have  placed  him  in  the  foremost  ranks 
of  science,  was  b.  at  St.  Leonard,  in 
France,  1788.  At  an  early  age  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  aerial  voyages 
for  the  observation  of  atmospheric  phe- 
nomena at  great  heights ;  and  the  nu- 
merous experiments  he  made  in  con- 
junction with  Humboldt,  Renard,  and 
Berthollet,  on  an  infinite  variety  of sub- 
ects  connected  with  the  general  laws 


that  regulate  the  composition  c  f  bodies, 
have  proved  of  eminent  practiced  utility. 
He  closed  a  long  life  of  almost  unparal- 
leled scientific  industry.  May  9,  1850. 

GAYOT  DE  PITAVAL,  France,  a 
French  writer,  was  b.  at  Lyons,  in  1673. 
He  was  at  first  an  ecclesiastic;  next  he 
entered  into  the  army  ;  and,  at  the  age 
of  50,  he  became  an  advocate.  He  com- 
piled the  "Causes  Celebres."     D.  1743. 

GAZA,  Theodore,  one  of  the  chief 
revivers  of  Greek  literature  in  the  15th 
century,  was  b.  at  Thessalonica,  in  1393. 
D.  1478. 

GEBER,  an  Arabian  philosopher  of 
the  8th  century,  whose  skill  in  astrono- 
my and  alchemical  researches  obtained 
for  him  in  that  dark  age  the  character 
of  a  magician.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
a  Greek  by  birth,  and  to  have  aposta- 
tized from  Christianity  to  Mahometan- 
ism.  His  works,  under  the  title  of 
"  Lapis  Philosophorum,"  prove  that  his 
knowledge  of  chemistry  was  by  no 
means  so  limited  as  that  of  many  who 
wrote  subsequently  to  his  time. 

GEBHARDI,  Louis  Albert,  a  volu- 
minous historical  writer  ;  author  of  the 
histories  of  Denmark  and  Norway,  the 
Wendes  and  Sclavonians,  Courland, 
Hungary,  the  sovereign  houses  of  Ger- 
many, and  various  portions  of  the  "  Uni- 
versal History,"  published  at  Halle.  He 
was  librarian  at  Hanover,  where  he  d.  in 
1802. 

GED,  William,  the  inventor  of  the 
art  of  stereotyping,  which  he  practised 
in  1725,  was  a  goldsmith  of  Edinburgh. 
In  1729  he  entered  into  partnership  with 
Fenner,  a  stationer  of  London,  but  no 
advantage  to  him  resulted  from  the  con- 
nection, and  he  returned  to  Scotland. 
D.  1749. 

GEDDES,  Alexander,  a  Roman  Cath- 
olic priest,  b.  in  Ruthven,  Banffshire, 
1737.  In  1779  the  university  of  Aber- 
deen granted  him  the  degree  of  LL.D., 
being  the  first  Catholic  since  the  refor- 
mation to  whom  it  had  been  given. 
About  this  time  he  removed  to  London, 
and  began  to  devote  himself  to  a  trans- 
lation of  the  Bible  into  English.  In  1786 
he  published  his  prospectus  of  that 
work.  The  first  volume  of  it  appeared 
in  1792,  comprising  the  Pentateuch  and 
the  Book  of  Joshua;  and  in  1797  ap- 
peared the  second  volume;  after  which 
lie  published  "  Critical  Remarks,"  in 
vindication  of  his  work,  and  an  "  Apol- 
ogy for  the  Roman  Catholics  of  Great 
Britain."  D.  1802. — James,  an  ingeni- 
ous writer,  was  b.  in  Tweeddale,  Scot- 
land, in  1710  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  ; 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


gem] 


entered  on  the  study  of  the  law,  and  was 
admitted  an  advocate.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  "  An  Essay  on  the  Composition 
and  Manner  of  Writing  of  the  Ancients, 
particularly  Plato."  D.  1749.— Michael, 
an  eminent  English  divine  of  the  17th 
century.  lie  was  chaplain  to  the  factory 
at  Lisbon,  where  he  was  apprehended 
hy  the  Inquisition  in  1686,  and  inter- 
dieted  from  officiating  in  his  ministerial 
capacity;  on  which  he  returned  to  En- 
gland, and  was  made  chancellor  of  Salis- 
bury. He  wrote  the  "  History  of  the 
Church  of  Malabar,"  the  "  Church  Ilis- 
torv  of  Ethiopia."     D.  1741. 

GEDOYN,  Nicholas,  the  translator 
of  Quintilian  and  Pausanias  into  French, 
was  h.  at  Orleans  in  1607,  and  d.  in  1744. 

GEER,  Charles  de,  a  very  celebrated 
Swedish  naturalist,  was  b.  in  1720.  He 
possessed  a  share  in  the  iron-works  at 
Dannemora,  which  mines  he  improved 
by  the  application  of  new  machinery. 
lie  also  invented  an  apparatus  for  dry- 
ing corn  by  the  heat  of  the  smelting 
houses.  By  these  means  he  gained 
great  wealth,  which  he  applied  to  the 
noblest  purposes,  in  feeding  the  poor, 
repairing  churches,  and  establishing 
schools.  He  was  appointed  marshal  of 
the  court,  knight  of  the  polar  star,  and 
created  a  baron.  He  wrote  "  Mcmoires 
pour  servir  a,  l'Histoire  des  Insectes." 
D.  177S. 

GEHLER,  John  Samuel,  an  eminent 
natural  philosopher  and  a  senator  of 
Leipsic,  author  of  a  "  Dictionary  of 
Natural  Philosophy."     T>.  1795. 

GELASIUS,  bishop  of  Csesarea  in  the 
4th  century,  was  the  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Church,"  of  which  some 
portions  are  still  extant.  D.  394.—  I.. 
was  elevated  to  the  papal  chair  on  the 
death  of  Felix  HI.  in  492.  He  had  a 
contest  with  the  patriarch  of  Constanti- 
nople, and  by  his  arrogance  prevented 
a  union  between  the  two  churches.  D. 
490.  —  II.,  a  native  of  Campania,  was 
elected  pope  in  1118.  Cencio,  marquis 
di  Frangipan,  who  was  in  the  interest 
of  the  Emperor  Henry  V.,  drove  him 
from  home,  and  he  retired  to  the  abbey 
cf  Clusrny,  where  he  d.  1119. 

GELL,  Sir  William,  a  celebrated  an- 
tiquarian and  classical  scholar,  was  b.  in 
1777.  He  devoted  his  time  to  literary 
pursuits,  and  published  "  The  Topog- 
raphv  of  Trov."  '-The  Geography  and 
Antiquities  of  Ithaca,"  "The  Itinerary 
of  Greece,"  "The  Itinerary  of  the  Mo- 
rea,"  "The  Topography  of  Rome,"  an  1, 
lastly,  his  interesting  and  beautiful 
work,  entitled  "Pompciana,  or  Obser- 
37 


433 


vations  upon  the  Topography,  Edifices. 
and  «  Ornaments  of  Pompeii."  For  r.iany 
years  Sir  William  had  resided  in  Italy  ; 
first  at  Rome,  and  afterwards  at  Naples. 
He  was  knighted  on  his  return  from  a 
mission  to  the  Ionian  Islands  in  1808, 
and  in  1820  the  late  Queen  Caroline 
appointed  him  one  of  her  chamberlains. 
1).  is:;.;. 

GELLERT,  Christian  Furchteoott, 
a  German  poet  and  writer  on  morals, 
was  1).  at  Eaynichen, in  Saxony,  in  1715. 
He  received  his  education  at  Leipsic, 
and  acquired  great  celebrity  by  his  tales, 
fables,  and  essays.  He  was  appointed 
extraordinary  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Leipsic,  where  he  read  lectures  on  poe- 
try and  eloquence,  which  were  received 
with  great  applause.  His  complete 
works  were  published  in  10  vols.  D. 
176'.). — Christlieb  Ehreoott,  brother  of 
the  preceding,  was  a  celebrated  metal- 
lurgist. He  introduced  very  important 
improvements  into  the  method  of  sepa- 
rating metallic  substances  by  amalgama- 
tion, and  wrote  on  the  arts.  B.  171:3 ; 
d.  1795. 

GELLI,  Giambatista,  an  Italian  poet 
and  dramatic  writer,  b.  at  Florence,  in 
1498.  He  was  bred  to  some  low  trade, 
but  became  a  member  of  the  academy 
of  Florence,  and  had  a  high  reputation 
in  his  day.  Besides  his  original  works, 
consisting  of  comedies,  poems,  and  re- 
marks on  the  Italian  language,  he  trans- 
lated the  "  History  of  Euripides,"  into 
Italian.     D.  1563. 

GELLIBRAND,  Hexrt,  a  mathema- 
tician, b.  in  London,  in  1597,  and  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  college,  Oxford.  In 
1627  he  was  elected  professor  of  astron- 
omy at  G"-esham  college.  He  wrote 
several  useful  works  on  the  longitude, 
the  variation  of  the  magnetic  needle,  on 
trisronometrv,  and  on  navigation.  D. 
1636. 

GELLIUS,  Aulcs,  a  Roman  lawyer, 
b.  in  130.  He  studied  at  Athens,  and 
is  the  author  of  "  Noetes  Attica,"  a 
work  full  of  interesting  observations, 
critical  and  philological. 

GEMINIANI,  Francesco,  an  eminent 
musical  composer,  was  b.  at  Lucca,  in 
1666,  and  completed  his  studies  under 
Corelli.  His  chief  work  is  entitled, 
"Guida  Harmonica,  or  a  sure  Guide  to 
Harmonv  and  Modulation."    D.  1762. 

GEM  1ST  US  PLETHO,  Georoe,  a 
philosopher,  b.  at  Constantinople,  in 
1390,  but  who  resided  chiefly  in  the 
Peloponnesus,  where  he  acquired  great 
fame  for  his  wisdom  ami  virtue.  He 
was  a  zealous  defender  of  the  Platoniats 


434 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[geb 


against  the  Aristotelian,  and  of  the  i 
Greek  church  against  hat  of  Koine. 
On  going  to  the  council  of  Florence, 
1433,  his  zeal  and  eloquence  gained  him 
the  admiration  of  all  parties.  He  con- 
tributed to  the  revival  of  Platonism,  in 
Italy,  and  was  the  means  of  laying  the 
foundation  of  tiie  academy  in  tnat  city. 
lie  d.  in  his  native  country,  at  the  age 
of  101. 

GENDEBIEN,  a  distinguished  Bel- 
gian, b.  1753,  took  part,  in  1789,  in 
snaking  otf  the  yoke  of  Austria;  in 
1790,  sat  as  a  deputy  for  the  Belgian  re- 
public, when  united  with  Frauee  in  the 
council  of  rive  hundred.  In  1815  he 
was  nominated  one  of  the  commission 
for  drawing  up  the  constitutional  act, 
uniting  Belgium  and  Holland  as  the 
kingdom  of  the  Netherlands.  As  a 
member  of  the  second  chamber,  he 
steadily  opposed  the  arbitrary  acts  of 
the  royal  authority,  especially  those 
which  emanated  from  Van  Maanen,  the 
minister  of  justice,  and  took  a  decided 
part  in  the  Belgie  revolution  of  1831,  by 
which  Belgium  again  separated  itself 
from  Holland,  and  declared  its  independ- 
ence. 

GEXGIIIS-KIIAN,  or  JINGH1S- 
KIIAX,  the  son  of  a  petty  Mongolian 
prince,  was  b.  in  Tartary,  in  1163.  After 
a  species  of  intestine  warfare  with  vari- 
ous Tartar  tribes,  this  renowned  con- 
queror invaded  China,  the  capital  of 
which  was  taken  by  storm,  in  1205,  and 
plundered.  The  murder  of  the  ambas- 
sadors which  Genghis-Khan  had  sent 
to  Turkestan,  occasioned  the  invasion 
of  that  empire,  in  121S,  with  an  army 
of  700.000  men  ;  and  the  two  great  cities 
of  Bokhara  and  Samarean  1  were  storm- 
eel,  pillaged,  burnt,  and  more  than 
200,000  Individuals  destroyed  with 
them.  He  continued  his  career  of  dev- 
astation for  several  years,  and  in  lr2~>, 
though  more  than  60  years  old,  he 
marched  in  person,  at  the  head  of  his 
whole  army,  against  the  king  of  Tangu't, 
who  had  given  shelter  to  two  of  his 
enemies,  and  refused  to  surrender  them. 
A  great  battle  was  fought  on  plains  of 
ice,  formed  by  a  frozen  lake,  in  which 
the  king  of  Tangut  was  totally  defeated, 
with  the  loss  of  300,000  men.  This  am- 
bitious warrior,  whose  ravages  had  cost 
the  human  race  upwards  of  5,000,000 
human  beings,  by  dint  of  successive 
victories,  became  monarch  of  a  territory 
exceeding  1500  leagues,  including  North- 
ern China,  Eastern  Persia,  and  the 
whole  of  Tartary.  He  d.  in  1227.  in  the 
66th  year  of  his  age,  and  in  the  52d  of 


his  reign:  havirg,  before  his  death,  di- 
vided his  immense  territories  between 
the  four  princes  whom  he  had  by  the 
first  of  his  four  wives. 

GEN  LIS,  Stephanie  Felioite,  count- 
ess de,  celebrated  for  her  literary  talents, 
and  by  many  for  the  independent  prin- 
ciples which  prevail  through  all  her 
writings,  was  b.  near  Autun,  in  1746. 
Her  maiden  name  was  Ducreat  de  St. 
Aubin,  and  the  connection  of  her  family 
with  that  of  St.  Aubin  procured  her  ad- 
mission, at  four  year.-,  of  age,  to  enter  as 
a  eanoness  into  the  noble  chapter  at 
Aix,  from  which  time  she  was  called  la 
comtesse  de  Lancy.  At  17,  a  letter  of 
her  writing  having  fallen  into  the  hands 
of  the  count  de  Genlis,  he  was  so  fasci- 
nated with  its  style  as  to  make  her  the 
offer  of  his  hand  and  fortune,  which  she 
accepted.  By  this  marriage  she  became 
niece  to  madame  de  Montesson,  who 
was  privately  married  to  the  duke  of 
Orleans;  and  his  son,  the  duke  f>f 
Chartres,  chose  her,  in  1782,  to  super- 
intend the  education  of  his  children.  It 
was,  soon  after,  rumored  that  an  im- 
proper attachment  existed  between  her 
and  the  duke  ;  and  Pamela,  afterwards 
the  wife  of  the  unfortunate  Lord  Edward 
Fitzgerald,  was  supposed  to  be  the  issue 
of  that  connection.  At  this  period, 
madame  de  Genlis  wrote  several  excel- 
lent works,  producing,  in  rapid  succes- 
sion, "Adela  and  Theodore,"  '"The 
Evenings  of  the  Castle,"  "The  Theatre 
of  Education,"  and  ••  Annals  of  Virtue," 
all  of  which  were  highly  popular.  In 
1791  she  went  to  England  with  her  pupil, 
mademoiselle  d'Orieans,  and  on  their 
return  to  France,  the  following  year, 
both  were  ordered  to  quit  the  territories 
without  delay.  After  some  time,  the? 
went  to  Switzerland,  but  were  not  per- 
mitted to  reside  there;  and  General 
Montesquieu  obtained  them  an  asylum 
in  the  convent  of  St.  Clair.  In  1800  she 
returned  to  France;  and  in  1805,  Napo- 
leon lmvc  her  apartments  in  the  arsenal 
at  Paris,  and  allowed  her  a  pension  of 
5000  francs.  On  the  return  of  the  Bour- 
bons, she  seemed  to  forget  her  old  pa- 
tron, and  her  love  of  republicanism  gavs 
way  to  admiration  for  the  restored  dy- 
nasty. When  her  old  pupil,  Louis 
Philippe,  ascended  the  throne,  both  he 
and  his  family  paid  the  kindest  attention 
to  the  comforts  of  madame  de  Genlis; 
and  her  pen  was  actively  employed  to 
the  last  day  of  her  existence.  _  So  nu- 
merous are  her  works,  amounting  alto- 
gether to  about  'JO  volumes,  that  the 
mere  enumeration  of  their  titles  would 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIT. 


GEO] 


occupy  too  much  c  ?  our  space.  Tliey 
embrace  nearly  all  subjects,  and  are 
characterized  by  fertility  of  imagination 
mid  a  pleasing  style,    D.  1880. 

GENNAE1,  CvEsah  and  Benedict, 
two  painters,  wU*  were  the  nephews 
and  disciples  of  (Mercino.  After  work- 
ing together  some  years,  Caesar  estab- 
lished himself  at  Bologna,  and  Benedict 
went  to  England,  where  he  became 
painter  to  Jamos  II.,  on  whose  expul- 
sion he  returned  to  Italy.  D.  in  1715, 
aged  82. 

GENNAEO,  Joseph  Aurelius,  a  ci- 
vilian, was  b.  at  Naples,  in  1701.  He 
became  chief  magistrate  in  his  native 
city,  and  his  works,  which  are  all  on 
legal  subjects,  are  remarkable  for  purity 
of  style  and  depth  of  erudition.  D. 
1702. 

GENOVESI,  Anthony,  an  Italian 
philosopher  and  metaphysician,  was  b. 
at  Castiglione  in  1712.  He  read  lectures 
in  philosophy  at  Naples  with  great  rep- 
utation for  some  time,  but  at  length  he 
•was  attacked  by  numerous  enemies  for 
publishing  his  metaphysics,  in  which 
lie  recommended  the  works  of  Galileo, 
Grothts,  and  Newton.  The  king  of 
Naples,  however,  protected  him,  and 
made  him  professor  of  political  economy 
and  moral  philosophy  in  the  Neapolitan 
university.  He  was  the  author  of 
"Philosophical  Meditations  on  Religion 
and  Morality,"  a  "System  of  Logic," 
"  Humorous  Letters,"  and  "  Italian 
Morality,"  which  last  is  accounted  his 
principal  performance.     D.  1769. 

GENT1LIS,  or  GENTILI,  Alberico, 
an  Italian  civilian,  b.  at  Aneona,  in 
1550.  His  father,  who  was  a  physician, 
embraced  the  reformed  religion,  and 
went  to  England,  where  Alberico  be- 
came professor  at  law  at  Oxford ;  d. 
1008.  He  wrote  "De  Jure  Belli,"  and 
other  works  on  jurisprudence. — Scirio, 
his  brother,  who  was  professor  of  civil 
law  at  Altdorf,  and  d.  in  1616,  was  the 
author  of  "  De  Jure  Publico  Populi 
Romalii,"  &c. 

GENTLEMAN,  Francis,  a  dramatic 
writer  and  actor ;  b.  in  Ireland,  1728. 
Besides  some  theatrical  pieces,  he  was 
the  author  of  "The  Dramatic  Censor," 
and  a  volume  of  "  Royal  Fables,  in 
imitation  of  Gay."     D.  1784. 

GENTZ,  Frederic  von,  a  distin- 
guished publicist,  and  an  uncompro- 
mising antagonist  of  France,  was  b.  at 
Breslau,  1764 ;  studied  at  Ki  nigsberg, 
and  after  a  short  sojo  irn  in  England, 
where  he  trained  the  good  will  ot  Pitt, 
he  repaired  to  Vienna  in  1803,  wnere  he 


43? 


entered  into  the  A  istrian  civil  service. 
under  the  most  favorable  auspices  ami 
hopes.    He  was  appointed  one  of  the 

secretaries  at  the  congress  of  Vienna  ii 
1814,  and  at  Paris  in  1-1.".,  and  lie  took 
an  active  part  in  the  various  congresses 
that  sprung  out  of  the  restoration.  A 
selection  from  his  various  works,  com- 
prising political  questions,  a  "  Life  ol 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots,"  and  numerous 
articles  written  for  the  "Journal  Histo- 
rique,"  was  published  in  1888.  I ».  1883. 
GEOFFREY  of  Monmouth,  a  British 
historian  who  flourished  in  the  12th 
century.  He  was  a  native  of  Monmouth 
became  its  archdeacon,  and  was  raised 
to  the  see  of  St.  Asaph  ;  but,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  disturbed  state  of  the 
north  of  Wales,  he  left  his  bishopric, 
retiring  at  first  to  the  monastery  of 
Abingdon,  and  then  taking  up  his  abode 
at  the  court  of  Henry  II.  His  chief 
work  is  entitled  " Chronicon  sivellis- 
toria  Britonum"  and  is  full  of  legendary 
tales  respecting  the  early  British  mon- 

GEOFFRIN,  Marie  Tiikresk  Rodet, 
a  woman  alike  distinguished  for  the 
qualities  of  her  mind  and  heart,  who 
during  half  a  century,  was  the  ornament 
of  the  most  polite  and  cultivated  socie- 
ties of  Paris.  She  wrote  a  treatise'  "Sur 
la  Conversation  ;"  but  passed  most  of 
her  life  in  active  benevolence.     D.  1777. 

GEOFFEOl,  Stephen  Francis,  a 
French  physician,  and  professor  of 
chemistry  at  Paris,  where  he  was  b. 
1672.  He  was  the  author  of  a  Pharma- 
copoeia, called  "  Le  Code  Medicanientaire 
de  la  Facultc  de  Paris,"  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Lon- 
don.   D.  1731. 

GEOFFROY,  Julian  Louis,  a  French 
critic,  remarkable  for  the  severity  of  his 
dramatic  censures.  He  conducted  the 
"  Literary  Annals"  after  the  death  of 
Freron,  and  published  a  "Course  of 
Dramatic  Literature,"  a  "Commentary 
on  Racine,"  &c.  B.  1743;  d.  1814.— 
Stephen  Louis,  an  eminent  French  phy- 
sician and  naturalist;  author  of  a 
"  Manual  of  Practical  Medicine  for  Sur- 
geons," a  "  Dissertation  on  the  Organ 
of  Hearing,"  a  "History  of  Insects," 
&c.     B.  1725  ;  d.  1810. 

GEOFFROY  SAINT  HILA1RE, 
Etienne,  a  distinguished  zoologist  and 
comparative  anatomist,  sprung  from  a 
family  well  known  in  science,  was  b,  at 
Etam'pes,  1772.  He  was  originally  des- 
tined for  the  church,  but  he  preferred 
dedicating  himself  to  natural  science, 
a  taste  for  which  he  had  imbibed  from 


43G 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[ger 


the  instructions  of  Brisson,  at  the  col- 
lege of  Navarre,  and  in  the  company  of 
Hauy  his  colleague  at  the  college  of 
Cardinal  Lemoine.     In  1798  lie  formed 

one  of  tlie  gre.it  scientific  expedition  to 
Egypt,  explored  all  the  conquered  coun- 
tries, and  was  one  of  the  founders  and 
most  active  members  of  the  institute, 
of  which  he  afterwards  became  pro- 
fessor. In  1808  he  went  on  a  great 
Bcientitie  mission  to  Portugal;  in  1S15 
he  was  a  member  of  the  chamber  during 
the  hundred  days;  but,  on  the  return 
of  the  Bourbons,  lie  retired  from  political 
life.  Tlie  great  merit  of  Geotfroy  Saint 
Hihlire  as  a  naturalist  consists  in  his 
discovery  of  the  law  of  unity  that  per- 
vades the  organic  composition  of  all 
animal  bodies — a  theory  glanced  at  by 
Button  and  Goethe  ;  and  in  his  having 
founded  the  theory  of  "  Analogues,"  or 
the  method  by  which  the  identity  of 
organic  materials  is  determined  in  the 
midst  of  all  their  transformations.  W  ith 
him  too  originated  the  doctrine  of  "  de- 
velopment," which  has  found  so  able  a 
supporter  among  ourselves  in  tlie 
author  of  the  "  Vestiyes  of  Creation." 
His  chief  works  are  "  llistoire  Naturelle 
des  Mamm'iferes,"  "Philosophie  Anato- 
miqne,"  "  Principes  de  la  Philosophie 
ZoologiqUe,"  "  Etudes  Progressives," 
&c.     D.  1S44. 

GPX)RGE,  Lewis,  I.,  king  of  Great 
Britain,  was  the  son  of  Ernest  Augustus, 
elector  of  Hanover,  by  Sophia,  daughter 
of  Frederic,  elector-palatine,  and  grand- 
daughter of  James  1.  He  was  b.  in 
1660;  was  trained  to  arms  under  his 
father;  married  his  cousin,  Sophia 
Dorothea,  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Zell, 
1682;  served  in  three  campaigns  with 
the  emperor's  army,  against  the  Turks 
in  Hungary  ,  and  succeeded  to  tlie  elec- 
torate in  1700.  In  1706  he  was  created 
duke  of  Cambridge,  and  succeeded  to 
the  throne  of  England  on  the  death  of 
Queen  Anne,  in  1714.  D.  1727. — Au- 
gustus, II.,  son  of  George  I.,  was  b.  in 
1685:  married  in  1705,  tlie  Princess 
Caroline,  of  Bradcnburg-Anspach,  who 
died  in  1737  ;  went  to  England  with  his 
father  at  the  accession  of  the  latter  ;  was 
created  prince  of  Wales;  and  in  1727 
succeeded  to  the  throne.  D.  176n. — 
III.,  eldest  son  of  Frederic,  prince  of 
Wales,  and  grandson  of  George  II..  was 
b.  June  4,  1738,  being;  the  first  sovereign 
of  the  Hanoverian  line  that  could  boast 
of  England  as  tlie  place  of  his  nativity. 
On  the  death  of  his  father,  in  1751,  his 
education  was  intrusted  to  the  earl  of 
Harcourt  and  the  bishop   of  Norwich; 


though  he  was  greatly  indebted  to  the 
princess-dowager,  his  mother,  for  the 
formation  of  his  mind  and  character 
lb-  ascended  the  throne  on  the  death  of 
his  grandfather,  in  1760,  being  then  in 
his  !J8d  year.  D.  U^O. — IV.,  sou  of 
the  preceding,  succecflred  his  father,  and 
d.  1830. 

GEORGES,  Chevalier  de  St.,  a  vidin- 
ist  and  musical  composer.  He  was  a 
native  of  Guadeloupe,  and  usually  re- 
sided in  Paris,  where,  as  well  as  in  En- 
gland, he  was  equally  celebrated  for  his 
skill  as  a  sword-player  as  for  his  per- 
formances  on  the  violin.     D.  1801. 

GEORG1 A1)ES,  Anastasius,  a  mod- 
ern Greek  author,  b.  in  1770,  at  Philip- 
polis.  He  published  at  Leipsic  a  work 
in  modern  Greek,  called  "  Anthropolo- 
gy," and  another  on  the  pronunciation 
of  ancient  Greek.  He  was  a  physician 
at  Bucharest. 

GER  AN  DO,  Baron  de,  a  distinguish- 
ed writer  on  philosophical  subjects,  was 
b.  at  Lyons,  1772;  took  part  in  1793  in 
the  defence  of  his  native  city  against  the 
troops  of  tlie  convention,  was  forced  to 
flee  in  consequence,  returned  in  1796, 
and  was  prese,  t  at  the  battle  of  Zurich, 
1799.  But  in  the  heart  of  the  camp  he 
had  found  time  to  cultivate  literature, 
for  his  "Comparative  History  of  the 
Systems  of  Philosophy"  attracted  the 
notice  of  Lueien  Bonaparte,  who  made 
him  secretary-general  to  the  minister  of 
the  interior  in  1804  ;  and  in  1805  he  ac- 
companied Napoleon  to  Italy,  where  he 
remained  for  some  years  endeavoring  to 
introduce  the  French  system  of  admin- 
istration. In  1837  he  was  raised  to  the 
peerage.     D.  1842. 

GERARD,  Alexander,  a  Scotch  di- 
vine and  writer,  was  b.  at  Garioch, 
Aberdeenshire,  in  1728.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Aberdeen  and  Edinburgh,  and 
in  1752  lie  became  professor  of  moral 
philosophy  in  Marischal  college.  In 
1759<  he  was  appointed  professor  of  di- 
vinity, took  his  doctor's  degree,  and  in 
1771  he  obtained  the  theological  profes- 
sorship in  King's  college,  Aberdeen. 
He  was  the  author  of  "  An  Essay  on 
Taste,"  "  Dissertations  on  the  Genius 
and  Evidences  of  Christianity,"  "  An 
Essay  on  Genius,"  two  volumes  of  ser- 
mons, and  a  "  Discourse  on  the  Pastoral 
Care." — Fuancois,  a  French  historical 
painter,  of  the  highest  merit.  He  be- 
came, at  the  early  age  of  14,  a  pupil  of 
the  celebrated  David,  and  is  thought  by 
many  good  judges  to  have  equalled,  if 
not  in  some  cases  to  have  surpassed  his 
master.     I  lis  battle-pieces  are  extremely 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


GERj 


erand ;  but  probably  his  portraits  of 
the  Bonaparte  family,  and  of  the  allied 
sovereigns  are  his  finest  achievements. 
B.  177o;  d.  1887. — Louis,  an  eminent 
French  physician  and  botanist,  b.  in 
17:;;.  lie  was  distinguished  for  his  re- 
searches in  various  branches  of  natural 
science;  and  lie  first  noticed  the  natural 
affinities  of  plants,  in  his  "Gerardi 
Flora  Gallo-Provineialis."     D.  1819. 

GERAKD  DE  RAYNEVAL,  Joseph 
Matthias,  a  French  diplomatist,  who 
for  a  long  series  of  years  was  employed 
as  secretary  in  political  missions,  and 
subsequently  became  chief  of  the  divi- 
sion in  the  office  of  foreign  affairs.  lie 
greatly  distinguished  himself  both  by 
his  diplomatic  talents  and  his  published 
opinions.     If.  1786  ;  d.  1S12. 

GEKAED  TllOM,  or  TENQUE, 
founder  of  the  order  of  St.  John  of  Je- 
rusalem, was  b.  at  Amain,  about  the 
year  I114O.  lie  first  visited  Jerusalem 
for  commercial  objects;  but  in  1100  lie 
took  the  religious  habit,  and  associated 
with  others,  who  made  the  vows  of 
chastity,  poverty,  and  obedience:  the 
object  of  their  institution  being  to  de- 
fend Christian  pilgrims  in  their  journey 
to  and  from  the  Holy  Land.  Thus  arose 
the  powerful  order  of  knights  hospital- 
lers of  St.  John,  who  afterwards  became 
the  knights  of  Malta,  and  acquired  such 
distinguished  fame.     D.  1120* 

GERARDE,  John,  an  English  bota- 
nist and  surgeon,  b.  at  Nantwich  in 
Cheshire,  in  1545,  and  d.  in  1607.  He 
was  the  author  of  "  Catalogus  Arborum, 
Fruticum,  et  Plantarnm,"  and  the  "  Her- 
bal, or  General  History  of  Plants,"  a 
work  which  contributed  to  diffuse  a 
iaste  for  botany. 

GERARDEN,  Sebastian,  an  eminent 
French  naturalist:  author  of  "  Tableau 
Elcmentaire  de  Botanique,"  &e.  B. 
1751  ;  d.  1816. 

GEEARDS,  Mark,  a  painter  of  Bru- 
ges, was  b.  in  1561.  About  1580  he 
went  to  England,  and  was  appointed 
painter  to  Queen  Elizabeth.  He  was 
eminent  in  history,  portraits,  and  land- 
scapes.    D.  1685. 

GERBAIS,  Jean,  a  French  civilian, 
doctor  of  the  Sorbonnc,  professor  of 
rhetoric  at  the  royal  college  of  Paris, 
and  principal  of  the  college  of  Rhcims, 
d.  in  that  city  in  1669.  He  wrote  "  De 
Causis  Majoribus,"  "A  Letter  on  the 
Ornaments  and  Luxury  of  Female 
Dress/'  &c. 

GERBELIUS,  Nicholas,  professor  of 
jurisprudence  at  the  university  of  Stras- 
trnrg;  author  of  the  "Life  of  Cuspin- 
37* 


437 


ian,"  a  treatise  on  the  "Rise  and  Pro- 
gress ofthe  Anabaptists,"  &c.     D. 

GERBERT,  Martin,  a  dignified  eccle- 
siastic, born  in  the  Austrian  states  in 
1790.  He  was  prince-abbot  ofthe  Bene- 
dictine monastery  at  St.  Blair,  in  the 
Black  Forest;  and  was  eminent  for  his 
knowledge  of,  and  taste  for,  the  tine 
arts,  particularly  music.  He  travelled 
throughout  the  Continent  for  the  mate- 
rials of  a  work  on  the  history  of  church 
music,  and   in   1774  it  appeared   under 

the  title  of  "De  CantU   et    Musiea  Sacra 

a  prima  Ecclesise  /Etate  usque  ad  pre- 
seus  Tempus."  A  still  more  valuable 
one,  now  very  scarce,  appearc  1  in  17^4, 
entitled  "Scriptores  Ecelesiastiei  de 
Musiea  Sacra  potissimum."     I).  1798. 

GERBIER,  Sir  Balthasar,  a  painter, 
was  b.  at  Antwerp.  1592.  lie  went  to 
England  with  Rubens,  and  was  knight- 
ed by  Charles  L,  who  made  him  his 
agent  at  Brussels,  and  employed  him  in 
different  negotiations.  At  the  restora- 
tion he  prepared  the  triumphal  arches 
for  the  reception  of  the   king.     J).  1667. 

GERBILLON,  John  Francis,  a  Jesuit 
missionary  in  China,  b.  in  1654.  Ho 
wrote  "  Observations  on  Great  Tartary," 
and  an  account  of  his  travels  is  inserted 
iu  Du  Halde's  History  of  China.  He 
was  in  great  favor  with  the  emperor,  for 
whom  he  composed  the  "  Elements  of 
Geometry,"  and  was  his  instructor  in 
mathematics  and  philosophy.  He  was 
allowed  to  preach  the  Christian  religion 
in  China,  and  finally  became  superior- 
general  of  all  the  Jesuit  missionaries 
sent  from  France.      D.  at  Pekin  in  17o7. 

GEEMANICUS,  Cesar,  the  son  of 
Claudius  Drusiis  Nero,  and  the  younger 
Antonia,  a  niece  of  Augustus,  was 
adopted  by  Tiberius,  his  paternal  uncle. 
He  was  at  the  head  of  the  Roman  armies 
in  Germany  when  Augustus  died  ;  and 
after  gaining  many  great  victories  there, 
Tiberius,  jealous  of  his  nephew's  glory, 
called  him  home  under  pretence  of 
granting  him  a  triumph.  In  or  ler, 
however,  to  get  rid  of  a  man  whoso 
popularity  appeared  dangerous,  he  sent 
him,  invested  with  almost  absolute  pow- 
er, into  the  East,  where  he  died,  under 
strong  suspicions  of  being  poisoned, 
a.  n.  1'.',  aged  04.  His  death  was  regard- 
ed at  Rome  as  a  public  loss,  and  all  the 
houses  were  closed  on  the  day  of  his 
funeral. 

GERMAM'S,  patriarch  of  Const:  nti- 
nople  in  the  8th  century,  was  a  zealous 
defender  of  image-worship,  for  which 
he  was  degraded,  in  a  council  held  at 
Constantinople,  in  730.    D.  74.0. 


438 


CYCLOP.EDIA    01'    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ges 


GERXSTXER,  France  Antiiont, 
chevalier  de,  a  distinguished  Austrian 
engineer.  He  constructed  the  railroad 
from  Bu  Iwcis  to  Liutz,  and  p.irt  of  that 
from  Moscow  to  St.  Petersburg.  He 
published  an  important  and  elaborate 
work  on  "  Practical  Mechanics."  D.  at 
i'hiladelpMa,  L839. 

GERE  I',  Elckioge,  one  of  the  sign- 
ers of  the  declaration  of  independence, 
and  vice-president  of  the  United  States, 
W*S  b.  at  Marblehead,  Mass.,  in  1744. 
and  received  his  education  at  Harvard 
co  ege.  He  was  graduated  at  this  insti- 
tution in  1762,  and  afterwards  engaging 
in  mercantile  pursuits,  am  issed  a  con- 
siderable fortune.  He  took  an  earls- 
part  in  the  controversies  between  the 
colonies  and  Great  Britain,  and  in  1772 
was  elected  a  representative,  from  his 
native  town,  in  the  legislature  of  Massa- 
chusetts. In  177(5  he  was  elected  a  dele- 
gate to  the  continental  congress,  where 
for  several  years  he  exhibited  the  ut- 
most zeal  and  fidelity  in  t lie  discharge 
of  numerous  and  severe  oMieial  labors. 
In  1734  Mr.  Gerry  was  re-elected  a  mem- 
ber of  congress,  and  in  1 7^7  was  chosen 
s  delegate  to  the  convention  which  as- 
sembled at  Philadelphia,  to  revise  the 
articles  of  confederation.  In  17s'.1  he 
was  again  elected  to  congress,  and  re- 
mained in  that  body  for  four  years, 
when  nc  retired  into  private  life  till  the 
year  17;<7,  when  he  was  appointed  to 
accompany  Genend  Pinckncy  and  Mr. 
M  irshall  on  a  special  mission  to  France. 
In  October,  1798,  Mr.  Gerry  returned 
home,  having  been  elected  governor 
of  his  native  state,  and  in  1812  vice- 
president  of  the  United  States,  he  d.  at 
Washington,  1814. 

GERSON,  John-  Charlier  de,  an 
eminent  French  divine,  b.  at  Gerson,  in 
Ciiampagne,  in  1363.  He  was  chancellor 
of  the  university  of  Paris,  and  canon  of 
Notre  Dame ;  and  he  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  piety,  his  writings,  and  his 
defence  of  the'  council  of  Constance 
against  the  authority  of  the  pope.  D. 
1421. — John,  abbot  ofVercei,  in  the  12th 
century,  by  whom  the  book  entitled 
'•  De  Imitations  Christi."  which  bears 
the  name  of  Thomas  a-Kempis,  was,  as 
it  now  ;q    >e  irs,  really  written. 

GERS  fEiX,  Christian  Louis,  a  math- 
matieian,  was  b.  at  Giesseu,  in  1701 ; 
appointed  to  the  professorship  of  mathe- 
matics there  in  1733 ;  but  afterwards 
deprived  of  it  for  not  submitting  to  the 
decision  of  a  court  of  justice  in  a  law- 
suit. D.  in  1762.  He  wrote  some  Latin 
works  on  barometrical  observations,  a 


"  New  Method  of  calculating  Eclipses," 
evrc. 

GERVAISE,  Armand  Francis,  a 
French  ecclesiastic  of  the  order  of  the 
Carmelites.  He  abridged  the  works  of 
St  I  lyprian,  and  wrote  his  life.  He  was 
also  the  author  of  the  lives  of  Abelard 
and  He'loise,  and  other  biographical  and 
theological  works.  D.  1744.— Xicholas, 
brother  of  the  preceding.  He  went  to 
Siam,  where  he  remained  four  years  as 
a  missionary:  and  on  his  return  pub- 
lished the  natural  and  civil  history  of 
that  kingdom;  also,  a  description  of 
Macassar.  Af.er  a  time  he  was  conse- 
crate 1  bishop  of  Horren,  m  Guiana,  and 
went  thither  ;  but  was  murdered,  with 
all  his  clergv,  by  the  natives,  in  1729. 

GESENIUS,  Frederic  Henry  Wil- 
liam, one  of  the  most  distinguished 
orientalists  of  modern  times,  was  b.  at 
Xordhausen.  17si.  He  was  professor 
of  theology  at  Halle  :  and  during  the  30 
years  that  he  lectured  in  that  universi- 
ty, he  published  numerous  works,  which 
have  made  a  new  era  in  oriental  litera- 
ture. His  "Hebrew  Grammar,"  and 
many  analogous  productions  enjoy  a 
universal  reputation,  .nd  some  of  them 
are  translated  into  most  European  lan- 
irua-rcs.     D.  1842. 

GESNER,  Conrad,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician ami  naturalist,  was  b.  at  Zurich, 
in  Switzerland,  in  1516,  and  was  profes- 
sor of  philosophy  there  for  24  years. 
me  as  a  botanist  was  spread  over 
Europe,  and  he  maintained  a  correspond- 
i  ence  with  learned  men  of  all  countries. 
lie  wrote  numerous  able  works  on  dif- 
ferent branches  of  natural  history,  of 
which  his  "Historia  Animalium"  is 
reckone  I  his  greatest  performance,  and 
1  procure  1  him  the  appellation  of  the 
Pliny  of  Germany.  His  "Bibliotheca 
Universalis,"  a  full  catalogue  of  all  wri- 
(  ters  extant,  in  three  languages,  Greek, 
Latin,  and  Hebrew,  is  a  monument  of 
i  immense  learning  and  industry.  He 
j  otherwise  rendered  much  service  to 
science,  and  for  his  various  and  srreat 
merits  he  was  ennobled.  D.  1561. — 
Solom  >n.  a  poet  and  painter,  was  b.  at 
Zurich,  in  1730.  He  was  placed  under 
a  bookseller  at  Berlin,  but  soon  eloped 
from  his  master,  and  employed  his  time 
in  piinting  an  1  poetry.  On  his  return 
to  Zurich  he  published  "  Daphnis," 
which  was  followed  by  "  Iiiide  and  Ya- 
rieo :"  but  his  fame  was  established  by 
his  '-Idylls  and  Pastorals."  He  next 
ad  led  to  his  celebrity  by  the  very  popu- 
lar piece  of  "The  Death 'of  Abel."  which 
appeared  in  175S,  and  made  his  name 


31 B] 


CTCLOP.-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHT. 


439 


known  throughout  Europe.  He  then 
published  his  "  First  Navigator,"  "  Mor- 
al Talcs,-'  "Dramas,"  &c;  and  after- 
wards turned  his  attention  more  par- 
ticularly to  painting  and  engraving,  and 
produced  several  landscapes;  at  the 
same  time  instructing  with  Ins  pen, 
while  he  pleased  the  eye,  and  contribu- 
ted to  the  progress  of  art.     D.  17SS. 

GESSNER,  John  Matthias,  a  pro- 
found scholar  and  critic,  was  b.  at  Both, 
in  Anspach,  in  1691.  His  most  esteemed 
works  are  editions  of  some  of  the  clas- 
sics, and  an  excellent  Latin  Thesaurus. 
GETA,  Seitimu's  Antomds,  second 
BtX.  of  the  Emperor  Severus,  and  bro- 
thei  of  the  infamous  Caracalla,  whom  he 
joined  in  the  government  on  the  death 
of  his- father.  He  was  b.  1S9,  and  had 
not  readied  his  23d  year  when  the  Ro- 
mans had  to  lament  his  untimely  death. 
GEZELIU.S,  John,  bishop  of  Abo. 
the  capital  of  Finland,  was  the  author 
of  a  •■  Peutaglot  Dictionary,"'  an  abridg- 
ed "  Encyclopaedia  of  the  Scienc  -."  &c 
B.  1651;  d.  16  0. — John,  his  son,  who 
succeeded  him  in  the  bishopric,  was 
also  a  learned  scholar,  and  translated 
the  Bible  into  the  Finlandish  tongue. 
D.  1718. 

GHERARDESCA,  Ugolina  della, 
immortalized  in  the  "  Inferno"  of  Dante, 
under  the  appellation  of  Count  Ugolino, 
was  a  Neapolitan,  who,  in  the  13th  cen- 
tury endeavored  to  usurp  the  govern- 
ment of  Pisa,  and  found  a  new  princi- 
pality, after  the  example  of  Della  Scala 
at  Verona.  After  a  time  he  succeeded, 
but  governed  his  countrymen  with  great 
despotism;  and  Roger  d'Ubaldini,  the 
archbishop  of  Pisa,  who  was  as  cruel 
and  ambitious  as  himself,  formed  a  con- 
spiracy against  him,  the  result  of  which 
was,  that  Count  Ugolino  was  attacked  in 
his  palace,  and,  after  a  brave  resistance, 
taken  prisoner,  with  three  of  his  sons 
and  one  of  his  grandsons,  all  of  whom 
were  imprisoned,  and  left  to  die  of  star- 
vation. 

(ilIEZZI,  Sebastian',  Joseph,  and  Pe- 
ter Leo,  father,  son,  and  grandson ; 
th;ee  Italian  artists  ofthe  17th  and  18th 
centuries,  each  of  whom  was  more  or 
less  eminent  in  ornamenting  churches 
and  i.;]  ices. 

GHIBERTT,  Lorenzo,  a  celebrated 
sculptor,  b.  in  1378,  at  Florence,  who 
early  learned  the  arts  of  drawing,  model- 
ing, and  easting  metals.  At  Florence  lie 
executed  two  bronze  doors,  which  still 
jdorn  the  baptistery  of  St.  John,  and, 
according  to  the  hyperbolical  praise  of 
Michael  Angelo,  were  worthy  o(  decora- 


ting the  entrance  to  paradise.  It  con- 
tains 24  panels,  representing  various 
subjects  from  the  New  Testament,  D. 
145.5. 

GIIIRLANDAIO.  Domenico,  one  of 
the  elder  Florentine  painters,  was  dis- 
tinguished for  fertility  of  invention,  and 
has  therefore  been  imitated  bv  later  ar- 
tists. He  was  b.  1449,  and'  had  the 
honor  of  being  teacher  to  Michael  Ange- 
lo.— Riqolpho,  his  boii,  was  also  an  ex- 
cellent artist,  and  highly  esteemed  b7 
Raphael.    D. 

GIAMBERTI,  Fbancesco,  a  Floren 
tine  architect  of  the  15th  century,  who 
made  the  designs  for  many  buildings  in 
Florence  and  Rome,  composed  a  work 
containing  the  drawings  of  ancient 
monuments  remaining  in  the  Roman 
territory  and  Greece.— Guliano,  his 
son,  was  architect,  sculptor,  and  engi- 
neer to  the  house  of  Medici ;  built  a 
magnificent  palace  for  the  Grand-duke 
Lorenzo,  besides  many  other  palaces, 
churches,  and  fortresses;  in  short,  ho 
was  one  of  the  first  architects  of  the 
age.     B.  1443  :  d.  1517. 

GIANNONJ5,  Peter,  a  fearless  histo- 
rian, was  b.  at  Ischitella,  in  Apulia,  in 
1676,  and  became  an  advocate  at  Naples. 
He  wrote  a  valuable  "  History  of  Naples, " 
in  which  he  gave  great  offence  to  the 
court  of  Rome,  and  exposed  him  to  its 
fury.  His  book  was  prohibited,  himself 
excommunicated,  and,  after  having  been 
driven  into  exile,  he  d.  at  Turin,  in  1738. 

GIBBON,  Edward,  the  celebrated 
historian,  was  b.  at  Putney,  in  1737; 
sent  to  Westminster  school,  bnt  soon 
transferred  to  a  private  tutor ;  then  to 
M  g  '.alen  college,  Oxford,  for  a  short 
time,  and  finally  to  Lausanne,  where  he 
renounced  the  Roman  Catholic  faith, 
without  embracing  any  other,  and  be- 
came a  confirmed  skeptic.  On  return- 
ing to  England  he  entered  upon  the 
duties  of  active  life,  bnt  read  much,  ard 
prepared  himself  for  authorship.  In 
1763  he  went  on  his  travels  ;  and  while 
sitting  amidst  the  ruins  ofthe  capitol  at 
Rome,  he  formed  the  idea  of  writing  the 
history  of  the  decline  and  fall  of  that 
city.  In  the  mean  time  he  joined  M. 
Deyvurdun  in  a  journal  called  "  Me- 
moires  Litteraires  de  la  Grand  Bre- 
tasrne,"  which  met  with  no  success.  In 
1770  he  began  his  celebrated  history  of 
the  "  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman 
Empire  ;"  the  1st  vol.  of  which,  in  4to., 
776;  the  2d  and  3d  in 
1751 ;  and  the  concluding  three  vols,  in 
1788.  Previous  to  this  undertaking,  Mr. 
Gibbon  was  chosen  into  parliament  lbi 


440 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


Liskeard ;  and  when  hostilities  com- 
menced between  England  and  France, 
in  1778,  he  \v;is  employed  to  draw  up  the 
manifesto  on  that  occasion ;  for  which 
he  was  made  commissioner  of  the  board 
of  trade,  but  lost  the  place  on  the  change 
of  administration  in  1783.  He  then 
went  to  rcsi  le  at  Lausanne,  where  he 
continued  till  the  French  revolution 
obliged  him  to  return  to  England.  D. 
17t>4. 

GIBBONS,  Grinling.  an  eminent 
sculptor  an  1  statuary,  was  b.  in  London 
about  tie  middle  of  the  17th  century. 
Hie  flowers  and  foliage  carved  in  wood 
have  almost  the  lightness  of  nature ; 
and  he  executed  several  fine  pieces  also 
in  marble  and  bronze.  Amongst  his 
works  are  St.  Paul's  and  Windsor  choirs, 
the  woo  leu  throne  at  Canterbury,  the 
monument  of  Viscount  Camden,  at  Ex- 
ton,  in  Rutlandshire,  the  font  n  St. 
James's  church,  the  statue  of  Chai  les  II. 
at  Charing-cross,  and  that  of  James  II. 
in  Privy  gardens.     D.  1721. 

GIBBS,  Jame^.  an  architect,  was  b.  at 
Aberdeen,  in  16s3.  He  designed  the 
churches  of  St.  Martin's  and  St.  Mary- 
le-Strand,  London;  the  senate-house, 
and  the  new  buildings  of  Kind's  college, 
Cambridge;  the  Rudclitfe  library,  Ox- 
ford, &c.  D.  1754. — Sir  Vicary,  chief 
justice  of  the  common  pleas,  was  b.  in 
1752,  at  Exeter.  On  the  death  of  Mr. 
Richard  Burke,  he  was  appointed  re- 
corder of  Bristol,  and  was  soon  distin- 
guished as  an  eloquent  pleader  and  an 
able  advocate.  The  trials  of  Home 
Tooke,  Hardy,  and  others,  for  high 
treason,  brought  the  talents  of  Mr.  Gibbs 
still  more  conspicuously  before  the  pub- 
lic ;  and  soon  after  he  became  kind's 
counsel.  He  was  also  elected  into  par- 
liament for  the  university  of  Cambridge  ; 
made  chief  justice  of  Chester;  next  so- 
licitor, and  afterwards  attorney-general, 
with  the  honor  of  knighthood.  In  1813 
he  was  appointed  a  puisne  judee  of  the 
common  pleas;  and,  the  year  following, 
lord  chief  justice.  After  discharging  the 
duties  of  this  office  about  four  years,  he 
resigned  it,  nt  the  end  of  ISIS,  on  ac- 
count of  infirmities,  and  d.  1820. 

GIBSON,  Edmund,  a  learned  prelate 
and  antiquary,  who  was  b.  at  Knipe, 
Westmoreland,  in  1«*>9.  In  1691  he 
published  a  new  edition  of  Drum- 
mond's  "  Polemo  Middiana,"  and  James 
V.  of  Sco'dand's  "Cantilena  Rustica;" 
transhrel  the  "Saxon  Chronicle"  and 
Cam  leu's  "Britannia;"  and  produced 
several  original  works,  the  principal  of 
which  was  his  "  Codex  Juris  Ecclesi- 


astici  Anglicani."  In  1715  he  wl.i 
made  bishop  of  Lincoln;  was  transferred 
to  London  in  1720,  and  d.  1748. — Rich- 
ard, known  by  the  name  of  the  Dwarf, 
an  English  painter  in  the  time  of  Sir 
Peter  Lely,  whose  manner  he  studied. 
In  his  youth  he  was  servant  to  a  lady  at 
Mortlake,  who,  perceiving  his  taste  for 
painting,  put  him  under  De  Cleyn,  for 
instruction.  He  was  page  to  Charles  L, 
and  when  he  married  Mrs.  Anne  Shep- 
herd, who  was  also  a  dwarf,  the  king 
gave  away  the  bride.  They  were  of 
equal  stature,  each  measuring  3  ft.  10  in. 
They  had  nine  children,  five  of  whom 
arrived  at  years  of  maturity,  and  vcre 
of  the  usual  stature.  Gibson  d.  in  his 
75th  year,  and  his  wife  in  1709,  at  the 
a?e  of  89. — John,  General,  a  soldier  of 
the  French  war,  and  also  of  the  Ameri- 
can revolutionary  war,  was  b.  in  Lan- 
caster, Pennsylvania,  1740.  He  early 
served  under  General  Forbes  in  the 
expedition  to  Fort  du  Quesne,  which 
was  occupied  Nov.  25,  1758,  and  called 
Pittsburjj.  Here  he  remained  as  an 
Indian  trader.  In  1763  he  was  captured 
by  the  Indians,  and  adopted  by  a  squaw, 
whose  son  he  had  slain  in  battle.  He 
had  thus  an  opportunity  to  acquire  a 
knowledge  of  several  Indian  languages. 
On  being  released  he  again  settled  at 
Pittsburg.  In  1774  he  was  an  import- 
ant agent  in  making  the  Indian  treaty 
entered  into  by  Governor  Dunmore. 
On  this  occasion  Logan's  celebrated 
speech  was  delivered,  of  which  Colonel 
Gibson  was  the  interpreter.  On  the 
commencement  of  the  revolutionary  war 
he  was  appointed  the  colonel  of  a  Vir- 
ginia regiment,  of  which  he  was  in  com- 
mand at  the  close  of  the  war.  Residing 
at  Pittsburg,  he  was  in  1788  a  member 
of  the  Pennsylvania  convention  ;  lie  was 
also  associate  judge,  and  major-general 
of  militia.  In  1800  he  was  appointed 
secretary  of  the  territory  of  Indiana,  and 
held  the  office  till  1816,  when  the  terri- 
tory became  a  state.     D.  1S22. 

GIFFORI),  John,  a  political  and  his- 
torical writer,  whose  real  name  was  John' 
Richard  Green,  was  b.  1758.  He  con- 
tributed to  the  establishment  of  the 
"British  Critic,"  and  afterwards  of  the 
"  Anti-Jacobin  Review,"  which  last 
arose  out  of  a  newspaper  of  the  same 
name.  He  also  wrote  "The  History  of 
France,"  the  "  History  of  the  French 
Revolution,"  and  "The  Life  of  the 
Right  Hon.  William  Pitt."  D.  ISIS.— 
William,  a  celebrated  critic  and  satirist, 
was  b.  at  Ashburton,  Devon.  His  father, 
who  was  a  plumber  and  glazier,  at  South 


gil] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


441 


Molt3ii,  died  when  he  was  12  years  old. 
The  widow  soon  followed  her  husband 
to  the  grave;  and  the  orphan  was  at 
first  sent  to  sea  in  a  coasting  vessel,  but 
shortly  after  apprenticed  to  a  shoemaker 
in  his  native  town.  There  he  remained 
till  he  was  in  his  20th  year;  but  being 
disgusted  with  his  employment,  and 
evincing  talents  of  a  superior  order.  Mr. 
Cookesley,  a  surgeon  of  the  town,  pro- 
posed to  some  of  the  inhabitants  to  raise 
a  subscription,  with  a  view  of  purcha- 
sing his  freedom,  and  giving  liim  an 
education.  This  being  effected,  he  was 
Be  t  to  Oxford,  to  pursue  studies  more 
congenial  to  his  mind.  In  1791  he 
pi  olished  "The  Baviad,"  a  poetical 
sat  re,  in  which  he  severely  lashed  the 
po  ;ts  and  poetasters  of  the  day ;  and, 
in  1794,  appeared  "  The  Mseviad,"  a 
satire  on  the  degraded  state  of  the 
drama.  In  1797,  Mr.  Gilford  became 
editor  of  the  "  Anti-Jacobin,"  a  weekly 
paper,  established  by  Mr.  Canning.  This 
publication,  which  continued  only  one 
year,  involved  him  in  a  quarrel  with  Dr. 
Wolcot,  against  whom  he  published  a 
poetical  squib,  entitled  "  An  Epistle  to 
Peter  Pindar."  In  1802  appeared  his 
translation  of  Juvenal ;  in  1805  an  edi- 
tion of  Massinger's  plays;  and,  subse- 
quently, the  works  of  Ben  Jonson,  Ford, 
and  Shirley;  but  it  was  in  his  capacity 
of  editor  of  the  "Quarterly  Eeview," 
(which  he  conducted  from  its  com- 
mencement in  1809  till  1824,)  that  he 
was  most  generally  known.     D.  1826. 

GIGLI,  Jerome,  an  Italian  poet,  b.  at 
Sienna,  16(50,  whose  attacks  upon  the 
Academy  Delia  Crusca,  and  caustic  wit, 
as  well  as  his  lyrical  and  dramatic  pro- 
ductions, gave  him  great  popularity. 
He  was  compelled  however,  at  Rome,  to 
retract  all  his  offensive  opinions,  and  he 
d.  1722,  in  such  poverty  that  his  funeral 
expenses  were  paid  by  some  charitable 
monks. 

GILBERT,  Davies,  an  eminent  man 
of  science,  vice-president  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  member  of  numerous  other 
learned  and  scientific  societies,  was  b. 
at  St.  Erth,  in  Cornwall,  1767.  His 
family  name  was  Giddy,  but  having,  in 
1808,"  married  the  daughter  of  a  wealthy 
Sussex  gentleman  named  Gilbert,  he 
assumed  his  name  and  arms  in  1817. 
He  contributed  several  papers  to  the 
transactions  of  scientific  societies,  and 
published  "A  Plain  Statement  of  the 
Bullion  Question."  He  represented  the 
borough  of  Bodmin  in  parliament  from 
1806  to  1832.  D.  1840.— Sir  Humphrey, 
an  enterprising  English  navigator  in  the 


reign  of  Elizabeth,  was  b.  at  Dartmouth, 
in  1539.  He  published,  in  1576,  a  dis- 
course to  prove  the  practicability  of  a 
northwest  passage  to  China;  and  in 
1578  he  himself  sailed  on  a  voyage  of 
discovery  to  the  coast  of  America.  In 
a  second  voyage,  in  1583,  he  took  pos- 
session of  Newfoundland  ;  but  his  ship 
foundered  on  her  return  to  England,  and 
all  on  board  perished. — William,  a  phy- 
sician, and  experimental  philosopher, 
who  discovered  several  of  the  properties 
of  the  loadstone,  was  b.  at  Colchester, 
in  1540',  elected  a  fellow  of  the  college 
of  physicians,  and  became  physician  to 
Queen  Elizabeth.  He  was  a  BtreUMOUS 
advocate  for  the  inductive  mode  of  phil- 
osophical matters,  and  was  the  first  who 
asserted  the  theory  of  a  great  central 
magnet  in  the  earth,  afterwards  applied 
by  Dr.  Halley  to  the  explanation  of  the 
variation  and  dipping  of  the  needle  in 
the  mariner's  compass.    D.  1603. 

GILD  AS,  surnamed  the  Wise,  a  Brit- 
ish ecclesiastic  and  historian  of  the  6th 
century,  was  the  son  of  Caw,  a  British 
prince,  who  emigrated  to  North  Wales, 
in  order  to  avoid  submissioL  'o  the  An- 
glo-Saxons. He  appears  to  have  been  a 
monk;  and,  after  residing  in  one  of  the 
small  isles  called  the  Holmes,  in  the 
Bristol  Channel,  retired  to  the  abbey  of 
Glastonbury,  where  he  died.  A  book, 
ascribed  to  Gildas,  has  been  repeatedly 
published,  entitled  "  Epistola  de  Excidio 
Britanniece,  et  Castigatio  Ordinis  Eecle- 
siastici ;"  but  it  exhibits  so  frightful  a 
picture  of  the  depravity  of  manners, 
which  pervaded  all  classes  of  Britons, 
that  its  authenticity  has  been  questioned 
by  some  critics,  who  presume  it  must 
have  been  the  work  of  a  foe  rather  than 
of  a  friend  to  their  race.     D.  570. 

GILES,  William  Branch,  b.  in  Ame- 
lia county,  Va.,  1762,  was  governor  of 
Virginia,  and  for  many  years  a  member 
of  congress  from  that  state,  both  in  the 
senate,  and  house  of  representatives. 
He  was  governor  of  Virginia  from  1826 
to  1S29.  He  published  a  speech  on  the 
embargo  laws,  1808  ;  political  letters  to 
the  people  of  Virginia,  1S13;  a  series  of 
letters,  signed  a  Constituent,  in  the 
"Richmond  Enquirer"  of  Jan.,  1818, 
against  the  plan  for  a  general  education  ; 
in  April,  1824,  and  a  singular  letter  of 
invective  against  President  Monroe  and 
Mr.  Clay  for  their  "hobbies,"  the  South 
America  cause,  the  Greek  cause,  internal 
improvements,  and  the  tariff.  In  Nov., 
L825,  he  addressed  a  letter  to  Judge 
Marshall,  disclaiming  the  expressions, 
not  the  general  sentiments,  in  regard  to 


U2 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[aio 


"Washington,  ascribed  to  him  in  the  life 
of  Washington.  Ho  has  also  appeared 
before  the  public  as  the  correspondent 
of  .John  Qmncy  Adams.     D.  18  JO. 

GILL,  Alexander,  a  famous  school- 
master, was  b.  in  Lincolnshire,  in  1564. 
In  1608  he  became  master  of  St.  Paul's 
school,  where  he  brought  up  many  emi- 
nent persons,  and  among  the  rest  John 
Milton.  Dr.  Gill  wrote  a  "Treatise 
concerning  the  Trinity  in  Unity," 
"  Logonomia  Anglica,"  "Sacred  Phi- 
losophy of  the  Holy  Scripture,"  &c. — 
Alexander,  his  son,  who  succeeded 
him  in  the  head-mastership  of  St.  Paul's 
school,  had  also  the  honor  of  having 
Milton  for  his  scholar  while  he  was  at 
Trinity  college,  Oxford,  and  it  appears 
that  the  pupil  had  a  great  esteem  for 
Ids  preceptor  in  after  life.  D.  16-42. — 
John,  a  divjne  of  the  Baptist  persuasion, 
was  b.  at  Kettering,  in  Northampton- 
shire, 1697.  His  education  was  limited, 
owing  to  the  contracted  circumstances 
of  his  parents,  but,  by  application,  he 
became  a  good  classical  and  oriental 
scholar.  He  commenced  as  a  preacher 
at  Higham  Ferrers,  from  whence  he 
removed  to  a  congregation  at  Horsley- 
down,  Southwark.  He  wrote  an  "  Ex- 
position of  the  Song  of  Solomon,"  and 
'■  The  Cause  of  God  and  Truth."  But 
his  threat  work  was  an  "Exposition  of 
the  Bible." 

GILLIES,  John,  was  b.  at  Brechin, 
Forfarshire,  1747.  He  was  appointed 
historiographer  for  Scotland  on  the 
death  of  Dr.  Robinson,  and  he  con- 
tinued his  literary  labors  to  a  late  period 
of  his  life.  His  chief  works  are,  "  A 
History  of  Ancient  Greece,"  "  The 
Keign  of  Frederic  II.,"  "  History  of  the 
World,  from  Alexander  to  Augustus," 
translations  from  Aristotle,  lsocrates, 
<fcc.     D.  1836,  aged  i»0. 

GILPIN,  Bernard,  one  of  the  En- 
glish Protestant  reformers,  was  b.  at 
Kentmire,  in  Westmoreland,  in  1517. 
By  reading  the  works  of  Erasmus,  he 
secretly  embraced  the  principles  of  the 
reformation.  In  1556  he  was  presented 
by  his  uncle  to  the  archdeanery  of  Dur- 
ham, and  the  rectory  of  Easington, 
where  he  labored  with  zeal ;  and,  in  his 
capacity  of  archdeacon,  made  strict  vis- 
itations, being  a  great  enemy  to  non- 
residence  and  pluralities.  He  was  next 
presented  to  the  rectory  of  Hougbton- 
le-Spring,  where  his  labors  in  promoting 
the  Protestant  faith  were  so  remarkable, 
that  Bishop  Bonner  threatened  to  bring 
him  to  the  stake  in  a  fortnight,  and  sent 
i  messenger  into  the  north  for  that  pur- 


pose. In  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  lie  wan 
offered  the  bishopric  of  Carlisle,  and  the 
provostship  of  Queen's  college;  but  re- 
fused both,  contenting  himself  with 
Houghton,  where  he  d.,  deeply  lamented 
by  his  parishioners,  in  1588. — William. 
a  divine  of  the  church  of  England,  and 
an  elegant  writer,  was  b.  in  17^4,  at 
Carlisle.  He  published  the  "  Life  of 
Bernard  Gilpin,"  his  ancestor,  above- 
mentioned  ;  the  "  Lives  of  Latimer, 
Wieklitf,  Huss,  and  Archbishop  Crau- 
mer,"  an  "Exposition  of  the  New  Tes- 
tament," "Observations  relative  to  Pic- 
turesque Beauty,"  a  "  Tour  to  the 
Lakes,"  "Remarks  on  Forest  Scenery," 
"  Sermons  to  a  Country  Congregation," 
"Moral  Contrasts,"  &c.  I).  1804.  — 
Sawrev,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was 
b.  at  Carlisle  in  1733.  He  was  placed 
with  a  ship-painter,  and  his  first  works 
which  attracted  notice  were  some  mar- 
ket groups,  which  he  sketched  from  his 
window.  But  it  was  principally  as  an 
animal  painter  that  he  acquired  Ins  rep- 
utation, though  his  historical  subjects 
were  above  mediocrity.     D.  1807. 

GIL  POLO,  Gaspar,  a  Spanish  poet 
and  advocate,  was  b.  at  Valencia  in  1516, 
and  d.  there  in  1572.  He  is  the  author 
of  "Diana  Enamorada,"  so  highly  ex- 
tolled by  Cervantes,  as  combining  ele- 
gance, sweetness,  and  purity. 

G1LRAY.  James,  a  celebrated  carica- 
turist, unrivalled  in  his  art  for  the  rich 
broad  humor  and  keen  satire  of  his 
ready  pencil.     D.  1815. 

GIL  VICENTE,  a  Portuguese  dram- 
atist of  the  16th  century,  who  wrote 
nearly  fifty  plays,  and  excelled  all  the 
dramatic  writers  of  that  period  in  ele- 
gance of  style  and  fertility  of  invention, 
lie  was  b.  at  Baroxdlos,  in  1485,  and  d. 
at  Evora,  in  1557. 

GINGUENE,  Peter  Louis,  a  French 
writer,  b.  in  1748,  at  Rennes,  in  Britany, 
was  descended  from  an  ancient  but  im- 
poverished family,  and  obtained  a  small 
government  office.  At  the  revolution, 
in  which  he  took  an  active  part,  he  as- 
sociated himself  with  the  more  moderate 
writers  upon  the  affairs  of  the  time's,  and 
narrowly  escaped  the  scaffold  during  the 
reign  of  the  Jacobins.  The  directory 
appointed  him  ambassador  at  Turin,  and 
Bonaparte  gave  him  a  seat  in  the  senate. 
Upon  bein.i?  removed  from  this  he  ap- 
plied himself  wholly  to  literature.  The 
wcrk  to  which  he  is  chiefly  indebted 
for  his  fame  is  his  "  Histoire  Litterairo 
d'  Italic."     D.  1816. 

GIOCONDO,  or  JOCUNDUS,  John, 
an  Italian  architect  and  antiquarian,  b. 


3IR] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOOKAl'UV. 


443 


at  Verona  about  the  middle  of  the  15th 

century.  lie  built  the  bridge  of  Notre 
Dame,  at  Paris,  ami  various  other  edi- 
fices both  there  and  in  Italy;  fortified 
the  city  of  Treviso,  and  was  summoned 
to  Rome  by  Leo  X.  after  the  death  of 
Bramante,  to  assist  in  the  building  of 
St.  Peter's.  He  belonged  to  the  Domin- 
ican order,  and  as  an  antiquary  and  a 
literary  character  he  also  greatly  dis- 
tinguished himself. 

GIORDANO,  Luca,  a  Neapolitan 
painter,  the  pupil  of  Spagnoletto  and 
Peter  of  Cortona,  who  imitated  the  style 
ff  Titian  so  closely  that  his  pictures  are 
not,  easily  distinguished  from  the  works 
of  that  great  master.  In  fact,  he  imi- 
tated the  best  artists  so  successfully, 
that  even  connoisseurs  were  often  de- 
ceived, while  his  celerity  of  execution 
was  wonderful.     P>.  1632;  d.  1704. 

GlOliGlONE,  or  George  Barbarellt, 
was  an  eminent  painter  of  the  Venetian 
school,  b.  in  1477,  at  Castelfraneo.  He 
received  his  first  instructions  from  John 
Bellino ;  but  studying  afterwards  the 
works  of  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  he  soon 
surpassed  them  both,  and  became  the 
first  colorist  of  his  time.  He  d.  of  the 
plague,  in  1511.  Giorgione  excelled  in 
fresco  painting,  and  was  the  first  of  the 
Lombard  school  who  found  out  the 
effects  of  properly  contrasting  strong 
lights  with  strong  shadows. 

GIOTTO,  or  ANGIOLOTTO,  an  in- 
genious painter,  sculptor,  and  architect 
of  Florence,  was  b.  in  1276.  He  was 
the  son  of  a  peasant,  and  his  real  name 
was  Amhrogiotto  Burdone ;  but  being 
observed  by  Cimabue  drawing  figures 
on  the  ground  while  feeding  his  sheep, 
he  took  him.  and  instructed  him  in  the 
art  of  painting.  He  soon  surpassed  his 
master,  and  acquired  such  a  reputation 
that  Benedict  IX.  sent  a  person  to  Tus- 
cany to  make  a  report  of  his  talents,  and 
to  bring  a  design  from  each  of  the  Flo- 
rentine artists.  When  the  messenger 
came  to  Giotto,  and  informed  him  of  his 
business,  the  painter  took  a  sheet  of 
paper,  and,  with  one  stroke  of  his  pen- 
cil, drew  a  circle  as  perfect  as  if  it  had 
been  performed  by  a  pair  of  compasses. 
On  presenting  this,  the  man  said,  "  I 
want  a  design ;"  to  which  Giotto  re- 
plied, "  Go  about  your  business  ;  bis 
holiness  asks  nothing  else  of  me."  The 
pope  on  being  made  acquainted  with 
this,  sent  for  him  to  Rome,  where,  be- 
sides painting  many  pictures,  he  made 
a  shipof  mosaic,  which  is  over  the  por- 
tico at  the  entrance  of  St.  Peter's  church, 
■tnd  is  still  known  by  the  name  of  Gi- 


otto's vessel.  In  1SC4  lie  undertook  the 
famous  tower  of  Santa  Maria  del  Fiore, 
at  Florence,  for  which  he  was  made  a 
citizen,  and  rewarded  with  a  neision. 
D.  1886. 

GIRALDI,  Lilio  Gregorio,  retter 
known  by  his  Latin  name  ofGntALDin, 
a  learned  Italian  writer  and  Latjn  poet, 
was  b.  at  Fcrrara,  in  147'J  ;  and  has  been 
considered  by  Casanbon  and  other  au- 
thorities as  one  of  the  most  learne  I  men 
whom  modern  Italy  has  produced.  At 
the  sacking  of  Rome  by  the  troops  of 
Charles  V.  he   lost   all  his   property,  and 

was  reduced  to  indigence;  but  he  wrote 

numerous  works,  the  principal  of  which 
is  a  "  History  of  the  Heathen  Deities," 
and  eventually  triumphed  over  his  ad- 
verse fortune,  having  accumulated  10,000 
crowns  before  his  death,  which  took 
place  in  1552. — Cintio,  John  Baptist,  a 
relative  of  the  preceding,  was  an  Italian 
poet  and  physician,  b.  at  Fcrrara,  in 
1504.  He  was  secretary  to  the  duke  of 
Ferrara,  and  professor  of  philosophy 
and  me  licine  in  the  university  of  his 
native  city,  and  afterwards  professor  of 
rhetoric  at  Pavia.  he  wrote  nine  tra- 
gedies in  Italian,  but  his  principal  work 
is  entitled  "  Hecatommiti,"  which  con- 
sists of  100  tales,  in  the  manner  of  Boc- 
caccio.    D.  1573. 

GIRARD,  Stephen-,  a  celebrated 
banker,  was  b.  about  1746,  in  France. 
He  sailed  to  the  West  Indies,  as  a  cabin- 
boy,  when  he  was  only  12  years  of  age, 
and  after  residing  there  some  time  re- 
moved to  the  United  States.  In  1775  he 
opened  a  small  shop  in  New  Jersey,  and 
in  1780  went  to  Philadelphia,  where  by 
gradual  accumulations  he  gathered  an 
immense  fortune.  During  the  yellow 
fever  of  1793  he  was  noted  for  his  be- 
nevolent exertions.  In  1811  ho  became 
a  banker,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death, 
in  1832,  was  estimated  to  be  worth 
$12,000,000. 

GIRARDON,  Francis,  a  sculptor  and 
architect,  was  b.  at  Troyes,  in  162S, 
His  chief  works  are  the  mausoleum  of 
Richelieu,  in  the  church  of  the  Sorbonne. 
the  equestrian  statue  of  Louis  XI V.,  and 
the  Rape  of  Proserpine,  in  the  gardens 
of  Versailles.     D.  1715. 

GIRODET,  Trioson-  Nicholas,  the 
most  original,  versatile,  and  scientific  of 
the  modern  school  of  French  painters, 
was  b.  at  Montargis,  in  1767;  was  first 
a  pupil  of  Eegnault,  and  afterwards 
studied  under  David,  his  subjects  are 
distinguished  for  fulness  and  beauty, 
and  his  coloring  is  rich,  transparent, 
and  harmonious.     Among  his  principal 


444 


CTCLOP/EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[c.Ll 


works  are  Endymion  sleeping,  Hippo- 
crates refusing  the  Presents  of  Artaxcr- 
xes,  the  Deluge,  the  Burial  of  Attala, 
&c.  lie  also  painted  Napoleon  receiv- 
ing the  keys  of  Vienna ;  full-length 
portraits  of'the  Vendean  leaders,  Bon- 
ehamp  and  Cathelineau;  and  St.  Louis 
in  Egvpt,  which  was  his  last  great  work. 
D.  1824. 

GIRT  IN,  Thomas,  an  artist,  was  b.  in 
London,  in  1773.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Dayes;  after  which  he  studied  the 
works  of  Canaletti,  and  the  coloring  of 
Rubens.  He  first  introduced  the  cus- 
tom of  drawing  upon  cartridge  paper, 
and  he  also  painted  excellently  in  oil 
colors.  He  took  many  beautiful  views 
in  Scotland,  Wales,  and  various  parts 
of  England  and  France.  He  also  paint- 
ed a  panorama  of  London,  which  was 
exhibited  in  Spring  gardens.     D.  1802. 

GISBORNE,  Thomas,  prebendary  of 
Durham,  an  eminent  philosophical, 
theological,  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  b.  at  Derby,  I7.i8.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Harrow  and  Cambridge,  where 
he  greatly  distinguished  himself,  and  on 
soon  after  entering  holy  orders,  in  1792, 
he  obtained  the  living  of  Barton  in  Staf- 
ford, and  the  same  year  removed  to 
Yoxall  Lodge,  near  Barton,  where  he 
ever  after  resided.  It  would  occupy  too 
much  of  our  space  to  enumerate  the 
long  series  of  works  which  Mr.  Gisborne 
gave  in  succession  to  the  world.  Many 
of  them  have  attained  great  and  lasting 
popularity;  among  which  may  be  men- 
tioned the  "  Principles  of  Moral  Philoso- 
phy investigated,"'  &c,  "  An  Inquiry 
into  the  Duties  of  the  Female  Sex," 
"A  Familiar  Survey  of  the  Christian 
Religion  and  History,"  <fec,  besides 
sermons,  and  two  volumes  of  poetry, 
which,  under  the  title  of  "  Walks  in  a 
Forest,"  and  "  Poems,  Sacred  and 
Moral,"  gave  him  no  inconsiderable 
poetic  fame.     D.  18-16. 

GIULIO  ROMANO,  the  most  distin- 
guished of  Raphael's  scholars  and  as- 
sistants, was  b.  at  Rome,  in  1499.  He 
resided  principally  at  Mantua,  and  there 
found  a  wide  field  for  the  exercise  of  his 
powerful  genius,  both  in  architecture 
and  in  painting.  He  was  unequalled 
for  the  boldness  of  his  style,  the  gran- 
deur of  his  designs,  and  the  loftiness  of 
his  poetical  conceptions.     D.  1546. 

GIUSTINIANI,  Pompey,  by  birth  a 
Corsican,  was  an  eminent  general  in  the 
Spanish  service,  and  obtained  the  name 
ot  Iron-arm,  by  having  one  of  iron 
•nade  to  replace  the  arm  he  lost  at  the 
diege  of  Ostend.     He  was  governor  of 


Candia,  where  he  was  killed,  in  1016 ; 
and  the  Venetian  senate  erectod  an 
equestrian  statue  to  his  memory. 

GLANVIL,  Sir  John,  an  eminent 
lawyer  and  statesman  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  1.  He  graduated  at  Oxford; 
entered  at  Lincoln's  Inn;  obtained  a 
sergeant's  coif  in  1639 ;  and,  being  a 
member  of  parliament,  was  chosen 
speaker  of  the  house  of  commons  in  the 
year  following.  His  attachment  to  the 
royal  cause  rendered  him  obnoxious  to 
the  republicans,  who  imprisoned  him, 
and  he  was  not  restored  to  liberty  till 
164S.  lie-recovered,  his  rank  on  the  re- 
turn of  Charles  II.,  but  died  soon  after, 
in  1661.      ' 

GLASS,  John,  founder  of  the  religious 
sect  of  Glassites  in  Scotland;  b.  in  Fife- 
shire,  169o ;  d.  1773. 

GLAUBER,  John  Rooolpii,  a  chem- 
ist, alchemist,  and  physician  of  Amster- 
dam, who  died  in  1688.  Chemistry  is 
indebted  to  him  for  facilitating  many 
useful  processes,  as  well  as  for  the  dis- 
covery of  the  purgative  salt  which  bears 
his  name.  Like  others  of  his  day,  he 
was  incessantly  occupied  in  attempts  to 
find  out  the  philosopher's  stone ;  and 
his  experiments,  however  futile  for  his 
professed  object,  threw  light  on  the 
composition  and  analysis  of  various 
metals,  inflammable  substances,  &c. 

GLEIM,  Fkederic  William  Louis,  a 
celebrated  poet,  sometimes  called  the 
German  Anacreon,  was  b.  in  1719,  at 
Ermslebcn  ;  filled  the  office  of  secretary 
to  the  chapter  of  Ilalberstadt ;  and  d.  in 
1803,  aged  84.  He  owes  his  chief  fame 
to  his  war  songs,  composed  tor  the 
Prussian  army ;  and  they  will  long  be 
remembered  by  his  countrymen  for 
their  spirit-stirring  power. 

GLENDOWER;  Owen,  a  celebrated 
Welshman,  lineally  descended  from 
Llewellyn,  the  last  prince  of  Wales,  and 
who  opposed  Henry  IV.  fourteen  years, 
declaring  him  a  usurper  of  the  English 
throne.  "  B.  1350;  d.  1416. 

GLEN1E,  James,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, was  b.  in  Ireland,  anil  educated 
at  St.  Andrew's.  During  the  Americin 
war  lie  distinguished  himself  as  an  offi- 
cer of  artillery;  but  having  written  a 
pamphlet,  ridiculing  the  duke  of  Rich- 
mond's plan  of  fortification,  he  was 
compelled  to  leave  the  service,  and  he 
afterwards  experienced  much  of  the  vi- 
cissitudes of  life.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Royal  Society:  and  the  author  of 
a  "  History  of  Germany,"  and  several 
mathematical  works.  D.  1817. 
GL1CAS,   or   GLYCAS,   Michael,  a 


gob] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


445 


Greek  historian  of  the  13th  century. 
His  "  Annals  from  the  Creation,"  and 
the  "History  of  the  Byzantine  Emper- 
ors," are  extant,  and  were  published 
by  Labbe  at  Paris,  1660. 

GLOUCESTER,  Robert  of,  the  oldest 
of  English  poets,  lived  in  the  time  of 
Henry  II.  Camden  quotes  many  of  his 
old  English  rhymes,  and  speaks  highly 
of  him.  He  d.  at  an  advanced  age, 
about  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  King 
John. — William  Fbedkbio,  duke  of,  the 
son  of  Prince  William  Henry,  duke  of 
Gloucester  (brother  to  George  III.)  by 
his  wife  the  countess-dowager  of  Wahle- 
grave,  was  b.  at  Rome,  in  January,  1776. 
D.  1834. 

GLOVER,  Richard,  a  poet  and  dram- 
atist, was  the  son  of  a  London  mer- 
chant, and  b.  in  1712.  He  was  educated 
at  Cheam  school,  where,  at  16,  he  wrote 
some  verses  to  the  memory  of  Sir  Isaac 
Newton,  which  obtained  considerable 
attention.  On  leaving  school,  he  en- 
tered on  the  mercantile  line  under  his 
father,  who  was  engaged  in  the  Ham- 
burgh trade.  In  1737  lie  married  a  lady 
of  fortune;  soon  after  which  he  pub- 
lished his  "Leonidas,"  an  epic  poem. 
His  poem  of  "  London,  or  the  Progress 
of  Commerce,"  appeared  in  1739.  "The 
same  year  he  published  his  popular 
ballad,  entitled  "Hosier's  Ghost,"  in- 
tended to  rouse  the  national  spirit 
against  the  Spaniards.  In  1753  his  tra- 
gedy of  "  Boadicea"  was  brought  out  at 
Drnry-lane,  but.  though  supported  by 
Garrick,  Mossop,  Mrs.  Gibber,  &c,  it 
was  performed  only  9  nights:  his  "Me- 
dea," some  years  after,  met  with  greater 
attention.  At  the  accession  of  George 
III.  he  was  chosen  M.P.  for  Weymouth, 
pnd  was  esteemed  by  the  mercantile  in- 
terest as  an  active  and  able  supporter. 
D.  1785. — Jane,  a  distinguished  actress, 
was  b.  at  Newry,  in  Ireland,  in  1781. 
Under  the  auspices  of  her  father,  Mr. 
Betterton,  she  commenced  her  theatri- 
cal career  at  the  age  of  six  ;  and  after  a 
highly  successful  appearance  in  the 
provinces,  she  was  engaged  by  Mr.  Har- 
ris, of  Covent-srarden,  where  she  made 
her  debut,  as  Elvina,  in  Hannah  More's 
"Percy,"  in  1797.     D.  1350. 

GLUCK,  Christopher,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  musical  composers  of  modern 
times,  was  b.  in  Bavaria,  in  1714,  de- 
voted himself  to  the  study  of  music,  and 
became  a  skilful  performer  on  several 
instruments.  He  went  to  London  '.a 
1745,  and  composed  for  the  Italian  opera. 
He  then  went  to  the  Continent;  and 
Vienna,  Naples,  Rome,  Milan,  and  Ven- 


ice were  in  turn  the  theatres  of  his 
glory.  His  "  Alccste,"  and  "  <  Irphcns," 
produced  at  Vicuna,  between  the  years 
1762  and  1789,  had  an  overwhelming  ef- 
fect by  their  boldness  and  originality, 
and  served,  together  with  some  liter 
ones,  to  establish  the  fame  <:f  their 
author.  In  1774,  Gluck  went  'o  Paris; 
and  the  celebrated  Piccini  arriving  thero 
shortly  after,  the  French  capital  was  di- 
vided upon  the  merits  of  the  two  com- 
posers. Such  a  scene,  indeed,  of  musi- 
cal rivalry  had  never  before  been  known. 
He  now  brought  out  his  long-promised 
opera  of  "Iphigenia  in  Aulis."  It  was 
received  with  enthusiastic  applause,  and 
represented  170  times  in  the  course  of 
two  seasons.  In  17S7  he  reiurned  to 
Germany,  with. a  large  fortune,  and  d. 
at  Vienna  in  the  same  year. 

GMELIN,  John  George,  a  botanist 
and  physician,  was  b.  at  Tubingen,  in 
1709.  He  went  to  Petersburg,  where 
he  became  member  of  the  academy,  and 
professor  of  chemistry  and  natural  his- 
tory. In  1773  he  was  sent  with  a  com- 
pany employed  to  explore  the  bounda- 
ries of  Siberia.  He  published  "  Flora 
Siberiea"  and  "Travels  through  Sibe- 
ria." D.  1755. — Samuel  Theophilcs, 
nephew  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Tu- 
bingen, in  1743;  went  to  Petersburg, 
and  obtained  a  professorship.  He  spent 
some  years  in  travelling  through  Tartary, 
where  he  d.  in  prison,  into  which  he 
had  been  thrown  by  one  of  the  chiefs, 
in  1774.  He  wrote  his  "  Travels  through 
Russia,"  and  a  "Journey  from  Astracan 
to  Czaricyn." — John  Frederic,  a  phy- 
sician and  chemist,  was  b.  at  Tubingen, 
in  1748.  He  became  professor  of  chem- 
istry and  natural  history  at  Gottinjren; 
and'  published  several  works  on  chem- 
istry, mineralogy,  and  natural  history. 
One  of  the  most  celebrated  is  his  edition 
of  the  "Systema  Naturae"  of  Linnaeus. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  "A  History 
of  Chemistry ;"  and  the  world  is  in- 
debted to  him  for  the  discovery  of  sev- 
eral excellent  dyes,  extracted  from  min- 
eral and  vegetable  substances.     I).  1805. 

GOAD,  John,  an  eminent  schoolmas- 
ter, was  b.  in  London,  1615.  His  works 
are,  "  Geuealogicon  Latinum,"  "Astro- 
Meteorological  Aphorisms  and  Dis- 
courses of  the  Bodies  Celestial,  their 
Natures,  Influences,"  &c.  The  subject 
of  this  is  a  kind  of  astrology  founded 
on  reason  and  expernent,  and  gained 
him  sreat  reputation. 

GOBBO,  Peter  Paul  Cortoni.se,  a 
celebrated  painter  of  fruit  and  land- 
scapes,   b.   at  Cortona,    in    15S0.      lie 


446 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[god 


copied  nature  with  the  greatest  accuracy, 
and  by  his  skill  iu  the  chiaro-oscuro  he 
gave  an  exact  and  expressive  roundness 
to  his  fruits,  <fec,  but  he  chiefly  excelled 
in  coloring.     D.  1640. 

GOBELIN,  Giles,  a  French  dyer  of 
the  17th  century,  who  resided  at  Paris, 
and  is  said  to  have  invented  or  greatly 
improved  the  process  of  dyeing  scarlet. 
In  1666,  a  royal  establishment  for  the 
manufactory  of  tine  tapestry  was  founded 
on  the  spot  where  his  premises  stood, 
whence  the  work  produced  there  was 
termed  the  Gobelin  tapestry. 
-  GO  DDAR I ),  Jonathan,  an  able  chem- 
ist and  physician,  b.  at  Greenwich, 
about  the  year  1617.  He  was  educated 
at  Oxford," graduated  at  Cambridge,  and 
on  tne  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  was 
attached  to  the  parliament.  He  attended 
Cromwell  in  his  expeditions  to  Scotland 
and  Ireland,  as  physician  to  the  forces; 
was  appointed  warden  of  Merton  college, 
and  in  the  parliament  of  1653,  sat  as  sole 
representative  for  Oxford.     1).  1674. 

GODFREY  of  Bouillon,  chief  of  the 
first  crusade,  and  king  of  Jerusalem, 
was  the  son  of  Eustace  II.,  count  of 
Boulogne  and  Lens.  He  served  with 
great  gallantry  in  the  armies  of  the  Em- 
peror Henry  IV.,  who  conferred  upon 
him  the  title  of  duke  of  Lorraine  ;  and 
when  the  first  crusade  was  set  on  foot, 
the  fame  of  his  exploits  caused  his  elec- 
tion as  one  of  the  principal  commanders. 
In  1096,  accompanied  by  his  brothers, 
Eustace  and  Baldwin,  he  commenced 
his  march,  and  on  arriving  at  Philop- 
polis,  in  Thrace,  he  compelled  the  Em- 
peror Alexis  Comnenus  to  allow  him 
a  free  passage  to  the  East.  Several  dif- 
ficulties occurred ;  but  at  length  the 
Turks  were  vanquished,  and  the  object 
of  his  ambition  was  effecte  1.  Jerusalem 
was  carried  by  storm,  after  a  siege  of 
five  weeks,  (July  15,  1099;)  and,  iu 
eight  days  after,  Godfrey  was  proclaimed 
king,  by  the  unanimous  voice  of  the 
crusading  army;  but  the  piety  and  hu- 
mility of  the  conqueror  would  not  suffer 
him  to  wear  a  crown  in  the  holy  city, 
and  he.  declined  the  regal  title,  content- 
ing himself  with  that  of  Defender  and 
Guardian  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre.  The 
saltan  of  Egypt,  at  the  head  of  400,000 
then,  now  attempted  to  dispossess  him 
of  his  newly-acquired  territory,  but 
Godfrey  gave  him  battle  in  the  plain  of 
A-./ 'Ion.  and  100,000  men  wereleftdead 
on  the  field.  D.  in  1100. — Of  Viterbo, 
an  historian  who  lived  in  the  12th  cen- 
tury, was  chaplain  and  secretary  to 
Conrad  111.,  and  the  emperors  Frederic 


and  Henry  VI.  ne  labored  40  years  ii 
compiling  a  chronicle  from  the  creation 
of  the  world  to  the  year  1186.  It  is 
written  in  a  mixture  of  prose  and  verse  ; 
and  was  first  printed  at  Basle  in  1559. 

GODMAN,  John  D.,  an  eminent 
anatomist  and  naturalist.  After  obtain- 
ing his  medical  degree,  he  entered  with 
energy  upon  the  active  duties  of  his 
profession.  He  went  to  Baltimore,  and 
afterwards  removed  to  Philadelphia. 
Being  invited  to  the  professorship  of 
anatomy  in  thecollcge  of  Ohio,  he  spent 
a  year  at  the  West,  and  then  returned  to 
Philadelphia,  where  he  willingly  retired 
from  the  field  of  practice,  and  devoted 
himself  to  scientific  pursuits.  Deter- 
mined to  be  a  thorough  teacher  of 
anatomy,  he  opened  a  room  for  private 
demonstrations,  and  in  the  first  winter 
had  a  class  of  seventy  students.  After 
prosecuting  his  anatomical  labors  four 
or  five  years,  he  was  chosen  professor  of 
anatomv  in  Rutger's  medical  college  in 
New  York.  With  a  broken  constitu- 
tion he  was  compelled,  before  the  com- 
pletion of  his  second  course  of  lectures 
to  retire  from  the  school,  and  to  seek 
a  milder  climate.  After  passing  the 
winter  in  Santa  Cruz,  he  settled  in 
Germantown,  near  Philadelphia.  He 
wrote  the  articles  on  natural  history  for 
the  "  American  Encyclopaedia"  to  the 
end  of  the  letter  C. /besides  numerous 
papers  in  the  periodical  journals  of  the 
day.  He  published  the  "  Western  Quar- 
terly Reporter  of  Medical  Science,"  I  "m- 
cinnati,  1922 ;  "  Account  of  Irregularities 
of  Structure  and  Morbid  Anatomy ;" 
"Contributions  to  Physiological  and 
Pathological  Anatomy  ;"  "  Bell's  Anato- 
my" with  notes  ;  "  Anatomical  Investi- 
gations, comprising  descriptions  of 
various  Fascia)  of  the  Body,"  1S24; 
"American  Natural  History,"  with  en- 
gravings ;  addresses  on  various  public 
occasions,  1829;  and  "Rambles  of  a 
Naturalist."     D.  1830. 

GODOLPHIN,  Sidney,  a  poet,  waa 
b.  in  Cornwall,  in  1610;  educated  at 
Exeter  college,  Oxford ;  and  having 
joined  the  king's  army,  he  fell  in  an 
engagement  at  Chagford,  Devon,  in 
1643.  Besides  several  poems,  he  trans- 
lated that  part  of  Virgil  which  recites 
the  loves  ot  Di  lo  and  /Eneas. 

GODWIN,  earl  of  Kent,  a  powerful 
Anu'lo-Saxon  lord.  In  1017  he  aecoin- 
panic  1  Canute  in  an  expedition  against 
Sweden,  where  he  behaved  with  such 
valor  as  to  receive  the  daughter  of  that 
monarch  in  marriage,  and  large  grant? 
of  land.     On  the  death  of  Canute,  the 


god] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


447 


»arl  sided  with  Hardioannte  against 
Harold,  but  afterwards  lie  espoused  the 
cause  of  the  latter.  lie  was  charged 
with  murdering  Alfred,  one  of  the  sons 
of  Ethelred  II.,  from  which  he  vindi- 
cated himself  by  oath.  On  the  death  of 
Ilardieanute  he  joined  Edward,  who 
married  his  daughter,  but  afterwards  he 
rebelled  against  Edward,  and  being 
unsuccessful,  fled  to  Flanders.  Having 
gathered  fresh  forces,  he  sailed  up  the 
Thames,  and  appeared  before  London, 
which  threw  the  country  into  such  eon- 
fusion,  that  the  king  was  obliged  to 
negotiate  peace  with  Godwin,  who  was 
restored  to  his  estates.  J).  1058. — 
Francis,  was  b.  at  Havington,  in  Nor- 
thamptonshire, in  1561.  In  1601  he.  was 
promoted  to  the  see  of  Llandaff,  and 
was  translated  to  that  of  Hereford  in 
1617.  He  d.  in  1633.  He  was  the  author 
of  "  Rerum  Anglicarum  Hen.  VTIT." 
&c. ;  and  a  curious  book  entitled  "  The 
Man  in  the  Moon,  or  a  Discourse  of  a 
Voyage  thither,  by  Domingo  Gonzales." 
■ — Thomas,  a  distinguished  scholar,  who 
in  the  17th  century  was  the  master  of 
the  foundation  school  at  Abingdon, 
Berks.  x  He  was  the  author  of  a  useful 
work,  entitled  "  Romana;  Historire  An- 
fchologia."  a  "  Synopsis  of  Hebrew 
Antiquities,"  and  a  treatise  on  Jewish 
rites  and  ceremonies.  D.  1643. — Wil- 
liam, the  well-known  author  of  "  Polit- 
ical Justice,"  "Caleb  Williams,"  &c, 
was  the  son  of  a  dissenting  minister, 
and  b.  at  Wisbeach,  in  17">6.  He  was 
designed  for  the  same  calling  as  his 
father;  but,  while  studying  at  the 
Dissenters'  college,  Iloxton,  his  reli- 
gious opinions  had  undergone  repeated 
changes,  and  though  he  commenced  as 
a  preacher,  he  ultimately  abandoned  the 
pulpit  in  1783,  and  went  to  London  as  a 
literary  adventurer.  His  first  publica- 
tion was  a  series  of  six  sermons,  called 
"  Sketches  of  History  ;"  and  he  soon 
after  had  the  good  fortune  to  obtain 
employment  as  a  principal  conductor  of 
the  "  Annual  Register,"  from  which  he 
derived  a  small  but  certain  income. 
Associating  with  the  democrats  of  the 
day,  and  expressing  opinions  in  unison 
with  theirs,  he  soon  enlisted  under  their 
banners.  But  it  was  the  stormy  ele- 
ments of  the  French  revolution  which 
called  forth  his  extraordinary  powers  of 
mind,  and  gave  birth  to  that  bold  and 
astounding  masterpiece  of  republican- 
ism, his  "Political  Justice."  In  1794 
he  published  his  celebrated  novel  of 
"Caleb  Williams,"  a  work  which  pro- 
duced nearly  as  great  a  sensation  as  the 


former,  its  object  being  tc  decry  tho 
existing  constitution  of  society,  while  it 
portrayed,  with  appalling  force,  tho 
effects  of  crime.  After  the  trial  of  his 
friends,  Hardy,  Thelwall,  and  Horno 
Tooke,  he  published  a  pamphlet,  con- 
taining strictures  on  Judge  Eyre's 
charge  to  the  jury,  the  circulation  of 
which  government  tried  in  vain  to  pre- 
vent.   Mr.Godwindid  not  nppearagain 

as  an  authortill  1797,  when  be  published 
a  series  of  essays,  under  the  title  ot 
"The  Enquirer."  In  the  following 
\  ear  he  produced  the  "  Memoirs  ofMary 
Wolstoncroft,"  authoress  of  a  "  Vindi- 
cation of  the  Rights  of  Woman,"  whoso 
congenial  mind  in  polities  and  morals, 
a«iil  whose  noble  spirit  he  aidently 
admired.  He  had  lived  with  her  somo 
time  before  their  marriage  ;  and  in  her 
"Memoirs"  he  says,  "the  principal 
motive  for  complying  with  the  ceremony, 
was  the  circumstance  of  Mary's  being 
in  a  State  of  pregnancy."  She,  however, 
died  a  few  months  after,  in  giving  birth 
to  a  daughter.  In  1799  he  produced 
another  work,  entitled  "  St.  Leon."  a 
romance.  In  1801  he  again  married, 
and  shortly  after  opened  a  bookseller's 
shop  in  Skinner-street,  where  ushered 
forth  a  variety  of  juvenile  publications, 
many  of  which  were  his  own  composi- 
tion. Though  engaged  in  trade,  ho 
continued  to  wield  the  pen  of  an  expe- 
rienced author.  He  wrote  the  novels  of 
"  Fleetwood,"  and  "  Mandeville  ;"  a 
"  History  of  the  Life  and  Age  of  Geof- 
frey Chaucer,"  a  "History  of  tho 
Commonwealth  of  England,"  two  un- 
successful tragedies,  an  "  Exposition  of 
Mr.  Malthus's  Theory  of  Population," 
"Cloudesley,"  a  novel;  "Thoughts  on 
Man;  his  Nature,  Productions,  and 
Discoveries;"  "The  Lives  of  the  Nec- 
romancers," &e.  As  a  novelist,  God- 
win is  decidedly  original,  combining 
great  depth  of  thought  with  singular 
independence  and  energy  of  style. 
During  the  administration  of  Earl  Grey, 
he  was  appointed  to  the  sinecure  offieo 
of  yeoman-usher  of  the  exchequer,  by 
which  his  latter  days  were  rendered 
comfortable.  D.April.  1836.— The  wife 
of  the  preceding,  though  better  known 
as  Map.y  Wolstoncroft,  was  b.  1759. 
The  poverty  of  her  parents  could  only 
afford  her  the  commonest  mode  of  edu- 
cation. Reading  and  reflection,  with 
extraordinary  talents,  her  biographer 
tells  us,  supplied  all  deficiencies ;  sc 
that,  at  the  death  of  her  mother,  shn 
opened  a  school  with  her  sisters  at 
Islington,  from  whence  they  removed  to 


448 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[gOF 


Newington  Green.  Shortly  after,  Mary 
quitted  her  sisters  to  attend  upon  a  sick 
lady  who  had  been  her  benefactress,  and 
who  died  at  Lisbon.  Upon  her  return 
she  engaged  herself  as  governess  to 
Lord  Kingsborough's  children.  In 
1789  she  fixed  her  residence  in  London, 
and  began  her  literary  pursuits  with 
"  Thoughts  on  the  Education  of  Daugh- 
ters." In  17i)7  she  was  married  to 
William  Godwin,  and  died  a  few  months 
afterwards. — William,  son  of  the  author 
of '-Caleb  Williams,"  and  the  brother 
of  Mrs.  .Shelley,  was  a  contributor  to 
some  of  the  best  periodicals  of  the  day, 
and  a  parliamentary  reporter.  His 
essays  showed  that  he  was  an  attentive 
observer  of  men  and  manners,  and  werp 
written  with  considerable  tact  and 
vivacity.     D.  1S32. 

GOETHE,  John  Wolfgang  von,  the 
greatest  modern  poet  of  Germany,  and 
the  patriarch  of  German  literature,  was 
b.  at  Frankfort-on-thc-Maine,  August 
28,  1749.  His  father  was  doctor  of  law 
and  imperial  counsellor;  and  being  in 
good  circumstances,  possessing  a  taste 
for  the  fine  arts,  and  having  made  a 
tolerable  collection  of  pictures  and  other 
objects  of  virtu,  young  Goethe  had  an 
early  opportunity  of  indulging  his  fancy 
and  improving  his  mind.  Drawing, 
music,  natural  science,  the  elements  of 
jurisprudence,  and  the  languages  occu- 
pied his  early  years;  and  when  he  was 
15,  he  was  sent  to  the  university  at 
Leipsic,  but  did  not  follow  any  regular 
course  of  studies.  In  1768  he  quitted 
Leipsic,  and  subsequently  went  to  the 
university  of  Strasburg,  to  qualify  him- 
self for  the  law  ;  but  he  paid  more  at- 
tention to  chemistry  and  anatomy  than 
to  his  nominal  pursuit.  In  1771  he  took 
the  degree  of  doctor  of  jurisprudence, 
and  then  went  to  Wetzlar,  where  he 
found,  in  his  own  love  for  a  betrothed 
lady,  and  in  the  suicide  of  a  young  man 
named  Jerusalem,  the  subjects  for  his 
"Werthcr,"  which  appeared  in  1774, 
and  at  once  excited  the  attention  of  his 
countrymen,  while  it  produced  an  in- 
stantaneous effect  on  his  country's  liter- 
ature. Having,  in  1732,  entered  the 
service  of  the  duke  of  Saxe- Weimar, 
whom  he  had  met  in  travelling,  he  was 
made  president  of  the  council  chamber, 
ennobled,  and  loaded  with  honors.  A 
splendid  galaxy  of  talent  assembled  at 
Weimar,  and  united  itself  to  Goethe. 
The  direction  of  the  theatre  was  con- 
fided to  him,  and  he  there  brought  out 
Bome  of  the  noble  dramatic  chefs-d 'wuvre 
of  Schiller,   with   an  effect  worthy  of 


them.  There,  too,  his  own  dramatics 
works  first  appeared,  viz.,  "  Goetz  von 
Berlichingcn,"  "Faust,"  "Iphigeniain 
Tauris,"  "Tasso,"  "Clavigo,"  "Stella," 
and  "  Count  Egmont."  In  17S6  he  made 
a  journey  to  Italy,  where  he  remained 
two  years,  visited  Sicily,  and  remained 
a  long  time  in  Rome.  In  1792  he  fol- 
lowed his  prince  during  the  campaign 
in  Champagne.  He  was  afterwards 
created  minister;  received,  in  1807,  the 
order  of  Alexander-Newsky  from  Alex- 
ander of  Russia,  and  the  grand  cross  of 
the  legion  of  honor  from  Napoleon.  D. 
at  Weimar,  March  22,  1832,  aged  80. 
Goethe  was  an  intellectual  giant ;  and 
his  profound  knowledge  of  life  and  of 
individual  character  places  his  works 
among  the  first  ever  produced.  His 
greatest  production,  "Faust,"  has  been 
repeatedly  translated  into  English.  His 
beautiful  songs  and  shorter  poems,  ele 
gies,  distichs,  &c,  possess  a  perennial 
beauty.  Goethe's  writings  are  by  far 
too  voluminous  to  be  here  enumerated; 
but  we  must  mention  "  William  Meis- 
ter's  Apprenticeship,"  an  ethic  fiction  ; 
"  Herman  and  Dorothea,"  and  the 
"  Elective  Affinities,"  &c. 

GOETZE.  John  Augustus  Ephraim, 
a  German  naturalist,  was  b.  at  Ascher- 
leben  in  1731;  and  d.  in  1793.  He  made 
many  microscopic  discoveries,  and  wrote 
several  books  on  natural  history;  among 
which  are  "  Entomological  Memoirs," 
"A  History  of  Intestine  Vermes,"  and 
a  "  European  Fauna."  He  was  pastor 
of  the  church  at  Qnedlinburgh. 

GOFFE,  William,  one  of  the  judges 
of  King  Charles  I.,  and  a  major-general 
under  Cromwell,  left  London  before 
Charles  11.  was  proclaimed,  and  arrived 
at  Boston  in  July,  1060.  Governor  En- 
dicott  gave  him  a  friendly  reception. 
But  when  the  act  of  indemnity  arrived 
in  November,  and  his  name  was  not 
found  among  those  to  whom  pardon 
was  ottered,  the  government  of  Massa- 
chusetts was  alarmed.  Perceiving  his 
danger,  he  with  Whalley  left  Cam- 
bridge, where  they  had  resided,  and 
went  to  New  Haven.  They  were  here 
concealed  by  Deputy-governor  Leet  and 
Mr.  Davenport.  From  New  Haven 
they  went  to  West  Rock,  a  mountain 
300  feet  in  height,  at  the  distance  of 
two  or  three  miles  from  the  town,  where 
they  were  hid  in  a  cave.  They  after- 
wards lived  in  concealment  at  Mil  ford, 
Derby,  and  Bran  ford,  and  in  October, 
1664,  removed  to  Hadley,  in  Massachu- 
setts, and  were  concealed  for  15  or  16 
years  in  the  house  of  Mr.  Russell,  tho 


gol] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


449 


minister.  On  tho  first  of  September, 
107f>,  the  town  of  Hadley  was  alarmed 
by  the  Indians  in  the  time  of  public 
worship,  and  the  people  were  thrown 
into  the  utmost  confusion.  But  sud- 
denly an  aged  venerable  man  in  an  un- 
common dress  appeared  in  the  midst  of 
them,  revived  their  courage,  and  putting 
himself  at  their  head,  led  them  to  the 
attack,  and  repulsed  the  enemy.  The 
deliverer  of  Hadley  immediately  disap- 
peared, and  the  inhabitants,  overwhelm- 
ed with  astonishment,  supposed  that  an 
an^el  had  been  seat  for  their  protection. 
D.  about  li>79. 

GOGUET,  Anthony  Yves,  a  Parisian 
advocate,  and  a  writer  on  jurisprudence. 
His  principal  work,  exhibiting  much 
industry  and  learning,  appeared  in  1758, 
(the  year  in  which  he  died,)  and  is  en- 
titled "  Origine  des  Loix,  das  Sciences, 
et  des  Arts,  et  de  leurs  Progress  chez 
les  Aneiens  Penples." 

GOICOECHEA,  Joseph  Anthony  de 
Lieudoy,  professor  of  philosophy  and 
theology  at  Guatimala,  in  South  Amer- 
ica, and  founder  of  the  Economical  So- 
ciety there,  was  a  Franciscan  friar,  but 
at  the  same  time  a  public  spirited  mem- 
ber of  the  state.  He  published  a  number 
of  memoirs  on  botany,  agriculture.  &c, 
and  imported  into  his  own  country 
many  invaluable  inventions  and  discov- 
eries'.    D.  1814. 

GOLDING,  Arthur,  an  English  wri- 
ter, of  the  Elizabethan  era,  patronized 
by  Cecil,  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  and  other 
cotemporary  literati,  was  the  translator 
of  Ovid's  *'  Metamorphoses"  into  En- 
glish verse,  and  of  Caesar's  "Commen- 
taries" into  prose.  He  was  likewise  the 
author  of  an  account  of  the  earthquake 
of  1580,  and  of  several  devotional  and 
Other  treatises. 

GOLDONI,  Charles,  a  celebrated 
Italian  dramatist,  was  b.  at  Venice,  in 
1707  :  and  so  early  did  his  taste  for  the 
drama  appear,  that  before  he  was  8 
years  old  he  had  sketched  the  plan  of  a 
comedy.  His  father,  who  was  a  physi- 
cian, having  settled  at  Perugia,  intended 
that  his  son  should  follow  the  medical 
profession  ;  but  Goldoni,  dissatisfied 
with  this  pursuit,  obtained  permission 
to  study  law  in  Venice.  After  commit- 
ting many  youthful  follies,  he  brought 
a  few  pieces  upon  the  stage,  which  pro- 
cured but  little  profit,  and  not  much 
praise;  and  he  continued  to  live  in  a 
continual  scene  of  dissipation  and  in- 
trigue until  he  married  the  daughter 
of  a  notary  in  Genoa,  and  removed  to 
Venice.  Here  he  first  began  to  cultivate 
38* 


that  department  of  dramatic  poetry  in 
which  he  was  to  excel,  namely,  descrip- 
tion of  character  and  manners,  in  which 
he  took  Moliere,  whom  he  began  to 
Study  about  this  time,  for  his  model. 
Having  taken  the  direction  of  the  thea- 
tre at  Rimini,  he  set  about  the  reforma- 
tion of  the  Italian  stage,  and  in  1761  to 
undertake  a  similar  office  at  Paris.  On 
the  conclusion  of  his  engagement,  ho 
was  appointed  Italian  master  to  the 
princesses,  with  apartments  in  Ver- 
sailles, and  a  pension.  For  80  years  ho 
resided  in  the  French  capital ;  but  the 
revolution  having  deprived  him  of  hU 
chief  resources,  lie  sank  into  a  profound 
melancholy,  and  d.  1792,  aged  85. 

GOLDSMITH,  Oliver,'  a  celebrated 
poet,  historian,  and  essayist,  was  b.  in 
1731,  at  Pallas,  in  the  county  of  Long- 
ford, Ireland.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
clergyman,  and  was  educated  at  the 
universities  of  Dublin,  Edinburgh,  and 
Leyden,  with  a  view  to  the  medical  pro- 
fession. But  his  eccentricities  and  care- 
less conduct  were  the  prolific  source  of 
difficulty  to  himself  and  friends  ;  and 
when  he  abruptly  quitted  Leyden  he 
had  but  one  shirt  and  no  money,  though 
he  intended  to  make  the  tour  of  Europe 
on  foot,  and  actually  travelled  through 
Flanders,  part  of  France,  Germany, 
Switzerland,  and  Italy,  often  subsisting 
on  the  bounty  of  the  peasants,  and  re- 
turning the  obligation  of  a  night's  lodg- 
ing, or  a  meal,  by  his  skill  on  the  Ger- 
man flute,  which  he  fortunately  carried 
with  him  as  his  stock  in  trade.  In  17.33 
he  arrived  in  England  ;  and,  by  the  as- 
sistance and  recommendation  of  Dr. 
Sleigh,  his  countryman  and  fellow-col- 
legian, obtained  a  situation  as  usher  in 
a  school  at  Peckham ;  where,  however, 
he  did  not  remain  long,  but  settled  in 
London,  and  subsisted  by  writing  for 
periodical  publications.  One  of  his  first 
performances  was  an  "Inquiry  into  the 
State  of  Polite  Learning  in  Europe  ;" 
but  he  emerged  from  obscurity,  in  1765. 
by  the  publication  of  his  poem,  entitled 
"The  Traveller,  or  a  Prospect  of  So- 
ciety," of  which  Dr.  Johnson  said, 
"  that  there  had  not  been  so  fine  a  poem 
since  Pope's  time."  The  year  following 
appeared  his  well-known  novel  of  tho 
"Vicar  of  Wakefield."  His  circum- 
stances were  now  respectable,  and  lie 
took  chambers  in  the  Temple  ;  but  the 
liberality  of  his  temper  involved  him 
in  frequent  d'fh'-'ulties.  I"  1768  he 
brought  out  his  comedy  of  the  "  Good- 
Nat  ured  Man"  tit  Co  vent-garden,  but 
its  reception  was  not  equal  to  its  merits. 


450 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[gor 


In  1770  he  publisher!  "The  Deserted 
Village,"  a  poem,  which,  in  point  of 
description  and  pathos,  is  al 
praise;  yet  such  was  his  modest  opin- 
ion of  it's  merits,  that  he  could  hardly 
he  induced  to  take  the  proffered  recom- 
pense of  £100  from  his  bookseller.  In 
1772  lie  pro  In  cod  Ids  comedy  of  "She 
Stoops  to  Conquer,"  which  was  highly 
successful  and  profitable.  Besides  these 
performances,  lie  produced  a  number 
of  others  ;  as  a  "  History  of  Englan  l.,in 
ii  Se  ies  of  Letters  from  a  Nobleman  to 
bis  S  'ii."  ••  A  History  of  Englarj  I,"  "A 
Roman  and  a  Grecian  History,"  "A 
History  of  the  Earth  and  Animated  Na- 
ture," "  Chinese  Letters,''  &c.  Gold- 
smith was  the  friend  of  Johnson,  Rey- 
nol  l>.  and  Burke,  and  a  member  of  the 
Literary  Club  established  by  the  former. 
D.  April  4,  1774. 

GOLIUS,  James,  an  eminent  oriental 
scholar,  was  b.  at  the  Hague,  in  1596; 
educated  at  Lcyden,  and  in  1622  went 
as  interpreter  to  the  Dutch  embassy  in 
Morocco.  On  his  return  he  was  appoint- 
ed professor  of  Arabic  ;it  Leyden,  and 
afterwards  also  nominate  1  professor  of 
mathematics,  and  interpreter  of  the  ori- 
ental languages  to  the  United  States. 
His  principal  works  are.  an  "Arabic 
Lexicon,"  a  "Persian  Dictionary," 
"The  History  of  the  Saracens,  transla- 
ted from  Elmacin,"  and  "Tlie  Life  of 
Tamerlane.'"  D.  1007. —  Peter,  Ins 
brother,  who  was  also  an  excellent  ori- 
entalist,  became  a  Catholic,  and  founded 
a  Carmelite  convent  on  Mount  Libanus. 
He  d.  in  1073,  at  Surat,  in  the  East  I 
Indies,  whither  he  had  proceeded  as  a  I 
missionary. 

GONGOBA,  Louis,  a  celebrated  Span- 
ish poet,  was  b.  at  Cordova,  in  1562,  an  I 
is  called  by  his  countrymen  the  prince 
of  lyric  poe's.  His  style,  however,  is 
of  en  difficult  to  comprehend,  even  to 
the  Spaniards  themselves,  among  whom 
lie  has  had  almost  as  many  ccusarers  as 
admirers.     D.  1627. 

GONSAliVO  of  Cordova,  Hernan- 
dez v  Aguilar,  a  celebrate!  Spanish 
warrior,  was  b.  at  Montilh,  near  Cordo- 
va, in  1443.  He  entered  the  army  when 
only  15;  distinguished  himself  against 
the  Moors,  Turks,  and  Portuguese  ;  was 
appointed  viceroy  of  Naples,  after  hav- 
ing conquered  that  kingdom,  and  uni- 
versally obtained  the  appellation  of  the 
Great  Captain.     D.  1515. 

GOOD,  John  Mason,  a  physician, 
poet,  and  philologist,  was  the  son  of  a 
dissenting  minister,  and  b.  1764,  at  Ep- 
ping,  in  Essex.     Having  been  appren- 


ticed to  a  surgeon,  l,e  first  practised  at 
Uoggeshall;  but  in  1798  he  settled  in 
London,  as  a  surgeon  and  apothecary; 
and  having  obtained  a  diploma  from  the 
university  of  Aberdeen,  he  commenced 
practice  as  a  physician  in  1802.  It  is 
stated  of  him,  that  so  incessant  and 
multifarious  were  his  labors  in  1303, 
that  he  was  finishing  a  translation  of 
"Solomon's  Son?,"  carrving  on  his 
"  Life  of  Dr.  Geddss,"  walking  from  12 
to  14  miles  a  day  to  see  his  patients, 
editing  the  "Critical  Review,"  and  sup- 
plying  a  column  of  matter,  weekly,  for 
tin.'  "Sunday  Review;"  added  to  which 
he  had.  for  a  short  period,  the  m  mage- 
incnt  of  the  "British  Press"  newspa- 
per. In  the  winter  of  1810,  Mr.  Good 
commenced  his  lectures  at  the  Surrey 
Institution,  which  were  pnblislied  ill 
1826,  entitled  "The  Book  of  Nature." 
He  produced  many  other  valuable 
works,  among  -which  are  "  The  Study 
of  Medicine."     D.  1827. 

GOODRICH,  Chauncet,  lientenant- 
governor  of  Connecticut,  was  b.  at  Dur- 
ham. October  20th,  175'.',  anil  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1770,  with  a  high 
reputation  for  genius  and  acquirements. 
After  having  spent  several  years  as  a 
tutor  in  that  seminary,  lie  established 
himself  as  a  lawyer  at  Hartford,  and 
soon  attained  the  first  eminence  in  the 
profession.  He  was  chosen  a  represent- 
ative in  the  legislature  of  the  state  in 
1793,  and  the  following  year  was  elected 
to  a  seat  in  congress,  and  continued 
there  till  lSO'i.  In  1802  he  became  a 
counsellor  of  the  state,  and  retained  the 
office  till  1807,  when  he  was  appointed 
a  senator  of  the  United  States.  He  re- 
ceived the  office  of  mayor  of  Hartford 
in  1S12,  and  lieutenant-governor  of  the 
state  in  1813,  when  he  resigned  his  seat 
in  the  United  States  senate'.     D.  1*15. 

GOOKIN,  Daniel,  a  major-general 
of  Massachusetts,  was  b.  in  England, 
and  in  1621  emigrated  to  Virginia.  In 
1644  he  removed  to  New  England,  and 
was  appointed  superintendent  of  all 
the  Indians  who  had  submitted  to  the 
government  of  Massachusetts.  In  1681 
he  received  the  appointment  of  major- 
general  of  the  province.  He  cl.  in  11*7, 
at  the  age  of  75.  He  left  in  manuscript 
historical  collections  of  New  Encland 
Indians,  which  were  published  in  the 
first  volume  of  the  "Massachusetts  His- 
torical Society."  He  also  left  in  manu- 
script n  history  of  New  England. 

GORD1AN,  Marcus  Aj*TO*nra,  the 
elder,  a  Roman  emperor,  sarnamed  Af- 
ricanus,  was  descended  from  the  Grao- 


gok] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


451 


ehi,  and  the  family  of  Trajan.  lie  was 
b.  157,  and  the  early  part  of  his  life  was 
Bpent  in  literary  pursuits.  After  being 
edilo,  twice  consul,  and  proconsul  of 
Africa,  i-3  was.  at  the  age  of  BO,  raised 
to  the  throne,  in  conjunction  with  his 
son  ;  who  being  slain  in  battle  six  weeks 
after  their  accession,  the  father,  in  an 
agony  of  grief,  put  a  period  to  his  own 
existence. — Maeous  Anionics,  grandson 
of  the  preceding,  was  called  to  the  throne 
when  he  was  only  13  years  of  age.  He 
became  a  renowned  warrior,  and  was 
styled  the  Guardian  of  the  Common- 
wealth.    He  d.  near  Circesium,  in  244. 

GORDON,  Patrick,  governor  of 
Pennsylvania,  under  the  proprietors, 
commenced  his  administration  as  the 
successor  of  Sir  William  Keith,  in  1726. 
It  was  distinguished  by  prudence,  mod- 
eration, and  a  regard  to  the  interests  of 
the  province,  and  was  highly  popular. 
He  was  bred  to  arms,  and  served  from 
his  youth  to  near  the  close  of  Queen 
Anne's  reign,  with  a  high  reputation. 
D.  at  Philadelphia,  1 7 ;> •  > . —  William, 
minister  of  Eoxburv,  Mass..  was  a  na- 
tive of  England.  He  had  been  settled 
in  the  ministry  in  England,  and  came  to 
America  in  1770,  and  was  ordained  min- 
ister of  the  third  church  in  Eoxburv, 
1772.  He  took  an  active  part  in  public 
measures  during  the  war  with  Great 
Britain,  and  was  chosen  chaplain  to  the 
provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts. 
In  1776  he  formed  the  design  of  writing 
a  history  of  the  great  events  in  Ameri- 
ca. Besides  other  sources  of  informa- 
tion, he  had  recourse  to  the  records  of 
congress,  and  to  those  of  New  England, 
and  was  indulged  with  the  perusal  of 
the  papers  of  Washington,  Gates, 
Greene,  Lincoln,  and  Otho  Williams. 
After  the  conclusion  of  the  war.  he  re- 
turned to  his  native  country  in  1786, 
and  in  1788  published  the  work  which 
had  for  a  number  of  years  occupied  his 
attention.  D.  1807!  —  Alexander,  a 
Scotch  antiquary,  who  lived  many  years 
in  Italy  and  other  parts  of  the  Conti- 
nent: and,  in  1736,  was  appointed  sec- 
retary to  the  society  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  learning.  In  1741  he  went  to 
Carolina,  where  he  held  several  offices, 
and 'had  some  grants  of  land.  D.  17.">o. 
Amone  his  works  are  the  "  Lives  of  Pope 
Alexander  VI.  and  his  son  Caesar  Bor- 
gia," "A  Complete  History  of  Ancient 
Amphitheatres,"  &e. —  Lord  Geokge, 
son  of  Cosmo  Genr<rc.  duke  of  Gordon, 
was  1).  in  1750.  He  entered  when  young 
into  the  navy,  but  left  it  during  the 
American  war,  in  consequence  of  a  dis- 


pute with  Lord  Sandwich,  relative  to 
promotion.  He  sat  in  parliamenl  for 
Luggershair,  and  became  conspicuous 
by  his  opposition  to  ministers;  but, 
though  eccentric,  he  displayed  no  de- 
ficiency of  wit  or  argument!  lie  ioon, 
however,  became  an  object  of  great 
notoriety;  for  a  bill  having  been  intro- 
duced into  the  house,  in  1780,  for  the 
relief  of  Boman  Catholics  from  certain 
penalties  and  disabilities,  he  collected  a 
mob,  at  the  head  of  whom  he  inarched 
to  present  a  petition  against  the  pro- 
posed measure.  'flu-  dreadful  riots 
which  ensued,  led  to  his  lordship's  ar- 
rest and  trial  for  high  treason;  but  no 
evidence  being  adduced  of  such  a  de- 
sign, be  was  acquitted.  In  the  begin- 
ning of  1778,  having  been  twice  convict- 
ed of  libelling  the  French  ambassador, 
the  queen  of  France,  aid  the  criminal 
justice  of  his  country,  he  retired  to 
Holland ;  but  he  was  arrested,  sent 
home,  and  committed  to  Newgate, 
where  he  d.  in  1798. — Thomas,  a  politi- 
cal writer,  was  b.  at  Kirkcudbright,  in 
Scotland,  and  settled  in  London  as  a 
classical  teacher,  hut  soon  turned  his 
attention  to  politics,  and  was  employed 
by  Harley,  earl  of  Oxford.  Mr.  Trench- 
ard  next  took  him  to  live  with  him, 
and  they  wrote  in  conjunction  "Cato's 
Letters, "and the  "Independent  Whig." 
He  translated  Tacitus  and  Sallust :  and 
after  his  death,  which  happened  in 
175o.  appeared  "A  Cordial  for  Low 
Spirits,  and  the  "  Pillars  of  Priestcraft 
and  Orthodoxy  Shaken/' 

GORE,  Christopher,  a  governor  of 
the  state  of  Massachusetts,  was  b.  at 
Boston,  in  1758,  his  father  being  an 
opulent  mechanic  there.  In  1789  Wash- 
ington appointed  him  first  United  States 
attorney  for  the  district  of  Massachu- 
setts; and  in  1796  he  was  selected  by 
the  president  as  the  colleague  of  the 
celebrated  William  Pinknev,  to  settle 
the  American  claims  upon  England  for 
spoliations.  In  this  situation  he  evinced 
his  wonted  energy  and  talent,  and  re- 
covered property  to  a  very  great  amount 
for  his  fellow-citizens.  In  1808  he  was 
left  in  London  as  charge  d'affaires,  when 
Ruins  King,  the  American  minister,  re- 
turned to  Ameiica.  In  1809  he  was 
chosen  governor  of  Massachusetts,  but 
retained  his  dignity  only  for  one  \  ear. 
In  1^14  he  was  called  to  the  senate  of 
the  Union,  and  served  in  this  capacity 
for  three  years,  when  he  retired  from 
public  affairs,  and  d.  in  1^27.  aired  68. 
He  was  a  <rood  scholar,  and  had  an  ex- 
cellent knowledge  of  the  world,  which 


452 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[gou 


qualities  were  set  off  to  the  best  advan- 
tage by  his  fine  person  and  graceful 
manners. 

GORGIAS,  Leontinus,  a  celebrated 
orator  of  the  school  of  Empedocles,  was 
a  native  of  Leontiura  in  Sicily,  and 
flourished  in  the  5th  century  b.  c.  A 
statue  of  gold  was  erected  to  his  honor 
at  Delphi ;  and  Plato  has  given  his  name 
to  one  of  his  dialogues.  He  lived  to  the 
age  of  105. 

GORHAM,  Nathaniel,  president  of 
congress,  was  b.  in  Charlestown,  Mas- 
sachusetts, in  1738,  and  d.  June  11th, 
1796,  aged  .58.  He  was  often  a  member 
of  the  legislature,  and  in  17S4  was  elect- 
ed to  congress.  As  a  member  of  the 
convention  he  assisted  in  forming  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States. — John, 
a  physician  of  Boston,  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college;  1801,  and  finished  his  pro- 
fessional education  at  Edinburgh.  In 
1809  he  was  appointed  adjunct  professor 
of  chemistry  and  materia  medica  at 
Cambridge;  and  in  1816  professor  of 
chemistry  and  mineralogy.  He  d.  1S29, 
aged  46. '  lie  published  an  "Inaugural 
Address,"  1817;  "Elements  of  Chem- 
ical Science,''  1810. 

GOSNOLD,  Bartholomew,  an  in- 
trepid mariner  of  the  west  of  England, 
sailed  from  Falmouth  for  the  coast  of 
America,  March  26,  1602.  Instead  of  ap- 
proaching this  country  by  the  way  of  the 
West  Indies,  he  was  the  first  English- 
man who  directly  crossed  the  ocean. 
He  discovered  land  May  4th,  and  a  cape 
on  the  15th,  near  which  he  caught  a 
great  number  of  cod,  from  which  cir- 
cumstance he  named  the  land  Cape  Cod. 
The  Indians  which  he  met  at  different 
places  wore  ornaments  of  copper,  and 
used  the  pipe  and  tobacco.  He  passed 
Sandy  Point,  and  in  a  few  days  came  to 
an  island,  which  he  named  Martha's 
Vineyard,  as  there  were  many  vines 
upon  it.  This  is  supposed  to  have  been, 
not  the  island  which  now  bears  that 
name,  but  the  small  island  which  is 
called  No  Man's  Land.  He  resided  three 
weeks  on  the  most  western  of  the  Eliz- 
abeth islands,  on  which  he  built  a  fort 
and  storehouse.  But  finding  that  he 
had  not  a  supply  of  provisions,  he  gave 
up  the  design  of  making  a  settlement. 
The  cellar  of  his  storehouse  was  discov- 
ered by  Dr.  Belknap  in  1797.  After  his 
return  to  England  he  embarked  in  an 
expedition  to  Virginia,  where  he  was  a 
member  of  the  council.  But  he  d.  soon 
after  his  arrival,  1607. 

GOSSELIN,  Pascal  Franct3  Joseph, 
an   eminent  French  geographer,  b.   at 


Lille,  in  the  Netherlands,  in  1751.  Ho 
was  engaged  in  a  tour  through  Europo 
for  several  years,  and  made  many  valu- 
able researches  concerning  ancient  geog- 
raphy. In  1789  he  was  admitted  amem- 
ber  of  the  national  assembly,  and,  in 
1791,  nominated  a  member  of  the  cen- 
tral administration  of  commerce.  Ho 
was  subsequently  employed  in  the  war 
department,  became  a  member  of  tho 
legion  of  honor;  and  was  ultimin»ly 
made  keeper  of  the  king's  librarj  and 
cabinet  of  medals,  &c,  at  Paris.  His 
works  relate  to  ancient  geography,  and 
possess  much  merit.     D.  1830. 

GOTHOFRED,  Denis,  an  eminent 
French  lawyer,  b.  of  an  illustrious  family 
at  Paris,  in  1549.  France  being  involved 
in  confusion  by  the  leaguers,  he  accept- 
ed of  a  professor's  chair  at  Geneva,  until 
he  was  employed  by  Henry  IV'. ;  but 
being  afterwards  deprived  of  his  office, 
as  a  Huguenot,  he  retired  to  Heidelberg, 
and  d.  in  1622.  He  wrote  many  books, 
the  chief  of  which  is  the  "Corpus  Juris 
Civilis." — Theodore,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  b.  at  Geneva,  in  1580.  As 
soon  as  he  had  finished  his  studies  ho 
went  to  Paris,  where  he  conformed  to 
the  Catholic  religion,  and  applied  with 
indefatigable  industry  to  the  study  of 
history."  In  16  12  Loiiis  XIII.  made  him 
one  of  his  historiographers,  with  a  sti- 
pend of  3000  livres;  and,  in  1636,  lie  was 
sent  to  Cologne,  and  subsequently  to 
Minister,  to  assist  at  the  treaty  of  peace 
negotiating  there.  He  d.  in  1649.  His 
principal  work  is  an  "Account  of  tho 
Ceremonial  of  the  Kings  of  France." — 
Denis,  son  of  Theodore,  was  b.  at  Paris, 
in  1615.  He  studied  history,  after  his 
father's  example;  became  as  eminent  in 
that  department  of  knowledge,  and  ob- 
tained the  reversion  of  his  father's  place 
of  historiographer  royal,  from  Louis 
XIII.,  when  he  was  but  25  years  of  atre. 
He  finished  the  "Memoirs  of  Philip  de 
Commines,"  began  by  his  father;  and 
was  preparing  a  history  of  Charles  VIII., 
when  he  d.,  in  1631. 

GOTTSCHED,  John  Christopher,  a 
German  writer,  was  b.  at  Konigsberg,  in 
1700 ;  and  is  considered  to  have  con- 
tributed much  towards  the  reformation 
of  German  literature.  He  was  succes- 
sively professor  of  the  belles  lettres, 
j  philosophy,  metaphysics,  and  poetry,  in 
I  the  university  of  Leipsic  ;  and  d.  in  1766. 
He  was  assisted  in  his  dramatic  writings 
by  his  wife,  who  was  a  woman  of  splen- 
did talents. 

GOUJON,  Jean,  a  French  sculptor 
and  architect  in  the  16th  century,  w  ho, 


gra] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


453 


beln<?  a  Protestant,  fell  in  the  massacre 
of  St.  Bartholomew.  1572.  He  designed 
the  tine  facade  of  the  old  Louvre,  and 

other  works,  which  procured  him  the 
title  of  the  French  Phidias. 

GOULD,  James,  an  eminent  American 
jurist.  He  was  a  native  of  Brimford, 
Conn. ;  and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1701.  In  early  life  he  became  distin- 
guished as  a  lawyer  ;  and  was  raised  to 
the  office  of  judge  of  the  supreme  eonrl 
of  his  native  state.  From  this  office, 
however,  he  was  displaced  in  1  s IS,  by 
the  adoption  of  u  new  constitution.  For 
many  years  lie  was  associated  with 
Judge  Tappan  Reeve,  as  professor  of  the 
law  school  at  Litchfield,  and  after  the 
dcatli  of  Judge  Reeve  he  continue  1  10 
conduct  the  school  till  within  a  few  years 
of  his  death,  when  the  state  of  his  health 
required  him  to  relinquish  it.  In  his 
manners  he  was  an  accomplished  gen- 
tleman; in  his  family  one  of  the  most 
amiable  and  affectionate  of  men  ;  and  in 
the  social  circle  one  of  the  most,  refined 
and  agreeable  companions.  His  mind 
was  richly  storc'l  with  the  treasures,  not 
of  his  profession  only,  but  of  ancient 
and  modern  classics,  and  also  of  the  ele- 
gant literature  of  the  day.     D.  IS  ;s. 

GOUVION  ST.  CYR,  General  Lab- 
bent,  marquis  de,  an  eminent  French 
commander,  commenced  his  military 
career  during  the  revolution.  In  the 
campaign  on  the  Rhine,  in  1795,  he  re- 
peatedly distinguished  himself;  and  in 
the  following  year  he  attracted  the  par- 
ticular attention  of  Moreau,  who  hesi- 
tated not  to  attribute  to  his  skill  and 
bravery  much  of  the  success  which  at- 
tended the  French  arms.  He  was  after- 
wards intrusted  with  some  diplomatic 
missions;  and  when  these  were  per- 
formed, he  returned  to  the  camp,  and  in 
1800  commanded  the  centre  of  the  army 
of  the  Rhine.  In  1S04  he  was  made 
colonel-general  of  the  cuirassiers,  and 
grand  officer  of  the  legion  of  honor.  He 
continue  !  to  pursue  a  successful  career 
durincr  the  following  campaigns  in  Italy 
and  Germany ;  and  when  the  French 
first  invade  1  Spain  he  was  employed  in 
Catalonia,  where  he  also  displayed  con- 
siderable ability.  In  the  disastrous 
campaign  of  Bonaparte  in  Russia,  he 
Biiceee  le  1  Marshal  Oudinot  in  the  com- 
mand of  the  central  army;  and  for  his 
services  on  that  occasion  he  was  promo- 
ted to  the  rank  ofmarshal.  He  behaved 
with  great  judgment  and  bravery  at  the 
battle  of  Dresden,  and  was  left  there 
with  a  garrison  of  16,000  men  ;  but  suc- 
ceeding events  rendered  it  impossible 


for  him  to  maintain  the  place.  On  the 
restoration  of  the  Bourbons  lie  was  cre- 
ated a  peer,  and  made  a  commander  of 
the  order  of  St.  Louis.  In  1SI7  he  wan 
appointed  minister  tor  naval  affairs,  and 
he  subsequently  filled  the  highest  office 
in  the  war  department.     1>.  1 

GOWER,  John,  an  English  poel  of 
the  14th  century,  suppose  I  to  ha',  e  been 
b.  in  Yorkshire,  about  1320.  lie  was  a 
member  of  the  society  of  the  Inner 
Temple ;  and  some  writers  assert  that  he 
became  chief  justice  of  the  common 
pleas  ;  though  the  more  general  opinion 
is,  that  the  judge  was  another  person  of 
the  same  name.  He  d.  in  1402,  and  was 
buried  in  the  conventual  church  of  St. 
Mary  Overy,  Southwark,  to  which  ho 
was  a  benefactor,  and  where  his  tomb  is 
still  to  be  seen.  He  was  author  of  a 
tripartite  work,  entitled,  "Speculum. 
Meditantis,"  '-Vox  Clamantis,"  and 
"Confessio  Amautis." 

GOYEN,  John  van,  a  painter  of  land- 
scapes, cattle,  and  sea-pieces,  was  b.  at 
Leyden,  in  1596:  and  was  the  pupil  of 
Vandervclde.  He  possessed  great  facil- 
ity and  freedom;  his  works  are  conse- 
quently more  general  throughout  Europe 
than  those  of  any  other  master,  but  such 
as  are  finished  and  remain  undamaged 
are  hisrhlv  valued. 

GOZON,  Deodati,  grand-master  of 
the  order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  was 
celebrated  for  his  courage  and  other  vir- 
tues. A  fabulous  story  is  told  of  his 
killing  a  dragon  of  a  monstrous  kind, that 
infested  the  island  of  Rhodes.  D.  1353. 
GOZZI,  Caspar,  Count,  an  Italian; 
anthorof  "  Dramatic  Pieces,"  "  Poems," 
"  Familiar  Letters,"  and  a  work  on  tho 
plan  of  the  Spectator,  called  the  "  Vene- 
tian Observe,-."  B.  at  Venice,  1813  ;  d. 
1786. — Chart.es,  Count,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  a  dramatic  writer,  known  as 
the  persevering  enemy  and  rival  of 
Goldoni. 

GRACCHUS,  Tiberius  Semtromi-s, 
was  a  celebrated  Roman,  of  emincn- 
talcnts  and  patriotism,  who  distinguish- 
ed himself  at  the  taking  of  Carthage,  and 
was  elected  tribune  of  the  people.  Hav- 
ing, in  their  name,  demanded  of  the 
senate  the  execution  of  the  agrarian  law, 
by  which  all  persons  possessing  above 
500  acres  of  land  were  to  be  deprived  of 
the  surplus,  for  the  benefit  of  the  poor 
citizens,  among  whom  an  equal  distri- 
bution of  it  was  to  be  made,  it  met  with 
violent  opposition,  an  1  Tiberius  tell  a 
victim  to  his  zeal  and  the  fury  of  the  of- 
fended patricians.  133  b.  c— Caius,  a 
younger  brother  of  the  preceding,  who 


454 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[gra 


possessed  similar  talents  and  principles, 
imd  pursued  similar  measures.  He  was 
twice  tribune,  and  obtained  the  passing 
of  various  laws  obnoxious  to  the  patri- 
cians ;  but,  at  length,  he  was  slain  in 
battle,  when  contending  with  the  consul 
Opimius,  L21  b.  c. 

GRAC1AN,  Baltiiasar,  a  Spanish 
Jesuit,  and  one  of  the  most  popular 
preachers  and  writers  of  his  time,  was 
b.  in  15S4,  and  became  rector  of  the  col- 
lege of  Tarragona.  He  wrote  several 
■works;  the  chief  of  which  are,  "The 
Courtier, "  "The  Hero,"  and  "The  Art 
of  I'm  lence."     D.  1658. 

(JK.KFK,  or  GR^EVIUS.  John  G.,  a 
learned  classical  scholar,  b.  at  Naum- 
btirg,  Saxony,  in  16-32.  His  avidity  for 
study  in  his  early  years  was  astonishing. 
He  succeede  1  Gronovius  in  the  profess- 
orship of  history  at  Deventer,  and  re- 
move: 1  from  thence  to  Utrecht,  where 
he  d.  in  1703.  He  published  editions  of 
several  of  the  classics  ;  but  his  greatest 
works  arc  his  "  Thesaurus  Antiquitatum 
Romanorum,"  and  "Thesaums  Anti- 
quitatum et  Historiarum  Italise." 

GR.E.MP2,  John,  a  Scotch  poet,  wash, 
at  Carnwarth,  in  Lanarkshire,  in  1749. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  poor  farmer,  but 
discovered  a  superior  genius,  obtained 
a  liberal  education,  first  at  Edinburgh, 
and  next  at  St.  Andrews.  He  was  pro- 
paring  for  the  ministry,  when  he  d.  in 
1772,  leaving  behind  him  a  volume  of 
elegiac  and  miscellaneous  poetry,  which 
was  afterwards  published. 

GRAFFIGNY,  Frances  d'Issf.mbouug 
d'Happoncourt  dk,  was  b.  at  Nancy  in 
1694.  She  was  the  wife  of  Granigny, 
chamberlain  to  the  duke  of  Lorraine, 
from  whom  she  was  legally  separated 
on  account  of  his  brutal  conduct.  Her 
best  literary  productions  are  a  sentimen- 
tal work,  entitled  "  Lettres  d'une  Peru- 
vienne,"  and  the  drama  of  "Ccuie." 
D.  at  Paris,  1758. 

GRAFTON,  Augustus  Henry  Fitz- 
roy,  duke  of.  was  b.  in  1736;  succeeded 
his  grandfather  in  the  family  honors  in 
1757 ;  and  in  1765  was  appointed  secretary 
of  state  ;  but  the  year  following  he  rclin- 
quishe  I  that  station,  and  soon  after  be- 
came first  lord  of  the  treasury,  which  he 
held  till  1770.  During  his  administra- 
tion, he  was  virulently  attacked  by  Ju- 
nius, who  seems  to  have  been  actuated 
quite  as  much  by  personal  enmity  as  by 
political  hostility.  In  1771  the  duke  was 
nominated  lord  privy  seal,  which  office  he 
resigned  in  1775,  and  acted  in  opposition 
to  the  court  till  1782,  when  he  was  again 
in  place  for  a  short  time.    After  this,  he 


was  uniformly  an  opponent  of  ministers, 
till  his  death.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
volume  of  theological  essays,  &c.  D. 
1811. — Richard,  an  English  historian, 
who  carried  on  an  extensive  business  in 
London,  as  a  printer,  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury. He  greatly  assisted  in  the  compi- 
lation of  "Hall's  Chronicle,"  and  also 
produced  another,  entitled  "A  Chroni- 
cle at  large  of  the  Affayrcs  of  England 
from  the  Creation  of  the  VVorlde  untc 
Qucene  Elizabeth."  Grafton's  Chroni- 
cle was  republished  in  1809. 

GRAGGlNI,  Anthony  Francis,  an 
Italian  poet  of  the  16th  century.  He 
was  the  originator  of  the  Delia  Crnsca 
academy  ;  and  the  author  of  poems  and 
tales,  the  latter  rivalling,  in  purity  of 
style,  those  of  Boccaccio.  B.  at  Flor- 
ence, 1503  ;  d.  1533. 

GRAHAM,  George,  an  ingenious 
watchmaker,  and  a  most  accurate  mech- 
anician, was  b.  at  Kirklington,  Cumber- 
land, 1875.  He  invented  various  as- 
tronomical instruments,  by  which,  the 
progress  of  science  was  considerably 
furthered.  The  great  mural  arch  in  the 
observatory  of  Greenwich  was  made  for 
Dr.  Ilalley,  under  his  inspection,  and 
divided  by  his  own  hand.  He  invented 
the  sector  with  which  Dr.  Bradley  dis- 
covered two  new  motions  in  the  fixed 
stars.  He  furnished  the  members  of 
the  French  Academy,  who  were  sent  to 
the  north  to  measure  a  degree  of  the 
meridian,  with  the  instruments  for  that 
purpose;  and  he  composed  the  whole 
planetary  system,  within  the  compass 
of  a  small  cabinet,  from  which  model  all 
succeeding  orreries  have  been  formed. 
D.  1751.— Sir  John,  the  faithful  com- 
panion and  fellow-patriot  of  Sir  William 
Wallace.  He  fell  at  the  battle  of  Fal- 
kirk, July  22,  1298.— John,  of  Claver- 
house,  Viscount  Dundee,  "a  soldier  of 
distinguished  courage  and  professional 
skill,  but  rapacious  and  profane,  of  vio- 
lent temper,  ami  of  obdurate  bout," 
whose  name,  "  wherever  the  Scottish 
race  is  settled  on  the  face  of  the  globe, 
is  mentioned  with  a  peculiar  energy  of 
hatred,"  was  b.  in  1650.  His  career  in 
arms  commenced  as  a  soldier  of  fortune 
in  France;  he  subsequently  entered  the 
Dutch  service;  and  on  his  return  to 
Scotland  in  1677,  he  was  nominated  to 
the  command  of  a  regiment  of  horse 
that  had  been  raised  against  the  Cove- 
nanters. His  subsequent  career  we  will 
not  dwell  upon.  Among  many  cruel 
instruments  of  a  tyrannous  sovereign, 
he  made  himself  conspicuous  by  his 
barbarity,  and  has  obtained  an  unenvia- 


gra] 


ble  notoriety  in  history,  romance,  and 
local  tradition.  The  services  which  he 
rendered  to  his  sovereign  were  rewarded 
from  time  to  time  by  various  high  offices  ; 
and  he  was  finally  raised  to  the  peerage 
by  the  title  of  Viscount  Dundee.  Killed 
at  Killicrankie,  in  the  hour  of  victory, 
in  UiS'J. — Sir  Richard,  Lord  Viscount 
Preston,  was  b.  1648.  lie  was  sent  am- 
bassador by  Charles  II.  to  Louis  XIV., 
and  was  master  of  the  wardrobe  and 
secretary  of  state  under  dames  II. 
When  the  revolution  took  place,  he  was 
tried  and  condemned,  on  an  accusation 
of  attempting  the  restoration  of  that 
prince,  but,  through  the  queen's  inter- 
cession, he  was  pardoned.  He  spent 
the  remainder  of  his  days  in  retirement, 
and  published  an  elegant  translation  of 
Boethius  on  the  "Consolations  of  Phi- 
losophy."    D.  1695. 

GRAHAME,  James,  a  Scottish  poet, 
was  b.  1765,  at  Glasgow,  and  educated 
at  the  university  of  that  city.  He  was 
bred  to  the  law,  but  relinquished  foren- 
sic pursuits  for  clerical ;  and  d.  in  1811, 
curate  of  Sedgefield,  near  Durham.  His 
poetry  is  mostly  of  a  religious  character, 
solemn,  yet  animated,  flowing,  and  de- 
scriptive. His  principal  pieces  are, 
"The  Sabbath,"  "The  Bards  of  Scot- 
land," and  "British  Georgies." 

GRAINGER,  James,  a  poet  and  phy- 
sician, was  b.  at  Dunse,  in  Scotland,  in 
1723.  After  serving  his  time  to  a  sur- 
geon at  Edinburgh,  he  became  a  regi- 
mental surgeon  in  the  English  army  in 
Germany ;  but  on  the  restoration  of 
peace  in  1748,  he  took  his  doctor's  de- 
gree, and  settled  as  a  physician  in  Lon- 
don :  where,  however,  he  principally 
supported  himself  by  writing  for  the 
press.  An  "Ode  to  Solitude,"  pub- 
lished in  Dodsley's  collection,  first  pro- 
cured him  reputation ;  and,  among  oth- 
ers, the  acquaintance  of  Shenstone  and 
Dr.  Percy.  In  17">9  he  published  his 
"Elegies  of  Tibullus,"  which,  owing  to 
some  severity  of  criticism,  involved  him 
in  a  paper  war  with  Smollett.  He  then 
went  to  the  West  Indies  as  tutor  to  a 
young  gentleman,  and,  during  the  voy- 
age, formed  an  attachment  to  a  lady, 
whom  he  married  on  his  arrival  at  the 
island  of  St.  Christopher's,  of  which  her 
father  was  governor.  Here  he  success- 
fully established  himself  as  a  medical 
practitioner,  but  did  not  lay  aside  his 
pen.  He  wrote  a  West  Indian  Georgic, 
or  didactic  poem,  entitled  "The  Sugar 
Cane,"  and  the  ballad  of  "Brian  and 
Pereene."  He  d.  at  Basseterre,  St.  Chris- 
topher's, 17(57. 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


455 


GRAMMONT,  Phiubekt,  count  of,  a 
celebrated  wit  of  Charles  Uio  Second's 
court,  was  the  son  of  Anthony,  duke  of 
Grammont.  After  serving  in  the  army 
under  Conde"  and  Turenne,  he  came  to 
England  in  the  early  part  oi'  the  reign 
of  Charles  II.,  witli  whom,  as  well  as  his 
mistresses,  he  became  a  great  favorite. 
He  married  the  daughter  of  Sir  George 
Hamilton,  fourth  son  of  the  earl  of  Aber- 
eorn,  and  d.  1707.  He  is  described  as 
posse-sing,  with  a  great  turn  for  gallant- 
ry, much  wit,  politeness,  and  good-na- 
ture;  but  he  was  a  great  gamester,  and 
seems  to  have  been  indebted  for  his  sup- 
port chiefly  to  his  superior  skill  and  suc- 
cess at  play.  His  memoirs  were  written 
by  his  brother-in-law,  Anthony,  usually 
called  Count  Hamilton,  who'  followed 
the  fortunes  of  James  II.,  and  ended 
his  days  in  the  service  of  France. — The 
duke  of,  father  of  the  duke  of  Guiehe, 
and  the  countesses  of  Tankerville  ami 
Sebastiani,  d.  at  Paris,  aged  81,  August, 
183(5.  Some  years  ago  he  instituted  a 
suit  in  the  French  courts  to  establish 
his  claim  to  the  citadel  of  Blaye  and  its 
dependencies;  and  the  cour  royale  of 
Bordeaux  decreed  that,  at  the  expira- 
tion of  three  years,  the  state  should  pay 
the  duke  an  annuity  of  100,000  francs, 
or  reinstate  him  in  the  possession  of  the 
citadel.  The  present  duchess  de  Gram- 
mont is  sister  to  Count  Alfred  d'Orsay. 

GRANDIUS,  or  GRANDI,  Gnu,,,  an 
Italian  mathematician,  was  b.  1671,  at 
Cremona.  He  became  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  Florence,  and  zealously  advo- 
cated the  Cartesian  doctrines;  subse- 
quently removed  to  Pisa ;  was  appointed 
professor  of  mathematics  in  that  univer- 
sity, and  d.  17-12.  He  corresponded  with 
Newton,  Leibnitz,  and  Bernouilli,  and 
published  several  works,  the  chief  of 
which  is  a  Latin  treatise,  "  De  Intinitis 
Infinitorum." 

GRANET,  Francis,  deacon  of  th.o 
church  of  Aix,  and  an  able  critic,  was  b. 
1692,  at  Brignolles,  in  Provence.  Hd 
continued  Desfontaines's  "Nouvelliste 
du  Parnasse,"  till  the  work  was  sup- 
pressed ;  after  which  he  published 
"Reflexions  snr  les  Ouvrages  de  Lite- 
rature." He  also  translated  Newton's 
"  Chronology,"  and  edited  Launoy's 
works.     D.  1741. 

GRANGE,  Joseph  de  Oiiancei,  de  la, 
a  poet,  was  b.  in  1676,  in  Perigord.  lie 
wrote  a  comedy  at  9  years  old,  and  a 
tragedy  at  16 ;  but  the  work  which  made 
him  known  was  a  satire,  entitled  "Phi- 
lippics," containing  many  infamous  ac- 
cusations against  Philip,  duke  of  Orleans. 


456 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF     BIOGRAPHY. 


[giu 


For  this  he  was  seized,  and  ordered  to 
be  imprisoned  in  the  Isle  of  St.  Marga- 
ret;  but  he  contrived  to  effect  his  os- 
cape,  and  on  thy  regent's  death  returned 
U>  c'nuice,  where  he  was  allowed  to  live 
unmolested.  His  works,  consisting  of 
operas,  trage  lies,  and  miscellaneous 
poems,  form  five  volumes.     D.  17.r>8. 

GRANGER,  James,  an  English  di- 
vine, who  published  a  valuable  and 
highh  interesting  work,  entitled  "The 
Biographical  History  of  England."  D. 
1776. 

GRANT,  Anne,  usually  designated 
Mrs.  Grant  of  Liggan,  a  popular  and 
instructive  miscellaneous  writer,  whose 
maiden  name  was  M' Vicar,  was  b.  in 
Glasgow,  1735.  Her  early  years  were 
passed  in  America,  whither  her  father, 
who  held  a  commission  in  the  British 
army,  had  removed  with  the  intention 
of  permanently  settling  there;  but  cir- 
cumstances interfered  with  his  design, 
and  on  his  return  to  Scotland  he  was 
appointed  barrack-master  of  Fort  Au- 
gust u-*.  Here  his  daughter  became  ac- 
quainted with  the  Rev.  James  Grant, 
chaplain  to  the  fort;  and  a  mutual  at- 
tachment having  sprung  up  between 
them,  on  his  appointment  to  the  living 
of  Lnggan,  Invernesshire,  they  were 
married  in  1 T 7 '. > .  In  1801,  left  a  widow 
with  a  large  family,  and  but  scanty 
means,  she  was  induced,  by  the  persua- 
sion of  her  friends,  to  publish  a  volume 
of  her  poems,  which  proved  successful 
beyond  her  most  ardent  wishes ;  and 
the  literary  ice  once  broken,  she  now 
adopted  literature  as  a  profession,  and 
at  various  periods  produced  her  "Let- 
ters from  the  Mountains,"  (which  have 
been  of. en  reprinted,)  "Memoirs  of  an 
American  Lady,"  "  Essays  on  the  Su- 
perstitions of  the  Highlanders  of  Scot- 
land," "Popular  Models  of  Impressive 
Warnings  from  the  Sons  and  Daughters 
of  Industry,"  &c.  Nearly  the  last  30 
years  of  her  life  were  spent  in  Edin- 
burgh, where  she  formed  the  centre  of 
a  highly  accomplished  circle,  numbering 
anion?  her  friends  Sir  Walter  Scott. 
Lord  Jeffrey,  Henry  Mackenzie,  and  all 
tl  3  Scotch  "notables"  of  the  day;  and 
wnere  the  Christian  resignation  which 
she  displayed  amid  many  calamitous 
events,  and  her  amiable  character,  no 
less  than  her  literary  celebrity,  procured 
her  general  esteem  and  regard.  D.  1838. 
Her  "  Memoirs  and  Correspon  lencc" 
have  since  been  published. — Francis, 
Lord  Cullen,  an  eminent  Scotch  judge, 
was  b.  about  1600.  He  studied  at  Ley- 
den  under  Voct,  and  on  his  return  home 


was  admitted  an  advocate.  He  distin 
gnishod  himself  by  his  publications  in 
favor  of  the  revolution,  for  which  ho 
was  rewarded,  first  by  a  baronetcy,  and 
soon  after  by  being  appointed  one  of 
the  judges,  or  senators  in  the  college  of 
justice,  when  he  took  the  title  of  Lord 
Cullen.  He  continued  to  discharge  tho 
duties  of  his  office  for  20  years,  with  the 
highest  reputation;  and  d.  in  1726.— 
James,  a  Scotch  barrister,  and  at  tho 
time  of  his  death  the  father  of  the  Scot- 
tish bar.  He  was  early  distinguished 
for  his  liberal  political  principles,  and 
could  number  among  his  friends  Henry 
Erskine,  Sir  James  Mackintosh,  and 
many  others,  eminent  for  their  attain- 
ments and  the  lead  they  took  in  the 
polities  of  the  day.  He  was  the  author 
of  "Essays  on  the  Origin  of  Society," 
"Thoughts  on  the  Origin  and  Descent 
of  the  Gael,"  &c.  D.  1835.— Sir  Wil- 
liam, master  of  the  rolls ;  an  excellent 
equity  judge,  the  promptitude  and  wis- 
dom of  whose  decisions  were  appreciated 
no  less  by  the  public  than  by  the  pro- 
fession, of  which  he  was  a  distinguished 
member.  B.  at  Elchies,  in  Scotland, 
1754;  d.  1832. 

GRANVILLE,  Sir  Richard,  was  a 
native  of  Cornwall,  b.  in  1540,  and  en- 
tered early  into  the  military  service,  as  a 
volunteer  against  the  Turks.  He  after- 
wards joined  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  in  his 
expedition  to  America;  and,  in  1591, 
became  vice-admiral  under  Sir  Thomas 
Howard,  who  was  sent  out  to  the  Azores 
to  intercept  the  Plate  fleet.  The  Span- 
iards, however,  being  apprised  of  the 
design,  dispatched  a  powerful  squadron, 
which  succeeded  in  cutting  off  Gran- 
ville's ship  from  the  rest;  and  in  a  des- 
perate contest  with  them  he  was  mor- 
tally wounded. — Sir  Bevil,  grandson  of 
the  preceding,  was  b.  in  1596.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  civil  war,  he  raised 
a  troop  of  horse  at  his  own  expense,  and 
was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Lansdowne$ 
in  1643. — George,  Lord  Lnnsdowne,  a 
nobleman  of  verv  considerable  talents, 
grandson  to  Sir  Bevil.  B.  in  1667.  Ho 
had  a  strong  inclination  for  a  military 
life  ;  but  this  was  checked  by  his  friends, 
and  he  employed  himself,  during  tho 
various  political  change-'  that  occurred, 
in  cultivating  his  taste  for  literature.  In 
1696,  his  comedy,  called  "The  Gallants," 
was  performed  at  the  theatre  royal  in 
Lincoln's  Inn  Fiel  Is,  as  was  his  tragedy 
of"  Heroic  Love,"  in  1693.  On  the  ac- 
cession of  Queen  Anne,  he  made  his 
first  appearance  at  court ;  took  his  seat 
in  the  house  of  commons  as  member  for 


OR  a] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


457 


Fowcy ;  became  successively  secretary 
of  war,  comptroller  of  the  household, 
treasurer,  and  one  of  the  privy  council. 
On  the  queen's  death  he  not  only  lost 
his  post,  but  being  suspected  of  disaf- 
fection to  the  Hanoverian  succession, 
was  arrested  and  sent  to  the  Tower, 
where  he  remained  upwards  of  a  twelve- 
month, lie  then  retired  to  the  Conti- 
nent for  ten  years  ;  and  on  his  return 
passed  his  life  as  a  country  gentleman, 
amusing  himself  with  the  republication 
of  his  poems,  and  in  writing  a  vindica- 
tion of  his  uncle,  Sir  Richard,  against 
the  charges  of  Clarendon  and  Burnet. 
D.  1735. 

GRATIAN,  a  Roman  emperor,  was 
the  son  of  Valentinian  I.  by  his  wife 
Severa,  and  b.  in  359.  His  father  took 
him  as  his  associate  in  the  empire  when 
he  was  only  8  years  old.  In  his  17th 
3'ear  he  succeeded  to  the  throne,  on  the 
death  of  his  father.  Gratian  defeated 
the  Goths,  and  exerted  himself  with 
energy  and  success  in  defending  the 
empire,  but  was  put  to  death  in  a  revolt, 
in  Gaul,  a.  d.  333. — A  Benedictine  in  the 
12th  century,  was  a  native  of  Chinsi,  in 
Tuscany.  He  employed  twenty-four 
years  in  compiling  an  abridgment  of  the 
canon  law,  commonly  called  "  Gratian's 
Decretal." 

GRATIUS,  Falisccs,  a  Latin  poet, 
supposed  to  be  cotemporary  with  Ovid. 
He  wrote  a  poem,  entitled  "Cynogeti- 
con,"  or  the  "Art  of  Hunting  with 
Dogs." 

GRATTAN,  Henrt,  an  eminent  Irish 
orator  and  statesman,  was  b.  about  the 
year  1750,  at  Dublin,  of  which  city  his 
father  was  recorder.  He  finished  bis 
education  at  Trinity  college,  whence  be 
removed  to  England,  and  became  a  stu- 
dent in  tiie  Middle  Temple.  He  was 
called  to  the  Irish  bar  in  1772,  and 
brought  into  the  parliament  of  Ireland 
in  1775,  where  he  immediately  became 
distinguished  for  bis  patriotic  speeches, 
and  that  vigorous  opposition  to  the  stat- 
ute Gth  Geo.  I.,  which  roused  the  whole 
island,  ami  produced  its  repeal,  in  1782. 
For  his  share  in  this  transaction,  Mr. 
Grattan  received  addresses  from  all  parts 
of  the  country,  and  was  rewarded  with 
the  sum  of  £50,000,  voted  to  him  by  the 
parliament  of  Ireland.  In  1790  be  was 
returned  for  the  city  of  Dublin,  princi- 
pally for  the  purpose  of  opposing  the 
unio"- ;  but  when  that  measure  w^is 
carried,  be  did  not  refuse  a  seat  in  the 
united  house  of  commons.  The  latter 
ve.ars  of  his  parliamentary  attendance 
were  chiefly  devoted  to  a.  warm  and 
89 


energetic  support  of  Catholic  emancipa- 
tion ;  and  it  may  be  truly  said,  that  ho 
d.  in  the  service  of  this  cause.  I).  ISl"). 
(y'AUNT,  Edward,  a  scholar  of  iho 
16th  century.  He  was  appointed  master 
of  Westminster  school  in  1572;  resii'ii^l 
the  mastership  in  15s)l;  and  d.  rector 
of  Toppersfield,  in  Essex,  1601.  He  was 
the  author  of  "  Grseeaj  Linguas  Spicile- 
gium,"  &c. 

GRAVES,  Richard,  a  clergyman  of 
the  church  of  England,  but  better  known 
as  a  novelist  and  poet  than  as  a  divine, 
was  1).  at  Mickletou,  in  Gloucestershire, 
in  1715.  In  1750  he  was  presented  to 
the  rectory  of  Claverton,  near  Bath  ;  and 
in  that  pleasant  sequestered  village  ho 
resided  till  the  time  of  his  death,  in 
1804.  Anions?  his  various  work's  are, 
"The  Festoon,  or  a  Collection  of  Epi- 
grams," "  Lucubrations  in  Prose  and 
Rhyme,"  "The  Spiritual  Quixote,"  a 
novel  ridiculing  the  extravagances  of 
Methodism,  as  they  appeared  among  the 
immediate  followers  of  Whitefield  and 
"Wesley,  and  combining  much  shrewd- 
ness, wit,  and  humor. 

GRAVESANDE,  William  James,  an 
eminent  Dutch  geometrician  and  philos- 
opher, was  b.  at  Bote-le-Duc,  in  1688. 
He  was  bred  a  civilian,  and  practised 
sometime  at  the  bar  with  reputation; 
but,  about  1715,  he  became  professor  of 
mathematics  and  natural  philosophy  at 
Leyden,  where  he  taught  the  Newtonian 
system.     D.  1742. 

GRAVINA,  JonN  Vincent,  a  cele- 
brated jurist  and  literary  character,  was 
b.  in  Calabria,  in  1664,  became  professor 
of  civil  and  canon  law  at  Rome,  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Arcadian  academy, 
and  the  early  protector  of  Metastasio, 
and  d.  in  1718.  His  works  are  numer- 
ous, and  the  principal  one,  "  Origines 
Juris  Civilis,"  is  said  to  be  replete  with 
learning. 

GRAY,  Stephen,  a  gentleman  belong- 
ing to  the  Charter  House,  who,  early  in 
the  lSth  century,  distinguished  himself 
as  an  experimental  philosopher.  Ho 
discovered  the  method  of  communica- 
ting electricity  to  bodies  not  naturally 
possessing  it,  by  contact  or  contiguity 
with  electrics;  and  he  projected  a  kind 
of  luminous  orrery,  or  electrical  planet- 
arium, thus  leading  the  way  to  future 
discoveries  and  improvements. — Thom- 
as, a  celebrated  English  poet,  was  b. 
in  London,  in  1716,  and  entered  himself 
at  the  Inner  Temple,  with  a  view  of 
studying  for  the  bar.  Becoming  inti- 
mate, however,  with  Horace  Walpole, 
ho  was  easily  induced  to  accompany  him 


458 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY 


[ore 


in  his  tour  of  Europe;  but  they  parted 
at  Rcggio,  and  Gray  returned  to  England 
in  1741.  Here  lie  occupied  himself  sev- 
eral years  in  laying  literary  schemes  and 
Elans  of  magnitude,  which  he  admira- 
ly  commenced,  but  wanted  energy  to 
mature.  So  slow  was  he  to  publish, 
that  it  was  not  until  1747  that  his  "Ode 
on  a  distant  Prospect  of  Eton  College" 
made  its  appearance;  and  it  was  only 
in  consequence  of  the  printing  of  a  sur- 
reptitious copy,  that,  in  1751,  he  pub- 
lished his  "  Elegy  written  in  a  Country 
Churchyard."  lie  declined  the  office 
of  laureate  on  Cibber's  death,  in  1757, 
and  the  same  year  published  his  two 
principal  odes,  "  On  the  Progress  of 
Poesy'  and  "The  Bard."  In  1768  the 
duke  of  Grafton  presented  him  with  the 

Erol'essorship  of  modern  history  at  Cam- 
ridge.  But  though  Gray  published 
little  besides  his  poems,  he  was  a  man 
of  extensive  acquirements  in  natural 
history,  the  study  of  ancient  architec- 
ture, <fec;  his  correspondence  places 
him  among  the  best  epistolary  writers, 
and  some  of  his  posthumous  pieces  af- 
ford proof  of  his  profound  and  varied 
erudition.  As  a  poet,  he  is  energetic 
and  harmonious,  and  his  lyrics,  though 
few,  have  been  rarely,  if  ever,  surpassed. 
D.  1771. 

GREATOREX,  Thomas,  an  eminent 
musician,  was  b.  at  North  Wiufield, 
Derbyshire,  in  1758.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  Dr.  Cook,  and  afterwards  went  to 
Italy,  where  he  studied  vocal  music 
under  Santarelli,  at  Rome  ;  and  having 
made  himself  acquainted  with  all  the 
knowledge  he  could  gather  by  a  profes- 
sional lour  to  the  principal  cities  of 
Italy,  Germany,  Switzerland,  and  the 
Netherlands,  he  returned  to  England  in 
17SS,  and  established  himself  in  Lon- 
don as  a  teacher  of  music,  in  which  he 
was  eminently  successful,  He  harmo- 
nized various  airs,  adapted  many  of 
Handel's  productions,  and  arranged 
parts  for  the  grand  orchestra  with  great 
ability.  But  he  did  not  devote  his  at- 
tention wholly  to  music;  mathematics, 
astronomy,  botany,  and  chemistry,  each 
occupied  his  mind  by  turns.   D.  1831. 

GREAVES,  Ricuakd,  an  orientalist 
and  mathematician,  was  b.  at  Colmore, 
Hants,  in  1002,  and  chosen  professor  of 

feometry  at  Grcsham  college,  in  1630. 
le  next  went  to  Leyden,  where  he 
studied  the  Arabic  language  under  Go- 
lius.  He  also  visited  Egypt,  and  made 
a  survey  of  the  pyramids.  While  in 
Egypt,  lie  made  an  accurate  measure- 
ment, &e.,  of  the  principal  pyramids, 


which  ho  gave  to  the  woi Id  under  tno 
title  of  "  Pyramidographia;"  he  also 
published  an  ingenious  work,  entitled 
"  Epocha.'  Celebriores,"  and  a  "Disser- 
tation on  the  Roman  Foot  and  Denarius." 
D.  1652. — Thomas  and  Edward,  his  bro- 
thers, were  also  men  of  learning:  the 
former,  a  good  orientalist ;  the  latter, 
eminent  as  a  physician,  and  created  a 
baronet  by  Charles  II. 

GEECOURT,  Jean  Baptiste  Joseph 
Villart  de,  a  French  ecclesiastic,  famous 
as  a  wit  and  poet,  was  b.  at  Tours,  in 
1684.  He  excelled  in  epigrams,  tales, 
sonnets,  and  fables,  a  collection  of  which 
was  published.     D.  1743. 

GREENE,  Robert,  a  humorous  poet 
in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  was  b.  at  Nor- 
wich, about  1560.  lie  was  educated  at 
St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  and  after 
making  "  the  grand  tour,"  took  orders. 
He  wrote  five  plays,  and  various  tracts 
in  prose,  among  which  is  one,  lately 
reprinted,  with  the  quaint  title  of  "A 
Groat's  Worth  of  Wit  bought  with  a 
Million  of  Repentance."  D.  1592. — 
Matthew,  author  of  "The  Spleen,"  a 
clever  poem,  was  a  native  of  London. 
He  held  a  situation  in  the  custom-house 
and  is  described  as  a  man  of  great  prob 
ity  and  suavity  of  manners.  D.  1737. 
— Samuel,  was  the  first  printer  in  Norti: 
America.  The  first  thing  printed  wa: 
the  "Freeman's  Oath,"  in  1639,  the 
next  an  almanac,  and  the  third  the  New 
England  version  of  the  Psalms  in  1640. 
The  time  of  his  death  is  unknown. — 
Nathaniel,  major-general  in  the  army 
of  the  United  States,  was  b.  in  War- 
wick, R.  I.,  1742.  Though  enjoying 
very  i'ew  advantages  of  education,  ho 
displayed  an  early  fondness  fur  knowl- 
edge, and  devoted  his  leisure  time  as- 
siduously to  study.  In  1770  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  state  legislature, 
and  in  1774  enrolled  himself  as  a  private 
in  a  company  called  the  Kentish  Guards. 
From  this  situation  he  was  elevated  to 
the  head  of  three  regiments,  with  the 
title  of  major-general.  In  1776  he  ac- 
cepted from  congress  a  commission  of 
brigadier-general,  and  soon  after,  at  the 
buttles  of  Trenton  and  Princeton,  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  skill  and 
bravery.  In  1778  he  was  appointed 
quartermaster-general,  and  in  that  of- 
fice rendered  efficient  service  to  the 
country  by  his  unwearied  zeal  and  great 
talents  for  business.  He  presided  at  the 
court-martial  which  tried  Major  Andre 
in  1780,  and  was  appointed  to  succeed 
Arnold  in  the  command  at  West  Point, 
but  he  held  this  post  only  a  few  clays. 


ore] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


459 


Tn  December  of  the  same  year  he  as- 
sumed the  command  of  the  southern 
army,  and  in  this  situation  displayed  a 
prudence,  intrepidity,  and  firmness 
•which  raise  him  to  an  elevated  rank 
among  our  revolutionary  generals.  In 
September,  17S1,  he    obtained   the   fa 


mous    victory  at    Eutaw    Spring 


for 


which  lie  received  from  congress  a 
British  standard  and  a  gold  medal,  as  a 
testimony  of  their  value  of  his  conduct 
and  nrviees.  On  the  termination  of 
hostil,  ics,  he  returned  to  Rhode  Island, 
and  in  ITS")  removed  with  his  family  to 
Georg'u,  where  he  d.  suddenly  in  June 
of  Vlie  following  year. 

GREENFIELD,  William,  celebrated 
as  an  oriental  scholar  and  linguist,  was 
editor  of  the  "Comprehensive  Bible," 
and  made  many  valuable  translations  of 
the  Bible  into  Eastern  dialects.  His 
literary  acquirements  were  made  under 
great  difficulties,  and  while  pursuing 
his  daily  occupation  of  a  bookbinder. 
D.  1832. 

GREGORY  I.,  snrnamed  the  Great, 
was  b.  of  a  noble  family  at  Rome,  about 
the  year  544.  lie  discovered  such  abili- 
ties as  a  senator,  that  the  Emperor  Jus- 
tin appointed  him  prefect  of  Rome; 
after  which  he  embraced  the  monastic 
life,  in  a  society  founded  by  himself. 
Pope  Pelagius  II.  sent  him  as  nuncio  to 
Constantinople,  and  on  his  return  made 
him  apostolical  secretary.  He  was 
elected  successor  to  that  pontiff  in  590. 
D.  (504. — VII.,  pope,  who  is  said  to  have 
been  the  son  of  a  carpenter,  and  his  real 
name  Hildebrand,  is  chiefly  memorable 
for  his  extension  of  the  authority  of  the 
popes.  This  ho  carried  so  far  as  to  de- 
pose Henry  IV.,  emperor  of  Germany, 
and  to  send  legates  into  all  the  king- 
doms of  Europe,  to  support  his  pre- 
tended rights.  D.  1085.— XIIL,  was  a 
native  of  Bologna,  and  succeeded  Pope 
Pius  V.  in  1572.  He  was  the  most 
deeply  versed  in  the  canon  and  civil  law 
of  any  in  his  time.  He  ornamented 
Rome  with  many  fine  buildings  and 
fountains;  but  his  pontificate  is  chiefly 
memonble  for  the  reformation  of  the 
calendar,  which  took  place  under  his 
auspices,  and  bore  his  name.  1).  1585. 
— XV.,  was  a  native  of  Bologna,  and 
descended  of  an  ancient  family,  but  his 
real  name  was  Alexander  Lodovisio, 
He  was  elected  to  the' papal  dignity  in 
1621,  and  was  the  author  of  several 
works,  one  of  which,  entitled  "Epistola 
ad  Regem  Persarum,  Scbah  Abbas," 
particularly  deserves  mention. — XVI., 
Mauro  Capellasi,  was  b.  at  Belluno  in 


1765,  and  succeeded  Pius  VIII.  in  tho 
papal  chair,  1881.  His  reign  embraced 
a  period  of  no  ordinary  interest  and  dif- 
ficulty in  the  history  of  the  church,  and 
in  the  relations  of  the  Vatican  with  the 
temporal  [towers  of  Christendom.  1>. 
ls-io. — Nazianzen,  St.,  eminent  for  his 
piety  and  extensive  learning,  was  b.  in 
824,  at  Nazianzum,  in  Cappadocia,  of 
which  place  his  father  was  bishop.  He 
received  an  excellent  education,  which 
he  improved  at  At  liens,  where  he  form- 
ed an  acquaintance  with  St.  Basil.  On 
his  return  home  he  was  ordained,  and 
having  displayed  great  theological  and 
classical  talents,  he  was  chosen  bishop 
of  Constantinople,  which  appointment 
was  continued  by  Theodosius  in  880. 
After  filling  the  archiepiscopal  throne 
for  several  years,  he  resigned  it,  and  re- 
turned to  his  native  place,  where  he  d. 
in  389. — King  of  Scotland,  cotemporary 
with  Alfred,  succeeded  to  the  throne  in 
883.  He  delivered  his  country  from  the 
Danes,  acquired  the  counties  of  Cum- 
berland and  Westmoreland,  performed 
many  brilliant  exploits  in  Ireland,  and 
built  the  city  of  Aberdeen.  D.  894. — 
Bishop  of  Neocajsarea,  in  the  3d  century, 
was  snrnamed  Thadmaturgus,  or  the 
"Wonder-worker,"  on  account  of  the 
miracles  which  he  is  said  to  have  per- 
formed. The  church  flourished  under 
his  care  until  the  Dacian  persecution,  in 
250,  when  he  thought  it  prudent  to  re- 
tire for  a  time.  lie  was  a  pupil  of  the 
celebrated  Origen,  and  appears  to  have 
been  a  man  of  learning.  D.  265. — Of 
Ntssa,  St.,  was  ordained  bishop  of 
Nyssa,  in  372.  The  zeal  he  displayed 
against  the  Arians  excited  the  resent- 
ment of  the  Emperor  Valens,  who  be- 
longed to  that  sect,  and  he  was  banished, 
but,  on  the  accession  of  Gratian,  he  was 
restored  to  his  see.  He  drew  up  the 
Nicene  creed  at  the  council  of  Constan- 
tinople, and  d.  896. — Georgk,  a  divine 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  a  native 
of  Ireland,  and  b.  in  1754.  With  an  in- 
tention of  following  mercantile  pursuits, 
he  was  placed  in  a  counting-house  at 
Liverpool,  and  it  was  not  till  177s  that 
he  took  orders.  In  1782  he  settled  in 
London,  where  he  obtained  the  curacy 
of  Cripplegate,  and  was  chosen  evening 
preacher  at  the  Foundling.  Among  his 
works  are,  "Essays,  Historical  and 
Moral,"  a  "Church  History,"  "The 
Life  of  Chatterton,"  "The  Economy  of 
Nature,"  "Sermons,"  "Letters  on  Phi- 
losophy," and  a  translation  of  "  Lowth'a 
Lectures  on  Hebrew  Poetry."  D.  1808, 
— George   Florence,  saint,   commoulj 


460 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[one 


called  Gregory  of  Tour*,  was  b.  544,  in 
Auvergno.  lie  d.  in  595.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Franks." 
and  other  works. — James,  an  eminent 
mathematician  and  philosopher  was  b. 
at  Aberdeen,  in  1638.  He  published  in 
1663  his  "  Treatise  on  Optics,"  in  which 
he  imparted  his  invention  of  the  re- 
flecting telescope.  About  1665  he  went 
to  Padua,  where  lie  printed  a  work  on 
the  "  Quadrature  of  the  Circle  and  Hy- 
perbola."' On  his  return  from  his  trav- 
el?, he  was  chosen  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  London,  and  merit  procured 
him  the  mathematical  chair  at  St.  An- 
drew's. In  1674  he  removed  to  Edin- 
burgh, on  being  appointed  to  the  math- 
ematical professorship;  but  he  held  the 
situation  only  for  a  short  time,  for  while 
showing  the  satellites  of  Jupiter  to  some 
pupils,  in  October,  1675,  lie  was  sud- 
denly struck  blind,  and  d.  a  few  days 
after. — David,  nephew  of  the  preceding, 
and  the  inheritor  of  his  abilities  and  his 
fame,  was  b.  at  Aberdeen,  in  1661,  and 
became  professor  of  mathematics  in 
Edinburgh.  He  was  afterwards  elected 
Savilian  professor  of  astronomy  at  Ox- 
ford, carrying  his  election  against  Hal- 
ley,  who  was  also  a  candidate  for  that 
situation.  In  1695  he  published  his 
"  Catoptricse  et  Dioptrics;  Splierieae  Ele- 
menta."  His  demonstration  of  the  curve, 
called  the  catenarian,  appeared  in  1697, 
in  the  "Philosophical  Transactions;" 
but  his  greatest  work  was  published  in 
1702,  and  entitled  "  Astronomise  Phy- 
sicae  et  Geometricae  Elementa."  D.  1710. 
— James,  was  b.  at  Aberdeen  in  1753, 
and  was  long  one  of  the  brightest  orna- 
ments of  the  university  of  Edinburgh. 
He  was  the  author  of  "Philosophical 
and  Literary  Essays,"  "Cuilen's  First 
Lines  of  the  Practice  of  Physic,  with 
Notes,"  and  "  Conspectus  Medieinse 
Theoreticte."  D.  1821. — John,  a  phy- 
sician and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b. 
in  1724,  at  Aberdeen,  became  professor 
of  philosophy  at  Aberdeen,  and  after- 
wards professor  of  physic  at  Edinburgh, 
and  was  appointed  rirst  physician  to  the 
king  of  Scotland.  His  works  are,  "  A 
Comparative  View  of  the  State  and  Fac- 
ulties of  Man  with  those  of  the  Animal 
World,"  "Observations  on  the  Duties 
and  Offices  of  a  Physician,"  "  Elements 
of  the  Practice  of  Physic,"  and  "  A  Fa- 
ther's Legacy  to  his  Daughters."  D. 
1773. — Olinthus,  was  b.  at  Yaxley,  in 
Huntingdonshire,  in  1774.  He  com- 
menced his  literary  career  at  the  age  of 
19.  but  the  works  which  chiefly  brought 
nim  into  notice  were  his  "Treatise  on 


Astronomy"  and  the  "  Fantalogia,"  a 
comprehensive  dictionary  or'  the  arts 
and  sciences,  of  which  he  undertook  the 
general  editorship.  Through  the  in- 
terest of  his  friend,  Dr.  Hutton,  he  was 
appointed,  in  18o2,  mathematical  master 
at  the  royal  military  academy,  Wool- 
wich, where  he  obtained  the  professor's 
chair.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Elements 
of  Plane  and  Spherical  Trigonometry," 
"  Mathematics  for  Practical  Men,"  "  Let- 
ters to  a  Friend,  on  the  Evidences, 
Doctrines,  and  Duties  of  the  Christian 
Religion,"  and  "Memoirs  of  the  Life, 
Writings,  &c,  of  the  late  John  Mason 
Good,  M.P."     D.  ls-tl. 

GREGORIE,  IIenky,  Count,  bishop 
of  Blois,  a  French  prelate,  distinguished 
by  his  love  of  democracy,  no  less  than 
by  his  inflexible  integrity  and  active 
philanthropy,  was  b.  in  1750,  at  Vatro, 
near  Luneville.  In  1789  he  was  nomi- 
nated by  the  clergy  of  his  province  a 
member  of  the  states-general ;  and  in 
the  constituent  assembly  he  distinguish- 
ed himself  by  the  boldness  of  his  opin- 
ions relative  to  civil  and  religious  lib- 
erty. He  was  among  the  first  of  the 
clergy  who  swore  fidelity  to  the  consti- 
tution; but  during  the  reign  of  terror, 
when  the  bishop  of  Paris  abdicated  his 
office,  and  several  of  the  clergy  abjured 
Christianity,  the  bishop  of  Blois  stood 
forward  as  the  supporter  of  the  religion 
of  his  country,  lie  also  opposed  the 
accession  of  the  first  consul  to  the  throne 
of  France.  On  the  restoration  of  tho 
Bourbons  he  was  excluded  from  the'Iu- 
stitute,  and  deprived  of  his  bishopric. 
He  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  in 
retirement,  and  d.  at  Paris,  in  1831. 
Anions  his  writings  are,  "  Essai  sur 
1' Amelioration  Politique,  Physique,  et 
Morale  des  Juifs:"  "  Memoires  en  fa- 
veur  des  Gens  de  Couleur,  on  Sang- 
meles  de  St.  Dominique ;"  "Essai  His- 
torique  sur  les  Libertes  de  1'Esriise 
Gallicane  ;"  "  Les  Rumcs  de  Port  Roy- 
al," &c. 

GRENVILLE,  George,  an  English 
statesman  in  the  reigns  of  George  II.  and 
III.,  was  younger  brother  of  Richard 
Grenville,  Earl  Temple,  and  the  f.ithei 
of  Lord  Grenville.  He  entered  parlia- 
ment as  member  for  Buckinghamshire, 
and  was  distinguished  for  his  eloquence. 
He  successively  tilled  the  situations  of 
treasurer  of  the  navy,  first  lord  of  tho 
admiralty,  and  first  lord  of  the  treasury. 
In  1763  lie  became  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer; but,  in  1765,  he  resigned  his 
post  to  the  marquis  of  Rockingham. 
His  administration  having  been  violent- 


GKE 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


4(31 


ly  attacked  by  the  press,  lie  published 

"  Considerations  on  the  Commerce  nnd 
Financed  of  England,  and  on  the  Meas- 
ures taken  by  the  Ministers,"  <fec.,  in  its 
defence.  1).  1760. — William  Wy/ndiiam, 
Lord,  third  son  of  the  preceding,  was  b. 
1759.  He  began  his  parliamentary  career 
us  the  representative  for  Buckingham- 
shire, filled  the  speaker's  chair  six 
months,  and  then  succeeded  Lord  Sid- 
ney as  secretary  for  the  home  depart- 
ment. In  1790  he  was  raised  to  the 
peerage,  and  in  the  following  year  made 
secretary  of  state  for  foreign  affairs.  On 
the  dissolution  of  the  ministry,  his  lord- 
ship principally  confined  his  senatorial 
exertions  to  the  cause  of  Catholic  eman- 
cipation, for  which  he  was  always  a 
steady  and  consistent  advocate.  lie  was 
distinguished  for  Ins  general  literary  at- 
tainments, as  well  as  for  his  political 
knowledge ;  and  he  held  the  office  of 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Oxford; 
to  which,  on  his  death,  in  1S34,  the 
duke  of  Wellington  was  elected. 

GKKSHAM,  Sir  Thomas,  a  patriotic 
merchant  and  citizen  of  London,  the 
6on  of  Sir  Richard  Grcsham,  a  merchant 
and  lord  mayor  of  London,  was  b.  1519. 
His  father  had  been  the  king's  agent  at 
Antwerp,  and  the  person  who  succeed- 
ed him  liaving  mismanaged  the  royal 
affairs  there,  Sir  Thomas  was  sent  over, 
in  1552,  to  retrieve  them.  This  he  did 
effectually.  Elizabeth,  on  her  accession, 
removed  him  from  his  office,  but  soon 
restored  it,  and  knighted  him.  He 
planned  and  erected  a  burse  or  ex- 
change for  the  merchants  of  London,  in 
imitation  of  that  at  Antwerp;  and,  in 
1570  it  was  opened  by  the  queen  in  per- 
son, who  dined  with  the  founder,  and 
named  it  the  Royal  Exchange.  Having 
built  a  mansion  in  Bishopssrate-street, 
for  his  town  residence,  he  directed  by 
his  will  that  it  should  be  converted  into 
habitations  nnd  lecture-rooms  for  seven 
professors  or  lecturers  on  the  seven 
liberal  sciences,  who  were  to  receive  a 
salary  out  cf  the  revenues  of  the  Royal 
Exchange ;  but  Grcsham  college  has 
since  been  converted  into  the  general 
excise  office,  and  the  lectures  are  now 
given  in  a  room  over  the  exchange.  D. 
1579. 

GRESSET,  Jean  Baptiste  Louis,  a 
French  poet  and  dramatist,  b.  in  1709; 
'.ntered  the  society  of  Jesuits,  hut  with- 
drew from  them  at  the  age  of  26.  For  a 
long  time  he  excited  the  admiration  of 
Parisian  circles,  wrote  some  elegant  po- 
ems, became  a  member  of  the  Academy, 
and  was  the  companion  of  the  wits  and 
39* 


literati  of  the  French  capital ;  but  at 
length  he  renonnced  his  favorite  pur- 
suits, and  retired  from  the  gay  world  to 
enjoy  the  tranquillity  of  retirement.  1). 
1777.  His  literary  fame  rests  principally 
on  his  "  Ver  Vert,"  his  "Chartreuse, 
and  "  Le  Mediant." 

GRETRKY,  Andre  Erneste  Mod- 
estk,  an  eminent  musical  composer,  was 
b.  in  1744,  at  Liege.  He  first  studied 
under  Morenu,  then  went  to  Rome,  anil 
finally  settled  at  Paris,  in  176s.  He 
produced  upwards  of  40  operas,  of 
which  ahout  20  retain  possession  of  the 
staLrc,  and  two  of  them,  "  Zemire  et 
Azor"  and  "Richard  Ccenr  de  Lion," 
have  been  translated,  and  played  in 
London  with  success.     D.  1813. 

GREVILLE,  Fulke,  Lord  Brooke,  a 
patron  of  letters,  and  an  ingenious  wri- 
ter, was  b.  1554,  and  descended  from 
the  noble  families  of  Neville,  Beau- 
champ,  and  Willoughby  de  Brooke.  lie 
was  in  great  favor  with  Elizabeth,  and 
was  created  Lord  Brooke  by  James  I., 
who  gave  him  Warwick  castle.  In  1614 
lie  was  made  Under-trensurer,  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer,  and  one  of  the  privy 
council.  He  founded  a  history  lecture 
at  Cambridge.  He  was  stabbed  by  a 
servant  named  Haywood,  whom  he.  had 
reprimanded  for  an  insolent  expression, 
after  which  the  assassin  committed  sui- 
cide with  the  same  weapon.  This  was 
in  1628.  After  his  death  appeared  sev- 
eral of  his  poetical  works,  and  the  life 
of  his  friend  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  written 
bv  him. 

'GREY,  Charles,  Earl,  a  British  states- 
man, distinguished  for  his  senatorial 
abilities  generally,  but  more  especially 
for  his  long  and  inflexible  advocacy  of 
parliamentary  reform,  was  b.  at  Fallo- 
den,  near  Alnwick,  1764.  He  was  al- 
most constantly  occupied  in  the  discus- 
sion of  the  most  important  questions 
that  engaged  the  attention  of  parlia- 
ment. At  the  onset  of  his  career,  his 
oratorical  powers  were  displayed  as  one 
of  the  managers  of  the  impeachment  of 
Warren  Hastings;  and  from  that  time 
he  always  held  a  conspicuous  station 
among  the  WThigs.  When,  in  January, 
1806,  Mr.  Pitt  was  removed  from  the 
helm  of  state  by  death,  Mr.  Grey  took 
office,  under  Mr.  Fox,  as  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty;  and  in  the  following  October 
was  secretary  of  foreign  affairs.  The 
Whig  ministry  was  soon  after  dismiss- 
ed, parliament  was  dissolved,  and,  on 
the  death  of  Lord  Grey's  father,  in  1807, 
he  removed  to  the  upper  house.  I). 
1845. — Lady  Jane,  an  illustrious  female, 


462 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[gri 


whose  accomplishments  and  misfortunes 
have  rendered  her  an  especial  object  of 
interest,  was  the  daughter  of  Henry 
Grey,  marquis  of  Dorset,  by  the  Lady 
Frances,  daughter  of  Charles  Brandon, 
Juke  of  Suffolk,  and  Mary,  younger 
sister  of  Henry  VIII.  She  was  b.  in 
1.537,  at  Bradgate,  her  father's  seat  in 
Leicestershire;  and  early  in  life  gave 
proofs  of  talents  of  a  superior  order, 
she  wrote  an  incomparable  hand,  played 
well  "ii  different  instruments,  and  ac- 
quired a  knowledge  of  the  Greek,  He- 
brew, and  Latin,  as  well  as  of  the  French 
and  Lallan  languages.  Eoge-  Ascham 
has  given  a  beautiful  and  atleeting 
narrative  of  his  interview  with  her  at 
Bradgate,  where  he  found  her  reading 
Plato's  "  Phsedo,"  in  Greek,  while  the 
family  were  amusing  themselves  in  the 
park.  In  1551  her  father  was  created 
duke  of  Suffolk  ;  and  at  this  time  Lady 
Jane  Grey  was  much  at  court,  where  the 
ambitious  duke  of  Northumberland  pro- 
jected a  marriage  between  her  and  his 
son,  Lord  Guildford  Dudley,  which  took 
place  at  the  end  of  .May,"  1553.  Soon 
afler  this  E  Iward  VI.  died,  having  been 
prevailed  upon,  in  his  last  illness,  to 
settle  the  crown  upon  the  Lady  Jane, 
who  reluctantly  accepted  the  crown,  and 
was  proclaimed  with  great  pomp.  This 
gleam  of  royalty,  however,  was  of  short 
duration,  for  the  pageant  reign  lasted 
but  nine  days.  Tile  kingdom  was  dis- 
satisfied, and  the  nobility  indignant  at 
the  presumption  of  Northumberland i; 
so  that  Mary  soon  overcame  her  ene- 
mies, and  was  not  backward  in  taking 
ample  revenge.  The  duke  of  Northum- 
berland was  beheaded;  and  La  Lv  Jane 
and  her  husband  were  arraigned,  con- 
victed of  treason,' and  sent  to  the  Tow- 
er. After  being  confine*!  some  time,  the 
2ouneil  resolved  to  put  these  innocent 
victims  of  a  parent's  unprincipled  am- 
bition to  death.  Lord  Guildford  suffered 
first;  and  as  he  passed  her  window,  his 
lady  gave  him  her  last  adieu.  Immedi- 
ately afterwards  she  was  executed  on 
the  same  scaffold ;  suffering  with  calm 
resignation,  and  a  firm  attachment  to 
the  Protestant  religion,  Feb.  12,  1554. 

GRIDLEY,  Jeremiah,  an  eminent 
lawyer  of  Massachusetts,  was  b.  about 
the  year  1705,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  172")."  He  was  a 
war.n  advocate  for  the  colonial  rights, 
but,  notwithstanding,  was  appointed  at- 
torney-general of  the  province,  and  in 
that  capacity  defended  the  obnoxious 
writs  of  assistance.  He  was  a  man  of 
1Q  ardent  and  generous  character,  and 


possessed  extensive  legal  information. 
1).  1767. 

GR1ESBACII,  John  James,  an  emi- 
nent German  theologian,  b.  174%  at 
Butzbach,  in  the  duchy  of  Hesse  Darm- 
stadt. He  studied  successively  at  Frank- 
fort, Tubingen,  Halle,  and  Leipsie:  be- 
came rector  of  the  university  of  Jena, 
and  ecclesiastical  privy  councillor  to 
the  duke  of  Saxe- Weimar;  and  d.  in 
1812.  His  works,  which  are  too  numer- 
ous to  particularize  here,  possess  great 
erudition;  but  the  most  valuable  is  an 
edition  of  the  Greek  Testament,  with 
various  readings. 

GRIFFIER,  John,  known  by  the  ap- 
pellation of  Old  Grittier,  an  eminent 
painter,  was  b.  at  Amsterdam  in  Ui.">8, 
and  d.  at  London,  in  1718.  lie  suc- 
ceeded chiefly  in  landscapes,  and  paint- 
ed several  views  on  the  Thames.  He 
also  etched  prints  of  birds  and  beasts. — 
His  son  Robert,  called  the  Younger 
Grittier,  was  b.  in  England,  and  was  a 
good  landscape  painter,  though  not 
equal  to  his  father. 

GRIFFIN,  Edward  Dorr,  an  eminent 
divine,  b.  at  East  Haddam,  (Jt.,  1770. 
He  was  a  pastor  first  at  New  Hartford, 
Ct.,  and  then  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  and  iu 
1809  was  appointed  professor  of  sacred 
rhetoric  at  Andovcr  theological  school. 
He  was  next  a  preacher  at  Boston,  and 
iu  1S21  was  chosen  president  of  Wil- 
liams college.  Ho  was  one  of  the  most 
eloquent  preachers  of  his  day.     D.  18  57. 

GRIFFITH,  Elizabeth,  a  native  of 
Wales,  who  jointly  with  her  husband 
wrote  two  novels,  entitled  "  Delicate 
Distress,"  "  Tne  Gordian  Knot,"  and 
"The  Letters  of  Henry  ami  Frances." 
She  also  produced  several  works  of  her 
sole  composition,  among  which  are 
"  Lady  Juliana  Ilarley,"  "The  Morality 
of  Shakspe  ire's  Dr  una  illustrated,"  and 
some  plays.     D.  1793. 

GRLMALDI.  Tne  Grim  il  li  family 
have  ever  been  of  great  importance  in 
Genoa,  and  many  of  its  members  are 
conspicuous  in  the  history  of  that  re- 
public.— Ranieri,  was  the  first  Genoese 
who  conducted  the  naval  forces  of  the 
republic  beyond  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar. 
In  the  service  of  Philip  the  Fair  of 
France,  Grimaldi  sailed  to  Zealand,  in 
1304,  with  1  (5  Genoese  galleys  and  20 
French  ships  under  his  comman  1 ;  and 
defeated  and  male  prisoner  the  Count 
Guy  of  Flanders,  who  commanded  the 
enemy's,  fleet  of  80  sail. — Antonio,  was 
also  a  distinguished  naval  commander. 
His  victories  over  the  Catalonians  and 
Aragouese,    who   had     committed    ag- 


GRl] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


403 


grcssions  on  the  Genoese,  for  a  lout; 
time  gave  the  hitter  a  decided  maritime 
ascendency;  but  ;it  length,  ill  1853,  the 
Catalonians,  assisted  by  the  Venetians, 
under  the  command  of  Nicholas  Pisani, 
gave  him  battle,  and  nearly  destroyed 
Ins  whole  fleet. — Giovanni,  is  celebrated 
for  the  victory  he  ga'nicd  over  the  Vene- 
tian admiral  Trevcsani,  on  the  Po,  in 
1431 :  when,  in  sight  of  Carmagnola's 
amy,  he  succeeded  in  taking  28  galleys, 
and  a  great  number  of  transports,  with 
immense  spoils. — Domenico,  cardinal, 
archbishop,  and  vice-legate  of  Avignon, 
■was  eminent  both  as  a  naval  command- 
er and  as  a  zealous  extirpator  of  heresy 
from  the  Catholic  church.  At  the  bat- 
tle of  Lepanto,  in  1571,  though  a  bishop 
at  the  time,  he  is  said  to  have  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  skill  and  cour- 
age.— Geronimo,  b.  1*)97,  was  sent  by 
Urban  VIII.  as  nuncio  to  Germany  and 
France;  and  the  services  he  rendered 
the  Roman  court  were  rewarded,  in 
1648,  by  a  cardinal's  hat.  He  was  bish- 
op of  Aix,  and  endeavored  to  reform 
the  manners  of  the  clergy  in  his  diocese, 
by  establishing  an  ecclesiastical  semina- 
ry ;  he  also  founded  an  hospital  for  the 
poor,  and  annually  distributed  100,000 
iivres  of  his  vast  property  in  alms.  D. 
16S"). — Francesco  Maria,  a  learned  Jes- 
uit and  an  eminent  mathematician,  was 
b.  at  Bologna,  in  1613.  lie  assisted 
Eiceioli  in  his  scientific  labors ;  and  was 
the  author  of  "  Physico-mathesis  de  Lu- 
mine  Coloribus  et  Iride,  aliisque  annex- 
is,"  &e.  D.  1663. — Giovanni,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  also  called  Bolognese,  was 
b.  at  Bologna,  in  1606.  He  studied  un- 
der Annibale  Caraeci,  to  whom  he  was 
related  ;  and  became  distinguished  chief- 
ly as  a  landscape  painter,  though  he  was 
also  employed  on  historical  subjects, 
particularly'  in  the  Vatican.  Nor  was 
he  merely  a  painter;  as  an  architect  he 
was  greatly  distinguished,  and  as  an  en- 
graver also  his  merit  was  conspicuous. 
Cardinal  Mazarin  invited  him  to  Paris, 
where  he  enjoyed  a  pension,  and  was 
much  noticed  by  Louis  XIII.  D.  1680. 
— Joseph,  an  unrivalled  pantomimic 
clown,  b.  1779,  was  the  son  of  Signior 
Grimakli,  an  aitiste,  noted  for  his  hu- 
mor and  eccentricities,  who  by  clay  fol- 
lowed the  profession  of  a  dentist,  and 
by  night  that  of  ballet-master  at  Drury- 
lanc.  For  a  period  of  forty  years 
"Grimaldi  the  clown"  delighted  the 
laughter-loving  audiences  of  Drury-lane, 
Covent-garden,  and  Sadler's-wells,  with 
»  rich  and  (paradoxical  as  the  term  nay 
seem)  intellectual  species  of  buffoonery, 


peculiarly  his  own — portraying  to  tho 
life  all  that  is  grotesque  in  manners,  or 
droll  in  human  action.  I».  18  17. — Wil- 
liam, (marquis  of  Genoa,)  was  b.  in 
1785,  in  Westminster,  and  in  car!}  life 
entered  into  the  service  of  the  Fast  In- 
dia Company,  but  afterwards  held  a 
situation  m  the  war-office  at  the  Ilorso 
Guards.  In  1828  he  travelled  in  search 
of  his  hereditary  rights,  an  1  disi 
that  he  was  sole  heir  of  the  late  marquis 
of  Grimaldi;  but  he  never  enjoye  1  any 
advantage  from  it.  being  attacked  by  a 
lit  of  apoplexv  while  at  his  pravers. 

GRIMBALD,  St.,  a  learned  ecclesias 
tic  of  the  9th  century,  who  was  invited 
over  from  Flanders  by  Alfred  the  Great. 
He  brought  with  him  several  learned 
associates,  and  settled  at  Oxford;  but 
disputes  arising  between  the  stringers 
ana  the  students  before  placer!  there,  he 
retired  to  a  monastery,  founded  by  Al- 
fred, at  Winchester.  It  is  supposed 
that  he  was  skilful  as  an  architect,  and 
that  the  crypt  of  St.  Peter's  church,  Ox- 
ford, is  his  work. 

GKIMKE,  Thomas  Smith,  a  distin- 
guished lawyer  of  South  Carolina,  b.  at 
Charleston,  177S.  lie  was  a  fine  clas- 
sical scholar,  of  devoted  piety,  and 
throughout  his  life  took  a  warm  interest 
in  all  the  benevolent  movements  of  the 
day,  especially  on  the  subject  of  peaj/e. 
D."  1834.— John  F.,  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  South  Carolina,  was  a 
colonel  in  the  war  of  the  American  rev- 
olution. Hopublished  "  A  Revised  Edi- 
tion of  the  Laws  of  South  Carolina,  to 
1789;"  "On  the  Duty  of  Justices  of 
Peace,"  "A  Probate  Directory."  D.  1819. 

GRIMM,  Frederic  Melciiior,  baron 
de,  counsellor  of  state  of  the  Russian 
empire,  and  a  man  of  letters,  was  b.  in 
1723,  at  Ratisbon.  Going  to  Paris,  he 
became  principal  secretary  to  the  duko 
of  Orleans,  and  acquainted  with  Rous- 
seau and  other  Parisian  philosophers; 
an  account  of  whose  writings,  friend- 
ships, disputes,  &c,  has  been  preserved 
in  his  "Correspondence."  In  1776, 
being  appointed  envoy  from  the  duko 
of  Saxe-Gotha  to  the  'French  court,  ho 
was  honored  with  the  title  of  baron,  and 
invested  with  Several  orders.  On  the 
revolution  breaking  out,  he  retired  to 
the  court  of  Gotha,  where  be  found  a 
safe  asylum.  In  1795  the  empress  of 
Russia  made  him  her  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary to  the  states  of  Lower  Saxony; 
and  he  was  confirmed  in  that  post  by 
Paul  I.,  ami  retained  it  till  ill  health 
obliired  him  to  relinquish  it.     D.  1807. 

GRIMOARD,   Count    Philip    de,    a 


464 


CYCLOP/EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[(iEO 


French  diplomatist,  general,  and  author, 
descended  from  an  ancient  family,  one 
of  whose  members  was  Pope  Urban  V. 
Louis  XVI.  intrusted  him  with  a  nego- 
tiation in  Holland  ;  and  on  his  return  he 
formed  the  plans,  offensive  and  defen- 
sive, for  the  campaign  of  1792.  The 
fall  of  the  king  interrupted  his  career, 
find  he  retired  to  private  life,  devoting 
himself  to  literature.  He  wrote  "  Essai 
Theorique  et  Pratique  sur  les  Batailles," 
"Reehcrches  sur  la  Force  de  I'Armec 
Frangaise,"  &c. ;  and  "Tableau  Histori- 
quc  de  la  Guerre  de  la  Revolution  de 
France,"  1808,  in  conjunction  with  Gen- 
eral Servan  ;  of  which  work  only  3  vols. 
were  published,  when  it  was  suppressed 
by  order  of  Bonaparte.     D.  1315. 

GRIMSTON,  Sir  Harbottle,  an  emi- 
nent English  lawyer  in  the  time  of 
Cromwell,  was  b.  in  Essex,  about  1594. 
In  1660  lie  was  chosen  speaker  of  what 
was  called  "the  healing  parliament," 
and  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
who  waited  on  Charles  II.  at  Breda;  on 
whose  restoration  he  was  made  master 
of  the  rolls.  He  published  the  "  Re- 
ports of  Sir  George  Croke."     D.  1683. 

GRINDAL,  Edmund,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  was  b.  at  Hensingham,  in 
Cumberland,  in  1519.  In  1559  he  was 
chosen  master  of  Pembroke  hall,  and 
the  same  year  preferred  to  the  see  of 
London  ;  in  1570  he  was  translated  to 
York;  and  in  1575  to  Canterbury.  Two 
vears  afterwards  he  was  suspended  from 
his  arch iepiscopal  functions,  for  refusing 
to  obey  Queen  Elizabeth's  order  to  sup- 
press prophesyings,  or  associations  of 
the  clergy  to  expound  the  Scriptures. 
At  length  his  sequestration  was  taken 
off,  though  he  never  completely  recov- 
ered the  royal  favor.  lie  contributed 
to  "Fox's  Acts  and  Monuments,"  and 
founded  the  celebrated  school  of  St. 
Bee's,  in  Cumberland.     D.  1583. 

GRISWOLD,  Roger,  governor  of 
Connecticut,  graduated  at  Yale  college, 
1780,  and  afterwards  studied  law.  In 
1794  he  was  elected  a  member  of  con- 
gress. In  1801  he  declined  the  appoint- 
ment of  secretary  of  war,  offered  him  by 
Mr.  Adams.  In  1307  he  was  appointed 
a  judge  of  the  snpreme  court  of  Con- 
necticut. He  was  lieutenant-governor 
from  1809  to  1811.  when  he  was  elected 
governor.     D.  1812,  aged  50. 

GROLL1ER,  John,  apatron  of  learned 
men,  was  b.  at  Lyons,  in  1479.  He  was 
grand  treasurer  to  Francis  I.,  who  sent 
him  on  an  embassy  to  Rome,  where  he 
employed  the  Aid  uses  to  print  some 
classics  for  him.     He  also  made  a  large 


collection  of  valuable  boohs,  and  settled 
pensions  on  many  eminent  scholars. 
D.  1565. 

GRONOVIUS,  John  Frederic,  an 
erudite  writer,  b.  at  Hamburgh,  in  1611. 
He  studied  at  Lcipsic  and  Jena:  trav- 
elled through  France,  Holland,  and 
England  ;  and  became  professor  of 
belles  lettres  at  Lcyden,  where  he  d. 
in  1671.  With  extensive  knowledge 
he  combined  indefatigable  industry,  a 
modest  opinion  of  his  own  merit,  and 
amiable  manners.  He  published  a  num- 
ber of  classics  with  valuable  notes  and 
improved  readings;  of  which  "  Com- 
mentarius  de  Sesterciis,"  and  his  edition 
of  Hugo  Grotius's  work,  "  Dp  Jure  Belli 
et  Pacis,"  will  serve  as  instances. — 
James,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at 
Deventcr,  in  1645.  He  was  educated 
entirely  under  his  father,  whom  he 
surpassed  in  learning,  though  he  fell 
short  of  him  in  modesty  and  liberality. 
In  1672  he  went  to  France,  and  from 
thence  to  Italy,  where  the  grand-duke 
of  Tuscany  gave  him  a  pension,  and 
obtained  for  him  a  professorship  at 
Pisa.  This  he  held  two  years,  and 
then  returned  to  Leyden  ;  and  was 
appointed  to  the  professorship  of  belles 
lettres  and  geography  in  that  university. 
His  acquirements  in  criticism  and  phi- 
lology were  very  extensive;  he  compiled 
the  valuable  "Thesaurus  Antiquitatum 
Grtecarum,  and  edited  a  variety  of  clas- 
sics.    D.  1716. 

GROS,  An'toine  Jean,  Baron,  a  dis- 
tinguished Freweh  painter,  professor  of 
painting  at  the  Eeole  Royale  des  Beaux 
Arts,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1771.  His  pencil 
was  chiefly  devoted  to  the  illustration 
of  subjects  from  the  history  of  France 
during  the  career  of  Napoleon  ;  and  his 
pictures,  though  coarse,  are  conspicuous 
for  vigor  and  felicity  of  execution.  D. 
1835. ' 

GROSE,  Francis,  an  eminent  English 
antiquary,  was  b.  in  1731,  at  Richmond, 
in  Surrey.  His  father  was  a  jeweller, 
and  left  him  a  good  fortune,  which  he 
soon  spent,  and  became  adjutant  and 
paymaster  in  the  Surrey  militia.  Ho 
was  remarkable  for  his  wit  and  humor, 
and  of  a  generous  disposition,  but  his 
imprudences  involved  nim  in  jrreat  dif- 
ficulties ;  to  clear  himself  from  which, 
he  published  his  "  Views  of  Antiquities 
in  England  and  Wales."  Besides  his 
"  Antiquities,"  he  published  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  Ancient  Armor  and  Weapons," 
"  MilitaryAntiquities,"  and  other  works 
D.  1791. 

GROSSMANN,    Gustavds    Frederic 


Gltu] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


465 


William,  a  celebrated  actor  and  drama- 
tist, b.  at  Berlin,  in  1746.  He  was  ori- 
ginally employed  in  some  subordinate 
diplomatic'  situations  at  Warsaw  and 
Berlin;  but  having  become  acquainted 
with  Lessing  at  the  latter  place,  an  acci- 
dental hint  from  that  celebrated  writer 
induced  him  to  try  his  fortune  as  a 
dramatist  ;  and  he  wrote  several  suc- 
cessful plays.  He  afterwards  became 
an  actor  and  manager,  manifesting  con- 
siderable talents,  and  effecting  many 
reformations  in  the  German  stage  ;  but 
his  bad  success  as  a  manager  led  to 
habits  of  intemperance,  and  involved 
him  in  great  distress.    D.  17'JG. 

GBOTIUS,  or  DE  GROOT,  Hugo,  an 
eminent  scholar  and  statesman,  b.  at 
Delft,  in  Holland,  1583.  He  was  de- 
scended from  a  noble  family,  received 
an  excellent  education,  and  gave  early 
manifestations  of  surprising  talents.  In 
1599  he  commenced  his  career  as  a  legal 
advocate,  and  also  as  an  author;  and 
he  was  successively  appointed  histori- 
ographer, advocate-general  of  Holland 
and  Zealand,  a  member  of  the  states- 
general,  and  envoy  to  England.  In  1613 
he  became  syndic,  or  pensioner,  of  Rot- 
terdam ;  and,  declaring  himself  on  the 
side  of  Barneveldt,  he  supported  him, 
and  the  cause  of  the  Arininians,  by  his 
pen  and  influence.  But  he  narrowly 
escaped  the  fate  of  Barneveldt,  who 
suffered  on  the  scaffold,  and  received 
sentence  of  imprisonment  for  life  in  the 
fortress  of  Louvestein.  From  this,  how- 
ever, at  the  expiration  of  18  months, 
which  he  had  employed  in  writing  his 
celebrated  "  Treatise  on  the  Truth  of 
the  Christian  Religion,"  he  succeeded 
in  escaping.  This  was  effected  by  the 
management  of  his  wife,  who  contrived 
to  have  him  carried  out  of  the  castle  in 
a  chest  that  had  been  used  for  the  con- 
veyance of  books  and  linen.  Grotius  at 
first  sought  an  asylum  in  France;  and 
it  was  during  his  residence  there  that 
lie  composed  his  great  work,  "  De  Jure 
Belli  et  Pacis."  After  an  absence  of  12 
years,  he  returned  to  his  native  country, 
relying  on  the  fa  'or  of  Frederic  Henry, 
prince  of  Orange,  who  had  written  him 
a  sympathizing  letter.  But,  by  the  in- 
fluence of  his  enemies,  he  was  con- 
demned to  perpetual  banishment.  He 
passed  the  remnant  of  his  life  in  the 
diplomatic  service  of  Sweden,  and  d.  at 
Bostock,  in  1645. 

GROTO,  Lewb,  an  Italian  poet,  str- 
eamed II  Ciero,  was  b.  at  Adria,  in 
1541.  He  was  blind  from  his  infancy; 
aot withstanding  which  he  displayed  an 


uncommon  facility  for  learning,  and  at 
the  age  of  14  delivered  public  orations 
at  Venice.  He  d.  15S5,  Laving  a  short 
time  before  performed  the  part  of  <EJi- 
pus  in  a  play  at  Viecnza,  with  great  rep 
utation. 

GROUCHY,  Emanuel,  marquis  of,  a 
distinguished  marshal  of  France,  and  a 
scion  of  a  noble  Norman  family,  was  b. 
at  Paris,  1766.  In  178'J  he  was  a  sub- 
lieutenant of  the  royal  gardes  du  corps; 
but  embracing  the"  new  ideas,  he  took 
part  in  the  wars  of  the  revolution,  and 
gained  great  distinction,  especially  in 
the  Alps  and  La  Vendee,  where  he  was 
named  general  of  division  in  1798.  The 
decree  which  deprived  all  the  nobles  of 
France  of  military  rank  fell  heavily  upon 
him  ;  but  nothing  daunted  he  joined 
the  army  as  a  private,  and  his  distin- 
guished gallantry  soon  led  to  his  resto- 
ration. Dispatched  in  17'JS  to  the  army 
of  Italy,  under  the  command  of  Jonbert, 
he  planned  the  abdication  of  the  king 
of  Sardinia,  and  thus  united  Piedmont 
to  France,  lie  took  part  in  the  battle 
of  Novi,  where  he  received  14  wounds, 
and  fell  into  the  enemy's  hands.  His 
bravery  was  no  less  conspicuous  on  the 
fields  of  Hohenlinden,  Eylau,  Friedland, 
Wagram,  Moscow,  &c. ;  and  he  obtained 
the  marshal's  baton  from  the  hands  of 
the  emperor  shortly  before  his  abdica- 
tion. During  the  hundred  days  he  was 
opposed  to  the  duke  d'Angouleme  in 
the  south,  and  made  him  prisoner.  He 
was  then  summoned  into  Belgium,  where 
he  played  an  important  part.  He  had 
already  carried  the  villages  of  Fleurus, 
(June' 16,)  and  Ligny,  (June  17,)  and 
was  marching  according  to  his  instruc- 
tions in  pursuit  of  Blucher  with  a  body 
of  30,000  men,  when  the  battle  of  Wa- 
terloo was  fought.  Not  getting  instruc- 
tions in  time,  he  could  not  take  part  in 
the  battle,  and  his  absence  may  in  some 
measure  be  said  to  have  decided  the 
fortune  of  the  day.  At  the  restoration, 
his  title  of  marshal  was  not  acknowl- 
edged, and  remained  so  till  1880,  a  year 
which  righted  a  good  many  wrongs.  In 
1882  he  was  created  a  peer.     D.  1^47. 

GRUBENMANN,  John  Ulrio  and 
John,  two  Swiss  mechanics,  who  having 
been  brought  up  as  carpenters,  devoted 
their  entire  attention  to  the  construction 
of  wooden  bridges  without  the  support 
of  piers.  The  most  extraordinary  of 
these  were  at  Reiehenau,  Wettingen, 
and  Schaff  hausen  ;  the  latler,  over  tho 
Rhine,  being  nearly  400  feet  long.  Du- 
ring the  campaign  of  1799  they  were  all 
destroyed  by  the  French.  The  ingenious 


406 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[gub 


builders  died  about  the  end  of  the  18th 
century. 

GRUNDY,  Felix,  a  senator  of  the 
United  States,  1>.  in  Virginia,  1777,  who 
early  removed  to  Kentucky,  where  he 
distinguished  himself  as  a  lawyer.  lie 
was  a  member  of  the  Kentucky  legisla- 
ture from  17'J'J  to  180(5,  when  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  judges  of  the  su- 
preme court,  and  then  chief  justice. 
.Shortly  afterwards  he  removed  to  Ten- 
nessee, where  he  was  elected  to  con- 
gress, in  1811,  and  served  with  activity 
for  several  sessions,  in  1829  he  was 
appointed  senator,  and  took  a  leading 
part  in  the  politics  of  the  period.  Presi- 
dent Van  Buren  made  him  attorney- 
general.     D.  1840. 

GRYPII1US,  Andrew,  a  celebrated 
German  dramatist,  was  b.  at  Glogau,  in 
1616.  He  was  called  the  Cornedlc  of 
Germany,  and  his  tragedies  acquired 
great  popularity.  lie  also  wrote  a  keen 
satire  on  the  old  comedies  of  his  coun- 
trymen, and  produced  some  smart  epi- 
grams. 1).  1064. — Sebastian,  a  printer 
in  the  16th  century,  who  settled  at 
Lyons,  and  was  distinguished  for  the 
beantv  of  his  Greek  and  Hebrew  tvpes. 
D.  1556. 

GUA,  John  Paul  de,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, was  b.  in  Languedoe,  in  1712. 
He  laid  the  plan  of  the  "Encyclopedic," 
and  wrote  a  number  of  mathematical 
papers  in  the  " Memoirs  of  the  Acad- 
emy :"  besides  which  he  translated  some 
English  works  into  French.     D.  1785. 

GUALDO  PRIORATO,  Gai.easso,  an 
Italian  historian,  b.  at  Vicenza,  in  1606; 
author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Troubles  in 
France,"  an  "Account  of  the  Adminis- 
tration of  Cardinal  Mazarin,"  and  his 
"  Life,"  a  "  History  of  tko  Wars  of  the 
Emperors  Ferdinand  II.  and  111.,"  &c. 
D.  1678. 

GUARINI,  Battista,  a  celebrated  Ital- 
ian poet,  b.  at  Ferrara,  in  1537.  He  was 
secretary  to  Alphonso,  duke  of  Ferrara; 
next,  to  Ferdinand  de  Medici,  grand- 
duke  of  Tuscany;  and,  subsequently, 
to  the  duke  of  Urbino.  He  was  well 
acquainted  with  polite  literature  ;  wrote 
several  admired  poems;  but  his  chief 
composition  is  his  pastoral  drama,  en- 
titled "  11  Pastor  Fido."     1).  1612. 

GUAY-TROUIN,  Rene  du,  a  French 
naval  officer,  was  b.  at  St.  Maloes,  in 
1673.  He  commanded  a  ship  at  the  age 
of  18,  and  had  great  success  on  the  coast 
of  Ireland,  but  at  last  fell  in  the  bands 
of  some  English  cruisers,  and  was  carried 
into  Plymouth  ;  from  whence  he  made 
his  escape,  and  in  a  short  time  renewed 


his  depredations  in  the  British  Channel, 
and  also  on  the  coast  of  Spain.  In  1709 
he  was  ennobled,  and  two  years  after- 
wards he  made  himself  master  of  Rio 
Janeiro.     D.  1736. 

GUEEF,  or  GUELPH,  (from  the  Ital- 
ian Gnelti  and  the  German  Welfen,)  the 
name  of  a  celebrated  family,  which,  in 
the  11th  century,  was  transplanted  from 
Italy  to  Germany,  where  it  became  the 
ruling  race  of  several  countries.  The 
family  still  continues  in  the  two  lines  of 
Brunswick — The  royal  in  England,  and 
the  ducal  in  Germany.  The  memory  of 
this  ancient  name  was  revived  by  the 
foundation  of  the  Hanoverian  Guelphio 
order. 

GUERCINO,  (properly  Gianfrax- 
cesoo  Barbieri,  but  surnamed  Guerciuo 
da  Cento  from  his  squinting,)  was  a 
celebrated  painter,  b.  at  Cento,  near 
Bologna,  in  1590.  He  studied  under 
Crcmonini  and  German ;  but  adopted 
two  or  *,i.ree.  styles  in  succession,  and 
afterwards  perfected  himself  in  the 
school  of  Ludovico  Caracci.  He  executed 
106  altar-pieces  for  churches,  and  144 
historical  pieces,  besides  numerous  per- 
formances in  fresco;  in  short,  such  was 
the  uncommon  rapidity  of  his  pencil, 
that,  having  been  requested  by  sumo 
monks,  on  the  eve  of  a  festival,  to  paint 
Jehovah  for  the  grand  altar,  he  finished 
the  picture  in  one  night  by  torch  light. 
The  duke  of  Mantua  conferred  on  him 
the  honor  of  knighthood;  and  several 
sovereigns  endeavored,  in  vain,  to  draw 
him  into  their  service.  He  d.  in  1666, 
very  rich,  notwithstanding  he  had  ex- 
pended large  sums  in  building  chapels, 
founding  hospitals,  and  other  acts  of 
charity  ami  devotion. 

GUERICKE,  Otto  vox,  a  distin- 
guished experimental  philosopher,  was 
b.  1602;  studied  at  Leipsie,  Jena,  and 
Leyden ;  travelled  in  France  and  En- 
gland ;  and  settled  at  Magdcbnrgh,  where 
he  eventually  became  burgomaster.  Ho 
invented  the  air-pump,  and  in  16">4  made 
the  first  public  experiments  with  his 
machine  at  the  diet  at  Ratisbon,  before 
the  Emperor  Ferdinand  III.,  several 
electors,  and  other  estates  of  the  empire. 
His  electrical  and  astronomical  knowl- 
edge also  was  considerable.     U.  1686. 

GUERRERO,  Vicente,  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  United  Mexican  States,  in 
18£9,  was  by  birth  a  Creole.  At  tlio 
very  commencement  of  the  revolution 
in  Mexico  he  took  arms  against  the 
royalists,  and  never  ceased  to  occupy  a 
prominent  position  in  the  affairs  of  that 
country.     On  repeated  occasions,  from 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGUAI'IIV, 


3Ul] 


16W  ru  1328,  General  Guerrero  became 
the  rallying  point  of  the  liberal  or  popu- 
lar party,  the  Yorkinos,  and  was  repeat- 
edly called  into  active  service  in  his 
military  capacity.  Having  been  success- 
ful in  various  contests  with  the  aristo- 
cratieal  party,  he  at  length,  in  1825J,  was 
elected  to  tlic  presidency.  The  expedi- 
tion of  Barradas  soon  gave  employment 
to  the  new  government;  and  the  better 
to  enable  the  president  to  meet  the 
exigency,  he  was  invested  with  extra- 
ordinary powers ;  but  after  the  victory 
over  the  Spanish  troops,  and  when  the 
invading  expedition  was  destroyed, 
Guerrero  evinced  an  unwillingness  to 
relinquish  the  dictatorship,  which  be- 
came the  pretext  of  another  revolution  ; 
and  Bnstamente,  the  vice-president,  as- 
sumed the  reins  of  government.  Guer- 
rero, however,  was  not  long  idle:  in 
September,  1830,  he  collected  a  large 
force  at  Valladolid,  and  established  a 
form  of  government  in  opposition  to  that 
of  Bnstamente,  and  the  whole  country 
was  agitated  by  troops  in  arms.  But 
his  career  was  almost  run.  In  February, 
1881.  he  was  taken,  and  shot. 

GUEVARA,  Louis  Velez  de  las 
Duenas  y,  a  Spanish  dramatist  and 
romance  writer,  was  b.  in  1">74,  at  Ecija, 
in  Andalusia.  lie  was  an  advocate,  and 
by  his  flashes  of  wit  often  drew  forth 
peals  of  laughter  from  the  court.  Sev- 
eral of  his  comedies  are  excellent;  but 
the  work  which  especially  established 
the  fame  of  Guevara  was  his  "  Diablo 
Cojuelo,"  an  admirable  romance,  which 
afforded  the  idea  of  Le  Safe's  famous 
"Diable  Boitenx."  Many  of  his  witty 
sayings  have  become  familiar  to  the 
people,  and  to  this  day  are  often  heard 
as  proverbs  in  Spain.     D.  164(5. 

GUIBERT,  Jacques  Antoime  IIypo- 
Lite,  count  de,  a  celebrated 'French  tac- 
tician, was  b.  at  Montauban,  in  1743. 
lie  studied  the  military  art  under  his 
father,  with  whom  he  served  in  the 
German  war;  and,  in  the  expedition  to 
Corsica,  lie  was  made  a  colonel,  with  the 
cross  of  St.  Louis.  On  his  return  to 
France,  lie  published  his  "Essai  Gene- 
ral de  Tactique,"  which  work  being 
diametrically  opposed  to  Folard's,  ex- 
rited  a  vehement  controversy.  lie  was 
also  the  author  of  some  tragedies;  his- 
torical eulogies  on  Marshal  Catinat,  the 
chancellor  de  l'Hopital,  and  Frederic 
the  Great;  "Travels  in  Germanv,"  and 
"Travels  in  Switzerland."     U.  1790. 

GUICCIARD1NI,  Francis,  an  Italian 
historian,  was  b.  at  Florence,  in  1432. 
He  was  bred  to  the  law,  and  appointed 


407 


professor  of  jurisprudence  in  his  native 
city.  Politics,  however,  occupied  the 
resl  of  his  life.  In  1512  he  was  sent  am- 
bassador, on  the  part  Ol  the  republic,  to 
the  Spanish  court  at  Bruges;  for  his 
services  in  which  mission  he  was  ro- 
eeived  with  great  honor  by  his  country^ 
men,  and  Leo  X.  constituted  him  advo 
cate  of  the  consistory.  In  1513  lie  was 
made  governor  ol'  frfodeua  and  Reggio, 
and  next  of  Parma,  where  he  drove  out 
the  French,  and  confirmed  the  inhabit- 
ants in  their  obedience.  He  was  after- 
wards reappointed  to  the  government 
of  Modena,  ami  the  presidency  of  the 
Romagna;  and,  in  1581,  he  was  made 
governor  of  Bologna,  where  he  assisted 
at  the  coronation  of  Charles  V.  After  a 
life  of  great  activity,  he  returned  to  his 
native  city,  and  there  began  his  crreat 
work  on  the  "  History  of  Italy  during 
his  own  Time,"  which  he  had  nearly 
completed  at  the  time  of  his  death,  in 
1540. 

GUIDO  RENI,  one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent among  the  Italian  painters,  was  b. 
at  Bologna,  in  1575.  Combining  the 
beauties  of  Albert  Purer  and  Caravaggio 
with  the  school  of  Caracci,  he  soon  gave 
his  teachers  occasion  to  admire  his 
talents,  and  is  even  said  to  have  ex- 
cited the  jealousy  of  Ainiibale  Caracci. 
He  was  honored,  caressed,  and  employed 
by  the  great,  and  might  have  accumu- 
lated great  wealth  ;  but,  to  satisfy  an 
unfortunate  passion  for  gambling,  he 
often  sold  his  paintings  at  any  price, 
and  became  involved  in  pecuniary  em- 
barrassments, so  that,  in  1642,  he  d.  in 
a  state  of  poverty  and  dejection.  Guido 
imitated  the  beautiful  in  nature,  and 
was  pre-eminently  the  painter  of  youth 
and  'female  loveliness.  —  Cagnacci,  an 
historical  painter,  b.  at  Bologna  in  1600J 
and  a  disciple  of  Guido  Reni.    D.  HiSO. 

GU1LLOTIN,  Joseph  Ignatius,  a 
French  physician,  who,  during  the  rev- 
olution, proposed  the  use  of  the  guil- 
lotine, an  instrument  made  after  tho 
fashion  of  "the  maiden,"  which  was 
used  on  the  Scottish  borders  in  the  16th 
century.  He  practised  medicine  in 
Paris  ninny  years,  and  was  much  re- 
spected for  his  general  conduct.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  national  assembly, 
where  his  political  principles  were 
marked  by  moderation,  and  his  intro- 
duction otthis  instrument  of  death  was 
from  a  humane  motive — that  of  render- 
ing capital  punishment  less  painful,  by 
decapitation.  He  was  not,  as  has  been 
reported,  the  victim  of  his  own  con- 
trivance, though  greatly  annoyed  by  ita 


468 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[gun 


beinj?  called  by  his  name.     D.  in  peace-  | 
ful  retirement,  1814. 

GUTRAN,  Galliard,  counsellor  of 
state  to  the  prince  of  Orange  in  tlie  17th 
century;  author  of  an  "  Historical  and 
Chronological  Register  of  the  Seneschals 
ofNismes  and  Beaucaire."     D.  1G80. 

GU1SCHAKD,  Charles  Gotlieb,  an 
able  writer  on  military  tactics,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Magdeburg.  His  works  are 
"Meinoires  Mllitaires  sur  les  Grccs  et 
les  Uomains"  and  "Memoires  Critiques 
ct  Kistoriques  sur  plusieurs  Points 
d'AntiquiUs  Militaires."     D.  1775. 

GUISE,  Francis  of  Lorrai.ve,  duke 
of,  an  illustrious  warrior  of  France,  but 
us  ambitious  and  bigoted  as  he  was 
brave.  He  was  b.  1519 ;  distinguished 
himself  by  his  bravery  at  the  siege  of 
Boulogne,  the  defence  of  Met/,  the  con- 
quest of  Calais,  &e. ;  and  lost  his  life 
by  assassination.  :u  1653. — -Charles  of, 
usually  called  the  Cardinal  of  Lorraine, 
was  the  minister  of  Francis  II.  and 
Charles  IX.  He  is  notorious  for  his 
violent  and  intolerant  spirit,  and  his 
memory  will  ever  be  held  in  execration 
for  the  furious  persecution  he  promoted 
against  the  Protestants  of  France.  B. 
1525;  d.  1574.  —  Henry  of  Lorraine, 
eldest  son  of  Francis,  duke  of  Guise, 
was  b.  in  1550.  He  is  memorable  in  the 
history  of  France  for  his  bravery  ;  but 
he  was  of  a  turbulent,  ambitious,  and 
cruel  disposition.  After  having  distin- 
guished himself  in  Hungary  by  his  valor 
against  the  Turks,  he  placed  himself  at 
the  head  of  an  armed  band,  which  he 
called  the  League,  under  the  pretext  of 
defending  the  Roman  CathoK.  religion, 
Henry  III.  the  king,  and  the  state, 
against  the  designs  of  the  Huguenots,  or 
French  Protestants.  This  plan  was 
formed  by  his  brother  the  cardinal,  and 
the  Huguenots  were  massacred  by  thou- 
sands. But  their  violence  did  not  stop 
here.  Guise  now  became  an  open  rebel ; 
he  entered  Paris  against  the  king's  ex- 
press order,  and  put  to  the  sword  all 
who  opposed  him ;  and  the  streets  be- 
ing barricaded  to  prevent  his  progress, 
this  fatal  day  is  called  in  French  history, 
"the  day  of  the  barricades."  The  king 
escaped  to  Blois,  and  convened  an  as- 
sembly of  the  states;  and  the  duke  of 
Guise  had  the  boldness  to  appear  there 
to  a  summons  sent  him  for  that  purpose. 
A  forced  reconciliation  then  took  place 
between  them,  by  the  advice  of  this  as- 
sembly ;  but  it  being  afterwards  discov- 
ered that  Guise  had  formed  a  plan  to 
dethrone  the  king,  the  latter,  wanting 
the  resolution  to  bring  him  to  a  trial, 


procured  his  assassination  as  he  was  en- 
tering the  council  chamber,  Dec.  23, 
1558. — Henry  II.,  duke  of  Lorraine, 
a  grandson  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  1  tj  14. 
He  is  described  as  prodigal  and  brave, 
addicted  equally  to  love  and  war.  After 
having  joined  in  the  rebellion  of  the 
count  dc  Soissons,  and  received  a  par- 
don, he  was  induced  to  join  the  revolted 
Neapolitans ;  and,  at  their  head,  dis- 
played great  gallantry  ;  but  he  at  length 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards.  D. 
1664. 

GUITON,  John,  a  citizen  of  Rochelle, 
who  was  chosen  mayor  of  the  town  when 
it  was  besieged  by  Cardinal  Richelieu, 
in  1637.  He  refused  the  post,  unless 
permitted  to  have  a  poniard  to  stab  the 
tirst  who  should  offer  to  surrender. 
Being  told  that  famine  had  carried  off 
many  of  the  inhabitants,  he  answered, 
"  It  matters  not,  provided  there  is  one 
left  to  shut  the  gates." 

GU1ZOT,  Elizabeth  Charlotte  Pau- 
line, a  French  lady,  whose  works  writ- 
ten for  the  instruction  of  youth  have 
given  her  celebrity,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in 
1773.  Her  father  died  when  she  was 
a  child,  and  her  family  having  been 
brou<rht  to  distress  by  the  revolutionary 
changes,  she  was  induced  to  attempt 
authorship,  in  order  to  provide  for  their 
exigencies.  She  accordingly  produced 
the  novels,  entitled  "  Les  Contradic- 
tions" and  "  LaChapelled'Avton  ;"  she 
also  wrote  in  the  public  journals  ;  and 
her  articles  on  manners,  the  drama, 
&c,  attracted  considerable  attention. 
At  length  she  became  acquainted  with 
M.  Gnizot,  since  distinguished  also  as  a 
statesman  ;  in  1812  they  were  married  ; 
and  she  subsequently  acquired  no  small 
share  of  literary  distinction  for  her 
"L'Ecolier  ou  Raoul  et  Victor,"  "  Non- 
veanx  Contes,"  and  "  Lettres  de  Famille 
sur  l'E due  ition  Dotnestiqne."     D.  1827. 

GUN  DULF,  bishop  of  Rochester,  was 
one  of  the  Norman  ecclesiastics  brought 
over  by  William  the  Conqueror.  He 
was  a  celebrate!  architect;  and  built 
that  part  of  the  Tower  of  London  c.illed 
the  White  Tower.  He  also  erected 
Rochester  cn«tie,  and  rebuilt  the  cathe- 
dral.    D.  1108. 

GUNNER,  John  Ernest,  bishop  of 
Drontheim,  was  b.  at  Christiana,  in 
Norway,  1718.  He  founded  the  Royal 
Norwegian  Societv,  in  the  Transactions 
of  which  he  published  several  valuable 
papers  on  natural  history.  On  account 
of  his  zeal  for  botany,  Linnaeus  gave  his 
name  to  a  plant  in  his  system.  He  pub- 
lished "Flora  Norvegica,"  and  d.  1773. 


guy] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


409 


GUNTER,  Edmund,  a  mathematician, 
was  b.  in  Herefordshire,  in  1581.  lie 
was  professor  of  astronomy  in  Gresham 
college,  where  he  d.  1626.  He  invent- 
ed a  portable  quadrant  for  astrom  mical 
purposes,  and  the  famous  "  rule  of  pro- 
portion," which,  in  its  mechanical  form, 
is  styled  "  Guntcr's  scale."  JIc  also  dis- 
covered the  variation  of  tlie.  magnetic 
needle.  His  works  were  collected  into 
one  volume,  and  have  been  repeatedly 
published.    T).  1626. 

GUSTAVDS  I.,  king  of  Sweden, 
known  by  the  name  of  Gnstavus  Vasa, 
was  b.  in  14'.io.  Having  delivered  Sweden 
from  the  Danish  yoke,  he  was,  in  1523, 
elected  kins:  of  that  country  ;  reigned 
gloriously  for  37  years,  and  d.  1560. — 
Adolpiius,  the  grandson  of  Gnstavus 
Vasa,  was  b.  at  Stockholm,  in  1595,  and 
ascended  the  throne  in  1611.  He  brought 
the  war  in  which  his  country  was  then 
involved  with  Denmark,  Russia,  and 
Poland,  to  a  successful  issue  ;  and  after- 
wards led  an  army  of  60,000  men  into 
Germany  for  the  noble  purpose  of  res- 
cuing the  Protestants  from  the  tyranny 
of  the  house  of  Austria.  He  penetrated 
from  the  Vistula  to  the  Danube,  and 
twice  defeated  the  celebrated  Tilly. 
This  great  prince  fell  in  the  battle  fought 
on  the  plains  of  Lutzen,  in  1632. — 111., 
was  the  son  of  Adolpiius  Frederic  and 
Louisa  Ulrica,  sister  of  Frederic  II., 
king  of  Prussia.  He  was  b.  1746,  and 
succeeded  his  father  in  1771.  He.  abol- 
ished the  practice  of  torture,  and  intro- 
duced other  good  regulations  in  the 
administration  of  justice.  He  also  form- 
ed a  college  of  commerce,  and  reformed 
his  army  and  navy.  In  1788  he  was  in- 
volved in  a  war  with  Russia,  which 
power  was  assisted  by  Denmark.  Gns- 
tavus headed  his  army  himself,  and 
Btormed  the  defences  of  Frederickshall, 
where  he  took  and  destroyed  a  great 
number  of  vessels.  On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  French  revolution,  a  coalition 
was  formed  between  the  northern  pow- 
ers and  Spain,  by  which  it  was  agreed 
that  Gnstavus  should  march  against 
France  at  the  head  of  a  considerable 
army;  but  while  preparations  were 
making,  he  was  shot  at  a  masquerade 
by  Ankarstroem,  a  disbanded  officer  of 
the  army,  1792.— IV.,  was  b.  177S,  and 
ascended  the  throne  when  his  father  fell. 
D.  1S37. 

GUTCH,  Johx,  an  antiquarian  writer. 
who  was  registrar  of  the  university  of 
Oxford,  rector  of  St.  Clement's,  and 
chaplain  of  All  Soul's  college.  He  pub- 
lished "  Collectanea  Curiosa,"  from  the 
40 


MSS.  of  Archbishop  San  croft ;  "The 
History  and  Antiquities  oftl  ol  olleges, 
&c,  from  Mss.  in  the  Bodleian  library, 

written  by  Anthony  Wood;"  '-The 
Antiquities  and  Annals  of  the  Univer- 
sity," &c.     I).  L881. 

GUTHRIE,  Wn.i.i.\M,anin  lefatigablo 
writer,  was  b.  at  Brechin,  Scotland,  in 
1708;  and  after  receiving  his  education 
at  King's  college,  Aberdeen,  sctllcd  in 
London  as  an  author.  Among  the  va- 
rious works  which  bear  this  author's 
name  are,  a  "History  of  England,"  a 
"History  of  Scotland,"  an  "Universal 
History,"  the  "Geographical  Gram- 
mar;" "The  Friends,"  a  novel;  "  Re- 
marks on  English  Tragedy,"  also  a 
translation  of  Quintilian,  and  Cicero's 
"Offices."     D.  1770. 

GUTTEMBERG,  John,  usually  called 
the  inventor  of  printing,  was  b.  at 
Mentz,  in  1400.  In  1427  he  resided  at 
Strasbnrg,  as  a  merchant ;  but,  returned 
to  Mentz  in  1430.  About  148S,  (luttcm- 
borg  made  use  of  movable  types  of 
wood  ;  and  in  1450  formed  a  eo-partner- 
ship  with  .John  Faust,  or  Fust,  a  rich 
goldsmith,  who  furnished  money  to 
establish  a  press,  on  which  the  Latin 
Bible  was  first  printed.  Gnttemberg, 
whose  printing-office  remained  in  Mentz 
till  146o,  d.  1468. 

GUY,  Thomas,  the  founder  of  Guy's 
hospital,  was  the  son  of  a  lighterman' of 
Ilorsleydown,  and  b.  in  1644.  lie  was 
brought  up  to  the  business  of  a  book- 
seller, and  had  a  lucrative  trade  by 
dealing  largely  in  the  importation  of 
bibles  from  Holland,  and  afterwards 
contracting  with  Oxford  for  those 
printed  at  that  university;  but  his 
principal  gains  arose  from  the  disrepu- 
table purchase  of  seamen's  prize  tickets, 
and  jobbing  in  South  Sea  stock.  By 
these  means,  joined  to  most  penurious 
habits,  he  amassed  a  fortune  of  nearly 
half  a  million  sterling,  of  which  ho 
spent  about  £200,000  in  building  and 
endowing  the  hospital  in  Soutliwark, 
which  bears  his  name.  He  also  erected 
alms  houses  at  Tamworth,  and  mado 
bequests  to  Christ's  hospital  and  va- 
rious other  charities;  besides  leaving 
£80,000  to  be  divided  among  those  who 
could  prove  any  degree  of  relationship 
to  him.     D.  1724. 

GUYON,  Jean  Marie  Bouviere  t.e 
la  Motiik,  a  French  lady,  celebrated  as 
a  religious  enthusiast,  was  b.  at  Mon- 
targis,  in  1648,  and  became  a  widow 
with  three  children,  at  the  age  of 
twenty-eight.  Having  a  strong  predi- 
lection for  a  kind  of  mystical  devotion, 


470 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CYTI 


the  relinquished  the  care  of  her  children 
to  others,  and  gave  up  a  part  of  her 
fortune  for  their  maintenance,  while 
bIic  professed  to  be  wholly  guided  by 
"  divine  impulses,"  thereby  implying  a 
complete  renunciation  of  self,  the  silence 
of  the  soul,  and  the  annihilation  of  all 
earthly  cares  and  emotions,  which  has 
since  obtained  the  name  of  quietism. 
For  several  years  she  wandered  from 
place  to  place,  preaching  her  doctrines, 
and  making  converts;  till  her  fame 
reaching  Paris,  and  calumny  having 
been  *msy  with  her  character,  she  was 
was  cin  the  king's  order  shut  up  in  a 
convent.  Through  the  intercession  of 
mada  ue  de  Maintenon,  however,  she 
booh  obtained  her  liberty  ;  and  such 
Were  the  attractions  of  her  eloquence, 
and  the  tenderness  and  apparent  fervor 
of  her  piety,  that  she  not  only  made 
proselytes  of  many  ladies  of  the  court, 
but  enlisted  the  illustrious  Fenelon  in 
her  cause.  Her  doctrines  and  conduct 
at  length  excited  the  resentment  of  Bos- 
suet  and  other  rigid  ecclesiastics,  and 
she  was  compelled  to  sign  a  recantation. 
But  again  pursuing  the  same  career  in 
Paris,"  she  was  confined  in  the  Bastille. 
On  being  liberated,  in  170-2,  she  retired 
to  Blois,  and  there  passed  the  remainder 
of  her  life  in  the  private  exercise  of 
"quietism."  Her  works,  which  are 
very  voluminous,  are  now  scarcely 
remembered,  except  the  one  entitled 
"The  Song  of  Songs  interpreted  ac- 
cording to  its  Mystical  Sense." — Marie 
Claude,  a  priest  of  the  Oratory  at  Paris, 
author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Amazons," 
a  "  History  of  Empires  ajul  Republics," 
a  "History  of  the  Indies."  B.  1701; 
d.  1771. 

GUYS,  Peter  Augustine,  a  French 
merchant,  b.  at  Marseilles,  in  1720; 
whose  love  of  letters  induced  him, 
when  trading  to  the  Levant,  to  make 
frequent  excursions  into  Greece,  with 
Homer  in  his  hand,  for  the  purpose  of 
making  his  comments  on  the  spot,  and 
tracing  the  vestiges  of  its  ancient  glories. 
The  fruit  of  his  researches  appeared  in 
a  work,  entitled  "Voyage  LitU'raire  de 
la  Grece."  He  also  wrote  "  Relation 
Abregee  do  les  Voyages  en  Italie  et 
dans   le  Norcl." 

GUYTON  DE  MORVEAU,  Louis 
Bernard,  an  eminent  French  chemist, 


was  the  son  of  a  lawyer  at  Dijon,  whero 
ho  was  b.  in  1737.  lie  figured  among 
the  earliest  and  most  violent  of  the 
revolutionists;  bore  a  decided  enmity 
to  the  kingly  authority  and  the  priest- 
hood ;  became  successively  a  member 
of  the  legislative  assembly,  the  conven- 
tion, the"  committee  of  public  safety, 
and  the  council  of  five  hundred  ;  wa3 
made  a  member  of  the  legion  of  honor, 
and  a  baron  of  the  empire  by  Bona- 
parte; and  was  director  of  the  Poly- 
technic school,  and  administrator  of  tlia 
mint.  Besides  his  share  in  the  "  Ency- 
clopedic Mtthodique,"  he  was  one,  of 
the  principal  editors  of  the  "Annals 
of  Chemistry,"  and  wrote  some  other 
chemical  works.     D.  1816. 

GWILYM,  David  ap,  a  British  bard, 
known  by  the  name  of  David  of  Gla- 
morgan, and  styled  the  Welsh  Ovid, 
was  b.  in  1840,  in  the  county  of  Cardi- 
gan. He  was  one  of  the  itinerant  bards, 
and  became  steward  and  tutor  in  the 
family  of  Ivor  lined,  where  he  d.  1400. 
His  poems  were  published  in  1792,  and 
are  said,  by  those  who  profess  to  be 
judges,  to  be  unsurpassed  by  any  of  his 
bardie  successors. 

GWINNE,  Matthew,  was  a  physician 
of  Welsh  descent,  but  b.  in  London. 
After  taking  his  degrees  at  Oxford,  he 
commenced  practice  there :  but,  on  the 
settlement  or  Gresham  college,  he  was 
chosen  professor  of  physic,  and  in  1605 
appointed  physician  to  the  Tower.  He 
wrote  a  comedy  called  "  Vertumnus," 
"  Orations,"  "  Letters  on  Chemical  and 
Magical  Secrets,"  &c.     D.  1627. 

GWINNET,  Button,  was  b.  in  En- 
gland in  17o2,  and  after  engaging  in 
commercial  pursuits,  emigrated  to 
America  in  1770,  and  resided  for  about 
two  years  at  Charleston,  S.  C.  lie  then 
removed  to  Georgia,  and  having  pur- 
chased a  plantation  turned  his  attention 
to  agriculture.  On  the  commencement 
of  the  revolution,  he  took  an  active  part 
in  the  affairs  of  this  state;  was  elected 
a  representative  in  the  general  congress 
of  1775,  1776,  and  1777,  and  signed  the 
declaration  of  independence.  In  May, 
1777,  he  was  a  candidate  for  the  chair 
of  governor  of  the  state,  but  failed  ;  and 
on  the  27th  of  the  same  month  was  shot 
in  a  duel  with  a  political  rival,  Genera] 
M'Intosh. 


uag] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


471 


H. 


ITAAK,  Theodore,  n  German  writer, 
b.  at  Newhauson,  1605.  He  studied  at 
Oxford,  translated  the  Dutch  "Annota- 
tions of  the  Bible,''  and  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Royal  Society.    D.  1690. 

HAAS,  William,  a  letter-founder  at 
Basle,  who  improved  the  art  of  printing 
bv  the  invention  of  a  balance-press,  &c. 
D.  1800. 

HABERLIN,  Francis  Dominic,  aGer- 
man  historian  and  antiquary,  author  of 
the  "  History  of  the  German  Empire," 
but  which,  owing  to  his  death,  in  1787, 
was  left  incomplete.  He  was  a  native 
of  Suibia,  and  professor  of  history  at 
Helmstadt. — Charles  Fredei:ic,  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  professor  of  juris- 
prudence in  the  university  of  Helm- 
stadt, and  the  author  of  various  legal 
works.     D.  1S0S. 

HABERT,  Oeumaix,  a  French  poet, 
was  abbot  of  Notre  Dame  deCerisi,  and 
one  of  the  first  members  of  the  academy. 
He  d.  in  1655.  His  principal  poem  is 
entitled  "  Metamorphose  des  Yeux 
d'Iris  change's  en  Astros."  He  also 
wrote  the  "The  Life  of  Cardinal  de 
Berulle." — Isaac,  bishop  of  Vabrcs,  in 
France;  distinguished  himself  as  a  con- 
troversialist against  Jansenius,  and  left 
a  translation  of  the  pontifical  of  the 
Greek  church,  some  Latin  poems,  and 
other  works.     D.  HJliS. 

1IABINGTON,  Thomas,  a  gentle- 
man of  landed  property,  at  Henlip,  in 
Worcestershire,  who  was  implicated  in 
various  treasonable  practices,  but  who 
had  the  good  fortune,  though  detected, 
to  escape  from  the  full  penalty  of  them. 
He  was  found  guilty  of  engaging  in  a 
conspiracy  to  release  Mary  queen  of 
Scots,  for  which  he  was  imprisoned  six 
years;  and  he  was  afterwards  convieted 
of  concealing  some  of  the  agents  in  the 
gunpowder-plot,  and  received  sentence 
of  death  ;  but  obtained  a  pardon,  ow-ng 
as  some  assert,  to  bis  having  been  the 
godson  of  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  though, 
more  probably,  to  the  circumstance  of 
his  daughter  being  the  wife  of  Lord 
Monteaglc,  and  the'supposcd  writer  of 
the  mysterious  letter  that  led  to  its  dis- 
covery. He  was,  however,  restrained 
from  ever  leaving  Worcestershire;  in 
consequence  of  this,  he  employed  the  rest 
of  bis  life  in  collecting  a  mass  of  topo- 
graphical materials,  which  subsequently 
formed  the  foundation  of  Dr.  Nash's  his- 


tory of  that  county.  B.  1560  ;  d.  1647.— 
William,  son  of  i lie  preceding,  was  b. 
at  Henlip,  Worcestershire,  in  1605;  and 

was  both  a  poet  and  an  historian.  Ho 
was  educated  at  St.  Omer's  and  Paris; 
married  the  daughter  of  the  first  Lord 
I'owis  ;  and  published  a  volume  of 
poems,  under  the  title  of  "Castara;" 
which,  according  to  the  judgirent  cf 
modern  critics,  possess  mncll  fancy, 
elegance,  and  moral  feeling.  His  other 
works  are,  "The  Queen  of  Aiagon,"  a 
tragi-comedy ;  "  Observations  upon  His- 
tory," and  "A  History  of  Edward  IV." 
D.  1645. 

IIACKET,  John,  bishop  of  Lichfield, 
wash,  in  1592;  received  his  education 
at  Westminster,  and  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge  ;  and  became  chaplain  to 
James  I.  This  appointment  soon  led 
to  other  church  preferment.  He.  was 
the  author  of  "A  Century  of  Sermons," 
"  Loyola,"  a  Latin  play,  twice  performed 
at  the  university  before  James  I. ;  and 
the  "  Life  of  Bishop  Williams."  D.1670. 

IIACQUET,  Balthasar,  an  eminent 
naturalist,  b.  at  Conquet,  in  Britanv,  in 
174(1.     D.  1815. 

HADLEY,  John,  an  English  philoso- 
pher, who  lived  in  the  early  part  of  tho 
18th  century.  He  invented  the.  quail- 
rant  which  bears  his  name,  and  also  a 
reflecting  telescope;  was  vice-president 
of  the  Royal  Society  ;  and  contributed 
several  papers  to  the  "  Philosophical 
Transactions." 

'HAF1Z,  or  HAFEZ,  Mohammed, 
Soiiemseddin,  the  most  popular  of  tho 
Persian  poets,  was  b.  at  Shiraz,  and 
flourished  in  the  14th  century.  Like 
Anacreon,  his  muse  is  dedicated  to  love 
and  wine,  and,  it  is  said,  he  practised 
what  he  preached.  If  we  may  judge  of 
their  general  merit  from  the  odes  which 
have  been  translated  by  Sir  W.  Jones 
and  others,  we  must  admit  that  the  fame 
of  Haflz  has  never  been  overrated.  Ha 
d.  in  1389,  and  his  countrymen  erected 
a  monument  to  his  memory,  which  was 
destroyed  bv  an  earthquake  in  1^25. 

HAGEDOKN,  Frederic,  a  celebrated 
Germau  poet,  was  b.  at  Hamburgh,  lTn^. 
He  was  educated  in  the  college  of  his  • 
native  city;  went  to  London  in  the  suite 
of  the  Danish  ambassador ;  and,  in  1788, 
was  appointed  secretary  to  the  English 
factory  at  Hamburgh.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  Fables,  Songs.  Tales,  and  Moral 


472 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    MOGKAPHY. 


[llAL 


Focins ;  in  all  of  which  there  is  consid- 
erable originality,  and  many  of  them  arc 
extremely  graceful.  D.  1754. — Chris- 
tian Lewis,  brotlier  of  f.he  preceding, 
held  the  rank  of  counsellor  of  legation, 
and  was  eminent  as  a  connoisseur  of  the 
fine  aits,  lie  wrote  "Kemarks  on  Paint- 
ing."    E   1717;  d.  1780. 

HAGER,  Joseph  vo.n,  professor  of  the 
oriental  languages  in  the  university  of 
Pavia,  was  b.  at  Milan,  1750;  studied  at 
Vienna,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  ac- 
quisition of  a  critical  knowledge  of  the 
Chinese  tongue.  He  resided  some  time 
in  London,  where  he  published  several 
works  explanatory  of  the  Chinese  lan- 
guage; but  meeting  with  little  success, 
lie  went  to  Paris,  and  there  published 
many  more.  Among  his  works  are, 
"The  Chinese  Pantheon,"  "  An  Expla- 
nation of  the  Elementary  Characters  of 
the  Chinese  Language,"  "  A  Dissertation 
on  the  newly  discovered  Babylonian 
Inscriptions,"  &c.     D.  at  Milan,  1S20. 

IIAIIN,  Philip  Matthew,  a  celebrated 
mechanical  genius,  b.  1739,  at  Scharn- 
liausen.  While  at  the  university  of  Tu- 
bingen, he  spent  his  leisure  hours  in 
making   sun-dial-s  and  speaking-trum- 

Eets,  grinding  glasses,  &c.  lie  continued 
is  labors  with  unremitting  assiduity, 
and  eventually  produced  works  of  great 
ingenuity  :  us',  a  clock  showing  the  course 
of  the  earth  and  other  planets,  as  well 
as  that  of  the  moon  and  other  satellites, 
and  their  eccentricities:  a  calculating 
machine ;  and  many  other  ingenious 
inventions.     D.  1790. 

HAHNEMANN,  Sami-el,  founder  of 
the  system  of  medicine  called  Homoe- 
opathy, was  b.  at  Meissen,  in  Saxony, 
1755.  Educated  at  the  high  school  of 
his  native  town,  he  successively  studied 
at  Leipsic,  Vienna,  and  Erlangen,  where 
bis  zeal  in  the  pursuit  of  knowledge  pro- 
cured him  the  regard  of  all  his  teachers; 
and  having  taken  his  degree  of  M.D., 
he  was  appointed,  in  1781,  district  phy- 
sician at  Gomera,  near  Magdeburg, 
where  he  relieved  his  professional  la- 
bors by  an  ardent  study  of  chemistry  and 
mineralogy.  In  1784  he  removed  to 
Dresden,  where  he  gained  a  high  repu- 
tation as  a  practitioner;  but  struck  with 
the  absence  of  a  guiding  principle  in 
therapeutics,  and  the  great  uncertainty 
of  the  healing  art,  he  retired  from  prac- 
tice, and  devoted  himself  exclusively  to 
chemistry  an  I  literary  occupations. 
While  thus  employed,  the  great  law  of 
''simiiia  s'unililms  curantur"  dawned 
upon  him,  and,  in  179G,  he  announced 
bis  new  d.scovcry  to  the  medical  world, 


and  his  whole  time  was  now  spent  in 
testing  his  principles  by  practice,  and  in 
making  known  the  results  in  various 
publications.  In  1813  he  removed  to 
Leipsic  as  Magister  Legens;  but  the 
persecutions  of  the  apothecaries  drove 
him  thence  to  Cothen,  where  the  duko 
of  Anhalt-Cothcn  ottered  him  an  asylum 
in  1820.  Here  he  remained  for  15  years, 
extending  his  fame  and  practice;  but  in 
1S35,  having  married  a  French  lady 
when  in  his  80th  year,  he  removed  with 
her  to  Paris,  where  he  remained  in  the 
active  exercise  of  his  profession,  and 
surrounded  by  numerous  disciples  from 
all  parts  of  the  world,  till  his  decease, 
which  took  place  in  1843.  His  chief 
works  are  the  "  Organon  of  the  Healing 
Art,"  published  in  1810;  and  "  Chronic 
Diseases,  their  peculiar  Nature  and  Ho- 
moeopathic Cure,"  published  in  1828. 

HAKLUYT,  Richard,  a  naval  histo- 
rian, was  b.  at  Eyton,  in  Herefordshire, 
1553.  He  received  his  education  at 
Westminster  school,  and  at  Christ- 
church,  Oxford,  where  he  made  cosmog- 
raphy his  favorite  study,  and  read  lec- 
tures on  it.  About  1584  he  went  to 
Paris  as  chaplain  to  the  English  ambas- 
sador, and,  during  his  absence,  was  made 
prebendary  of  Bristol.  On  his  return 
to  England  he  published  several  works, 
particularly  a  translation  from  the 
Spanish  of  "Leo's  Geographical  History 
of  Africa,"  and  Peter  Martyr's  "History 
of  the  West  Indies."  In  1605  he  was 
promoted  to  a  prebend  of  Westminster, 
and  the  rectory  of  Whetheringset,  in 
Suffolk.  His  principal  work  is  a  valua- 
ble collection  of  the  "Voyages  and  Dis- 
coveries of  the  English  nation." 

HALE,  Sir  Matthew,  an  eminent  En- 
glish judge,  was  b.  at  Aldersley,  in 
Gloucestershire,  1600;  educated  at  Mag- 
dalen hall,  Oxford,  and  removed  to  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  where  he  studied  the  law 
with  great  application.  He  acted  as 
counsel  for  Strafford,  Laud,  Ham'lton, 
and  even  for  Charles  himself;  yet,  by 
dint  of  importunity,  Cromwell  prevailed 
upon  him  to  become  one  of  the  justices 
of  the  bench  ;  but,  refusing  to  warp  the 
laws,  he  offended  the  protector,  and  re- 
fused to  trv  any  mor.e  criminal  causes. 
In  the  parliament  which  recalled  the 
king,  he  sat  for  his  native  county;  and, 
soon  after  the  restoration,  was  made 
chief  baron  of  the  exchequer;  from 
which  he  was  advanced  t.>  the  chief- 
justiceship  of  the  King's  Bench.  He 
resigned  his  office  in  16T5,  and  died  the 
following  year.  He  was  a  learned  man, 
an    upright  judge,  and    an    exemplary 


hal] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


473 


Christian.  His  ■writings  nre  numerous 
on  theological,  philosophical,  and  legal 
[subjects.  The  principal  arc,  "The 
Primitive  Origination  of  Mankind  con- 
sidered and  explained  according  to  the 
Light  of  Nature,"  "The  History  of  the 
Pleas  of  the  Crown,"  and  "  Contempla- 
tions, Moral  and  Divine."  He  also 
wrote  various  mathematical  and  philo- 
sophical works,  and  left  a  very  valuable 
collection  of  manuscripts  relating  to  his- 
tory and  jurisprudence,  which  are  pre- 
served in  the  library  of  Lincoln's  Inn. — 
Nathan,  Captain,  an  officer  in  the  Amer- 
ican revolutionary  war,  graduated  at 
Yale  college,  1773.  In  the  war  he  com- 
manded a  company  in  Col.  Knowlton's 
regiment,  and  was  with  the  army  in  the 
retreat  from  Long  Island,  1776.  Wash- 
ington having  applied  to  Knowlton  for  a 
discreet  and  enterprising  officer  to  pen- 
etrate the  enemy's  camp  and  procure 
intelligence,  Hale  passed  in  disguise  to 
the  British  camp,  but  on  his  return  was 
apprehended  and  curried  before  Lord 
Win.  Howe,  by  whom  he  was  ordered 
for  execution  the  next  morning.  He 
was  denied  a  bible  and  the  aid  of  a 
clergyman.  The  letters,  full  of  fortitude 
and  resignation  which  he  had  written  to 
his  mother  and  sister,  were  destroyed. 
He  was  hung,  regretting  that  he  had 
but  one  life  to  lose  for  his  country; 
though  executed  in  a  brutal  manner  as 
a  spy,  he  was  firm  and  composed. 

HALES,  John,  commonly  called  "  the 
ever-memorable,"  was  b.  at  Bath,  1584. 
He  suffered  great  hardships  in  the  re- 
bellion, and  d.  16">G.  He  was  a  man  of 
learning  and  skill  in  argument,  as  ap- 
pears from  his  works,  which  were  col- 
lected after  his  death,  and  published 
under  the  title  of  "  Golden  Remains  of 
the  ever-memorable  Mr.  John  Hales,  of 
Eton  college." 

HALFOKD,  Sir  Henry,  bart.,  one  of 
the  most  eminent  and  successful  of  mod- 
ern English  physicians,  was  the  son  of 
Dr.  John  Vaughan,  of  Leicester,  and 
was  educated  at  Rugby  and  Oxford.  D. 
1344. 

II  ALU  ED,  Nathaniel  Bkassey,  an 
eminent  orientalist,  was  educated  at 
Harrow  school,  and  afterwards  became 
a  civil  officer  in  the  East  India  Compa- 
ny's service.  He  published  "  A  Code 
of  Gcntoo  Laws  on  Ordinations  of  the 
Pundits,  from  a  Persian  Translation ;" 
"  A  Grammar  of  the  Bengal  Language  ;" 
and  "  A  Narrative  of  the  Events  which 
Save  happened  in  Bombay  and  Bengal, 
relative  to  the  Mahratta  Empire  since 
July,  1777."  B.  1751  ;  d.  1830. 
40* 


HALIFAX,  George  Savili.e,  morquil 
of,  an  eminent  statesman,  was  b.  in 
1030:  contributed  to  the  restoration  of 
Charles  II.,  who  made  him  a  privy 
councillor,  and  rewarded  him  with  a 
coronet.  On  the  accession  of  James,  he 
was  appointed  president  of  the  council, 
from  which  he  was  dismissed  for  refu- 
sing his  consent  to  a  repeal  of  the  tests. 
In  the  convention  parliament  ho  was 
chosen  speaker  of  the  house  of  lords, 
and  at  the  accession  of  William  and 
Mary  was  made  lord  privy  seal.  D. 
1695.  He  wrote  an  excellent  piece,  enti- 
tled "Advice  to  a  Daughter,"  and  vari- 
ous political  tracts. 

11ALKET,  Lady  Anne,  the  wife  of 
Sii  James  llalket.  She  was  the  Laugh- 
ter of  Mr.  Robert  Murray,  of  the  Tiilli- 
bardin  family,  and  b.  in  1622.  Her 
father  was  preceptor  to  Charles  I.,  and 
afterwards  provost  of  Eton  college  ;  and 
her  mother  was  sub-governess  to  the 
duke  of  Gloucester  and  the  Princess 
Elizabeth.  Anne  received  a  liberal  edu- 
cation ;  but  theology  and  physic  were 
her  favorite  studies.  Her  skill  in  the 
latter  was  so  great,  that  persons  came 
from  Holland,  and  other  countries,  to 
benefit  by  her  advice  and  treatment.     D. 

loyj. 

HALL,  Edward,  an  old  English 
chronicler,  whose  works  rank  with  those 
of  Holingshed  and  Stowe.  He  was  a 
native  of  London,  and  being  a  lawyer 
by  profession,  attained  the  rank  of  a 
judge  in  the  sheriffs  court.  .  His  death 
took  place  in  1547.  As  attbrding  delin- 
eations of  the  manners,  dress,  and  cus- 
toms of  the  age,  his  "  Chronicle," 
which  Grafton  completed,  is  xcry  cu- 
rious.— Sir  James,  b.  1760,  was  the  au- 
thor of  "An  Essay  on  the  Origin,  Prin- 
ciples, and  History  of  Gothic  Architec- 
ture," and  of  many  papers  in  the 
"  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Edinburgh."  D.  1832.— Basil,  Captain, 
a  distinguished  writer  of  voyages  and 
travels,  &c. ;  was  b.  at  Edinburgh  in 
1788.  Entering  the  navy  in  1802,  he 
gradually  rose  through  the  minor  ranks 
till  he  became  post-captain  in  1817.  Be- 
sides contributing  numerous  papers  on 
scientific  subjects  to  various  journals 
and  encyclopaedias,  Capt.  Hall  wroto 
"A  Voyage  of  Discovery  to  the  West- 
ern Coast  of  Corea  and  the  great  Loo- 
Choo  Island  in  the  Japan  Sea,"  a  most 
interesting  wotk,  which  went  through 
many  editions  ;  "  Extracts  from  a  Jour- 
nal written  on  the  Coasts  of  Chili,  Peru, 
and  Mexico,  in  the  Years  1320,  1821, 
1822,"    "Travels   in    North   America," 


474 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[hal 


"Fragments  of  Voyages  and  Travels," 
"Schloss  lleinfiela,  or  a  Winter  in 
Lower  Styria,"  &e.  D.  1844. — Robert, 
u  celebrated   Baptist   preacher,   and  a 

distinguished  theological  writer,  was 
b.  at  Arusby,  ii  Leicestershire,  in  1704. 
His  father,  who  \  is  also  a  Baptist  min- 
ister, early  renvircd  his  precocity  of 
talent,  and  in  177-;  placed  him  tinder  the 
instruction  of  the  learned  and  pious 
John  Ryland,  of  Northampton.  At  15 
he  became  a  student  in  the  Baptist  col- 
lege at  Bristol  ;  and  at  IS  he  entered 
King's  college,  Aberdeen,  where  he  took 
the  degree  i>f  M.A.  He  then  was  chosen 
as  colleague  with  Dr.  Caleb  Evans,  in 
the  ministry  at  Bristol,  and  adjunct  pro- 
fessor in  the  institution.  Here  he  at- 
tained great  popularity;  but  he  was 
obliged  to  retire  from  this  situation,  in 
consequence  of  approaching  symptoms 
of  mental  derangement.  Bv  judicious 
treatment,  during  a  long  seclusion  from 
the  world,  his  powerful  mind  regained 
its  former  vigor;  and,  in  1791,  he  re- 
moved to  Cambridge,  being  chosen  suc- 
cessor to  the  celebrated  Robert  Robin- 
son, lie  now  appeared  as  the  author 
of  a  pamphlet,  entitled  "Christianity 
not  inconsistent  with  the  Love  of  Free- 
dom." This  was  shortly  after  followed 
by  his  ''Vindication  of  the  Freedom  of 
the  Press,"  which  passed  through  sev- 
eral editions,  and  is  still  regarded  as  a 
standard  work.  But  it  was  his  l;  Ser- 
mon on  Modern  Infidelity"  that  estab- 
lished his  fame  as  a  divine.  In  1S02, 
Mr.  Hall's  mind  again  received  a  slunk, 
which  obliged  him  to  suspend  his  pulpit 
labors;  and  on  his  recovery  he  removed 
to  Leicester,  where  he  remained  as  pas- 
tor of  the  Baptist  congregation  upwards 
of  '2(i  years.  On  the  death  of  Dr.  Ky- 
land, in  1^20,  he  succeeded  to  the  presi- 
dency of  the  Bristol  academy,  and  the 
pastorship  of  Broadmead  chapel;  and 
there  he  continued  till  his  death,  which 
took  place  in  1831. — Lyman,  governor 
of  Georgia,  was  a  native  of  Connecticut, 
and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1747. 
Having  studied  medicine,  he  established 
himself  at  Sunbnry,  Georgia.  He  early 
and  zealously  espoused  the  cause  of  his 
country.  His  efforts  were  particularly 
useful  in  inducing  the  Georgians  to  join 
the  American  confederacy.  In  May, 
177",  he  was  a  member  of  congress,  and 
signed  the  declaration  of  independence, 
and  continued  in  that  body  to  the  close 
of  1780.  While  the  British  had  pos- 
session of  Georgia  they  confiscated  his 
property.  In  17S3  he  was  elected  {gov- 
ernor.  'D.  17'j1.— Gordon,  first  Ameri- 


can missionary  at  Bombay,  graduated 
at  Williams  college  in  1808.  Having 
studied  theology,  lie  refused  an  invita- 
tion to  settle  in  Connecticut,  saying, 
"  Woe  is  me  if  I  preach  not  the  gospel 
to  the  heathen."  Offering  himself  as  a 
missionary  to  the  American  Board  of 
Commissioners  for  foreign  missions,  ho 
was  ordained  1812,  and  sailed  for  Cal- 
cutta, lie  arrived  at  Bombay  in  Feb. 
1813,  and  there  spent  thirteen  veara. 
D.  1836. 

HALLER,  Albert  von,  an  eminent 
Swiss  physician,  was  b.  at  Berne,  in 
1708.  The  early  display  of  his  abilities 
was  most  extraordinary;  and  when  in 
his  13th  year,  he  was  not  only  distin- 
guished for  his  knowledge  in  Greek  and 
Latin,  but  also  for  his  poetical  genius. 
In  his  16th  year  he  began  to  study  medi- 
cine at  Tubingen,  but  the  fame  of  Boer- 
haave  induced  him  to  remove  to  Ley- 
den,  where,  animated  by  the  example 
of  the  great  geniuses  around  him,  he 
spent  his  days  and  nights  with  the  least 
possible  intermission,  in  the  most  in- 
tense study.  In  1727  he  visited  En- 
gland, and  formed  an  acquaintance  with 
Sir  Hans  Sloane,  Cheselden,  and  other 
eminent  men.  He  received  the  title  of 
phj  sieian  and  counsellor  to  King  George 
11.,  at  whose  request  Francis  I.  gave  him 
a  patent  of  nobility,  as  a  baron.  After 
17  years  absence  at  Gottingen,  the  fame 
of  whose  medical  school  he  had  greatly 
extended,  he  returned,  in  17.33,  to  Berne, 
where  his  countrymen  received  him 
with  the  respect  clue  to  his  great  fame 
and  talents.  Having  been  elected  a 
member  of  the  sovereign  council  of  the 
state,  he  soon  obtained  one  of  its  ma- 
gistracies; and  his  various  duties  as  a 
statesman,  a  physician,  and  a  medical 
teacher,  occupied  his  attention  till  his 
death.  His  •'  Elementa  Physiologic" 
and  "Bibliotheca  Medicinae"  afford  am- 
ple proofs  of  Ids  penetrating  genius 
arid  solid  judgment;  and  his  philosophi- 
cal and  descriptive  poems  display  great 
depth  of  thought  and  richness  of  ima- 
gination. He  was,  in  short,  a  profound 
philosopher,  an  admirable  poet,  and  a 
first-rate  physician  and  botanist ;  yet 
not  more  eminent  for  his  various  scien- 
tific knowledge,  than  for  his  piety  and 
active  benevolence.     D.  1777. 

HALLEY,  Edmund,  an  eminent  En- 
glish astronomer  and  mathematician, 
was  b.  in  10"6,  at  Haggerston,  near  Lon- 
don. He  received  his  education  at  St. 
Paul's  school,  and  Queen's  college,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  made  so  great  a  pro- 
ficiency  in   his    mathematical    stu 


nro- 
aies, 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


uam] 

tbatinl67G  lie  published  observations 
on  a  spot  iu  tlic  sua,  by  which  tho  mo- 
tioa  of  that  Lody  on  its  axis  was  deter- 
mined. The  same-  year  lie  went  to  St. 
Helena,  where  be  determined  the  posi- 
tion of  350  stars,  which  procured  him 
the  name  of  the  Southern  Tyeho.  On 
his  return  to  England  he  was  created 
master  of  arts,  and  chosen  a  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society;  which  learned  body 
deputed  him  to  go  to  Dantzic,  to  adjust 
a  dispute  between  Hooke  ami  Ileve- 
lius,  respecting  their  proper  glasses  for 
astronomical  purposes.  In  1680  he  made 
the  tour  of  Europe  with -Mr.  Nelson; 
and  on  the  passage  to  Calais  was  the 
Bret  to  observe  the  great  comet.  After 
his  return,  he  turned  his  attention  to 
the  theory  of  the  planetary  motions, 
which  brought  him  acquainted  with 
Isaac  Newton,  who  intrusted  to  him  the 

Eublieation  of  his  Prineipia.  In  1703 
e  was  appointed  Savilian  professor  of 
geometry  at  Oxford;  in  170".  he  made 
public  his  valuable  researches  on  the 
orbits  of  comets;  in  1713  he  became 
secretary  to  the  Royal  Society  ;  and  in 
1719  lie  succeeded  Flamstecd  as  astron- 
omer royal.  The  remainder  of  bis  life 
was  chiefly  spent  in  the  sedulous  per- 
formance of  his  duties  in  that  situation, 
especially  in  completing  the  theory  of 
the  motion  of  the  moon.     D.  1741-2. 

HALS,  Francis,  an  eminent  portrait 
painter,  b.  at  Mechlin,  in  1584,  who  was 
considered  as  ranking  next  to  Vandyke. 
D.  10(30.  —  Dirk,  his  brother,  was  fa- 
mous for  painting  merry-makings  and 
Bubjeets  of  drollery.    D.  1050. 

HAMILTON,  Alexander,  was  b.  in 
1757.  While  a  student  of  Columbia 
college,  N.  Y.,  at  the  age  of  17,  he  pub- 
lished several  essays  concerning  the 
rights  of  the  colonies,  which  were 
marked  by  vigor  and  maturity  of  style, 
as  well  as  by"  soundness  of  argument. 
Before  he  was  1\)  he  entered  the  Amer- 
ican army,  with  the  rank  of  captain  of 
artillery  ;'  and  by  the  time  he  was  20, 
the  commander-in-chief  had  made  him 
Irs  aid-de-camp,  with  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant-colonel. From  this  time  he  con- 
tinued the  inseparable  companion  of 
Washington  during  the  war,  and  was 
always  consulted  by  him  on  the  most 
important  occasions.  After  the  war. 
Colonel  Hamilton,  then  about  24,  com- 
menced the  study  .  f  the  law,  and  was 
Boon  admitted  at  the  bar.  In  1782  he 
was  chosen  a  member  of  congress  from 
the  slate  of  New  York,  where  he  quickly 
acquired  the  greatest  influence  and  dis- 
tinction.    He  contributed  greatly  to  the 


475 


favorable  reception  of  the  constitution, 
by  the  essays  he  wrote,  in  conjunction 
with  Madison  and  .lay,  in  the  "  Feder- 
alist."    On  the  organizatu f  the  fed 

eral  government  in   1789,   he   was   ap- 
pointed secretary  of  the  treasury;  and 
during  his  continuance   in   that  office, 
about  five  years,  he  raised  the  public 
credit  from  the  lowest   stale  of  depres- 
sion  to  a  height    altogether    unprece- 
dented in  the   history   of  the  country. 
In  1798,  when  an  invasion  was  appre- 
hended from  the  French,  and  a  provis- 
ional army  had  hern  called  into  the  field, 
his  public  sen  ices  were  again  required  ; 
and  on  the   death    of  Washington,   in 
1799,   he  succeeded  to  the  chief  com- 
mand.    When  the  army  was  disbanded. 
Hamilton  again  returned  to  the  bar,  and 
continued   to   practise,    with    increased 
reputation  and  success,  until  ]So4.     A 
quarrel  having  taken  place  between  him 
and  Colonel  Burr,  the  latter  challenged 
him,  and  they  met  at  Hobokcn  on  the 
11th  of  July.     At  the  first  fire  Hamilton 
fell,    mortally   wounded,    on    the   same 
spot  where,  a  short  time  previously,  his 
eldest  son  had   been  killed  in  a  duel. — 
Anthony,  Count,  a  poet,  courtier,  and 
man  of  letters  in  the  17th  century.     He 
was  descended   from  an   ancient  Scotch 
family,  but  b.  in  1646,  in  Ireland;  from 
whence  he  was  taken  to  France,  when 
a  child,  by  his  parents,  who  were  at- 
tached to  Charles  II.     When  James  II. 
was  obliged  to  contend  for  his  crown  in 
Ireland,  he  gave  Count  Hamilton  a  regi- 
ment of  infantry,  and   made  him  gov- 
ernor of  Limerick  ;  but  on  the  ruin  of 
the  royal  cause,  he  accompanied  .lames 
to  France,  where  he  passed  the  rest  of 
his  life.     His   wit   and  talents   secured 
him  admission  into  the  first  circles,  and 
he  d.  at  St.  Germain,  in  1720.     Count 
Hamilton  is  chiefly  known  as  an  author 
by  his  "Memoirs 'of Count  Crammont," 
a  lively  and  spirited  production,  exhibit- 
ing a  free  and  faithful  delineation  of  the 
voluptuous   court  of  Charles   II.      His 
other    works   arc,    "Poems    and    Fairy 
Talcs,"  which,  as  well  as  the  memoirs, 
are  in  French,  and  display  elegance  of 
style  with  fertility  of  invention. — Eliz- 
abeth,  a   lady  of  great   literary  attain- 
ments, was  b.  at   Belfast,  in   Ireland,  in 
1758.       She    wrote    the    "Letters    of  a 
Hindoo  Rajah,"    "The  Life  of  Agrip- 
pina,"    "Memoirs  of  Modern  Philoso- 
phers,''   "Popular  Essays,"    "On   the 
Elementary    Principles    of  Education," 
"Letters  on  the  Formation  of  the  Re- 
ligious and  Moral  Principle,"  and  other 
w:orks,  replete  with  sound  sense  and  in- 


476 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ham 


formntion.  D.  1816.— Gavin,  an  histor- 
ical painter,  and  connoisseur  of  ancient 
urt,  was  b.  at  Lanark,  in  Scotland. 
Having  discovered  an  early  genius  for 
painting,  lie  was  sent  to  Italy,  and 
placed  under  Augustine  Massuclii,  by 
whose  instructions  he  profited  consider- 
ably ;  after  which  he  applied  with  great 
diligence  to  the  study  of  the  antique, 
which  has  given  his  paintings  of  ancient 
subjects  that  propriety  with  regard  to 
costume,  which  distinguished  them  at 
the  time  from  the  generality  of  modern 
compositions.  One  of  his  greatest  works 
was  his  Homer,  consisting  of  a  series  of 
pictures,  representing  scenes  taken  from 
the  Iliad.  The  latter  part  of  his  life  was 
employed  in  making  excavations,  at  Tiv- 
oli,  among  tho  ruins  of  Adrian's  villa, 
and  in  various  other  places  in  Italy,  by 
which  he  was  enabled  to  bring  to  light 
many  of  the  long-buried  treasures  of 
antiquity ;  so  that  the  success  which 
crowned  his  researches  made  ample 
amends  for  the  loss  which  painting  may 
have  suffered  by  the  intermission  of  his 
practice.  D.  at  Rome,  1796. — James,  in- 
ventor of  the  'Hamiltonian  system  of 
teaching  languages,  d.  at  Dublin,  where 
he  had  gone  for  the  purpose  of  giving 
lectures,  Sept.  16,  1S29. — Patrick,  the 
first  Scotch  reformer,  was  nephew  to 
James,  carl  of  Arran,  and  b.  in  1503. 
He  was  educated  at  St.  Andrew's,  after 
which  he  went  abroad,  where  he  im- 
bibed the  opinions  of  Luther.  On  his 
return  home  he  was  made  abbot  of 
Feme,  in  the  shire  of  Koss,  where  he 
promulgated  the  new  doctrines  with  so 
much  zeal  as  to  excite  the  wrath  of  the 
clergy,  who  caused  him  to  be  appre- 
hended and  sent  to  Beaton,  archbishop 
of  St.  Andrew's.  After  a  long  exami- 
nation he  was  declared  contumacious, 
and  burnt  at  a  stake,  opposite  St.  Sal- 
vador's college.  March  1,  1527.  —  Thom- 
as, is  chiefly  known  as  the  author  of 
"  Cyril  Thornton,"  a  stirring  novel  of 
military  adventure,  combining  the  ele- 
gant style  of  an  excellent  classical  scho- 
lar with  the  graphic  description  and 
vivid  feeling  of  one  who  had  partici- 
pated in  the  scenes  and  circumstances 
that  hedescribed.  After  serving  through 
the  Peninsular  and  American  campaigns, 
Capt.  Hamilton  devoted  his  time  chiefly 
to  literature,  and  he  was  a  voluminous 
contributor  to  "Blackwood's  Magazine," 
in  which  "Cyril  Thornton"  originally 
appeared.  His  chief  separate  works 
after  Cyril  Thornton  arc,  "Annals  of 
the  Peninsular  Campaign,"  and  "Men 
and  Manners  in  America."     D.  1S42. — 


William,  an  historical  painter,  was  b. 
in  1750.  He  went  to  Italy  when  very 
young,  and  was  there  placed  under  tho 
instruction  of  Zucchi,  the  painter  of 
arabesque  ornaments,  at  Koine.  On  hi* 
return  to  England  he  acquired  consid- 
erable employment;  and,  in  178S*,  was 
admitted  a  royal  academician.  1).  1801. 
— William,  a  Scotch  poet,  was  b.  at 
Bangour,  in  Ayrshire,  in  1704.  Ho 
joined  the  Pretender  in  1745,  and  nar- 
rowly escaped  being  taken  after  tho 
battle  of  Culloden.  D.  1754.  Amcng 
his  songs  and  ballads  is  tiie  well-known 
"  Braes  of  Yarrow." — William  Glkard, 
a  statesman  who  obtained  the  appella- 
tion of  "  Single  Speech  Hamilton,"  from 
the  extraordinary  impression  produced 
by  the  first  and  almost  only  speech  he 
ever  made  in  the  British  parliament, 
was  the  son  of  a  barrister  of  Lincoln's 
Inn,  where  he  was  b.  in  1729.  He  was 
educated  at  Winchester  school  and  Oriel 
college,  Oxford.  In  1754  he  was  elected 
into  parliament  for  Petersfield,  and  the 
year  following  delivered  the  speech  al- 
luded to.  In  1761  he  went  to  Ireland 
as  secretary  to  Lord  Halifax,  and  in  the 
parliament  of  that  kingdom  he  confirmed 
the  reputation  which  he  had  gained  in 
England  by  his  oratory.  He  was  about 
twenty  years  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
in  Ireland,  but  retired  from  public  lifo 
in  1784.  His  works,  consisting  of  "  Par- 
liamentary Logic,"  "Speeches,"  &c, 
&c,  were  printed  in  18u8,  with  the  life 
of  the  author  prefixed.  Among  the 
many  to  whom  the  Letters  of  Junius 
were*  once  ascribed,  Mr.  Hamilton  was 
one;  but  there  was  scarcely*  the  shadow 
of  an  argument  to  support  the  conjecture. 
D.  1796. — Sir  William,  was  a  native  of 
Scotland;  b.  in  1730.  His  mother  hav- 
ing been  the  nurse  of  George  III.,  young 
Hamilton  very  naturally  obtained  that 
prince's  patronage.  Sir  William  was 
generally  distinguished  for  his  taste  in 
the  polite  arts,  employed  a  large  portion 
of  his  life  in  the  study  of  natural  history, 
and  supplied  the  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions and  the  Archreologia  with  many 
learned  articles.  During  his  residence 
as  ambassador  from  England  to  tho 
court  of  Naples,  he  published  his 
"Campi  Phlegrsei,"  from  his  observa- 
tions of  Mount  Vesuvius,  Mount  Etna, 
and  other  volcanoes.  he  presented 
many  books,  manuscripts,  and  geologi- 
cal curiosities  to  the  British  Museum; 
and,  after  his  death,  his  superb  collec- 
tion of  antique  vases  was  purchased  by 
parliament  for  that  institution.  D.  1803. 
— Emma,   Lady,  wife  of  the  above,  was 


ham] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


477 


the  daughter  of  a  female  servant.  At 
the  ago  of  18  she  obtained  a  situation 
under  the  name  of  Emma  Hnrte,  in 
the  house  of  Mr.  Thomas,  of  Howar- 
den,  Flintshire,  to  wait  on  his  children. 
Emma,  it  seems,  thought  the  situation 
dull,  and  left  it.  At  16,  she  went  to 
London,  got  a  place  in  the  house  of  a 
shopkeeper  in  St.  James's  market,  and 
soon  after  was  hired  to  wait  upon  a  lady 
of  rank,  where,  having  only  the  duty  of 
dressing  her  mistress,  she  passed  her 
leisure  time  in  reading  novels  and  plays. 
She  soon  acquired  a  taste  for  the  drama  ; 
and  employed  herself  in  imitating  the 
attitudes  and  manners  of  persons  on  the 
stage,  from  a  desire  to  become  an  actress. 
She  thus  laid  the  foundation  of  her  ex- 
traordinary skill  in  pantomimic  repre- 
sentations. But  she  neglected  her 
business,  was  dismissed,  and  went  to 
serve  in  a  low  tavern,  frequented  by 
actors,  painters,  musicians,  &c.  In  this 
service  she  formed  an  acquaintance  with 
a  Welsh  youth,  who  was  pressed  upon 
the  river,  when  she  went  to  the  captain 
and  obtained  the  boy  his  liberty.  The 
captain  loaded  her  with  presents,  and 
with  him  she  remained  for  some  time. 
At  length  she  quitted  him  for  a  gentle- 
man of  large  fortune,  who  kept  her  in 
great  affluence  for  a  short  period;  but 
disgusted  by  her  extravagance,  and  in- 
duced by  domestic  considerations,  he 
dismissed  her.  Reduced  to  the  greatest 
poverty,  she  became  one  of  the  most 
common  of  degraded  females.  From 
this  state  she  was  relieved  by  the  infa- 
mous Dr.  Graham,  who,  perceiving  the 
beautiful  symmetry  of  her  person,  took 
her  to  his  house,  and  there  exhibited 
her,  covered  only  with  a  transparent 
veil,  under  the  name  of  the  goddess 
Hygeia.  Painters,  sculptors,  and  others, 
paid  their  tribute  of  admiration  at  the 
shrine  of  this  new  goddess.  The  artful 
quack  had  her  bust  modelled  ;  numbers 
purchased  it,  and  a  greater  number  came 
to  admire  the  original.  She  was  an 
adept  in  deceit;  with  a  violent  and 
impassioned  temper,  she  assumed  the 
appearance  of  candor,  innocence,  and 
simplicity.  Charles  Grcville  (of  the 
Warwick  family)  became  enamored 
with,  and  would  have  married  her,  but 
for  the  interference  of  his  uncle,  Sir  W. 
Hamilton,  who,  according  to  some  ac- 
counts, made  an  agreement  with  Grcv- 
ille to  pay  his  debts,  on  condition  that 
he  should  give  up  his  mistress ;  or,  as 
others  state  the  circumstance,  in  his 
endeavors  to  save  his  nephew,  fell  into 
thf  snare  himself,  and  became  the  victim 


of  her  arts.  Tie  made  her  his  wife  in 
1701 ;  introduced  her  at  the  court  of 
Naples,  where  the  queen  became  so  in- 
fatuated with  the  new  ambassadress,  as 
frequently  to  keep  her  a  visitor  at  the 
palace.  It  was  there  that  she  imbibed 
a  violent  passion  for  England's  naval 
hero,  then  commanding  the  "Agamem- 
non ;"  and,  from  that  period,  she  became 
the  companion  of  Nelson,  to  whom  she 
was  sometimes  useful  as  a  political  agent. 
After  the  victory  of  Abuukir,  when  the 
conqueror  was  received  in  Naples  with 
extravagant  rejoicings,  Lady  Ham il tor 
was  the  heroine  of  the  crowd,  and  ac- 
companied the  slave  of  her  charms 
wherever  he  went.  To  her  advice  is 
attributed  the  ignominious  death  of 
Prince  Caracciolo,  the  oldest  and  the 
best  officer  in  the  Neapolitan  navy.  She 
d.  in  1816,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Calais. 

HAMMOND,  Anthony,  an  ingenious 
writer,  was  b.  at  the  family  scat  of 
Somcrsham  place,  Huntingdonshire,  in 
1668.  He  was  educated  at  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge,  and  became  a  mem- 
ber of  parliament,  where  his  eloquence 
procured  him  the  name  of  "Silver 
Tongue."  He  was  also  a  commissioner 
of  the  navy ;  but  d.  a  prisoner  in  the 
fleet,  in  173S.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
"  Miscellany  of  Original  Poems." — 
James,  an  elegiac  poet,  was  b.  in  1710; 
received  his  education  at  Westminster 
school  ;  was  appointed  equerry  to  Fred- 
eric, prince  ot  Wales;  and  sat  in  par- 
liament for  Truro.     D.  1741. 

HAMPDEN,  John,  a  political  char- 
acter of  great  celebrity  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  1.,  was  descended  of  an  ancient 
family  in  Buckinghamshire,  and  1).  in 
London,  in  15H4.  In  1636  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  spirited  oppo- 
sition to  the  payment  of  ship-money,  by 
which  he  acquired  great  popularity.  Ho 
became  a  leading  man  in  the  house  of 
commons;  and  at  the  commencement 
of  the  civil  war  he  took  up  arms  against 
the  king,  and  accepted  the  command  of 
a  regiment  in  the  parliamentary  army, 
under  the  earl  of  Essex.  Prince  Rupert 
having  beaten  up  the  quarters  of  the 
parliamentary  troops  near  Thame,  in 
Oxfordshire,  Hampden  eagerly  joined  a 
few  cavalry  that  were  rallied  in  haste, 
and,  in  the  skirmish  which  ensued,  re- 
ceived a  wound,  which  in  a  few  days 
proved  fatal.  His  character  and  conduct 
throughout  his  contest  w  itli  the  crown 
showed  great  firmness  and  moderation  • 
and  his  name  has  become  a  sort  of 
watchword  to  many  who,  loving  his 
stern   republican   virtues,  exult  in  dis- 


178 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[HAN 


playing  their  patriotism  by  resisting  not 
merely  taxation  by  prerogative,  but  all 
injustice.    D.  1043. 

HANCOCK,,  John,  an  American  pa- 
triot and  statesman,  was  b.  in  Quincy, 
Massachusetts,  in  1737,  and  under  the 
patronage  of  a  wealthy  uncle  received  a 
liberal  education,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college,  in  1754.  On  leaving 
college  he  entered  the  counting-house  of 
his  uncle,  by  whose  sudden  death  in 
1704  he  succeeded  to  great  riches,  and 
the  management  of  an  extensive  busi- 
ness. In  1766  he  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  assembly,  and  soon  distinguished 
himself  by  his  zeal  in  the  cause  of  the 
colonies.  In  1774  he  was  elected  pres- 
ident of  the  provincial  congress  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  in  the  following  year 
presi  lent  of  the  continental  congress,  in 
whith  capacity  he  was  the  first  to  affix 
his  signature  to  the  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence In  this  station  he  continued 
till  October,  1777,  when  ill  health  in- 
duced him  to  resign.  In  1780  he  was 
eleete  1  governor  of  Massachusetts,  and 
held  that  office  for  four  successive  years, 
and  again  from  1787  till  his  death  in 
1793.  Governor  Hancock  was  hospita- 
ble and  munificent,  a  man  of  excellent 
talents  for  business,  and  a  true  lover  of 
Lis  country. 

HANDEL,  George  Frederic,  an  illus- 
trious musician,  was  b.  at  Halle,  in  Sax- 
ony, in  16S4.  His  father,  who  intended 
him  for  the  law.  perceiving  his  propen- 
sity to  music,  discouraged  it  as  much  as 
possible,  and  especially  forbade  him  to 
touch  an  instrument.  The  boy,  how- 
ever, contrived  to  have  a  small  clavi- 
chord concealed  in  the  garret,  where  he 
used  to  amuse  himself  when  the  family 
were  asleep.  At  the  age  of  9,  Handel 
composed  the  church  service,  for  voices 
and  instruments;  and  when  he  was  14 
he  far  excelled  his  master,  and  was  sent 
to  Berlin,  where  the  sovereign  made  him 
liberal  presents.  In  1704  he  brought  out 
his  first  opera,  "  Almira."  Soon  after 
this  ho  visited  Italy,  and  at  Florence 
iroluced  the  opera  of  "  Kodrigo."  He 
subsequently  went  to  Venice,  Naples, 
and  Koine;  and  having  altogether  re- 
mained in  Italy  about  six  years,  he  ac- 
oepted  the  pressing  invitations  he  had 
received  from  many  of  the  British  no- 
bility to  visit  London,  and  set  out  for 
England,  where  he  arrived  in  the  latter 
end  of  1710.  The  flattering  reception 
he  experienced  induced  him  to  prolong 
his  stay,  and  he  rose,  during  the  50 
years  which  followed,  to  the  height  of 
Drofcssionalhouor.     In  1741  he  brought 


out  his  cJifif-cTmuvre,  the  oratorio  of  the 
"Messiah!"     D.17:>9. 

HANMER,  Sir  Thomas,  an  English 
statesman  and  writer,  was  b.  in  1076, 
an  J  succeeded  his  uncle  in  his  title  and 
the  family  estate  of  Ilanmer.  He  was, 
in  1713,  chosen  speaker  of  the  house  of 
commons.  Towards  the  close  of  his 
life  he  withdrew  altogether  from  public 
business,  and  occupied  himself  in  ele- 
gant Literature  ;  the  fruits  of  which  ap- 
peared in  a  corrected  edition  of  Shak- 
speare's  dramatic  works.    D.  1740. 

HANNIBAL,  general  of  the  Cartha- 
ginians, was  the  son  of  Amilcar,  who 
caused  him,  at  the  aire  of  eight  years,  to 
swear  before  the  altar  eternal  enmity  to 
the  Romans.  In  the  year  of  Rome  534, 
and  220  b.  c,  he  took  the  command  of 
the  army,  on  the  death  of  his  brother 
Asdrubal.  After  achieving  several  con- 
quests in  Spain,  he  turned  his  arms 
against  the  Romans,  and  crossed  the 
Alps  by  a  new  road.  Having  defeated 
Scipio  and  other  commanders,  in  sepa- 
rate actions,  he  marched  towards  Rome, 
and  gained  the  victory  of  Cannae,  216 
B.C.  Instead  of  following  up  this  ad- 
vantage, Hannibal  rested  at  Capua, 
which  enabled  the  Romans  to  recover 
from  their  fright,  so  that  when  the  Car- 
thaginians encamped  before  the  city, 
their  appearance  created  no  alarm.  Han- 
nibal, finding  it  hopeless  to  make  any 
attempt  upon  the  capital,  retreated. 
Two  years  afterwards  he  defeated  Mar- 
eellus;  but  notwithstanding  this,  find- 
ing his  affairs  growing  desperate  in  Italy, 
where  he  had  now  been  16  years,  he 
made  overtures  of  peace,  which  termin- 
ated without  effect.  The  battle  of  Zama, 
in  which  he  lost  2:', 000  men,  completely 
ruined  Hannibal,  and  he  retired  to  Asia, 
where  he  took  refuge  with  Prusias,  king 
of  Bithynia;  but  being  apprehensive 
that  he  should  be  delivered  up  to  the 
Romans,  he  took  poison,  at  the  age  of 
64,  183  b.c. 

HANNO.  There  were  several  Car- 
thaginian generals  of  this  name. — One 
of  them  made  a  voyage  on  the  western 
coast  of  Africa,  of  which  he  has  left  a 
description,  called  the  "  Peri  pi  us  of 
Hanno."  The  purpose  of  this  voyage 
was  to  make  discoveries  for  the  benefit 
of  commerce,  and  to  settle  colonies,  of 
which  he  established  several.  Two  Car- 
thaginian generals,  of  the  name  of  Han- 
no, commanded  in  Sicily,  successively, 
during  the  first  Punic  war. —  Another 
Hanno  was  one  of  the  commanders  un- 
der Hannibal  in  Italy,  and  was  success- 
ful on  several  occasions. 


flAIl] 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOORAPI1V. 


479 


HANS  SACHS,  a  German  poet  of  the 
16th  century.  Prolific  as  German  wri- 
ters in  general  are,  honest  linns  must 
ever  be  regarded  as  an  extraordinary 
instance  of  poetical  fertility,  if  what  his 
countrymen  assert  be  true,  namely, 
that  he  wrote  no  less  than  10,840  com- 
positions in  verse,  among  which  are 
218  comedies  and  tragedies.  To  this  we 
are  hound  to  add,  as  an  additional  proof 
of  his  industry,  that  he  was  a  shoema- 
ker, and  worked  all  his  life  at  the  trade. 

HANSARD,  Luke,  an  industrious 
and  successful  printer,  was  b.  at  Nor- 
wich, in  1752.  He  served  his  appren- 
ticeship in  his  native  city;  and,  at  its 
expiration,  he  started  for  London,  with 
a  good  character,  and  one  solitary  guinea 
in  his  pocket.  His  first  situation  in 
Loudon  was  that  of  a  compositor  in  the 
printing-office  of  Mr.  Hughs,  printer  to 
the  house  of  commons ;  in  which  he 
acquired  the  full  confidence  of  his  em- 
ployer, and,  by  his  indefatigable  atten- 
tion, extended  the  business.  In  1774 
he  became  a  partner  in  the  concern,  and 
when  the  whole  of  the  business  devolved 
upon  him,  by  the  death  of  Mr.  Hughs, 
he  spared  no  cost  nor  personal  labor  in 
performing  the  important  duties  in- 
trusted to  him.  He  amassed  a  very 
considerable  property,  and  finished  his 
useful  and  laborious  life  in  1828,  aged 
76. 

HARDENBHRG,  Charles  Augustus, 
baron,  afterwards  prince  of,  a  famous 
Prussian  statesman,  b.  in  1750;  became 
cabinet  minister  in  1793;  and  his  signa- 
ture will  be  found  to  most  of  the  treaties 
of  coalition  against  Napoleon,  with  Rus- 
sia and  Austria,  till  the  battle  of  Aus- 
tcrlitz,  in  1805.  In  1810  he  was  made 
chancellor  of  state.  He  was  one  of  the 
Russian  plenipotentiaries  signing  the 
treaty  of  Paris  in  1814;  was  created 
prince;  accompanied  the  allied  sover- 
eigns to  London  ;  was  one  of  the  most 
prominent  actors  at  the  congress  of 
Vienna;  and  afterwards  made  president 
of  the  council  of  state.  He  was  present, 
in  1818,  at  the  congress  of  Aix-la~0ha- 
pellc;  in  1819,  at  Carlsbad;  in  1S20,  at 
Vienna,  at  Troppan,  and  Verona.  D. 
1822. — Frederic  von,  (better  known  by 
his  literary  cognomen,  Novalis,)  was  b. 
at  Mansfield,  near  Fisleben,  1772  ;  stud- 
ied at  Jena,  Leipsic,  and  Wittenberg, 
and  fin-ally  became  superintendent  of 
the  mines  in  Saxonv,  having  acquired  a 
competent  knowledge  of  the  science  of 
mineralogy  under  the  celebrated  Wer- 
ner. His  lyric  poems  have  gained  him 
great  celebrity  ;  and  his  romance,  "Hein- 


rich  von  Ofterdingeiv'  though  unfin- 
ished, has  called  for  the  admiration  even 
of  such  fastidious  critics  as  Tieek  and 
BWeric  Scblegel.     I>.  1801. 

HARDICANUTE,  king  of  England 
and  Denmark,  was  the  son  of  Canute, 
and  succeeded  his  fatheron  the  Danish 
tlirone  in  L088';  and  at  the  same  time 
laid  claim  to  thai  of  England,  which  had 

devolved    In    his    half-brother,     Harold. 

A  compromise  was  effected,  by  whioh 

he  governed  the  so  0  hern  part  of  the 
kingdom  during  Harold's  life,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  whole  on  his  death.  His 
conduct  was  violent  and  tyrannical — he 
revived  the  odious  tax  called  danegelt, 
and  his  subjects  rejoiced  at  his  early- 
death,  which  happened  in  lo41. 

HARDOUIN,  John,  a  learned  French 
•Jesuit,  the  author  of  several  works,  hut 
remarkable  as  the  author  of  one  in  par- 
ticular, (which  excited  equal  interest  and 
animadversion  at  the  time,*  the  object 
of  which  was  to  show  that  almost  all  the 
writings  under  the  names  of  the  Greek 
and  Roman  poets  and  historians  are  the 
spurious  productions  of  the  13th  centu- 
ry. B.  1647  ;  d.  172'.). — John  Stephen, 
a  French  writer;  the  translator  of 
Young's  "Night  Thoughts,"  and  Fene  • 
Ion's  "  Telemachus,"  into  rhyme.  B. 
1735;  d.  1^17. 

HARDWICKE,  Philip  Yorke,  earl 
of,  an  eminent  English  lawyer,  was  b.  at 
Dover,  in  Kent,  in  1090.  After  serving 
the  offices  of  solicitor  and  attorney 
general,  he  was,  in  1733,  appointed 
chief  justice  of  the  King's  Bench,  and 
created  a  peer.  In  1736  he  was  made 
lord  chancellor,  which  situation  he  held 
20  years.  In  1754  he  was  created  earl 
of  Hardwicke.  D.  1764. — Philip  Yorke, 
earl  of,  eldest  son  of  the  preceding,  .vi.s 
b.  in  1720.  In  173S  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  tellers  of  the  exchequer,  and 
in  1764  succeeded  his  father  in  the  earl- 
dom. He  d.  in  1790.  Lord  Hardwii  kg 
wrote  a  poem  on  the  death  o!"  Queen 
Caroline;  and  with  his  brother,  the 
Honorable  Charles  Yorke.  projected  the 
"Athenian  Letters,  or  the  Epistolary 
Correspondence  of  an  Agent  of  the 
King  of  Persia,  residing  at  Athens  du- 
ring the  Pcloponncsian  War."  A  few 
copies  only  or  this  work  were  at  first 
printed  for  private  circulation;  but  in 
1798  an  elegant  edition  was  published. 
Lord  Hardwicke  also  printed  "The  Cor- 
respondence of  Sir  Dudley  Carleton,  in 
the  reign  of  James  I.,"  and  "  Miscella- 
neous State  Papers  from  1501  to  1726." 

HARDY,  Sir  Charles,  an  English 
admirp..    and  the  grandson  of  an  emi- 


480 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[har 


nent  naval  commander  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anno.  He 
had  the  command  of  the  Channel  fleet 
in  177V>,  but  died  the  same  year  at  Spit- 
head. — Sir  Thomas,  a  gallant  officer,  the 
friend  and  brother  in  artns  of  the  gal- 
lant Nelson,  whose  last  breath  he  re- 
ceived on  board  the  Victory.  At  the 
early  age  of  12  he  entered  the  royal 
navy  as  a  midshipman,  on  board  the 
Helena,  of  14  guns,  and  in  November, 
1793,  was  made  lieutenant  in  the  Melea- 
ger,  of  the  squadron  of  Nelson,  under 
whose  notice  he  was  thus  brought.  He 
was  thenceforth  constantly  employed 
under  the  hero,  who,  in  1797,  promoted 
him  to  the  command  of  the  brig  La 
Mutine,  of  the  capture  of  which  he  was 
the  main  cause.  His  constant  gallantry, 
and  especially  his  conduct  at  the  battle 
of  the  Nile,  in  which  his  vessel,  La 
Mutine,  was  the  only  single-decker  that 
was  present,  caused  Nelson  to  promote 
him  to  the  command  of  the  Vanguard. 
In  July,  1803,  he  became  flag-captain  to 
Nelson,  on  board  the  Vietory.  For  his 
services  at  Trafalgar  he  was  created  a 
oaronet.     B.  1769;  d.  1339. 

HARLEY,  Robert,  carl  of  Oxford 
and  Mortimer,  a  distinguished  English 
statesman,  was  b.  1(361.  At  the  revolu- 
tion he  was  returned  to  the  house  of 
Doinmons,  and  in  1702  he  was  chosen 
speaker.  In  1710  he  again  came  into 
office,  as  a  commissioner  of  the  treasury, 
and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer.  Shortly 
after  he  was  stabbed  by  the  marquis  of 
Gniscard,  a  Frenchman,  when  under 
examination  at  the  council-board ;  but 
he  recovered  from  his  wound,  and  the 
assassin  died  in  prison.  He  was  then 
advanced  to  the  peerage,  and  made  lord 
high  treasurer;  which  office  he  resigned 
a  few  days  before  the  death  of  Queen 
Anne,  in  1714.  On  the  accession  of 
George  I.  he  was  impeached  by  the 
house  of  commons,  and  committed  to 
the  Tower,  where  he  was  kept  two 
years,  and  then,  after  a  public  trial,  he 
was  acquitted.  After  this,  he  retired 
Thollv  from  public  business,  and  d.  1724. 

HARLOW,  George  Henry,  an  En- 
glish painter,  was  b.  in  1787;  studied 
under  Drummond  and  Sir  Thomas  Law- 
rence; and  d.  1819.  He  produced  sev- 
eral good  pictures  ;  among  which  is  the 
well-known  scene  from  Shakspeare's 
Henry  the  Eighth,  containing  portraits 
of  the  Kemble  family  and  other  distin- 
guished actors. 

HAROLD  I.,  surnamed  Harefoot, 
*ing  of  England,  succeeded  his  father, 
Canute,  in  1035.    He  reigned  four  years, 


and  d.  in  1039.— IT.,  king  of  England, 
was  the  second  son  of  Godwin,  earl  of 
Kent.  Upon  the  death  of  Edward  tho 
Confessor,  in  1066,  he  took  possession 
of  the  throne,  without  attending  to  the 
more  legal  clain  of  Edgar  Atheling,  or 
the  asserted  bequest  of  Edward  in  favor 
of  William,  duke  of  Normandy.  The 
latter  accordingly  invaded  England  with 
a  large  army,  and  Harold  fell  at  the 
memorable  battle  of  Hastings,  October 
14,  1066  ;  by  which  the  conquest  of  tho 
kingdom  was  effected,  and  the  Norman 
ride  began. 

HAROUN.orAARONALRASCIIID, 
a  celebrated  caliph  of  the  Saracens,  as- 
cended the  throne  in  786,  and  was  the 
most  potent  prince  of  his  race,  ruling 
over  territories  extending  from  Egypt 
to  Khorassan.  He  gained  many  splendid 
victories  over  the  Greek  emperors,  and 
obtained  immense  renown  for  his  bra- 
very, magnificence,  and  love  of  letters; 
but  he  was  cruel  and  tyrannical.    D.  808. 

HARPER,  Robert  Goodloe,  was  a 
native  of  Virginia,  but  when  very  young 
removed  with  his  parents  to  North 
Carolina.  His  parents  were  poor,  and 
in  early  life  he  passed  through  a  number 
of  vicissitudes.  At  the  age  of  twenty 
he  found  himself  in  Charleston,  S.  Cv 
with  but  a  dollar  or  two  in  his  pocket, 
and  with  the  intention  of  studying  the 
profession  of  the  law.  Having  obtained 
introduction  to  a  lawyer,  he  prepared 
himself  under  his  instruction  for  the 
bar,  and,  in  about  a  twelvemonth,  un- 
dertook the  management  of  causes  on 
his  own  account.  He  then  removed 
from  Charleston  to  an  interior  district, 
where  he  first  distinguished  himself, 
politically,  by  the  publication  of  a  series 
of  newspaper  essays  on  a  proposed 
change  in  the  constitution  of  the  state. 
He  was  immediately  elected  to  the  state 
legislature,  and  soon  afterwards  to  con- 
gress, where  he  was  an  efficient  member 
of  the  federal  party,  a  powerful  advocate 
of  the  policy  of  Washington,  and  the 
personal  friend  of  the  mostdistinguished 
federal  statesmen  of  the  day.  Many 
years  afterwards  he  collected  in  an  oc- 
tavo volume,  a  number  of  his  circulars 
and  addresses  to  his  constituents,  and 
several  of  his  speeches  in  congress.  In 
1797  he  published  a  pamphlet,  entitled 
"  Observations  on  the  Dispute  between 
the  United  States  and  France,"  which 
passed  through  numerous  editions,  and 
acquired  great  celebrity  both  at  homo 
and  in  Europe.  The  speeches  which  he 
delivered  in  managing  the  impeachment 
of  Blount,  and  the  defence  of  Judge 


har] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


481 


Chase,  are  admirable  specimens  of  argu- 
ment and  eloquence.  On  the  downfall 
of  the  federal  party  Mr.  Harper  resumed 
the  practice  of  the  law  in  Baltimore, 
where  he  married  the  daughter  of  the 
distinguished  Charles  Carroll.  He  at- 
tended almost  every  session  of  the 
supreme  court,  from  the  time  of  its  re- 
moval to  Washington  to  that  of  his 
death,  and  was  always  heard  with  re- 
spect and  attention  by  the  court  and 
juries.  The  federal  party  having  re- 
gained the  ascendant  in  Maryland,  Mr. 
H  irper  was  immediately  elected  a  sen- 
at  Dr  in  congress,  but  the  demands  of 
his  profession  soon  obliged  him  to  resign 
his  seat. 

HARRINGTON,  James,  a  celebrated 
political  writer,  was  b.  in  1611,  in  North- 
amptonshire. His  chief  work  is  entitled 
"Oceana,"  a  political  romance,  in  which 
he  defended  republicanism.  In  1661  he 
was,  on  a  charge  of  treason,  sent  to  the 
Tower,  from  whence  he  was  removed  to 
St.  Nicholas's  Island,  near  Plymouth, 
but  was  afterwards  released  on  bail. 
D.  1677. 

HARRIS,  James,  a  philological  writer, 
was  b.  at  Salisbury,  in  1709.  In  1774 
he  was  made  secretary  and  comptroller 
to  the  queen.  He  wrote  "  Three  Trea- 
tises :  the  first  concerning  Art  ;  the 
second  concerning  Music,  Painting,  and 
Poetry;  and  the  third  concerning  Hap- 
piness ;"  "  Hermes,  or  a  Philosophical 
Inquiry  concerning  Universal  Gram- 
mar ;"  "  Philological  Inquiries,"  &c. 
D.  1780. 

HARRISON,  John,  celebrated  as  the 
inventor  of  the  time-keeper  for  ascer- 
taining the  longitude  at  sea,  was  b.  at 
Fonlby,  Yorkshire,  in  1693.  His  father, 
a  carpenter  or  builder,  brought  him  up 
to  the  same  occupation  ;  but  by  dint  of 
ingenuity  and  perseverance  he  learned 
to  make  clocks  and  watches  ;  and  having 
turned  his  attention  to  the  improvement 
of  pocket-watches,  he  was  induced  to 
make  a  time-keeper,  in  that  form,  which 
he  finished  in  1759.  This  chronometer, 
in  two  voyages,  having  been  found  to 
correct  the  longitude  within  the  limits 
required  by  the  act  of  parliament,  Har- 
rison applied  for  the  proposed  reward 
of  £20,000,  which  he  received.  D.  1776. 
— John,  one  of  the  regicide  judges  who 
sat  upon  the  trial  of  Charles  I.,  was  the 
son  of  a  butcher,  and  became  a  general 
in  the  parliamentary  army.  He  was  one 
of  the  ten  who  were  executed  for  that 
act,  after  the  restoration. —Robert  Han- 
son, sustained  the  offices  of  chief  justice 
of  the  general  court  of  Maryland,  and 
41 


governor  of  the  state.  In  1789  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  judges  of  ihc  su 
picnic  court  of  the  United  Shitcs,  bat 
declined  accepting  the  office,  which  was 
afterwards  conferred  on  Mr.  Iredel.  He 
excited  himself  in  the  prosecution  of 
the  revolutionary  war  with  great  ardor, 
and  in  his  station  as  judge  and  governor 
displayed  very  superior  talents.  He  d. 
1790. — Benjamin,  governor  of  Virginia, 
was  educated  at  the  college  of  William 
and  Mary.  He  went  early  into  public 
life,  commencing  as  a  member  of  the 
legislature  of  his  native  province,  Vir- 
ginia. He  was  offered  by  the  British 
government  a  seat  in  the  executive 
council,  which  he  declined,  and  re- 
mained true  to  his  country.  In  1774  he 
was  a  delegate  in  congress  from  Virginia, 
and  continued  to  be  "a  member  till  1777. 
From  1782  to  1784  he  was  governor  of 
Virginia.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Virginia  convention  for  adopting  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States.  D. 
1791. — William  Henry,  president  of 
the  United  States  of  America,  was  b.  in 
Virginia,  in  1773,  his  father  being  one 
of  the  most  conspicuous  among  the  pa- 
triots of  the  revolution.  After  receiving 
the  customary  education  at  Hampden 
Sydney  college,  he  studied  for  the  med- 
ical profession  ;  but  participating  in  the 
general  excitement  which  prevailed 
throughout  the  country  against  the 
barbarous  mode  of  warfare  at  that  time 
practised  by  the  Indians  on  the  north- 
western frontiers,  he  suddenly  aban- 
doned the  precepts  of  Galen,  and  joined 
his  brethren  in  arms,  as  an  ensign  in 
the  U.  S.  artillerv,  in  1791.  During  the 
years  1811,  1812,  and  1813,  General 
Harrison  assembled  a  body  of  militia 
and  volunteers,  and  marched  against 
the  Indians,  who,  under  Tccumseh,  had 
created  serious  disturbances  on  the  fron- 
tier. The  most  signal  success  crowned 
his  efforts,  and  he  was  appointed  by  Mr. 
Madison  to  negotiate  with  those  enemies 
against  whom  his  military  skill  had 
been  so  ably  directed.  In  1S2S  he  was 
sent  as  United  States  minister  to  Co- 
lumbia; and,  in  1840,  he  was  elected 
chief  magistrate.  But  one  month  after 
his  accession  he  was  seized  with  an  ill- 
ness, and  d.  April  4.  1841. 

HART,  John,  a  patriot  of  the  Amer- 
ican revolution,  and  one  of  the  signers 
of  the  declaration  of  independence.  He 
was  a  member  of  congress  in  1774,  from 
New  Jersey.  In  the"  latter  part  of  the 
year  1776  liis  farm  was  pillaged  by  the 
enemy,  and  his  family  dispersed.  The 
alarm  and  distress  of  these  occurrences 


482 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[lIAT 


caused  'lie  death  of  his  wife.  After  the 
t)Vacu»  ion  of  New  Jersey  he  again  col- 
lected his  family;  but  his  health  was 
now  failing  him,  and  he  d.  1780. 

HAETE,  Walter,  an  Englisn  poet 
and  historian,  way  b.  and  educated  at 
Marlborough,  in  Wiltshire.  He  pub- 
lished a  poetical  colleetion,  called  the 
".Amaranth,"  a  "History  of  Gustavus 
Adolphns,"  and  '"Essays  on  Husband- 
ry."    D.  177:?. 

'  1'  AKTLEY,  David,  an  English  phy- 
Bieian,  was  b.  at  Armlev,  in  Yorkshire, 
in  1705,  and  d.  at  Bath  in  17f>7.  He 
wrote  an  excellent  work,  entitled  ''  Ob- 
servations on  Man." — David,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  b.  in  1730;  educated  at 
Merton  college,  Oxford ;  became  M.  P. 
for  Hull  ;  .was  distinguished  by  his 
strenuous  opposition  to  the  American 
war;  and  was  appointed  one  of  the  ne- 
gotiators to  treat  with  Dr.  Franklin.  He 
had  the  merit  of  several  ingenious  in- 
ventions, one  of  which  is  a  mode  of 
securing  buildings  from  fire.     D.  1813. 

HARVARD,  John,  a  nonconformist 
divine,  who  d.  in  1688,  at  Charlestown, 
Mass.  He  is  deserving  of  commemora- 
tion by  being  the  founder  of  the  college 
bearing  his  name,  at  Cambridge. 

HARVEY,  William,  a  celebrated 
physician,  was  b.  at  Folkstone,  1578. 
He  discovered  the  circulation  of  the 
blood,  of  which  he  published  an  ac- 
count in  1628,  entitled  "  Exercitatio 
Anatom  ?a  de  Motu  Cordis  ct  San- 
guinis." In  1632  he  was  made  physi- 
cian to  Charles  I.,  and  adhered  faithfully 
to  the  king  ;  for  which,  in  1645,  he  was 
chosen  warden  of  Merton  college, 
Oxford ;  but  when  the  parliamentary 
visitors  came  there,  he  left  it  for 
London.  In  1651  appeared  his  "  Exer- 
citationcs  de  Generatione  Animalium." 
D.  165s. 

HASSELQUIST,  Frederic,  a  Swe- 
dish naturalist,  and  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  of  all  the  pupils  of  Li  imams, 
was  b.  in  1722.  He  embarked  for 
Smyrna  in  August,  1749,  went  to  Egypt, 
ren  ained  some  time  at  Jerusalem,  and 
afterwards  visited  other  parts  of  the 
country.  Returning  to  Smyrna,  he 
brought  with  him  an  admirable  collec 
tion  of  plants,  minerals,  fishes,  reptiles, 
insects,  and  other  natural  curiosities. 
His  "  Iter  Palaesthmm,  or  a  Journey 
to  the  Holy  Land,"  was  derived  from 
his  journal,  and  was  drawn  up  by  Lin- 

Uffills. 

HASTINGS,  Warren,  was  b.  in  1733, 
at  Churchill,  Cxfordshire,  where  his 
father    was    the    jlergyman.      He   was 


educated  at  Westminister,  ind  tt  the 
age  of  17,  went  out  to  India,  as  a  writei 
in  the  company's  service.  On  his  ar- 
rival he  applied  with  diligence  to  the 
duties  of  his  station,  and  at  his  leisure 
studied  the  oriental  languages.  After  14 
years'  residence  in  Bengal,  he  returned 
to  England;  hut  in  176'.)  he  went  out 
as  second  in  council  at  Madras,  where 
he  remained  about  two  years,  and  then 
removed  to  the  presidency  of  Calcutta. 
In  1786  he  returned  to  England,  when 
he  was  accused  of  having  governed 
arbitrarily  and  tyrannically ;  of  having 
extorted  immense  sums  of  money  ;  and 
of  having  exercised  every  species  of 
oppression.  An  impeachment  followed, 
which  lasted  9  years,  lie  was  at  length 
acquitted,  and  sentenced  to  pay  only 
the  costs  of  prosecution,  (£71,080  ster- 
ling, i  for  which  the  East  India  Company 
indemnified  him  by  a  pension  of  £4,000 
for  life.  He  lived,  however,  to  sec  his 
plans  for  the  security  of  India  publicly 
applauded,  and  d.  1*818.  Mr.  Hastings 
was  a  man  of  mild  and  unassuming 
manners,  and  an  elegant  scholar.  Ho 
wrote  "  A  Narrative  of  the  Insurrection 
at  Benares."  "  Memoirs  relative  to  the 
State  of  India,"  some  fugitive  poetry, 
&e. — Francis  Rawdon,  marquis  of,  son 
of  the  earl  of  Moira,  was  b.  in  1754,  and 
entered  the  army  in  1771.  lie  greatly 
distinguished  himself  in  the  American 
war;  was  appointed  in  1778,  adjutant- 
general  of  the  British  forces  there,  and 
rose  to  the  rank  of  a  major-general.  In 
1812  he  obtained  the  appointment 
of  governor-general  of  British  India, 
which  he  held  till  1S22;  and  during  tho 
10  years  of  his  sway  he  overcame  the 
Nepaulesc,  the  Pindarees,  and  other 
native  powers,  and  rendered  the  British 
authority  supreme  in  India.  While 
absent  he  was  created  marquis  of  Hast- 
ings.    D.  1725. 

HATTO,  or  HATTO  VERCELLEN- 
SIS,  was  bishop  of  Vercelli,  in  Italy,  in 
the  10th  century.  His  work  on  tho 
''Grievances  of  the  Church,"  (which  M 
curiously  illustrative  of  the  spirit  and 
complexion  of  the  times,)  together  with 
his  canons  and  epistles,  were  published 
in  1768. 

IIATTON,  Sir  Christopher,  an  emi- 
nent statesman,  and  lord  chancellor  of 
England,  was  b.  at  Holdenby,  in  North- 
amptonshire. In  1587  was  made  both 
chancellor  and  knight  of  the  garter. 
His  inexperience  created  much  prej- 
udice against  him  at  first,  but  his 
natural  capacity  arid  sound  j.idgment 
were  seldom  found  defective     lin  wrote 


haw] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


483 


the  fourth  act  in  the  tragedy  of  "Tan- 
Bred  and  Sigismunda ;"  and  to  him  is 
ascribed  "  A  Treatise  concerning  Stat- 
utes or  Acts  of  Parliament."     1).  1591. 

HAUBOLD,  Christian  Gottlieb,  a 
celebrated  German  jurist,  was  b.  at 
Dresden,  in  1706.  He  was  made  doctor 
of  law  in  1788 ;  and  eventually  became 
ordinary  professor  of  law  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Leipsic. 

HAUFF,  Wii.helm,  one  of  the  most 
graceful  prose  writers  of  Germany,  was 
b.  at  Stuttgart,  1802.  He  went  to  the 
university  of  Tubingen  from  1820  to 
1824,  where  he  studied  philosophy  and 
theology,  with  a  view  to  the  church. 
While  discharging  the  duties  of  tutor 
ir>  a  noble  family  at  Stuttgart,  he  com- 
menced his  literary  career  with  the 
"  Miirchen  Almanaeh  auf  das  Jahr," 
1826.  The  chief  of  his  works  arc, 
"  Memoiren  des  Satans,"  "  Mann  im 
M  ">nde,"  "Lichtenstein,"  "  Die  Bett- 
lerin  von  Pont  des  Arts,"  "  Phantasien 
im  Bremen  Rathskeller,"  &e.  He  had 
just  undertaken  the  editorship  of  the 
celebrated  journal,  called  the  "  Morgen- 
blatt,"  when  lie  d.  November,  1827. 

HAUGWITZ,  Christian-  Henry 
Chas.,  count  of,  an  eminent  Prussian 
statesman,  was  b.  in  Silesia,  in  1758. 
D.  1832. 

HAUKSBEE,  Francis,  an  English 
philosopher  of  the  18th  century,  who 
made  many  experimental  discoveries  in 
electricity,  and  published  them. 

HAUTEFEUILLE,  John,  a  mechanic, 
was  b.  at  Orleans,  in  1647.  He  made 
several  discoveries  and  improvements 
in  clock-making,  and  invented  the 
spiral  spring  which  moderates  the  vi- 
bration of  balance-wheels  in  watches, 
which  Huygens  afterwards  perfected. 
He  also  wrote  several  short  treatises  on 
mechanical  subjects;  also,  "  The  Art  of 
Breathing  under  Water,"  "  The  Per- 
petual Pendulum,"  "  A  new  System  of 
the  Flux  and  Reflux  of  the  Sea,"  &c. 
D.  1724. 

II A U  Y,  Rene  Just,  Abbe,  a  celebrated 
mineralogist,  b.  at  St.  Just,  in  Picardy, 
in  1742,  "  He  first  studied  theology,  and 
was  twenty-one  years  professor  of  lan- 
guages. But  mineralogy  was  his  favorite 
pursuit;  and  to  him  science  is  indebted 
for  an  admirable  theory  of  crystalliza- 
tion, founded  on  geometrical  laws.  He 
was  appointed  by  Bonaparte,  professor 
of  mineralogy  at  the  botanic  garden, 
and  to  the  faculty  of  sciences  at  Paris, 
in  1803,  at  the  command  of  Napoleon, 
he  wrote  his  "Traite  de  Physique." 
His  treatises  on  mineralogy,  crystallog- 


raphy, and  natural  history,  are  ;H 
highly  esteemed;  and  his  beuutifnl 
collection  of  minerals,  for  which  lie  had 

refused  an  offer  of  600,000    IV: s,   was 

bought  by  the  duke  of  Buckingham. 
D.  1822. 

HAWKS,  Stephen,  a  poet  of  the  15th 
century,  was  a  native  of  Suffolk,  and 
educated  at  <  >xford. 

HAWKESWORTH,  John,  the  son 
of  a  watchmaker  at  Bromley,  Kent.,  wan 
b.  in  1715,  and  apprenticed  to  his 
father's  trade;  but  he  soon  left  ii  for 
literary  pursuits,  and  eventually  became 
an  author  of  eminence.  He  is  chiefly 
remembered  by  his  "Adventurer,"  a 
series  of  periodical  essays;  a  sentence, 
taken  from  the  last  number  of  which 
work,  is  inscribed  on  a  marble  monu- 
ment erected  to  his  memory  in  Bromley 
church.     D.  1773. 

HAWKINS,  Sir  John,  a  brave  En- 
glish admiral  under  Queen  Elizabeth,. 
was  a  native  of  Devonshire.  He  was 
rear-admiral  of  the  fleet,  which  she  sent 
against  the  Spanish  Armada,  and  had  a 
great  share  in  that  victory,  lie  was 
afterwards  made  treasurer,  of  the  navy. 
But  his  memory  is  disgraced  by  his 
being  the  first  European  who  carried 
off  slaves  from  the  coast  of  Africa,  and 
introduced  that  inhuman  traffic  into  the 
West  Indies.  Queen  Elizabeth  herself, 
while  she  honored  his  bravery  by 
knighthood,  threatened  him  with  tho 
divine  vengeance  for  this  practice.  D. 
1505. — Sir  John,  a  lawyer  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  b.  in  London,  in 
1719.  He  practised  as  a  solicitor,  with 
reputation  for  some  years;  and  having 
made  general  literature  the  study  of  his 
leisure  hours,  he  also  wrote  for  the 
periodical  press.  A  taste  for  music  led 
him  to  become  a  member  of  the  acad- 
emy of  ancient  music  :  and  in  1742  he 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  literary 
club,  established  by  Dr.  Johnson,  with 
whom  he  formed  an  acquaintance  which 
lasted  during  their  joint  lives.  Having 
in  1753  married  a  lady  of  great  fortune, 
and  becoming  possessed  of  a  much 
greater  one  in  1759,  on  the  death  of  her 
brother,  he  gave  up  his  profession,  and 
became  a  magistrate  for  Middlesex. 
His  principal  work  is,  "  A  General  His- 
tory of  the  Science  and  Practice  of 
Music,"  and  his  edition,  with  notes,  of 
"Isaac  Walton's  Complete  Angler,*1 
acquired  deserved  popularity.  D.  1789. 
HAWLEY,  Joseph,  a  distinguished 
American  patriot,  was  b.  in  1721,  at 
Northampton,  Mass.,  and  being  bred  a 
lawyer,  soon  acquired  great  eminence  in 


484 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAFHT. 


[HAT 


his  profession.  But  he  was  mostly  dis- 
tinguishod  for  his  knowledge  of  political 

history  and  the  principles  of  free  gov- 
ernment— a  circumstance  which  render- 
ed him  one  of  the  ablest  advocates  of 
American  liberty  in  the  legislature,  pre- 
vious to  and  during  the  contest  be- 
tween the  colonies  and  the  parent  state. 
D.  1788. 

HAY,  George,  judge  of  the  United 
States  court  for  the  eastern  district  of 
Virginia,  and  for  many  years  attorney  of 
the  United  States,  in  which  capacity  he 
was  the  prosecutor  of  Aaron  Burr.  He 
d.  1830.  His  political  writings,  signed 
Hortensius,  gave  him  some  celebrity. 
He  wrote  also  a  "Treatise  against  the 
Usury  Laws,"  "The  Life  of  John 
Thompson,"  and  a  "  Treatise  on  Emi- 
gration." 

HAYDN,  Joseph,  an  eminent  Ger- 
man musician,  was  b.  1732,  in  the  village 
of  Rohrou,  on  the  borders  of  Hungary 
and  Austria,  lie  was  the  son  of  a  poor 
wheelwright,  who,  having  a  taste  for 
music,  played  the  harp  on  Sundays,  his 
mother  accompanying  with  her  voice;  a 
circumstance  which  accounts  for  the 
strong  predilection  which  their  son 
showed  for  the  science  even  in  his  in- 
fancy. When  but  eight  years  old  he 
became  a  chorister  in  St.  Stephen's,  and 
at  ten  years  of  age  composed  pieces  for 
several  voices.  With  his  fine  soprano 
he  lost  his  place,  and  his  situation  was 
very  discouraging;  but  he  had  the  good 
fortune  to  become  acquainted  with 
Prince  Esterhazy,  who  placed  him  at 
the  head  of  his  private  chapel.  For 
this  prince  he  composed  some  beautiful 
symphonies — a  department  in  which  he 
excelled  all  other  composers — and  the 
greatest  part  of  his  tine  quartettes. 
When,  after  a  period  of  about  20  years, 
the  prince  reduced  his  court,  and  Haydn 
was  discharged,  lie  went  to  London,  to 
which  capital  ho  had  often  been  invited. 
In  1704,  having  made  a  second  journey 
thither,  he  found  a  most  splendid  re- 
ception, and  the  university  of  Oxford 
conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  doc- 
tor of  music.  On  his  return  from  En- 
gland, he  purchased  a  small  house  and 
garden  in  one  of  the  suburbs  of  Vienna, 
where  he  died.  To  the  English  public 
he  is  universally  known  by  his  noble 
oratorio  of  the  "Creation,"  which  is 
considered  a  chef-d 'auvve,     D,  1809. 

HAYDON,  Benjamin  Robert,  an  his- 
torical painter  of  distinguished  merit, 
was  b.  at  Plymouth,  1786.  He  com- 
menced his  studies  at  the  royal  academy 
in  1804.     His  first  picture  was  exhibited 


in  1S07;  the  subject  of  it.  "Joseph  and 
Mary  resting  with  our  Saviour  after  a 
day's  journey  on  the  road  to  Egypt.' 
lli's  second  great  work,  "Dentatus,'1 
was  exhibited  in  18o9,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  it  obtained  the  great  prize  at 
the  Royal  Institution.  His  "Judgment 
of  Solomon"  appeared  next.  He  went, 
accompanied  by  Wilkie,  to  Paris,  in 
1814,  to  study  at  the  Louvre,  and  on  his 
return  commenced  his  laryest  work, 
"Christ  entering  into  Jerusalem." 
This  picture  was  exhibited  in  182m,  both 
in  London  and  Edinburgh,  and  was  con- 
sidered a  triumph  of  modern  art.  But 
with  his  acknowledged  powers,  lie  dis- 
dained to  follow  the  more  certain  path 
to  fame  and  fortune.  He  became  poor 
and  discouraged,  and  died  by  his  own 
hand  in  1846. 

HAYES,  Charles,  a  mathematician, 
b.  1578.  He  published  a  "Treatise  on 
Fluxions."  and  some  other  mathematical 
pieces,  besides  several  works  of  a  theo- 
logical nature.     D.  1760. 

IIAYLEY,  William,  an  English  poet, 
was  b.  at  Chichester,  174o.  After  quit- 
ting Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  he  set- 
tled at  Eartham,  in  Sussex,  and  devoted 
his  time  principally  to  literature.  He 
was  the  author  of  an  "  Essay  on  History, 
in  Three  poetical  Epistles  to  Edward 
Gibbon,"  "Triumphs  of  Temper,"  "Es- 
says on  Painting:  and  Sculpture,"  a  prose 
"Essay  on  Old  Maids,"  and  lastly, 
"  The  Life  and  Corres-pondence  of  the 
Poet  Cowper."     D.  1820. 

HAYNE,  Isaac,  a  colonel  in  the 
American  army,  and  a  martyr  to  the 
cause  of  independence,  was  descended 
from  a  highly  respectable  family  in  South 
Carolina.  After  the  capitulation  of 
Charleston,  he  consented  to  subscribe 
a  declaration  of  his  allegiance  to  the  king 
of  Great  Britain,  provided  he  might  not 
be  compelled  to  bear  arms  against  his 
countrymen.  lie  was  summoned,  how- 
ever, after  the  successes  of  Greene  had 
chansred  the  face  of  affairs,  to  repair  im- 
mediately to  the  British  standard.  This 
he  refused,  as  a  violation  of  the  compact 
he  had  entered  into,  and  hastened  to  the 
American  camp.  Being  shortly  after 
taken  prisoner  by  the  English,  be  was 
tried,  and  condemned  to  be  hanged. 
This  cruel  sentence,  notwithstanding 
the  mitigating  circumstances  of  the  case, 
was  accordingly  put  into  execution,  Aug. 
4,  1781. 

BAYS,  Jacob,  a  noted  constable  and 
thief-taker,  of  the  city  of  New  York, 
who  was  appointed  by  Edward  Liv- 
ingston   in    1801,    and '  discharged    the 


hebJ 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPKr. 


485 


duties  of  his  office  till  the  day  of  his 
death,  in  1850.  His  natural  qualifica- 
tions for  the  place  were  remarkable;  he 
ne\er  forgot  a  man  that  he  had  Been, 
and  his  courage  as  well  as  ingenuity  in 
catching  offenders  made  him  a  terror  to 
evil-doers.     B.  177-2;  d.  1850. 

HAYWOOD,  Elizabeth,  an  ingenious 
writer,  was  b.  in  London,  1t'>'.»:>>,  and  d. 
17.">ii.  She  published  the  "Female  Spec- 
tator," "  Epistles  for  the  Ladies,"  "For- 
tunate Foundling,"  "Adventures  of 
Nature,"  &e. 

HAZARD,  Ebenbzeb,  postmaster-gen- 
eral of  the  United  States,  was  a  native 
of  Philadelphia,  and  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton college  in  1762.  In  1782  lie  suc- 
ceeded Mr.  Bache  as  postmaster,  and 
continued  in  office  until  the  adoption  of 
the  constitution  in  17*9.  He  published 
a  valuable  work  in  reference  to  Amer- 
ican history,  which  is  often  quoted, 
namely,  "Historical  Collections,"  also 
"Remarks  on  a  Report  concerning  the 
Western  Indians."     D.  1817. 

HAZL1TT,  William,  a  distinguished 
critic  and  essayist,  was  the  son  of  a  dis- 
senting minister,  and  educated  at  the 
Unitarian  college  at  Hackney.  He  be- 
gan life  as  an  artist;  but  though  he 
always  preserved  an  intense  love  for  the 
arts,' he  soon  relinquished  the  pencil  for 
the  pen ;  and  when  he  was  not  borne 
away  by  violent  prejudices,  he  appeared 
as  one  of  the  most  able,  powerful,  and 
judicious  critics  of  the  day.  Besides 
being  a  constant  contributor  for  many 
years  to  the  "  Morning  Chronicle"  and 
"  Examiner"  newspapers,  he  occasion- 
ally wrote  in  others.  Among  the  most 
popular  of  his  writings  are  several  vol- 
umes collected  from  periodical  works, 
under  the  titles  of  "Table  Talk,"  "The 
Spirit  of  the  Age,"  and  "The  Plain 
Speaker,"  The  largest  and  most  elab- 
orate, though  not  the  most  successful  of 
his  works,  is  the  "Life  of  Napoleon." 
His  "  ( !haracters  of  Shakspeare's  Plays," 
attracted  much  notice;  as  did  also  his 
"  View  of  the  English  Stage,"  "  Political 
Essays  and  Sketches  of  Public  Charac- 
ters," "The  Literature  of  the  Eliza- 
bethan Age,"  "The  Modern  Pygmalion," 
<fec.  His  last  work  was  a  very  interest- 
ing volume,  entitled  "Conversations  of 
James  Northcote.  esq.,  R.  A."     D.  1880. 

HEATH,  Charles,  an  eminent  line 
engraver,  was  b.  1784.  His  taste  for  art 
was  fostered  and  matured  by  his  father, 
James  Heath,  a  name  well  known  to  the 
print  collector;  and  his  serial  artistic 
publications,  the  "Book  of  Beauty"  and 
the  "Keepsake,"  &C,  for  many  yearn 
41* 


kept  his  name  before  the  world  as  ono 
of  the  first  English  engravers,  be 
exercising  a  marked  influence  over  thai 

department  of  the  arts.  D.  1848.— Wn. 
LIAM,  major-general  in  the  American 
revolutionary  army,  was  a  native  of  Rox 
bury,  Mass.  In  177")  he  was  appointed 
provincial  brigadier,  and  also  brigadier 
of  the  United  States,  June  22.  and  Aug. 
9, 1776,  major-general.  When  the  army 
removed  to  New  York,  he  commanded 
near  King's-bridgc.  In  1777  In-  was  in- 
trusted with  the  command  of  the  eastern 
department  near  Boston,  and  the  pris- 
oners of  Saratoga  fell  under  his  care. 
In  June.  177'.',  he  returned  to  the  main 
army,  and  commanded  the  troops  on  the 
Hudson,  and  in  that  station,  for  the 
most  part,  he  remained  until  the  close 
of  the  war.  He  was  the  last,  surviving 
American  major-general  of  the  war.  He 
published  a  volume,  which  for  a  time, 
had  great  notoriety,  entitled,  "Heath's 
Memoirs."  D.  1814. — James,  an  histor- 
ical writer  during  the  reigns  of  Charles 
I.  and  II.  He  wrote  "A  Chronicle  of 
the  late  War,"  "The  Glories  and  Tri- 
umphs of  the  Restoration  of  Charles 
IT.,"  "Flacellum,  or  the  Life  and  Death 
of  Oliver  Cromwell."  &c.     D.  1864. 

HEATHCOTE,  Ralph,  a  clergyman 
of  the  church  of  England,  to  whom  the 
merit  is  due  of  being  the  projector  of 
the  "General  Biographical  Dictionary." 
He  was  also  the  author  of  "  The  Ire- 
narch,  or  Justice  of  the  Peace's  Man- 
ual," "Svlva,  or  the  Wood,"  "A 
Sketch  of  Lord  Bolingbroke's  Philoso- 
phy," and  other  polemical  works ; 
which  caused  his  introduction  to  Dr. 
Warburton,  who  nominated  him  bis 
assistant  preacher  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  He 
subsequently  obtained  higher  church 
preferments.     D.  1795. 

HEBER,  Reginald,  bishop  of  Cal- 
cutta, was  b.  at  Mai  pas,  Cheshire,  1783. 
He  entered  a  student  at  Brazenose  col- 
lege, Oxford,  in  1800,  and,  3  years  after, 
carried  the  English  prize  for  bis  beauti- 
ful poem,  "Palestine."  From  1808  to 
1822,  he  spent  his  time  in  disunarging 
the  duties  of  a  parish  priest ;  during 
which  he  published  some  elegant  poems, 
and  the  life  of  Jeremy  Taylor.  lie  was 
then  elected  preacher  at  Lincoln's  Inn. 
On  the  death  of  Dr.  Middleton,  the 
bishopric  of  Calcutta  was  offered  to  Mr. 
Heber,  and  on  the  16th  of  June,  with 
his  wife  and  infant  daughter,  he  em- 
barked for  India.  On  the  1  lth  of  Octo- 
ber hereached  his  destination,  and  found 
constant  occupation  in  the  important, 
exercise  of  his  official  duties.    Iu  1826 


486 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[hei 


ho  took  a  journey  in  the  discharge  of 
his  episcopal  duty,  to  Triohinopoly, 
where  lie  arrived  on  the  1st  of  April, 
1626.  The  next  day  lie  was  seized  with 
an  apoplectic  lit,  whilst  bathing,  which 
terminated  his  valuable  life.  Since  his 
death,  a  "  Narrative  ot'a  .Journey  through 
the  Upper  Provinces  of  India,"  has  ap- 
peared, and  his  widow  has  also  publish- 
ed his  biography. 

IiEBEKT,  James  Rene,  commonly 
called  Pere  Duchcnc,  (from  the  title  of  a 
Jacobin  paper  of  which  he  was  the  edi- 
tor,) was  b.  at  Alencon,  17-">5.  lie  was 
one  of  the  most  violent  advocates  for 
the  French  revolution.  Having  dared 
to  oppose  his  colleagues  and  masters, 
they  accomplished  his  destruction.  At 
the  place  of  his  execution,  contempt  and 
insult  were  added  to  the  severity  of  his 
sufferings,  and  he  d.  amid  the  hisses  of 
the  populace,  on  the  24;h  March,  17lJ4. 

HECKWELDEB,  John,  many  years 
employed  by  the  Moravian  brethren  as  a 
missionary  to  the  Delaware  Indians,  was 
a  native  of  England.  In  181'J  ho  pub- 
lished, at  Philadelphia,  "A  History  of 
the  Manners  and  Customs  of  the  Indian 
Nations  who  once  inhabited  Pennsylva- 
nia ;"  and,  in  1820,  a  "  Narrative  of  the 
Moravian  Mission  anions  the  Delaware 
Indians,  &e.,  from  174o  to  1808."  He 
d.  at  Bethlehem,  1823,  aged  78. 

IIEDLINGER,  John  Charles,  the 
most  celebrated  die-cuttor  of  his  age, 
was  b.  at  Schweitz,  16H1.  Many  crown- 
ed heads,  among  whom  were  Charles 
XII.  of  Sweden,  Peter  the  Great,  and 
Pope  Benedict  XIII.,  honored  him  with 
their  patronage.  He  frequently  visited 
Sweden,  and  on  his  last  voyage  from 
that  country,  in  174-%  he  lost  the  greater 
part  of  his  property  by  shipwreck.  His 
works  are  distinguished  by  great  sim- 
plicity, softness,  and  correctness  of  de- 
sign.    D.  1771. 

HEEREN,  Arnold  Hermann  Luuwig, 
a  distinguished  German  historian,  was 
b.  neap  Bremen,  1760  ;  stu  lied  at  Got- 
tingen;  an  1  afrer  spending  some  years 
in  Foreign  travel,  returned  to  Gottingen 
in  1787,  when  he.  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor, and  thenceforward  devote  1  him- 
self to  the  composition  of  those  numer- 
ous works  which  have  placed  him  among 
the  first  historians  of  his  age.  His  chief 
works  are,  "  Idcen  liber  die  Politik  den 
Verkehr.  &c.,  der  vornehmsten  VClker 
der  alten  Welt,"  "Handbueh  der 
Gesc'iichte  der  Staaten  des  Alterthums," 
"Handbueh  der  Europaischen  Staaten- 
System,"  &c.    D.  184':!. 

HEGEL,  George  William  Frederic, 


the  founder  of  a  new  school  of  philoso- 
phy, was  b.  at  Stuttgart,  1770.  lie  was 
professor  successively  at  Jena,  Ilcidel- 
berg,  and  Berlin.  lie  was  at  first  the 
disciple  of  Schelling,  with  whom  he  was 
associated  in  the  conduct  of  a  philosoph- 
ical journal  in  1802-3.  But  his  opinions 
gradually  took  a  different  turn.  He  re- 
jected Schelling's  intellectual  intuition 
as  an  unwarrantable  assumption,  al- 
though he  continued  to  maintain  its 
leading  idea.  His  system  is  at  present 
the  centre  of  nearly  all  philosophical  in- 
terest in  Germany,  dhiefly  from  the 
widely  discrepant  deductions,  political 
and  religions,  which  his  friends  and  en- 
emies draw  from  it ;  some  maintaining 
it  to  be  favorable  to  the  present  order 
of  things  in  church  and  state,  others 
founding  upon  it  conclusions  at  vari- 
ance with  all  ordinary  notions  of  religion 
or  morality.     D.  of  cholera,  1881. 

HEIDEGGER,  John  James,  a  very 
extraordinary  character,  by  birth  a  Swiss, 
who  took  up  his  residence  in  London, 
in  1660,  and,  obtaining  a  commission  in 
the  guards,  was  known  in  fashionable 
society  by  the  appellation  of  the  Swiss 
count.  He  undertook  the  management 
of  the  opera  house,  and  in  his  conduct 
of  that  establishment  was  very  fortunate; 
added  to  which,  by  giving  concerts,  mas- 
querades, &c,  under  the  patronage  of 
the  court,  he  gained  a  handsome  income, 
which  he  expended  in  keeping  a  hos- 
pitable table,  and  iclieving  the  unfortu- 
nate.    D.  174'.t,  aged  00. 

HEINE,-  IIeinuich,  a  German  poet 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  at 
Dusseldorf,  1797,  and  studied  at  Bonn, 
Gottingen,  and  Berlin,  with  the  view  of 
embracing  a  legal  career ;  but  his  temper 
and  turn  of  mind  rendered  a  residence 
in  Germany  distasteful,  and  he  repaired 
to  Paris  about  1820,  where  he  continued 
thenceforward  principally  to  reside.  His 
works  comprise  two  plays,  political  pam- 
phlets and  satires,  views  of  French  so- 
ciety, ifce. ;  but  his  fame  chiefly  depends 
on  his  poems  and  the  "  Reisebilder," 
which,  though  often  deformed  by  a 
spirit  of  raillery  and  satire  that  knows 
no  bounds,  are  full  of  grace,  tenderness, 
and  artless  ease.     I).  1856. 

1IF.IXECCIUS,  John  Gotlieb,  a  cele- 
brated civilian,  b.  at  Ersenbnrg,  in  Al- 
tenbvrrg,  in  1681.  After  having  studied 
at  Goslar  and  Leipsie,  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Dalle,  1710:  and 
in  1711  he  was  made  professor  of  civil 
law,  with  the  title  of  counsellor  of  the 
court.  His  great  reputation  in  inced  the 
states   of  Friesland    to    invite   him  tc 


hel[ 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    I3IOORAPIIY. 


487 


Francker,  in  1724  ;  but  in  1727,  the 
king  of  Prussia  prevailed  on  him  to 
accept  of  a  professorship  of  law  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Oder,  where  lie  dis- 
tinguished himself  till  1733.  Becoming 
again  professor  at  Halle,  he  remained 
tliere  till  his  death  in  1741,  though 
invited  to  Marburg,  Denmark,  and 
Holland. 

IIEINEOKEN,  Christian  Henry,  an 
extraordinary  child,  b.  at  Lubeek,  in 
1721.  So  astounding  is  the  account 
-"'i.'eli  is  related  of  this  mental  phenom- 
enon, that  notwithstanding  it  is  sup- 
ported by  the  most  powerful  evidence, 
it  still  exceeds  credibility.  He  spoke 
fluently  at  ten  months  old  ;  at  twelve 
he  could  recite  the  principal  facts  in  the 
Pentateuch  ;  in  two  months  more  he 
was  master  of  the  entire  history  of  the 
Old  and  New  Testaments  ;  at  two  years 
and  a  half,  he  answered  the  principal 
questions  in  geography,  and  in  ancient 
and  modern  hi.-Ttory  ;  and  he  spoke 
Latin  and  French  with  great  facility  be- 
fore he  had  reached  his  fourth  year. 
He  died  in  his  fifth  year. 

IIEINSIUS,  Daniel,  professor  of  poli- 
tics and  history  at  Lcydcn,  and  libra- 
rian to  the  university,  was  b.  at  Ghent, 
1580.  He  became  a  pupil  of  Joseph 
Sealigcr  at  Leyden,  and  was  greatly  in- 
debted to  him  for  the  eminence  to 
which  he  attained  in  literature.  He 
distinguished  himself  as  a  critic  by  his 
labors  on  many  classical  authors,  and 
was  highly  honored  at  home  and  abroad. 
Gustavus  Adolphus  gave  him  a  place 
among  his  counsellors  of  state;  the  re- 
public of  Venice  made  him  a  knight  of 
the  order  of  St.  Mark;  and  Pope  Urban 
VIIT.  invited  him  to  come,  as  he  ex- 
pressed it,  to  rescue  Pome  from  barbar- 
ism. D.  166(5. — Nicholas,  the  son  of 
Daniel,  was  b.  at  Leyden,  and  became 
as  great  a  Latin  poet  as  his  father,  and 
a  still  greater  critic.    D.  1681. 

II  Kb  MONT,  John  Baptist  van,  a 
celebrated  chemist,  was  b.  at  Brussels, 
in  1577.  His  first  literary  production 
was  a  treatise  on  the  Spa  waters,  which 
is  remarkable  on  account  of  the  author 
having  used  the  German  word  c/heist, 
answering  to  the  English  ghost,  or 
epiril,  to  denote  the  air  on  which  the 
properties  of  the  Spa  water  depend,  and 
from  which  is  derived  the  modern  word 
ff.iti,  now  so  extensively  used.  In  1609 
he  settled  at  Vilvorden,  where  he  prac- 
tised medicine  gratuitously,  and  is  said 
to  have  performed  some  very  wonderful 
cures.  He  professed  to  disregard  all 
book-learning  on  the  healing  art ;  and 


had  he  lived  at  the  present  day,  would 
have  been  styled  an  impudent  quack; 
but  though  his  works  abound  with 
eiude  and  visionary  dogmas,  they  con- 
tain also  many  observations  on  the 
Galenical  system,  which  are  shrewd  and 

pertinent.  I).  1644. — Francis  Mercury 
van,  Baron,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
b.  at  Vilvorden,  in  1618,  and  there-  prac- 
tised as  a  physician  and  experimental 
chemist.  If  the  father  be  Charged  with 
eccentricity  or  quackery,  the  son  has  a 
tenfold  right  to  both  qualities;  vet  that 
he  was  a  man  of  talent  none  have  de- 
nied. He  travelled  over  a  part  of  Eu- 
rope with  a  caravan  of  Bohemians,  (a 
gang  of  gipsies,)  to  learn  their  language 
and  opinions  ;  pretended  to  have  dis- 
covered the  original  language  of  man  ; 
and  had  the  impudence  to  affirm  that  a 
child  born  deaf  and  dumb  would  bo 
able  to  articulate  the  characters  at  first 
sight.  Ho  professed  to  believe  in  the 
doctrine  of  transmigration,  in  the  exist- 
ence of  the  philosopher's  stone,  and 
other  theories  no  less  wild  and  vision- 
al.    D.  1609. 

HELOISE,  or  ELOTSE,  celebrated 
for  her  beauty  and  wit,  but  still  more 
on  account  of  her  love  for  Abelard,  was 
b.  at  Paris  in  1101,  and  d.  in  1164. 

HELST,  Bartholomew  van  pet;,  an 
admirable  Dutch  painter,  excelling  in 
portraits,  but  also  great  in  landscapes 
and  historical  subjects.  B.  at  Ilaerlcm, 
1613:  d.  1670. 

HELVETIUS,  Adrian,  a  Dutch  phy. 
sician,  who  being  at  Paris  while  the 
dysentery  was  raging  in  that  citv,  suc- 
cessfully arrested  its  progress  by  admin- 
istering a  remedy.  Being  ordered  by 
Louis  XIV.  to  make  it  public,  he  de- 
clared it  to  be  ipeeacuanTia,  and  was  re- 
warded with  1000  lonis  d'ors,  and  made 
inspector  of  the  military  hospitals.  B. 
1656;  d.  1721.— John  Claude,  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  also  »  physician,  and 
a  man  of  great  skill  in  his  profession. 
He  cured  Louis  XV.  of  a  dangerous  dis- 
order in  his  infancy,  and  became  first 
physician  to  the  queen,  and  counsel! r>r 
of  state.  He  was  the  author  of  several 
able  works,  and  a  member  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences.  <te.  D.  1755. — Ct.ai'de 
Adrien,  son  of  the  last  mentioned,  was 
b.  at  Paris  in  1715,  and.  at  the  age  of 
23,  obtained  the  post  of  a  farmer-gen- 
eral ;  but  resigned  it,  and  afterwards 
purchased  the  place  of  inaitrc-d'h  "tel  to 
the  queen.  In  1758  he  published  "  De 
r  Esprit,"  the  materialism  of  which  drew 
upon  him  many  attacks,  and  it  was  con- 
demned by  the    parliament  of  Paris. 


488 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[hen 


The  book,  however,  obtained  a  rapid 
celebrity,  though  its  author  found  it 
necessary  to  insure  his  personal  safety 
by  withdrawing  for  a  time,  first  to  En- 
gland, and  afterwards  to  Prussia.  He 
at  length  returned  to  France,  and  led  a 
retired  and  domestic  life  on  his  estate  at 
Vore,  till  his  death,  which  happened  in 
1771.  A  posthumous  work,  entitled 
"  De  rilomme,"  is  a  continuation  of 
the  former  treatise,  and  contains  a  fuller 
development  of  the  doctrines  laid  down 
in  it;  but,  at  the  same  time,  many  new 
ones,  particularly  such  as  relate  to  the 
science  of  education. 

HELWIG,  Amelia  von,  a  distin- 
guished female  poet  of  Germany,  b.  at 
"Weimar,  in  1776.  Her  father  travelled 
in  France,  England,  and  Holland ;  and, 
at  a  very  early  age,  she  discovered  a  re- 
markable aptitude  in  learning,  not  only 
the  modern  languages,  but  Greek,  while 
her  poetical  talents  were  at  the  same 
time  successfully  cultivated.  Among  a 
host  of  literary  characters,  whose  friend- 
ship she  obtained,  and  from  whom  she 
derived  much  valuable  instruction,  were 
Schiller  and  Goethe.     D.  1882. 

HEMANS,  Felicia  Dorothea,  an 
amiable  and  highly  accomplished  po- 
etess, was  b.  at  Liverpool,  of  respect- 
able parents  of  the  name  of  Browne, 
who  subsequently  took  up  their  resi- 
dence near  St.  Asaph,  Wales.  She 
married  young ;  but  her  marriage  was 
infelicitous,  and,  after  the  birth  of  five 
children,  her  husband  estranged  him- 
self from  her  society,  and  a  permanent 
separation  ensued.  From  childhood 
she  had  an  ardent  thirst  for  knowledge, 
and  her  reading  was  extensive  and  va- 
ried. Her  imagination  was  rich,  chaste, 
and  glowing;  and  though  some  of  her 
earlier  poems  may  be  deemed  rather 
monotonous,  her  "  Records  of  Woman1' 
and  "  Forest  Sanctuary"  are  poems  of 
a  high  order.  After  her  establishment 
at  St.  Asaph  was  broken  up,  she  retired 
to  Vavertree,  near  Liverpool,  but  re- 
mained about  three  years  only,  when  she 
settled  in  Dublin,  where  she  d.  on  the 
16th  of  May,  1835,  in  the  41st  year  of 
her  age.  Besides  the  two  works  before 
mentioned,  Mrs.  Ilemans  wrote  "  Wal- 
lace," "Dartmoor,''  "  Dramatic  Scenes," 
"Welsh  Melodies,"  "The  Siege  of  Va- 
lencia," "Songs  of  the  Affections,"  "Na- 
tional Lyrics  and  Songs  for  Music," 
"Scenes "and  Hymns  of  Life,"  "The 
Vespers  of  Palermo,"  a  tragedy,  and  a 
variety  of  scattered  lyrics,  in  the  "  New 
Monthly"  and  "  Blackwood's"  maga- 
zines. 


IIE.MSTEKHUYS,  Tiberius,  a  cele- 
bratcd  Dutch  philologist,  was  Ihc  soli 
of  a  physician,  and  b.  at  Groningen,  in 
1685.  In  1705  he  became  professor  of 
mathematics  and  philosophy  at  Amster- 
dam, where  he  applied  himself  so  zeal- 
ously to  the  Greek  authors,  that  he  may 
justly  be  said  to  have  been  the  most 
profound  Hellenist  of  the  age.  Hem- 
sterhuys  had  no  taint  of  pride  or  dog- 
matism, but  was  remarkable  for  his 
modesty  and  mildness  of  character.  D. 
1756. — Fkancb,  his  son,  inherited  his 
classical  acquirements,  and  was,  more- 
over, an  acute  philosopher,  and  a  critical 
judge  of  the  fine  arts.  B.  1720 ;  d.  17'J0. 
HENAULT,  Charles  John  Francis, 
an  eminent  French  writer,  was  presi- 
dent of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  where 
he  was  b.  in  1685.  He  became  president 
of  the  first  chamber  of  inquests  in  1710, 
which  led  him  to  make  the  Roman  law 
his  study,  though  he  still  amused  him- 
self with  poetry,  and,  in  1713,  produced 
his  tragedy  of  "Cornelia."  In  1723  he 
obtained  a  place  in  the  French  Academy, 
after  which  he  set  himself  to  digest  into 
a  chronological  order  the  history  of 
France.  This  work  appeared  in  1744, 
and  has  been  translated  into  most  Eu- 
ropean languages.  He  also  wrote  three 
comedies,  and  after  his  death  appeared 
a  work  of  his,  entitled  "  Histoire  Criti- 
que de  l'Etablissement  des  Francois 
clans  les  Gaules."  He  was  intimately 
connected  with  madame  du  Detfand, 
and  from  his  rank,  as  well  as  his  talents, 
lie  held  a  distinguished  station  among 
the  literati  of  Paris.  D.  1770.— John  d', 
a  French  poet,  was  b.  at  Paris.  After 
travelling  into  several  countries,  he  re- 
turned to  France,  and  was  patronized 
by  Fouquet.  His  works  were  printed 
at  Paris,  in  a  small  volume,  in  1670; 
besides  which  he  translated  part  of 
Lucretius,  but  was  persuaded  by  his 
confessor,  when  at  the  point  of  death, 
to  throw  it  into  the  fire. 

HENDERSON,  John,  a  first-rate 
actor,  was  b.  in  London,  in  1747.  He 
acquired  great  celebrity  at  Drury-lane 
theatre  in  Shakspeare's  characters, 
where  he  performed  Falstaff,  Richard 
III.,  &c,  with  unbounded  applause. 
D.  1785. 

IIENGIST,  the  first  Saxon  king  of 
Kent,  who,  with  his  brother  Horsa 
landed  an  army  at  the  mouth  of  tht 
Thames,  and  eventually  subjugated  tht 
Britons.  The  kingdom  of  Kent,  found- 
ed by  Hengist,  embraced  that  tract 
which  is  now  known  as  the  counties 
of  Kent,  Middlesex,  Essex,  and  part  of 


hen] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


489 


Surrey.  ITo  established  his  residence 
at  Canterbury,  and  d.  about  the  year 
488,  leaving  his  kingdom  to  his  pos- 
terity. 

HENLEY,  Anthony,  an  ingenious 
writer,  cotemporary  with  Steele  and  Ad- 
dison, and  who  contributed  to  the 
"  Tattler,"  and  other  works.  He  was 
b.  at  the  Grange,  in  Hampshire,  the 
seat  of  his  father,  Sir  Kobert  Henley, 
became  M.P.  for  Andover,  and  d.  in 
1711. — Robkrt,  lord  chancellor  North- 
ington,  third  son  of  the  preceding-,  was 
b.  in  1708,  educated  at  Westminster 
eohool,  and  Christ-church  and  St.  John's 
college,  Oxford  ;  became  lord  keeper  in 
1757,  and  raised  to  the  peerage  in  17G0, 
when  he  presided  at  the  trials  of  Earl 
Ferrers  and  Lord  Byron ;  resigned  the 
great  seal  in  1766,  and  d.  in"  1772. — 
John,  familiarly  known  by  the  appella- 
tion of  "  Orator  Henley,"  was  b.  at  Mel- 
ton Mowbray,  1692.  He  was  educated 
at  Cambridge,  and  entered  into  holy 
orders ;  but  being  dissatisfied  with  his 
prospects  of  church  preferment,  he  com- 
menced public  orator.  Having  opened 
a  chapel  in  London,  he  gave  lectures  on 
theological  subjects  on  Sundays,  and  on 
other  subjects  every  Wednesday.  Nov- 
elty procured  him  a  multitude  of  hear- 
ers ;  but  he  was  too  imprudent  to  gain 
any  permanent  advantage  by  it;  he  be- 
came the  butt  of  wits  and  caricaturists, 
and  he  gradually  sunk  into  obscurity. 
D.  1756. 

HENRIETTA,  Anna,  of  England, 
duchess  of  Orleans,  the  daughter  of 
King  Charles  I,,  was  b.  at  Exeter,  in 
1644,  amid  the  turbulent  scenes  of  the 
civil  war.  Her  unhappy  mother  fled 
with  her  to  France  when  the  infant  was 
scarcely  three  weeks  old  ;  and  after  the 
death  of  the  king  she  repaired  to  the 
convent  of  Chaillot,  and  there  devoted 
herself  to  the  education  of  her  daughter. 
She  united  with  great  sweetness  of 
character  the  charms  of  beauty,  ar.l 
was  married  to  Philip,  duke  of  Orleans. 
D.1630. 

HENRY  I.,  of  Germany,  surnamed 
"the  Fowler,"  w  s  the  son  of  Otho  the 
Illustrious,  duke  of  Saxony  and  Thu- 
ringia,  and  b.  in  876.  When  he  was 
elected  sovereign  of  Germany,  in  919, 
he  had  to  contend  with  anarchy  at 
home  and  enemies  abroad,  but  his  ac- 
tivity and  prudence  overcame  them  all. 
After  a  fortunate  and  glorious  reign  of 
sixteen  years,  he  d.  at  Quedlinburgh,  in 
936. — HI.,  of  Germany,  son  of  the  Em- 
peror Conrad  II.,  succeeded  his  father 
vn  the  iu  perial  dignity,  1039.     Nature 


had  given  him  the  talents,  and  educ- 
tion the  character,  suitable  for  an  ablt 
ruler.  In  every  thing  he  undertook,  lie 
displayed  a  steady  and  persevering 
spirit:  the  clergy  were  compelled  to 
acknowledge  their  dependence  on  him, 
and  the  temporal  lords  he  held  in  actual 
subjection.  B.  1017;  d.  10.36.— I V.,  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  1>.  in  1050,  and  at 
the  death  of  his  father  was  only  five 
years  old.  His  disputes  with  Pope 
Gregory  VII.,  who  had  been  elevated  to 
the  papal  chair  without  the  consent  of 
the  imperial  court,  embroiled  him  in  a 
series  of  wars,  and  caused  him  to  be  ex- 
communicated. His  eldest  son,  Conrad, 
rebelled  against  him,  but  was  overcome, 
and  died  at  Florence  in  1101,  deserted 
by  his  partisans.  He  then  caused  his 
second  son,  Henry,  to  be  elected  his 
successor,  and  crowned  ;  but  the  latter 
also  rebelled,  and  making  himself  mas- 
ter of  his  father's  person  in  1105,  by 
stratagem,  compelled  him  to  abdicate 
the  throne.  Henry  IV.  ended  his  life 
and  sorrows  in  neglect,  at  Liege,  in  1106. 
— V.,  emperor  of  Germany,  the  son  and 
successor  of  the  preceding,  and  who  had 
made  himself  notorious  by  his  con- 
spiracy against  his  father,  was  b.  1081. 
In  1111  he  married  Matilda,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Henry  I.,  king  of  England,  and 
the  rich  dowry  he  received  with  this 
princess,  gave  him  the  means  of  under- 
taking an  expedition  over  the  Alps,  in 
order  to  demand  the  imperial  crown 
from  the  pope  in  Rome.  He  caused  the 
pope  to  be  conveyed  away  from  the 
altar,  while  at  mass,  and  cut  down,  in 
the  streets  of  Rome,  all  who  opposed 
him.  D.  1125.  — VII.,  was  the  first 
German  emperor  wdio  was  chosen  solely 
by  the  electors,  without  the  interference 
of  the  other  states  of  the  empire.  Ho 
undertook  an  expedition  to  Italy,  and 
compelled  the  Milanese  to  crown  him 
king  of  Lombardy.  He  then  suppressed 
by  force  a  revolt  which  had  broken  out 
in  Upper  Italy ;  took  several  cities  by 
storm;  and,  having  captured  Rome,  ho 
was  crowned  Roman  emperor  by  two 
cardinals,  while  in  the  streets  the  work 
of  murder  and  pillage  was  still  going 
on.  D.  1313. — The  Lion,  the  most  re- 
markable prince  of  Germany  in  the  12th 
century,  was  b.  in  1129,  and  assumed 
the  government  of  Saxony  in  1146. — He 
Blois,  bishop  of  Winchester,  nephew 
of  William  Rufus,  and  brother  of  King 
Stephen,  was  an  active  prelate  and  a 
bold,  ambitious,  and  enterprising  states- 
man. When  England  was  invaded  by 
the  partisans  of  the  Empress  Matilda,  he 


490 


CYCLOPAEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[HEN 


at  first  joined  her  standard,  hut  subse- 
quently deserted  it,  and  became  her 
most  determined  enemy.  The  empress 
queen  and  her  followers  having  taken 
refuge  in  the  eastle  of  Winchester,  he 
laid  siege  to  it,  set  the  city  on  fire,  and 
consumed  twenty  churches,  a  number 
of  religious  houses,  and  many  other 
buildings.  lie  is  now  remembered 
chiefly  as  the  founder  of  the  hospital 
of  St.  Cross,  near  Winchester,  the 
church  of  which  is  regarded  by  many 
antiquaries  as  furnishing  the  model  of 
the  distinguishing  features  of  the  Gothic 
or  pointed  style  of  architecture.  D.  1171. 
— The  Navigator,  the  fourth  son  of 
John  1.,  king  of  Portugal,  was  b.  1394. 
He  gave  early  proof  of  brilliant  courage, 
but  his  love  of  arms  was  surpassed  by 
his  love  of  the  sciences,  particularly 
mathematics,  astronomy,  and  naviga- 
tion, lie  was  the  first  who  applied  the 
compass  to  navigation  ;  and  to  him  also 
a  principal  part  is  ascribed  in  the  inven- 
tion of  the  astrolabe.  Various  expedi- 
tions were  undertaken,  and  discoveries 
made,  under  his  patronage  and  at  his 
expense  ;  but,  at  length,  companies  were 
formed  of  enterprising  men,  who  were 
tempted  with  the  prospect  of  obtaining 
gold  dust,  and  the  whole  people  became 
animated  with  the  love  of  discovery. 
In  144U  Nunno  Tristan  doubled  Cape 
Verde ;  and,  two  years  later,  Gonzalo 
Vallo  discovered  three  of  the  Azores 
islands,  about  1000  miles  from  the  con- 
tinent. Henry  continued  these  efforts 
till  his  death,  in  14(5:3,  and  thus  secured 
for  himself  an  undying  name  as  the 
patron  and  friend  of  navigation. — IV., 
called  the  Cheat,  king  of  France  and 
Navarre,  was  b.  in  1558,  at  Pan,  in 
Beam.  His  father,  Anthony  of  Bour- 
bon, was  descended  from  a  son  of  Louis 
IX.;  his  mother  was  Jeanne  d'Albret, 
daughter  of  Henry,  king  of  Navarre. 
He  was  brought  up  in  the  simple  and 
hardy  manner  of  the  peasantry  of  Beam, 
and  this  laid  the  foundation  of  a  vigor- 
ous constitution  and  temperate  habits, 
He  was  placed  under  the  tuition  of  Flo- 
rent  Chretein,  a  learned  man  and  zealous 
Protestant.  In  1599  he  accompanied 
his  mother  to  Rochelle,  and  learned  the 
art  of  war  under  Admiral  Coligni.  Hav- 
ing assumed  the  title  of  "King  of  Na- 
varre," his  marriage  took  place,  Aug. 
18,  1572.  Then  followed  the  horrible 
ff'iies  of  St.  Bartholomew,  Aug.  24th. 
The  Catholics,  in  1585,  formed  the  cel- 
ebrated league,  which  the  king  was 
obliged  to  confirm:  and  when  called,  by 
right  of  birth,  lo  the  French  throne,  he 


found  innumerable  difficulties  in  estab- 
lishing his  claims.  His  Protestant  reli- 
gion was  brought  forward  to  prejudice 
the  Catholics  against  him.  Alter  a  pro- 
tracted and  obstinate  struggle,  convinced 
that  he  should  ne.er  enjoy  quiet  pos- 
session of  the  French  throne  without 
professing  the  Catholic  faith,  Henry  at 
length  yielded  to  the  wishes  of  his 
friends,  was  instructed  in  the  doctrines 
of  the  Catholic  church,  and  professed 
the  Catholic  faith,  July  25,  1593,  in  the 
church  of  St.  Denys.  He  happily  es- 
caped an  attempt  to  assassinate  him; 
was  solemnly  anointed  king  at  Chartres, 
in  1594;  and  entered  the  capital  amid 
the  acclamations  of  the  people.  Ho 
made  use  of  the  tranquillity  which  fol- 
lowed, to  restore  the  internal  prosperity 
of  his  kingdom,  and  particularly  the 
wasted  finances ;  and  in  this  design  he 
was  highly  successful,  with  the  aid  of 
his  prime  minister  Sully.  To  his  former 
brothers  in  faith  and  in  arms,  the  Prot- 
estants, he  granted  entire  religious  free- 
dom and  political  security,  by  the  edict 
of  Nantes,  in  1598.  In  1610,  while  riding 
through  the  streets  of  Paris,  his  coach 
was  obstructed  in  the  street  de  la  Fe- 
ronnerie,  by  two  wagons.  A  fanatic, 
named  Ravaillae,  took  advantage  of  this 
moment  to  perpetrate  a  long-meditated 
deed;  and  he  received  a  fatal  stab  from 
the  hand  of  this  assassin,  in  the  52d 
year  of  his  aye,  and  22d  of  his  reign.— 
I.,  king  of  England,  called,  on  account 
of  his  learning,  "  Beauclerc,"  was  the 
youngest  son  of  William  the  Conqueror, 
b.  in  106S,  and  succeeded  his  brothel 
Ruins  in  1100.  He  restored  the  uni- 
versity of  Cambridge,  forgave  all  debts 
owing  to  the  crown  prior  to  his  acces- 
sion, reformed  the  court,  and  conquered 
Wales.  He  abolished  the  curfew-bell. 
established  a  standard  for  weights  and 
measures,  and  signed  the  charter,  which 
proved  the  origin  of  the  English  liber- 
ties. D.  1135. — II.,  king  of  England, 
the  son  of  Geoffrey  Plimtagehet  and 
Maud,  empress  of  Germany,  was  b.  in 
Normandy,  in  1132,  and  succeeded  Ste- 
phen iu  1154.  Be  added  the  provinces 
of  Anjou,  Touraine,  Maine,  Poitou, 
Saintonge,  Guienne,  and  Gaseony,  to 
the  English  crown.  His  reign  was 
troubled  by  disputes  between  him  and 
Becket,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  who 
being  murdered  in  1170,  the  pope  obliged 
the  king  to  undergo  penance  for  it  at 
Bceket's  tomb  at  Canterbury.  In  1170 
he  caused  his  eldest  sou,  Henry,  to  be 
crowned  king  of  England.  In  1172  he 
conquered  Ireland,  and,   the  year  fol- 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGKAniY. 


hen] 


owing,  his  sons  rebelled  against  him. 
Henry  checked  the  prevailing  licenti- 
ousness by  severe  laws,  partitioned  En- 
gland into  four  judiciary  districts,  and 

appointed  itinerant  justices  to  make 
regular  excursions  through  them.  lie 
revived  trial  by  jury,  discouraged  that 
by  combat,  and' demolished  all  the  newly 
erected  castles,  as  shelters  of  violence 
and  anarchy.  D.  1189.— III.,  k  i  n it  of 
England,  surnamed  of  Winchester,  on 
account  of  his  having  been  b.  in  that 
city,  succeeded  his  father,  John,  in  1215. 
lie'  was  obliged  tu  relinquish  Nortnandy, 
Anjon,  Poitou,  Touraine,  and  Maine  to 
the .'king  of  France  ;  after  which  a  civil 
war  broke  out  in  England,  and  the  king 
was  taken  prisoner  by  the  barons,  at  the 
head,  of  whom  was  Simon  de  Montfort, 
earl  of  Leicester.  The  tide  of  affairs 
turning  in  his  favor,  he  deprived  sev- 
eral of  these  lords  of  their  estates,  and 
gave  them  to  his  friends.  B.  1207;  d. 
1272. — IV.,  king  of  England,  surnamed 
Bolingbrokc,  was  b.  in  1807.  He  was 
the  son  of  John  of  Gaunt,  duke  of  Lan- 
caster, the  third  son  of  Edward  III.  In 
the  reign  of  Richard  II.  he  was  made 
earl  of  Derby  and  duke  of  Hereford. 
Having  accused  the  duke  of  Norfolk  of 
treason,  the  latter  challenged  him  to 
single  combat;  but  on  the  appearance 
of  the  two  champions,  at  the  appointed 
time  and  place,  Richard  would  not  suffer 
them  to  proceed.  Both  were  banished 
the  kingdom,  Norfolk  for  life,  and  Here- 
ford for  a  term  of  years.  On  the  death 
of  his  father  he  succeeded  to  the  duke- 
dom of  Lancaster ;  and,  returning  before 
the  stated  time,  for  the  avowed  object 
of  claiming  his  duchy,  and  having  been 
joined  by  the  earls  of  Northumberland 
and  Westmoreland,  soon  found  himself 
at  the  head  of  60,000  men.  Richard  II. 
was  defeated,  taken  prisoner,  and  de- 
posed ;  and  the  duke  was  unanimously 
declared  king,  under  the  title  of  Henry 
IV.  This  usurpation  gave  rise  to  the 
civil  war  between  the  houses  of  York 
and  Lancaster.  D.  1413.— V.,  king  of 
England,  called,  after  his  birthplace,  of 
Monmouth,  was  b.  in  1388.  His  dissi- 
pated habits  while  a  prince  gave  his 
father  great  uneasiness ;  but  he  fre- 
quently" displayed  noble  traits  of  char- 
acter, and  on  ascending  the  throne  he 
cast  off  his  former  companions,  and 
justified  the  best  expectations.  France 
being  at  the  time  torn  asunder  by  the 
opposing  factions  of  the  dukes  of  Or- 
leans and  Burgundy,  Henry  took  the 
lavorable  opportunity  of*  reviving  the 
claims  oi   his   predecessors   upon   that 


491 


country,  and  he  landed  an  army  at  Ilar- 

fleur,  Aug.  14.  1415.    With  15, mei 

he  gained  the  battle  of  Agineonrt,  though 
the  French  amounted  to  52,000.  lie 
then  returned  to  England  ;  but  threo 
years  afterwards  he  went  again  to 
France,  espoused  the  Princess  Catha- 
rine, on  condition  that  the  French 
crown  should  go  tn  Henry  and  his  heirs 
on  the,  death  of  the  king  of  France,  and 
be  inseparably  united  to  the  crown  of 
England.  I).'  1-122.  —VI..  king  of  En- 
gland, son  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at 
Windsor,  in  1421,  and  was  but  ten 
months  old  at  the  death  of  his  father 
His  grandfather,  Charles,  king  of  France, 
died  soon  after,  and  the  duke  of  '  >rlean~, 
encouraged  by  the  minority  of  Henry, 
assumed  the  title  of  king  by  the  name 
of  Charles  VII.  When  only  nine  years 
old,  Henry,  was  crowned  at  Paris,  and 
the  great  duke  of  Bedford,  his  uncle 
and  guardian,  obtained  several  import- 
ant victories.  But  the  raising  of  the 
siege  of  Orleans  by  Joan  of  Are  gave  a 
new  turn  to  affairs,  and  the  English  in- 
terest declined.  The  death  of  the  duke 
of  Bedford  was  a  fatal  blow  to  the  cause 
of*  Henry,  and  at  length  the  English  were 
deprived  of  their  possessions  in  France, 
except  the  town  of  Calais.  The  insurrec- 
tion of  Cade  followed.  To  add  to  his  mis- 
fortunes, the  York  party  in  England  pre- 
vailed, and  Henry  was  sent  to  the  Tower, 
where,  according  to  the  prevailing  opin- 
ion, he  was  slain  by  Richard,  duke  of 
Gloucester,  in  1471.'—  VII.,  king  of  En- 
gland, first  sovereign  of  the  race  of 
Tudor,  was  b.  1457.  He  was  the  son 
of  Edmund,  carl  of  Richmond,  and  of 
Margaret  of  the  bouse  of  Lancaster. 
By  the  assistance  of  the  duke  of  I'rit- 
aiiy  lie  landed  in  Wales,  and  laid  claim 
to  the  crown  in  1485.  The  people,  dis- 
gusted at  the  cruelties  of  Richard  III., 
joined  him  in  such  numbers  that  he  was 
enabled  to  give  the  usurper  battle  at 
Josworth  field,  where  Richard  was  slain, 
and  Henry  crowned  on  the  spot.  He 
reigned  24  years,  and  d.  l.'o'i.— VIII., 
king  of  England,  was  b.  in  1491,  and 
succeeded  his  father  at  the  iJge  of  !S. 
The  Emperor  Maximilian  and  the  Pope 
Julius  II.,  having  leagued  against 
France,  persuaded  Henry  to  join  ti.i'in, 
and  he  in  consequence  invaded  that 
kingdom,  where  he  made  some  eon- 
quests.  About  the  same  time  James 
IV.,  king  of  Scotland,  invaded  England, 
but  was  defeated  and  slain  at  Flodden 
Field.  When  Luther  commenced  tho 
reformation  in  Germany,  Henry  wrote 
a  book  against  him,  for  which  he  was 


492 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


HER 


complimented  by  tlie  pope  with  the  title 
of  Defender  of  the  Faith.     Having  con- 
ceived an  affection  for  Anne  Boleyn,  he 
determined  to  divorce  his  wife  Catha- 
rine of  Aragon,  to  whom  he  had  been  i 
married  is  years.     But  on  the  divorce  I 
being  refused   by  the  pope,  Henry  as- 
sumed the  title  of  supreme  head  of  the  | 
English  church,  put  down  the  monas-  j 
teries,  and  alienated  their  possessions  to  j 
secular   purposes.     His    marriage   with 
Anne  Boleyn  followed;  but  afterwards  i 
he  brought  her  to  the  scaffold,  and  mar-  | 
ried  Lady  Jane  Seymour,  who  died  in 
childbed.      He   next   married   Anne  of 
Cloves ;  but  she  not  proving  agreeable 
to  his  expectations,  lie  put  her  away, 
and  caused  Cromwell,  earl  of  Essex,  the 
projector  of  the  match,  to  be  beheaded. 
His  next  wife  was  Catharine  Howard, 
who  was  beheaded  for  adultery;  after 
which  he  espoused  Catharine  Parr,  who 
survived    him.     D.    1546. — Chakles,    a 
gentleman  distinguished  for  his  chemi- 
cal  knowledge  and   scientific  pursuits, 
was  the  son  of  an  eminent  manufactu- 
ring chemist  at  Manchester,  and  b.  in 
1775.    Though  intended  for  the  medi- 
cal profession,  he  relinquished  it  for  the 
sake  of  co-operating  in  his  father's  lu- 
crative  pursuits,  which   he   afterwards 
carried  on.      D.  1836. — Matthew,  a  non- 
conformist divine,  was  b.  in  1662.     He 
was  educated  by  his  father,  Philip  Hen- 
ry,   an    eminent    Presbyterian   divine; 
studied  the  law  in  Gray's  Inn,  but  re- 
nounced it  for  the  ministry,  and  settled 
at  Hackn  \y.     His  chief  work  is  an  '"  Ex- 
position of  the  Bible;"   besides  which 
he    wrote   a    "  Method   of   Prayer,"    a 
"Discourse  on  tin  Lord's  Supper,"  and 
other  books   of  t..:.ctical   divinity.     D. 
1714. — Robert,  miuister  of  one  of  the 
churches  in  Edinburgh,  and  author  of  j 
"The   History  of  Great   Britain,"  was  I 
b.  at  St.  Ninian's,  near  Stirling,  in  1718, 
and  d.  in  1790. — -Patrick,  an  American  i 
orator  and   statesman,   was   b.  in   Vir-  | 
ginia  in  1736,  and  after  receiving  a  com-  | 
mon   school   education,    and    spending 
some  time    in   trade    and    agriculture, 
commenced  the  practice  of  the  law,  after 
only   six   weeks   of  preparatory  study. 
After  several  years  of  poverty,  with  the 
incumbrance  of  a  family,   he  first  rose 
to  distinction  in  managing  the  popular 
cause  in  the  controversy  between  the 
legislature  and  the  clergy,  touching  the 
stipend  which  was  claimed  by  the  latter. 
In  1765  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
house  of  burgesses,  with  express  refer- 
ence  to  an    opposition   to   the   British 
stamp  act.     hi  this  assembly  he  obtain- 


ed the  honor  of  being  the  first  to  com- 
mence the  opposition  to  the  measures  of 
the  British  government,  which  termi 
nated  in  the  revolution.  He  was  one  of 
the  delegates  sent  by  Virginia  to  the 
first  general  congress  of  the  colonies,  in 
1774,  and  in  that  body  distinguished 
himself  by  his  boldness  and  eloquence; 
In  1776  he  was  appointed  the  first  gov- 
ernor of  the  commonwealth,  and  to  this 
office  was  repeatedly  re-elected.  In  1786 
iie  was  appointed  by  the  legislature  one 
of  the  deputies  to  the  convention  held 
at  Philadelphia,  for  the  purpose  cf  te- 
vising  the  federal  constitution.  In  1788 
he  was  a  member  of  the  convention, 
which  met  in  Virginia  to  consider  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States,  and 
exerted  himself  strenuously  against  its 
adoption.  In  1794  he  retired  from  the 
bar,  and  d.  in  1799.  Without  extensive 
information  upon  legal  or  political  topics, 
he  was  a  natural  orator  of  the  highest 
order,  possessing  great  powers  of  ima- 
gination, sarcasm,  and  humor,  united 
with  great  force  and  energy  of  manner, 
and  a  deep  knowledge  of  human  nature. 

IIENKYSON,  Robert,  a  Scotch  poet 
in  the  16th  century,  was  schoolmaster 
at  Dnmfermline,  and  a  monk  of  the 
Benedictine  order.  His  "  Fabils"  were 
printed  at  Edinburgh  in  1621 ;  and  his 
•'Testament  of  Fairc  Crcseide"  in  1593. 
He  wrote  a  number  of  other  pieces, 
which  arc  to  be  found  in  the  collections 
of  Hailcs,  Pinkerton,  &c. 

HEPBURN,  Robert,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  b.  in  Scotland,  in  1690.  At 
the  age  of  21  he  published,  in  30  num- 
bers, a  series  of  essavs,  entitled  "The 
Tattler,  by  Hector  'Macstaff,  of  the 
North."  He  studied  the  civil  law  in 
Holland,  and  became  a  member  of  the 
faculty  of  advocates  at  Edinburgh, 
where  he  d.  1712. 

HERACLITUS,  the  founder  of  a  phil- 
osophical sect,  was  b.  at  Ephesus,  and 
flourished  in  the  69th  Olympiad,  about 
500  b.  o.  He  incorporated  the  mysteries 
of  the  Pythagorean  system  into  his 
own,  which  was  exceedingly  severe  and 
obscure.  Being  of  a  misanthropic  turn, 
whence  he  is  said  to  have  wept  at  the 
follies  of  mankind,  he  retired  to  a 
mountainous  region,  where  he  lived 
upon  roots  and  herbs;  but  bein<»  at- 
tacked by  a  fatal  disease,  was  obliged  to 
return  to  the  city,  and  soon  afterwards 
d.,  in  the  60th  vear  of  his  aire. 

HERAULT  DE  SECIIELLES,  Marie 
Jkan,  advocate-general  in  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris  under  the  old  regime, 
and  afterwards  a  member  of  the  nation- 


her] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


493 


nl  convention,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  17G0. 
lie  chiefly  distinguished  himself  in  the 
contest  between  thfl  Mountain  and  Gi- 
ronde  parties,  and  lie  powerfully  co-op- 
erated in  the  destruction  of  the  hitter; 
but  all  his  services  to  the  terrorists  did 
not  save  him  from  the  scaffold  ;  he  was 
executed  with  "Danton,  in  1705. 

HERBELOT,  Bartholomew  d',  a 
lenrne'1  orientalist,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in 
1625.  After  travelling  twice  into  Italy, 
in  search  of  Eastern  manuscripts,  and 
to  converse  with  oriental  travellers,  with 
a  view  to  t he  elucidation  of  the  Hebrew 
Scriptures,  he  was  appointed  regius 
professor  of  Syriac  in  the  French  capi- 
tal, and  granted  a  pension.  He  was  the 
author  of  "The.  Oriental  Library,"  and 
other  able  works.     D.  1(395. 

HERBERT,  Edward,  lord  of  Cher- 
bury,  was  b.  in  1581,  at  Montgomery 
castle;  was  sent,  when  only  12  years 
old,  to  University  college,  Oxford ;  was 
made  a  knight  of  the  Bath,  soon  after 
the  accession  of  James  I. ;  and  shortly 
after  travelled  on  the  Continent,  where 
his  elegant  manners  and  chivalric  ac- 
complishments attracted  the  greatest 
notice.  He  served  in  the  Netherlands  in 
1010  and  1(514,  distinguishing  himself 
by  his  romantic  bravery ;  was  twice 
ambassador  to  France,  and  on  his  re- 
turn, in  1025,  was  created  an  Irish  peer, 
and  afterwards  an  English  baron.  He 
espoused  the  parliamentary  cause  du- 
ring the  civil  wars,  but  quitted  it,  and 
d.  1(548.  His  principal  work  is  entitled 
"  De  Veritate,  the  object  of  which  was 
to  assert  the  sufficiency  and  perfection 
of  natural  religion,  with  a  view  to  prove 
the  usclessness  of  revelation.  He  also 
wrote  "  De  Religione  Laici,"  his  own 
"Memoirs,"  a  "Life  of  Henry  VIII.," 
Ac. — George,  a  brother  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  distinguished  as  a  poet  and  a 
divine.  He  was  b.  in  1593;  educated 
at  Westminster  school,  and  at  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge  ;  and  became  rector 
of  Bemerton,  Wilts ;  where  he  d.  in 
1632.  He  was  a  man  of  exemplary 
piety  and  benevolence,  and  a  poet  of  no 
mean  rank. — William,  earl  of  Pem- 
broke, a  poet  and  the  patron  of  learned 
men,  was  b.  in  1580,  at  Wilton  house, 
the  family  seat.  He  was  educated  at 
New  college,  Oxford;  and  in  1626  was 
elected  chancellor  of  that  university,  to 
which  he  was  a  liberal  benefactor 
through  life,  and  bequeathed  to  it  at  his 
death  a  valuable  collection  of  manu- 
scripts. 1).  1630. — Sir  Thomas,  a  de- 
scendant of  one  of  the  branches  of  the 
Pembroke  family,  was  the  son  of  an  al- 
42 


derman  at  York.  After  receiving  his 
education  at  Oxford,  he  travelled  for  4 

years  in  Asia  and  Africa,  of  which  ho 
published  an  account.  On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  wars  lie  sided  with  the 
parliament;  but  having  been  appointed 
to  attend  upon  Charles  in  his  captivity, 
lie  became  warmly  attached  to  him,  and 
proved  himself  a  zealous  and  incorrupti- 
ble servant  to  him  ip  to  the  hour  of 
bis  execution.  He  assisted  Dugdale  in 
his  "  Monasticon  Anglicanum,"  and 
published  an  account  of  the  last  two 
years  of  the  life  of  King  Charles,  under 
the  title  of  "Threnodia  Carolina."  1). 
1682. 

HERDER,  John  Godfrey  von,  a  clas- 
sical German  writer,  and  philosopher, 
was  b.  in  1744,  of  poor  parents,  at  Moh- 
rungen,  in  Prussia;  was  educated  for 
the  church,  and  became  court  preacher, 
ecclesiastical  counsellor,  and  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  consistory,  to  the  duke  of 
Saxe  Weimar;  and  d.  1803.  At  .the 
moment  when  he  expired  be  was  wri- 
ting a  hymn  to  the  Deity,  and  the  pen 
was  found  on  the  unfinished  line.  Bo 
was  greatly  esteemed  by  all  who  knew 
him,  and  looked  upon  as  the  Fcnelon 
of  Germany.  His  unrelaxing  zeal  and 
diligence  penetrated  the  most  various 
branches  of  science,  theory,  philosophy, 
philology,  natural  and  civil  history,  and 
politics. 

HERMAS,  an  ancient  father  of  the 
Christian  church,  surnamed  Pastor,  or 
the  Shepherd,  who  is  said  to  be  the 
same  mentioned  by  St.  Paul,  in  bis 
Epistle  to  the  Romans.  He  is  supposed 
to  have  d.  at  Rome  about  the  year  81. 
A  piece  of  his,  entitled  "  The  Shepherd," 
is  still  extant,  and  was  translated  into 
English  bv  Archbishop  Wake. 

HERMELIN,  Saml.  Gustavcs,  Baron, 
a  Swedish  mineralogist,  was  b.  in  1744, 
at  Stockholm.  After  having  travelled 
extensively,  and  paid  particular  attention 
to  the  statistics  and  geology  of  the  coun- 
tries which  he  visited,  be  settled  in  his 
native  land,  and  for  more  than  50  years 
held  the  most  eminent  situations  in  the 
management  of  the  Swedish  mines. 
Hermelin  wrote  various  works  relative 
to  the  mineralogy,  metallurgy,  and  re- 
sources of  Sweden  ;  and  spent  15  years 
in  perfecting  the  Swedish  Atlas,  a  geo- 
graphical undertaking  of  vast  magni- 
tude.    D.  1820. 

HERMES,  Trismegisti-s,  an  Egyptian 
priest  and  philosopher,  who,  according 
to  Diodorus,  was  the  friend  and  coun- 
sellor of  the  great  Osiris,  and  is  said  to 
have  been  the  first  lawgiver,   and  the 


494 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF     BIOGRAPHY. 


[her 


founder  of  religious  ceremonies  among 
the  Egyptians,  lie  instructed  his  coun- 
trymen in  the  cultivation  of  the  olive, 
the  measurement  of  lands,  and  the 
knowledge  of  hieroglyphics,  and  to  him 
are  attributed  all  the  mystic  sciences  of 
the  Alexandrian  school.  But  every 
thing  relating  to  him  is  so  uncertain 
tin- 1  obscure,  that  even  the  time  when, 
and  the  plaoa  where,  he  lived  cannot  be 
assigned  with  any  certainty. 

HERMILLY,  Vaquette,  d1,  a  French 
historian,  was  b.  at  Amiens,  in  1707,  and 
(1.  at  Paris,  in  1778.  He  wrote  the 
"  History  of  Majorca  and  Minorca,"  and 
translated  Ferrara's  "History  of  Spain" 
and  the  "Critical  Theatre""  of  Father 
Feijoo. 

UKUMOGENES,  a  rhetorician,  b.  at 
Tarsus,  in  (Jilicia,  lived  about  the  mid- 
dle of  th.e  2d  century,  and  is  celebrated 
for  the  precocity  and  rapid  extinction  of 
liis  talents.  At  the  age  of  15,  he  was 
famous  for  his  powers  of  oratory;  at  17, 
he  published  his  rhetoric;  and,  soon 
after,  various  treatises  on  oratory,  which 
ranked  him  high  among  writers  upon 
that  subject;  but,  in  his  25th  year,  he 
wholly  lost  his  memory,  and  sank  into 
a  state  of  mental  imbecility. 

HERODOTUS,  called  by  Cicero  the 
"  Father  of  History,"  was  b.  at  Halicar- 
nassus,  in  Caria,  484  b.  c.  and  is  the 
most  ancient  of  the  Greek  historians 
whose  works  arc  extant. 

HERRERA  TORDESILLAS,  Anto- 
nio de,  a  Spanish  historian,  wiio  wrote 
a  "General  History  of  India,"  which  is 
a  carinas  work.  He  also  wrote  a  "  Gen- 
eral History  of  Spain."  B.  1565;  d. 
1U25. 

HERRICK,  Robert,  an  English  poet 
of  the  17th  century.  He  received  his 
education,  first  at  St.  John's  college,  and 
next  at  Trinity  hall,  Cambridge;  after 
which  he  entered  into  orders,  and  ob- 
tained, in  1629,  the  vicarage  of  Dean 
Prior,  in  Devonshire.  He  was  deprived 
of  this  living  during  Cromwell's  usurp- 
ation, but  recovered  it  at  the  restora- 
tion, and  d.  not  long  afterwards. 

HERSCHEL,  Sir  William,  one  of  the 
riost  distinguished  astronomers  of  mod- 
ern times,  was  b.  at  Hanover,  in  1738. 
His  father,  who  was  a  musician,  brought 
him  up  to  his  own  profession,  and,  at 
'I  e  age  of  14,  he  was  placed  in  the  band 
of  the  Hanoverian  foot-guards.  Towards 
the  close  of  the  seven  years'  war,  when 
the  French  armies  entered  Hanover, 
)ouu;'  Herschel  resolved  to  visit  En- 
gland, bat  not  being  able  to  obtain  em- 
ployment  in    London,    he    accepted   a  I 


situation  in  the  band  of  the  Durham 
militia.  When  the  regiment  came  to 
Doncaster,  he  formed  an  acquaintance 
with  Dr.  Miller,  an  eminent  composer 
and  organist  of  that  town.  It  happened 
about  tins  time  that  an  organist  was  also 
wanted  at  Halifax,  and,  hy  the  advice  of 
the  doctor,  his  young  friend  ottered 
himself  as  a  candidate  for  ..he  place,  and 
was  successful.  In  17t>6  he  removed 
from  Yorkshire  to  Bath,  where  he  was. 
chosen  organist  at  the  Octagon  chape., 
and  leader  of  the  orchestra  at  the  publio 
rooms.  Although  enthusiastically  fond 
of  music,  he  had  for  some  time  devoted 
his  leisure  hours  to  the  study  of  math- 
ematics and  astronomy;  and,  in  1779, 
having  constructed  a  telescope,  and 
begun  a  regular  survey  of  the  heavens, 
star  by  star,  he  discovered,  March  13th, 
1781,  a  new  primary  planet,  which  he 
named  the  Gcorgiuin  Sidus.  in  honor  of 
George  the  Third.  The  same  year  he 
was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  had  the  gold  medal  awarded  him  for 
his  discovery.  After  a  long  series  of 
arduous  and  valuable  labors,  in  1802  ho 
laid  before  the  Royal  Society  a  catalogue 
of  5000  new  nebulas,  nebulous  stars, 
planetary  nebnlre,  and  clusters  of  stars, 
which  he  had  discovered.  He  continued 
his  astronomical  observations  till  within 
a  few  years  of  his  death,  which  took 
place  in  1822.—  Caroline  Lucretia,  sis- 
ter of  the  above,  and,  like  him,  distin- 
guished for  her  zeal  in  astronomical  pur- 
suits, was  b.  at  Hanover,  1750.  Having 
joined  her  brother  at  Bath,  in  1771,  she 
voluntarily  undertook  the  arduous  duties 
of  his  astronomical  assistant,  not  only 
acting  as  his  amanuensis,  but  executing 
the  laborious  numerical  calculations  ne- 
cessary to  render  his  discoveries  avail- 
able to  science,  and  laboring  in  the  cause 
of  astronomy  with  an  ardor  and  activity 
which  neither  the  fatigue  of  the  body, 
nor  the  inclemencies  of  the  season,  could 
exhaust.  Her  own  observations  were  so 
numerous  and  important,  that  the  Royal 
Society  published  them  in  one  volume; 
and  her  "  Zone  Catalogue"  was  honored, 
in  1828,  with  the  gold  medal  of  the  Lon- 
don Astronomical  Society,  of  which  she 
was  also  elected  an  honorary  member. 
D.  1848. 

IIERVEY,  James,  an  English  divine, 
was  b.  in  1714,  at  Hardinirstone,  near 
Northampton  ;  and  eventually  sueceeded 
his  father,  as  rector  of  Weston  Favcll 
and  Collingtree.  His  chief  writings  are; 
"  Meditations  and  Contemplations  ' 
"  Remarks  on  Lord  Bolingbvoke's  Let- 
ters on  the  Study  and   Use  of  History," 


hid] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    RIOGRAPJIV. 


495 


and  "Theron  and  Aspasia ;  or,  a  Se- 
ries of  Dialogues  and  Letters  on  the 
most  important  Subjects."  D.  17.i8. — 
John,  Lord,  second  son  of  John,  first 
earl  of  Bristol,  was  b.  1694.  In  1720 
he  married  Miss  Lepell,  so  well  known 
in  Pope's  letters  and  verses  ;  in  1723 
he  succeeded  to  the  title  of  Lord  Hcr- 
vey  by  the  death  of  his  elder  brother; 
find  in  1725  became  member  for  Bury, 
when  he  attached  himself  to  Sir  Robert 
Walpole's  party  in  opposition  to  Pote- 
ncy's, and  was  made  vice-chamberlain 
in  1730,  which  he  retained  by  court  in- 
fluence till  1740,  when  lie  became  lord 
privy  seal.  From  an  early  age,  Lord 
Hervey  took  an  active  part  in  the  liter- 
ary and  political  contests  of  the  day. 
His  pamphlets  in  answer  to  the  "Crafts- 
man" involved  him  in  a  duel  with  Pul- 
teney ;  his  quarrel  with  Pope,  which 
extended  over  many  years,  gave  rise  to 
some  of  the  bitterest  satirical  sketches 
ever  penned ;  and  he  carried  on  an  ac- 
tive correspondence  with  Dr.  Middlcton 
regarding  the  mode  of  electing  the  Ro- 
man senate.  His  "  Memoirs  of  the 
Reign  of  Georsre  II.  from  his  Accession 
to  the  Death  of  Queen  Caroline,"  after 
slumbering  for  a  century  in  the  chests 
of  Ickworth,  were  published  in  1848, 
with  Un  interesting  account  of  the  author 
by  John  Wilson  Crokcr.     D.  1743. 

HESIOD,  a  very  ancient  Greek  poet, 
but  whether  a  coteinporary  with,  or 
older  or  younger  than,  Homer  is  not 
agreed  among  the  learned.  The  "The- 
ogony"  and  "  Works  and  Days"  are  the 
only  undoubted  pieces  of  this  poet  now 
extant. 

HEWSON,  William,  a  celebrated 
anatomist  and  physiologist,  was  the  son 
of  a  surgeon  at  Hexham,  in  Northum- 
berland, where  he  was  b.  in  1739.  In 
1771  he  obtained  the  Copleyan  medal 
from  the  Royal  Society,  for  his  discov- 
eries of  the  lymphatic  system  in  birds 
and  fishes,  and  was  elected  a  fellow  of 
that  learned  body.  He  also  published 
"Experimental  Inquiries  into  the  Prop- 
el ties  of  the  Blood."     D.  1774. 

HEYLIN,  Peter,  an  English  divine, 
was  b.  at  Burford,  in  Oxfordshire,  in 
1600.  In  1631  he  published  his  "  His- 
tory of  St.  George,"  for  which  the  king 
gave  him  the  rectory  of  Hemmingford, 
in  Huntingdonshire,  and  a  prebend  of 
Westminster,  to  which  was  added  the 
living  of  Houghton,  in  the  bishopric  of 
Durham.  Other  church  preferment  fol- 
lowed. He  published  a  weekly  paper, 
called  "  Mercurius  Aulicus."  His  other 
productions  are,  "  Cosmography,"  "  A 


Help  to  English  History,"  the  "  Life  of 
Charles  I.,"  a  "  History  of  the  Reforma- 
tion." (fee.     D.  16G2. 

HEYNE,  Christian  Gottlob,  a  dii- 
tirignished  scholar,  was  a  native  of 
Chemnitz,  in  Saxony,  whither  his  father, 
a  poor  linen  weaver,  had  lied  from 
Gravenschutz,  in  Silesia,  on  account  of 
religious  persecution.  Though  destitute 
and  obscure,  he  acquired  a  remarkable 
acquaintance  with  the  ancient  languages, 
and  succeeded  Gesner  as  professor  or 
eloquence  at  Gottingen,  where  he  was 
soon  after  appointed  first  librarian  and 
counsellor.  By  his  editions  and  com- 
mentaries on  classic  authors,  Ileync  lias 
deserved  the  reputation  of  being  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  luminaries  Of  the 
literary  world.     D.  1812,  aged  82. 

HEY  WOOD,  John,  one  of  the  earliest 
of  the  English  dramatic  poets,  was  b.  at 
North  Minis,  in  Hertfordshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  Oxford  ;  after  which  he  became, 
through  Sir  Thomas  More,  a  great  favor- 
ite with  Henry  VIII.  He  also  continued 
in  the  court  of  Edward  VI.,  and  was 
much  in  the  confidence  of  Queen  Mary; 
on  whose  death,  being  a  Roman  Catho- 
lic, he  went  abroad,  and  d.  at  Mechlin, 
in  Brabant,  1565.  He  wrote  "  The  Par- 
able of  the  Spider  and  Fly,"  a  volumi- 
nous poem.  His  other  works  are,  a 
"  Dialogue  of  Proverbs,"  and  several 
plays. — Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer  and 
actor  in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth.  James 
I.,  and  Charles  I.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  a  most  voluminous  author,  having 
written  no  less  than  220  plays,  of  which 
only  24  are  extant.  He  also  wrote  "  The 
Actor's  Vindication,"  "The  Hierarchy 
of  the  Anffels,"  a  "  Life  of  Merlin," 
"Life  of  Queen  Elizabeth,"  "  Lives  of 
the  Nine  Worthies,"  &c.  Neither  the 
date  of  his  birth  nor  that  of  his  death 
are  on  record. 

HICKES,  George,  an  eminent  divin<* 
and  learned  antiquary  of  the  17th  centu- 
ry, was  b.  at  Newsham,  in  Yorkshire, 
in  1642.  Dr.  Hiekes  was  a  profound 
scholar,  particularly  in  Saxon  lore  ;  but 
in  theological  matters  the  violence  of> 
his  prejudices  sometimes  obscured  his 
judgment.  His  greatest  work  is  en- 
titled "  Thesaurus  Grammatieo-Criticus 
et  Arclueolo2icus  Lingnarum  veteruro 
Septcntrionalium."     P.  171">. 

HIDALGO  Y  COSTILLA,  Don  Mio- 
uel,  a  Spanish  priest,  who  distinguished 
himself  in  promoting  the  war  of  inde- 
pendence in  Mexico,  which  commenced? 
in  1809.  He  was  at  that  time  curate  of 
Dolores,  and  possessed  great  influence 
over  the   Indians   a  »d  Creoles.    Afte» 


496 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mi 


raising  the  standard  of  independence,  he 
was  joined  by  Allcnde  and  a  consider- 
able body  of  insurgents;  upon  which  lie 
threw  otf  his  clerical  robes,  and  assumed 
the  uniform  and  rank  of  generalissimo. 
At  first  he  obtained  great  success;  but 
he  ultimately  fell  int>  the  hands  of  the 
royalists,  and  was  executed  in  July, 
1811. 

HIGGONS,  Bevil,  a  dramatic  poet 
and  historian.  His  principal  works  are, 
a  tragedy  called  "The  Generous  Con- 
queror,"' and  a  "  Short  View  of  the  En- 
glish History."  He  accompanied  James 
II.  to  France,  where  he  d.  in  1735. 

HIGHMORE,  Joseph,  a  portrait  and 
historical  painter,  b.  in  London,  1692. 
Among  his  best  paintings  is,  "  Hagar  and 
Ishmael,"  in  the  Foundling  Hospital. 
He  distinguished  himself  also  as  an  au- 
thor. D.  1780. — Nathaniel,  an  English 
anatomist,  was  b.  at  Fordin?bridge,  in 
Hampshire.  He  wrote  "Corporis  hu- 
mani  Disquisitio  Anatomiese,"  and  other 
medical  works.  The  cavity  called  the 
Antrum  Ilighinorianum,  in  the  superior 
maxilla,  takes  its  name  from  him.  B. 
1613:  d.  16-^4. 

HILL,  Sir  John,  a  voluminous  wri- 
ter, was  b.  in  1716,  at  Peterborough. 
He  was  brought  up  as  an  apothecary, 
and  practised  as  a  physician  ;  wrote  nu- 
merous books  with  great  rapidity,  and 
was  the  inventor  of  several  lucrative 
quack  medicines.  Under  the  auspices 
of  the  earl  of  Bute  he  published  a  "  Sys- 
tem of  Botany,"  and  on  presenting  a 
copy  of  it  to  the  king  of  Sweden,  was 
invested  with  an  order  of  knighthood. 
He  also  published  a  supplement  to 
Chamber's  "  Cyclopaedia,"  "Essays  on 
Natural  I:istoryand  Philosophy,"  con- 
ducted a  periodical  called  "The  Inspec- 
tor," and  wrote  several  novels,  farces, 
&c.  He  was  a  constant  attendant  on 
every  place  of  public  amusement ;  and, 
being  a  satirical  "  busybody,"  was  often 
involved  in  quarrels  with  the  wits  of  the 
day.  On  one  of  these  occasions  he  was 
characteristically  hit  otf  by  Garrick  in 
the  following  epigrammatic  couplet: — 

"  For  iilivsic  ami  farces  li'e  rival  there  s  arce  is ; 
His  Farces  hfl-  |  hi  sic.  his  [hysic  a  farce  is." 

— Rowland,  the  venerable  minister  of 
Surrey  chapel,  was  b.  at  Hawkstorie, 
near  Shrewsbury,  in  1744.  At  the  time 
he  quitted  the  university  the  celebrated 
George  Whitefield  was  in  the  zenith  of 
his  popularity  ;  »nd  so  congenial  to  his 
nature  was  that  extraordinary  preach- 
er's manner  and  doctrine,  that  he  quick- 
ly alopied  both,  and  became  his  zealous 
discipi*,  prosecuting  his  favorite  plan  of 


itinerancy,  preaching  in  the  streets  of 
Bristol,  on  the  quays,  or  among  the  col- 
liers at  Kingswood ;  wherever,  in  fact, 
he  could  gain  an  audience ;  but  resu- 
ming, at  stated  periods,  the  services  of 
the  London  and  Bristol  tabernacles.  In 
1783  the  building  of  Surrey  chapel  was 
completed  ;  and  from  that  time  to  the 
period  of  his  death,  an  interval  of  50 
years,  he  continued  to  pass  his  winters 
in  town  for  the  purpose  of  officiating 
there,  his  place  being  supplied  during 
the  summer  months  by  a  succession  of 
popular  ministers  from  the  country. 
His  writings  are  very  numerous,  the 
principal  of  which  is  entitled  "Village 
Dialogues."  But  he  was  not  sparing  of 
wit,  humor,  or  sarcasm,  whenever  he 
could  make  either  subservient  to  his 
purpose,  as  was  strikingly  seen  in  a 
satirical  pamphlet  against  the  ministers 
of  the  established  church,  which  he 
published  anonymously,  under  the  title 
of  "Spiritual  Characteristics,  by  an  Old 
Observer."  D.  1833,  aged  88.— Robert, 
a  self-taught  genius  of  extraordinary 
merit,  was  b.  in  Hertfordshire,  in  1699, 
and  bred  a  tailor  and  staymakcr.  By 
indefatigable  application  he  acquired  a 
sufficient  knowledge  <>f  the  Latin,  Greek, 
anu  Hebrew  languages,  to  be  able  to 
teach  them.  He  d.  at  Buckingham,  in 
1777.  He  wrote  "Remarks  on  the  Es- 
say on  Spirit,"  "The  Character  of  a 
Jew,"  and  "  Criticisms  on  Job." 

HILLHOUSK,  James  A.,  a  distin- 
guished poet,  b.  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
where  he  passed  most  of  his  life.  His 
chief  productions  were  "  Hadad,"  a 
scriptural  drama;  "Percy's  Mask;" 
"  Sachem"s  Wood,"  and  several  spirited 
miscellaneous  pieces.  He  also  wrote 
considerably  in  prose,  but  no  sustained 
or  continuous  work.     D.  1846. 

II1LLIARD,  Nicholas,  a  portrait 
painter,  was  b.  in  1547,  at  Exeter.  He 
imitated  the  style  of  Hans  Holbein,  and 
became  goldsmith,  carver,  and  painter 
to  Queen  Elizabeth.  Among  his  best 
works  are  the  portraits  of  Elizabeth  and 
Mwv,  queen  of  Scots.     D.  1619. 

II'ILLTON,  Walter,  a  Carthusian 
monk  of  the  monastery  of  Sheen,  in 
the  15th  century  ;  author  of  "  The  Scale 
or  Ladder  of  Perfection,"  and  to  whom 
also  has  been  erroneously  attributed 
the  celebrated  book  "Do  Imitatione 
Christi,"  written  by  Thomas  a-Kempis, 
or  by  Gerson. 

HILTON,  William,  an  eminent  En- 
glish artist.  On  the  death  of  the  <rreat, 
though  eccentric,  Fuseli,  Mr.  Hilton 
succeeded  him  as  keeper  of  the  Eoyai 


hob] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


497 


Academy,  and  in  tliat  important  office 
he  ably  and  indcfatigably  directed  and 
aided  the  students.     B.  1787;  d.  1840. 

HIPPAECHUS,  the  most  eminent 
among  the  ancient  astronomers,  was  a 
native  of  Nicaea,  in  Bithynia,  and  flour- 
ished about  a  century  and  a  half  before 
the  Christian  era.  He  resided  some 
time  in  the  island  of  Rhodes,  whence 
he  has  derived  the  appellation  of  Rho- 
dius  ;  but  he  afterwards  went  to  Alex- 
andria, at  that  time  the  great  school  of 
science.  He  has  been  styled  the  patri- 
arch of  astronomy,  and  was  certainly 
the  first  who  treated  the  sublime  science 
in  a  philosophic  manner.  He  discovered 
the  precession  of  the  equinoxes,  calcula- 
ted the  eclipses,  determined  the  revolu- 
tions and  mean  motions  of  the  planets, 
invented  the  stereographical  method  of 
projection,  numbered  and  catalogued 
the  fixed  stars,  and,  in  short,  by  his 
labors,  were  laid  the  solid  foundations 
of  geographical  and  trigonometrical  sci- 
ence. 

H1FPIAS,  prince  of  Athens,  was  the 
son  of  Pisistratus,  at  whoso  death  he 
assumed  the  government,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  his  brother  Hipparchus;  but 
the  latter  being  assassinated  by  a  band 
of  conspirators,  while  conducting  a  sol- 
emn procession  to  the  temple  of  Miner- 
va, Ilippias  immediately  seized  the  reins 
of  government,  and  revenged  the  death 
of  his  brother  by  putting  to  death  all 
of  whom  he  entertained  the  least  sus- 
picion. 

HIPPOCRATES,  the  most  eminent 
of  the  Greek  physicians,  and  deservedly 
styled  the  father  of  medical  science,  was 
b.'in  the  isle  of  Cos,  460  b.  c,  and  d.  361 
E.  c.  His  memory  is  still  venerated  in 
his  native  island,  and  the  inhabitants 
show  with  pride  a  house  in  which  they 
say  he  resided. — Of  Chios,  a  celebrated 
geometrician,  who  lived  about  500  b.  c, 
and  discovered  the  quadrature  of  the 
lunula,  which  bears  his  name. 

HIPPOLYTUS,  St.,  a  Christian  bish- 
op, who  suffered  in  the  persecution  of 
Alexander  Scverus,  a.d.  230.  His  works 
in  Greek  and  Latin  were  printed  by  Fa- 
brieius,  1716. 

H1PPONAX,  a  satiric  poet,  of  Ephe- 
sus,  who  lived  about  450  b.  c.,  and  was 
cotemporary  with  Anaereon. 

HOADLY,  Benjamin*,  a  celebrated 
prelate,  was  b.  at  Westerham,  in  Kent. 
in  1676.  He  soon  distinguished  him- 
self as  a  champion  of  freedom,  in 
his  controversy  with  Calamy  and  Atter- 
burv  ;  and  was  recommended  by  the 
house  of  commons  to  Queen  Anne,  who 
42* 


promised  him  preferment,  but  which  he 
did  not  obtain  from  her.  On  the  acces- 
sion of  George  1.,  he  was  mttue  bishop 
of  Bangor;  and  soon  afterwards  trans- 
lated to  Hereford.  In  1728  he  obtained 
the  bishopric  of  Salisbury,  and  in  )1-A 
he  became  bishop  of  Winchester.  I). 
1761. — Benjamin,  eldest  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  physician  to  George  II.  and 
Frederic,  prince  of  Wales.  He  pub- 
lished some  medical  and  philosophical 
pieces:  but  he  is  best  known  as  the 
author  of  "The  Suspicions  Husband," 
a  comedy.     B.  1706  ;  d.  1757. 

HOARE.  Sir  Richard  Colt,  an  emi- 
nent local  historian  and  topographer, 
was  the  eldest  son  of  Sir  Richard  Iloare, 
the  first  baronet,  and  b.  in  1758.  In 
1818  he  printed  for  private  circulation 
among  his  friends,  his  "  Recollections 
of  a  Classical  Tour."  Various  treatises 
on  antiquarian  and  other  kindred  sub- 
jects occasionally  came  from  his  pen; 
but  his  great  work,  on  which  he  be- 
stowed the  utmost  care  and  attention, 
and  which  entitles  him  to  a  distin- 
guished place  in  the  first  rank  of  topo- 
graphical historians,  is  the  "  Ancient 
and  Modern  History  of  Wiltshire," 
which  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  not 
quite  complete.     D.  1838. 

HOBART,  John  Henry,  was  b.  in 
Philadelphia  on  the  14th  of  September, 
1775.  He  was  educated  at  the  college 
in  Princeton,  New  Jersey,  and  was 
noted  in  early  life  for  his  industry  and 
proficiency  in  his  studies.  On  leaving 
this  institution  he  was  engaged  a  short 
time  in  mercantile  pursuits,  was  subse- 
quently a  tutor  at  Nassau  hall,  and  after 
two  years'  service  in  this  capacity  he 
determined  upon  the  study  of  theology. 
In  1798  he  was  admitted  into  orders, 
and  was  first  settled  in  the  two  churches 
at  Perkiomen,  near  Philadelphia,  but 
soon  after  accepted  a  call  to  Christ 
church.  New  Brunswick.  In  about  a 
year  he  removed  from  this  place  to 
become  an  assistant  minister  of  the 
largest  spiritual  cure  in  the  country, 
comprising  three  associated  congrega- 
tions  in  the  city  of  New  York.  In  1811 
he  was  elected  assistant  bishop,  and  in 
1816  became  diocesan  of  New  York, 
and  in  performing  the  severe  duties  of 
the  office,  his  labors  were  indefatigable. 
From  1818  to  1823  he  was  employed  in 
editing  the  American  edition  of  Mant 
and  D'Ovlev's  bible,  with  notes.  In 
September,  1823,  the  state  of  his  health 
required  a  visit  to  Europe,  where  he 
remained  about  two  years.  He  d.  in 
1830.    He    was    incessantly    active    in 


498 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[hok 


performing  his  religious  offices,  and 
made  several  va  liable  compilations  for 
the  use  of  the  church. 

HOBBES,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  phi-  j 
losopher  and  political  writer,  was  b.  iu  i 
1588,  at  Malineshnry,  Wilts ;  was  cdn- 
bated  at  Magdalen  hall,  Oxford;  and  in 
160S  became  uuor  to  a  son  of  the  carl 
of  Devonshire.  Oil  the  death  of  his 
patron  and  pupil,  he  became  travelling: 
t  r  to  a  young  gentleman  ;  but  the 
countess  dowager  of  Devonshire  re- 
called  him  into  her  family,  to  take  upon  ! 
him  the  education  of  the  young  earl, 
in  1623  he  attended  the  earl  on  his 
travel-,  and  at  Pisa  contracted  an  inti- 
macy with  Galileo.  In  164-J  he  printed 
his  book,  "  Dc  C'r'^,"  which  procured 
him  many  euemies  by  its  dangerous 
principles.  Soon  after  this  lie  was  ap- 
pointed mathematical  tutor  to  the  prince 
of  Wales.  In  16-30  appeared,  in  English, 
his  work  on  "  Human  Nature  :"  and 
one,  '"Dc  Corpore  Politico,  or  the 
1  nents  of  Law."  The  next  year  he 
published  his  still  more  famous  and 
obnoxious  book,  entitled  "Leviathan." 
At  the  restoration  he  received  a  pen- 
sion ;  but  in  1665  the  parliament  passed 
a  centre  on  his  writings,  which  greatly 
alarmed  him.  Besides  the  works  which 
we  have  enumerated  above,  he  pub- 
lished "  De  Mirabilibus  Peeei,  or  the 
Wonders  of  the  Peak,"  a  poem  ;  a 
translation  of  Homer;  "Elements  of 
Philosophy,"  a  "  Letter  on  Liberty  and 
Necessity,  "Six  Lessons  to  the  Pro- 
fessors of  the  Mathematics,"  &e.  The 
latter  years  of  his  life  were  spent  at 
Chatsworth,  the  seat  of  the  earl  of  Dev- 
onshire, where  he  d.  167'.'. 

IIOBBIMA.  Minuer'ioit,  an  eminent 
Dutch  landscape  painter,  b.  at  Antwerp. 
in  1611.  His  pieo.i  are  remarkable  for 
the  grace  and  beauty  of  their  execution, 
and  being  rare,  are  now  very  valuable. 

IlOlMIE,  Lazarus,  an  eminent  French 
general,  was  b.  in  176>,  at  Moiitreuil, 
near  Versailles,  where  his  father  was  an 
hostler.  In  17^5  he  entered  the  army  ; 
was  made  a  corporal  of  grenadiers,  and 
having  passed  with  applause  through 
the  intermediate  gradations  of  rank, 
frequently  distinguishing  himself  by 
aets  of  bravery,  he  was  raised  in  1793, 
to  the  command  of  the  army  of  the 
Moselle,  where  he  had  to  contend  with 
the  duke  of  Brunswick,  and  was  several 
times  bc.tten.  He.  however,  succeeded 
better  when  engaged  with  the  Aus- 
iiians,   whom  he  drove  out  of  Alsace. 

In  1795  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
republican  army  in  La  Vendee.     Iu  this 


important  and  difficult  station  he  ao 
quitted  himself  well,  and  succeeded  in 
defeating  the  emigrants  at  Quiberon, 
and  in  inducing  the  royalists  to  yield 
obedience  to  the  government.  After 
Laving  been  sent,  in  the  winter  of  17'J6, 
as  commander  of  the  troops  in  the  ex- 
tion  to  Ireland,  and  from  which  he 
returned  in  disgrace,  he  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  army  of  the  Som- 
bre and  Mcuse,  and  bad  already  irained 
considerable  advantages  when  his  career 
was  stopped  by  the  armistice  between 
Prince  Charles  and  Bonaparte.  D.  17'.>7. 
HOFER,  Andrew,  a  patriotic  leader 
of  the  Tyrolese,  was  b.  in  1765,  at  Pas- 
sayer;  and  when  he  grew  up,  he  kept 
an  inn  there,  and  dealt  in  corn,  wine, 
and  cattle.  By  the  treaty  of  Presbnrg. 
the  Tyrol  was  transferred  to  the  king  of 
Bavaria ;  but  the  war  being  rekindled 
in  1809,  the  inhabitants  rose  in  amass 
to  drive  out  the  Bavarians,  and  again 
place  themselves  under  the  dominion 
pf  Austria.  The  riches  and  influence 
of  Hofer,  his  athletic  form  and  decided 
character,  all  combined  to  induce  the 
insurgents  to  elect  him  their  chief. 
Every  thing  prospered  under  his  direc- 
tion. Almost  the  whole  country  was 
tered,  and  -  best  troops 

of  Bavaria  were  made  prisoners  by  the 
peasants.  Hofer  now  appeared  upon 
the  Brenner,  and  became  the  idol  of  the 
Tyrolese.  He  was  preparing  to  rest  re 
to  the  closely  blockaded  and  suffering 
Tyrol  a  communication  with  the  inte- 
rior of  the  imperial  states,  when  the 
battle  of  Wagram  was  succeeded  by  the 
armistice  of  Znaim,  the  terms  of  which 
required  that  the  Austrian*  should 
abandon  the  Tyred  and  Voralberg  to  the 
vengeance  of  the  enemy.  The  gallant 
Hofer  concealed  himself  in  a  cave,  but 
soon  issued  from  his  retreat,  and  drove 
the  French  invaders  out  of  the  country. 
At  length,  however,  the  tide  of  victory 
tinned  ;  and  although  they  maintained 
a  glorious  struggle,  and  gained  many 
splendid  victories,  the  Tyrolese  were 
subjugated,  and  Hofer  being  discovered, 
he  was  tried  by  a  court-martial  at  Man- 
tua, and  shot,  Feb.  20,  181Q.  After  his 
death  he  wl.s  revered  by  his  country- 
men as  a  martyr,  his  family  were  in- 
demnified for  the  loss  of  their  property 
by  the  emperor  of  Austria,  and  his  son 
was  ennobled  bv  him. 

11<  »FFM  AN  or  HOFFMANN.  There 
were  several  Germans  or"  this  name  dis- 
tinguished for  their  medical  knowledge. 
—Maurice,  an  anatomist,  botanist,  and 
physician  ;  b.  in  1621,  at  Furstenwalle, 


noc] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


409 


in  Bradcnburg  ;  settled  in  Altorf,  where 
he  held  the  professorships  of  anatomy, 
botany,  and  physic  ;  was  the  discoverer 

of  the  pancreatic  duct;  and  d.  in  169S. 
He,  as  well  as  his  son,  John  Maurice, 
wrote  several  works  on  various  medical 
subjects. — FuEDEKio.the  most  celebrated 
of  the  name,  was  b.  in  1663,  at  Halle,  in 
Saxony,  where  his  father  was  also  an 
eminent  physician.  He  studied  ami 
lectured  at  Jena,  and  afterwards  prac- 
tised at  Mindcn.  lu  16S4  he  visited 
England,  and  formed  an  acquaintance 
with  Boyle  and  other  men  of  science. 
On  the  establishment  of  the  university 
ofllalle,  he  was  appointed  primary  pro- 
fessor of  medicine  and  natural  philoso- 
phy; and  thrice  held  the  situation  of 
rector.  His  reputation  beinir  now  fully 
established,  and  his  fame  widely  spread, 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  various 
scientific  associations  in  London,  Berlin, 
and  Petersburg;  and  appointed  phy- 
sician to  the  king  of  Prussia,  who  gave 
him  the  title  of  archiater  and  aulic 
counsellor,  with  a  liberal  salary.  His 
works  are  very  numerous;  the  most 
important  being  his  "Systema  Medi- 
cinae  Eationalis"  and  "Medicina  Con- 
sultatoria."  It  has  been  remarked  of 
him,  that  as  a  theorist  his  suggestions 
were  of  great  value,  and  contributed  to 
introduce  that  revolution  in  the  science 
of  pathology,  which  subsequent  obser- 
vation has  extended  and  confirmed.  I). 
1742. — Caspar,  another  German  physi- 
cian, was  a  native  of  Gotha ;  wrote 
several  medical  works,  became  professor 
of  the  theory  of  medicine  at  Altorf,  and 
d.  there  in  164S. — Christopher  Lewis, 
also  a  physician,  was  b.  in  1721,  at 
Eheda,iu  Westphalia.  He  distinguished 
himself  as  a  professional  writer,  and 
formed  a  new  system  of  medicine,  by 
combining  the  Immoral  and  nervous 
pathology  ;  assuming  as  the  basis  of  his 
system,  the  sensibility  and  irritability 
of  the  solids,  and  the  corruption  of  the 
humors  as  the  principle  of  irritation. 
He  was  successively  physician  to  the 
bishop  of  Minister  and  the  electors  of 
Cologne  alid  Mcutz.  D.  1807. — Kunest 
Theodore  William,  a  German  of  varied 
talents,  was  b.  at  Eonigsbcrg,  in  1776. 
He  studied  the  law,  and  held  various 
judicial  appointments  in  Prussia;  till  his 
legal  career  was  interrupted  by  the  in- 
vasion of  Warsaw  by  the  French  in 
1S06,  in  the  government  of  which  city 
he  had  Wen  appointed  counsellor. 
Having  devoted  his  leisure  hours  to  the 
study  of  music,  and  being  at  the  same 
time  a  romance  writer  and  an  artist,  he 


applied  himself  to  these  pursuits  ir 
order  to  obtain  a  livelihood.  Hi  pos- 
sessed much  imagination  and  talent; 
but  he  was  an  intemperate  liver,  una 
suffered  much  from  liypochondriacism. 
Among  his  works  are,  "The  Devil's 
Elixir,"  "The  Entail,"  "The  Adver- 
sary," &c. ;  all  displaying  a  singularly 
wild  and  romantic  imagination.   In  1818 

he  was  reinstated  as  counsellor  in  the 
court  of  judicature  in  Berlin,  and  d.  in 
1S22. 

HOFLAND,  Barbara,  (widow  of  Mr. 
T.  C.  Hofland,  landscape  painter,  who 
d.  in  is i.;,  >  well  known  by  her  numerous 
works,  written  principally  for  the  amuse- 
ment and  instruction  of  youth,  was  I  e 
daughter  of  a  manufacturer  at  Sheffield, 
named  Wreaks,  where  she  was  h.  in  the 
year  1770.  She  commenced  her  literary 
career  in  1805,  by  the  publication  of  n 
volume  of  poems,  by  subscription  ,  frou. 
the  proceeds  of  which  she  established 
herself  in  a  school  at  Harrowgate,  at  the 
same  time  appearing  occasionally  as  a 
writer  of  moral  and  amusing  tales. 
Among  the  more  important  of  her 
works  are  "  Emily,"  a  novel :  "  Pea- 
trice,"  "The  Unloved  One,"  "The  Son 
of  a  Genius,"  "Tales  of  the  Priorv," 
"Self-denial,"  "The  Merchant's  Wid- 
ow," "Decision,"  &c.     D.  1814. 

HOGAETH,  William,  a  truly  great 
and  original  painter  of  life  and  manners, 
was  1).  in  London,  in  1698,  and  hound 
apprentice  to  an  engraver  of  arms  on 
silver  plate.  About  1720  he  set  up  for 
himself,  and  his  first  employment  was 
to  engrave  coats  of  arms  and  shop  bills. 
He  next  undertook  to  execute  plates  for 
booksellers,  the  chief  of  which  are  the 
prints  to  Hudibras.  His  first  perform- 
ance as  a  painter  was  a  representation 
of  Wanstead  Assembly,  the  portraits 
being  taken  from  life.  In  1730  he  mar- 
ried a  daughter  of  Sir  James  Thornhill ; 
shortly  after  which  he  embellished  the 
gardens  of  Vauxhall  with  some  excellent 
paintings,  for  which  the  propietor  com- 
plimented him  with  a  perpetual  ticket 
of  admission.  In  1733  appeared  his 
"  Harlot's  Progress,"  prints  which 
stamped  his  reputation,  and  were  fol- 
lowed by  other  moral  histories  and,  sa- 
tirical representations  of  vice  and  folly, 
such  as  "The  Rake's  Progress,"  "  Mar- 
riage-a-la-Mode,"  "  Industry  and  Idle- 
ness," &c,  all  admirably  executed.  Soon 
after  the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  ho 
went  to  France,  and  while  at  Calais 
began  to  sketch  a  drawing  of  the  pato 
of  the  town,  for  which  he  was  taken  up, 
but  was  soon  released.     On  hij  return 


500 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


[iIOL 


he  commemorated  the  affair  in  his  ex- 
cellent print,  "  0  the  Koast  Beef  of  Old 
England."  In  1753  he  published  his 
"  Analysis  of  Beauty,"  in  which  lie  was 
assisted  by  Dr.  lloa'dly.  In  1757  he  be- 
came sergeant -painter  to  the  king;  but 
though  he  had  arrived  at  wealth  and 
eminence,  yet,  from  being  destitute  of 
the  advantages  of  a  liberal  education,  he 
was  inordinately  vain  of  his  talents,  and 
affected  to  despise  every  kind  of  knowl- 
edge which  he  did  not  possess.  He 
was  also  remarkably  absent,  of  which 
ihe  following  is  an  instance:  On  setting 
tip  his  carriage  he  paid  a  visit  to  the 
lord  mayor,  and  having  protracted  his 
stay  till  a  heavy  shower  came  on,  he 
was  let  out  by  a  different  door  from 
that  by  which  he  entered,  and  unmind- 
ful of  his  carriage,  he  set  off  on  foot, 
got  home  wet  to  the  skin,  and  when 
asked  where  he  had  left  the  carriage, 
said  that  he  had  forgotten  it.  D.  17<>2. 
HOGG,  James,  (the  Ettrick  Shepherd,) 
a  native  of  Scotland,  was  b.  January  25, 
1782,  the  anniversary  of  the  natal  day 
of  Burns.  His  humble  occupation,  like 
that  of  his  ancestors,  "  time  out  of 
mind,"  was  that  of  a  shepherd  ;  nor  had 
he,  as  he  avers,  even  been  more  than 
half  a  year  at  school.  At  the  age  of  IS, 
however,  he  began  to  amuse  himself  in 
stringing  rustic  rhymes  together;  and 
he  continued  to  tend  his  sheep,  and  to 
write  verses,  until  it  was  his  good  for- 
tune to  be  noticed  by  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
(who  had  seen  some  of  his  poetical  ef- 
forts,) which  induced  him  to  attempt 
something  of  a  more  decided  character. 
He  produced  an  "  Essay  on  Sheep," 
which  won  for  him  the  premium  given 
by  the  Highland  Society  ;  and  which, 
added  to  the  success  of  a  volume  of 
ballads  he  had  shortly  before  published, 
under  the  title  of  "The  Mountain  Bard," 
led  him  to  hope  for  future  fame  and 
profit.  He  soon  afterwards  produced 
his  "  Forest  Minstrel,"  which  gained 
him  but  little  in  either  sense  ;  and  it 
was  owing  to  the  kindness  of  Scott  and 
Grieve,  that  his  pecuniary  difficulties 
were  relieved.  It  was  not  until  the 
publication  of  the  "  Queen's  Wake" 
that  his  fame  was  established  ;  but  from 
that  time  he  was  considered  as  a  some- 
what popular  author.  His  publications 
are  numerous:  and  he  contributed  to 
some  of  the  Edinburgh  periodicals  of 
the  highest  literary  character.  In  fact, 
it  was  from  the  repeated  mention  of 
"the  Shepherd"  in  the  "  Noetes"  of 
Blackwood,  that  his  name  attained  its 
chief  celebrity.  He  continued  the  friend 


and  companion  of  Sir  Walter  Scott  until 
the  decease  of  the  latter.     1).  18:3."). 

HOHENLOHE,  A  lexander  Lei  >r<  >i.i>, 
prince  of,  bishop  of  Sardica,  celebrated 
for  the  numerous  miraculous  cures 
which  credulity  has  attributed  to  him, 
was  b.  at  Kupferzell,  1794.  Destined 
from  his  infancy  for  the  church,  he 
passed  through  his  educational  course 
at  Vienna,  Berne,  and  Elhvangen  ;  in 
1810  he  entered  into  holy  orders  at 
Olmutz;  and  after  a  journey  to  Rome, 
where  he  lived  chiefly  with  the  Jesuits 
he  discharged  ecclesiastical  duties  at 
Bambergand  Munich,  to  the  satisfaction 
of  all  the  members  of  his  church.  In 
1820,  having  been  struck  with  the  cures 
which  the  prayers  ofa  Badenese  peasant, 
Martin  Michel  by  name,  were  said  to 
have  effected  on  many  distinguished 
invalids,  Prince  Ilohenlohc  was  induced 
to  have  recourse  to  similar  means;  and 
having  healed  some  nervous  patients, 
he  was  soon  surrounded  by  a  host  of 
invalids,  eager  to  test  the  spiritual  pow- 
ers of  one  whose  fame  had  been  noised 
abroad  as  having  effected  cures  which 
had  baffled  all  ordinary  medical  skill. 
As  in  most  similar  cases,  rumor  was  far 
in  advance  of  the  truth;  but  the  prince 
was  the  dupe  of  his  own  credulity;  and 
it  was  not  until  a  thorough  exposure  of 
the  whole  proceedings  was  given  to  the 
world  by  the  burgomaster  of  Bamberg, 
that  he  abandoned  his  supernatural 
pretensions.  He  wrote  several  tracts 
and  sermons,  and  d.  at  Gross waradin, 
in  Hnnsary,  1849. 

HOLBACH,  Paul  Thierry,  Baron 
von,  a  distinguished  natural  philoso- 
pher, was  b.  at  Hcidolsheim,  in  the- 
Palatinate,  1723.  His  house  was  long 
the  centre  of  attraction  to  all  the  savaus 
of  Paris  ;  he  contributed  to  the  Ency- 
clopedic numerous  articles  on  natural 
history,  politics,  and  philosophy  ;  and 
few  men  have  left  behind  them  more 
enduring  memorials  of  taste,  skill,  and 
ability.  '  D.  1789. 

HOLBEIN,  Hans,  or  John,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  was  b.  at  Basle,  in  1498, 
and  learned  the  elements  of  his  art  from 
his  father,  whom  he  soon  excelled.  His 
talents  procured  him  the  friendship  of 
Erasmus,  for  whose  "  Praise  of  Folly," 
he  drew  several  whimsical  designs.  At 
the  recommendation  of  Erasmus  ho 
went  to  England,  and  was  employed 
first  by  Sir  Thomas  More,  who  intro- 
duced "him  to  Henry  VIII.  Be  now 
rose  to  the  zenith  of  fortune  in  that 
monarch's  court,  and  painted  a  vast 
number  of  portraits,  which  are  still  con- 


nor,] 


CYCLOP/EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


501 


sidered  masterpieces  of  art.  Some  of 
his   earlier  productions,   especially  his 

"Dance  of  Death,"  are  also  verv  cele- 
brated; and  he  was  no  mean  proficient 
in  the  art  of  wood-engraving,  many  of 
his  historical  paintings  having  been 
executed  by  him  in  a  highly  graphic 
style.     D.  of  the  plague  in  1554. 

HOLBERG,  Louis,  baron  of,  a  popu- 
lar Danish  writer,  was  b.  at  Bergen,  in 
Norway,  in  1684.  His  father  had  raised 
himself,  by  a  buhl  achievement,  from 
the  ranks  to  the  office  of  colonel,  but 
took  little  care  in  forming  the  mind  and 
character  of  his  son,  who  struggled  with 
great  difficulties  in  acquiring  learning. 
By  reading  the  accounts  of  travellers,  He 
became  desirous  of  visiting  other  coun- 
tries; and  though  straitened  in  circum- 
stances, he  travelled  in  England,  Hol- 
land, France,  and  Italy  ;  and,  on  his 
return  to  his  native  country,  raised 
himself  to  fame,  fortune,  and  rank,  by 
his  literary  talents,  lie  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  his  fame  by  a  comic-heroic 
foem;  or  national  satire,  called  "  Pcder 
"oars."  He  also  wrote  numerous  dramas, 
romances,  fables,  and  epigrams,  all  of 
which  abound  with  wit,  humor,  and 
originality.  His  other  works  consist  of 
"The  Subterraneous  Travels  of  Nicho- 
las Klimm,"  an  "  Universal  History," 
"Parallel  Lives  of  Illustrious  Men  and 
"Women,"  a  "  History  of  Denmark,"  &c. 
D.  1754. 

HOLCROFT,  Thomas,  a  dramatist, 
novelist,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was 
the  son  of  a  London  tradesman,  and  b. 
in  1774.  He  at  first  followed  his  father's 
trade,  (that  of  a  shoemaker,)  then  be- 
came an  actor,  and  finally  directed  his 
talents  to  literary  pursuits.  It  was  as  a 
dramatist  that  he  first  essayed  his  pow- 
ers; and,  between  1778  and  1806,  he 
produced  more  than  thirty  pieces,  several 
of  which  were  successful,  and  some  still 
retain  possession  of  the  sta<re,  among 
which  is  the  "Eoad  to  Ruin."  On  the 
breaking  out  of  the  French  revolution, 
Holerol;  rendered  himself  obnoxious  as 
a  strenuous  supporter  of  liberal  princi- 
ples, and  was  accused  of  high  treason  in 
17'J4,  on  which  he  surrendered  himself; 
but,  owing  to  his  companions.  Hardy, 
Home  Tookc,  and  Thelwall,  being  ac- 
quitted, he  was  not  brought  to  trial. 
Among  his  productions  are,  "A  Tour 
in  Gen  .any  and  France,"  several  novels, 
and  numerous  translations  from  the  Ger- 
man and  French.     D.  1S09. 

HOLDSWOETH,  Edward,  an  elegant 
writer,  was  b.  1688,  at  North  Stonetaam, 
in  Hampshire,  of  which  parish  his  father 


was  rector.    He  was  the  at  thorof  "  Mus- 
cipula,"  a  Latin  poem,  written  with  clas- 
sical purity  :  also  of  a  dissertation,  enti- 
tled ••  Pharsalia  ami  Philippi,  or  tit 
Philippi  in  Virgil's  Georgics  explain 
D.  174>;. 

HOLINSHED,  or  HOLTNGSnED, 
Raphael,  an  English  chronicler,  of  the 
Elizabethan  age.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  descended  from  a  respectable  fam- 
ily in  Cheshire ;  and  from  his  own  will 
it  appears,  that  in  the  latter  part  of  hia 
life  he  was  a  steward  to  Thomas    I'.ur- 

det,  esq.,  of  Bron te,  Warwickshire. 

The  "Chronicles  of  Holinshed"  were 
first  published  in  1577;  and  prefixed  to 
them  is  one.  of  the  most  curious  and 
interesting  memorials  existing  of  the 
manners  and  domestic  history  of  the 
English  in  the  16th  centurv.     13.  1582. 

HOLLAND,  Heney  Richard  Vassal, 
Lord,  was  the  only  SOU  of  Stephen, 
second  Lord  Holland,  elder  brother  of 

the     Right     Hon.    Charles    James     Fox. 

During  his  parliamentary  career  he  was 
the  uncompromising  advocate  of  the 
Catholic  claims;  a  zealous  promoter  of 
every  endeavor  to  soften  the  asperities 
of  the  law  ;  and  an  assertor  of  popular 
rights  in  the  most  extensive  sense  of 
the  term.  When  the  Whig  party  came 
into  power  in  1S:J0,  he  became  a  cabinet 
minister,  and  chancellor  of  the  duchy 
of  Lancaster.  During  his  lifetime,  Hol- 
land house,  presided  over  by  Lady  Hol- 
land, who  died,  1845,  was  the  most 
renowned  temple  ol'  wit  and  hospitality 
of  which  England  could  boast.  Lord 
Holland  left  behind  him  some  interest- 
ing "Foreign  Reminiscences,''  whicn 
we're  published  in  1850.     D.  1840. 

HOLLAR,  Wencesl.u-s,  an  eminent 
Bohemian  engraver,  was  b.  at  Prague, 
1617.  He  was  brought  t"  England  in 
1036,  by  the  earl  of  Arundel,  on  his  re- 
turn from  the  embassy  to  Vienna;  and, 
in  164t),  he  was  appointed  drawing-mas- 
ter to  t lie  prince  of  "Wales  and  the  duke 
of  York.  His  "Ornatus  Muliebris  An- 
glicanns"  is  held  in  high  estimation,  as 
portraying,  with  great  correctness,  tho 
fair  sex,  of  all  classes,  in  the  17th  ceu- 
tnr}'. 

HOLLES,  Denzil,  Lord,  one  of  the 
five  members  of  the  long  parliament 
who  were  demanded  by  King  Charles  I. 
when  be  went  to  the  house  of  commons. 
At  the  restoration  he  was  advanced  to 
the  peerage;  in  1668  he  was  sent  am- 
bassador to  France,  and  in  1667  was  one 
of  the  English  plenipotentiaries  at  Breda. 
Notwithstanding  these  crnph  yments,  lie 
remained  a  zealous   friend   to   libcrtv 


502 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BJOGTtAPHY. 


[llOL 


and  when  the  polities  of  the  reign  tended 
to  make  the  king  absolute,  Lord  Holies 
was  a  conspicuous  leader  of  the  opposi- 
tion.    1).  1680. 

1IOLLEY,  Horace,  a  celebrated  pul- 
pit orator,  was  b.  in  Connecticut,  1781, 
and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1799. 
On  leaving  this  institution  he  began  the 
study  of  the  law,  which  he  soon  relin- 
quished for  divinity,  and  in  1805  was 
ordained  to  the  pastoral  charge  of 
Greenfield  hill,  Conn.  In  1809  he  was 
installed  over  the  society  in  Hollis-street, 
Boston,  where  he  remained  for  ten  years, 
when  he  accepted  an  invitation  to  be- 
come president  of  Transylvania  univer- 
sity, hi  Kentucky.  In  this  situation  he 
continued  till  1827,  when  he  died  on  his 
passage  from  New  Orleans  to  New  York. 
His  sermons  were  generally  extempora- 
neous, and  were  distinguished  for  power 
and  eloquence. 

I10LMAN,  Joseph  George,  a  drama- 
tist and  actor,  was  a  native  of  London, 
and  intended  for  the  church;  but  in 
1784  he  made  his  debut  at  Covent-gar- 
den  theatre  He  afterwards  came  to 
America,  and  became  manager  of 
Charleston  theatre.  Among  his  dra- 
matic productions,  are  the  "Votary  of 
Wealth,''  a  comedy;  "Red  Cross 
Knights,"  "  Abroad  and  at  Home," 
&e.  His  death  was  remarkable  and 
melancholy, -taking  place  together  with 
that  of  his  second  wife,  two  days  after 
their  marriage,  by  yellow  fever,  in  1S17. 

HOLMES,  Abiel,  a  divine  and  author, 
was  b.  in  Woodstock,  Conn.,  176,8; 
graduated  at  Y'ale  college,  1783;  from 
November,  178"),  to  June,  1791,  was 
pastor  of  a  Congregational  church  at 
Midway,  Geo.;  and  in  1792  he  became 
pastor  of  the  First  church  in  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  where  he  remained  the  rest  of 
his  life.  His  most  considerable  literary 
production,  entitled  "The  Annals  of 
America,"  is  one  of  the  most  valuable 
historical  publications  that  has  been 
written  in  this  country.     D.  1837. 

HOLT,  Francis  Ludlow,  queen's 
counsel,  and  for  22  years  vice-chancel- 
lor of  the  county  palatine  of  Lancaster, 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1809,  and  in 
1831  rose  to  the  rank  of  a  king's  counsel. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  legal  works 
on  the  law  of  libel,  shipping  and  navi- 
gation laws,  the  bankrupt  laws,  reports 
of  eases  at  nisi  prius,  &c.  He  also  wrote 
one  or  two  dramatic  pieces;  and  was  for 
manv  years  the  principal  editor  of 
"Hell's  Weekly  Messenger."  D.1S14.— 
Sir  John,  an  eminent  English  judge, 
Wslebrated   for  firmness,   integrity,  aud 


great  legal  knowledge,  was  b.  at  Thame, 
Oxfordshire,  1642.  He  filled  the  office 
of  recorder  of  London  for  about  a  year 
and  a  half,  when  his  uncompromising 
opposition  to  the  abolition  of  the  Test 
Act  caused  him  to  lose  his  situation. 
Becoming  a  member  of  the  lower  house, 
he  distinguished  himself  so  much  by  bin 
exertions  and  talents  in  what  is  called 
the  "  convention  parliament,"  that  on 
King  William's  accession  he  was  made 
lord  chief  justice  of  the  King's  Bench. 
On  the  removal  of  Lord  Soiners.  in  1700, 
he  was  offered  the  chancellorship;  but 
he  refused  it.     D.  1709. 

IIOLTY,  Louis  Henry  Christopher,  a 
German  poet,  excelling  particularly  in 
lyrical  and  elegiac  compositions,  was  1>. 
at  Mariensee,  1748.  lie  was  of  a  mild 
and  pensive  disposition,  pursued  his 
studies  beyond  his  natural  strength, 
and  prematurely  d.  at  Gottingen,  1775. 

HOLYOAKE,  Francis,  a  learned  lex- 
icographer, was  b.  in  Warwickshire, 
about  1567,  and  d.  1658.  His  "Etymo- 
logical Dictionary  of  Latin  Words"  was 
first  printed  in  1606. — -Thomas,  his  son, 
was  doctor  in  divinity,  and  d.  i.i  1675. 
During  the  civil  wars  lie  commanded  a 
troop  of  horse  in  the  king's  service,  al- 
though in  holy  orders,  and  on  the  failure 
of  the  royal  cause  he  practised  medicine 
for  a  subsistence  ;  but  at  the  restoration 
he  resumed  his  ecclesiastical  functions, 
and  obtained  church  preferment.  Ho 
enlarged  his  father's  dictionary,  which 
was  published  in  1677. 

IIOLYOKE,  Edward  Augustus,  an 
American  physician,  b.  in  Essex  county, 
Mass.,  in  1728.  He  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college,  and  in  1749  began  to  prac- 
tise at  Salem;  was  upwards  of  100  years 
old  when  he  died,  yet  it  is  said  he  was 
never  in  his  life  so  far  as  50  miles  from 
the  spot  where  he  was  born.  Even  after 
he  had  attained  'tis  100th  year  he  took 
interest  in  the  investigation  of  medical 
subjects,  and  wrote  letters  which  show 
that  his  understanding  was  still  clear 
and  strong.  Dr.  Holyoke  was  a  good 
anatomist;  was  versed  in  natural  phi- 
losophy and  astronomy;  and  regalarly 
recorded  his  meteorological  observations 
daily  tor  80  years.     D.'  18-29. 

HOLYWOOD,  John,  or,  according  to 
his  Latinized  appellation,  De  Sacrobos- 
co,  was  an  English  mathematician  and 
divine,  b.  at  Halifax,  in  Yorkshire.  Af- 
ter receiving  his  education  at  Oxford,  ho 
went  to  Paris,  where  he  taught  math- 
ematics, and  d.  in  1256.  He  wrote  "  Da 
Sphuara  Mundi,"  "  De  Anni  Uaticue," 
and  "  De  Alyorismo." 


Bon] 


CYCLOP/EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


503 


HOME,  David,  n  Scotch  divine,  who 
was  employed  by  James  I.  to  bring  the 
Protestants  of  Europe  into  one  confes- 
sion, lie  wrote  "  Apologia  Basilica, 
seu  Machiavelli  Ingeuium  Examina- 
tum,"  "  L'Assassinat  da  Roi,"  &e. — Sir 
Evkeabd,  an  eminent  surgeon,  was  the 
son  of  Robert  Home,  esq.,  of  Greenlaw 
castle,  in  the  county  of  Berwick ;  and 
was  brought  up  to  the  profession  under 
his  brother-in-law,  the  celebrated  John 
Hunter.  For  a  period  of  more  than  40 
years  he  practised  with  great  success  in 
London;  and  during  that  time  he  pro- 
duced numerous  medical  works,  which 
are  held  in  high  repute.  He  was  ser- 
geant-surgeon to  the  king,  surgeon  to 
Chelsea  hospital,  vice-president  of  the 
Royal  Society,  president  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons,  and  was  created  a 
baronet  in  1813.  Among  his  works  are, 
"Lectures  on  Comparative  Anatomy,1' 
and  "  Practical  Observations"  on  a  vari- 
ety of  diseases,  consisting  of  several 
volumes;  besides  numerous  valuable 
contributions  to  the  "Philosophical 
Transactions,"  &c.  B.  1756;  d.  18:32. 
■ — Henry,  Lord  Kames,  a  Scottish  judge 
and  eminent  writer,  b.  in  the  year  1696. 
Mr.  Home's  success  at  the  bar  was  not 
great,  till  his  abilities  were  known  by 
the  publication  of  his  "Remarkable  De- 
cisions of  the  Court  of  Session,  from  1716 
to  1718,"  which  happened  in  1728. 
From  that  period  he  practised,  with 
much  respectability  and  success,  till  the 
year  1752,  when  he  was  called  to  the 
bench.  Eleven  years  afterwards  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  lords  of  justiciary. 
Independent  of  various  judicial  works, 
he  wrote  "Essays  concerning  British 
Antiquities,"  "Essays on  the  Principles 
of  Morality  and  Natural  Religion,"  "An 
Introduction  to  the  Art  of  Thinking," 
and  "Elements  of  Criticism."  Noth- 
ing further  came  from  his  pen  till  1772, 
when  "  The  Gentleman  Farmer"  made 
its  appearance;  and,  the  following  year, 
•'  Sketches  of  the  History  of  Man."  The 
last  work  he  published  was  "  Loose 
Hints  upon  Education,  chiefly  concerti- 
ng the  Culture  of  the  Heart."  D.  1782. 
—John,  the  author  of  the  popular  tra- 
gedy of  "  Douglas,"  was  b.  near  An- 
brutn,  Roxburghshire,  in  1724,  and 
educated  for  the  church  ;  but  in  the  re- 
bellion of  1745  he  entered  into  the  royal 
army,  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  the 
battle  of  Falkirk.  He  contrived,  how- 
ever to  make  his  escape,  and  in  1750 
was  ordained  as  minister  of  Athelstane- 
ford,  in  East.  Lothian.  His  tragedy  of 
"  Douglas"  was  performed  at  Edinburgh 


in  1756,  and  gave  such  oflenco  to  the 
presbytery  that  the  author,  to  avoid  ec- 
clesiastical censure,  resigned  his  living, 
and  ever  after  appeared  and  acted  as  a 
layman,  lie  obtained  some  triflinggovr 
eminent  appointments,  and  wrote  Four 
other  plays,  which,  however,  failed  to 
attract.  His  "  History  of  the  Rebellion 
of  1745-6,"  also  disappointed  the  public 
expectation.     D.  1808. 

_  IIOMER,  the  father  of  poetry.  Of  tho 
birth  of  this  immortal  bard,  and  of  the 
cirenmstances  of  his  death — of  his  pa- 
rentage and  descent,  nay,  even  of  his 
actual  existence— all  is  involved  in  doubt 
and  fable.  Seven  cities  disputed  for  the 
honor  of  being  his  birthplace  :  Smyr- 
na, Colophon,  Chios,  Argos,  Athens, 
Rhodes,  and  Salamis  :  the  probability  is 
that  he  was  an  Asiatic  Greek,  and  flour- 
ished in  the  Dth  century  b.  c. 

HONDEKOETER,  Giles;  Gysbrecht, 
his  son ;  and  Melciiior,  his  grandson; 
three  Flemish  artists  of  the  16th  ami 
17th  centuries.  The  first  excelled  in 
landscape  painting;  the  second  in  de- 
lineating birds  ;  and  the  last,  who  was 
by  far  the  most  celebrated  of  the  three, 
combined  the  powers  of  the  former  two, 
and  painted  with  great  elegance  and  ac- 
curacy. 

HONDIUS,  Abraham,  a  Dutch  artist, 
of  considerable  ability,  particularly  in 
his  hunting  pieces ;  he  also  painted 
"  The  Destruction  of  Troy,"  in  a  man- 
ner which  lias  obtained  for  him  tho 
highest  praise.  He  went  to  England, 
and  d.  1691. 

HONE,  Nathaniel,  a  celebrated 
painter  in  enamel,  was  a  native  of  Dub- 
lin, but  came  to  London  early  in  life, 
and  was  one  of  the  first  members  of  the 
Royal  Academy.  D.  1784. — William, 
the  son  of  a  dissenter  at  Bath,  became 
conspicuous  as  the  publisher  of  a  series 
of  parodies,  in  which  such  irreverent  use 
was  made  of  the  liturgy,  that  the  gov- 
ernment felt  bound  to  proseeute  him. 
He  was  tried  on  three  charges,  and  do- 
fended  himself  for  three  days  with  con- 
siderable ability,  and  with  equal  courage 
and  temper  ;  and,  as  the  government  of 
that  day  was  in  ill  odor  with  thai  largo 
party  in  whom  the  reforming  spirit  at 
that  time  was  rife,  a  verdict  was  return- 
ed in  his  favor.  He  subsequently  hid  a 
large  sum  subscribed  for  him,  by  per- 
sons who,  we  presume,  must  have  en- 
tertained sentiments  similar  to  those  of 
the  "persecuted  but  triumphant  cham- 
pion of  the  press."  His  publications 
were  the  "Every-Day  Booh"  and  tho 
"  Year  Book."    This  business,  however 


504 


CYCLOP/EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[hoj 


did  not  succeed,  and  Mr.  Hone  became 
much  involved.  Being  led  to  attend  the 
ministry  of  Mr.  Binney  at  the  Weigh- 
house,  his  character  became  changed  ; 
and  the  new  religion;  connection  result- 
ed in  his  becomirg  subeditor  of  the 
"Patriot;"  this  he  coutiuued  till  his 
death,  which  took  place  in  November. 
1842. 

HOOD,  Robin,  a  celebrated  English 
outlaw  of  the  12th  century — whose  per- 
sonal courage,  skill  in  archery,  boldness 
of  enterprise,  and  generous  disposition, 
have  rendered  his  name  famous  in  the 
legendary  history  of  that  country — lived 
in  Sherwood  Forest,  in  Nottingham- 
shire. Tne  heads  of  his  story,  as  col- 
lected by  Stowe,  are  briefly  these : — 
"In  tins  time  (about  the  year  1190,  in 
the  reign  of  Richard  I.)  were  many  rob- 
bers and  outlaws,  among  whom  Robin 
Hood  and  Little  John,  renowned  thieves, 
continued  in  the  woods,  despoiling  and 
robbing  the  goods  of  the  rich.  They 
killed  none  but  such  as  would  invade 
them,  or  by  resistance  for  their  own  de- 
fence. The  said  Robin  entertained  100 
tall  men  and  good  archers,  with  such 
spoils  and  thefts  as  he  got,  upon  whom 
400  (were  they  ever  so  strong,)  durst 
not  give  the  onset.  He  suffered  no 
woman  to  be  oppressed,  violated,  or 
otherwise  molested  ;  poor  men's  goods 
he  spared,  abundantly  relieving  them 
with  that  which  by  theft  he  got  from 
abbeys  and  the  houses  of  rich  old 
carles."  1).  1247. — Samuel,  Lord  Vis- 
count, the  son  of  a  clergyman  at  Thorn- 
combe,  in  Devonshire,  was  b.  there  in 
1724,  and  entered  the  royal  navy  at  the 
age  of  1(3.  By  his  bravery  in  the  cap- 
ture of  a  fifty -gun  ship,  in  1759,  he  ac- 
quired the  rank  of  post-captain  ;  and 
he  was  present,  as  rear-admiral,  at  the 
famous  defeat  of  De  Grasse,  by  Rodney, 
April  12th,  1782,  when  his  services  on 
that  occasion  were  rewarded  with  an 
Irish  peerage.  In  17S4  he  was  elected 
into  parliament  for  Westminster;  but 
in  1785  he  vacated  his  seat  on  being 
t.amed  one  of  the  lords  of  the  admiralty. 
In  1790  he  signalized  himself  by  the 
taking  of  Toulon,  and  afterwards  Cor- 
sica; in  reward  of  which  achievements 
he  was  made  a  viscount,  and  governor 
of  Greenwich  hospital.  D.  1816. — 
Thomas,  a  poet,  humorist,  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  the  son  of  Mr.  Hood, 
bookseller,  was  at  first  a  clerk,  and  then 
an  engraver,  and  at  length  we  find  him 
contributing  to,  and  in  part  editing,  the 
''London  Magazine."  But  his  connec- 
tion with  the  press  became  rnor*  pub- 


licly known  by  the  occasional  appearance 
of  his  name  to  various  clever  and  whim- 
sical trifles,  which  enlivened  the  pages 
of  some  of  the  most  popular  among  the 
weekly  and  monthly  periodicals.  After 
this  came  his  "  Whims  and  Oddities," 
"National  Tales,"  "Comic  Annuals," 
"Whimsicalities,"  "The  Plea  of  the 
Midsummer  Fairies,"  "Tylney  Hall," 
"  Up  the  Rhine,"  &c.  Much,  however, 
as  we  have  admired  his  abilities  as  a 
punster  and  a  satirist,  and  heartily  as  we 
have  laughed  at  his  original  sketches, 
droll  allusions,  and  grotesque  similes; 
much  as  we  esteem  the  man  of  wit  who 
can  "shoot  folly  as  it  flies,"  without 
indulging  in  personalities,  or  inflicting 
pain  on  any  but  the  worthless,  we  can 
still  both  admire  and  esteem  him  more, 
when,  with  true  pathos,  he  fixes  the  at- 
tention of  the  reader,  and  commands 
the  best  sympathies  of  man's  nature,  by 
compositions  so  simple,  eloquent,  and 
forceful  as  "  The  Song  of  the  Shirt." 
B.  1798;  d.  1845. 

IIOOGSTRATEN,  David  van,  a 
Dutch  poet  and  critic,  b.  at  Rotterdam, 
in  166S;  became  professor  of  the  holies 
lettres  at  Amsterdam,  wrote  several 
good  poems,  in  the  Latin  language,  and 
otherwise  displayed  considerable  clas- 
sical attainments.     D.  17--!4. 

HOOGVL1ET,  Arnold,  a  Dutch  poet, 
b.  in  16S7.  His  chief  fame  rests  on  a 
poem  entitled  "  Abraham  the  Patri- 
arch," which  is  admired  for  the  beauty 
of  its  style  and  imagery.     D.  176  3. 

HOOK,  James,  a  musical  composer, 
of  great  industry  and  talent,  was  b.  at 
Norwich,  in  1746.  Bis  operatic  and 
melodramatic  productions  amount  to 
more  than  140  complete  works,  many 
of  which  were  highly  successful;  he 
also  set  to  music  upwards  of  2000  songs. 
D.  1827. — Dr.  James,  dean  of  Worcester, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  an  accom- 
plished scholar,  and  an  able  dignitary 
of  the  church.  Besides  some  dramas, 
which  he  wrote  early  in  life,  he  pub- 
lished, in  1820,  "  Anguis  in  Iierba;  a 
Sketch  of  the  true  Character  of  the 
Church  of  England  and  her  Clergy," 
which  he  inscribed  "To  the  sober  sense 
of  his  country."  Few  writers,  indeed, 
surpassed  Dr.  Hook  as  a  polemical  or  a 
political  pamphleteer.  D.  1828. — Theo- 
dore Edward,  a  celebrated  novelist  and 
dramatic  writer,  but  more  celebrated  for 
his  surpassing  wit  and  extemporaneous 
powers,  was  the  youngest  son  of  James 
Hook.  Be  was  b.  in  London,  in  1783. 
At  17  he  produced  his  first  drama, 
"  The   Soldier's   Return,"    which    waa 


aov] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


505 


speedily  followed  by  "Catch  him  who 
can,"  "Tekeli,"  "Killing  no  Murder," 
and  nine  other  dramatic  pieces,  nearly 
all  of  which  were  decidedly  successful, 
These,  with  a  host  of  piquant  articles  in 
the  "Satirist  Magazine,"  and  other  pe- 
riodicals, were  hit  off  before  he  readied 
his  25th  year.  In  Oct.,  1813,  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  offices  of  accountant-gen- 
eral and  treasurer  of  the  Mauritius,  which 
he  held  till  Feb.,  1818,  when  it  was  dis- 
covered that  there  was  a  deficiency  in  the 
military  chest  of  £12,000,  abstracted,  as 
it  afterwards  appeared,  by  his  deputy, 
who,  on  the  accounts  being  about  to  be 
investigated,  destroyed  himself;  but 
Mr.  Hook,  as  a  matter  of  course,  was 
made  answerable  for  the  acts  of  his 
subordinate.  lie  was  accordingly  sent 
home,  his  effects  were  seized  and  sold, 
and  he  became  for  a  considerable  time 
an  inmate  of  the  King's  Bench.  The 
first  series  of  "Sayings  and  Doings" 
appeared  in  1S24.  Other  novels,  as 
"Jack  Brag,"  "Births,  Deaths,  and 
Marriages,"  "  Gilbert  Gurney,"  &c., 
followed  at  short  intervals.  He  also 
wrote  "  Memoirs  of  Sir  David  Baird" 
and  of  "  Michael  Kelly("  the  composer. 
But  not  a  little  of  his  notoriety  arose 
from  his  connection  with  the  "John 
Bull,"  of  which  he  was  editor  as  well  as 
a  joint  proprietor;  and  from  his  pen 
proceeded  most  of  those  bold  political 
articles,  racy  sketches  of  men  and  man- 
ners, smart  poems,  and  epigrammatic 
jcux  d'esprit,  which  for  so  long  a  time 
distinguished  that  nltra-tory  paper. 
For  the  last  few  years  he  was  the  editor 
of  the  "  New  Monthly  Magazine."  D. 
1841. 

HOOKER,  John,  a  learned  antiquary, 
was  b.  at  Exeter,  1524.  He  wrote  a 
"Description  of  Exeter,"  and  some 
part  of  "  Holingshed's  Chronicle,"  be- 
sides other  pieces.  D.  1601. — Richard, 
an  eminent  English  divine,  author  of 
an  excellent  work,  entitled  "  The  Laws 
cf  Ecclesiastical  Polity,"  was  b.  at  Heavi- 
tree,  near  Exeter,  in  1553,  and  d.  at 
Bishop's  Bourne,  Kent,  of  which  place 
he  was  rector,  in  1600. 

HOOLE,  John,  a  dramatic  poet  and 
translator,  was  b.  in  1727.  He  was  a 
clerk  in  the  India  House,  but  devoted 
his  leisure  hours  to  literary  pursuits, 
particularly  the  study  of  the  Italian  lan- 
guage, of' which  he  acquired  a  great 
Knowledge,  as  appears  by  his  excellent 
translations  of  Anosto's  "  Orlando  Fu- 
rioso,"  and  Tasso's  "Jerusalem,"  into 
English.  He  also  published  two  vol- 
imes  of  the  dramas  of  Metf.stasio,  and 
43 


was  the  author  of  three  tragedies,  viz., 
"Cvrus,"  "Timanthes,"  and  "Cico- 
nice."     D.  1803. 

HOOPER,  William,  a  signet  of  the 
declaration  of  independence,  was  b.  in 
Boston  in  1742,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college,  in  1760.  He  engaged 
in  the  study  of  the  law,  and  removing 
to  North  Carolina  commenced  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  in  that  province. 
In  1774  he  was  elected  a  delegate  to  the 
general  congress  which  met  at  Philadel- 
phia. In  1776  he  was  a  third  time  dele- 
gate to  congress,  but  in  the  following 
year  was  obliged  to  resign  his  seat  in 
consequence  of  the  embarrassment  of 
his  private  affairs.     D.  17i>0. 

HOPE,  John,  a  physician  and  natu- 
ralist, b.  at  Edinburgh,  1725,  was  pro- 
fessor of  botany  and  the  materia  mediea 
in  his  native  city,  and  in  1761  was  ap- 
pointed botanist  to  the  king,  and  super- 
intendent of  the  botanic  garden.  D. 
1786. — Thomas,  an  English  gentleman 
of  large  fortune,  distinguished  by  his 
talents  and  patronage  of  the  tine  arts, 
was  the  nephew  of  a  rich  merchant  of 
Amsterdam.  In  1805  he  first  appeared 
as  an  author,  by  publishing  a  work,  en- 
titled "  Household  Furniture  and  In- 
ternal Decorations;"  this  was  followed 
by  two  elegant  publications,  "The  Cos- 
tumes of  the  Ancients,"  and  "Designs 
of  Modern  Costume;"  but  his  great  per- 
formance was  "  Anastasius.  or  Memoirs 
of  a  Modern  Greek,"  which  appeared 
anonymously  in  1S1D,  and  was  for  some 
time  very  generally  ascribed  to  Lord 
Byron.  Another  work  of  a  metaphysi- 
cal nature,  has  been  published  since  his 
death,  entitled  "The  Origin  and  Pros- 
pects of  Man."    D.  1831. 

HOPITAL,  Michael  de  l',  was  an 
eminent  chancellor  of  France,  to  which 
high  station  he  rose  through  the  zeal, 
ability,  and  integrity  he  displayed  in 
the  various  offices  he  before  filled.  He 
was  b.  in  1505;  studied  jurisprudence. 
in  the  most  celebrated  universities  of 
France  and  Italy  ;  rose  rapidly  in  his 
profession,  and  was  sent  by  Henry  II. 
as  ambassador  to  the  council  of  Trent. 
In  1554  he  was  made  superintendent  of 
the  royal  finances,  when,  by  his  good 
management,  and  his  inflexible  disre- 
gard of  those  rapacious  favorites  of  the 
court  who  battened  on  the  public  purse, 
he  restored  the  exhausted  treasury.  He 
was  a  sincere  friend  to  religious  tolera- 
tion, and  the  principal  author  of  the 
edict  of  1562,  which  allowed  freedom  cf 
worship  to  Protestants.  When  the 
atrocious  massacre  of  the  Protestants, 


&\)0 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[hor 


or.  Haitholomcw's  Day,  1572,  was  at  its 
height,  and  his  friends  thought  lie 
vvnild  be  made  one  of  its  victims,  he 
r."t  only  refused  to  take  measures  for 
his  own  safety,  but,  when  a  party  of 
horsemen  advanced  towards  his  house, 
he  refuse  to  close  his  gates.  They  were, 
in  fact,  dispatched  by  the  queen  with 
express  orders  to  save  him.  He  sur- 
vived this  event  a  few  months  only, 
dying  in  1573. — William  Feancis  An- 
thony de  l\  marquis  de  St.  Mesme,  a 
celebrated  French  mathematician,  was 
the  son  of  a  general  in  the  army,  and  b. 
1'601.  Such  was  his  reputation  for 
mathematical  science,  that  the  profound 
Hnygens  did  not  disdain  to  apply  to 
him  for  information,  lie  wrote  several 
works  on  conic  sections,  equations,  &e. 
D.  1704. 

HOPKINS,  Lemuel,  an  American 
physician  and  author,  b.  at  Waterbury, 
Conn.,  1750.  He  introduced  the  anti- 
phlogistic regimen  and  practice  in  feb- 
rile diseases,  and  was  not  less  assiduous 
than  he  was  skilful  as  a  practitioner; 
while,  as  a  literary  man  he  successfully 
distinguished  himself  by  various  politi- 
cal tracts  and  satires,  written  with  a 
view  to  give  a  tone  to  the  public  feeling 
in  favor  of  the  administration  of  Wash- 
ington. U.  1801. — Samuel,  founder  of 
the  sect  called  llopkinsians,  was  b.  at 
Waterbury.  Conn.,  in  1721.  He  was  a 
pious  and  zealous  man,  with  considera- 
ble talents,  and  almost  incre  lible  powers 
of  application  ;  but  his  theological  opin- 
ions have  given  rise  to  much  contro- 
versy. He  published  numerous  ser- 
mons, a  "Treatise  on  the  Millennium," 
&e. ;  and  earnestly  advocated  the  aboli- 
tion of  slavery.  From  the  year  1-769  he 
presided  over  a  congregation  at  New- 
port, E.  I.,  where  he  d.  in  1803.— -Ste- 
phen, one  of  the  signers  of  the  declara- 
tion of  in  dependence,  was  b.  in  1707,  in 
that  part  of  Providence  which  now 
forms  the  town  of  Scituate.  In  1732  he 
was  elected  a  representative  to  the  gen- 
eral assembly  from  Scitu.ite,  and  was 
chosen  speaker  to  that  body  in  1741.  In 
1751  he  was  appointed  chief  justice  of 
the  superior  court  of  Rhode  Island; 
and,  in  1756,  was  elected  its  governor ; 
was  several  times  chosen  a  member  of 
congress,  and  d.  in  1785.  He  was  a  clear 
and  convincing  speaker,  and  a  good 
mathematician ;  and  though  he  had  re- 
ceived but  a  very  limited  education,  his 
knowledge  of  literature,  science,  and 
political  economy  was  varied  and  exteu- 
uive. — William,  an  English  divine,  b. 
at  Evesham,   Worcestershire,   in    1647, 


was  a  celebrated  antiquary,  nc  assisted 
Bishop  Gibson  in  his  edition  of  the 
"  Saxon  Chronicle,"  and  was  the  trans- 
lator of  the  article  "Worcestershire," 
in  Camden's  "Britannia."  In  1675  he 
was  promoted  to  a  prebend  in  Worces- 
ter cathedral ;  held  the  mastership  of 
St.  Oswald's  hospital;  and  d.  1700.— 
William,  was  the  author  of  "An  Ap- 
peal to  Common  Sense ;"  and,  though 
openly  professing  Aiian  principles,  held 
the  rectory  of  JBolney,  in  Sussex,  till 
his  death, 'in  1786. 

1IOPKINSON,  Francis,  an  eminent 
author,  and  one  of  the  signers  of  the 
declaration  of  independence,  was  b.  at 
Philadelphia,  in  1738.  His  father  was 
the  intimate  friend  and  scientific  coad- 
jutor of  Franklin.  After  graduating  at 
the  college  of  Philadelphia,  and  making 
the  law  his  study,  Francis  visited  En- 
gland, the  country  of  his  parents'  birth, 
and,  in  a  few  years  after  his  return,  en- 
tered congress  as  a  delegate  from  New 
Jersey.  He  produced  many  satires  and 
ironical  pieces,  such  as  the  "Prophecy,1' 
the  "  Political  Catechism,"  &c,  tending 
to  ridicule  the  old  country  ;  while,  at  the 
same  time,  he  directed  his  efforts  against 
the  ribaldry  of  the  newspapers,  and  the 
exaggerations  and  prejudices  with  which 
the  federal  constitution  was  at  first  as- 
sailed. After  his  retirement  from  con- 
gress, he  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
admiralty  for  Pennsylvania,  and  \.  in 
1791.  Among  his  works,  the  ^.-oater 
part  of  which  are  of  a  political  charac- 
ter, there,  are  many  sound  essays  and 
scientific  papers,  acute  and  learned  judi- 
cial decisions,  and  a  variety  of  songs, 
possessing  much  sweetness  and  deli- 
cacy, which  were  rendered  still  mor1? 
popular  by  the  airs  he  composed  for 
them. 

IIOPPNER,  John,  an  ingenious  por- 
trait and  landscape  painter,  chiefly  ex- 
celling in  females  and  children,  was  b. 
1759,  and  d.  1810.  As  the  author  of  a 
metrical  transl  ition  of  "  Oriental  Tales," 
and  in  other  literary  performances,  he 
also  distinguished  himself. 

HOR  ATI  US  FLACCUS,  Quintus,  or 
HORACE,  one  of  the  most  eminent, 
and  certainly  the  most  popular  and  ele- 
gant of  the  Roman  poets,  was  b.  at  Ve- 
nusium,  a  city  lying  on  the  borders  of 
Lucania  and  Apulia,  65  u.  <).  His  father, 
although  following  the  calling  of  a  tax- 
gatherer,  was  a  man  of  elevated  and 
liberal  sentiments,  and  took  the  greatest 
pains  in  providing  for  his  education.  At 
the  age  of  20  years  he  went  to  Athens  to 
complete  his  studies ;  and  while  there, 


hor] 


'Marcus  Brutus  passing  through  the  city 
on  his  way  to  Macedonia,  Horace,  ac- 
companied by  other  Roman  youths, 
joined  the  army ;  became  a  legionary 
tribune  ;  fought  in  the  lost  battle  for  the 
freedom  of  Rome  at  Philippi,  and  saved 
himself  by  flight.  Though  he  saved  his 
life,  he  forfeited  his  estate,  and  was  re- 
duced to  great  want,  till  Virgil  introdu- 
ced him  to  Maecenas,  by  whose  interest 
lie  recovered  his  patrimony.  Augus- 
tus now  became  his  friend,  and  offered 
to  make  him  his  secretary,  which  Horace 
declined.  When  Maecenas  was  sent  to 
Brundusium,  to  conclude  a  treaty  be- 
tween Augustus  and  Antony,  he  took 
with  him  Horace,  Virgil,  and  other  lit- 
erary friends ;  and,  not  long  after,  his 
munilicent  patron  pre-  ented  him  with 
the  Sabine  villa;  to  which,  having  wit- 
nessed such  striking  examples  of  the 
instability  of  fortune,  hi  withdrew  from 
the  tumult  at  Eome,  preferring  retire- 
ment to  a  more  brilliant  life.  His  odes 
are  models  of  that  kin',  of  composition, 
and  his  epistles  and  satires  abound  with 
acute  aud  vivacious  observations  on  life 
and  manners;  while  hi ;  "  Ars  Poetica," 
so  often  quoted,  evinces  great  taste,  and 
is  remarkable  for  a  species  of  graceful 
negligence.    D.  9  b.c. 

HORN,  Charles  Edward,  the  best 
English  melodist  of  modern  times,  the 
6on  of  C.  F.  Horn,  a  German  musician, 
was  b.  in  London,  1786.  At  the  preco- 
cious age  of  sis,  he  showed  evident 
signs  of  a  taste  for  composition,  his 
skill  at  improvisation  arresting  the  at- 
tention of  his  father's  visitors*  among 
whom  the  great  Haydn  could  be  num- 
bered. On  the  opening  of  the  English 
opera  house,  he  was  er gaged  as  second 
tenor,  and  he  subsequently  shared  the 
public  favors  with  the  first  singers  of 
the  day.  He  compos  jd  the  whole  or 
the  greater  portion  of  the  music  for  in- 
numerable operas;  and  he  was  the  au- 
thor of  the  three  mos'.  popular  ballads 
of  his  time,  "Cherry  Eipe,"  "I've  been 
Roaming,"  "The  deep,  deep  Sea,"  &c. 
D.  at  New  York,  1849 

HORNE,  George,  a  learned  and  pious 
English  prelate,  was  b.  1730,  at  Otham, 
Kent.  He  took  ordei>  in  1753,  and  his 
graceful  elocution  and  excellent  style 
rendered  him  a  popular  preacher.  He 
was  successively  chaplain  to  the  king, 
vice-chancellor  of  the  university,  and 
dean  of  Canterbury ;  and,  in  1790,  lie 
was  raised  to  the  see  of  Norwich.  He 
was  distinguished  for  his  biblical  knowl- 
edge, and  in  early  lift  was  a  strenuous 
llutchinsonian.      In  1751   he    opposed 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


507 


the  Newtonian  philosophy  as  inconsist- 
ent with  the  Bible  ;  in  1754  he  wrote 
against  Dr.  Shuckford's  account  of  tho 
creation  and  fall  of  man;  and  in  175i>  ho 
became  involved  in  a  controversy  with 
I)r.  Kcnnicott,  the  supposed  author  of 
"A  Word  to  the  Hutchinsonians."  But 
among  his  numerous  works,  which  aro 
too  numerous  fir  specifying  here,  the 
principal  is  "A  Commentary  on  tho 
Book  of  Psalms,"  an  elaborate  perform- 
ance, on  the  composition  of  which  he 
bestowed  nearly  20  years.     I>.  1792. 

HORNECK,  Ottocae  ok,  one  of  tho 
oldest  historians  in  the  German  language, 
was  a  native  of  Styria,  and  lived  in  the 
13th  and  14th  centuries.  About  tho 
year  1280  he  composed  a  work  on  the 
great  empires  of  the  earth,  which  con- 
cluded with  tho  death  of  the  Emperor 
Frederic  II.,  and  is  still  extant  in  man- 
uscript at  Vienna.  He  also  wrote  a 
chronicle  of  the  events  of  his  own  time, 
consisting  of  more  than  83,000  verses, 
and  which  is  said  to  be  rich  in  portray- 
ing the  characters  of  eminent  men.  and 
in  the  description  of  festivals,  tourna- 
ments, and  battles,  at  part  of  which  he 
was  himself  present. 

HORNEMANN,  Frederic  Conrad,  a 
celebrated  German  traveller,  b.  at  Hil- 
desheim,  in  1772.  At  the  instance  of 
Blumenbach,  the  famous  naturalist,  ho 
was,  in  1797,  employed  by  the  African 
Association,  in  London,  to  explore  the 
interior  of  Africa.  After  having  visit- 
ed Cyprus,  Alexandria,  and  Cairo,  ho 
crossed  the  Libyan  desert,  reached 
Mourzouk,  the  capital  of  Fezzan,  and 
soon  afterwards  proceeded  on  an  excur- 
sion to  Tripoli.  From  this  place  he  set 
out  with  the  intention  of  penetrating 
into  Central  Africa,  and  is  believed  to 
have  d.  on  his  return  to  Fezzan,  of  a 
fever  caused  by  drinking  cold  water, 
after  being  exposed  to  great  fatigue. 
His  Journal,  which  was  sent  by  him 
from  Tripoli,  was  published  in  1802  by 
the  African  Society. 

IIORXER,  Francis,  barristcr-at-law, 
was  b.  at  Edinburgh,  1778.  Be  entered 
parliament  in  1806,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  chairman  of  the  bullion  com- 
mittee; but  his  severe  application  to 
that  intricate  subject  injured  his  health, 
which  was  naturally  delicate ;  and  he  d. 
in  1*17,  at  Pisa,  whither  he  had  gone  for 
its  restoration. 

HORNTHORST,  Gerard,  a  celebrated 
painter,  called  also  Gerardo  dalle  Not- 
ti,  from  his  subjects,  was  h.  at  Utrecht 
in  1592,  and  was  a  pupil  of  Abraham 
Bloemart,   but  finished   his  studies   at 


508 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[now 


Rome.  ITc  painted  night-scenes,  and 
pieces  illuminated  by  torch  or  candle 
light.  On  his  return  from  Italy  lie  vis- 
ited England,  and  obtained  the  favor  of 
Charles  1. ;  and  on  his  return  to  Holland, 
he  was  much  employed  by  the  prince 
of  Orange.  Among  his  numerous  pic- 
tures, that  of  Jesus  Christ  before  the 
tribunal  of  Pilate  is  the  most  celebrated. 
D.  1600. 

I10RROX,  Jeremiah,  an  English  as- 
tronomer, was  b.  at  Toxteth,  in  Lanca- 
shire, about  1619.  He  was  the  first  who 
observed  the  transit  of  Venus  over  the 
sun's  disk,  his  account  of  which  was 
published  by  Ilevelius,  at  Dantzic,  in 
1601,  under  the  title  of  "  Venus  in  Sole 
visu,  anno  1689,  Nov.  24;"  and  lie 
formed  a  theory  of  lunar  motion,  which 
Newton  did  not  disdain  to  adopt.  D. 
104o. 

IIORSLEY,  John,  a  learned  antiquary, 
who  d.  1731.  His  work,  entitled  "Bri- 
tannia Romana,"  folio,  gives  a  copious 
and  exact  account  of  the  remains  of  the 
Romans  in  Britain. — Samuel,  a  celebra- 
ted English  prelate  and  mathematician, 
was  b.  in  London  in  1733;  and  held 
several  livings  in  succession,  till  he  ar- 
rived at  the  episcopal  dignity.  But 
while  he  was  rapidly  rising  in  the 
church,  and  opposing  Dr.  Priestley,  the 
great  champion  of  Unitarianism,  by  his 
theological  arguments,  he  was  not  ne- 
glectful of  science.  In  1775  he  pub- 
lished an  edition  of  Newton's  works; 
and  from  1773  till  the  election  of  Sir 
Joseph  Banks,  he  was  secretary  of  the 
Royal  Society.  His  writings  were  nu- 
merous and  important,  in  theology,  in 
science,  and  in  classical  literature.  D. 
1806. 

HOSACK,  David,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician of  New  York.  He  reeeiveel  his 
education  at  Edinburgh ;  was  long  at 
the  head  of  the  profession  in  New  York ; 
and  was  an  eloquent  and  able  teacher  as 
a  professor  of  the  theory  and  practice  of 
physic  in  the  New  York  Medical  College. 
lie  was  held  in  high  estimation  as  a  man 
of  talents,  learning,  and  worth ;  was  a 
liberal  promoter  of  the  arts  and  sciences ; 
and  was  the  author  of  the  "History  of  the 
Erie  Canal,"  and  of  the  Life  of  his 
friend,  Dc  Witt  Clinton,  formerly  gov- 
ernor of  New  York.  D.  suddenly  of 
apoplexv,  1835,  aged  66. 

HOTTINGER,"JoHN  Henry,  a  learned 
oriental  scholar,  b.  at  Zurich,  in  1620. 
He  displayed  such  a  propensity  for,  and 
made  such  progress  in,  the  ancient  lan- 
guages, that  he  was  sent  to  foreign 
universities  at  the  public  expense.    He 


went  to  Geneva,  Gottingen,  and  Ley-  • 
den;  visited  England;  and  returned  to 
his  native  country,  enriched  with  vast 
stores  of  knowledge.  In  1642  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  ecclesiastical  his- 
tory in  his  native  city  ;  and  by  his  teach- 
ing and  writings  contributed  greatly  to 
promote  the  study  of  oriental  literature. 
In  1607,  while  preparing  for  a  visit  to 
the  university  of  Leyden,  in  compliance 
with  repeated  invitations,  he  was  acci- 
dentally drowned,  with  three  of  his 
children,  by  the  upsetting  of  a  boat,  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Zurich. — John 
James,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at 
Zurich,  in  1652;  at  which  place  he  be- 
came professor  of  theology  ;  and  d.  1735. 
His  principal  work  is  an  "Ecclesiastical 
History  of  Switzerland." — Another  pro- 
fessor at  Zurich,  of  the  same  name, 
known  by  his  editions  of  the  classics, 
was  b.  1750,  and  d.  1819.  He  was  an 
acnto  critic  and  elegant  scholar;  among 
his  best  works  is  an  "  Essay  towards  a 
Comparison  of  the  German  with  the 
Greek  and  Roman  Poets." 

HOVEDEN,  Roger  de,  an  English  his- 
torian, who  flourished  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  II.  He  wrote  "  Annals"  in  Latin, 
commencing  at  731,  the  period  at  which 
Bcde  finished,  and  bringing  down  af- 
fairs to  the  third  year  of  John,  1201. 
His  style  is  defective,  but  he  is  highly 
esteemed  for  diligence  ami  fidelity. 

HOWARD,  Charles,  earl  of  Notting- 
ham, an  intrepid  English  admiral,  com- 
mander-in-chief at  the  defeat  of  the 
Spanish  armada.  B.  1536;  d.  1624.— 
Edward,  the  descendant  of  an  ancient 
and  opulent  family,  was  one  of  the 
earliest  and  best  of  the  naval  school  of 
novelists.  "  Ratlin  the  Reefer,"  "Out- 
ward Bound,"  "The  Old  Commodore," 
and  "  Jack  Ashore,"  attest  his  powers, 
while  his  "  Life  of  Sir  Henry  Morgan, 
the  Buccaneer,"  gave  promise  of  even 
higher  excellence.  D.  1S42. — John,  the 
celebrated  philanthropist,  was  b.  at 
Hackney,  in  1726.  He  was  apprenticed 
to  a  grocer,  but  his  constitution  being 
delicate,  and  having  an  aversion  to  trade, 
he  purchased  his  indentures  and  went 
abroad.  On  his  return  he  lodged  with 
a  widow  lady,  whom  he  afterwards  mar- 
ried. After  the  decease  of  Mrs.  Howard, 
who  lived  only  about  three  years,  he,  in 
17-~>0,  embarked  for  Lisbon,  in  order  to 
view  the  effects  of  the  recent  earth- 
quake, but  on  the  passage  the  ship  was 
taken  and  carried  to  France.  The  hard- 
ships he  suffered  and  witnessed  during 
his  imprisonment,  first  'roused  his  at- 
tention to  the  subject  of  his  future  la- 


HO  A] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


509 


bors.  On  boms'  released,  Mr.  Howard 
retired  to  a  villa  in  the  New  Forest ;  and 
in  17">S  lie  married  a  second  wife,  who 
d.  in  childbed  in  1765,  leaving  him 
one  son.  He  at  this  time  resided  at 
Cardington,  near  Bedford,  where  lie  in- 
dulged the  benevolence  of  his  disposi- 
tion by  continually  assisting  and  ame- 
liorating the  condition  of  the  poor.  In 
1773  he  served  the  office  of  sheriff, 
which,  as  he  declared,  "brought  the 
distress  of  the  prisoners  more  imme- 
diately under  his  notice,"  and  led  him 
to  form  the  design  of  visiting  the  jails 
through  England,  in  order  to  devise 
means  for  alleviating  the  miseries  of  the 
prisoners.  Having  done  so,  he  laid  the 
result  of  his  inquiries  before  the  bouse 
of  commons,  for  which  he  received  a 
vote  of  thanks.  He  next  made  a  tour 
through  the  principal  parts  of  Europe, 
and  published  his  "State  of  the  Pris- 
ons," with  a  view  to  render  them  both 
more  humane  and  more  efficacious.  A 
new  subject  now  engaged  his  attention, 
namely,  the  management  of  lazarettos, 
and  the  means  of  preventing  the  com- 
munication of  the  plague  and  other  con- 
tagious diseases.  In  this  he  encountered 
every  danger  that  can  be  conceived,  and 
having  become  personally  acquainted 
with  the  subject,  in  1789  he  published 
"  An  account  of  the  principal  Lazarettos 
in  Europe,  with  Papers  relative  to  the 
Plague,"  &c.  Actively  pursuing  this 
salutary  and  benevolent  object,  Mr. 
Howard  took  up  bis  residence  at  the 
town  of  Cherson,  a  Russian  settlement 
on  the  Black  Sea.  A  malignant  fever 
prevailed  there,  and  he  having  been 
prompted  by  humanity  to  visit  one  of 
the  sufferers,  he  caught  the  infection, 
and  d.  Jan.  20,  1790.— Sir  Robert,  an 
English  poet  and  historian,  was  the  son 
of  Thomas,  carl  of  Berkshire.  He  was 
was  a  zealous  friend  of  the  revolution 
of  1683.  He  wrote  several  plays,  the 
"History  of  the  Reigns  of  Edward  and 
Richard  II,"  the  "  History  of  Reliction," 
&c.  I).  1698.— Thomas,  earl  of  Surrey 
and  duke  of  Norfolk,  an  eminent  states- 
man and  warrior  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
VIII.  lie  served  with  his  brother,  Sir 
Edward,  against  Sir  Andrew  Barton,  a 
Scotch  pirate,  who  infested  the  English 
coast  in  1511,  but  who  was  killed  and 
his  ships  taken.  He  next  accompanied 
the  marquis  of  Dorset  in  bis  expedition 
J)  Guienne,  which  ended  in  the  con- 
quest of  Navarre  by  Ferdinand.  The 
victory  of  Flodden  Field,  in  which  the 
tin?  of  Scotland  was  slain,  was  chiefly 
owing  to  his  bravery.  On  the  breaking 
43* 


out  of  the  disturbances  in  Ireland,  ho 
was  appointed  lieutenant  of  that  king- 
dom, where  he  suppressed  the  rebellion. 
Notwithstanding    his    great   services, 
Henry,   at    the  close  of  life,  caused  tho 
duke   to  be   sent   to   the    Tower,  on  a 
charge  of  treason,  and  his  son  to  be  be- 
headed in  his  presence.     The  death  of 
the  tyrant  only  saved  the  duke's  life. 
D.  1554.— 'Edward,  younger  brother  of 
the  above,  entered  early  oh  the  maritime 
service,  and  about  1494  was  knighted. 
In  1512  he  was  sent  as  lord   high  ad- 
miral of   England    with  a  large    fleet 
against  France,  the  coasts  of  which  ho 
ravaged.     He  also  defeated  the  enemy's 
fleet  off  Brest;  but  the  year  following 
he   was  slain  in  boarding  the   French 
admiral's    ship,    and   bis    body    thrown 
info  the  sea. — Henry,  carl  of  Surrey,  an 
accomplished  nobleman,  a  brave  soldier, 
and  the  best  English  poet  of  his  nge, 
was  b.  in   1520.     He  served   under  his 
father,  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  as  lieuten- 
ant-general  of  the   army  sent   against 
Scotland,  and  performed  various  other 
military  exploits  of  eminence  and  value. 
He  had  quartered  on  his  escutcheon  tho 
royal  arms  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  to 
which  he  had  an  hereditary  right,  and  he 
is  said  to  have  aspired  to  the  hand  of 
the  Princess  Mary.     On  these  and  other 
less  substantial  charges  he  suffered  de- 
capitation on  Tower-hill,  1546,  by   the 
jealous  and  arbitrary  mandate  of  Henry 
VIII.      His   works   consist  of  "Songs 
and   Sonnets,"    &c,    which    deserve   a 
high  degree  of  commendation,  for  tho 
period  at  which  they  were  composed. — 
Thomas,   carl   of  Arundel,   a  nobleman 
distinguished  by  bis  patronage  of  tho 
fine  arts,  was  earl  marshal  in  the  early 
part  of  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  and  was 
employed  in  several  foreign  embassies 
by  that  prince  and  his  father.     He  sent 
agents  into  Greece  and  Italy,  to  collect 
for  him,  at  a  vast  expense,  whatever  was 
curious  and  valuable  of  the   works  of 
ancient  artists,  which   had   escaped  de- 
struction.    His  unrivalled  museum  of 
antiquities  was  divided  at  his  death,  and 
Henry,  the  sixth  duke  of  Norfolk,  about 
the  year  1668,  presented  to  the  univer- 
sity of  Oxford  a  considerable  port  of  hie 
moiety,  including  the  celebrated  Parian 
Chronicle,  which  with  the  other  ancient 
inscribed   stones   accompanying    it   are 
now  termed  the  "  Arnndelian  marbles." 
D.  1646. — Iohn  Eaoir,  an  officer  of  tho 
army  of  the  American  revolution,  was 
b.  in  Baltimore  in  1752.     After  serving 
in  the.  rank  of  captain,  in  1771'.  he  was 
appointed   lieutenant-colonel,   and   dis 


510 


CYCLOPVEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


IIUA 


«in<*uished  himself  by  his  valor  and 
activity  during  the  war.  At  the  battle 
of  Cowpcns,  Col.  Howard,  at  one  time, 
had  in  his  bauds  the  swords  of  seven 
officers  who  had  surrendered  to  him 
•personally.  lie  was  also  present  at  the 
battles  of  Germantown,  White  Plains, 
Monmouth,  Camden,  and  Hobbicks 
hill.  On  the  disbanding  of  the  army 
he  retired  to  his  patrimonial  estates, 
near  Baltimore,  and  was  subsequently 
.governor  of  Maryland,  and  member  of 
the  senate  of  the  United  States.  D. 
l»2r. 

IP) WE,  John,  an  eminent  noncon- 
formist clergyman  of  the  17th  century, 
b.  in  1U  30,  at  Loughborough,  was  ejected 
from  his  living  at  Torringtou,  Devon, 
and  for  many  years  officiated  as  the 
.minister  of  a  Presbyterian  congregation 
in  London ;  afterwards  retired  to  the 
Netherlands,  but  returned  to  England 
upon  James's  proclamation  of  liberty  of 
conscience.  D.  1705. — John,  a  states- 
man in  the  reigns  of  William  III.  and 
Anne,  lie  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
vention parliament,  and  exerted  himself 
greatly  in  favor  of  the  revolution,  but 
afterwards  joined  the  opposition,  and 
gave  great  otl'cnce  to  the  king  by  the 
boldness  of  his  conduct.  In  the  suc- 
ceeding reign  he  was  made  a  privy 
councillor  and  paymaster  of  the  forces  ; 
but  retired  on  the  accession  of  George 
I.,  and  was  succeeded  in  his  office  by 
Walpole.  D.  1720.  —  Kichakd,  earl,  a 
celebrated  English  admiral,  was  the 
third  son  of  Emanuel,  Viscount  Howe, 
and  was  b.  in  172").  lie  was  placed,  at 
the  age  of  14,  as  a  midshipman  on  board 
the  Severn,  in  which  ship  he  sailed  with 
Anson  for  the  Pacific,  and  continued 
going  through  the  usual  gradations  of 
the  service  under  that  admiral  till  1745, 
when,  though  only  20  years  of  age,  he 
obtained  the  command  of  the  Baltimore 
sloop  of  war,  and  was  made  post-captain 
for  gallantly  defeating  two  French  ships 
bearing  succors  to  the  Pretender.  Hav- 
ing greatly  distinguished  himself  on 
many  occasions,  he  sailed,  as  com- 
mander-in-chief, to  the  Mediterranean 
in  1770,  with  the  rank  of  rear-admiral, 
an  1  in  a  few  years  rose  to  be  vice-ad- 
miral of  the  blue.  On  the  breaking  out 
of  the  war  with  France,  Lord  Howe 
sailed  for  the  coast  of  America,  with  a 
squadron  destined  to  act  against  D'Es- 
tfting,  anil,  on  his  return  in  1 7 S 2 ,  he 
was  created  an  English  viscount.  In 
rhc  course  of  the  same  year  he  sailed  to 
the  relief  of  Gibraltar,  which  lie  effected 
in  spite  of  the  combined  fleet-*  of  the 


enemy.  In  1783  he  accepted  the  post 
of  first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  and  iri 
17S8  he  was  created  an  earl  of  Great 
Britain.  In  1793,  on  the  breaking  out 
of  the  war  with  France,  he  took  the 
command  of  the  British  fleet,  and  bring- 
ing the  enemy  to  an  action  on  the  1st 
of"" J une,  17u4,  obtained  over  them  a 
decisive  and  most  important  victory. 
Iu  1707  Lord  Howe  exerted  himself 
with  great  success  to  quell  the  mutiny 
among  the  seamen  at  Portsmouth,  and 
d.  in  179U.  — Sir  William,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  succeeded  General  Gage  in 
the  chief  command  of  the  British  forces 
in  America,  having  landed  at  Boston 
with  generals  Clinton  and  Burgoyne,  in 
May,  1775.  General  Howe  commanded 
at  the  attack  on  Bunker  Hill,  was  be- 
sieged in  Boston  during  the  next  winter, 
evacuated  that  town  in  the  ensuing 
spring,  and  retired  to  Halifax.  In  June, 
1776,  he  arrived  at  Staten  Island,  where 
lie  was  joined  by  his  brother  Lord 
Howe.  Here  the  brothers  informed 
congress  that  they  had  received  full 
power  to  grant  pardon  to  all  the  rebels 
who  should  return  to  their  obedience  ; 
but  the  commissioners  appointed  by 
that  body  considered  both  the  form  and 
substance  of  the  propositions  too  objec 
tionable  to  deserve  attention.  In  Au- 
gust he  defeated  the  Americans  on  Long 
Island,  and  took  possession  of  New 
York  in  September.  After  the  cam- 
paign of  the  Jerseys,  he  set  sail  from 
New  York  and  entered  Chesapeake 
Bay.  Having  previously  secured  the 
command  of  the  Schuylkill,  lie  crossed 
it  with  his  army,  and  repelled  the  attack 
of  the  Americans  at  Germantown.  In 
May,  1778,  he  was  succeeded  in  the 
command  by  General  Clinton.  U.  1814. 
110 WELL,  James,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  b.  in  15'J">,  at  Abernant  in 
Caermarthenshire,  and  after  receiving 
his  education  at  Oxford,  travelled  on  the 
Continent  as  agent  to  procure  workmen, 
&e.,  for  a  glass  manufactory  then  for 
the  first  time  established  in  England. 
He  was  subsequently  a  member  of  par- 
liament,  secretary  to  the  British  ambas- 
sador in  Denmark,  and  clerk  of  the 
council.  For  some  offence  to  the  par- 
liamentarians he  was  imprisoned  in  the 
Fleet,  but  obtained  his  liberty  by  apply- 
ing to  Cromwell,  becan  .e  historiographer 
to  Charles  II.,  and  d.  in  1666.  lie  wrote 
many  books,  but  the  one  by  which  he 
will  be  longest  remembered  is,  "  Epis- 
tola  Howellianre,  or  Familiar  Letters, 
domestic  pnd  foreign." 

IIUAKTE,    John,   a   Spanish  philoa- 


HUu] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


511 


opher  and  author  in  the  17th  century, 
who  gained  celebrity  by  a  work,  enti- 
tled "Examcn  de  Ingenios  para  las 
Bcienzias,"  &c,  or,  an  Examination  of 

such  Geniuses  as  are  fit  for  acquiring  the 
Sciences.  This  book,  which  is  full  of 
practical  wisdom,  has  been  translated 
into  English,  under  the  title  of  "  The 
Trial  of  Wits,"  and  into  German  by 
Lcssing,  as  "  Prufung  der  K(  pfc. 
Though  he  wrote  in  Spanish,  and  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  born  ot'  Spanish 
parents,  Huarte  was  a  native  of  Navarre. 
IIUBER,  John  James,  a  celebrated 
anatomist,  was  b.  at  Basle,  in  1707.  He 
studied  under  Ilaller  at  Berne,  and  next 
at  Strasburg;  after  which  he  took  his 
doctor's  degree  at  his  native  place,  lie 
assisted  Ilaller  on  his  great  work  on  the 
Plants  of  Switzerland.  He  obtained  the 
rank  of  court  physician  and  counsellor 
of  state;  published  a  work  on  the  spinal 
marrow  and  other  parts  of  the  nervous 
system,  entitled  "  Oommentatio  de  Me- 
dulla Spinali."  D.  1778. — Ulric,  a  na- 
tive of  Friesland,  author  of  "  De  Jure 
Civitatis."  D.  1694. — Mary,  a  deistical 
■writer;  author  of  "  Lettres  sur  la  Ke- 
ligion  de  l'Homme,"  and  many  other 
works.  B.  at  Geneva,  1694;  d.  1759.— 
John  James,  a  painter,  called  bv  Fuseli 
the  Swiss  Tintoretto.  B.  1668;  d.  1748. 
— John,  a  Genevese  artist,  b.  in  1722. 
He  was  a  good  painter,  but  devoted 
much  of  his  attention  to  the  art  of  cut- 
ting profiles,  in  which  he  acquired  an 
extraordinary  degree'  of  dexterity.  He 
is  described  as  being  an  eccentric  char- 
acter; and,  among  other  fanciful  schemes, 
formed  a  project  for  ffuidinsr  the  course 
of  air  balloons  by  the  flight  of  large 
birds;  on  which  he  published  a  tract, 
illustrated  with  plates.  D.  1790.— Mi- 
chaki.,  a  native  of  Bavaria,  professor  of 
French  in  Lcipsic,  and  the  translator  of 
several  German  works  into  French.  B. 
1727  ;  d.  1804. — Loris  Ferdinand,  son 
of  the  preceding;  editor  of  several  jour- 
nals. B.  at  Paris,  1704;  d.  1804.— 
(Theresa,  daughter  of  the  celebrated 
philologist  Heyne,  and  wife  of  the  pre- 
ceding; a  popular  German  novelist, 
many  of  whose  works  appeared  under 
her  husband's  name. — Francis,  a  natu- 
ralist, b.  in  1750,  at  Geneva;  author  of 
"  Nouvelles  Observations  sur  les  Abeil- 
les,"  in  which  he  explains  the  manner 
»f  the  queen-bee's  impregnation,  <ftc. 
Having  lost  his  way  in  a  winter  night, 
the  effect  of  the  cold  produced  total 
blindness;  but  the  lady  to  whom  he  had 
been  betrothed  afterwards  married  him, 
»Dd  became  his  constant  amanuensis. 


HUDSON,  Henry,  a  distinguished 
navigator,  whose  early  history  is  un- 
known. After  making  three  voyages 
to  find  a  northeast  or  northwest  pas- 
sage to  China,  in  the  second  of  which  ho 
discovered  the  river  Hudson,  be  set  sail 
a  fourth  time,  April  17th,  1610,  in  a  bark 
named  the  Discovery,  and  proceeding 
wot  ward,  reached,  in  latitude  60°,  the 
strait  bearing  his  name.  Through  this 
he  advanced  along  the  coast  of'Labrad  ir, 
until  it  issued  into  the  vasl  bay  w  liich  is 
also  called  alter  him.  Here,"  with  his 
son,  and  seven  infirm  sailors,  lie  was 
turned  adrift  by  a  mutinous  crew,  and  in 
supposed  to  have  perished. 

HCERTA,  Vincent  Garcia  de  ;.a,  a 
Spanish  poet  and  critic,  b.  1729.  z* 
Zafra,  in  Estremadura.  He  acquired 
considerable  fame  among  his  country- 
men, and  zealously  defended  Spanish 
literature  from  the  censures  of  Voltaire 
and  other  French  writers.  He  publish- 
ed various  poems  and  dramas,  and  edit- 
ed "Teatro  Espanol.'' 

HUET,  Peter  Daniel,  a  celebrated 
French  critic  and  classical  scholar,  b.  at 
Caen,  in  Normandy,  1630.  lie  was  edu 
cated  in  the  Jesuits1  college,  accompa 
nied  Bochart  to  Sweden,  and  was  in 
vain  persuaded  to  settle  there  by  Queen 
Christina.  In  1670  he  was  appointed 
preceptor  to  the  dauphin  ;  and  whiie  he 
tilled  that  situation  he  wrote  an  erudite 
work  in  defence  of  Christianity,  entitled, 
"  Demonstratio  Evangelica;"  he  also 
published  the  Latin  classics,  in  6'2  vols., 
with  those  ample  illustrations  which 
have  made  what  are  called  the  Delphin 
editions  so  generally  known  and  esteem- 
ed. In  16S'J  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Avrantes,  but  resigned  that  s(e  in  1C99, 
and  spent  the  remainder  of  his  days  in 
literary  retirement,  producing  many 
works  of  great  merit.  Be  d.  at  Paris, 
1721. 

HUFELAND,  Christian  William, 
a  Prussian  counsellor  of  state,  who  was 
also  an  eminent  physician,  was  b.  at 
Langensalza,  1762,  and  first  practised 
physic  at  Weimar.  In  1793  he  was 
made  professor  at  Jena,  and  in  1801 
physician  to  the  king  of  Prussia.  lie 
greatly  improved  his  art.  and  wrote  a 
"System  of  Medicine,"  which  is  among 
the' best  practical  books  extant.  I  >.  1886. 
Ill  FN  AG  EL,  Gkorge,  a  Flemish 
painter,  was  b.  at  Antwerp  in  1543,  and 
d.  16t'0.  He  was  also  a  tolerable  poet  in 
Latin  and  German. 

HUGH  CAPET,  the  first  of  the  third 
race  of  French  monarchs,  was  count  of 
Paris  and  Orleans.    He  was  proclaimed 


512 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[hum 


kin?  of  France  at  Noyon,  in  987,  and  d. 
in  996,  aged  57. 

HUGHES,  John,  an  English  poet, 
dramatic  author,  and  essayist;  b.  1677; 
d.  1727.  His  last  work  was,  the  "Siege 
of  Damascus,"  a  tragedy,  which  still 
continues  on  the  stage.  Several  papers 
in  the  "Tattler,"  "Spectator,  and 
"  Guardian"  were  written  by  him. 

HUGO,  Herman,  a  learned  Jesuit  and 
Latin  poet,  was  b.  at  Brussels  in  1588, 
and  d.  of  the  plague  at  Rhinberg,  in 
lt>2y. 

HUGTENBURGII,  John  van,  a  Dutch 
painter,  who  painted  the  victories  of  the 
duke  of  Marlborough  and  Prince  Eugene. 
D.  1733. 

HULL,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer 
and  actor,  b.  in  172S.  He  was  cotempo- 
rary  with  Garrick,  and  lived  to  be  father 
of  the  British  stage,  but  never  rose  to 
any  great  eminence  in  his  profession. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  deservedly  popu- 
lar poem,  entitled  "  Richard  Plantage- 
net,"  besides  some  novels,  tales,  and 
dramas. 

HUMBOLDT,  William  von,  a  dis- 
tinguished statesman  and  philologist, 
the  elder  brother  of  the  great  philos- 
opher and  traveller,  was  b.  at  Potsdam, 
17t>7  He  received  his  early  education 
at  Berlin,  and  studied  at  Gottingen  and 
Jena,  where  he  formed  a  friendship  with 
Schiller,  which  lasted  through  life.  In 
1800  he  was  appointed  Prussian  minister 
at  the  papal  court,  where  his  love  of  an- 
tiquarian and  classical  pursuits  neces- 
sarily received  a  fresh  impulse;  ami  on 
his  return  in  130S  he  was  created  a 
counsellor  of  state,  and  nominated  min- 
ister of  education.  In  181')  he  went  as 
plenipotentiary  to  Vienna ;  and  lie  shared 
m  all  the  great  diplomatic  transactions 
of  the  next  few  years  ; — at  Prague,  at  the 
conferences  of  Chatillon,  where  lie  sigh- 
ed the  capitulation  of  Paris  along  with 
Hardenberg, — and  at  the  congress  of 
Vienna,  &c.  He  next  went  as  ambas- 
sador extraordinary  to  London  ;  assisted 
at  the  congress  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  in 
1818  ;  and  the  following  year  he  became 
a  member  of  the  Prussian  cabinet,  but 
lie  soon  retired  in  consequence  of  the 
retrograde  policy  pursued  by  his  col- 
leagues, and  thenceforward  lived  chiefly 
at  his  seat,  Tegcl,  near  Berlin,  in  the 
cultivation  of  literature  and  science. 
His  works  are  of  a  most  miscellaneous 
character,  and  show  the  extraordinary 
versatility  of  his  powers;  but  his  chief 
fame  rests  on  his  erudite  researches  into 

hilology,     and     more     especially    the 

asaue   Sanscrit,  North   American,  and 


\l 


Malay  languages  :  nor  should  wc  forget 
to  mention,  as  most  illustrative  of  his 
amiability  and  excellence  of  heart,  hia 
"  Letters  to  a  Female  Friend."     D.  1835. 

HUME,  Davio,  a  celebrated  historian, 
philosopher,  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  b.  at  Edinburgh  in  1711.  He  was 
designed  for  the  law,  but  having  no  in- 
clination to  that  profession,  he  applied 
to  mercantile  pursuits,  and  became,  in 
1734,  clerk  in  an  eminent  house  at  Bris- 
tol. He  did  not,  however,  continue 
long  in  that  line;  for,  having  a  strong 
propensity  to  literature,  he  went  to 
France,  where  he  wrote  his  "Treatise 
of  Human  Nature,"  which  he  published 
at  London  in  1738.  This  metaphysical 
work,  however,  met  with  an  indifferent 
reception;  nor  were  his  •"  Moral  Es- 
says," which  appeared  in  1742,  more 
successful.  In  1746  he  became  secretary 
to  General  St.  Clair,  whom  he  accompa- 
nied in  his  military  embassy  to  the 
courts  of  Vienna  and  Turin.  While  at 
the  latter  city,  he  republished  his  first 
work,  under  a  new  title  of  "  An  Inquiry 
concerning  Human  Understanding;" 
and,  in  1752,  appeared  at  Edinburgh, 
his  "Political  Discourses,"  which  were 
followed  the  same  year  by  his  "  Inquiry 
concerning  the  Principles  of  Morals," 
which  of  all  his  writings  he  considered 
incomparably  the  bc^t.  In  1754  he 
published  the  first  volume  of  his  "His- 
tory of  England,"  which  he  did  noi 
complete  till  1761.  While  this  work 
was  in  progress  he-printed  a  piece,  with 
the  title  of  "The  Natural  History  of 
Religion, "-which  was  attacked  by  War- 
burton  in  an  anonymous  tract,  ascribed 
at  the  time  to  Dr.  Hurd.  His  greal 
work,  the  "History  of  England,"  had 
now  acquired  considerable  celebrity,  and 
the  writer  gained  largely  by  its  popular- 
ity, for  besides  the  profits  it  brought 
him,  he  obtained  a  pension  through 
Lord  Bute.  In  1763  he  accompanied 
the  earl  of  Hertford  on  his  embassy  to 
Paris,  from  whose  fashionable  and  lit- 
erary circles  he  received  an  enthusiastic 
welcome;  and  where,  in  1765,  he  re- 
mained as  charge  d'affaires.  The  yeai 
following  he  returned  home,  accompa- 
nied by  Jean  Jacques  Rousseau,  to  whom 
he  behaved  with  great  delicacy  and  gen- 
erosity. He  then  became  under-seere- 
tary  of  state  to  General  Conway.  In 
1769  he  retired  to  his  native  country  on 
an  independent  income  of  £1000  per 
annum.     D.  1776. 

HUMMEL,  John  Nepomuk,  an  emi- 
nent musician,  was  b.  at  Presbnrg,  in 
1773.   His  friends  discovering  in  hiu   an 


hun] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


513 


extraordinary  capacity  for  music,  lie  was 
placed  with  Mozart  when  only  seven 
years  of  age;  and  after  remaining  un- 
der his  root" about  two  years,  he  and  his 
father  travelled  through  various  parts  of 
Europe,  visiting  England  in  17M,  where 
his  performances  on  the  pianoforte  were 
highly  applauded.  lie  soon  acquired 
great  celebrity  as  a  composer  as  well  as 
a  performer.  In  1820  lie  became  chapel- 
master  to  the  grand-duke  of  Weimar, 
where  he  continued  afterwards  to  re- 
side, making,  from  time  to  time,  bril- 
liant and  profitable  tours  in  Germany, 
Russia,  and  England.  Hummel  com- 
posed some  operas,  the  most  celebrated 
of  which  is  "Mathilda  von  Guise;"  his 
church  music  was  also  admirable;  but 
his  fame  will  chiefly  rest  upon  his  bril- 
liant compositions  for  the  pianoforte. 
D.  1837. 

HUMPHREYS,  David,  minister  of 
the  United  States  to  the  court  of  Spain, 
was  b.  in  Connecticut  in  1753,  and  re- 
ceived his  education  at  Yale  college. 
Soon  after  the  commencement  of  the 
revolutionary  war,  he  entered  the  army, 
and  was  successively  an  aid  to  Parsons, 
Putnam,  Greene,  and  Washington.  He 
left  the  army  with  the  rank  of  colonel. 
In  17S4  be  was  appointed  secretary  of 
legation  to  Paris,  and  was  subsequently 
ambassador  to  the  court  of  Lisbon,  and 
in  1797  minister  plenipotentiary  to  the 
court  of  Madrid.  While  in  the  military 
service,  he  published  a  poem  addressed 
to  the  American  armies,  and  after  the 
war  another  "On  the  Happiness  and 
Glory  of  America."  In  1789.  he  pub- 
lished a  "  Life  of  General  Putnam," 
and  while  in  Europe  a  number  of  mis- 
cellaneous poems.  D.  1818.— James,  an 
eminent  lawyer  and  juridical  writer; 
author  of  "  Observations  x>n  the  En- 
glish Law  of  Real  Property,"  &c.  He 
was  a  native  of  Montgomeryshire, 
Wales  ;  and  d.  in  1830. 

HUMPHRY,  Ozias,  an  eminent  min- 
iature painter,  b.  at  Honiton.  Devon,  in 
1743.  He  first  settled  at  Bath;  then 
went  to  London,  by  the  advice  of  his 
friend,  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  and  was 
made  a  royal  academician.  In  1780  he 
went  to  India,  where  he  was  held  in  high 
esteem  by  Sir  W.  Jones  and  Warren 
Hastings,  and  was  chosen  one  of  the 
first  members  of  the  Asiatic  Society. 
D.  1810. 

HUNT,  Henry,  was  b.  at  Unhaven, 
Wilts ;  about  the  year  1773.  where  he 
was  well  known  as  an  opulent  farmer, 
and  one  who  was  a  regular  attendant  at 
«he  Devizes  market.     When  Mr.  Hunt 


was  a  young  man,  he  was  a  decided 
loyalist ;  but  later  in  life  lie 
"radical  reformer,"  associated  with  the 
most  disaffected,  and  was  looked  up  to 
b\  many  of  them  as  the  fearless  cham- 
pion of  their  party.  He  long  tried  for 
n  seat  in  parliament,  but  was  unsuccess- 
ful at  Bristol,  Westminster,  and  for  the 
county  of  Somerset,  lie  was,  however, 
twice,  elected  for  Proton,  in  1830-1; 
but  the  year  after  his  second  return,  bis 
constituents  declined  his  future  ser- 
vices. As  "lord  of  the  manor  of  Glas- 
tonbury" he  acted  fairly  at  his  court- 
lect;  and,  as  a  popular  orator,  lie  i  b 
•tained  notoriety;  but  a  radical  meeting 
at  Manchester,  where  he  presided  and 
declaimed,  having  ended  with  loss  of 
life  and  limb  to  many  of  the  assembled 
multitude,  he  was  indicted  as  the  ring- 
leader of  an  unlawful  assembly  of  the 
people;  tried,  found  guilty,  and  sen- 
tenced to  three  years'  imprisonment  in 
Ilchestor  jail.  But,  though  in  confine- 
ment, he  was  not  idle;  lie  disec  ."ered 
and  made  known  to  the  public  some 
flagrant  malpractices  going  on  at  tho 
jail,  which,  through  his  means,  were 
rfterwards  corrected.  He  was  seized 
\*Mtb  paralysis  while  alighting  from  his 
phaeton  at  Alresford,  Hants/  where  ho 
d.  1835. 

HUNTER,  Robert,  an  English  gen- 
tleman, who  wrote  the  famous  letter  on 
Enthusiasm,  which  has  been  ascribed 
both  to  Swift  and  Shaftesbury.  He  was 
governor  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
several  years,  and  afterwards  of  Jamaica, 
where  he  d.  in  1734. — William,  a  cele- 
brated anatomist  and  physician,  was  b. 
at  Kilbridge,  Lanarkshire,  1718.  His 
father  was  a  farmer,  and  designed  him 
for  the  church;  but  an  acquaintance 
with  Dr.  Cullen  inclining  him  to  the 
study  of  physic,  he  resided  with  the 
doctor  3  years.  In  1740  he  removed  to 
Edinburgh,  where  he  followed  his  stud- 
ies with  intense  application,  and  the 
year  following  visited  London,  soon  af- 
ter which  he  was  taken  by  Dr.  James 
Douglas  into  his  house  as  a  dissector, 
and  also  tutor  to  his  son.  In  1746  he 
succeeded  Mr.  Samuel  Sharpe  as  lectu- 
rer to  a  society  of  surgeons  in  Covent- 
garden,  and  commenced  a  scries  of  lec- 
tures on  anatomy  and  surgery.  He 
soon  rose  into  extensive  practice  in  sur- 
gery and  midwifery,  but  confined  him- 
self to  the  latter,  and  in  1704  was  ap- 
pointed physician  extraordinary  to  the 
queen.  He  was  elected  F.  R.  S. ;  be- 
came physician  to  the  British  Lying-in 
hospital ;  and  on  the  foundation  of  the 


514 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[nun 


Koyal  Academy,  tlio  king  appointed  him 
professor  of  anatomy.  In  1770,  Dr. 
Hunter  completed  his  house  in  Great 
"NV i (i  Imill  street,  to  vvhicli  were  attached 
B  theatie,  apartments  for  lectures  and 
dissections,  and  a  magnificent  room  as  a 
museum.  His  valuable  museum  is  now 
in  the  university  of  Glasgow,  lie  wrote 
BOveral  able  works  on  medical  subjects, 
the  most  elaborate  of  which  is  '•  The 
Anatomy  of  the  Gravid  Uterus."  D. 
17^3. — John,  younger  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  b.  1728,  and  apprenticed 
to  a  cabinet-maker;  but,  hearing  of 
William's  success  in  London,  lie  otfere  I 
his  services  to  him  as  an  anatomical  as- 
sistant. In  a  few  months  he  had  attain- 
ed such  a  knowledge  of  anatomy  as  to 
be  capable  of  demonstrating  to  the  pu- 
pils in  the  dissecting  room.  In  1753  he 
entered  as  a  gentleman-commoner  of  St. 
Mary's  hall,  "Oxford.  In  1 7*37  lie  was 
chosen  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and,  the  next  year,  he  was  elected  one 
of  the  surgeons  of  St.  George's  hospital. 
In  177(3  he  was  appointed  surgeon  extra- 
ordinary to  the  king  ;  and,  subsequently, 
inspector-general  of  hospitals  and  sur- 
geon-general. He  d.  suddenly,  having 
been  seized  with  a  spasmodic  affection 
of  the  heart,  in  St.  George's  hospital, 
Oct.  16,  179'.  He  wrote  several  profes- 
sional treatises,  besides  recording  the 
results  of  many  of  his  valuable  discov- 
eries in  the  "  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions."— Anne,  wife  of  the  prece  ding, 
and  sister  of  Sir  Everard  Home,  was  the 
author  of  many  lyrical  poems  possess- 
ing much  sweetness  and  beauty.  Some 
of  these  were  set  to  music  by  Haydn. 
B.  1742;  d.  1821.— William  L.  an  'emi- 
nent citizen  of  Rhode  Island ;  from 
1811  to  1821,  senator  in  congress,  and  in 
1844  minister  to  Brazil.  B.  1774;  d. 
1849. 

HUNTINGDON,  Henry  of,  an  an- 
cient English  historian,  who  flourished 
in  the  11th  and  12th  centuries.  He 
composed  a  general  history  of  England 
from  the  earliest  accounts  to  the  death 
oi  Kii  jf  Stephen,  in  1154,  in  8  books; 
and,  towards  the  conclusion,  the  author 
honestly  acknowledges  that  it  is  only  an 
abridgment,  observing  that  to  compose 
a  complete  history  of  England,  many 
books  were  necessary  which  he  could 
not  procure. — Selina,  countess  of,  the 
second  daughter  of  Washington,  Earl 
Ferrers,  was  b.  in  1707,  and  married  in 
1728  to  Theophilus,  earl  of  Huntingdon. 
Ad'iershe  became  a  widow,  she  espouse  1 
the  principles  of  the  Calvinistic  Method- 
ists, and  patronized  the  famous  George 


Whiteficld,  whom  she  constituted  lie! 
chaplain  ;  by  the  influence  of  her  rank 
and  fortune,  appeared  at  the  head  of  a 
sect;  and,  after  the  death  of  Whiteiield, 
his  followers  were  designated  as  the 
people  of  Lady  Huntingdon.  She  found- 
ed schools  and  colleges  for  preachers, 
and  expended  annually  large  sums  not 
only  in  their  support,  but  in  private 
charity.  D.  1791. — William,  a  religions 
enthusiast,  was  b.  1744.  He  was  the 
son  of  a  farmer's  laborer  in  Kent,  and 
the  early  part  of  his  life  was  passed  in 
menial  service  and  other  humble  occu- 
pations. After  indulging  in  vice  and 
dissipation  for  several  years,  according 
to  his  own  account,  he  was  converted, 
and  became  a  preacher  among  the  Cal- 
vinistic Methodists.  He  soon  engaged 
in  religious  controversies,  published  a 
vast  number  of  tracts,  and  was  regarded 
as  the  head  of  a  peculiar  set.  His  pub- 
lications are  very  numerous,  and  some 
of  them  contain  curious  details  relative 
to  his  personal  history  and  religious 
experience.  Af.cr  the  death  of  his  first 
wife,  he  married  the  wealthy  relict  of 
Sir  James  Sanderson,  a  London  alder- 
man, and  passed  the  latter  part  of  his 
life  in  affluence.  After  his  conversion, 
he  generally  appended  to  his  name  the 
mvsticil  letters  S.  S.,  or  Sinner  Saved. 

"HUNTINGFORD,  Geohgk  Isaac,  a 
distinguished  classical  scholar,  and  an 
amiable  dignitary  of  the  church,  was  b. 
at  Winchester,  in  1748.  Through  the 
patronage  of  Lord  Sidmouth,  who  had 
been  his  pupil  at  Winchester,  he  ob- 
tained the  see  of  Gloucester  in  1802,  and 
that  of  Hereford  in  1815.  He  was  the 
author  of  "Greek  Monostrophics,"  "A 
Call  for  Union  with  the  Est  tblished 
Church,"  "Thoughts  on  the  Trinity," 
&c.     D.  18:12. 

HUNTINGTON,  Ebenezf.r,  a  distin- 
guished citizen  of  Connecticut,  d.  18  M, 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1775 ;  joined 
the  army  near  Boston  the  same  year  as 
a  volunteer;  in  September  was  commis- 
sioned as  a  lieutenant;  in  177i>  was  ap- 
pointed a  captain  and  also  deputy  adju- 
tant-general;  in  1777  a  major;  and  iu 
17'JJ  a  lieutenant-colonel,  lie  was  pres- 
ent at  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis  at 
Yorktown.  In  1 7i»'J  he  was,  at  the  rec- 
ommendation of  Washington,  appointed 
a  brigadier-general  in  the  army  raised 
by  congress,  when  expectations  were 
entertained  of  a  war  with  France.  D. 
1834. — Samuel,  a  signer  of  the  declara- 
tion of  independence,  was  b.  iu  1732,  in 
Connecticut,  settled  in  early  life  at  Nor- 
j  wich  as  a  lawyer,  and  soon  rose  to  pcp« 


hut] 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOUR  A  I'll  V. 


M5 


ularity  and  eminence.  In  1775  lie  was 
elected  a  delegate  to  congress,  and  in 
1779  was  chosen  president  of  that  ven- 
erable body.  In  17S4  he  was  appointed 
lieutenant-governor  of  his  native  state, 
and  advanced  to  the  seat  of  chief  judge. 
He  was  chosen  chief  magistrate  in  1780. 
D.  179(5. 

IIUFAZOLT,  Francis,  one  of  the  few 
individuals  who  have  lived  in  three 
centuries.  lie  was  b.  in  1587,  at  Casal, 
in  .Sardinia,  and  d.  in  1702.  At  first  he 
was  a  clergyman,  and  afterwards  became 
a  merchant  at  Seio  ;  and,  in  his  23d 
year,  he  was  appointed  Venetian  consul 
at  Smyrna.  By  his  fifth  wife,  whom  he 
married  at  the  age  of  9S  years,  he  had 
four  children.  His  drink  was  water; 
he  never  smoked,  and  ate  little,  (prin- 
cipally game  and  fruit.)  He  drank  a 
good 'deal  of  the  juice  of  the  seorzonera 
root,  ate  but  very  little  at  night,  went  to 
bed  and  rose  early,  then  heard  nia-s. 
and  walked  and  labored  the  whole  day 
to  the  last.  He  wrote  down  every  thing 
remarkable  which  he  had  witnessed,  in 
22  volumes.  He  never  had  a  fever,  was 
never  bled,  and  never  took  any  medi- 
cine. At  the  a<re  of  100  his  gray  hair 
again  became  black.  When  109  years 
old,  he  lost  his  teeth  and  lived  on  soup ; 
and,  four  years  later,  he  had  two  large 
new  teeth,* and  began  again  to  eat  meat. 

HURD,  Eichakd,  an  eminent  English 
prelate  and  philologist,  was  b.  in  1720, 
at  Comrreve,  in  Staffordshire.  In  1749 
he  published  "  Horatii  Ars  Poetica," 
with  an  English  commentary.  In  1750 
he  published  a  commentary  on  the 
M  Epistle"  of  Horace  to  Augustus  ;  and 
»lso  a  satirical  attack  on  Doctor  Jortin, 
in  defence  of  Warburton,  in  an  essay  on 
the  "  Delicacy  of  Friendship,"  which  he 
afterwards  endeavored  to  suppress.  His 
"Dialogues,  Moral  and  Political,"  with 
"Letters  on  Chivalry  and  Eomance," 
appeared,  at  different  times,  from  1758 
to  1764,  and  were  republished  collect- 
ively, in  1705.  None  of  his  works  at- 
tracted so  much  notice  as  the  "  Dia- 
logues," which  were  translated  into 
German.  In  1767  he  was  made  arch- 
deacon of  Gloucester;  1775  was  raised 
to  the  bishopric  of  Lichfield  and  Cov- 
entry;  and,  not  long  after,  was  trans- 
lated to  the  see  of  Worcester  in  1781. 
D.  1808. 

DURE,  Charles,  a  French  divine  of 
the  Jansenist  persuasion,  was  b.  1619, 
and  d.  1717.  His  works  are  a  "  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Bible,"  a  "Translation 
of  the  New  Testament  into  French," 
wrli  notes,  a  "Sacred  Grammar,"  &c. 


HTJSKISSON,   William,  an   English 

statesman,  was  1>.  in  1,,".  I!, 
brought  into  parliament  for  Morpeth, 
by  government  interest,  in  17'.'7,  from 
which  time  he  connected  himself  on 
terms  of  friendship  with  Mr.  Canning, 
and  supported  all  the  measures  of  the 
Pitt  administration.  During  the  Whig 
administration  of  1806,  he  was  an  active 
member  of  the  opposition  ;  but  on  its 
dissolution  he  returned  to  office,  and 
remained  till  the  premiership  of  Hie 
duke  of  Wellington,  with  the  short  ex 
ception  of  an  interval  in  L809,  when  the 
quarrel  took  place  between  Mr.  Canning 
and  Lord  Castlereagh,  and  he  sided 
with  the  former  in  withdrawing  from 
the  government.  When  Mr.  Canning 
was  appointed  to  the  government  of 
India,  Mr.  Huskisson  succeeded  him  as 
member  of  parliament  for  Liverpool; 
was  successively  treasurer  of  the  navy, 
joint  secretary  of  the  treasury,  vice- 
president  and  president  of  the  board  of 
trade,  and  was  colonial  secretary  during 
the  Liverpool  and  Canning  administra- 
tions. It  was  during  this  latter  period 
that  he  brought  forward  his  celebrated 
free-trade  measures.  Mr.  Huskisson  d. 
at  Manchester,  September  15,  1830,  in 
consequence  of  one  of  his  ]e_'s  being 
crushed,  and  other  severe  injuries  sus- 
tained, by  the  wheels  of  a  locomotive 
steam-engine  coming  in  contact  with 
him,  while  present  at  the  celebration  of 
the  opening  of  the  Liverpool  and  Man 
Chester  railway. 

HUSS,  John,  a  celebrated  Bohemian 
reformer  and  martyr,  b.  at  Hussienitz, 
about  1075.  he  was  the  first  opposer 
of  the  doctrine  of  transubstautiation, 
and  the  defender  of  Wickliff;  for  which 
he  was  burnt  alive  by  order  of  the  coun 
cil  of  Constance,  in  1415. 

1IUSSEY,  Giles,  an  English  painter, 
h.  at  Marnhnll,  in  Dorsetshire,  m  1710. 
He  studied  in  France  ami  Italy,  pos- 
sessed considerable  talents,  and  painted 
some  good  pictures;  but  he  was  some- 
what eccentric,  and  met  with  little  en- 
couragement in  proportion  to  his  merits. 
1).  1788. 

HUTCHESON,  Francis,  a  metaphys- 
ical writer,  was  1>.  in  1694;  studied  at 
Glasgow;  and,  on  his  return  to  Ireland, 
officiated  to.  a  dissenting  congregation, 
for  some  time,  in  the  northern  part  of 
that  kingdom  ;  but,  in  1729,  lie  wa3 
elected  professor  of  moral  philosophy  at 
Glasgow.  He  was  the  author  of  "An 
Inquiry  into  the  Ideas  of  Bea.ity  and 
Virtue,"  and  a  "Treatise  en  the  Pas- 
sions."   In  1755,  his  son,  Dk.  Francis 


51G 


CYCLOP. F.DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


L1 


Hutohkson,  a  pliysician  of  Glasgow, 
printed  from  his  father's  papers,  "A 
System  of  Moral  Philosophy,"  to  which 
is  prefixed  an  account  of  the  author. 
D.  1747. 

HUTCHINS,  John,  an  English  divine 
and  topographer,  was  b.  in  Dorsetshire, 
in  16'J6,  and  d.  1773.  He  was  the  author 
of  tae  '"  History  and  Antiquities  of  the 
County  of  Dorset." — Thomas,  geogra- 
pher-general to  the  United  States  of 
America,  was  b.  in  New  Jersey,  about 
1730.  He  had  served  in  the  army 
against  the  Indians  in  Florida;  was 
imprisoned  in  England,  in  1779,  on  the 
charge  of  having  corresponded  with  Dr. 
Franklin,  then  American  agent  in 
France  ;  afterwards  joined  the  army  of 
General  Greene,  and  d.  at  Pittsburg, 
in  1789.  He  published  several  topo- 
graphical and  historical  works  of  con- 
siderable interest. 

HUTCHINSON,  Ann,  a  religious  en- 
thusiast in  New  England,  who  instituted 
meetings  for  women,  in  which  she  pre- 
tende  I  to  enjoy  immediate  revelations. 
By  these  means,  great  dissensions  were 
caused  in  the  churches,  and  in  1637  an 
ecclesiastic  d  synod  assembled  and  con- 
demned her  errors.  Not  long  after,  she 
was  banished  from  the  colony,  where 
in  1643,  she  and  her  family,  consisting 
of  15  persons,  were  captured  by  the 
In  Hans,  and  all  except  a  daughter 
killed. — Ioiin,  an  English  philosophical 
an  1  critical  author,  celebrated  as  the 
opponent  of  Dr.  Woodward  in  natural 
history,  and  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton  in 
philosophy.  B.  1674;  d.  1737.— John 
Hklv,  an  Irish  statesman  and  lawyer, 
was  b.  in  1715.  He  becane  secretary 
of  state,  and  accumulated  a  number  of 
lucrative  employments.  So  great  indeed 
was  his  avidity  for  office  and  emolu- 
ment, that  Lord  North  said,  "  If  En- 
gland and  Ireland  were  given  to  this 
man,  he  would  solicit  the  Isle  of  Man 
for  a  potato  garden."  He  possessed 
great  talents  and  eloquence,  and  d.  1794. 
—Thomas,  lord  chief  justice,  and  after- 
wards lieutenant-governor  of  the  colony 
of  Massachusetts,  was  b.  at  Boston, 
1711.  He  had  been  greatly  respected 
in  his  province  for  his  able   and  irre- 

Eroaehable  conduct  on  the  judicial 
ench;  but  having  covertly  taken  part 
with  Great  Britain  against  the  American 
colonies,  and  given  the  English  minis- 
ters advice  relative  to  the  enforcement. 
of  the  duty  on  tea,  it  was  found  neces- 
sary to  remove  him  and  place  General 
G'iSQ  in  his  situation.  He  accordingly 
went   to    England,    lived   in  a  retired 


manner  at  Broinj  ton,  and  d.  there  in 
1780.  Governor  Hutchinson  was  the 
author  Of  a  "  History  of  the  Colony  of 
Massachusetts  Bay,"  &c. 

HUTTEN,  Jacob,  a  native  of  Silesia, 
who  in  the  16th  century,  founded  a  sect 
called  the  Bohemian  or  Moravian  breth- 
ren. These  were  the  descendants  of 
the  Hussites,  and  appear  to  have  giver, 
rise  to  the  Anabaptists.  Hutten  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  burnt  as  a  heretic 
at  Inspruek. — Ulric  von,  a  German 
soldier,  poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  b.  at  Steckelberg,  in  Franconia,  in 
1438.  He  was  the  most  active  of  all 
the  early  reformers  ;  and  his  writings 
against  the  church  of  Rome  were  so 
severe,  that  the  pope  sent  orders  to  the 
inquisitor  to  seize  him;  but  he  fled  into 
Switzerland,  and  d.  near  Zurich  in  1523. 
His  letters  and  poems  are  very  classical. 
Hutten  was  one  of  the  boldest  and  most 
free-spirited  man  of  his  time;  injus- 
tice, falsehood,  hypocrisy,  anil  tyranny 
filled  him  with  'indignation,  and  he 
unmasked  them  with  a  spirit  that 
knew  no  fear.  Herder  has  collected 
his  poems. 

IIUTTEE,  Elias  and  Leonard,  two 
cotemporary  Protestant  divines,  b.  at 
Ulm,  about  the  middle  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury. The  former  is  remarkable  for 
having  published  a  Hebrew  Bible,  con- 
taining no  less  than  30  versions  of  the 
117th  psalm  in  various  languages.  lie 
also  published  a  Polyglot  Bible"  in  four 
languages,  Hebrew,  Greek.  Latin,  and 
German  ;  and  he  afterwards  added  to  it 
the  Italian,  French,  Sclavonic,  and 
Saxon.  D.  1603. — Leonard,  who  distin 
guished  himself  as  a  stanch  supporter 
of  the  reformed  church,  published  a 
variety  of  polemical  treatises,  obtained 
the  divinity  professor's  chair  at  the 
university  of  Wittembcrg,  and  d.  in 
1616. 

HUTTON,  Charles,  an  eminent 
mathematician,  was  b.  at  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne,  in  1737.  Having  made 
great  progress  in  his  mathematical 
studies,  and  distinguished  himself  by 
the  production  of  a  small  work  on  the 
principles  of  bridges,  he  was  appointed 
professor  at  the  royal  military  college, 
Woolwich.  He  produced  in  17ti6  his 
"  Mathematical  and  Philosophical  Dic- 
tionary," and  in  1798  he  gave  to  the 
world'  the  first  edition  of  his  "  Course 
of  Mathematics."  Be  was  afterwards 
engaged  with  Dr.  Pearson  and  Dr. 
Shaw  in  an  abridgment  of  the  Philo- 
sophical Transactions,  for  his  labor  in 
which   work,    it    is    said,   he   received 


HYP  J 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


517 


£6000.  He  retiud  from  1i!b  appoint- 
ment at  Woolvicli  in  1807.  with  a 
pension  of  £50( .  D.  1823. — James,  a 
celebrated  geologist  and  natural  phi- 
losopher,  was  b.  in  Edinburgh,  in  1726. 
After  tinisliing  bis  education  at  the 
university,  be  was  apprenticed  to  a  wri- 
ter to  the  signet,  but  quitted  the  legal 
profession  for  that  of  medicine,  as  being 
the  nearest  allied  to  chemistry,  which 
was  his  favorite  study.  He  in  conse- 
quence went  to  the  uuiversities  of  Paris 
and  Leyden,  at  the  latter  of  which  he 
took  his  degree  in  1749;  but  on  his 
return,  being  desirous  of  making  him- 
self conversant  with  agriculture,  he 
settled  upon  a  farm  of  his  own  in  Ber- 
wickshire. In  1768  be  went  t<>  Edin- 
burgh, and  from  that  time  be  devoted 
himself  entirely  to  scientific  pursuits, 
publishing  numerous  works,  and  inves- 
tigating various  subjects  of  natural 
philosophy.  Dr.  Hutton  is  chiefly 
distinguished  as  tnc  author  of  a  system 
or  theory  of  geology,  termed  the  Pluto- 
nian, b\  which  the  structure  of  the 
solid  parts  of  the  earth  are  accounted 
for  by  the  action  of  subterraneous  fire. 
This  theory  excited  a  warm  controversy 
among  men  ol'  science,  and  met  with 
many  fierce  opponents;  but  the  late 
Professor  Playtair  advocated  it  in  his 
"Illustrations  of  the  Huttonian  Theory 
of  the  Earth."  and  it  has  since  been 
gradually  rising  into  repute.  Among 
the  chief  works  of  Hutton  are,  "The 
Progress  of  Reason  from  Sense  to  Sci- 
ence and  Philosophy,"  and  a  "  Theory 
of  the  Earth,  with  Proofs  and  Illustra- 
tions.1'    D.  1797, 

HUYGENS,  Christian,  an  eminent 
mathematician  and  astronomer,  was  b.  at 
the  Hagne,  in  1629.  He  was  the  son  of 
Constantino  Iluygens,  lord  of  Zuylichen, 
a  nobleman  of  great  scientific  abilities, 
who  initiated  his  son  in  the  principles 
of  general  science  and  classical  learning, 
and  sent  him  to  the  university  of  Ley- 
den. He  soon  distinguished  himself  by 
the  publication  of  several  learned  works, 
botli  astronomical  and  mathematical; 
he  also  invented  the  pendulum,  im- 
prc  .'3d  the  air-pump,  ascertained  the 
laws  of  collision  of  elastic  bo  lies,  and 
discovered  the  ring  and  one  of  the 
satellites  of  Saturn,  of  which  be  gave 
an  account  in  bis  "Systems  Saturni- 
num."  He  visited  both  France  and 
England  for  scientific  purposes ;  was 
made  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in 
1661,  and  shortly  after,  at  the  invitation 
of  Colbert,  he  settled  in  France,  where 
he  rece:  ;ed  a  handsome  pension,  and 
44 


remained  till  1681,  when  he  returned  to 
his  native  country,  and  d.  1695. 

IIUYSUM,  John  van,  a  celebrated 
painter,  was  b.  in  1682,  at  Amsterdam, 

where  bis  father,  .Justus  van  Iluy-um, 
was  a  respectable  artist.  John  was  the 
most  distinguished  flower  and  fruit 
painter  of  modern  times,  and  bis  pic- 
tures fetched  enormous  prices;  bis 
landscapes  were  also  highly  esteemed. 
He  d.  in  1749. — He  had  two  brothers, 
Justus  and  Jacob,  the  former  painted 
battles,  and  d.  in  bis  22cl  year;  the 
latter  copied  the  works  of  John  with 
great  exactness,  and  d.  in  London,  in 
1740. 

HYDE,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine  and 
orientalist,  was  b.  in  1636,  at  P>iHin<rsley, 
in  Shropshire,  and  stu  lied  at  King's 
college,  Cambridge.  While  there,  be- 
fore be  was  18,  he  assisted  Walton  in 
his  great  Polyglot  bible.  In  1658  ho 
went  to  Oxford,  and  became  successively 
Hebrew  reader  and  keeper  of  the  Bod- 
leian Library.  He  was  next  promoted 
to  a  prebend  in  Salisbury  cathedral,  and 
afterwards  appointed  regius  professor 
of  Hebrew,  and  canon  of  Christ-church, 
Oxford.  D.  1703.  His  "  Veferum  Per- 
sarum  et  Medorum  Historia"  is  regarded 
as  a  bigblv  valuable  work. 

HYDER  ALI,  or  HYDER  ALLY 
KUAN,  a  celebrated  Indian  prince, 
who,  during  the  latter  part  of  the  18th 
century,  was  a  formidable  enemy  to  the 
English  in  Hindostan,  was  the  son  of  a 
petty  chief  in  the  Mysore.  He  intro- 
duced the  European  discipline  among 
bis  troops,  became  gencral-in-chief  of 
the  forces  of  Cinoas,  who  then  reigned 
at  Seringapatam  as  a  vassal  of  the  great 
Mogul ;  and  having  quarrelled  with  the 
grand  vizier,  got  him  into  his  power, 
and  eventually  assumed  the  sovereignty 
himself.  He  made  important  conquests 
from  the  Mahrattas,  twice  invaded  the 
East  India  Company's  territories,  and  at 
one  time  caused  the  greatest  apprehen- 
sion for  the  safety  of  the  British  power 
in  the  East.  A  treaty  was  concluded  in 
1769,  which  was  broken  in  1780,  and 
the  war  renewed  with  vigor;  but  tbo 
skill  of  Sir  Eyre  Coote  proved  superior 
to  llyder,  who  left  the  military  opera- 
tions to  bis  son  Tippoo  Saib.     IX  17^2. 

HYPATIA,  a  female  philosopher,  of 
the  eclectic  sect,  was  the  daughter  of 
Theon,  a  celebrated  mathematician,  who 
governed  the  Platonic  school  in  Alex- 
andria, in  the  4th  century.  She  early 
exhibited  proofs  of  extraordinary  genius 
and  judgment;  and  being  educated  by 
her  father  in  all  he  knew,  sho  became  a 


518 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[iGN 


preceptress  ir.  the  school  in  which 
HienV.es  and  other  celebrated  philoso- 
phers bad  preside  1.  Her  ready  elocu- 
tion, her  beauty,  and  graceful  address, 
anitcd  with  deep  erudltiou  and  sound 
judgment,  procured  her  the  admiration 
of  all  her  hearers;  and  her  house  be- 
came the  resort  of  all  the  learned  and 
eminent  persons  in  Alexandria,  among 
waMn  wis  Orestes,  the  governor.  Tnis 
roused  the  jealousy  of  Cyril,  a  haughty 


and  intolerant  prelate,  at  thai  time  the 
patriarch  of  Alexandria  ;  and  such  was 
the  blind  bigotry  and  resentment  of  his 
monkish  partisans,  that  they  conspired 
against  Hypatia's  life,  and  a  furious 
band  of  assassins  seizing  her  as  she  was 
returning  home  from  the  schools,  they 
dragged  her  through  the  streets,  mur- 
dered her  in  the  most  barbarous  man- 
ner, and  threw  her  mangled  limbs  into 
the  flames,  a.  d.  415. 


I. 


IBRAHIM  MANSOUR  EFFENDI. 
an  adventurer,  whose  real  name  was 
Cerfbere,  was  b.  at  Strasburg,  of  a 
Jewish  family.  After  having  served  in 
the  republican  hussars,  he  became  so 
violent  a  royalist  that  lie  was  impris- 
oned. In  1802  he  went  to  Constantino- 
ple, turned  Mahometan,  and  was  em- 
ployed to  discipline  the  Turkish  troops. 
lie  subsequently  wandered  through 
Russia,  Sweden,  and  Denmark;  held, 
under  the  name  of  Medelsheim,  a  gov- 
ernment office  in  Westphalia:  fought 
against  the  Servians ;  was,  for  three 
yens,  engineer  to  Ali  Pacha;  recom- 
menced his  wanderings,  and  extended 
them  to  various  parts  of  Asi  >,  Africa, 
and  America;  and  at  last,  being  in  a 
starving  state,  shot  himself  at  Paris,  in 
1826.  lie  wrote  a  "Memoir  of  Greece 
and  Albania,  during  the  Government 
of  Ali  Pacha." 

IBYCUS,  a  Greek  lyric  poet,  a  native 
of  Rhegium,  was  b.  in  the  6th  century 
b.  c.  lie  wrote  seven  hooks  of  odes,  of 
which  only  a  tew  fragments  are  extant. 
He  was  killed  in  a  solitary  spot  by  rob- 
bers, whose  crime  is  said  to  have  been 
discovcre  1  in  a  singular  manner.  While 
dying,  he  saw  a  flight  of  cranes  passing, 
and  called  upon  ihem  to  avenge  him. 
As  the  murderers  were  walking  in  Rhe- 
giu.n,  one  of  them  saw  some  cranes 
overhead,  and  said  to  his  companions, 
"  Here  arc  the  avengers  of  lbycus." 
Tins  speech  excited  suspicion,  and  the 
truth  was  wrung  from  the  criminals  by 
torture. 

IFFLAND,  Augustus  William,  a 
popul.tr  actor  and  dramatist,  was  b.  at 
Hanover,  in  17.59,  and  from  his  child- 
hood had  a  propensity  to  the  stage, 
which  his  father  vainly  endeavored  to 
repress,  hi  1770  he  absconded  from  his 
hone,  an  1  made  his  appearance  at  the 
Got  ha  theatre.   He  soon  rose  to  the  first 


rank  among  German  actors.  As  a  wri- 
ter he  was  almost  equally  successful. 
In  1798  he  published  an  edition  of  his 
works,  which  contained  47  comedies 
and  tragedies;  and  he  subsequently 
wrote  many  .others.  D.  1814. 
.  IGN  AURA,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Nea- 
politan antiquary,  b.  in  1728.  He  was 
educated  at  the  college  of  Urbano,  at 
Naples,  and  at  the  age  of  20  lie  taught 
Greek  in  that  seminary.  When  Charles 
111.  founded  the  Herculanean  academy, 
in  1705,  Iguarra  was  appointed  one  ot 
the  first  members.  In  1763  he  succeed- 
ed Mazzochias,  professor  of  sacred  lit- 
erature in  tiic  royal  university,  and  in 
1771  he  became  principal  professor.  In 
17S:i  he  was  nominated  director  of  the 
royal  printing-office;  and  two  years 
after,  tutor  to  the  hereditary  Prince 
Francis  of  Bourbon.  He  was  made  a 
canon  of  the  cathedral  of  Naples,  1794, 
and  d.  in  1808.  His  principal  work  is 
entitled,  "  Do  Paltestra  Neapolitans 
Commentarium,"  1770,  a  very  learned 
production.  lie  also  published  "  The 
Life  of  Mazzochi,"  and  other  pieces. 

IGNATIUS,  St.,  a  father  of  the 
church,  made  bishop  of  Antioeh  by  St. 
John  the  evangelist.  After  exhibiting 
many  virtues  in  his  province,  he  was 
seized  by  Adrian,  and  exposed  to  tho 
fury  of  wild  beasts  in  the  Roman  am- 
phitheatre. Seven  of  his  epistles  are 
preserved. — A  patriarch  of  Constantino- 
ple, was  son  of  the  Emperor  Michael 
Ouropalata,  by  Procopia,  and  presided 
at  the  eighth  general  council  of  that  see. 
D.  8.8. 

IGNATIUS  DE  LOYOLA,  the  foun- 
der of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  was  b. 
in  1491,  of  a  noble  family,  in  the  Span- 
ish province  of  Gu'.puseoa.  In  1521  ho 
was  severely  wounded  at  the  siege  of 
Pampeluna.  The  result  of  his  medi- 
tations on  a  bed  of  pain  was,  sorrow  for 


innJ 


CYCLOP.EDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


519 


Lis  past  debauched  life,  and  a  determi- 
nation to  devote  lihnseir  to  works  of 
piety,     lie  began  by   a   pilgrimage   to 

Jerusalem;  after  which  .c  studied  at 
Aleala,  Salamanca,  and  Paris  ;  and  be- 
gan to  preach  and  to  make  disciples. 
At  first  he  was  opposed,  and  even  im- 
prisoned ;  but  at  length  the  pope,  in 
1540,  gave  his  sanction  to  the  new 
order  which  Loyola  had  established, 
and  appointed  him  its  first  general.  He 
d.  in  1556,  and  was  canonized  in  1622. 

IHKE,  John,  an  erudite  Swede,  was 
b.  at  Upsal,  in  1707;  was  educated  at 
the  university  there;  became  professor 
of  poetry,  rhetoric,  and  politics  ;  was 
ennobled  and  made  a  knight  of  the  Po- 
lar Star  ;  and  d.  1780.  lie  is  the  author 
of"  Lexicon  Dialectorum,"  "Glossarium 
Sueco-Gothicum,"'  "A  Dissertation  on 
Runic  Antiquities,"  and  other  works. 

INCIIBALD,  Elizabeth,  a  dramatist 
and  novelist,  whose  maiden  name  was 
Simpson,  was  b.  in  1756,  at  Stanning- 
field,  near  Bury,  in  Suffolk.  At  the  age 
of  16  she  secretly  quitted  her  family,  be- 
ing prompted  by  an  irrepressible  desire 
of  visiting  the  metropolis.  After  es- 
caping many  dangers  in  her  rash  adven- 
ture, she  married  Mr.  Tnchbald,  of  Dru- 
ry-lane  theatre,  and  was  for  several  years 
upon  the  stage.  In  1789,  however,  she 
quitted  it,  and  thenceforth  depended 
upon  her  literary  labors.  She  d.  in 
1821.  She  wrote"  19  dramas,  some  of 
which  were  deservedly  successful ;  and 
two  novels,  "The  Simple  Story,"  and 
"Nature  and  Art,"  which  rank  among 
the  standard  works  in  that  class  of  lit- 
erature; and  she  edited  "  The  British 
Theatre,"  "The  Modern  Theatre,"  and 
a  "  Collection  of  Farces." 

INCIIOFER,  Melchtok,  a  German 
Jesuit,  was  b.  in  Vienna,  in  15S4.  He 
wrote  a  book,  entitled,  "The  Virgin 
Mary's  Letter  to  the  people  of  Messina 
proved  to  be  genuine,"  which  gave 
great  offence  to  his  brethren,  whom  ho 
found  great  difficulty  in  appeasing.  He 
also  wrote  a  satire  against  them,  which 
was  printed  after  his  death  under  the 
title  of  "Monarchia  Solipsorum."  He 
also  wrote  the  "  Ecclesiastical  History 
of  Hungary,"  &c.     1).  at  Milan,  1648. 

1NCLEDON,  Benjamin  Charles,  a 
celebrated  English  singer,  was  b.  at  St. 
Keveran,  in  Cornwall,  in  1764,  where 
Ins  father  practised  as  a  surgeon.  When 
only  eight  years  old,  the  astonishing  fine 
tones  of  his  voice  induced  his  parents 
to  article  him  to  Jackson,  of  Exeter,  un- 
der who  ;e  tuition  he  remained,  as  a 
choristci  in  Exoter  cathedral,  until  he 


was  15.  Not  liking  the  restraints  tc 
which  he  was  necessarily  subject,  ho 
abruptly  quitted  his  place  in  1779.  In 
1790  ne  made  bis  debut  at  Covent  gar- 
den theatre,  with  great  success,  as  Der- 
mot,  in  "The  Poor  Soldier,"  and  rose 
at  once  into  a  degree  of  popularity, 
which  attended  him  till  the  infirmities 
consequent  upon  advancing  years,  and 
an  irregular  mode  of  life,  compelled  him 
to  quit  the  stage,  [lis  voice  combined 
uncommon  power,  sweetness,  and  flexi- 
bility, both  in  the  natural  tones  and  the 
falsetto,  ami  his  intonation  was  singu- 
larly correct.  Indeed,  those  who  have 
heard  him  in  "The  Storm,"  "Block- 
eyed  Susan,"'  or  any  of  the  better  tort 
of  the  old  English  ballads  and  hunting- 
songs,  will  not  easily  forget  a  style  of 
singing  which;  we  believe,  has  seldom, 
if  ever,  had  its  equal.     D.  1826. 

INGENHOUSZ,  John,  a  physician 
and  experimental  philosopher,  was  b.  in 
1730,  at  Breda,  in  Holland;  settled  in 
London,  where  he  was  chosen  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Society ;  was  recom- 
mended by  Sir  John  Pringle  to  inocu- 
late the  family  of  the  Empress  Maria 
Theresa;  resided  for  many  years  at 
Vienna,  in  the  enjoyment  of  honors 
and  fortune ;  and  at  length  returned  to 
England,  where  he  d.  in  1799.  He  is 
the  author  of  "  Experiments  on  Vegeta- 
bles," "  Experiments  in  and  Observa- 
tions on  Natural  Philosophy,"  and  other 
works  of  great  merit. 

INGERSOLL,  Jared,  a  judge  of  the 
admiralty  court  of  Connecticut,  grad- 
uated at  Yale  college,  in  1742.  Ho 
settled  at  New  Haven  as  a  lawyer,  and 
was  agent  of  the  colony  in  England,  in 
1757;  but.  being  appointed  distributor 
of  the  stamps  in  Connecticut,  under  the 
stamp  act,  he  lost  his  popularity.  The 
people  of  New  Haven  compelled  him 
to  resign.  Not  deeming  this  resigna- 
tion explicit,  a  large  company  from  tho 
eastern  part  of  Connecticut  set  nut  on  a 
journey  to  New  Haven.  They  met  Mr. 
Ingersoll  at  Wethersfield,  when  they 
compelled  him  to  resign,  and  cry  out 
three  times,  "Liberty  and  Property." 
The  next  day  500  men  escorted  him  to 
Hartford.  He  was  afterwards  judge  of 
the  admiralty.    D.  1781. 

INMAN,  Uknky,  an  eminent  portrait 
painter  of  New  York,  was  1>.  at  Utiea, 
1801.  In  1812  he  removed  to  New 
York,  and  became  a  pupil  of  the  famous 
Jarvis.  lie  subsequently  achieved  a 
brilliant  reputation  as  an  artist. 

INNOCENT  I.,  a  native  of  Albr.no, 
elected  pope  after  Anastasius  tho  first, 


520 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[inn 


402.  lie  defended  Chrysostom,  and 
condemned  tho  Novatians  and  Pela- 
gians. I).  417. — II.,  was  elected  pope 
after  Honorius  II.,  though  part  of  the 
cardinals  protested  against  liis  elevation 
to  the  papal  chair,  by  appointing  the 
son  of  a  Jew,  of  the  name  of  Peter  de 
Leo,  who  assumed  the  appellation  of 
Anacletus  11.  Innocent,  though  sup- 
ported by  the  princes  of  Europe,  except 
the  kings  of  Scotland  and  Sicily,  who 
acknowledged  the  authority  of  his  rival, 
was  at  last  driven  from  Rome  by  the 
tumults  of  Arnault!  de  Bresse,  and  re- 
tired to  France,  where  he  held  several 
councils  at  Clermont,  Rheims,  Puy,  and 
other  places.  After  the  death  of  Ana- 
cletus, and  the  abdication  of  his  succes- 
sor, Victor  IV.,  lie  returned  to  Koine, 
where  he  held  the  second  Latcran  coun- 
cil in  1139,  attended  by  1000  bishops, 
and  crowned  Lothaire  as  emperor.  lie 
afterwards  made  war  against  Roger, 
king  of  Sicily,  and  d.  at,  Pome,  1143. — 
III.,  Lothaire  Conti,  a  native  of  Anagni, 
raised  to  the  popedom,  1198,  af.er  Celes- 
tinus  111.  though  only  37  years  old. 
To  unite  the  Christian  princes  in  the  re- 
covery of  the  Holy  Land,  he  preached  a 
crusade  against  the  Albigenses  of  Lan- 
guedoc,  and  afterwards  put  Philip  Au- 
gustus of  France,  under  an  interdict,  and 
excommunicated  John,  king  of  England, 
and  Raymond,  count  of  Toulouse.  He 
raised  the  papal  authority  to  such  a 
height  that  the  Roman  republic  in  its 
brightest  days,  was  never  more  power- 
ful, so  that  the  pope  was  no  longer  the 
vassal  of  the  neighboring  princes,  but 
the  temporal  master  of  all  sovereigns, 
whom  he  could  depose  or  restore  agree- 
ably to  his  absolute  will.  Under  In- 
nocent, the  Dominicans,  Franciscans, 
Trinitarians,  and  other  orders  arose, 
which  were  still  to  spread  farther,  and 
to  confirm  the  power  of  Rome.  This 
pope,  thus  distinguished  by  political 
sagacity  and  courtly  intrigue,  d.  at  Pe- 
rouse,  121G. — IV.,  S'mibaldi  de  Ficsque, 
chancellor  of  the  Roman  church,  and 
cardinal,  was  elected  pope,  1243,  after 
the  death  of  Oelestinus  iV.  lie  was 
early  engaged  in  a  quarrel  with  Fred- 
eric, emperor  of  Germany,  who  wished 
to  invade  the  rights  of  the  church,  and 
he  held  a  council  at  Lyons,  in  which  he 
excommunicated  and  deposed  the  im- 
perial delinquent.  This  severe  measure 
was  displeasing  to  several  princes,  but 
Louis,  king  of  France,  interfered  in  vain 
with  the  inexorable  pontiff,  and  the  dis- 
pute was  terminated  only  by  the  death 
o/'  the  emperor.     lie  wrote  "  Apparatus 


super  Decretales,'-'  and  was  the  first  who 
invested  the  cardinals  with  a  red  hat,  aa 
a  mark  of- their  dignity.  D.  1254. — V., 
Peter  de  Tarantaise,  a  Dominican,  arch- 
bishop of  Lyons,  and  a  cardinal,  made 
pope,  1276.  Ho  wrote  "Notes  on  the 
Epistles  of  St.  Paul,"  commentaries, 
and  other  works.  D.  1270.— VI.,  Ste- 
phen Albert,  a  native  of  Pompadour,  in 
Limoges,  was  bishop  of  Ostia,  and  a 
cardinal,  and  in  1352,  elected  pope  after 
Clement  VI.  lie  was  of  a  peaceful  dis- 
p.  sition,  and  labored  earnestly  to  recon- 
cile the  kings  of  England  and  France. 
He  is  blamed  for  bestowing  too  many 
honors  on  his  family,  though  their  good 
conduct  deserved  the  highest  dignities. 
D.  1362. — VII.,  Come  de  Mcliorati,  a  na- 
tive of Suhnone  in  Abruzzo,  was  elected 
pope,  1404,  but  opposed  by  the  arms  of 
Ladislaus,  king  of  Naples,  who  drovo 
him  from  Rome.  D.  1406.— VIII.,  John 
Baptist  Cibo,  a  noble  Genoese,  of  Greek 
extraction,  bishop  of  Mclfi,  elected  pope, 
1484.  He  labored  much  to  re-establish 
union  among  Christian  princes,  and 
showed  himself  particularly  attentive  to 
the  interests  of  his  family,  and  of  his 
children,  whom  he  had  had  before  he 
was  admitted  into  the  church.  He  was 
a  benevolent  pontiff,  and  d.  of  an  apo- 
plectic fit,  1492.  —  IX.,  John  Anthony 
Faechinetti,  a  native  of  Bologna,  made 
a  cardinal  by  Gregory  XIII.  for  his  ser- 
vices at  the  council  of  Trent,  lie  was 
elected  pope,  29th  October,  1591,  and"d. 
two  months  after.  —  X.,  John  Baptist 
Pamphili,  a  native  of  Rome,  who  suc- 
ceeded Urban  VIII. ,  1644,  at  the  age  of 
72.  lie  persecuted  the  Barberinis,  to 
whom  he  was  indebted  for  his  elevation, 
and  he  published  his  bull  against  the 
five  propositions  of  the  Jansenists.  D. 
1655. — XL,  Benedict  Odescalchi,  a  na- 
tive of  Como,  in  the  Milanese,  was  made 
a  bishop  and  a  cardinal  by  Pope  Inno- 
cent X.,  and  elected  pope  1676.  Be 
reformed  several  abuses  in  the  ecclesi- 
astical states,  and  opposed  with  great 
firmness  Louis  XIV.  by  refusing  to 
admit  to  bishoprics  those  persons  who 
were  recommended  to  him  by  the  mon- 
arch, so  that  at  his  death  not  less  than 
thirty  dioceses  were  vacant.  He  con- 
demned the  errors  of  the  Molinists  and 
the  Quietists,  and  effected  a  strong  coa- 
lition between  Germany,  Poland,  and 
Venice,  against  the  Turks.  D.  16S9.— 
XII.,  Anthony  I'ignatelli,  a  noble  Nea- 
politan, raised  to  the  papal  chair,  1691, 
after  Alexander  VIII.  He  issued  a  bull 
against  the  system  adopted  by  his  pre- 
decessor, of  paying  particular  honors  to 


IRV] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


51>1 


the  relations  of  popes,  and  condemned 
the  "Maxims  of  the  Saints,"  written 
bv  Fenclon,  archbishop  of  Cambray. 
D.  1700. 

IRELAND,  Samuel,  was  originally  a 
Bilk  manufacturer  in  Spitalfields;  out 
bavins  a  taste  for  the  arts,  he  became  a 
Speculator  in  scarce  bqoks,  prints,  &c, 
ami  published  ninny  embellished  tours. 
In  1 7 i.i 6  his  character  sustained  a  deep 
injury  in  consequence  of  the  part  he 
took  in  the  publication  of  an  impudent 
porgery,  fabricated  by  his  son,  which 
made  a  great  noise  at  the  time,  and  was 
entitled  "  Miscellaneous  Papers  and  Le- 
gal Instruments,  under  the  hand  and 
seal  of  William  Shakspeare,"  &c.  His 
son,  however,  acquitted  him  of  wilful 
participation  in  this  gross  literary  fraud, 
in  what  he  termed  an  "  Authentic  Ac- 
count of  the  Shakspeare  Manuscripts." 
Besides  a  variety  of  "  Picturesque  Tours" 
above  alluded  to,  Samuel  Ireland  pub- 
lished a  work  in  one  volume,  entitled 
"  Graphic  Illustrations  of  Hogarth."  D. 
1800. 

IEEN^US,  St.,  a  Christian  martyr 
in  the  2d  century,  was  bishop  of  Lyons. 
He  was  a  man  of  considerable  learning, 
and  animated  with  an  ardent  zeal  for 
Christianity  ;  in  which  cause  he  suffered 
during  the  fifth  persecution  under  Sep- 
timus Severus,  in  202,  and  is  honored  as 
a  saint. 

IRENE,  an  empress  of  Constantinople, 
alike  famous  for  her  talents,  her  beauty, 
and  her  crimes,  was  by  birth  an  Athe- 
nian, and  married  Leo  IV.,  after  whose 
death,  in  769,  she  raised  herself  and  her 
son  Constantino  VI.,  who  was  then  but 
9  years  old,  to  the  imperial  throne. 
Charlemagne  at  that  time  menaced  the 
Eastern  empire.  Irene  at  first  delayed 
him  by  promises;  and  at  length  went 
so  far  as  to  oppose  him,  arms  in  band  ; 
but  he  totally  defeated  her  army  in  the 
year  7SS.  When  Constantino  had  ar- 
rived at  manhood,  he  refused  to  permit 
her  to  participate  longer  in  the  govern- 
ment, and  actually  reigned  alone  seven 
years;  but  the  inhuman  and  unnatural 
empress  caused  him  to  be  deprived  of 
his  sight,  and  assumed  the  sovereignty. 
Her  entrance  into  Constantinople  on  a 
triumphal  car  of  gold  and  precious 
stones,  her  liberality  to  the  people,  the 
freedom  which  she  bestowed  on  all  pris- 
oners, and  other  artifices  employed  by 
her,  were  not  sufficient  to  secure  her 
from  the  consequences  of  her  criminal 
accession.  Nicephorus,  who  was  placed 
on  the  imperial  throne,  exiled  her  to  the 
isle  ol  Lesbos,  where  she  d.  in  803. 


IRETON,  Henry,  a  soldier,  states- 
man, and  regicide,  was  b.  at  Attcutou, 
in  Nottinghamshire,  in  1610;  studied  at 

Trinity  college,  Oxford,  and  the  Middle 
Temple  ;  and  on  the  breaking  out  of  tho 
rebellion,  joined  the  parliamentarians, 
the  left  wing  of  whose  army  he  com- 
manded at  the  battle  of  Naseby.  Hav- 
ing married  a  daughter  of  Oliver  Crom- 
well, he  soon  rose  to  preferments ;  sat 
in  judgment  upon  the  kiiiL',  whom  ho 
had  previously  betrayed;  and  was  ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief  in  Ireland, 
where  he  d.  in  1651.  His  body  was 
brought  to  England,  and  buried  iu 
Westminster  abbey  till  the  restoration, 
when  it  was  taken  up,  suspended  at  the 
gallows,  and  then  thrown  into  a  [>it  with 
those  of  Cromwell  and  Bradshaw. 

IRVING,  William,  a  merchant  of  tho 
city  of  New  York.  He  was  also  distin- 
guished as  a  gentleman  of  literary  taste, 
and  in  1812  became  a  member  of  con- 
gress. Mr.  I.  was  a  brother  of  Washing- 
ton Irving;  and  it  is  said  furnished 
several  papers  for  the  noted  work  under 
the  name  of  "  Salmagundi."  I).  1821. — 
Edward,  a  native  of  Annan,  Scotland, 
was  b.  in  1792.  He  received  the  first 
rudiments  of  classical  education  of  the 
village  schoolmaster,  which  he  com- 
pleted at  the  university  of  Edinburgh. 
When  a  mere  child  he  is  said  to  have 
been  singular  in  his  way  of  thinking, 
habits,  and  amusements  ;  and,  before  he 
had  reached  the  17th  year  of  his  age,  ho 
was  recommended  as  a  teacher  of  tho 
mathematics,  by  Professor  Leslie,  to  an 
academy  at  Haddington.  That  situation 
he  left,  in  order  to  fill  a  similar  one  at 
Kirkkaldy,  where  he  remained  seven 
years,  and  during  which  time  he  became 
enamored  of  Miss  Isabella  Martin, 
whom  he  afterwards  married.  In  1819 
he  went  to  Edinburgh,  with  a  determi- 
nation of  becoming  a  preacher  of  tho 
gospel;  and  on  Dr.  Chalmers  hearing 
him  in  the  pulpit,  he  appointed  him  his 
assistant  at  St.  John's  church,  Glasgow. 
In  1823  he  was  appointed  to  preach  at 
the  Caledonian  asylum,  in  Cross-street, 
Hatton-garden.  The  force,  eloquence, 
and,  it  may  be  added,  the  novelty  of 
style  and  manner  of  Mr.  Irving,  drew 
subh  large  congregations  to  the  Cale- 
donian asylum,"  that  those  only  wero 
admitted  who  could  procure  tickets — 
even  for  "standing  room;"  while  these 
were  chiefly  distributed  among  tho 
noble,  wealthy,  and  liberal  of  both 
sexes.  He  published  many  of  his  ser- 
mons and  opinions;  and  on  becoming 
acquainted  with  Mr.  Drummoud,  joined 


522 


CVCLOP^DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[iSI 


"  the  prophets,"  as  they  were  called,  of 
Albnry  park,  the  seat  of  the  latter. 
These  "  prophets"  were  twenty  or  thirty 
persons  assembled  together  at  the  above- 
named  se.it,  for  the  express  object  of 
studying,  or  elucidating,  "the  sublime 
science  of  sacred  prophecy,"  accounts 
of  which  were  published  in  1827.  In 
the  course  of  this  and  the  following  year 
the  change  in  Mr.  Irving's  doctrines 
became  evident  to  his  former  admirers; 
and  in  1830  he  was  charged  with  heresy 
by  the  Scotch  church  in  London.  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  presbytery  were  carried 
on  against  him;  and  the  judgment  of 
that  body  being  approved  by  the  trus- 
tees of  "the  National  Scotch  church, 
which  had  been  erected  for  him  in  Ke- 
gent  square,  he  was  dismissed  there- 
from, and  afterwards  deposed  by  the 
presbytery  of  Annan.  He  then  removed 
to  Newman-street  to  preach,  and  grew 
wilder  than  ever,  till  he  d.  1834. 

IRWIN,  Eyles,  was  b.  at  Calcutta, 
of  Irish  parents,  in  174S,  and  received 
his  education  in  England.  In  1 7 •  J 7  he  re- 
turned to  the  East  in  a  civil  capacity,  but 
was  suspended  in  1777,  for  his  attach- 
ment to  Lord  Pigot;  on  which  he  came 
to  Europe  over  land  to  seek  redress, 
obtained  it,  and  was  restored  to  his 
former  staton  at  Madras,  whither  he 
again  rep  lire  1.  In  1785  he  returned 
again  to  England;  but  in  1792  he  went 
to  China  to  superintend  the  Company's 
affairs;  after  which  he  revisited  England, 
where  he  d.  in  1817.  His  works  are 
"Adventures  during  a  Voyage  up  the 
Re  I  Sea,  and  a  Journey  across  the  Des- 
ert," "Eastern  Eclogues,"  an  "Epistle 
to  Mr.  Hayley,"  "Ode  on  the  Death  of 
Hyder  Ali,"  "An  Inquiry  into  the  Fea- 
sibility of  Bonaparte's  Expedition  into 
the  East,''  "  Napoleon,  or  the  Vanity  of 
Human  Wishes,"  &c. 

ISAA< ',  Karo,  a  rabbi,  who  was  forced 
to  quit  Sp  tin  in  consequence  of  the  edict 
of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  in  149.',  which 
compelled  the  Jews  to  leave  that  coun- 
try within  4  months,  or  become  Chris- 
tians, lie  first  went  to  Portugal,  and 
fiom  thence  to  Jerusalem,  but  was  so 
unfortunate  as  to  lose  all  his  children 
on  their  journey,  as  well  as  his  library, 
lie  then  passed  the  remain  ler  of  his  lite 
in  solitude,  occupying  himself  in  writing 
a  "Commentary  on  the  Pentateuch." 

ISAACSON,  Henrt,  the  author  of  a 
valuable  system  of  chronology,  was  the 
son  of  Richard  Isaacson,  sheriff  of  Lon- 
don.    B.  1581;  d.  1(584. 

ISABELLA  of  Castile,  the  celebrated 
queen  of  Spain,  daughter  of  John  II., 


was  b.  1451,  and  married,  in  1469,  Fer- 
dinand  V.,  king  of  Aragon.  After  the 
death  of  her  brother,  Henry  IV.,  in 
1474,  she  ascended  the  throne  of  Castile, 
to  the  exclusion  of  her  eldest  sister,  Jo- 
anna, who  had  the  rightful  claim  to  the 
crown.  After  the  kingdoms  of  Aragon 
and  Castile  were  united,  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella  together  assumed  the  royal  title 
of  Spain.  She  was  haughty  and  ambi- 
tious ;  but  with  the  graces  and  charms 
of  her  sex,  Isabella  united  the  courage 
of  a  hero,  and  the  sagacity  of  a  states- 
man and  legislator;  she  was  always 
present  at  the  transaction  of  state  affairs, 
and  her  name  was  placed  beside  that  of 
her  husband  in  public  ordinances.  Pri- 
vate warfare,  which  had  formerly  pre- 
vailed to  the  destruction  of  public  tran- 
quillity, she  checked,  and  introduced  a 
vigorous  administration  of  justice.  D. 
1504. 

IS^EUS,  an  Athenian  orator,  the  pupil 
of  Lysias  and  Isoerates.  He  lived  in 
the  first  half  of  the  4th  century  b.  c,  was 
wholly  unconnected  with  public  affairs, 
and  devoted  himself  to  the  task  of  in- 
structing others.  Eleven  of  his  orations 
arc  still  extant. 

ISCANUS,  JosEPnus,  or  Joseph  of 
Exetkr,  was  a  distinguished  writer  of 
Latin  poetry,  who  accompanied  Richard 
Coeur  de  Lion  to  Palestine.  He  was  the 
author  of  an  epic  poem,  entitled  "  Anti- 
oeheis,"  or  the  dee:ls  of  Richar  1,  which 
the  poet  had  himself  witnessed.  This 
is  unfortunately  lost;  but  another,  on 
the  Trojan  war  is  still  extant.  Warton 
styles  Iscanus  "the  miracle  of  his  age 
in  classical  composition."     D.  1224. 

ISELIX,  Isaac,  a  German  philosopher, 
and  an  ingenious  writer,  b.  at  B  isle,  in 
172s,  of  the  grand  council  of  which  city 
he  became  secretary  in  1756.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is  entitled  "The  History  of 
Mankind,"  hut  many  others  came  from 
his  pen.     I).  17S2. 

1SEMBEKT  of  Xaixtes,  a  French 
architect  of  the  12th  century,  whose 
skill  in  building  the  bridges  of  Xaintes 
and  Roehelle,  induced  John,  king  of 
England,  to  recommend  him  to  the  citi- 
zens of  London,  in  1201,  as  an  engineer, 
or  architect,  who  might  be  useful  to 
them  in  completing  the  bridge  over  the 
Thames  then  building. 

ISIDORE  of  Miletus,  a  Greek  archi- 
tect of  the  lith  century,  who,  together 
with  Anthemius,  was  employed  by  the 
Emperor  Justinian,  to  erect  the  church 
of  St.  Sophia,  at  Constantinople.  It  is 
now  used  as  a  mosque. — Of  Pelusium, 
a  saint  in  the  Roman  cale/.dar,  and  so 


ivkJ 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


523 


called  from  liis  rething  to  a  solitude 
near  the  town  which  bears  that  name, 
was  a  celebrated  disc  pie  of  St.  Chrysos- 
tom,  and  nourished  n  the  oth  century. 
He  wrote  3000  enisfles  on  theological 
questions  and  ecclesiastical  discipline. — 
Of  Seville,  another  Roman  saint,  was 
b.  at  Carthagena,  of  which  his  father  was 
governor.  Isidore  succeeded  his  brother 
in  the  bishopric  of  Seville  in  601,  and  d. 
in  636.  His  works  are  numerous,  and 
'among  them  is  a  chronicle,  ending  at 
the  vear  6i'6. 

ISOCRATES,  one  of  the  greatest  ora- 
tors of  Greece,  was  b.  at  Athens,  436 
B.C.,  and  was  the  son  of  a  musical  in- 
strument-maker. His  principal  teachers 
were  Gorgias,  Prodicus,  and  Thcrame- 
nes.  On  account  of  his  weak  voice  and 
natural  timidity,  he  took  but  little  share 
himself  in  public  speaking,  but  he  ap- 
plied himself  with  the  greatest  ardor  to 
instruction  in  the  art  of  eloquence,  and 
preparing  orations  for  others.  He  was 
particularly  distinguished  for  a  polished 
style  and  an  harmonious  construction  of 
his  sentences ;  his  subjects  were  the 
most  important  points  of  morals  and 
politics  ;  and  it  is  recorded  to  his  honor 
that  he  never,  by  writing  or  accusation, 
injured  a  single  individual.  He  was 
warmly  attached  to  the  liberties  of  his 
country;  and  such  his  grief  on  bearing 
of  the' fatal  battle  of  Cheronaea,  that  he 
took  no  food  for  four  clays,  and  literally 
died  of  starvation,  in  the  9Sth  year  of 
his  age. 

iTUEBIDE,  Augustin,  emperor  of 
Mexico,  was  b.  at  Valladolid,  in  New 
Spain,  1784,  and  entered  the  military 
service  at  the  age  of  17.  In  1819  he  was 
invited  to  take  the  command  of  an  ariny 
destined  to  the  south,  and  he  marched 
to  Acapulco.  There  he  matured  a  plan, 
the  professed  object  of  which  was  the 
emancipation  of  Mexico  from  the  yoke 
of  Spain,  the  independence  of  the  coun- 
try, the  protection  of  religion,  and  the 
union  ot  the  Spaniards  and  Mexicans. 
On  the  strength  of  this  plan  Itnrbide 
continued  his" march  to  Qucretaro,  and 
was  soon  joined  by  Victoria,  the  most 
levoted  of  the  friends  of  liberty.  He 
took  possession  of  the  capital  in  the 
name  of  the  nation,  and  established  a 
regency,  consisting  of  members  nom- 
inated by  himself,  and  wholly  under  his 
control.  Finding  that  the  republicans 
saw  through  his  intentions,  and  were  op- 
posed to  his  domination,  he  resolved  to 
preserve  his  authority  by  boldly  usurp- 
ing the  crown;  and,  accordingly, 
through  the  subserviency  of  his  troops, 


and  the  concurrence  of  a  portion  of  the 
deputies,  be  was   proclaimed  emperor, 

May  18,  1822.    But  defection   now  bo- 
came  general  among  the  officers  of  the 

army,  and  in  ali  the  provinces,  so  that 
Itnrbide  saw  plainly  that  his  cause  was 
hopeless,  and  hastily  assembled  at  Mex- 
ico the  dispersed  members  of  congress, 
and  tendered  to  them  his  abdication  of 
the  crown,  March  20,  1823.  Congress 
agreed  to  grant  Ilurbide  a  large  yearly 
pension,  on  condition  of  his  leaving  the 
Mexican  territory  for  ever,  and  residing 
somewhere  in  Italy.  lie  proceeded  to 
the  coast,  and  embarked,  1828,  tor  Leg- 
horn. He  might  have  continued  to  live 
happily  in  one  of  the  charming  villas  of 
Tuscany,  had  he  not  been  impelled  by 
an  ambition  to  attempt  the  recovery  of 
his  lost  empire.  With  this  object  lie 
left  Italy  for  England,  and  embarked  for 
Mexico,  precisely  a  year  after  his  de- 
parture from  it,  and  arrived  in  sight  of 
the  port  of  Soto  la  Marina,  July  14. 
During  the  year  that  had  elapsed,  tho 
Mexicans  had  adopted  a  republican  con- 
stitution. The  government  had  been 
apprised  of  his  leaving  Italy,  and  sus- 
pected his  design.  A  decree  was  passed, 
1824,  declaring"  him  to  be  proscribed  as 
a  traitor,  and  requiring  that,  in  case  ho 
landed  in  the  country,  the  mere  fact 
should  render  him  k  public  enemy. 
Wholly  deceived  in  the  fate  which 
awaited  him,  Itnrbide  landed  at  Soto  la 
Marina,  accompanied  only  by  Bcneski, 
his  secretary,  and  was  almost  immedi- 
ately arrested  by  order  of  La  Garza, 
commander  of  the  province  of  New 
Santander.  La  Garza  lost  no  time  in 
conducting  his  prisoner  to  Padilla,  the 
capital  of  the  province.  His  fate  was 
for  a  short  time  delayed;  sentence  of 
immediate  death  was  pronounced ;  and 
he  was  shot,  July  19,  1824. 

IVANOF,  Feodor  Feodorovitsch,  a 
Russian  dramatist,  was  b.  in  1777.  Ho 
first  served  in  the  army,  from  which  he 
was  removed  to  the  commissariat  de- 
partment, was  the  author  of  several 
comedies,  and  a  tragedy  called  "  Martha, 
or  the  Conquest  of  Novogorod."  D. 
1816. 

IVES,  John,  an  English  antiquary, 
was  b.  at  Yarmouth,  in  1751.  He  be- 
came Suffolk  herald  extraordinary,  and 
published  three  numbers  of  select  papers 
on  subjects  of  English  antiquities;  also 
"  Remarks  on  the  Garianonum  of  tho 
Romans,"  "Remarks  on  English  Coins," 
&c.     D.  1776. 

1VETAUX,  Nicholas  Vauqelin,  Sei- 
gneur d',  a  French  poet  and  man  of  let- 


524 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[jAO 


tcrs,  b.  1559.  lie  wrote  a  clever  poem,  I  Antiquities,  or  Memorials  of  the  City  of 
entitled  "Institution  d'un  Prince,  and  Exeter."  was  b.  there,  filled  the  omces 
a  variety  of  other  pieces.     D.  1(349.  |  of  town-clerk  and  chamberlain,  and  d. 

1ZAACKE,  Richard,  author  of  "The  |  in  1700. 


J. 


JABLONOWSKY,  Joseph  Alexan- 
der von,  a  Polish  prince,  b.  iu  1712. 
Preferring  a  life  of  literary  ease,  he  re- 
signed his  dignity  when  the  troubles 
broke  out  in  his  country,  and  went  to 
live  at  Leipsie,  where  he  distinguished 
himself  as  the  patron  of  science,  founded 
a  society,  called  by  his  name,  which  still 
exists,  lie  wrote  "  The  Lives  of  Twelve 
Generals,"  a  "  Treatise  on  Sclavonic 
Poetry,"  and  other  works.     D.  1777. 

JACKSON,  Andkew,  president  of  the 
United  States  from  1829  to  1837,  was  b. 
in  South  Carolina,  17(37.  His  father  was 
an  Irish  emigrant.  At  the  age  of  16  he 
took  part  in  the  war  of  independence  ; 
at  the  close  of  which  he  became  a  law 
student,  and  was  thus  enabled  to  dis- 
charge efficiently  some  high  legal  offices 
in  Tennessee,  to  which  lie  was  subse- 
quently appointed.  On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  war  with  England  in  1812,  he 
took  vigorous  measures  for  the  defence 
of  the  menaced  territory ;  in  1814  he  was 
appointed  major-general ;  and,  among 
other  exploits,  which  raised  him  to  the 
highest  point  of  popularity,  he  gained 
the  decisive  victory  over  the  English, 
Jan.  8,  1815,  at  New  Orleans,  which  put 
an  end  to  the  war.  The  same  success 
attended  his  arms  against  the  Creek 
tribes,  whom  he  repeatedly  subdued. 
In  1821  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
Florida;  and  his  gallant  deeds  being 
still  fresh  in  his  countrymen's  recollec- 
tion, he  was  brought  forward  by  the 
democratic  party  as  a  candidate  for  the 
presidency,  elected  in  1829,  and  re- 
elected in  1833.  His  period  of  office  is 
chiefly  remarkable  for  the  extension  of 
democratic  tendencies  which  took  place 
during  it.  He  obtained  from  France 
the  payment  of  an  indemnity  of  twenty- 
five  millions  of  francs  for  injuries  done 
to  the  commerce  of  the  United  States 
during  the  empire.  His  refusal  to  re- 
new the  bank  charter,  in  1833,  led  to 
one  of  the  most  violent  financial  strug- 
gles on  record.  General  Jackson  was 
er  lowed  with  inflexible  will,  an  ardent 
patriotism,  and  was  always  the  idol  of 
the  people.  D.  1845. — John,  a  learned 
llebraist  and  controversial   writer,  was 


b.  at  Lensy,  in  Yorkshire,  in  1688. 
The  corporation  of  Doncastcr  gave  him 
the  living  of  Kossington,  but  the  perti- 
nacity with  which  he  supported  his 
Arian  principles  prevented  his  further 
rise  in  the  church.  He  was  the  author 
of"  Chronological  Antiquities  ;"  and  left 
behind  him  the  character  of  a  learned 
and  sincere  writer,  though  strongly  tinc- 
tured with  the  faults  of  a  violent  polemic. 
D.  1763. — John,  an  eminent  English 
portrait  painter,  was  b.  at  Lastingham, 
in  Yorkshire,  in  1778,  and  apprenticed 
to  his  father,  who  was  a  tailor ;  but  dis- 
covering a  decided  talent  for  the  art  in 
which  he  afterwards  excelled,  his  abili- 
ties procured  him  the  protection  of  Sir 
George  Beaumont,  through  whose  means 
he  removed  to  London,  and  studied  at 
the  Royal  Academy.  At  the  time  he 
entered  the  great  theatre  of  art,  Law- 
rence, Opic,  Beechcv,  and  other  eminent 
masters  pre-occupied  the  particular 
branch  he  had  chosen,  and  for  a  time 
he  contented  himself  with  painting  por- 
traits in  water-colors,  in  which  he  was 
very  successful.  Be  was,  however,  de- 
termined to  take  a  high  stand,  if  possi- 
ble, as  a  portrait  painter  in  oil;  and  the 
tact  with  which  he  copied  the  works  of 
the  old  masters  surprised  his  cotempo- 
rarics.  He  was  elected  royal  academi- 
cian in  1817;  and  when,  in  1819,  he 
travelled  through  Italy,  and  visited 
Koine  with  Mr.  Chantrey,  he  was  chosen 
a  member  of  the  academy  of  St.  Luke. 
D.  1831. — William,  a  musical  composer 
and  author,  was  b.  in  1730,  at  Exeter, 
and  received  the  rudiments  of  a  classical 
education,  with  a  view  to  his  following 
one  of  the  liberal  professions.  His  taste 
for  music  displayed  itself,  however,  so 
decidedly  while  he  was  yet  a  youth,  that 
his  friends  were  induced  to  place  him 
under  Travers,  the  organist  of  the  ca- 
thedral belonging:  to  his  native  city. 
Having  passed  two  years  in  the  metrop- 
olis, he  returned  to  Exeter  in  1750,  and, 
succeeding  eventually  to  the  situation 
of  organist,  there  passed  the  remainder 
of  his  life.  He  published  several  books 
of  songs,  canzonets,  hymns,  and  sonatas 
of  his  composition,  which  are  still  held 


mm] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


525 


iri  esteem  for  their  ehasteness  of  concep- 
tion and  truth  of  expression ;  he  was 
nlso  the  author  of  n  treatise  "On  the 
Present  State  of  Music,"  "The  Four 
Ages,"  Ac.     1).  1S04. 

JACOBI,  John  George,  a  German 
poet,  was  h.  in  1740,  at  Dusseldorf; 
studied  at  Gottingen;  was  professor  of 
philosophy  and  eloquence  at  Halle  ;  and, 
subsequently,  of  the  belles  lettres  at 
Friburg,  which  lie  retained  during  his 
life.  The  style  of  Jaeobi  was  firmed  on 
that  of  the  lighter  French  poets,  and 
possesses  much  case  and  gayety.  D.1S14. 

JACOBS,  Fi:i:i)i.nic,  a  celebrated  phil- 
ological writer,  was  b.  at  Gothar,  in 
Saxony,  in  1 70-4.  In  17S~>  he  became  a 
teacher  in  the  gymnasium  of  his  native 
city,  whcr«  he  published  a  number  of 
excellent  works,  of  which,  independent 
of  those  of  a  critical  or  philological  char- 
acter, may  be  noticed  his  "School  for 
"Women,"  and  "  Talcs."  D.  1S47. — 
Jurien,  was  a  native  of  Switzerland,  b. 
in  1610.  He  studied  under  Snyders, 
and  is  celebrated  for  the  fidelity  and 
spirit  with  which  he  painted  the  animals 
in  his  hunting  pieces. — Lucas,  commonly 
called  Lucas  van  Leyden,  was  b.  at 
Leyden,  in  14'.»4.  He  studied  under  his 
father,  Hugh  Jacobs,  and  next  under 
Cornelius  Engelbrecht.  Many  of  his 
pictures  in  oil  and  distemper  are  to  be 
found  on  the  Continent;  but  he  is  now 
best  known  bv  his  engravings.  D.  1533. 

JACOPONE,  Da  Todi,  so  called  on 
account  of  his  birthplace,  was  an  Italian 
poet,  whose  real  name  was  Jacopo  de 
Benedetti.  On  being  left  a  widower 
he  distributed  his  property  among  the 
poor,  and  entered  into  the  order  of 
Minorites  as  a  servitor.  He  composed 
Sacred  Canticles,  Latin  poems,  and  the 
famous  "  Stabat  Mater,"  since  so  cele- 
brated bv  the  compositions  of  Haydn, 
Pergolcsi,  &c.     D.  1306. 

JACOTOT,  Jean  Joseph,  originally  a 
captain  of  artillery  in  Napoleon's  army, 
and  subsequently  sub-director  of  the 
Polytechnic  school,  was  deprived  of  his 
office  at  the  restoration  for  bavin?  been 
a  member  of  the  chamber  durins  the 
"hundred  days."  Retiring  to  Belgium, 
he"  there  conceived  and  put  into  partial 
practice  a  new  system  of  education,  on 
the  principle  that  all  intelligences  are 
sqnal,  the  only  difference  between  man 
and  man  being  the  result  of  circum- 
stances more  than  of  nature.  He  has 
left  several  works  upon  the  subject,  in- 
teresting for  imrenuitv,  if  not  for  cor- 
rectness'.    B.  1770;  d."  1340. 

JACQUAliD,  Joseph  Marie,  the  in- 


ventor of  the  beautil  il  apparatus  for 
figured  weaving,  which  bears  hi-  name, 
was  b.  at  Lyons,  17~>-i.  At  an  early  aga 
he  displayed  a  taste  for  mechanics, 
which  distinguished  him  through  life; 
and  whether  in  book-binding,  type- 
founding,  or  cutlery — all  of  which  he 
tried  in  his  youth — he  showed  a  strong 
aptitude  for  improvement.  On  his  fa- 
ther's death,  he  attempted  to  carry  on 
the  weaving  business,  which  he  inherited 
from  him,  but  with  little  success;  and 
soon  afterwards,  during  the  troubles  of 
the  French  revolution,  he  losl  his  little 
all,  ha\in.'-  been  compelled  to  flee  from 
Lyons  after  its  reduction  by  the  army 
of  the  convention,  lie  thenjoinc  1  the 
army  of  the  Rhine:  but  having  seen  his 
son  fall  in  battle  by  his  side,  he  once 
more  returned  to  Lyons,  where  he  was 
obliged  to  earn  a  precarious  sustenance 
in  the  humble  occupation  of  plaiting 
straw.  But  a  new  era  was  now  in  store 
for  him.  In  1801  he  submitted  to  the 
"  National  Exposition"  his  celebrated 
machine,  which  forms  a  memorable 
epoch  in  the  textile  art ;  and  its  merits 
being  at  once  acknowledged  and  re- 
warded, he  was  soon  afterwards  em- 
ployed by  Napoleon  in  the  ''Conserva- 
toire des  Arts  et  des  Metiers,"  at  Paris, 
wdiere  he  introduced  some  ingenious 
improvements  in  the  models  and  ma- 
chinery there  in  use.  On  his  return  to 
Lyons,  he  had  to  struggle  against  much 
opposition  and  prejudice  on  the  part  of 
the  weavers  ;  but  he  outlived  it  all,  and 
long  before  his  death  he  had  the  satis- 
faction of  seeing  his  machinery  intro- 
duced into  every  European  and  Amer- 
ican manufactory  ;  and  so  far  from 
diminishing  employment,  as  some  feared 
on  its  first  introduction,  it  has  increased 
the  number  of  workmen  in  the  opera- 
tions to  which  it  is  applied  tenfold. 
I).  1834. 

JAIIN,  John,  a  learned  orientalist, 
wdio  after  having  been  professor  of 
biblical  archaeology  and  theology  in  tho 
university  of  Vienna,  obtained  the  chair 
of  oriental  literature,  which,  in  1806,  ho 
was  obliged  to  relinquish  on  account  of 
his  heterodoxy.  He  published  a  "  lie- 
brew  Bible, "  "  Biblical  Archaeology," 
"  Enchiridion  Henneneuticae  generalis 
Tabularum  veteris  et  novi  Fu^  leiis," 
ifec. ;  and  his  works  on  the  philology  <>f 
the  sacred  writings  are  said  to  be  tho 
most  valuable  extant.     I).  1817. 

JAMBLICHUS,  a  philosopher  who 
flourished  at  the  beginning  of  the  fourth 
century,  and  was  a  native  of  Chalcis  in 
Ccelosyria.   He  was  the  disciple  of  Aua- 


526 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[jam 


tolius  .11.  lI  Porphyry,  from  whom  lie 
learnt  the  mysteries  of  the  Plotinian 
(system  of  philosophy,  which  he  taught 
with  great  reputation.  Among  the  phil- 
osophical works  of  Jamblichus  now  ex- 
tant are,  "  The  Life  of  Pythagoras," 
"  An  Exhortation  to  the  Study  of  Phi- 
losophy," and  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Mys- 
teries of  the  Egyptians,  Chaldeans,  and 
Assyrians." 

•  IAUES  I.,  king  of  Scotland,  of  the 
house  of  Stuart,  b.  in  1394,  was  the  son 
ot  Robert  III.  In  1405  he  was  taken  by 
the  English  on  his  passage  to  Prance, 
an  1  kept  in  confinement  IS  years.  In 
14-4  lie  obtained  his  liberty,  and  se- 
verely punished  those  who  had  gov- 
erned liis  country  in  his  absence ;  for 
which,  and  some  strong  measures  which 
he  took  to  curb  a  lawless  nobility,  ho 
fell  a  victim  to  assassins,  who  gained 
admission  to  his  apartment,  and  mur- 
dered him  in  his  bed,  in  1437. — V.,  of 
Scotland,  succeeded,  in  1513,  at  the 
death  of  his  father,  James  IV.,  though 
only  IS  months  old.  At  the  age  of  17 
he  assumed  the  government,  and  as- 
sisted Francis  I.  of  France  against 
Charles  V'.,  for  which  that  prince  gave 
him  his  daughter  Margaret  in  marriage. 
On  her  decease  he  married  Mary  of  Lor- 
raine, daughter  of  Claude,  duke  of  Guise. 
I).  1  .4).— Lot' England,  and  VI.  of  Scot- 
land, was  the  son  of  Mary,  queen  of 
Scotland,  by  Henry  Stuart,  Lord  Darn- 
ley,  and  was  b.  in  1566.  In  the  follow- 
ing year,  Queen  Mary  being  forced  To 
resign  the  crown,  he  was  solemnly 
crowned  at  Stirling,  and  all  public  acts 
ran  in  his  name.  In  1603,  on  the  death 
of  Elizabeth,  James  succeeded  to  the 
crown  of  England,  and  proceeded  to 
London.  He  received  during  his  life- 
time a  deal  of  adulation  for  his  literary 
abilities;  but  though  he  was  the  author 
of  some  few  books,  they  display  more 
pedantry  than  learning.  I).  1625. — II., 
king  of  England,  second  son  of  (.diaries 
I.  and  of  Henrietta  of  France,  was  b.  in 
1633,  and  immediately  declared  duke  of 
York.  After  the  capture  of  Oxford  by 
the  parliamentary  army,  he  escaped, 
nit  1  was  conducted  to  his  sister,  the 
princess  of  Orange.  At  that  time  he 
was  15  years  of  age.  he  soon  after 
joined  his  mother  at  Paris,  and,  when 
lie  had  reached  his  20th  year,  served  in 
the  French  army  under  Tureune,  and 
subsequently  entered  the  Spanish  army 
in  Flan  lers,  under  Don  John  of  Austria 
ind  the  Prince  of  Coiide.  At  the  res- 
toration he  returned  to  England,  and 
married  secretly  Anne  Hyde,  daughter 


of  the  Earl  of  Clarendon,  by  whom  ho 
had  two  daughters,  who  afterwards  be- 
came queens  of  England,  viz.,  Mary  and 
Anne.  In  the  Dutch  war,  he  signalized 
himself  as  commander  of  the  English 
fleet,  and  showed  great  skill  and  bra- 
very. On  the  death  of  Charles  II.,  in 
16S5,  the  duke  succeeded,  under  the 
title  of  James  II.,  and,  from  the  time  of 
his  ascending  the  throne,  seems  to  have 
acted  with  a  steady  determination  to 
render  himself  absolute.  After  disgust- 
ing the  great  majority  of  his  subjects, 
he  proceeded  to  levy  the  customs  and  ex  • 
cise  without  the  authority  of  parliament, 
lie  proceeded  by  every  direct  and  indi- 
rect attack  to  overthrow  the  established 
church  ;  but  these  innovations,  in  regard 
both  to  the  religion  and  government, 
gradually  united  opposing  interests,  and 
a  large  body  of  the  nobility  and  gentry 
concurred  in  an  application  to  the  princo 
of  Orange,  who  had  been  secretly  pre- 
paring a  fleet  and  an  army  for  the 
invasion  of  the  country.  James,  who 
was  long  kept  in  ignorance  of  these 
transactions,  when  informed  of  them 
by  his  minister  at  the  Hague,  was  struck 
with  terror  equal  to  his  former  infatua- 
tion ;  and  immediately  repealing  all  his 
obnoxious  acts,  he  practised  every 
method  to  gain  popularity.  All  confi- 
dence was,  however,  destroyed  between 
the  king  and  the  people.  William  ar- 
rived with  his  fleet  in  Torbay,  Nov.  4th, 
16S8;  and  being  speedily  joined  by 
several  men  of  rank,  his  ranks  swelled, 
while  the  army  of  James  began  to 
desert  by  entire  regiments.  He  fled  to 
France.  The  throne  of  Great  Eritian 
was  declared  to  be  abdicated,  and  Wil- 
liam and  his  consort  Mary  (the  daughter 
of  James)  were  unanimously  called  to 
till  it  conjointly.  Assisted  by  Louis 
XIV.,  James  was  enabled,  in  March, 
1689,  to  make  an  attempt  for  the  re- 
covery of  Ireland.  The  battle  of  Boyne, 
fought  June,  1690,  compelled  him  to 
return  to  France.  D.  1701. — Thomas, 
;ui  English  navigator,  :n  the  17th  cen- 
tury, who,  in  1631  and  1632,  attempted 
to  discover  a  northwest  passage.  He 
wintered  on  Charleton  Island,  in  Hud- 
son's Bay  ;  and  next  summer  proceeded 
on  his  voyage,  but  was  unable  to  pene- 
trate farther  than  65  degrees  and  a  half 
north.  He  made  some  discoveries  on 
the  coast  of  Hudson's  Bay ;  to  the  coun- 
try on  the  western  side  of  which  ho 
gave  the  name  of  New  South  Wales. 
On  his  return  to  England  he  published 
an  account  of  his  expedition,  entitled 
"  The   strange   and   dangerous  Voyage 


jay] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


527 


of  Captain  Thomas  James,  for  the  Dis- 
covery of  a  Northwest  Passage  to  the 
South  Sea." — William,  the  author  of  a 

valuable  national  work,  entitled  "  The 
Naval  History  of  Great  Britain,  from 
the  declaration  of  War  by  France,  in 
1798,  to  the  Accession  of  George  IV." 
&c.  Every  accessible  source  of  authen- 
tic information  was  made  use  of  by  Mr. 
James  in  writing  this  history;  and  his 
industry  and  research  deserve  the  high- 
est praise.  D.  1827.— William,  a  land 
agent  and  surveyor,  was  a  native  of 
Henley-in-Arden,  Warwickshire.  lie 
was  the  original  projector  of  the  Man- 
chester and  Liverpool  railway;  and  may 
in  some  respects  be  regarded  as  the 
father  of  the  railway  system,  having 
purveyed  numerous  lines  at  his  own 
expense,  and  been  an  active  promoter 
of  these  undertakings,  at  a  time  when 
they  were  considered  to  be  mere  specu- 
lative innovations.  D.  aged  66,  at  Bod- 
min, Cornwall,  March  11,  1S37. 

JAMESON,  George,  an  eminent 
painter,  justly  termed  the  Vandyke  of 
Scotland,  was  b.  at  Aberdeen  in  1586, 
and  d.  in  1644. 

JANSEN,  Cornelius,  bishop  of 
Ypres,  and  professor  of  divinity  in  the 
universities  of  Louvain  and  Douay, 
was  one  the  most  learned  divines  of  the 
17th  century,  and  founder  of  the  sect 
of  Janscnists.  lie  was  b.  in  1585,  at 
Akay,  near  Lecrdam,  in  Holland;  and 
studied  at  Louvain.  Being  sent  into 
Spain  to  transact  some  business  of  con- 
sequence relating  to  the  university,  the 
Catholic  king,  viewing  with  a  jealous 
eye  the  intriguing  policy  of  France, 
engaged  with  him  to  write  a  book 
against  the  French,  for  having  formed 
an  alliance  with  Protestant  states  ;  and 
rewarded  him  for  it  with  the  see  of 
Ypres  in  1635.  He  had  among  other 
writings  before  this,  maintained  a  con- 
trovers  v  against  the  Protestants  upon 
the  subject  of  grace  and  predestination  ; 
but  his  "  Augustinus,"  respecting  which 
a  furious  and  almost  interminable  con- 
test arose,  was  the  principal  kbor  of  his 
life.     D.  1638. 

JANS  EN  I  US,  Cornelius,  bishop  of 
Ghent,  was  b.  at  Hulst,  in  Flanders,  in 
1510.  He  distinguished  himself  at  the 
council  of  Trent  by  his  learning  and 
modesty.  He  wrote  a  "  Harmony  of 
the  Gospels,"  and  other  works,  and  d. 
at  Client  in  1570. 

JANSSENS,  Abraham,  an  historical 
painter,  was  b.  at  Antwerp,  in  1569. 
lie  was  cotemporary  with  Kubens,  and 
in    many  of  the  finest  parts  of  the  art 


was  accounted  not  inferior  to  him. — 
Cornelius,  called  also  Johnson,  an  end 
nent  portrait  painter,  was  1'.  at  Amster- 
dam, lb-  resided  in  England  several 
years,  and  was  engaged  in  the  service 
of  King  .lames  I.  His  paintings  are 
easily  distinguished  by  their  smooth, 
clear,  and  delicate  tints,  and  J>y  a  strong 
character  of  truth  and  nature.  D.  1685. 
— Victor  Honorius,  a  celebrated  histor- 
ical  painter,  was  b.  at  Brussels,  in  1664. 
He  associated  with  Tempesta,  the  cele- 
brated landscape  painter  for  several 
years,  and  painted  the  figures  in  the 
works  of  that  great  master  as  long  as 
they  resided  together.  For  small  his- 
torical pictures,  he  was  preferable  to  all 
the  painters  of  his  time. 

JARNOWICK,  Giovantna  Mane,  a 
celebrated  violinist,  was  b.  at  Palermo 
in  1745,  and  was  the  most  accomplished 
pupil  of  Lulli.  For  several  years  he 
resided  at  Paris,  and  was  considered  at 
the  head  of  his  profession  ;  he  after- 
wards went  to  England,  where  he  was 
very  popular;  but  on  being  invited  to 
settle  at  Petersburg,  he  went  thither, 
where  he  d.  in  1804.  He  was  as  eccen- 
tric and  irritable  as  he  was  clever,  and 
numerous  singular  anecdotes  are  re- 
corded of  him. 

JARVIS,  John,  an  artist,  distin- 
guished by  his  paintings  on  glass,  was 
b.  in  Dublin,  in  174'J  ;  and  after  practi- 
sing his  art  in  that  city,  removed  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  obtained  great  reputa- 
tion. His  most  celebrated  performance 
is  the  west  window  of  New  college, 
Oxford,  from  the  design  of  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds.  D.  1804.— John  Wesley 
a  distinguished  and  eccentric  portrait 
painter,  one  of  the  foremost  of  his  day, 
was  b.  at  South  Shields,  1780,  but  came 
to  America  early  in  life.  He  was  appren- 
ticed to  Edwin,  the  engraver,  but  his 
tastes  were  for  painting,  and  he  took  to 
the  brush.  Settling  in  New  York,  ho 
soon  won  a  high  reputation  as  well  for 
his  wit  and  convivial  talents  as  for  his 
skill  as  an  artist.  His  portraits  aro 
among  the  most  spirited  that  have  been 
produced.     D.  1834. 

JAY,  John,  an  eminent  jurist  and 
statesman,  was  b.  at  New  York  in  1745. 
After  studying  at  Columbia  (then  King's) 
college,  he'  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and 
in  1774  was  chosen  a  delegate  to  the  first 
American  congress,  at  Philadelphia.  In 
1776  he  was  chosen  president  of  the 
congress,  in  1777  he  was  a  member  of 
the^convention  which  framed  the  con- 
stitution of  New  York,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  was    appointed    chief 


5<28 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[.IE* 


justice  of  that  slate.  lie  was  next  sent 
as  minister  plenipotentiary  to  Spain, 
and  in  1782  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  commissioners  to  negotiate  a  peace 
with  Great  Britain.  The  definitive 
treaty  having  been  signed  in  September, 
17S3,  lie  returned  to  the  United  States, 
nnil  in  17^4  he  was  sent  as  envoy  ex- 
traordinary to  Great  Britain,  and  con- 
cluded the  treaty  which  has  been  called 
after  his  name.  In  1795  he  was  elected 
governor  of  his  native  state :  this  post 
he  continued  to  occupy  till  1801,  when 
lie  declined  a  re-election,  as  well  as  a 
reappointment  to  the  office  of  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  United  States,  and  passed  the 
remainder  of  his  days  in  retirement. 
D.  18211. 

JEBB,  John,  a  divine  and  physician, 
was  the  son  of  Dr.  John  J  ebb,  dean  of 
Cashel,  and  b.  in  London  in  1736.  He 
studied  at  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  and 
Peter  house,  Cambridge,  and  obtained 
church  preferment,  which,  however,  he 
resigned,  and  then  commenced  practice 
as  a  physician,  in  which  he  was  very 
Buccessful.  He  was  a  violent  partisan 
in  whatever  he  engaged,  and,  though 
conscientious  in  his  religious  opinions, 
their  peculiar  complexion,  and  the  free- 
dom with  which  he  indulged  in  the 
political  squabbles  of  the  day,  obstructed 
Ids  professional  progress.  D.  1786. — 
Samuel,  an  eminent  physician  and  clas- 
sical scholar,  was  a  native  of  Notting- 
ham. While  at  the  university  he  pub- 
lished the  "Dialogue  of  Justin  Martyr 
with  Trypho  the  Jew,"  in  Greek  and 
Latin.  He  afterwards  married  the 
daughter  of  an  apothecary,  procured 
the  degree  of  M.D.,  practised  as  a  phy- 
sician at  Stratford,  in  Essex,  and  retired 
to  Derbyshire,  where  he  d.  1772.  Dr. 
S.  Jebb  was  the  conductor  of  a  classical 
journal,  entitled  "Bibliotheca  Litera- 
ria,"  and  the  editor  of  Koger  Bacon's 
"  Opus  M-ijns." 

JEFFERSON,  Thomas,  third  presi- 
dent of  .the  United  States,  was  b.  in 
1743,  at  Sliadwell,  in  Virginia,  and  was 
brought  up  to  the  bar.  In  1709  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  provincial  legis- 
lature, and  in  177")  he  entered  congress, 
and  took  a  conspicuous  and  very  decided 
part  in  opposition  to  the  measures  which 
England  had  adopted  towards  her  Amer- 
ican colonies,  and  it  was  he  who  drew 
up  the  famous  declaration  of  independ- 
ence. In  1776  he  retired  from  his  seat 
in  congress,  and  was  next  chosen  gov- 
ernor of  V i riri ilia,  which  post  he  held 
two  years.  On  the  return  of  Dr.  Frank- 
lin to  America,  in  1785,   Mr.  Jefferson 


was  named  his  successor  at  Paris,  from 
which  he  proceeded,  as  envoy,  to  Lon- 
don, in  1 7 S i i -  At  the  usual  presentation, 
however,  to  the  king  and  queen,  both 
Mr.  Adams  and  himself  were  received 
in  the  most  ungracious  manner,  and, 
after  a  few  vague  and  ineffectual  con- 
ferences, ho  returned  to  Paris.  Here 
he  remained,  with  the  exception  of  a 
visit  to  Holland,  to  Piedmont,  and  the 
south  of  France,  until  the  autumn  of 
1781),  zealously  pursuing  whatever  was 
beneficial  to  his  country.  He  subse- 
quently filled  the  office  of  secretary  of 
state  under  Washington,  until  1793, 
when  he  resigned,  and  lived  in  retire- 
ment for  four  years.  He  was  then 
elected  vice-president,  and  in  180 1 
chosen  president.  At  the  expiration 
of  eight  years  he  again  retired  to  private 
life,  and  on  the  4th  of  July,  1 S2  >,  (the 
fiftieth  anniversary  of  American  inde- 
pendence,) he  d.  lie  was  the  acknowl- 
edged head  of  the  republican  party,  and 
an  acute  politician,  eloquent  and  per- 
suasive in  conversation,  and  possessing 
the  faculty  of  acquiring  an  ascendency 
in  his  political  connections. 

JEFFIiEY,  Francis,  Lord,  equally 
eminent  on  the  bench,  at  the  bar,  and 
in  the  world  of  letters,  was  b.  at  E  lin- 
burgh,  in  1773.  In  1794  he  was  called 
to  the  bar  in  Scotland,  and  when  he  had 
obtained  a  fair  share  of  practice,  ho 
joined  a  few  of  his  more  intimate  friends 
in  establishing  the  "  Edinburgh  Re- 
view," of  which  he  was  sole  editor  for 
the  long  period  of  27  years.  The  first 
number  appeared  Oct.  25, 1802.  On  the 
formation  of  the  Whig  ministry  late  in 
1830,  he  was  made  lord  advocate,  and 
after  sitting  a  short  time  for  the  Perth 
district  of  burghs  and  for  Malton,  lie 
was  chosen  to  represent  Edinburgh  in 
parliament,  immediately  after  the  pass- 
ing of  the  Reform  bill.  His  success  in 
the  house  of  commons  disappointed  his 
admirers,  chiefly  beeause  he  entered  so 
late  in  life  on  a  new  field,  and  pirtly 
because  he  spoke  generally  above  his 
audience.  In  1834  he  was  promoted  to 
the  bench,  and  in  this  capacity  lie  dis- 
played such  eminent  qualities,  that  ho 
is  by  common  consent  allowed  to  rank 
among  the  very  ablest  judges  that  ever 
sat  on  the  Scottish  bench.  "  D.  1850. 

JEFFREYS,  George,  Baron  Wem, 
Lord,  commonly  known  by  the  name  of 
Judge  Jeffreys,  was  b.  at  Acton,  in  Den- 
bighshire, towards  the  beginning  of  the 
17th  century,  and  educated  at  Shrews- 
bury school.  He  studied  at  Westmin- 
ster and   the  Inner  Temple,  and   rose 


jkn] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY-. 


029 


through  the  gradations  of  recorder  of 
London,  a  Welsh  judge,  and  chief  jus- 
tice of  Chester,  till  at  length,  in  1*583, 
he  attained  the  dignity  of  chief  justice 
of  the  King's  Bench.  On  the  accession 
of  James  II.,  he  was  one  of  the  advisers 
and  promoters  of  all  the  oppressive  and 
arbitrary  measures  of  his  reign;  and, 
for  his  sanguinary  and  inhuman  pro- 
ceedings against  the  adherents  of  Mon- 
mouth, was  rewarded  with  the  post  of 
lord  high  chancellor  in  1685.  His  con- 
duct on  the  bench  was,  in  the  highest 
degree,  discreditable  at  all  times,  and 
he  indulged  in  scurrility  and  abuse  of 
the  most  degrading  description.  On 
the  arrival  of  the  prince  of  Orange,  he 
disguised  himself  as  a  seaman,  in  order 
to  get  on  board  a  ship  unknown,  but 
was  detected  in  a  low  public  house  at 
Wapping,  by  an  attorney  whom  he  had 
insulted  in  open  court.  The  latter  ma- 
king him  known,  he  was  seized  by  the 
populace,  carried  before  the  council,  and 
committed  to  the  Tower,  where  he  d. 
1081). — George,  an  English  poet,  was  b. 
at  Weldon,  Northamptonshire,  in  1678. 
He  was  a  nephew  of  the  eighth  Lord 
Chandos,  and  bred  to  the  bar.  lie  wrote 
"  Miscellanies,  in  Prose  and  Verse,"  and 
two  tragedies,  "  Edwin"  and  "  Merope." 
D.  1755. 

JEFFRIES,  John,  was  b.  at  Boston 
in  1774.  Having  studied  medicine  at 
the  university  of  Cambridge,  he.  went 
to  London,  and  on  his  return  to  Boston 
practised  with  great  success,  until  the 
evacuation  of  that  city  by  the  British 
garrison.  He  then  accompanied  Gen- 
eral Howe  to  Halifax,  and  was  male 
surgeon-general  to  the  forces  in  !~76. 
He  subsequently  resigned  his  army  ap- 
pointments, declining  even  the  offer  of 
the  lucrative  post  of  surgeon-general  to 
the  forces  in  India,  and  in  1780  settle  I 
in  London.  He  there  occupied  himself 
much  in  scientific  research,  and  in  order 
to  ascertain  the  correctness  of  certain 
preconceived  hypotheses  relative  to  at- 
mospheric temperature,  he  undertook 
two  atrial  voyages,  the  second  of  which 
was  made  Jan.  7,  1785,  from  the  cliffs 
of  Dover,  across  the  British  Channel, 
into  the  forest  of  Guinncs  in  France,  and 
was  the  only  successful  attempt  that 
had  then  been  made  to  cross  the  sea  in 
a  balloon.  In  178'J  he  again  returned 
to  Boston,  and  continued  to  practise 
there  with  success,  till  his  death  in  1819. 

JEKYLL,  Sir  Joseph,  a  lawyer  and 

statesman  in  the  reigns  of  Anne  and 

George  I.,  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman 

in  Nottinghamshire.     He  was  a  member 

45 


of  parliament,  and  one  of  the  managers 
of  the  trial  of  Sachcvcrcl ;  was  knighted 
by  George  I.,  who  raised  him  to  the  of- 
fice of  master  of  the  rolls.     D.  17:58. 

JENNER,  Edward,  an  English  phy- 
sician, celebrated  for  having  nearly  erad- 
icated a  pestilent  disorder  from  tho 
human  race  by  introducing  vaccine  inoc- 
ulation, was  b.  at  Berkeley,  Gloucester- 
shire, in  174'J,  and  subsequently  settled 
there  as  a  medical  practitioner.  About 
the  year  1776,  his  attention  was  turned 
to  the  cow-pox,  by  the  circumstance  of 
his  ascertaining  that  those  persons  who 
had  been  affected  with  this  disease,  were 
thereby  rendered  free  from  variolous 
infection.  From  that  time  till  17U6  ho 
steadily  pursued  his  investigation  of 
this  discovery;  and  having  at  length 
established  its  general  efficacy,  amidst 
all  the  opposition  naturally  to  be  expect- 
ed in  such  a  case,  the  practice  of  vacci- 
nation was  introduced  into  the  London 
hospitals,  the  army  and  navy,  &c,  and, 
finally,  extendod  to  every  part  of  the 
globe.  Honors  and  rewards  were  now 
conferred  on  Dr.  Jenner  as  a  public 
benefactor;  a  parliamentary  grant  of 
£20,000  was  voted  him  ;  learned  socie- 
ties at  home  and  abroad  enrolled  him 
as  a  member;  and  when  the  allied  po- 
tentates visited  England  in  1814,  the 
emperor  of  Russia  sought  an  interview 
with  him,  and  offered  to  bestow  on  him 
a  Russian  order  of  nobility.  Dr.  Jcn- 
ner's  writings  consist  merely  of  "  Ob- 
servations on  the  Variolic  Vaceinie," 
and  a  paper  in  the  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions "On  the  Natural  History  of  the 
Cuckoo."     D.  18-23. 

JENNINGS,  IIenrv  Constantine,  an 
antiquary  and  virtuoso  of  most  eccen- 
tric habits  and  checkered  fortune,  was 
b.  in  1731,  and  was  the  only  son  of  a 
gentleman  of  considerable  property  at 
Shiplake,  in  Oxfordshire.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  school,  and  at 
seventeen  became  an  ensign  in  the  foot- 
guards;  but  resigned  his  commission, 
and  travelled  on  the  Continent,  where 
he  collected,  while  in  Italy,  a  number  of 
statues  and  other  antiques,  with  which 
he  decorated  his  seat  at  Shiplake.  Ho 
now  led  the  life  of  a  man  of  fashion  and 
fortune,  indulging  in  the  most  expen- 
sive follies;  the  consequence  of  which 
was  that  he  soon  became  an  inmate  of 
the  King's  Bench.  He  was  at  length 
freed  from  his  pecuniary  embarrass- 
ments, and  settled  on  an  estate  he  had 
in  Essex,  where  he  gave  himself  up 
with  enthusiasm  to  the  collection  of 
scarce  books,  pictures,  and  curiosities 


530 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


Bat  the  current  of  good  fortune  did  not 
long  run  smooth.  Having  borrowed  a 
Hum  nf  money  from  a  person  who  was 
indebted  to  the  crown,  his  museum  was 
hastily  sold  for  a  small  sum, .to  satisfy 
the  claim  of  government  under  an  ex- 
tent in  aid.  For  many  years  he  was  a 
prisoner  in  Chelmsford  jail ;  but  on  re- 
gaining his  freedom,  he  resumed  his 
Former  habits,  and  settled  at  Chelsea. 
I).  1819. 

JENYNS,  Soame,  a  sprightly  and 
entertaining  writer,  was  tin;  only  son  of 
Sir  Robert  Jenyns,  b.  in  London,  in 
1704.  Having  entered  into  public  life 
us  representative  of  the  county  of  Cam- 
bridge, he  began  his  career  by  support- 
ing Sir  Robert  Walpole,  and  ever  after 
remained  a  faithful  adherent  to  the 
minister  for  the  time  being.  This  at- 
tachment to  ministers  was  rewarded  by 
his  being  made  a  commissioner  of  the 
boird  of  trade,  an  office  he  held  forfive- 
and-twenty  years.  As  a  country  gen- 
tleman and  magistrate,  Mr.  Jenyns  ap- 
peared to  much  greater  advantage  than 
as  a  politician ;  but  it  is  as  an  author, 
a  wit,  and  a  shrewd  observer  of  man- 
ners, that  lie  is  principally  to  he  regard- 
ed. His  chief  works  are  "Poems," 
'"Free  Inquiry  into  the  Origin  of  Evil,'' 
"A  View  of  the  Internal  Evidence  ofthe 
Christian  Religion,"  "Political  Tracts," 
and  some  others.     I).  1787. 

JEPHSON,  Richard,  a  dramatic  wri- 
ter, was  a  native  of  Ireland,  and  b.  in 
1736.  He  was  a  captain  in  the  army, 
and  master  ofthe  horse  to  the  lord-lieu- 
tenant, during  twelve  administrations. 
As  a  dramatist  his  claims  arc  chiefly 
founded  on  his  tragedies  of  "  Braganza" 
and  the  ''Count  of  Narbonne."  He 
also  wrote  the  "  Law  of  Lombardy," 
"Julia,"  and  ''The  Conspiracy,"  trage- 
dies: and  the  farce  of  "Two  Strings  to 
your  Bow,"  "Love  and  War,"  «fce.  He 
was  also  author  of  "The  Confessions  of 
James  Baptiste  Coutean,  Citizen  of 
France,"  a  severe  satire  on  the  French 
revolution,  "Roman  Portraits,"  a  poem 
in  heroic  verse,  witli  historical  remarks 
and  illustrations.     I).  1803. 

JERN  INGHAM,  Edward,  a  poet  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  descended 
from  an  ancient  Roman  Catholic  family, 
and  b.  in  Norfolk,  in  1727.  He  was 
educated  at  Douay  and  Paris  ;  but  on 
his  return  to  England,  he  joined  in 
communion  with  the  established  church. 
He  was  the  author  of  the  tragedies  of 
"Margaret  of  Anjou"  and  "The  Siege 
of  Berwick  ;"  he  also  wrote  "An  Es- 
say on  the  mild  Tenor  of  Christianity," 


"The  Dignity  of  Human  Nature,  an 
Essav,"  "  The  Alexandrian  School,"  &o. 
1>.  1812. 

JEROME,  or  IIIERONYMUS,  St., 
one  of  the  fathers  of  the  church,  was 
b.  in  ;j)-J,  at  Stridou,  on  the  frontiers  of 
Dacia,  ami  studied  at  Rome,  under  Do- 
natus  the  grammarian.  lie  was  ordained 
a  presbyter  at  Antioch,  in  37S;  and  soon 
alter  went  to  Constantinople,  where  he 
lived  with  Gregory  Nazianzen.  in  082 
he  visited  Rom:-,  and  was  made  secre- 
tary to  Pope  Damasus;  but  three  years 
afenvards  he  returned  into  the  East, 
accompanied  by  several  monks  and  fe- 
male devotees,  who  wished  to  lead  an 
ascetic  life  in  the  Holy  Land  ;  and  d  in 
422,  superintendent  of  a  monastery  at 
Bethlehem. — of  Prague,  so  called  from 
being  a  native  of  the  capital  of  Bohemia, 
studied  in  the  universities  of  Oxford, 
Pari-,  Prague,  &c. ;  was  a  disciple  of 
Wicklitf,  and  boldly  followed  the  jrreat 
reformer,  Huss,  in  propagating  his  doc- 
trines. He  attacked  the  worship  of 
images  and  relies  with  ardor,  trampled 
them  under  foot,  and  caused  the  monks 
who  opposed  him,  to  be  arrested.  He 
publicly  burned,  in  1411,  the  bull  ofthe 
crusade  against  Ladislaus  of  Naples, 
and  the  papal  indulgences.  When  IIuss 
was  imprisoned  at  Constance,  he  has- 
tened to  his  defence  ;  but  on  his  attempt- 
ing to  return  to  Prague,  the  duke  of 
Sulzbach  caused  him  to  be  seized,  and 
carried  in  chains  to  Constance.  He  hero 
received,  in  prison,  information  of  the 
terrible  fate  of  his  friend,  and  was  terri- 
fied into  a  momentary  recantation  of  his 
principles;  but  he  resumed  his  courage, 
and,  retracting  his  recantation,  avowed 
that  none  of  his  sins  tormented  him 
more  than  his  apostasy,  while  he  vindi- 
cated the  principles  of  IIuss  and  Wiek- 
liff  with  a  boldness,  energy,  and  elo- 
quence that  extorted  the  admiration  of 
his  adversaries.  He  was,  however,  con- 
demned to  he  burnt;  which  sentence  ho 
endured  with  heroic  fortitude,  Mav  30, 
141fi. 

JEWELL,  John,  a  learned  prelate  of 
the  church  of  England-,  who  was  bishop 
of  Salisbury  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Eliz- 
abeth, and  a  great  polemical  writer 
atrainst  popery.  He  was  b.  1522,  at  tho 
village  of  Buden,  near  Ilfracombe,  Dev- 
onshire; studied  at  Oxford,  and  in  1546 
openly  professed  tl.e  tenets  of  the  re- 
formers. Having  obtained  the  living  of 
Sunnimrwell,  Berks,  he  distinguished 
himself  by  his  zeal  and  assiduity  as  a 
parish  priest;  but  at  the  accession  of 
Queen  Mary,  finding   they  were  about 


J0I1 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


531 


U>  prosec.itc  him  as  a  heretic,  he  made 
his  escape  to  the  Continent,  ami  became 
vice-master  of  a  college  at  Strasburg. 

On  the  death  of  Mary  he  returned  to 
England,  was  received  with  great  favor 
bv  her  successor,  and  ill  1560  he  was 
raised  to  the  bishopric  of  Salisbury.  His 
principal  work  is  entitled  "  An  Apology 
For  the  Church  of  England,"  originally 
written  in  elegant  Latin,  but  translated 
into  every  European  language ;  and 
which,  it  "is  said,  had  more  effect  in 
promoting  the  reformation,  than  any 
other  hook  ever  publish  id.     D.  1571. 

JOAN  of  ARC,  called  also  the  Maid 
of  Orleans,  was  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated  heroines   in    history.     She  was 
born  of  pooi-  parents,  at  Domremi,  a  vil- 
lage on  the  borders  of  Lorraine,  1402; 
and  became  a  servant  at  an  inn,  where 
she  attended  the  horses,  drove  the  cattle 
to  pasture,  and  was  employed  in  other 
services  similar  to  what  a  man-servant 
would   perform   in   America.      At   this 
time  the  affairs  of  France  were  in  a  de- 
plorable state,  and   the  city  of  Orleans 
was  so  closely  besieged  by  the  duke  of 
Bedford,  that' its  fall  appeared  inevitable. 
In  the  exigency  Joan  pretended  to  have 
received  a  divine  commission  to  expel 
the  invaders.     On   being  introduced  to 
the  king,  Charles  VII.,'  she  offered  to 
raise  the  siege  of  Orleans,  and  conduct 
his  majesty  to  Rheims  to  be  crowned  and 
anointed;- at  the  same  time  demanding 
for   herself   a   particular   sword,  which 
was  in  the  church  of  St.  Catharine.     Af- 
ter a  little  hesitation  her  request  was 
complied  with  ;  and  while  the  French 
soldiers  were  elated  by  having  an   in- 
spired leader,  the  English  were  as  much 
dismayed.     From  this  period,  she  ap- 
pears the  finest  character  in  the  history 
of  the  middle  ages  of  France.     In  a  male 
dress,  armed  cap  a  pie,  she   bore   tho 
Bword   and   the   sacred   banner,  as   the 
signal   of  victory,   at   the   head   of  tho 
army.     Still  no  unfeminine  cruelty  over 
stained  her  conduct,     She  was  wounded 
several  times  herself,  but  neve:   killed 
any  one,  or  shed    any  blood  with   her 
own  hand.     The  genoral   belief  of  her 
elevated  mission,  of  which  she  herself 
was   piously    persuaded,    produced   the 
most   extraordinary   effects.      Resolute, 
chivalrous,  gentle,  and  brave,  looking  to 
one   single   aim,  she  was  skilfully  em- 
ployed by  the  generals  to  animate  the 
army,  while  they  did  not  implicitly  fol- 
low her  counsels.     The  first  enterprise 
was  successful.     With  10,000  men,  un- 
der the  command  of  St.  Severre,  Dnnols, 
and  La  Hire,  she  marched  from  Elois, 


and,  on  April  29th,  1420.  entered  Orleans 
with  supplies.  By  bold  sallies  to  which 
she  animated  the  besieged,  the  English 
were  forced   from  their  intrenchmcntf>, 

and  Suffolk  abandoned  the  siege.  Joan 
entered  Orleans  in  triumph,  and  tin; 
coronation  at  Rheima  followed;  after 
which  Charles  caused  a  medal  to  Ik; 
struck  in  honor  of  the  heroine,  and  en- 
nobled her  family.  The  town  of  Dom 
remi  also,  where  she  was  born,  was 
exempted  from  all  imposts  for  ever 
After  the  coronation,  Joan  declared  that 
her  mission  was  at  an  end,  and  that  sh.'. 
should  now  retire  to  private  life;  but 
the  French  commandant,  Dunois,  who 
thought  she  might  still  prove  service- 
able, induced  her  to  throw  herself  into 
Compeigne,  then  besieged  by  the  duko 
of  Burgundy,  and  the  earls  ot'  Arundel 
and  Suffolk.  Here,  after  performing 
prodigies  of  valor,  she  was  taken  pris- 
oner in  a  sallj  ;  and  after  four  months' 
imprisonment,  was  cruelly  condemned 
by  the  English  to  be  burnt  alive,  on  tho 
charge  of  sorcery.  She  resolutely  de- 
fended herself  from  the  absurd  accusa- 
tion, and  was  carried  to  the  stake,  where 
with  dauntless  courage  she  met  her  dis- 
astrous fate,  in  the  29th  year  of  her  age, 
May  20,  1431. 

JODELLE,  Etienne,  an  early  French 
poet  and  dramatist,  b.  at  Paris,  1582, 
lie  was  the  author  of  tho  first  regular 
tragedy  acted  on  tho  French  stage;  and 
he  is  described  as  having  possessed  an 
extraordinary  facility  and  fluency  of 
composition.  Though  enjoying  tho 
favor  of  Charles  IX.  and  of  Henry  II., 
yet  he  died  in  great  poverty  and  dis- 
tress, in  1578. 

JOFFRID,  abbot  of  Croyland,  in  tho 
12th  century.  In  the  continuation  of 
"  Ingulph's '  Account  of  Croyland,''  by 
Peter  do  Blois,  he  says,  "that  Abbot 
Joffrid  sent  a  deputation  of  three  learned 
French  or  Norman  monks,  named  Ode, 
Terrick,  and  William,  to  his  manor  of 
Cottcnhain,  near  Cambridge,  to  leach 
the  people  in  that  neighborhood,  gram- 
mar, logic,  and  rhetoric;  and  that  theso 
three  monks  went  every  day  from  Cot- 
tenham  to  Cambridge,  where,  they  hired 
a  barn,  in  which  they  taught  those  sci- 
ences to  a  great  number  of  scholars,  who 
resorted  to  them  from  all  the  country 
round."  If  Do  Blois  can  be  relied  on, 
Joffrid  may  therefore  be  considered  as 
the  original  founder  of  the  university 
of  Cambridge. 

JOHN,  king  of  England,  was  the 
vomiLrest  son  of  Henry  II.  by  Eleanor 
of  Guieune,  b.  1160,  and  succeeded  his 


532 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


brother  Richard.  lie  rendered  himself 
the  object  of  such  universal  contempt 
and  hatred,  that  Ids  nobles  determined, 
if  possible,  to  control  his  power,  and  es- 
tablish their  privileges;  and  though  the 
pope  declared  his  disapprobation  of  their 
conduct,  the  barons  assembled  in  arms 
at  Oxford,  where  the  court  then  was, 
and  immediately  proceeded  to  warlike 
operations.  They  were  received  with- 
out opposition  in  London,  which  so 
intimidated  the  king,  that  he  consented 
to  whatever  terms  they  chose  to  dictate. 
Thus  was  obtained  that  basis  of  English 
constitutional  freedom,  known  as  Mag- 
na Oharta,  which  not  only  protected  the 
nobles  against  the  crown,  but  secured 
important  privileges  to  every  class  of 
freemen. —Of  Gaunt,  duke  of  Lancas- 
ter, a  renowned  general,  was  b.  1340. 
He  served  with  great  distinction  in 
France  with  his  brother  the  Black 
Prince,  and  on  his  death  had  the  man- 
agement of  affairs  during  the  life  of  his 
father.  John  of  Gaunt  was  a  man  of 
great  valor,  prudence,  and  generosity. 
His  son  afterwards  became  king,  by  the 
title  of  Henry  IV.  D.  1399.— Of  Salis- 
bury, bishop  of  Chartres,  in  France,  was 
b.  at  Salisbury,  in  Wiltshire,  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  li'th  century.  He  studied 
under  the  most  eminent  professors  on 
the  Continent,  and  acquired  considerable 
fame  for  his  proficiency  in  rhetoric  and 
general  literature.  After  his  return  to 
England,  he  became  the  intimate  friend 
and  companion  of  Thomas  a  Beeket, 
whom  he  had  attended  in  his  exile,  and 
he  is  said  to  have  been  present  when  he 
was  murdered  in  Canterbury  cathedral. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  restorers  of  the 
Greek  and  Latin  languages  in  Europe, 
and  an  elegant  Latin  poet. 

JOHNSON,  Samuel,  a  divine,  emi- 
nent for  his  zeal,  and  for  his  numerous 
writings,  in  the  cause  of  civil  liberty. 
was  b.  in  1640,  in  the  county  of  Stafford; 
received  Ins  education  at  St.  Paul's 
school  and  tit  Trinity  college,  Cam- 
bridge ;  and  became  minister  of  Cor- 
ringham,  in  Essex.  In  the  reign  of 
Charles  II.,  while  Lord  Russell  and  his 
coadjutors  were  promoting  the  bill  for 
excluding  the  duke  of  York,  he  pub- 
lished a  tract,  entitled  "Julian  the 
Apostate,"  for  which  he  was  fined  and 
imprisoned.  In  1618,  when  the  army 
was  encamped  on  Honnslow  Heath,  he 
drew  up  a  paper,  entitled  "An  humble 
and  hearty  Address  to  all  the  English 
Protestants  in  the  present  Army,"  for 
which  he  was  tried,  and  condemned  to 
stand  in  the  pillory  in  three  places,  to 


pay  a  fine  of  five  hundred  marks,  to  be 
degraded   from  the  priesthood,  and  to 

be  publicly  whipped  from  Newgate  to 
Tyburn.  He  bore  all  these  disgraceful 
punishments  with  unshrinking  forti- 
tude, and  continued  to  employ  his  pen 
in  the  same  cause  until  the  revolution, 
when  the  king  offered  him  the  rich 
deanery  of  Durham  ;  but  this  he  refused, 
as  inadequate  to  his  sufferings  and  ser- 
vices, which  he  thought  merited  a  bish- 
opric. He  finally  received  :v  present  of 
£1000,  and  a  pension  of  £800  per  annum 
for  the  life  of  himself  and  his  son.  D. 
1703. — Samukl,  the  celebrated  lexicog- 
rapher, and  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished writers  of  the  18th  century, 
was  b.  in  1709,  at  Lichfield,  where  his 
father  was  a  bookseller.  He  completed 
his  education  at  Pembroke  college,  Ox- 
ford ;  and  in  1782  he  became  under- 
master  of  a  free-school  at  Market  Bos- 
worth,  in  Leicestershire,  which  situation 
he  was  soon  induced  to  quit,  on  account 
of  the  haughty  treatment  he  received 
from  the  principal ;  and  he  next-endeav- 
ored  to  earn  a  scanty  maintenance  by 
literary  employment.  In  1735  he  mar- 
ried Airs.  Porter,  the  widow  of  a  mercer 
at  Birmingham,  with  a  fortune  of  about 
£800,  by  which  he  was  enabled  to  open 
a  boarding-school ;  but  the  plan  did  not 
succeed,  and,  after  a  year's  trial,  he  re- 
solved to  seek  his  fortune  in  London, 
in  company  with  one  of  his  few  pupils, 
the  celebrated  David  Garrick.  In  March, 
1737,  the  two  adventurers  accordingly 
arrived  in  the  metropolis,  Johnson  with 
his  unfinished  tragedy  of  "  Irene"  in  his 
pocket,  and  with  little  to  depend  upon 
but  his  slender  engagement  with  Cave, 
the  proprietor  of  the  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine. At  this  time  he  became  acquainted 
with  the  reckless  and  unfortunate  Sav- 
age, and  in  some  respects  his  personal 
conduct  was  unfavorably  affected  by  the 
intimacy;  but  from  irregularity  of  this 
nature  he  was  soon  recovered  by  his 
deeply  grounded  religious  and  moral 
principles.  His  first  literary  pro  1  notion, 
which  attracted  notice  in  the  metrorolis, 
was  his  "London,"'  a  poem  in  imitation 
of  the  third  satire  of  Juvenal.  In  1747 
he  printed  proposals  for  an  edition  of 
"  Siiakspeare,"  and  the  plan  of  his  "  En- 
glish Dictionary,"  addressed  to  Lord 
Chesterfield.  The  price  agreed  upon 
between  him  and  the  booksellers  for  the 
last  work  was  £V575.  In  1749,  Garrick 
brought  his  friend's  tragedy  on  the 
stage  of  Drury-lane,  but  it  was  unsuc- 
cessful. In  1750  he  commenced  his 
•'Rambler,"   which  was  continued  till 


JOIl] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


533 


1752.     In    this   work   only    five   papers 
wcie  llio  productions  of  other  writers. 

Boon  after  the  elose  of  this  paper  he  lost 
his  wife,  ;i  circumstance  which  greatly 

affected  him.  as  appears  from  his  "  Med- 
itations," and  the  sermon  which  he  wrote 
on  herdeath.  In  17.v>  appeared  his  Dic- 
tionary, and  the  same  year  the  university 
of  Ox  lord  conferred  on  him  the  degree 
of  M.A.  Lord  Chesterfield  endeavored 
also  to  assist  it  by  writing  two  papers 
in  its  favor  in  "The  World;"  but  ns  he 
had  hitherto  neglected  the  author,  John- 
son treated  him  with  contempt.  The 
publication  of  tins  great  work  did  not 
relieve  him  from  his  embarrassments, 
for  the  price  of  his  labor  had  been  con- 
sumed in  the  progress  of  its  compilation. 
In  1758  he  began  the  "Idler."  a  period- 
ical paper,  which  was  published  in  a 
weekly  newspaper.  On  the  death  of 
his  mother  in  1759,  he  wrote  the  ro- 
mance of  "  Rasselas"  to  defray  the  ex- 
penses of  her  funeral.  In  1702  the  king 
granted  him  a  pension  of  £300  per  an- 
num. In  177:}  he  went  on  a  tour  with 
Mr.  Boswcll  to  the  western  islands  of 
Scotland,  of  which  journey  he  shortly- 
after  published  a  highly  interesting  ac- 
count ;  but  which  gave  offence  to  many, 
by  the  violent  attack  therein  made  on 
the  authenticity  of  the  poems  attributed 
to Ossian.  In  1779  he  began  his  "Lives 
of  the  English  Poets,"  a  work  which, 
on  the  whole,  may  be  regarded  as  a 
treasure  of  sound  criticism,  and  a  model 
of  literary  biography.  P.  1784. — Sam- 
uel, a  dramatic  writer  and  performer  of 
eccentric  celebrity;  author  of  "Hurlo- 
thrumbo,  or  the  Supernatural,"  and  va- 
rious other  laughable  extravaganzas.  1). 
1773. — Samuel,  first  president  of  Kind's 
college,  New  York,  was  b.  at  Guildford, 
Connecticut;  educated  at  the  college  of 
Saybrook  ;  first  preached  at  West  Ha- 
ven, then  became  an  Episcopalian,  and 
went  to  England  to  obtain  ordination. 
On  his  return  he  settled  at  Stratford, 
where  he  preached  to  an  Episcopalian 
congregation ;  received  the  degree  of 
D.U.  from  Oxford,  in  1743;  and  was 
chosen  president  of  the  college  at  New 
York  on  its  establishment  in  1754.  lie 
held  this  situation  with  much  credit, 
until  1763,  when  he  resigned  and  re- 
turned to  his  pastoral  charge  at  Strat- 
ford, where  he  continued  till  his  death, 
in  1772. — Thomas,  an  English  botanist, 
was  b.  at  Selby,  in  Yorkshire.  He  was 
bred  an  apothecary  in  London,  and  be- 
came, says  Wood,  the  best  herbalist  of 
his  age.  He  wrote  "Iter  in  Agrum 
Canturarium"  and  "  Ericctuin  Hamsted- 
45* 


ianum,"  which  wore  the  first  local  cata- 
logues  <•!'  plants  published  in  England. 
Bui  his  great  work  was  an  improved 
edition  of  "Gerard's  Herbal."  In  the 
civil  wars  he  entered  into  the  royal 
army;  at  the  siege  of  Busing-house  he 
received  a  wound,  of  which  he  d.  In 
1644.  -Richakd  M.,  an  eminent  poli- 
tician, and  for  some  years  vice-president 
of  the  United  States.  Ik:  was  b.  at 
Floyd's  Station.  Ky..  and  at  an  early 
nge  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  legis- 
latlire,  then  a  member  of  congress,  and 
finally  vice-president  of  the  United 
States.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
Indian  wars  of  the  northwest,  and  is 
supposed  to  have  been  the  man  who 
killed  the  great  chief,  Tecnmseh.  While 
in  congress  he  read  a  report  on  the  sub- 
ject of  Stopping  the  mails  on  Sunday, 
which  was  a  masterly  argument  aiid 
gave  him  ffreat  eclat.  T).  1850. 
'  JOHNSTON,  or  J  OHNSON,  Charles, 
a  native  of  Ireland,  who  was  bred  to  the 
bar,  and  came  over  to  Englnnd  to  prac- 
tise; but  being  afflicted  with  deafness, 
he  was  compelled  to  quit  that  profes- 
sion. His  first  literary  attempt  was  the 
celebrated  "Chrysal,  or  the  Adventures 
of  a  Guinea,"  a  political  romance,  which 
produced  a  great  sensation.  This  work 
having  so  well  succeeded,  he  produced 
others  of  a  similar  class,  viz.:  "The 
Reverie,  or  a  Flight  to  the  Paradise  of 
Fools,"  "The  History  of  Arhaees, 
Prince  of  Betlis,"  "The  Pil  rim,  or  a 
Picture  of  Life,"  and  the  "History  of 
John  Juniper,  esq.,  alias  Juniper  Jack." 
In  1782  he  went  to  India,  where  he  en- 
gaged in  literary  and  other  speculations, 
and  obtained  considerable  wealth.  D. 
18(W. 

JOHNSTONE,  John-  Hentiy,  a  cele- 
brated comic  actor  and  vocalist,  W03  b. 
in  1750  at  Tippcrary,  where  his  father 
was  a  small  fanner.  At  the  ngc  of  is  lie 
enlisted  in  a  regiment  of  Irish  dragoons, 
and  soon  attracted  the  notice  of  his  eora- 
rad-s.  by  his  fine  voice  and  irooddiu- 
mored  liveliness.  The  colonel  of  the 
regiment  having  had  proofs  of  John- 
stone's vocal  powers,  and  hearing  that 
he  hail  an  inclination  for  the  stane,  ho 
generously  granted  his  discharge,  and 
gave  him  a  recommendatory  letter  to 
Mr.  Ryder,  then  manager  of  the  Dublin 
theatre,  who  engaged  him  for  three 
years,  at  two  guineas  per  week,  which 
was  soon  raised  to  four.  His  fime  as  a 
vocalist  increased  rapidly  ;  and  having 
married  a  Miss  Poitier,  who  had  acquir- 
ed a  profound  knowledge  of  the  science 
of  music,  he  profited  by  her  instnic- 


534 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[jON 


tioiis,  nnd  soon  became  a  finished  sing- 
er. His  first  appearance  at  Covent- 
gardcu  theatre  was  made  in  October, 
17S3.     I).  1828. 

JOINVILLE,  John,  Sicur  de,  senes- 
chal of  Champagne,  an  eminent  French 
statesman  and  bdstorian  of  the  loth 
century.  lie  accompanied  Louis  IX.  in 
his  first  crusade  or  expedition  to  Egypt, 
in  124-U,  sharing  his  master's  captivity, 
and  rendering  him  many  important  ser- 
vices. In  the  king's  second  crusade, 
however,  ho  declined  taking  a  part,  and 
subsequently  employe  1  himself  in  wri- 
ting the  "  Life  of  St.  Louis,"  one  of  the 
most  interesting  documents  existing 
relative  to  the  history  of  the  middle 
ages.     D.  1818. 

JOLY,  Claude,  a  French  ecclesiastic, 
who  wrote  "  A  Collection  of  Maxims  for 
the  Education  of  a  Prince,"  which  gave 
great  offence,  and  was  burnt  by  the 
hangman.  The  author,  however,  re- 
published it  with  an  ad  lition.  called 
"Codicil  d'Or,"  or  the  Golden  Codicil. 
B.  at  Paris,  1607,  and  d.  there  in  1700. 
—Guy,  the  confident!  il  secretary  of 
Cardin  1  de  Retz,  who  wrote  "Memoirs 
of  his  Times,"  containing  an  interesting 
account  of  transactions  from  1648  to 
1665,  in  which  is  included  the  private 
history' of  his  patron. —  Mary  Eliza- 
beth, a  celebrate!  French  actress,  was 
b.  at  Versailles  in  1761.  She  commen- 
ced her  theatrical  career  in  1781,  and 
soon  rose  to  eminence  in  her  profession, 
excelling  principally  as  a  representative 
of  the  soubrettes  of  the  French  drama. 
In  175>3  she  was  imprisoned  among  oth- 
er political  victims,  but  recovered  her 
liberty  on  condition  of  performing  at 
the  theatre  of  the  republic.     IX  17'.i8. 

JOMELLI.  Nicoi.o,  a  musical  com- 
poser, was  b.  in  1714,  at  A  versa,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Naples.  He  composed 
a  number  of  operas  in  his  own  country, 
and  bee.  una  a  popular  favorite.  He 
afterwards  visited  Bologna,  Rome,  Ven- 
ice, and  other  principal  cities  of  Italy, 
everywhere  carrying  away  the  palm 
from  rival  musicians.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  many  devotional  pieces,  among 
which  are  his  celebrated  "  Requiem" 
and  "  Miserere."     D.  1774. 

JONES,  Inioo,  a  celebrated  architect, 
and  the  reviver  of  classical  architecture 
in  Enghn  1,  was  b.  in  London,  about 
l.">72.  lie  was  at  first  an  apprentice  to  a 
ioiner;  but  Ids  talents  for  drawing 
having  attracted  the  notice  of  the  carls 
of  Arnn  lei  an  1  Pembroke,  the  1  itrer 
supplied  him  with  the  means  of  visiting 
Italy,  for  the  purpose  of  studying  land- 


scape painting.  lie  went  to  Venice. 
where  the  works  of  Palladio  inspired 
him  with  a  taste  for  architecture;  and 
he  afterwards  devoted  all  his  energies 
in  pursuit  of  that  noble  branch  of  art. 
He  soon  acquired  fame,  and  obtained 
the  situation  of  first  architect  to  Chris- 
tian IV.,  king  of  Denmark,  who  visiting 
his  brother-in-law,  James  I.,  in  1606, 
brought  Jones  with  him  to  England. 
Being  induce  1  to  remain,  the  queen 
chose  him  as  her  architect:  anil  the 
place  of  surveyor-general  of  the  board 
of  works  was  granted  to  him  in  rever- 
sion. In  1620  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  commissioners  for  repairing  St. 
Paul's  c  ithedral  ;  but  this  was  not  com- 
menced till  1623.  In  the  following  reign 
he  was  much  employed  in  preparing 
masques  for  the  entertainment  of  the 
court,  and  in  building  the  Banqueting 
House  at  Whitehall:  but  while  thus 
engaged  he  fell  under  the  displeasure  of 
Ben  Jonson,  who  ridiculed  him  on  the 
stage,  an!  made  him  the  subject  of  his 
epigrammatic  muse.  Jones  realized  a 
handsome  fortune;  but  being  a  Roman 
Catholic,  and  a  p  irtisan  of  royalty,  he  suf- 
fered severelv  in  the  civil  war.  I).  1652. 
— Owen,  a  Welsh  antiquary,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Gwyneddigion,  or  Cambrian 
society,  for  encouraging  the  bards,  lan- 
guage, and  music  of  Wales,  was  b.  in 
1740,  and  d.  in  1814.  lie  collected  and 
published  "The  Archaeology  of  Wales," 
the  "  Poems  of  Dafydd  ap  Gwillym," 
and  other  productions. — John  Paul,  a 
naval  adventurer,  was  a  native  of  Sel- 
kirk, Scotland,  an  1  b.  in  1736.  His  first 
voyage  was  to  this  country,  where  he 
settled  early  in  life;  and  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  struggle  between  the 
colonies  and  the  mother  country,  he 
offered  his  services  to  the  former,  and 
was  appointed  first  of  the  first  lieuten- 
ants. In  1775  he  obtained  fie  command 
of  a  ship  under  Commodore  Hopkins, 
and  distinguished  himself  in  several 
engagements,  for  which  he  received  his 
commission  as  captain  of  the  marine. 
He  then  sailed  to  France,  and  being 
well  acquainted  with  the  Irish  coast, 
and  the  northern  part  of  England,  ho 
conceived  the  design  of  effecting  a 
descent.  For  a  long  time  he  kept  the 
northern  coast  in  a  constant  state  of 
alarm  ;  at  length  he  effected  a  la  iding 
at  Whitehaven,  and  having  dismantled 
a  fort,  set  fire  to  some  shipping  in  the 
harbor.  From  thence  he  sailed  for 
Scotland,  where  he  landed  on  the  estate 
of  the  earl  of  Selkirk,  and  plundered 
his  lordship's  house   of  all  the  plato. 


CYCLOPAEDIA     DF    BR  GRAPH  V. 


jon] 


lie  next  took  tli c  Pn,  to  sloop  of  wnr. 
with  which  li<'  returned  to  Brest,  lie 
afterwards  sailed  round  Ireland  to  the 
North  Sen,  with  three  ships,  the  Kieh- 
ard,  Pallas,  ami  Vengeance.  Having 
committed  great  misehief  on  that  coast, 
lie  fell  in  with  the  Baltic  fleet,  convoyed 
by  the  S.ernpia  frigate,  and  the  Countess 
or  Scarborough  armed  ship,  both  which, 
after  a  severe  action,  lie  captured  off 
Flai  borough  Head.  For  these  services 
the  kin'.'  of  France  conferred  on  him 
the  order  of  merit,  and  gave  him  a  iiold- 
killed  sword.  lie  afterwards  was  in- 
vite 1  into  the  Russian  service,  with  the 
rank  of  rear-admiral,  where  he  was 
disappointed  in  not  receiving  the  com- 
mand of  the.  fleet  acfniLT  against  the 
Turks  in  the  Black  Sen.  lie  found 
fault  with  the  conduct  of  the  prince  of 
Nassau,  the  admiral;  became  restless 
and  impatient,  was  intrigued  against  at 
court,  and  calumniated  by  his  enemies; 
and  had  permission,  from  the  empress 
Catharine,  to  retire  from  the  service 
with  a  pension,  which  was  never  paid. 
He  returned  to  Paris,  sunk  into  pov- 
erty, and  d.  1792. — Sir  "William,  an 
eminent  lawyer,  poet,  an  1  general 
scholar,  was  the  son  of  an  able  mathe- 
matician ;  and  was  only  three  years  of  asre 
when  his  father  die, 1.  in  1746.  In  177ii 
he  was  made  a  commissioner  of  bank- 
rupts;  about  which  time  his  correspond- 
ence with  his  pupil  evinced  the  manly 
spirit  of  constitutional  freedom  by 
which  he  was  actuated ;  and  to  his 
feelings  on  the  American  contest  he 
gave  vent  in  a  spirited  Latin  ode  to 
Liberty.  In  177S  appeared  his  trans- 
lation of  the  "  Orations  of  Isseus,"  with 
a  prefatory  discourse,  notes,  and  com- 
mentary, which,  for  elegance  of  style, 
and  profound  critical  and  historical 
research,  excited  much  admiration.  At 
length,  on  the  accession  of  the  Shelburne 
administration,  he  obtained  what  had 
long  been  the  object  of  his  ambition, 
the  appointment  of  judge  in  the  su- 
preme court  of  i.dicature  in  Bengal. 
lie  went  to  India  in  April,  1783.  One 
of  bis  earliest  acts  in  India  was  the 
establishment  at  Calcutta  of  an  institu- 
tion on  the  plan  of  the  Poyal  Society, 
of  which  he  was  chosen  the  fi-st  presi- 
dent. Another  was,  to  take  vigorous 
measures  for  procuring  a  dige  t  of  the 
Iliu  loo  and  Mahometan  laws.  He  then 
applied  himself  with  ardor  to  trie  study 
of  the  Sanscrit,  and  his  health  Boon 
suffering  from  the  climate,  he  took  a 
journey  through  the  district  of  Benares, 
during  which  cessation  of  public  duties 


5!!5 


he  composed  a  "Treatise  on  the  Gods 
•  'I'  Greece,  Italy,  and  India."  His 
translation  of  the  celebrated  "Ordi- 
nancos  of  Menu,"  the  famous  Indian 
legislator,  published  early  in  1794,  had 

scarcely    appeared,  when   he  was    Si 
with     an     inflammation     of    the     liver, 
which  terminate  1  his  truly  valuable  life 
(in  the  'J7th  of  April,  in 'the  48th  year 
of  his  age. 

JONSON,  Benjamin,  a  celebrated 
dramatist,  and  the  cotemporary  and 
friend  of  Shakspeare,  was  the  posthu- 
mous sun  (if  a  clergyman.  He  was  b. 
in  Westminster,  in  1574:  at  the  gram' 
mar-school  of  which  city  he  was  placed, 
under  Camden,  at  an  early  age;  till  his 
mother  marrying  again  to  a  person  who 
held  the  humble  occupation  of  a  brick- 
layer, young  Ben,  as  he  was  familiarly 
called,  was  taken  home  abruptly  by  his 
father-in-law,  and  employed  by  him  as 
an  assistant  in  his  trade.  The  ardent 
spirit  of  the  future  poet  revolted  against 
his  condition  ;  he  fled  from  home  and 
entered  the  army  as  a  private  soldier, 
in  which  capacity  he  served  in  the  En- 
glish army  in  Flanders.  On  his  return 
he  resinned  Ins  studies,  and  went  to 
Cambridge;  but  from  the  poverty  of 
his  circumstances,  he  was  obliged  to 
leave  the  university  ami  take  to  tho 
stage.  At  first  he  was  not  very  snci 
fill,  either  as  an  actor  or  an  author;  ami 
having  the  misfortune  to  kill  another 
actor  in  a  duel,  he  was  taken  up  and 
imprisoned,  and  narrowly  escaped  with 
life.  On  being  released  from  confine- 
ment he  married,  and  recommenced 
writing  for  the  stage,  to  which  he  was 
encouraged  by  Shakspeare,  who  per- 
formed in  one  of  his  pieces.  In  1598 
he  produced  his  comedy  of  "  Every 
Man  in  his  Humor;"  which  was  fol- 
lowed bv  a  new  play  every  year,  till  tho 
reign  of  James  the  First,  when  he  was 
employed  in  the  masques  an  1  entertain- 
ments at  court.  But  regardless  of  pru- 
dence, Ben  joined  Chapman  and  Marston 
in  writing  the  comedy  of  "  Eistwavc. 
Hoe,"  which  so  grossly  libelled  tho 
Scotch  nation,  that  tin;  authors  were 
committed  t<>  prison,  and  had  they  not 
made  a  timely  and  humble  submission 
for  the  offence,  they  would  have  lost 
their  noses  and  ears  in  the  pillory,  ac- 
cording to  their  sentence.  By  his  ad- 
dress, however,  be  soon  contrived  to 
reinstate  himself  in  the  favor  of  a 
monarch  to  whose  pleasures  the  effu- 
sions of  his  muse  had  become  neces- 
sary; and  for  the  remainder  of  that 
reign  he  continued  in  high  favor  as  a 


536 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[J08 


kind  of  superintendent  'of  the  court 
revels.  In  1017  he  was  appointed  poet 
laureate,  with  a  salary  of  £100,  and  a 
butt  of  wine  yearly  fioni  the  king's  cel- 
lars. Want  of  economy,  however,  kept 
him  constantly  pour;  although,  in  addi- 
tion t>  the  royal  bounty,  lie  had  a  pen- 
sion from  the  city.     D.  1687. 

JoliDAENS,  Jacob,  an  eminent  his- 
torical an. I  portrait  painter,  was  a  native 
of  Antwerp,  lie  was  the  son-in-law  of 
Van  Oort,  under  whom  he  studied;  lie 
also  received  some  instruction  from 
Rubens;  and  his  pictures  are  executed 
with  correctness  and  brilliancy.  B. 
1594;  d.  1078. 

JORDAN,  Charles  Stephen,  a  Prus- 
sian writer,  originally  of  a  French  fam- 
ily, was  b.  at  Berlin  in  1700,  and  d.  in 
1 74:j.  lie  wrote  '-Travels  in  France, 
England,  and  Holland,  with  Satirical 
Anecdotes,"  ''A  Miscellany  of  Litera- 
ture, Philosophy,  and  History,"  and 
the  ••  Life  of  de  la  Croze."' — Dorothea, 
or  Dokothy  Bland,  (Jordan  being  only 
an  assumed  name,)  was  b.  at  Waterford, 
about  the  year  1762.  She  made  her 
theatrical  debut  on  the  Dublin  stage,  in 
1777,  in  the  part  of  PhoeBe,  in  "As  You 
Like  It.''  In  the  following  season  she 
appeared  at  Cork,  where  she  was  much 
admired  for  her  archness  and  sportive 
simplicity.  In  1782  she  came  to  En- 
gland, was  engage  I  by  Tate  Wilkinson, 
uud  first  appeared  at  the  Leeds  theatre 
as  Calista,  in  "  The  Fair  Penitent." 
From  Leeds  she  proceeded  to  Y'ork, 
where  she  first  played  under  the  name 
of  Mrs.  Jordan,  by  which,  though  never 
married,  she  was  subsequently  known. 
In  1785  she  made  her  first  appearance 
before  a  London  audience  at  Drury- 
laue,  as  Peggy,  in  "The  Country  Girl ;" 
and  immediately  became  such  a  decided 
favorite,  that  her  salary  was  doubled, 
and  she  was  allowed  two  benefits.  At 
the  close  of  the  season,  she  made  a  pro- 
vincial tour,  and  visited  nearly  all  the 
large  towns  in  England,  everywhere  re- 
ceiving tiic  most  enthusiastic  welcome 
from  admiring  audiences.  When  the 
duke  of  Clarence  first  made  overtures  to 
her,  she  was  the  mistress  of  a  Mr.  Ford, 
who  refused  to  make  her  his  wife, 
through  fear  of  offending  his  father. 
Mrs.  Jordan  then  entered  into  that  con- 
nection with  the  duke,  which  continued 
in  an  almost  uninterrupted  state  of  do- 
mestic harmony,  until  it  was  suddenly 
broken  off  in  1811.  D.  1S10. — Sir 
Joseph,  a  gallant  English  admiral,  who 
by  his  presence  of  mini  an  I  valor, 
gained  tne  batde  of  Solebay,  iu  1672. — 


Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  I.  He  wrote  two  comedies 
and  a  masque  ;  and  is  mentioned  by 
Langbaine  with  respect. 

JORDANO.  Luca,  a  famous  painter, 
was  b.  at  Naples,  in  1632 ;  and  d.  there 
in  170"). 

JORTIN,  John,  an  eminent  scholar 
and  divine,  was  b.  in  London,  in  1698. 
Here  he  acquired  so  high  a  character 
for  learning  and  acutencss,  that  he  was 
employed  by  Pope  to  extract  the  i.otes 
from  Eustathius,  to  print  with  his 
translation  of  the  Iliad.  His  chief  works 
are,  "Discourses  concerning  the  Truth 
of  the  Christian  Religion,"  "  Miscella- 
neous Observations  upon  Authors,  an- 
cient and  modern,"  "Remarks  upon 
Ecclesiastical  History,"  "  Life  of  Eras- 
mus," and  seven  volumes  of  "Sermons 
and  Charges,"  which  were  printed  after 
his  death.     D.  1770. 

JOSE,  Antonio,  a  Portuguese  drama- 
tist, by  birth  a  Jew,  who  was  burnt 
alive  at  the  last  auto-da-fe  in  1745,  for 
having  introduced  in  one  of  his  farces  a 
scene,  iu  which  a  criminal  is  conversing 
at  the  gallows  with  his  confessor,  in  a 
style,  as  may  be  supposed,  not  the  most 
edifying. 

JOSEPH  I.,  emperor  of  Germany, 
the  son  of  Leopold  I.,  was  b.  at  Vienna, 
in  1678;  received  the  crown  of  Hungary 
in  1689;  and  was  soon  after  elected 
king  of  the  Romans.  D.  1711— II., 
emperor  of  Germany,  was  the  son  of  the 
Emperor  Leopold  and  Maria  Theresa, 
queen  of  Hungary.  He  was  crowned 
king  of  the  Romans  iu  1764;  the  year 
following  he  succeeded  his  father;  and 
in  1780,  by  the  death  of  the  empress- 
queen,  he  succeeded  to  the  crown  of 
Hungary  and  Bohemia.     D.  1789. 

JOSEPHINE,  empress  of  France  and 
queen  of  Italy,  was  b.  at  Martinique  in 
1763,  and  bore  the  name  from  her  pa- 
rents of  Rose  Tascheu  de  la  Pagekie. 
While  very  young,  she  was  taken  by  hei 
father  to  France,  to  be  the  bride  of  tho 
Viscount  de  Beauharnois— a  marriage 
having  been  arranged  by  the  two  fam- 
ilies when  the  Marquis  Beauharnois  was 
governor-general  of  the  Antilles.  They 
were  accordingly  married  ;  and,  iu  the 
enjoyment  of  each  other's  society,  they 
lived  beloved  and  respected,  while  Jo- 
sephine became  the  mother  of  two  chil- 
dren, Eugene  and  Horteuse.  Prompted 
by  filial  attachment,  she  went,  in  1786, 
to  Martinique,  to  attend  upon  her  mo- 
ther in  sickness  ;  and  having  taken  her 
daughter  with  her,  she  remained  in  the 
islaud  three  years.    The  sudden  rising 


jou] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGKAniT. 


537 


of  tlic  colony,  however,  obliged  her  to 
quit  it  for  Jb ranee,  with  such  haste,  as 
not  to  allow  of  lier  taking  leave  of  lie 
parent.  After  effecting  her  escape,  and 
surmounting'  numerous  obstacles,  Ma- 
dame Beauharnois  began  to  experience 
the  horrors  of  the  French  revolution  ; 
and  soon  saw  her  husband,  who  had 
used  every  exertion  at  the  head  of  the 
French  army  on  the  Rhine,  dragged  to 
a  j  rison,  and  thence  to  the  scaffold. 
She  was  also  included  in  the  list  of 
proscription  ;  but  the  death  of  her  hus- 
band reduced  her  to  such  a  state  that 
she  could  not  be  removed,  and  to  this 
circumstance  she  owed  her  deliverance. 
Robespierre  at  length  perished,  and  the 
viscountess  was  delivered  from  prison 
by  Tallien,  who  was  never  forgotten  by 
her,  nor  by  Eugene,  from  whom  he  re- 
ceived a  considerable  pension  till  his 
death.  Josephine  was  indebted  to 
Barras  for  the  restoration  of  a  part  of 
the  property  of  her  husband  ;  and  at 
his  house,  after  the  13th  Vendemiaire, 
she  met  General  Bonaparte,  who  was 
desirous  of  seeing  her,  in  consequence 
of  her  son  Eugene,  then  15  years  old, 
presenting  himself  before  the  general, 
to  solicit  that  the  sword  which  had  be- 
longed to  his  father  might  be  given  to 
him.  Bonaparte  from  the  first  was  fa- 
vorably impressed  towards  the  widow; 
and  his  attachment  strengthening  at 
every  succeeding  interview,  he  married 
her  in  17'.*6.  From  that  day  it  became 
her  practice  to  encourage  him  through 
dangers,  and  moderate  his  feelings  in 
the  hour  of  victory.  After  Napoleon 
became  emperor,  a  divorce  was  a  sub- 
ject to  which  his  friends  advised  him, 
but  which  he  at  first  declined.  Jose- 
phine had  been  crowned  empress  at 
Paris,  and  queen  of  Italy  at  Milan. 
When  Napoleon  became  desirous  of 
marrying  a  princess,  and  she  was  made 
acquainted  with  the  wishes  of  the  na- 
tion regarding  a  successor,  she  resolved 
to  sacrifice  her  private  feelings,  and 
giving  the  archduchess,  Maria  Louisa, 
credit  for  all  the  estimable  qualities 
which  she  knew  were  requisite  to  the 
happiness  of  Napoleon,  she  consented 
to  the  marriage.  She,  however,  would 
not  follow  the  wishes  of  her  children, 
who  were  anxious  that  she  should  quit 
France  ;  but  retired  to  her  beautiful 
seat  of  Malmaison,  with  the  title  of 
empress-aueen-dowager.     D.  1814. 

JOSEPH  US,  Flavius,  the  celebrated 
historian  of  the  Jews,  was  b.  at  Jeru- 
salem, a.  d.  37.  His  father,  Mattathias, 
was  descended  from  the  ancient  high- 


priests  of  the  Jews,  and  his  mother  was 
of  the  Maeeabcan  race,  lie  was  early 
instructed  in  Hebrew  learniug,  and  be- 
came an  ornament  of  the  Beet  of  tlio 
Pharisees,  to  which  he  belonged.  When 
^(i  years  old  he  visited  Rome,  for  the 
purpose  of  obtaining  tin:  release  of  some 
prisoners  whom  Felix  had  sent  to  the 
capital,  on  which  occasion  he  was  in- 
troduced to  Popprea,  afterwards  the 
wife  of  Nero,  and,  on  his  return,  was 
made  governor  of  Galilee.  lie  after- 
wards obtained  the  command  of  the 
Jewish  army,  and  supported  with  cour- 
age, wisdom,  and  resolution  a  Biege  of 
seven  weeks,  in  the  fortified  town  of 
Jotapata,  where  he  was  attacked  by 
Vespasian  and  Titus.  The  town  wan 
betrayed  to  the  enemy.  He  accom- 
panied Titus  back  to  Rome,  where  he 
was  rewarded  with  the  freedom  of  the 
city,  and  received  a  pension  and  other 
favors  from  Vespasian  ami  his  son,  and. 
as  a  mark  of  gratitude,  he  then  assumed 
their  family  name  of  Flavius.  His 
"History  of  the  Jewish  War,  and  the 
Destruction  of  Jerusalem,"  was  com- 
posed at  the  command  of  Vespasian, 
and  is  singularly  interesting  and  affect- 
ing, as  the  historian  was  an  eye-witness 
of  all  he  relates.  St.  Jerome  calls  him 
the  Livy  of  the  Greeks.  His  "Jewish 
Antiquities,"  written  in  Greek,  is  a  very 
noble  work,  and  his  discourse  "  Upon 
the  Martyrdom  of  the  Maccabees"  is  a 
masterpiece  of  eloquence.  He  is  sup- 
posed to  have  d.  about  the  year  95. 

JOUFFROY,  marquis  dc,  who  dis- 
putes with  Fulton  and  Fitch  the  honor 
of  having  been  the  first  to  apply  steam 
to  the  purposes  of  navigation,  was  b.  in 
Franche  Oomtc,  1751.  He  made  his 
first  attempt  on  the  Doubs  in  1776,  and 
renewed  it  with  more  success  on  the 
SaJne  in  1783,  but  he  failed  to  carry  it 
out  through  want  of  means  and  support. 
lie  was  no  less  unsuccessful  at  Paris  in 
1816,  but  the  Academy  of  Sciences  ac- 
knowledged his  claim  to  the  discovery 
in  1840,  a  distinction  with  which, 
whether  merited  or  otherwise,  he  could 
not  fail  to  be  gratified.  D.  18 >'_'.— Tiiko- 
dore,  a  distinguished  writer  on  philo- 
sophical subjects,  and  professor  of 
philosophy  at  Paris,  was  b.  at  Pontcts, 
1796.  Besides  numerous  original  works, 
which  are  in  great  repute  for  clearness 
and  depth,  he  translated  into  French 
the  writings  of  Reid  and  Dugald  Stew- 
art, and  his  "Coursdu  Droit  Naturel" 
will  be  found  worthy  the  most  attentive 
perusal.  D.  1842. 
JOURDA1N,  Amable  Louis  Micuel 


538 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[jUA 


Breciiillet,  b.  iii  1788,  was  tlie  sou  of  a 
celebrated  surgcou-dentist  at  Paris.  He 
Was  designed  tar  the  law,  but  being 
Struck  at  bearing  the  splendid  eulogies 
bestowe  I  on  Anquetil  dti  Perron,  the 
orientalist,  he  determined  on  cultivating 
the  same  branches  of  learning  for  which 
that  great  scholar  had  been  distin- 
guished. This  he  pursued  with  sueh 
success,  that  the  office  of  adjunct-sec- 
retary of  the  school  of  oriental  languages 
was  create  I  in  his  favor,  and  he  held  it 
till  his  death.  lie  was  a  contributor  to 
the  "  Biographie  Univorselle,"  and  other 
extensive  publications,  and  author  of 
"  La  Perse,  on  Tableau  de  lllistoire,  du 
Gouvernement,  de  la  Religion,  de  la 
Litterature,  &c,  de  cct  Empire,"  be- 
sides some  others.     D.  1813. 

JOUVENET,  John,  an  historical 
painter,  b.  at  Kouen,  in  Normandy,  in 
1814,  and  who  studied  under  Ponssin. 
He  was  employed  to  a  lorn  the  apart- 
ments of  Versailles  an  1  the  Trianon; 
he  also  painted  colossal  figures  of  the 
twelve  apostles  in  the  hospital  of  the 
Invalids  at  Paris.     D.  1717. 

JOUY,  .Joseph  Etienne  de,  a  facile 
and  graceful  writer,  was  b.  in  17U4, 
served  in  America  and  India,  and  took 
part  in  the  first  campaign  of  the  revolu- 
tion. But  he  soon  abandoned  the  sword 
for  the  pen,  and  rose  to  great  popularity 
with  his  vaudevilles  and  th%  librettos 
which  he  wrote  for  Spontini,  Cherubini, 
and  Rossini.  He  was  also  distinguished 
as  a  political  writer,  but  he  is  best 
known  in  England  for  his  amusing  and 
satirical  work  called  the  "  Hermit  of  the 
Ghaussee  d'Antin,"  which  was  trans- 
lated into  English  many  years  ago.  In 
1830,  Louis  Philippe  appointed  him  li- 
brarian at  the  Louvre.     D.  1846. 

JOVELLANOS,  Don  Gaspab  Mel- 
ciuoii  de,  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
Spaniards  of  modern  times,  was  b.  at 
Gijon,  in  Asturias,  in  1744,  of  an  an- 
cient and  noble  family.  He  became 
a  member  of  the  criminal  branch  of 
the  an  liencia  in  Seville,  an  1  advan- 
cing rapidly  in  his  professional  career, 
lie  was  finally  appointed  to  the  dignified 
station  of  member  of  the  council  of  the 
military  orders  at  Madrid.  About  the 
same  time  he  was  intrusted  with  some 
important  affairs,  and  nominated  coun- 
sellor of  state,  by  Charles  III.  When, 
yi  1794,  Spain  found  herself  loaded  with 
debt,  Jovellanos  proposed,  for  the  relief 
of  the  national  difficulties,  a  tax  on  the 
property  of  the  higher  order  of  the 
clergy,  for  which  he  was  exiled  to  the 
mountains  of  Asturias,  though  his  pro- 


ject was  afterwards  carried  into  execu- 
tion. In  1 7 'J 9  he  was  recalled,  aud 
made  minister  of  justice  for  the  interior, 
but  before  twelve  months  were  past,  he 
was  dismissed,  ami  banished  to  the 
island  of  Majorca,  where  he  was  con- 
fined in  the  convent  of  the  Carthusians. 
Afcer  the  fall  of  Godoy,  the  prince  of 
peace,  in  1808,  he  reco\ered  bis  liberty, 
and  subsequently  became  a  member  of 
the  supreme  junta.  He  was,  however, 
suspected  of  favoring  the  French;  and, 
at  length,  being  denounced  as  a  traitor 
for  endeavoring  to  promote  their  plana 
for  the  subjugation  of  Spain,  he  was  put 
to  death,  in  1812,  during  a  popular  in- 
surrection. He  wrote  "  Lyric  Poems,'" 
"Pelayo,"  a  tragedy,  "The  Honorable 
Delinquent,"  a  comedy,  several  works 
on  subjects  connected  with  political 
economy,  and  translated  Milton's  "Par- 
adise Lost." 

JOYCE,  Jeremiah,  an  ingenious  and 
industrious  writer,  whose,  profession 
was  that  of  a  dissenting  minister,  was 
b.  in  1764,  and  first  attracted  public 
notice  as  one  of  the  persons  included 
in  the  state  prosecution  with  Hardy, 
Home  Tcokc,  Thelwall,  and  others  tor 
treason.  He  was  the  coadjutor  of  Dr. 
Gregory  in  the  compilation  of  his  "Cy- 
clopic  lia,"  and  subsequently  produced 
another  on  a  similar  plan,  which  goes 
by  the  name  of  Nicholson.  lie  was 
also  the  author  of  "Scientific  Dialogues," 
"Dialogues  on  Chemistry,"  "Letters 
on  Natural  Philosophy,"  &c.     D.  1S16. 

JUAN,  or  Don  Jonx  of  Austria,  a 
natural  sou  of  the  Emperor  Charles  V., 
and  the  great  military  hero  of  his  aire, 
was  b.  at  Ratisbon,  in  154'!.  His  mo- 
ther is  said  to  have  been  a  lady  named 
Barbara  Blomberg,  but  this  is  doubtful, 
and  a  singular  veil  of  mystery  hangs 
over  his  maternal  parentage.  He  was 
first  employed,  in  1570,  against  the 
M  iii-s  of  Granada,  and  acquire  1  great 
fame  by  their  subjugation.  He  also 
signalized  himself  by  a  memorable  vic- 
tory over  the  Turks,  in  1571,  in  the 
gulf  of  Lep.mto,  as  well  as  by  the  eon- 
quest  of  Tunis  and  other  places  on  the 
African  coast.  In  1576  he  went  to 
Flan  lers,  took  Namur  by  stratagem, 
and  succeeded  in  reducing  the  insur- 
gents to  obedience.  D.  1577. — Y  San- 
ticilia,  Don  Geokoe,  a  learned  Spanish 
mathematician  and  naval  officer,  was  b. 
at  Orihuela,  in  1712.  His  progress  in 
mathematics  was  so  great  that,  while  a 
student  in  Carthajena,  he  obtained  the 
appellation  of  Euclid;  and,  entering  the 
naval  service  early,  his  reputation  as  a 


jjn] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    IJIOOIl AIMIY. 


539 


scientific  man  occasioned  his  appoint- 
ment, with  Antonio  de  Ulloa,  to  accom- 
pany  Bouguer  and   La  Condamine  to 

Pern,  in  1735,  to  measure  a  degree  of 
the  meridian  at  the  equator.  He  after- 
wards directed  much  of  his  attention  to 
marine  architecture,  and  his  exertions 
to  improve  the  Spanish  navy  were 
highly  successful  He  published  his 
"  Observations  on  Astronomy  and  Phys- 
ics, male  in  Pern,"  and  treatises  on 
navigation  and  ship-building.    I).  1774. 

JUBA,  a  king  ot  Numidia  and  Mau- 
ritania, who  was  an  ally  of  Pompey 
against  Julius  Csesih*.  After  the  battle 
of  Pharsalia  ho  joined  his  forces  to 
those  of  Scipio,  but  being  totally  de- 
feated ut  Tliapsus,  he  put  an  end  to  his 
own  life,  and  his  kingdom  became  a 
Soman  province. — II.,  king  of  Numidia, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was,  when  a  boy, 
led  a  captive  to  Rome  to  adorn  the  tri- 
umph of  C»sar,  but  the  Roman  con- 
queror bestowed  on  him  an  excellent 
education,  and  he  became  one  of  the 
most  learned  men  of  his  time.  lie 
gained  the  hearts  of  the  Romans  by  the 
courteousness  of  his  manners,  and  was 
in  great  favor  with  Augustus,  who  gave 
him  the  daughter  of  Antony  in  mar- 
riage, and.  made  him  kinsr  of  Gsetulia, 
of  which  dignity  he  proved  himself 
worthy,  by  governing  his  dominions 
with  justice  and  lenity.  He  was  also  an 
able  and  prolific  author,  as  appears  by 
Pliny,  Strabo,  Plutarch,  and  other  wri- 
ters, who  allude  to  his  historic-;  of  the 
Arabians,  Assyrians,  and  Romans,  his 
treatises  on  the  fine  arts,  and  his  natural 
history,  of  all  which  a  few  fragments 
onlv  have  been  preserved.     1).  24. 

JUGURTHA,  king  of  Numidia,  was 
the  son  of  Manastabal.  He  was  en- 
dowed by  nature  with  superior  talents, 
and  was  remarkable  for  manly  strength 
and  personal  beauty.  Formed  for  a 
soldier,  his  valor  and  conduct  won  the 
esteem  of  the  Roman  army,  and  the 
friendship  of  Scipio;  but  involving  him- 
self in  intrigues  and  crimes  to  obtain 
the  Nnmidian  crown,  the  Roman  senate 
sent  Metellus  against  him,  who  con- 
quered him  in  a  great  battle,  and  re- 
jected all  his  bribes.  When  on  the 
point  of  signing  a  shameful  peace,  and 
surrendering  to  the  Romans,  Jugurtha, 
through  fear  that  they  might  inflict 
vengeance  on  him  for  his  former  crimes, 
suddenly  changed  his  resolution,  and 
determined  once  more  to  abide  the 
worst.  The  king  of  Mauritania,  his 
ally,  having  concluded  a  peace  wit  i  the 
Romans,  Sylla  persuaded  him  to  lraw 


Jugurtha  into  his  power,  and  deliver 
him  up  to  tin!  Romans.  He  was  ac- 
cordingly seize  1,  an  1  sent  in  ''bains  to 
Marias,  nt  Cirta.  Thus  the  war  waft 
I'n  le  I,  and  Numidia  becnrn  in  Roman 
province.  Jugurtha,  having  suffered 
many  insults  from  the  people,  was 
thrown  into  a  dark  prison,  unci  starved 
to  death  after  six  days,  106  b.  o. 

JULIAN,  Flavius  Claudictb,  anr 
named  the  Apostate,  a  Roman  emperor, 
was  the  youngest  son  of  Constantins, 
brother  of  Constantino  the  Great.  Ho 
was  b.  in  881,  educated  in  the  tenets  of 
Christianity,  and  apostatized  to  pagan- 
ism. In  835  he  was  declared 
and  sent  to  Gaul,  where  he  obtained 
several  victories  over  the  Germans,  and, 
in  861,  the  troops  in  Gaul  revolted  from 
Constantius,  and  declare  1  for  Julian. 
During  the  lifetime  ot'  his  cousin,  Con- 
stantius, he  made  a  profession  of  the 
orthodox  faith,  but,  on  succeeding  to 
the  throne,  he  threw  off  all  disguise, 
reopene  1  the  heathen  temples,  ana 
sought  to  restore  the  heathen  worship 
in  all  its  splendor,  while  he  labored, 
both  by  his  pen  and  authority,  to  de- 
stroy Christianity.    D.  863. 

JULIEN,  Pierre,  an  eminent  French 
sculptor,  many  of  whose  productions 
adorn  the  metropolis  of  France,  and 
whose  chef- IVuvrc  is  "The  Dying 
Gladiator."  B.  1701  ;  d.  1804.  — Simon, 
a  Swiss  painter,  who  by  his  brother 
artists  was  called  the  Apostate,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  Roman  emperor  of  the  same 
name,  as  well  as  to  his  aban  lonment  of 
the  French  school  of  painting  for  the 
Italian.     B.  1786;  d.  171)0. 

JULIUS  I.,  Pope,  succeeded  to  the 
papal  see  on  the  death  of  Mark,  in  887. 
Celebrated  for  the  part  he  took-  in  the 
Athanasian  controversy.  1>.  352. — II., 
Pope,  nephew  of  Sixtus  IV.,  was  I),  in 
1443.  He  is  said  to  have,  at  one  period 
of  his  life,  followed  the  occupation  of  a 
waterman.  lie  was  remarkable  for  his 
wars,  and  his  patronage  of  the  arts. 
During  his  pontificate,  the  rebuilding 
ofSt.  Peter's  was  commenced.  1>.  1518. 
— III.,  1'ope,  previously  known  as  Car- 
dinal Monte,  was  chamberlain  to  Julius 
11.,  whose  name  he  subsequently  as- 
sumed. He  took  little  part  in  public 
business,  but  led  a  life  of  indolence  at 
the  villa  still  known  by  his  name.  D. 
1 555. 

JUNGE,  or  JUNGIUS,  Joachut,  an 
eminent  philosopher  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury, was  1).  at  Lnbeck,  in  1587,  and 
distinguished  himself  as  an  able  antag- 
onist  of   the    Aristotelian    philosophy. 


540 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHT. 


[jUfl 


Like  hi?  great  eoto.mporary,  Lord  Bacon, 
lie  substituted  experiment  in  the  place 
»f  idle  and  antiquated  theories,  and  is 
ranked  by  Leibnitz  as  equal  to  Coper- 
nicus and  Galileo,  and  but  little  interior 
to  Descartes.  Among  his  works  are 
"  Geometria  Empiriea,  "  Doxoscopise 
Physicse  Minores,"  and  '•'  Isagqgo  Phy- 
toscopc,"  from  which  latter  work  Ray 
and  Linnaeus  appear  to  have  taken  some 
valuable  hints.     D.  1657. 

JUNOT,  Andoche,  duke  of  Abrantes, 
a  distinguished  French  general,  was  b. 
in  1771,  and  entered  the  army,  as  a 
volunteer,  in  17U1.  He  first  attracted 
the  notice  of  Bonaparte  by  his  coolness 
and  courage  when  serving  as  a  lieuten- 
ant at  the  siege  of  Toulon;  and  in  1806 
he  made  him  colonel-general  of  hussars, 
and  appointed  him  to  the  command  of 
Paris.  In  the  following  year  he  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  army  in  Portu- 
gal, where  he  remained  two  years,  and 
was  honored  with  his  ducal  title;  but 
beinw  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Viiniera 
by  Sir  Arthur  Wellesley,  (the  duke  of 
Wellington,)  he  was  compelled  to  capit- 
ulate. He  subsequently  served  in  Spain, 
and  was  made  governor  of  the  Illyrian 
provinces.  D.  1813. — Madame,  duchess 
of  Abrantes,  wife  of  the  preceding,  was 
from  her  infancy  intimate  with  Napo- 
leon. Her  estates  being  confiscated  in 
1814,  the  Emperor  Alexander  offered 
their  restoration,  on  condition  of  her 
becoming  a  naturalized  Russian.  She 
refused,  and  remained  in  Paris,  living 
quite  literally  by  the  labors  of  her  pen. 
The  best  known  of  her  writings  are  the 
celebratel  "  Memoirs,"  which  had  a 
prodigious  run.  But,  she  experienced 
the  only  too  common  fate  of  authors; 
harassed  by  creditors,  she  retired  to  a 
maison  do  sante ;  where  she  died,  in 
1838. 

J  URIEL,  Petes,  a  French  Protestant 
divine  and  theologian,  was  b.  in  1637. 
He  studied  in  England,  under  his  ma- 
ternal uncle,  Peter  du  Moulin;  and, 
while  there,  was  episcopally  ordained  ; 
but  the  French  Protestants  disapprov- 
ing of  episcopal  ordination,  he  was  re- 
ordained  according  to  the  form  of  Ge- 
neva. He  filled  the  chair  of  divinity  at 
Sedan  with  reputation  ;  but,  when  that 
university  was  taken  from  the  Protest- 
ants, he  retired  to  Holland,  and  settled 
at  Rotterdam,  where  he  became  a  vio- 
lent polemic,  and  engaged  in  some  fierce 
contentions  with  Bayle  and  others.  His 
principal  works  are  a  "  Preservative 
against  Popery,"  "  La  Politique  du 
Clerge,"  "L  Aceomplissement  des  Pro- 


phctes,"  "  Ilistoire  de  Calvinismo  et 
du  Papisms,"  and  "  Histoirc  des  Dog- 
nies  et  des  Cultes."     D.  1713. 

JL'SSIEU,  De;  Anthony,  Bernard, 
and  Joseph  ;  three  eminent  French  bot- 
anists and  physicians.  The  first  was  b. 
at  Lyons  in  1686,  and  d.  in  1758.  He 
enriched  the  memoirs  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences  at  Paris  with  several  valua- 
ble papers,  the  result  of  observations 
made  in  his  travels,  on  botany  and  min- 
eralogy. He  also  wrote  the  appendix  to 
Tournefort,  and  abridged  liarellier's 
work  upon  the  plants  of  France,  Spain, 
and  Italy ;  he  was  likewise  the  author 
of  a  "  Discourse  on  the  Progress  of 
Botany." — Bernaro,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  b.  at  Lyons  in  1699,  and  d. 
in  17  70.  He  published  an  edition  of 
"Tourncfort's  History  of  Plants  about 
Paris,"  and  was  the  author  of  r.  booK, 
entitled  "The  Friend  of  Humanity,  or 
the  advice  of  a  good  Citizen  to  the  Na- 
tion." He  was  botanical  demonstrator 
at  the  king's  garden,  and  was  much  es- 
teemed by  Louis  XV.  Cuvier  calls  him 
"the  most  modest,  and,  perhaps,  the 
most  profound,  botanist  of  the  18th 
century,  who,  although  he  scarcely  pub- 
lished any  thing,  is  nevertheless  the  in- 
spiring genius  of  modern  botanists." — ■ 
Joseph,  was  also  a  member  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences  at  Paris,  and  accompa- 
nied Condamine  to  Pern,  in  1735.  He 
was  not  only  a  good  naturalist  and  phy- 
sician, but  an  excellent  engineer.  He 
published  a  journal  of  his  voyages,  and 
d.  in  177'.'. 

JUSTEL,  Christopher,  a  French 
statesman  and  juridical  writer  of  the 
17th  century,  was  b,  in  15S0,  and  d.  in 
1649.  He  was  well  acquainted  with 
ecclesiastical  antiquities  and  the  canon 
law,  respecting  which  he  published  sev- 
eral learned  works,  and  left  valuable 
MS.  collections. — His  son  Henry  sent 
his  father's  MSS.  to  the  university  of 
Oxford,  for  which  he  was  compliment- 
ed with  the  degree  of  LL.D.  On  the 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  he 
came  to  London,  and  was  appointed 
keeper  to  the  kind's  library.  He  pub- 
lished, chiefly  from  his  father's  collec- 
tion, "  Bibliotheca  Canonici  veteris," 
and  also  some  able  works  of  his  own. 
B.  1620;  d.  11)93. 

JUSTI,  John  Henry'  Gotti.ob  de,  an 
eminent  German  mineralogist,  who,  af- 
ter gaining  some  literary  reputation  at 
the  university  of  Jena  in  17i!0,  enlisted 
as  a  common  soldier  in  the  Prussian 
service.  He  rose  to  the  rank  of  lieuten- 
ant ;  was  cashiered  and  imprisoned  for 


juv] 


CYCLOP/EUIA    OF    BIOGKAPIIY. 


S41 


Insubordination,  but  made  Ids  escape  to 
Lcipsie,  and  maintained  himself  by  wri- 
ting for  the i  press.  In  1755  lio  became 
professor  of  political  economy  aud 
natural  history  at  Gottingen  ;  biit  hav- 
ing written  too  freely  on  the  Prussian 
government,  was  arrested,  and  ended 
his  days  a  prisoner  in  the  fortress  of 
(Jiistrin,  in  1771.  lie  was  the  authorof 
a  "Treatise  on  Money,"  a  "Treatise  on 
Mineralogy,"  "Miscellanies  on  Chem- 
istry  aud  Mineralogy,"  and  "A  Com- 
plete Treatise  on  Manufactures." 

JUSTIN,  a  Latin  historian,  who  pro- 
bably lived  at  Rome  in  the  2d  or  3d 
century.  He  made  an  epitome  of  the 
history  of  Trogus  Pompeius,  a  native 
of  Gaul,  who  lived  in  the  time  of  Au- 
gustus, and  whose  works,  in  44  books, 
contain  a  history  of  the  world,  from  the 
earliest  ages  to  his  own  time.  Justin 
has  been  illustrated  by  the  most  able 
commentators,  and  particularly  by  Grre- 
vius. — St.,  a  Christian  philosopher  and 
martyr  in  the  2d  century,  was  a  native 
of  Sichem,  in  Samaria.  A  persecution 
breaking  out  against  the  Christians,  un- 
der Antoninus,  Justin  presented  to  that 
emperor  an  admirable  apology  in  their 
behalf,  which  had  the  desired  effect. 
He  afterwards  addressed  another  apology 
to  Marcus  Aurclius,  in  which  he  de- 
fended those  of  his  religion  against  the 
calumnies  of  Crcscens,  a  Cynic  philoso- 
pher. For  this,  and  his  neglect  of  pa- 
gan worship,  he  was  condemned  to  be 
scourged  and  then  beheaded,  which 
sentence  was  put  in  execution,  a.  d.  164., 
in  the  75th  year  of  his  age. 

JUSTINIAN  T.,  surnamed  the  Great, 
nephew  of  Justin  I.,  emperor  of  the 
East,  and  celebrated  as  a  lawgiver,  was 
b.  in  483,  of  an  obscure  family.  He 
shared  the  fortunes  of  his  uncle,  who, 
from  a  common  Thracian  peasant,  was 
raised  to  the  imperial  throne;  and  at 
whose  death,  in  527,  he  obtained  the  ex- 
clusive sovereignty.  He  was  then  in 
his  45th  year,  and  distinguished  for  his 
devotional  austerity;  but  immediately 
upon  his  elevation  he  solemnly  espoused 
Theodora,  an  actress  and  courtesan, 
whose  influence  over  him  was  unbound- 
ed. During  the  reign  of  Justinian 
many  conquests  were  made  by  his  brave 
general  Belisarius.  In  523  and  529  he 
obtained  three  glorious  victories  over 
the  Persians ;  in  534  he  destroyed  the 
empire  of  the  Vandals  in  Africa;  Spain 
and  Sicily  were  reconquered  ;  and  the 
Ostrogoths,  who  possessed  Italy,  were 
vanquished.  The  principal  event,  how- 
ever, which  has  rendered  ihe  reign  of 
46 


Justinian  interesting  to  posterity,  waa 
the  celebrated  reformation  of  the.  R0. 
man  jurisprudence.  He  commissioned 
Tribonian,  aided  by  other  learned  civil- 
ians, to  form  a  new  code  from  his  owr 
laws  and  those  of  his  predecessors.    Ti 

this  code  Justinian  added  the  "Pan- 
dects," the  "Institute,"  and  the  "  No- 
vella?," since  called,  collectively,  the 
body  of  civil  law,  (corpus  juris  c'ivilis.) 
lie  likewise  embellished  the  capital  with 
numerous  magnificent  churches,  among 
which  is  the  celebrated  Sancta  Sophia, 
now  subsisting  as  the  principal  mosque 
in  Constantinople.  Bridges,  aqueducts, 
hospitals,  fortresses,  and  other  public 
works,  were  also  undertaken  through- 
out the  various  provinces  oft  lie  empire. 
But  towards  the  end  of  his  life  lie  be- 
came avaricious,  oppressed  the  people 
with  taxes,  and  lent  a  willing  ear  to 
every  accusation  ;  and  at  length,  full  of 
cares  and  disquietudes,  he  d.  in  565j 
after  a  reign  of  38  years,  and  in  the  88d 
of  his  age. — II.  was  the  elder  son  of 
Constantine  Pogonatus,  whom  he  sue 
ceeded  in  6S5.  He  recovered  several 
provinces  from  the  Saracens,  and  made 
an  advantageous  peace  with  them  ;  but 
his  exactions,  cruelties,  and  debauch- 
eries tarnished  the  glory  of  his  arms. 
He  was  slain,  with  his  son  Tiberius,  in 
711,  by  Philippieus  Bardanes,  his  suc- 
cessor. 

JUSTINTANI,  August™,  bishop  of 
Nebo?  in  Corsica,  was  a  prelate  of  dis- 
tinguished literary  abilities.  He  was 
the  author  of  "  Annates  de  Eepublica 
Genoensi;"  a  "Psalter  in  Hebrew, 
Greek,  Arabic,  and  Clialdee,  with  Latin 
notes,"  &c.,  being  the  first  of  the  kind 
that  ever  appeared  in  print.  He  per- 
ished in  a  voyage  from  Corsica  to  Ge- 
noa, in  1536.— St.  Lawrence,  the  first 
patriarch  of  Venice,  was  b.  there  in 
1381  ;  d.  in  1485  ;  and  was  canonized  by 
Pope  Alexander  VIII.  in  1690.  He  was 
the  author  of  several  devotional  works. 
— Bernard,  nephew  of  the  preceding, 
was  b.  at  Venice,  in  1408  ;  was  em- 
ployed iii  several  important  missions  by 
Calixtus  III.;  wrote  a  history  of  Venice, 
which  has  been  considered  the  tir>t 
regular  attempt  of  the  kind,  and  the  lite 
of  his  uncle,  Lawrence  the  patriarch  ; 
and  d.  in  1489. 

JUVENAL,  Decius  Junius,  a  Latin 
poet,  remarkable  for  the  caustic  severity 
of  his  satires,  was  h.  at  Aquhmm,  in 
Campania,  about  the  beginning  of  the 
reign  of  Claudius.  He  studied  rhetoric 
under  the  most  celebrated  masters,  and 
became  an  eminent  pleader  at  the  bar; 


542 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[kai 


but  satire  was  his  forte.  His  first  essay 
as  a  poetical  satirist  was  directed  against 
the  player,  Paris,  who  was  the  minion 
of  Domitian  ;  for  which  he  was  sent  into 
an  honorable  kind  of  exile,  by  being 
made  commander  of  a  cohort  at  Pen- 
tapolis,  on  the  borders  of  Egypt.  On 
Domitian1  s  death  he  returned  to  Rome, 
where  he  d.  in  his  80th  year,  a.  d.  128. 
lie  may  be  said  to  have  been  the  last  of 


the  Roman  poets,  and  as  the  bold  and 
unflinching  castigator  of  vice  he  stands 
without  a  rival.  Good  as  are  his  inten- 
tions, however,  and  forcible  as  are  his 
denunciations,  the  moral  indelicacy  of 
the  age  in  which  he  lived  renders  the 
satires  of  Juvenal  too  fjross  in  their  do- 
tails  for  readers  of  the  present  day. 
Able  translations  have  been  made  by 
Dryden,  Gilford,  &c. 


K. 


KAAB,  a  celebrated  Arabian  poet, 
cotemporary  with  Mahomet,  whom  he 
at  first  strenuously  opposed,  but  after- 
wards eulogized.  As  a  reward  for  wri- 
ting a  poem  in  his  favor,  the  prophet 
gave  him  his  green  mantle,  which  one 
of  the  descendants  of  Kaab  sold  for 
10,000  pieces  of  silver.     D.  (502. 

KAAS,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  Danish 
statesman,  was  b.  1535,  and  studied  in 
the  universities  of  Germany.  In  1573 
he  was  made  chancellor  of  Denmark ; 
and,  on  the  death  of  King  Frederic  II., 
in  1588,  he  was  nominated  to  fill  the 
situation  of  first  recent  during  the  mi- 
nority of  Christian  I.     D.  1594. 

KABRIS,  JosEm,  a  French  sailor, 
who,  being  taken  prisoner  by  the  En- 
glish, obtained  permission  to  enter  on 
board  a  South  sea  whaler,  and  being 
wrecked  on  the  coast  of  the  island  of 
Noukahiwa,  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  cannibal  inhabit- 
ants. While  preparations  were  making 
for  his  intended  fate,  and  his  doom  ap- 
peared inevitable,  he  was  saved  by  the 
intercession  of  the  king's  daughter,  who 
shortly  after  became  his  wife.  Being 
now  allied  to  royalty,  he  was  made  chief 
judge  of  the  island,  which  office  ho  ex- 
ercised with  reputation  and  comparative 
ease,  owing  to  the  simplicity  of  their 
legal  institutions.  Nine  years  thus 
passed  away,  and  Kabris  lived  in  the 
enjoyment  of  domestic  happiness,  when 
he  was  carried  otf,  as  he  stated,  while 
asleep,  by  the  Russian  navigator,  Cap- 
tain Krusenstern.  On  returning  to 
France,  in  1817,  he  exhibited  himself  to 
the  public  at  Paris  and  elsewhere,  his 
face  being  tattooed  in  the  New  Zealand 
.ityle.  His  object  was  to  raise  money, 
to  enable  him  to  return  to  his  wife  and 
family  at  Noukahiwa;  but,  while  trav- 
ailing for  this  purpose,  he  d.  suddenly 
at  Versailles,  1822. 

K.JLMPFER,   Engelbrecht,    a    cele- 


brated physician,  naturalist,  and  travel- 
ler, was  b.  at  Lemgo,  in  Westphalia, 
1651 ;  studied  at  Dantzic,  Thorn,  and 
Cracow;  performed  a  journey,  in  16S3, 
as  secretary  to  a  Swedish  embassy,  by 
land  through  Russia  and  Persia;  after 
which  he  visited  Arabia,  Hindostan, 
Java,  Sumatra,  Siam,  and  Japan,  in 
which  last  country  he  resided  two  year* 
In  1692  he  returned  to  his  native  coun- 
try, took  his  degree  of  M.D.  at  Ley  den, 
and  entered  upon  medical  practice.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  "  History  of  Japan," 
"  Amcenitatcs  ExoticEe."  &c.     D.  1716. 

KAESTNER,  Abraham  Gotthelf,  a 
mathematician,  astronomer,  and  poet, 
was  b.  1719,  at  Leipsic;  and  filled  the 
situation  of  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Gottingen,  with  the  highest  reputation 
for  more  than  40  years.  His  scientific 
works  are  extremely  numerous,  of  which 
the  principal  is  a  "History  of  Mathe- 
matics."    D.  1799. 

KALB,  baron  de,  a  major-general  in 
the  American  army,  was  b.  in  Germany, 
about  the  year  1717.  He  entered  into 
the  French  service  when  young,  and 
continued  in  it  42  years.  In  1757,  du- 
ring the  war  between  Great  Britain  and 
France,  he  was  sent  by  the  French  gov- 
ernment to  the  American  colonics,  in 
order  to  see  with  what  effect  the  seeds 
of  discontent  against  the  mother  country 
might  be  sown  among  them.  While  in 
the  performance  of  this  commission  ho 
was  seized  as  a  suspected  person,  but 
escaped  detection.  He  then  went  to 
Canada,  where  he  remained  until  its 
conquest  by  the  British,  after  which  ho 
returned  to  France.  During  the  war  of 
the  revolution  he  offered  his  services  to 
the  congress,  which  were  accepted.  On 
the  15th  of  August,  1778,  when  Lord 
Rawdon  defeated  General  Gates,  near 
Camden,  the  baron  commanded  the 
right  wing  of  the  American  army,  and 
fell  covered  with  wounds. 


KAU] 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    EIOGHAPIIV, 


543 


KALE,  or  KALF,  William,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  was  b.  at  Amsterdam,  in 
1G30.  lie  ban  the  power  of  Rembrandt 
in  distributing  his  light  >md  shade,  while 
in  correctness  and  deFcacy  lie  equalled 
Pernors.    D.  I6y3. 

KALKBRENNER,  Christian,  an  cm- 
inent  musical  composer,  was  b.  1 7 -"» •  T> ,  at 
Mundcu,  in  Prussia  ;  was  a  pupil  of 
Emanuel  Bach;  and  having  made  con- 
siderable progress  both  in  the  theoret- 
ical and  practical  branches  of  the  profes- 
sion, entered  the  service  of  Prince  Henry 
of  Prussia,  and  finally  settled  in  Paris, 
where  his  reputation  obtained  him  the 
appointment  of  singing-master  to  the 
academy  of  music,  which  he  held  till  his 
death,  in  1806. — Christian  Frederic,  a 
distinguished  pianist,  son  of  the  above, 
was  b.  at  Ciissel,  17S4.  Having  acquired, 
at  an  early  age,  a  high  reputation  as  a 
brilliant  performer  on  the  pianoforte, 
he  removed  in  1806  to  Paris,  whence 
lie  made  frequent  professional  tours 
throughout  Europe,  his  fame  daily  in- 
creasing, both  from  his  own  perform- 
ances and  the  brilliant  compositions 
which  he  gave  to  the  world.  In  1814  he 
removed  to  London,  where  he  remained 
'j  years.  He  once  returned  to  the  French 
capital  in  18123,  when  he  joined  M.  Pley- 
del  as  a  manufacturer  of  keyed  instru- 
ments, and  continued  to  occupy  a  prom- 
inent position  in  the  musical  world  till 
his  decease.     D.  1S49. 

KALM,  Peter,  a  Swedish  traveller 
and  natural  philosopher,  was  b.  1715,  in 
Ostro  Bothnia;  travelled  in  North 
America  and  Russia,  for  the  purpose  of 
exploring  those  countries  ;  became  pro- 
fessor of  botany  in  the  university  of 
Abo,  and  d.  1779.  His  works  consisl 
of  "Travels  in  America,"  which  have 
been  translated  into  English;  besides 
numerous  dissertations,  illustrative  of 
the  state  of  commerce,  agriculture,  and 
manufactures  in  Sweden. 

KANT,  Emmanuel,  a  celebrated  Ger- 
man metaphysician,  and  the  founder  of 
a  new  philosophical  sect,  was  b.  at  Ko- 
nigsberg,  in  Prussia  Proper,  17-24,  and 
was  the  son  of  a  saddler.  Through  the 
kindness  of  a  rich  uncle  he  was  educated 
at  the  Frederician  college,  on  leaving 
which  he  accepted  the  situation  of  tutor 
in  a  clergyman  s  family.  He  commenced 
his  literary  career  in  his  23d  year;  but 
t  was  not  till  he  was  appointed  a  pro- 
fessor in  the  university  of  Konigsberg, 
"n  1770,  that  any  traces  of  his  new  met- 
aphysical system,  which  afterwards  at- 
tracted so  mil  :h  notice,  appeared  in  his 
works.    In  1/  SI  he  published  his  "  Crit- 


ical Inquiry  into  the  Nature  of  Pure 
Reason,'  which  contains  the  > 
commonly  known  under  the  title  of  the 
'•Critical  Philosophy."  A  second  part 
of  it,  published  in  17*83,  bore  the  title  of 
"Prolegomena  for  future  Metaphysics." 
The  principles  contained  in  them  ho 
had,  however,  long  been  promulgating 
from  his  professional  chair.  In  1786  he 
was  chosen  rector  of  the  university; 
and,  though  far  advanced  in  life,  lie 
continued  to  produce  works  in  further 
development  of  his  philosophical  prin- 
ciples, until  17'.<s,  when  he  retired  fixm 
his  official  situations,  and  d.  in  1804 
Kant  was  a  man  of  high  intellectual  en- 
dowments; and  his  critical  philosophy 
for  a  time  superseded  every  other  in  the 
Protestant  universities  of  Germany. 

KARAMSIN,  Nicholas  Michaelo- 
vitsch,  imperial  Russian  historiographer, 
wash.  17(K>;  educated  at  Moscow;  si 
for  a  while  in  the  imperial  guards,  and 
travelled  for  two  years,  through  Middle 
Europe;  after  which  he  devoted  himself 
to  literature.  His  "History  of  the  Rus- 
sian Empire,"  the  "Letters  of  a  Russian 
Traveller,"  and  "Aglia,"  a  collection 
of  tales,  are  all  works  of  merit,  and  in 
much  esteem.     D.  1826. 

KAUFMANN,  Maria  Anna  Angel- 
ica, a  distinguished  artist,  b.  at  Coire, 
in  the  Grisons,  1741.  She  acquired  the 
first  principles  of  drawing  ami  painting 
from  her  father,  whom  she  soon  excelled. 
At  Milan,  Florence.  Rome,  and  Naples 
she  greatly  increased  her  skill  ;  and 
when,  in  1766,  she  went  to  England, 
and  was  patronized  by  royalty,  her  rep- 
utation and  success  quickly  improved 
her  circumstances.  She  remained  there 
seventeen  years  ;  married  Ziicehi,  a  Ve- 
netian painter  ;  and  d.  at  Pome,  in 
L807.  She  excelled  most  in  the  repre- 
sentation of  female  characters  ;  and 
many  of  her  most  admired  paintings 
were  engraved  by  Bartolozzi,  whose 
labors  much  contributed  to  the  growth 
and  perpetuity  of  her  fame. 

KAUN1TZ,  Wenceslacs  Anthony, 
Prince,  a  German  statesman,  was  b.  at 
Vienna,  in  1711  ;  and  though  at  first 
destined  for  the  church,  he  finally  en- 
gaged in  political  life.  His  talents, 
aided  by  a  favorable  exterior,  opened  a 
brilliant  career  to  him.  In  1744  he  was 
made  minister  of  state  for  the  kingdoms 
of  Hungary  and  Bohemia;  in  174s  he 
ass^ted  at  the  congress  of  Aix-la-Ch a- 
pellc,  was  honored  with  the  order  of  the 
golden  fleece  by  Maria  Theresa,  and 
employed  as  ambassador  to  Paris ;  re- 
turned to  Vienna  iu  1753,  and  took  the 


544 


CTCLOP/EDIA    OF     BIOGRAPHY. 


[keb 


office  of  chancellor  of  state:  concluded 
the  treaty  of  alliance  between  Austria 
and  France,  in  1756  ;  was  made  a  prince 
of  the  German  empire  in  1704,  and  d. 
1794. 

KAYE,  or  CAIUS,  Dr.  John,  the 
founder  of  Cains  college,  Cambridge, 
was  b.  at  Norwich,  in  1510;  was  edu- 
cated for  the  medical  profession,  first  at 
Glonville  hall,  Cambridge,  and  subse- 
quently at  Bologna,  where  he  graduated 
as  M.D.  On  his  return  to  England  he 
became  physician  to  the  court,  and  held 
that  office  during  three  successive  reigns. 
He  was  for  several  years  president  of 
the  college  of  physicians  ;  and,  in  1557, 
he  obtained  a  royal  license  to  advance 
Glonville  hall  into  a  college,  which  he 
endowed  with  several  considerable  es- 
tates, and  added  to  it  the  quadrangle. 
D.  1573. 

KEAN,  Edmund,  an  eminent  English 
tragedian,  was  the  son  of  a  scene-car- 
penter of  the  name  of  Kean,  (whose 
brother,  Moses  Kean,  obtained  some 
notoriety  as  a  'mimic  and  a  ventrilo- 
quist,) and  the  daughter  of  the  well- 
lcnown  George  Saville  Carey,  a  dramatic 
writer  and  performer.  He  was  b.  in 
Castle-street,  Leicester-square,  London, 
in  1787.  He  trod  the  stage  almost  as 
soon  as  he  could  walk  alone,  being  em- 
ployed in  processions,  &e.,  thus  imper- 
ceptibly acquiring  the  rudiments  of  his 
theatrical  education  under  the  eye  of 
that  great  actor,  John  Kemble,  whose 
rival  he  was  afterwards  destined  to  be- 
come. Miss  Tidswell,  an  actress  long 
known  on  the  metropolitan  stage,  and 
said  to  have  been  a  relation,  assisted 
Kean  in  his  juvenile  efforts,  and,  at  the 
age  of  13.  recommended  him  to  a  com- 
pany of  players  in  Yorkshire.  He  per- 
formed there  under  the  name  of  Carey, 
and  is  said  to  have  obtained  much  ap- 
plause in  the  parts  of  Hamlet,  Lord 
Hastings,  and  Cato.  He  also  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  talents  for  reci- 
tation;  and  his  delivery  of  Satan's  Ad- 
dress to  the  Sun,  from  Milton's  Paradise 
Lost,  and  the  first  soliloquy  in  Shak- 
speare's  Eiehard  III.  having  been  highly 
applauded,  he  repeated  his  recitations 
at  Windsor,  before  some  of  the  royal 
family.  He  had  also  the  good  fortune 
to  attract  the  notice  of  Dr.  Drury,  who 
sent  him  to  Eton,  where  he  remained 
three  years,  and  is  said  to  have  made 
great  progress  in  classical  studies,  de- 
voting much  of  his  attention  to  the 
precepts  and'  examples  of  Cicero.  On 
quitting  Eton  he  procured  an  engage- 
ment  at   Birmingham,    where    he   was 


seen  by  the  manager  of  the  Edinburgh 
theatre,  who  engaged  him  for  twenty 
nights,  on  twelve  of  which  he  performed 
Hamlet  to  crowded  houses.  He  was  at 
this  time  only  sixteen  ;  and  we  find  that 
his  provincial  engagements  led  him,  in 
the  course  of  a  few  years,  to  nearly  all 
the  principal  towns  in  the  south  and 
west  of  England,  playing  in  tragedy, 
comedy,  opera,  and  pantomime.  In  the 
mean  time,  Dr.  Drury,  his  old  patron, 
had  recommended  him  to  the  directing 
committee  of  Drury-lane,  as  fitted  to 
revive  that  declining  theatre.  He  was, 
in  consequence,  engaged  there  for  three 
years,  at  a  rising  salary  of  eight,  ten, 
and  twelve  guineas  a  week  for  each  suc- 
cessive year.  His  first  appearance  was 
on  the  26th  of  January,  1814,  in  the 
character  of  Shylock.  In  1820  he  visited 
the  United  States,  and  performed  in 
New  York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  and 
Boston,  on  the  whole  with  great  success. 
After  his  return  to  England,  the  extrav- 
agance and  dissoluteness  which  had  al- 
ways disgraced  his  character,  involved 
him  in  great  embarrassments  ;  and  a 
second  visit  to  America,  in  1825,  was 
attended  with  little  credit  or  advantage. 
He  returned  again  to  England,  and  be- 
came manager  of  the  theatre  at  Rich- 
mond, Surrey,  where  he  d.  May  15,  1833. 
KEATS,  John,  a  young  English  poet, 
of  humble  origin,  was  b.  in  1796,  at  a 
livery-stable,  kept  by  his  grandfather  in 
Moorfields.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a 
surgeon,  but  gave  way  to  the  ambition 
of  becoming  a  poet.  He  published 
"Endvmion,"  a  poetical  romance,  in 
1818;  and,  in  1820,  his  last  and  best 
work,  "  Lamia,"  and  other  poems. 
Being:  in  feeble  health,  from  a  severe 
pulmonary  disease,  he  was  advised  to 
try  the  fine  climate  of  Italy,  where  ho 
arrived  in  November,  1820,  accompanied 
by  his  friend  Mr.  Severn  the  artist,  and 
d.  in  Rome  on  the  27th  of  December 
following.  He  was  interred  in  the  En- 
glish bnrying-groand,  near  the  monu- 
ment of  Cains  Cestius,  and  not  far  from 
the  place  where,  soon  after,  were  de- 
posited the  remains  of  the  poet  Shelley. 
Mr.  Leigh  Hunt,  who  was  his  earliest 
and  warmest  patron,  describes  him  as 
having  "a  very  manly  as  well  as  a  deli- 
cate spirit,"  and  being  gifted  with  "the 
two  highest  qualities  of  a  poet  in  the 
highest  degree — sensibility  and  imagi- 
nation." 

KEBLE,  Joseph,  an  English  lawyer, 
whose  industry  was  so  remarkable  du- 
ring his  whole  life,  that  some  account 
of  it  is  absolute'y  due  t)  his  memory. 


kel] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


545 


Ho  was  born  about  1632,  studied  at  Ox- 
ford, and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1658. 
Three  years  afterwards  he  began  to  sig- 
nalize himself  by  the  constant  regularity 
of  his  appearance  in  the  court  of  King's 
Bench,  where  from  that  time  to  the  day 
of  his  decease,  a  period  of  nearly  hall' a 
century,  he  occupied  himself  incessantly 
as  a  reporter  ot  the  cases  which  came 
before  tJie  court.  Nor  was  he  less  per- 
severing while  attending  the  chapel, 
copies  of  upwards  of  40U0  sermons,  de- 
livered by  various  preachers  in  that 
place  of  worship,  being  found  among 
iiis  papers  when  he  d.,  in  1710.  His 
publications  are  numerous,  the  principal 
being,  "A  Table  to  the  Statutes,"  "As- 
sistance to  Justices  of  the  Peace,"  "Re- 
ports," and  "  Essays  on  Human  Nature 
and  Human  Actions." 

KEILL,  John,  a  learned  mathemati- 
cian, was  b.  at  Edinburgh,  in  1671.  In 
1693  he  published  an  examination  of 
Burnet's  "  Theory  of  the  Earth,"  to 
which  he  subjoined  "Remarks  on  Wins- 
ton's Theory."  The  year  following  he 
was  appointed  deputy-professor  of  nat- 
ural philosophy;  and  in  1701  he  pub- 
lished his  "  Introdnctio  ad  Veratn  Phy- 
sicam,"  as  a  preparation  for  the  study 
of  Newton's  "  Prmeipia."  In  170S  he 
defended  Newton's  claim  to  the  inven- 
tion of  Fluxions,  which  brought  him 
into  a  dispute  with  Leibnitz.  In  1709 
he  was  appointed  treasurer  to  the  Ger- 
man exiles  from  the  Palatinate,  and 
attended  them  in  that  capacity  to  New 
England.  He  next  defended  Newton's 
doctrine  against  the  Cartesians,  and  re- 
ceived his  degree  of  M.D.  In  1714  he 
was  chosen  Savilian  professor  of  astron- 
omy at  Oxford,  and  the  year  following 
appointed  decipherer  to  the  queen. 
Among  his  works  are,  "  An  Introduc- 
tion to  True  Philosophy"  and  "  An 
Introduction  to  True  Astronomy."  D. 
1721. 

REISER,  Reinhard,  an  eminent  Ger  • 
man  musician  and  composer,  was  b.  at 
Leipsic,  in  1673.  He  was  the  author  of 
118  operas,  of  which  his  "Circe," 
brought  out  at  Hamburgh  in  1734,  was 
the  last  and  most  beautiful.  He  pos- 
sessed a  most  fertile  imagination,  and  is 
considered  as  the  father  of  German 
melody.     D.  1735. 

KELLERMANN,  Francis  Christo- 
pher, duke  of  Valmy,  peer  an-l  marshal 
of  France,  &c,  was  b.  at  Strasburg,  in 
1735;  entered  the  Conflans  legion  as  a 
hussar  when  17  years  of  age,  and  rose 
to  the  rank  of  quartermaster-general  in 
1788.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the  revo- 
46* 


lution  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
patriotism  and  judgment.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  the  war  he  received  the 
command  of  the  army  of  the  Moselle; 

formed  a  junction  with  the  main  army 
under  Dumouriez;  and  sustained,  Sept. 
20th,  L792,  the  celebrated  attack  of  the 
duke  of  Brunswick  at  Valmy,  which 
contributed  much  to  the  success  of  the 
campaign.  He  was  repeatedly  denoun- 
ced to  the  national  convention  by  <  Justine 
and  others;  hut  his  trial  not  taking  place 
till  after  the  reign  of  terror,  he  was  ac- 
quitted. In  1795  he  took  the  command 
of  the  army  of  the  Alps  and  Italy,  hut 
he  was  soon  superseded  by  Bonaparte. 
In  1798  he  was  nominated  a  member  of 
the  military  board  ;  in  1801  he  was  pres- 
ident of  the  conservative  senate,  and  the 
following  year  a  marshal  of  the  empire. 
He  served  under  Napoleon  in  Germany 
and  Prussia;  and  having,  in  1 S 14,  voted 
for  the  restoration  of  royalty,  was  em- 
ployed under  the  Bourbons  till  his  death 
in  1820. 

KELLEY,  or  TALBOT,  Edward,  a 
celebrated  necromancer  and  alchemist, 
was  b.  at  Worcester  in  1555,  and  edu- 
cated at  Gloucester  hall,  Oxford ;  but 
was  obliged  to  leave  the  university  for 
some  crime,  and  after  rambling  about 
the  kingdom,  was  sentenced  to  lose  his 
ears  at  Lancaster.  He  next  became  an 
associate  with  the  credulous  Dr.  Dee,  and 
accompanied  him  to  Prague,  where  Kel- 
ley  contrived  to  live  handsomely  by  his 
impostures,  and  was  knighted  by  the 
Emperor  Rodolphus ;  but  his  tricks 
being  discovered,  he  was  thrown  into 
prison,  and  in  attempting  to  escape,  he 
fell,  and  bruised  himself  to  such  a  de- 
gree, that  he  d.  soon  after,  in  1595.  He 
wrote  a  poem  on  chemistry,  and  another 
on  the  philosopher's  stone  ;  besides  sev- 
eral Latin  and  English  discourses  printed 
in  Dr.  Merie  Casaubon's  "True  and 
faithful  Relation  of  what  passed  for 
many  years  between  Dr.  John  Dee  and 
some  Spirits." 

KELLY,  IIcgu,  a  dramatic  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  was  b.  m  1789,  near 
the  lake  of  Killarney.  He  was  appren- 
ticed to  a  staymaker,  which  trade  he 
quitted  when  in  London,  and  became 
clerk  to  an  attorney.  Afterwards  he 
turned  his  attention  to  authorship  with 
considerable  success,  writing  political 
pamphlets,  plays,  &C.  Hi-1  works  are, 
"False  Delicacv,"  "A  Word  to  the 
Wise,"  "The  School  for  Wives,"'  the 
."Romance  of  an  Hour,"  comedies;  "Cle- 
mentina," a  tragedy  ;  "Thespis,"  a  poem 
in  the  manner  of  Churchill's  "  Roseiad ;" 


546 


CyCLOP^DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


•'Louis:)  Mildn.ay,"  a  novel;  and  "The 
Babbler,"  a  collection  of  essays.  D. 
1777,  —John,  :i  learned  English  clergy- 
man, was  a  native  of  Douglas,  in  the  Isle 
of  Man,  and  b.  in  1750.  Having  paid  a 
particular  attention  to  the  vernacular 
dialect  of  the  Celtic  tongue,  which  was 
spoken  in  tlint  island,  he  was  introduced 
to  Bishop  Hildesley,  who  employed  him 
in  translating  the  Bible  into  the  Manks 
language,  and  ordained  him  a  minister 
of  the  Episcopal  congregation  of  Ayr, 
in  Scotland.  Through  the  patronage  of 
the  duke  of  Gordon,  to  whose  son,  the 
marquis  of  Iluntly,  he  was  tutor,  he 
obtained  the  rectory  of  Copford,  in 
Essex  ;  and  having  entered  at  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge,  he  was  there  hon- 
ored  with  the  degree  of  LL.D.  In  1808 
he  published  "A  Practical  Grammar  of 
the  Ancient  Gaelic,  or  Language  of  the 
Isle  or'  Man;"  and  in  1805  issued  pro- 
posal- for  publishing  "A  Triglot  Diction- 
ary of  the  Celtic  Tongue,"  winch  was 
nearly  completed  when  the  sheets  were 
destroved  by  a  fire  on  the  premises  of 
Mr.  Nichols,  the  printer.  D.  1809.— 
Michael,  a  composer  and  singer,  was 
the  son  of  a  wine  merchant  in  Dublin, 
wdio,  for  many  years,  acted  as  master  of 
the  ceremonies  at  the  viceregal  castle. 
He  was  b.  in  1762,  and  at  an  early  age 
gave  proofs  of  genius  for  music,  which 
induced  his  father  to  place  him  under 
Eauzzini,  at  that  time  in  Dublin,  who 
prevailed  on  his  friends  to  send  him  to 
Naples,  where  he  arrived  when  in  his 
16th  year.  He  there  found  a  patron  in 
Sir  William  Hamilton,  the  British  min- 
ister; studied  under  Fincroli  and  Ap- 
rili ;  and  subsequently  performed  at 
most  of  the  Italian  theatres,  and  in 
Germany.  He  contracted  a  close  inti- 
macy with  Mozart  during  his  stay  at 
Vienna ;  was  for  some  time  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Emperor  Joseph  ;  and  at 
length  returned  to  London,  where  he 
made  his  first  appearance,  in  17S7,  at 
Drnry-lane  theatre,  in  "  Lionel  and  Cla- 
rissa," and  retained  his  situation  as  first 
singer  at  that  theatre,  the  musical  per- 
formances of  which  he  directed  till  his 
retirement  from  the  stage.  He  set  to 
music  upwards  of  60  pieces,  most  of 
which  were  successful,  and  amongst 
these  are  the  once  highly  popular  com- 
positions in  Cohnan's  musical  romance 
of  "Bluebeard."  A  few  months  previ- 
ous to  his  death  appeared  his  "  Reminis- 
cences," a  very  amusing  work,  replete 
with  anecdotes  of  his  eotemporaries 
»nd  familiar  associates.  I).  1826. 
KEMBLE,  John  Philip,  the  most  dig- 


nified and  accomplished  actor  on  the 
British  stane  since  the  days  of  Garriek, 
was  the  eldest  son  of  Roger  Kemble, 
manager  of  a  company  of  comedians  at 
Prescot,  in  Lancashire,  where  he  was  b. 
in  17.")7.  Being  of  Catholic  parents,  he 
was  sent  to  the  English  college  at  Douay, 
where  he  early  distinguished  himself  by 
his  proficiency  in  elocution,  and  had 
Talma  for  a  fellow-student.  Finding 
that  bis  father  designed  him  for  the 
priesthood,  he  quitted  the  college  clan- 
destinely, returned  to  England,  and, 
engaging  in  an  itinerant  company,  per- 
formed with  great  eclat  at  Liverpool, 
Edinburgh,  York,  &c.  In  179S  he  made 
his  first  appearance  on  the  boards  of 
Drnry-lane,  in  the  character  of  Hamlet. 
His  success  was  complete;  and  from 
that  time  he  maintained  the  character 
of  being  the  first  tragedian  of  the  age. 
On  the  secession  of  Mr.  King,  he  became 
manager  of  Drnry-lane  theatre.  In  1802 
he  took  advantage  of  the  peace  to  visit 
the  Continent,  in  order  to  study  the 
French  and  Spanish  histrionic  estab- 
lishments, with  a  view  to  the  improve- 
ment of  the  English,  (hi  his  return,  he 
became  manager  of  the  Covent-garden 
theatre,  where  he  continued  till  1809, 
when  that  building  was  destroyed  by 
fire.  On  the  restoration  of  the  edifice, 
Mr.  Kemble  was.  during  the  O.  P.  riots, 
as  they  were  called,  the  object  of  popu- 
lar resentment,  in  consequence  of  hav- 
ing raised  the  prices,  and  made  certain 
obnoxious  arrangements  in  regard  to 
the  private  boxes.  In  1817  he  retired 
from  the  stage,  after  a  long  and  honor- 
able career;  and,  in  consequence  of  ill 
health,  went  first  to  Montpelier,  and 
thence  to  Lausanne,  where  he  d.  Feb. 
26,  1823. — Geokge  Stephen,  brother  of 
the  foregoing,  and  also  an  able  actor, 
was  b.  at  Kingstown,  in  Herefordshire; 
his  mother  having  performed  the  part 
of  Anne  Bullen,  in  the  plav  of  Henry 
VIII.,  on  the  evening  of  his  birth.  This 
gentleman  was  intended  for  the  medical 
profession,  and  was  apprentice  1  to  a 
snrireon  in  Coventry;  but  soon  quitted 
it  for  the  stage.  lie  first  appeared  at 
Covent-garden  theatre  in  178'?.  He  was 
afterwards  manager  of  the  theatres  of 
Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  Liverpool,  and 
Newcastle;  and  he  was  remarkable  for 
playing  the  part  of  Falstaff  without 
stuffing.  D.  1822. — Puiscilla,  widow 
of  John  Philip  Kemble,  the  eminent 
tragedian,  d.  at  Leaminsrton,  aired  '.'0.  on 
the  13th  of  May,  1N4.>.  '  This  lady,  like 
the  widow  of  Mr.  Garriek,  long  survived 
her  celebrated  husband,  and,  it  is  said, 


ken] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


547 


was  (like  her)  the  oldest  member  of  the 
theatrical  profession  at  the  time  of  her 
decease.  She  entered  on  that  public 
career  in  very  early  youth,  and  was  first 
married  to  Mr.  Brereton,  an  actor  of 
considerable  celebrity.  Not  many  years 
after  his  death  she  was  united  to  Mr. 
Kemble,  and  on  his  death  in  1823,  she 
took  up  her  residence  at  Leamington, 
where  she  lived  highly  respected ;  her 
lively  conversation  and  knowledge  of 
the  world  rendering  her  society  no  less 
desirable,  than  her  liberal  and  charitable 
disposition  had  made  it  useful. 

KEMP,  Joseph,  an  eminent  musical 
composer,  was  b.  at  Exeter,  in  1778,  and 
was  a  chorister  in  the  cathedral  of  his 
native  city,  where  he  studied  under  the 
celebrated  William  Jackson.  In  1802, 
having  been  appointed  organist  of  Bris- 
tol cathedral,  he  removed  thither,  and 
in  the  same  year  composed  one  of  his 
best  anthems,  "  I  am  Alpha  and  Omega," 
In  1807  he  left  Bristol  for  London,  and 
the  year  following  took  the  degree  of 
M.B"  at  Cambridge.  In  1809  he  pro- 
ceeded to  that  of  doctor,  when  his  exer- 
cise entitled  "  The  Crucifixion"  was 
performed.  He  now  became  a  lecturer 
on  music  at  several  institutions,  and  in- 
vented a  new  mode  of  teaching  the 
science.  His  principal  works  are,  "  A 
new  System  ot  Musical  Education,  be- 
ing a  Self- Instructor,"  "Twenty  Psahn- 
odical  Melodies,"  "The  Siege  of  Ischa," 
an  opera,  with  a  variety  of  songs,  glees, 
duets,  &c. 

KEMPELEN,  Wolfgang,  Baron,  a 
celebrated  mathematician,  was  b,  in 
1734,  at  Presburg,  in  Hungary.  Among 
his  inventions  was  the  famous  automa- 
ton chess-player,  which  he  first  exhibit- 
ed at  Paris  in  1783,  and  afterwards  in 
London  ;  but  the  secret  of  it  was  never 
discovered.  He  also  invented  a  speak- 
ing figure,  which  he  himself  described 
in  a  work  called  "The  Mechanism  of 
Speech."  He  was  also  an  author,  and 
wrote  "  Perseus  and  Andromeda,"  a 
drama,  "The  Unknown  Benefactor,"  a 
comedy,  and  some  poems.     D.  1804. 

KEMPIS,  Thomas  a,  a  famous  writer 
of  the  14th  century,  was  b.  at  a  village 
of  that  name,  in  the  diocese  of  Cologne, 
in  1380,  and  d.  in  1471.  His  treatise, 
"He  Imitatione  Christi,"  or,  "Of  the 
Imitation  of  Christ,"  some  have  at- 
tributed to  Gerson. 

KEN,  Thomas,  a  learned  and  pious 
dignitary  of  the  church  of  England,  was 
b.  at  Berkhamstead,  in  Hertfordshire, 
in  H.37.     D.  1711. 

KENNEY,   James,    a    distinguished 


dramatist,  many  of  whose  pieeis  still 
keep   possession  of  the  stau  -.  WflS  1).    ill 

Ireland,  about  1670.  His  lively  farce 
of  "Raising  the  Wind,"  with  its  in- 
imitable character  <>','  Jeremy  Diddler, 
was  his  first  dramatic  production.  This 
was  soon  followed  by  "  Love,  Law,  and 
Physic,"  "Matrimony,"  "The  World," 
"The  Illustrious  Stranger,"  &c  His 
health  had  been  tor  a  long  time  infirm, 
and  lie  d.  on  the  morning  fixed  for  his 
benefit  at  Urury-lane  theatre,  Aug.  1, 
18411. 

KENNICOTT,  Benjamin,  an  able  di- 
vine and  biblical  critic,  was  a  native  of 
Totness,  Devonshire,  of  which  place  his 
father  was  parish  clerk.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Wadham  college,  Oxford,  be- 
came vicar  of  Culhatn,  preacher  of 
Whitehall,  librarian  of  the  Radeliffe,  a 
prebend  of  Westminster,  an  1  canon 
of  Christ-church.  Dr.  Kennicott's  lit- 
erary fame  mainly  rests  on  bis  Hebrew 
Bible,  in  collating  the  numerous  manu- 
scripts for  the  text  of  which  he  was 
incessantly  occupied  during  more  than 
ten  years.  Though  some  object  to  this 
great  work,  that  the  author  was  insuf- 
ficiently acquainted  with  the  Eastern 
languages,  yet  every  scholar  admits  that 
he  rendered  great  service  to  the  cause 
of  science  and  religion  by  opening  the 
way  in  this  department  of  biblical  criti- 
cism.    D.  1783. 

KENR1CK,  William,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  b.  at  Watford,  in  Hertford- 
shire. He  was  brought  up  as  a  rule- 
maker,  but  quitted  his  trade,  obtained 
a  doctor's  degree  at  Ley  Ion,  and  became 
an  industrious  author  and  critic.  He 
established  the  "London  Review,"  in 
which  many  critiques  of  merit  appeared, 
too  often,  however,  contaminated  by 
vituperative  language  and  unwarrant- 
able personalities.  He  compiled  a  "  Dic- 
tionary of  the  English  Language,"  and 
wrote  various  works,  among  which  aro 
the  comedies  of  "  Falsluflf's  Wedding," 
"The  Widowed  Wife. '•and  "The  Duel- 
list," "Epistles,  Philosophical  and 
Moral,"  and  various  poems.    D.  177'.). 

KENT,  James,  b.  July  31,  1763,  in 
Fredericksburg,  then  part  of  Duchess 
county,  N.  Y..  received  his  preparatory 
education  at  Norwalk,  Ct.,  and  entered 
Yale  college  in  1777.  In  July.  177'J,  du- 
ring the  invasion  of  New  Haven,  the 
college  exercises  were  suspended,  ar.d 
it  was  during  this  period  that  the  future 
chancellor  acquired  a  fondness  for  the 
profession  of  the  law.  lie  then  first  read 
Blackstone,  and  read  it  wita  care  and 
enthusiasm.      He  was  graduated    with 


548 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


distinguished  honor  in  1781.  Upon 
leaving  college  he  studied  the  law  with 
Egbert  Benson,  attorney-general  of  the 
state  of  New  York,  and  in  1787  was  ad- 
mitted, at  Albany,  a  counsellor  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  state.  In  17'JO, 
and  again  in  17(J2,  while  residing  at 
Poughkeepsie,  he  was  elected  to  the 
legislature  from  his  native  county,  but 
in  1793,  having  lost  his  election  by  a 
few  votes,  lie  removed  to  the  city  of 
New  York,  and  became  professor  of  law 
in  Columbia  college.  In  1796  he  was 
appointed  a  master  in  chancery,  and  in 
the  next  year  was  made  recorder  of  the 
city.  In  1798  he  was  appointed  associate 
justice  of  the  supreme  court.  In  July, 
1604,  he  was  appointed  chief  justice,  and 
in  February,  1814,  he  abandoned  the 
latter  office  for  that  of  chancellor,  and 
on  July  81,  1823,  after  hearing  and  de- 
ciding every  case  that  had  been  brought 
before  him,  he  retired  from  office,  agree- 
ably to  the  provisions  of  the  constitution 
of  1821,  which  disqualified  for  judicial 
office  all  above  sixty  years  of  age.  This 
event  was  universally  regarded  with  re- 
gret. The  bar  of  New  York,  the  bar  of 
Albany,  and  such  gentlemen  as  were 
then  attending  the  supreme  court  at 
Utiea,  vied  with  each  other  in  expres- 
sions of  respect.  The  letters  which  are 
preserved  in  the  seventh  volume  of 
'•Johnson's  Chancery  lieports,"  are 
6ignecl  by  the  most  distinguished  law- 
yers in  the  state,  and  prove  that,  great 
as  had  been  his  merits  as  a  judge,  the 
warmth  and  generosity  of  his  feelings 
had  left  an  impression  not  less  decided. 
The  next  year  he  was  reappointed  law 
professor  in  Columbia  college,  and  the 
lectures  which  he  there  delivered  formed 
the  basis  of  his  celebrated  "  Comment- 
aries."    D.  1847. 

KENYON,  Lloyd,  Lord,  a  celebrated 
judge,  was  b.  at  Gredington,  Flintshire, 
1733.  He  became  a  member  of  the  so- 
ciety of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  was  called  to 
the  bar  in  1761,  but  he  does  not  appear 
to  have  made  a  conspicuous  figure  till 
1780,  when  he  led  the  defence,  with  Mr. 
Erskine,  for  Lord  George  Gordon.  In 
1782  he  was  made  attorney -general  and 
chief  justice  of  Chester.  He  was  also 
returned  to  parliament  for  Ilindon,  in 
Wiltshire.  In  1784  he  was  appointed 
master  of  the  rolls,  and,  on  the  resigna- 
tion of  the  earl  of  Mansfield,  in  1788,  he 
was  raised  to  the  office  of  chief  justice 
of  the  King's  Bench,  and  created  Baron 
Kenyon.     D.  1802. 

KEPLER,  John,  a  distinguished  as- 
tronomer and  mathematician,  was  b.  in 


1571,  at  Wiel,  in  the  duchy  of  Wirtem 
burg.      He  was  educated  at  Tubingen, 

under  Majstlins,  and,  in  1591,  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  astronomy  at  Gratz, 
soon  after  which  he  published  his 
"  Mysterium  Cosmographicum."  In 
1598  he  was  banished  the  university  for 
professing  the  reformed  religion,  but 
was  afterwards  recalled,  and  restored  to 
his  office.  In  1600  he  was  invited  by 
Tycho  Brahe  to  join  him  in  Bohemia; 
and  when  Tycho  died,  he  became  irath- 
ematician  to  the  Emperor  Kodolph,  who 
employed  him  in  completing  the  Rodol- 
phine  tables.  To  Kepler  we  are  indebt- 
ed for  the  discovery  of  the  laws  which 
regulate  the  movements  of  the  planetary 
bodies,  their  ellipticity,  &c. ;  and  he 
accordingly  ranks  among  the  first  class 
of  astronomers.  Among  his  scientific 
productions  are  "The  Kodolphine  Ta- 
bles," "Optical  Astronomy,"  "Har- 
mony of  the  World,"  "  Copernican 
Astronomy,"  &e.     D.  1630. 

KEPPEL,  Augustus,  Viscount,  ac- 
companied Commodore  Anson  in  his 
voyage  round  the  world,  and  afterwards 
passed  through  all  the  gradations  of  the 
service,  till  he  attained  the  rank  of  ad- 
miral. In  1778  he  commanded  the 
Channel  fleet,  which,  on  the  12th  of 
July,  in  that  year,  fell  in  with  the 
French,  under  count  d'Orvillicrs,  off 
Ushant.  A  partial  action  ensued,  which 
the  English  admiral  thought  to  have 
renewed  in  the  morning,  but  the  enemy 
had  retired.  This  affair  gave  great  dis- 
satisfaction to  the  nation,  which  was 
aggravated  by  Sir  Hugh  Palliser,  second 
in  command,  preferring  a  charge  against 
Admiral  Keppel ;  but  he  was  honorably 
acquitted  by  a  court-martial  at  Ports- 
mouth. Sir  Hugh  was  then  tried  and 
censured.  In  1782  he  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  ;  he  was  also  at  two  separate  pe- 
riods first  lord  of  the  admiralty.  D.  I?**. 

KERGUELEX  TREMAKEC.  Yves 
Joseph  de,  a  French  navigator,  w  is  b. 
at  Brest,  in  1745.  After  having  been 
employed  on  the  coast  of  Iceland,  to 
protect  the  whale  fishery,  he  was  sent, 
in  1771,  on  an  explo-atory  voyage  to  the 
South  Sea;  and  ha\  ,hg  returned  with  a 
flattering  account  of  a  supposed  conti- 
nent towards  the  south  pole,  was  again 
sent  on  a  similar  expedition  in  1773. 
On  his  return  he  was  charged  with  hav- 
ing abandoned  a  boat's  crew  on  a  desert 
shore,  for  which  he  was  cashiered  and 
imprisoned,  but  he  was  at  length  lib- 
erated. He  published  accounts  of  his 
voyages  to  the  North  and  South  Seas, 
and  d.  in  17'J7. 


kin] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


549 


KERR,  R  >bert,  a  surgeon  at  Edin- 
burgh, who  devoted  himself  principally 
to  the  physical  sciences,  and  distin- 
guished himself  as  an  industrious  au- 
thor and  translator.  Among  his  works 
are,  "A  History  of  Scotland  during  the 
reign  of  Robert  Bruce,"  "  (Javier's  The- 
ory of  the  Earth,"  a  "General  Collec- 
tion ot'  Voyages  and  Travels,"  &c,  &c. 
D.  1814. 

KERRICK,  Thomas,  principal  libra- 
rian of  the  university  of  Cambridge, 
author  of  "Observations  on  the  Gothic 
Buildings  abroad,  particularly  those  in 
Italy,  and  on  Gothic  Architecture  in 
general."     D.  182S. 

KB3SEL,  John7  van,  an  artist,  was  b. 
at  Antwerp,  in  1626,  and  d.  about  1690. 
He  painted  portraits  in  the  manner  of 
Vandyke,  but  excelled  in  the  represent- 
ation of  flowers,  fruits,  and  insects. 

KKTEL,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  artist. 
He  went  to  England  in  the  reign  of  Eliz- 
abeth, whose  portrait  he  painted,  as 
well  as  the  portraits  of  many  of  the  no- 
bility. On  liis  return  to  Holland  he  laid 
aside  the  use  of  pencils,  and  painted 
with  the  tops  of  his  fingers,  and  even 
with  his  toes.     D.  1602. 

KICTT,  Henry,  a  divine  and  an  ac- 
complished scholar,  was  b.  in  1761,  at 
Norwich,  was  educated  at  Trinity  col- 
lege, Oxford,  was  appointed  Bampton 
lecturer  in  1790,  and  rector  of  Charlton, 
&c.  He  was  the  author  of  "  History, 
the  Interpreter  of  Prophecy,"  "Ele- 
ments of  General  Knowledge,"  "  A 
Tour  to  the  Lakes,"  "  Emily,"  a  moral 
tale,  &c.  Drowned  while  bathing,  in 
1825. — William,  a  tanner  of  Norfolk, 
who  in  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  excited 
a  revolt  against  the  government.  After 
defeating  the  marquis  of  Northampton, 
be  was  routed  by  the  carl  of  Warwick, 
and  Rett  with  several  others  was  banged, 
in  1549. 

KEULEN,  Ludolph  van,  a  Dutch 
geometrician,  who  acquired  great  celeb- 
rity by  his  calculation  of  the  approx- 
imate correspondence  between  the  di- 
ameter of  a  circle  and  its  circumference. 
He  taught  mathematics  at  Breda  and 
Amsterdam.  D.  1610. — Janssen'  van,  a 
portrait  painter,  was  b.  in  London,  of 
Dutch  parents,  and  before  Vandyke 
came  to  England,  was  in  great  favor 
with  Charles  I.    D.  1665. 

KIDDER,  Richard,  a  learned  En- 
glish prelate,  was  a  native  of  Sussex,  or, 
as  some  say,  of  Suffolk,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  was  elected  to  a  fellowship. 
In  16S1  he  was  made  prebend  of  Nor- 


wich, and,  in  1689,  dean  of  Peter- 
borough, on  which  occasion  he  took 
his  doctor's  degree.  On  the  depriva- 
tion of  Dr.  Ken,  he  was  consecrated 
bishop  of  Hath  ami  Wells, and  preached 
the  Boyle's  lecture  in  1693.  lb-  and  bis 
wife  were  killed  in  their  bed  at  Wells, 
during  the  night  of  the  great  storm, 
Nov.  26,  1700.  Besides  several  sermons 
and  religious  tracts,  he  published  a 
work,  entitled  "The  Demonstration  of 
the  Messiah,"  a  "Commentary  on  the 
Pentateuch,"   &c. 

KILBYE,  Richard,  an  English  di- 
vine, who  studied  at  Lincoln  college, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  became  rector  in 
1590.  lie  was  one  of  the  translators 
of  the  present  version  of  the  Bible,  and 
d.  in  1620. 

KILLIGREW,  William,  Thomas,  and 
Henry,  three  brothers,  distinguished 
for  their  talents,  wit,  an. I  loyalty,  in  the 
reigns  of  Charles  I.  and  II.,  were  the 
sons  of  Sir  Robert  Killigrew,  of  Han- 
worth,  in  Middlesex.  Thomas,  by  his 
liveliness  and  wit,  became  a  great  fa- 
vorite with  Charles  II.,  and  obtained 
the  name  of  king's  jester. — Anne,  b.  in 
1660,  had  a  decided  genius  for  painting 
and  poetry,  and  was  distinguished  for 
her  exemplary  piety  and  unblemished 
virtue,  amidst  the  seductions  of  a  licen- 
tious court.  She  was  one  of  the  maids 
of  honor  to  the  duchess  of  York,  of 
whom,  as  well  as  her  husband,  she  ex- 
ecuted portraits.     D.  It'.--.",. 

KIMBER,  Isaac,  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, b.  at  Wantage,  Berks,  in  1692,  au- 
thor of  a  "  History  of  England,"  a 
"  Life  of  Oliver  Cromwell,"  some  essays, 
discourses,  &c.  D.  17-">8. — Edward,  his 
son,  followed  the  same  pursuits.  His 
publications  were  the  "  Peerages  of 
Scotland  and  Ireland,"  the  "Baronetage 
of  England,"  a  "History  of  England," 
and  "The  Adventures  of  Joe  Thomp- 
son," a  novel. 

KING,  Peter,  lord  chancellor,  an  able 
and  upright  judge,  nephew  of  John 
Loeke,  was  b.  L669.  While  serving  his 
apprenticeship  to  his  father,  a  grocer  at 
Exeter,  he  secretly  acquired  the  learned 
languages  by  self-tuition,  and  so  great 
was  the  proficiency  he  attained,  that  if 
induced  his  uncle  to  send  him  to  Ley- 
den  university.  After  leaving  Leyden 
he  entered  the  Middle  Temple,  and  at- 
tained high  forensic  eminence.  In  17o.} 
he  became  a  member  of  parliament,  was 
made  lord  chief  justice  of  the  common 
pleas  in  171">,  and  raised  to  the  chancel- 
lorship in  1725.  Lord  King  oilers  a 
remarkable  instance  of  the  attainment 


550 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[kib 


of  the  highest  judicial  rank,  simply  by 
his  own  legal  knowledge  and  high  moral 
cnarncter,  without  any  adventitious  aid. 
But  he  was  no  less  remarkable  for  his 
legal  attainments  than  for  his  ecclesias- 
tical learning;  for,  besides  a  variety  of 
controversial  works  of  great  ability,  he 
wrote  a  "History  of  the  Apostles' Creed," 
and  "An  Inquiry  into  the  Constitution, 
&e.,  of  the  Primitive  Church,"  which 
excited  great  interest  at  the  time  of 
their  publication.  J).  1734. — Races,  a 
statesman  and  diplomatist,  b.  1755,  at 
Scarborough,  Maine,  entered  Harvard 
college  in  1773,  studied  the  law,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1778,  and  was 
elected  a  member  of  congress  in  1784. 
In  1796  he  was  appointed  by  President 
Washington,  minister  plenipotentiary 
to  the  court  of  St.  James's,  the  func- 
tions of  which  office  he  continued  to 
discharge  till  1803,  when  he  returned 
home.  In  1813  he  was  a  third  time  sent 
to  the  senate  by  the  legislature  of  New 
York,  and  his  speech  on  the  burning 
of  Washington  by  the  English  was  a 
most  eloquent  display  of  oratory.  In 
1816  he  lost  his  election,  but  in  1820  he 
was  once  more  re-elected,  and  continued 
until  the  expiration  of  the  term  in  1S25. 
He  then  accepted  the  appointment  of 
minister  plenipotentiary  at  the  court  of 
London,  but  was  taken  ill,  returned 
home,  and  soon  after  d.  1827. — Thomas, 
a  celebrated  actor  and  dramatic  writer, 
was  b.  in  London,  in  1730.  Having  ob- 
tained great  celebrity  as  a  comic  actor 
in  provinei.il  companies,  lie  was  engage'.! 
at  Drury-lane  theatre  in  1759,  where  he 
soon  became  a  favorite  with  the  public, 
and  in  1761  arrived  at  the  height  of  his 
professional  reputation  by  the  perform- 
ance of  Lord  Ogleby.  His  dramatic 
pieces  are,  "  Lo\»  at  First  Sight," 
"Neck  or  Nothing,  a  farce,  "A  Peep 
behind  the  Curtain,  or  the  New  Re- 
hearsal," a  comedy,  "  Wit's  Last  Stake," 
a  comedy,  and  "Lovers'  Quarrels."  D. 
180o. —  William,  a  poet  and  miscella- 
neous writer,  was  b.  in  London,  in  1663, 
was  educated  at  Christ  church,  Oxford, 
admitted  an  advocate  in  doctors'  com- 
mons, and  obtained  various  preferments 
in  Ireland.  His  poetical  and  political 
work's  arc  numerous,  and  some  of  them 
are  replete  with  pleasantry  and  wit: 
but  his  most  useful  book  is,  "An  His- 
torical Account  of  the  Heathen  (in  Is 
and  Heroes.''  D.  1712.— William,  prin- 
cipal of  St.  Mary's  hall,  Oxford,  and  an 
ingenious  theological  and  political  wri- 
ter. He  was  the  author  of  virions  Latin 
tracts,  but  the  work  by  which  he   will 


be  remembered  is  "Political  and  Lit- 
erary Anecdotes  of  his  own  Times."  B. 
at  Stepney,  1685;  d.  1763. —  William, 
archbishop  of  Dublin,  was  b.  in  16">0, 
and  educated  at  Trinity  college.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  celebrated  treatise, 
"  De  Origine  Mali,"  or  the  Origin  of 
Evil,  wherein  he  undertook  to  show 
how  all  the  several  kinds  of  evil  with 
which  the  world  abound  arc  consistent 
with  the  goodness  of  God,  and  may  be 
accounted  for  without  the  supposition 
of  an  evil  principle.     D.  1729. 

KINGSBOROUGH,  Edward,  Vis- 
count, eldest  son  of  the  third  earl  of 
Kingston,  was  greatly  distinguished  for 
his  literary  acquirements  and  his  at- 
tachment to  literary  pursuits.  He  was 
a  fellow  of  the  Antiquarian  Society,  and 
author  of  a  splendid  work  on  "  The  An- 
tiquities of  Mexico."     B.  1795  ;  d.  1837. 

KINNAIRD.  Douglas,  was  b,  in 
17SG,  and  received  his  early  education 
at  Eton.  He  afterwards  passed  some 
time  at  Gottingen,  where  he  made  him- 
self master  of  the  French  and  German 
languages.  In  1813  he  accompanied 
Mr.  Hobhouse  through  Sweden,  and  to 
Vienna,  and  was  present  at  the  battlo 
of  Culm.  He  became  an  active  partner 
in  the  banking-house  of  Ransom  and 
Morland;  an  1  after  the  old  partnership 
was  dissolved,  took  the  principal  man- 
agement of  the  business.  He  possessed 
great  energy  of  mind,  was  a  lover  of 
literature,  a  liberal  patron  of  the  arts, 
and  an  intimate  friend  of  Lord  Byron. 
D.  1830. 

K1PPIS,  Andrew,  a  dissenting  di- 
vine, biographer,  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  b.  at  Nottingham,  in  1725. 
He  was  pastor  of  congregations  succes- 
sively at  Boston,  Dorking,  and  West- 
minster, and  latterly  one  of  the  tutors 
at  the  dissenters'  college.  Hackney.  Dr. 
Kippis  laid  the  foundation  of  "  The 
New  Annual  Register,"  ami  devoted 
his  principal  attention,  during  the  lat- 
ter years  of  his  life,  to  an  improved 
edition  of  the  "Biographia  Britanniea," 
of  which  five  volumes  were  printed; 
but  it  was  conducted  on  a  plan  so  elab- 
orate as  to  afford  no  prospect  of  its  ter- 
mination, lie  also  published  the  lives 
of  Captain  Cook,  Pringle,  Doddridge, 
and  Lardiier,  "  A  Vindication  of  the 
Dissenters,"  a  volume  of  sermons,  and 
"Observations  on  the  late  Contests  in 
the  Roval  Society."     D.  1795. 

KIRBY,  John  Joshua,  an  artist,  was 
b.  at  Parham,  in  Suffolk,  in  1716. 
Though  originally  a  house-painter,  lie 
had  a  good  knowledge  of  the  art ;  a'ld 


ki.a] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


551 


on  settling  in  London,  he  was  intro- 
duced by  Lord  Bute  to  George  III.,  by 
wbicli  ho  became  clerk  of  the  works  at 
Kevv.  lie  published  the  "  Perspective 
of  Architecture,"  and  d.  in  1774.-— Wil- 
liam, honorary  member  of  the  Entomo- 
logical society  of  London,  and  fellow  of 
the  Royal,  Linmean,  Zoological,  and  Ge- 
ological societies,  &c,  has  left  behind 
him  an  imperishable  name  as  one  of 
the  first  entomologists  of  any  age.  His 
"Mouographia  Apum  Angliie,"  pub- 
lished in  1801,  excited  the  warmest 
admiration  of  British  and  foreign  ento- 
mologists. His  numerous  and  valuable 
papers  in  the  "Transactions  of  the  Lin- 
mean Society  ;"  the  "  Introduction  to 
Entomology,"  written  in  conjunction 
with  Mr.  Spenoe:  the  entomological 
portion  of  his  Bridgewater  treatise, 
"On  the  History,  Habits,  and  Instincts 
of  Animals:"  and  his  description  of  the 
insects  of  the  "  Fauna  Boreali- America- 
na" of  Sir  John  Kichardson,  are  among 
his  other  works.     D.  1850. 

K1RCHKR,  Atiianarius,  a  Jesuit,  was 
b.  in  1601,  at  Geyseu,  near  Fulda,  in 
Germany,  and  studied  at  Wurtzburg 
and  Avignon  ;  after  which  he  was  a 
teacher  of  mathematics  in  the  college 
belonging  to  his  order  at  Rome.  His 
works  evince  great  depth  of  learning; 
the  principal  are,  "  GEdipus  Egyptia- 
cus,"  "Ars  Magnesia,"  "  Lingua  JSgyp- 
tiaca  Restituta, "  "Mundus  Subter- 
raneus,"  "  Organon  Mathematicum," 
"  Mnsurgia  Universalis,"  &c.     D.  1680. 

KIRK,  Colonel,  an  English  officer, 
who,  in  16S5,  committed  the  most  inhu- 
man barbarities  in  the  west  of  England, 
in  the  time  of  James  II. 

K1RKLAND,  John  Thornton,  a  dis- 
tinguished president  of  Harvard  college, 
was  b.  1770,  at  Little  Falls,  on  the  Mo- 
hawk, and  was  educated  at  Harvard. 
He  was  a  preacher  at  Boston  for  sixteen 
years;  in  1800  was  made  president  of 
Harvard,  and  in  1828  resigned.   D.  1S41. 

K1RKPATRICK,  James,  a  skilful  ori- 
entalist, was  a  major-general  in  the 
British  service,  and  passed  a  great  part 
of  his  life  in  India.  He  published  a 
"  Description  of  the  Kingdom  of  Nc- 
paul,"  a  "Biography  of  Persian  Poets," 
and  the  "Letters  of  Tippoo  Saib."  D. 
1812. 

KIR  WAN,  Walter  Blake,  an  Irish 
divine,  eminent  for  his  popularity  as  a 
preacher.  He  was  b.  at  Galway,  in  1754 ; 
was  educated  at  St.  Omer's  and  Louvain; 
took  orders  as  a  Catholic  priest ;  and,  in 
1778,  was  appointed  chaplain  to  the 
Neapolitan    embassy  in    London.     In 


1787  he  conformed  to  the  established 
church,  and  obtained  successively  the 
prebendary  of  Howth,  the  living  of  St. 
Nicholas,  in  Dublin,  and  the  deanery  of 
Killala.  As  a  pulpit  orator  he  excelled 
all  his  cotemporaries  ;  so  great,  indeed, 
were  his  attractions,  that  we  are  told 
that  it  was  often  necessary  to  keep  off 
the  crowds,  by  guards  and  pallisadcs, 
from  the  churches  in  which  he  was 
preaching.  D.  1805. — Richard,  a  dis 
tinguished  writer  on  chemistry,  geology, 
&c,  was  a  native  of  Galway  county,  in 
Ireland.  He  was  educated  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Dublin;  devoted  himself  with 
great  ardor  to  chemical  and  mineralogi- 
cal  researches;  and  became  a  member 
of  the  Ro_>al  Irish  Academy,  and  also  a 
fellow  of' the  Royal  Society.  In  1784 
appeared  his  "Elements  of  Mineral- 
ogy." He  also  published  "Geological 
Essays,"  a  treatise  on  the  "  Analysis  of 
Mineral  Waters,"  an  "Essay  on  Phlo- 
giston and  the  Constitution  of  Acids," 
&c.     D.  1812. 

KITCHENER,  William,  a  physician 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  about 
1775,  and  was  the  son  of  a  respectable 
coal  merchant  in  London,  who  left  him 
a  large  fortune.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton,"  and  settled  in  London  as  a  physi- 
cian ;  but  he  distinguished  himself  far 
more  by  his  precepts  on  the  art  of  gas- 
tronomy than  by  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine, lie  was  a  kind-hearted,  social 
being,  with  more  foibles  than  faults. 
He  wrote  a  book  under  the  title  of 
"The  Cook's  Oracle,"  in  which  the 
laws  of  the  culinary  art,  professedly- 
founded  on  his  own  practice,  were  pro- 
mulgated ;  and,  by  appointing  a  "com- 
mittee of  taste"  among  his  friends,  who 
had  regular  invitations  to  his  dinner- 
table,  the  fame  of  this  epicure  spread 
far  and  wide,  while  his  evening  conver- 
saziones were  the  resort  of  privileged 
wits,  and  literary  ban  vivants.  Optics 
and  music  were  also  particular  objects 
of  his  study.  Besides  "The  Cook's 
Oracle,"  which  was  his  most  popular 
work,  he  published  "  The  Art  of  Invig- 
orating and  Prolonging  Life,"  "The 
Economy  of  the  Eyes,"  "The  Travel- 
ler's Oracle,"  "Observations  on  Vocal 
Music,"  and  "The  Loval  and  Natiotial 
Songs  of  England."     D.  1827. 

KLAPROTH,  Martin  Henry,  nn 
eminent  chemist  and  mineralogist,  was 
b.  at  Berlin,  in  1743;  becamo  chemical 
professor  there;  and  d.  1817.  Ho  was 
the  discoverer  of  uranium,  the  zircouia, 
and  mellitic  acid  ;  he  also  made  interest- 
ing experiments  on  copal,  and  completed 


552 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[klo 


the  discovery  of  tellurium  and  titanium. 
Among  his  works  are,  "  A  Mineralogical 
System,"  "Chemical  Essays"  and,  in 
conjunction  with  Wolf,  a  "Dictionary 

of  'Chemistry. " — Henri  Jules,  sod  of 
tlie  preceding,  was  intended  by  his 
father  to  pursue  the  study  of  the  physi- 
cal sciences,  but  abandoned  them  in 
favor  of  the  oriental  languages,  in  which 
he  became  one  of  the  ablest  modern 
scholars.  In  1805  he  was  selected  to 
accompany  the  Russian  ambassador  into 
China,  anil  in  1807  the  academy  of  St. 
Petersburg  commissioned  him  to  visit 
the  Caucasian  provinces.  Subsequently 
he  settled  at  Paris,  where  he  founded 
and  organized  the  Asiatic  society.  He 
has  left  several  valuable  works:  "Asia 
Polvglotta,"  "Tableau  du  Caucase," 
&c."    B.  1783;  d.  1835. 

KLEBER,  Jean  Baptists,  a  celebra- 
ted French  general,  was  b.  at  Strasburg, 
in  1754.  He  was  originally  an  architect, 
but  preferred  the  military  profession, 
and  entered  into  the  Austrian  service, 
where  he  remained  from  1776  to  17S0. 
When  the  French  revolutionary  war 
broke  out,  lie  entered  as  a  grenadier 
into  a  volunteer  regiment  of  Ins  native 
department,  and  rose  rapidly  into  com- 
mand. He  displayed  great  skill  and 
bravery  at  the  battle  of  Mayence,  after 
which  he  was  employed  in  La  Vendee, 
but  the  sanguinary  scenes  there  so  dis- 
gusted him  that  he  obtained  his  recall, 
and  was  ensured  in  the  north,  where  he 
defeated  the  Anstrians,  took  Mous,  and 
drove  the  enemy  from  Louvain.  _  He 
also  captured  Maestricht,  and  contribu- 
ted to  the  splendid  successes  which  dis- 
tinguished the  campaigns  of  1795  and 
1796  on  the  Rhine.  The  directory  gave 
him  the  command  of  the  army  of  the 
Sambrc  and  Mouse,  which  he  resigned 
to  Hoclie,  and  fir  a  time  retired  from 
the  service.  Bonaparte,  however,  who 
well  knew  the  value  of  his  talents,  pre- 
vailed upon  him  to  join  the  expedition 
to  Egypt,  lie  was  wounded  at  the  bat- 
tle of' Alexandria,  but  he  marched  into 
Syria,  where  he  commanded  the^  corps 
of  observation  during  the  siege  of  Acre, 
and  defeated  the  Turks  in  several  ac- 
tions. When  Bonaparte  left  Egypt,  he 
appointed  Kleber  commander-in-chief 
of  the  army;  and  he  was  assassinated 
by  an  Arab*,  June  14,  1800. 

KLEIST,  Christian  Ewat.d  von,  a 
German  poet,  was  b.  at  Zeblin,  in  Pom- 
crania,  in  1715.  After  studying  the 
mathematics,  philosophy,  and  law,  at 
Konigsberg,  he  entered  into  the  Danish 
service,  and  next  into  that  of  Prussia, 


where  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  major; 
and  was  killed,  after  displaying  almost 
romantic  bravery,  at  the  battle  of  Kun- 
nersdorff,  in  1759.  His  principal  poem, 
entitled  "Spring,"  is  beautifully  de- 
scriptive, and  has  been  compared  to  the 
'•Seasons"  of  Thomson.-  Kleist  also 
wrote  idylls,  moral  treatises,  and  a  mili 
tary  romance,  called  "Cissides." 

KL1NGEMANN,  Augustus,  a  dra- 
matic writer,  and  director  of  the  national 
theatre  at  Brunswick,  was  b.  in  that 
city,  1777.  In  1813  he  received  the 
direction  of  the  theatre  of  his  native 
place,  and  under  his  superintendence  it 
became  one  of  the  first  in  Germany. 
His  dramatic  works  form  12  volumes, 
and  among  them  are,  "  Heinrich  der 
Lowe,"  "  Luther,"  "  Moses,"  "  Faust," 
&c.     D.  1812. 

KLIXGER,  Frederic  Maximilian 
von,  an  officer  in  the  Russian  service, 
and  a  literary  character,  was  b.  at  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Maine,  in  1753.  Be  com- 
menced as  a  dramatic  writer ;  but,  in 
the  war  of  the  Bavarian  succession,  he 
entered  the  military  service,  and  was 
made  a  lieutenant  in  the  Austrian  army. 
In  1780  he  went  to  St.  Petersburg,  and 
was  appointed  an  officer  and  reader  to 
the  Grand-prince  Paul,  with  whom  he 
afterwards  travelled  through  Poland, 
Austria,  Italy,  France,  &c,  and,  in  the 
reign  of  Catharine,  he  rose  to  the  rank 
of  colonel.  By  the  Emperor  Paul  he 
was  made  major-general,  and  director 
of  the  corps  of  cadets ;  and,  when 
Alexander 'ascended  the  throne,  he  re- 
ceived other  offices  and  further  promo- 
tion.    D.  1831. 

KLOPSTOCK,  Frederic Tiieophilus, 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  of  the  Ger- 
man poets,  was  b.  at  Quedlinbnrg,  in 
1724.  After  receiving  a  liberal  educa- 
tion at  his  native  place,  he  was  sent  to 
study  theology  r.t  Jena,  where  he  wrote 
a  great  part  of  his  "Messiah.,"  which  he 
published  in  1757,  at  Leipsic.  Though 
this  poem  underwent  the  ordeal  of 
severe  criticism  by  some,  it  was  ad- 
mired by  more;  and  Bo  Imer,  with  the 
Swiss  in  general,  were  loud  in  its  praises. 
Klopsto  'k  w  is  invited  into  that  country, 
an  1  while  here  the  people  regarded  him 
with  a  kin  I  of  veneration.  From  thence 
he  was  called  to  Copenhagen,  by  the 
most  fl  ittering  promises,  which  wero 
amply  fulfilled.  In  1771  he  went  to  re- 
side at  Hamburgh,  as  Danish  legate,  and 
counsellor  from  the  court  of  Baden.  He 
was  twice  married.  Margaret,  his  first 
wife,  whom  he  married  in  1754.  and  who 
d.  in  1758,   was   a  woman  of  kindred 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


KVl] 


genius  and  literary  accomplishments. 
Among  her  productions  are,  "The 
Death  of  Abel,"  a  tragedy  ;  and  "  Let- 
ters from  the  Dead  to  the  Living."  D. 
1803. 

KLUIT,  Adrian,  a  Dutch  historian, 
was  b.  at  Dort  in  1785;  studied  at 
Utrecht,  and  became  professor  of  archae- 
ology and  diplomatics  at  Leyden.  His 
political  opinions  occasioned  his  removal 
from  the  chair  in  1795;  but  in  1806, 
under  the  regal  government,  he  was 
professor  of  statistics.  His  chief  work 
is  a  history  ot  the  political  affairs  of 
Holland  to  178.5.     D.  1807. 

KNAPP,  Samt^el  Lorenzo,  an  Amer- 
ican author,  whr  wrote  extensively  on 
various  subjects,  graduated  at  Dart- 
mouth college,  N.  II.,  in  the  year  1804 ; 
and  was  by  profession  a  lawyer.  As 
such  he  acquired  in  the  early  part  of  his 
life  a  desirable  eminence.      At  different 

Eeriods,  he  was  an  inhabitant  of  New- 
uryport,  Boston,  and  New  York.  His 
labors  with  his  pen  were  frequently  for 
means  on  which  to  subsist,  and  hence 
many  of  his  productions  carry  with 
them  marks  of  haste.  As  a  man  of 
kind  and  benevolent  feelings  he  will 
long  be  remembered  by  his  personal 
friends.  D.  at  Hopkint'on,  Massachu- 
setts, 1838. 

KNELLEE,  Sir  Godfrey,  an  eminent 
portrait  painter,  b.  at  Lubeck  about 
1648,  was  designed  for  a  military  life, 
and  sent  to  Leyden  to  study  mathe- 
matics and  fortification,  but  showing  a 
decided  bent  for  painting,  was  placed 
under  Bol  and  Rembrandt  at  Amster- 
dam. Having  visited  Italy,  where  he 
studied  with  Carlo  Maratti  and  Bernini, 
he  went  to  England  in  1674,  and  was 
much  patronized  by  Charles  II.,  James 
II.,  and  William  III.,  for  the  latter  of 
whom  he  painted  the  beauties  at  Hamp- 
ton Court,  and  several  of  the  portraits 
in  the  gallery  of  admirals.  His  coloring 
'  is  lively,  true,  and  harmonious ;  his 
drawing  correct,  and  his  disposition 
judicious;  he  displays,  however,  a  sin- 
gular want  of  imagination  in  his  pic- 
tures, the  attitudes,  the  action,  and 
drapery  being  tasteless,  unvarying,  and 
ungraceful.  He  was  in  habits  of  inti- 
macy with  Pope  and  most  of  his 
eminent  cotemporaries ;  and,  as  he 
possessed  a  fund  of  humor,  and  was  of 
a  gay  and  convivial  turn,  his  acquaint- 
ance was  eagerly  sought  after.  He  con- 
tinued to  practise  his  art  till  after  he 
was  seventy  years  of  age,  amassed  a 
large  fortune,  and  d.  in  1723. 

K.NIBB,  William,  a  celebrated  Bap- 
47 


553 


tist  missionary,  was  b.  nt  Kettering,  in 
Northamptonshire,  at  the  beginning  of 
the    present    century.      Originally    ap- 
prenticed   to  a  printer  at   Bristol,    he 
offered,  on  the;  death  of  his  brother,   to 
supply  his  place  as  n  teacher  of  a  Baptist 
school  in  Jamaica,  and  having  repaired 
thither  in  1824,  he  was  in  1829  appointed 
pastor  of  the   mission   church  at   Fal- 
mouth, where  his  elforts  to  ameliorate 
the  condition  of  the  negroes  were  amply 
rewarded   by   their    gratitude   towards 
him.      But   these   very    efforts    excited 
such  hostility  among  the  planters,  over- 
seers, and  others  in  the  slave-holding 
interest,  that  when  in  1832  a  formidable 
slave  insurrection  was  threatened,  Mr. 
Knibb  was  not  only  compelled,  despite 
his  sacred  calling,  to  serve  in  the  militia, 
but  was  treated  with  marked  indignity, 
and  shortly  afterwards  arrested  for  be- 
ing implicated  in  the  threatened  rebel- 
lion.    In  the  absence  of  all  evidence  to 
support  a  criminal  prosecution   he   was 
released,    but   his   chapel   and   mission 
premises  having  been  burnt  down  du- 
ring the  disturbances,    he   resolved   to 
proceed  to  England  to  explain  all  the 
circumstances  connected  with  his  mis 
sion.     Feeling  that  the   time   for  neu- 
trality   was     passed,    he    now    boldly 
advocated    the    entire    and    immediate 
abolition  of  slavery  ;  and  it  is  not  going 
too  far  to  say,  that  his  stirring  harangues 
throughout  the  country  had  no  unim- 
portant share  in    bringing    about  the 
emancipation  act  of  1833.   D.  in  Jamaica, 
1845. 

KNIGHT,  Edward,  a  celebrated 
comedian,  b.  at  Birmingham,  1774.  He 
performed  at  Drury-lane  and  at  the 
Lyceum,  til!  illness  compelled  him  to 
quit  the  stage.  D.  1826. — Gowin,  an 
English  philosopher,  was  educated  at 
Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  where  he 
took  his  degree  of  bachelor  of  physic 
in  1742.  lie  practised  in  London,  and 
was  chosen  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 
He  published  "  An  Attempt  to  demon- 
strate that  all  the  Phenomena  in  Nature 
may  be  explained  by  Attraction  and 
Repulsion." — Henry  Gally,  a  distin- 
guished traveller  and  antiquary,  was  b. 
17S6.  In  1814  he  published  a  poem, 
entitled  "Europa  Rediviva,"  and  this 
was  followed  at  different  intervals  by 
"  Phrosyne,  a  Grecian  Tale,"  "  Alash- 
tor,  an  Arabian  Tale."  and  "  Hannibal 
in  Bithynia."  But  Mr.  Knight's  chief 
title  to  fame  consists  in  the  zeal  with 
which  he  devoted  himself  to  the  inves- 
tigation of  architectural  history  both  at 
home  and   abroad  ;    and  the   fruits  of 


554 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[kocj 


which  he  gave  to  the  world  in  an 
"Architectural  Tour  in  Normandy," 
"The  Normans  in  Sicily,"  and  his  last 
and  greatest  work,  the  "Ecclesiastical 
Architecture  of  Italy,  &c.  In  1824  he 
was  for  a  short  period  M.  P.  for  Aid- 
borough  ;  in  1830  he  sat  for  Malton  ;  and 
from  1835  down  to  his  demise  he  was 
one  of  the  members  for  North  Notts. 
D.  1S4G. — Richard  Payne,  a  man  of 
fortune,  and  a  patron  of  learning  and 
the  tine  arts,  was  b.  in  1748.  He  devoted 
a  great  portion  of  his  time  to  the  culti- 
vation of  classical  literature,  and  the 
elucidation  of  the  domestic  manners  of 
the  ancients  ;  while  his  splendid  collec- 
tion of  ancient  bronzes,  medals,  pic- 
tures, and  drawings,  in  his  museum  at 
his  house  in  Soho-square,  gave  suffici- 
ent proofs  of  his  taste  for  every  thing 
connected  with  virtu.  The  whole  of 
this  valuable  collection,  worth  £50,000, 
he  bequeathed  to  the  British  Museum, 
Among  his  works  are,  "An  Account 
of  the  Remains  of  the  Worship  of  Pria- 
pus,"  an  "  Analytical  Inquiry  into  the 
Principles  of  Taste,"  "  Prolegomena  in 
Ilomerum,"  "The  Landscape,"  a  di- 
dactic poem,  and  "  The  Progress  of 
Civil  Society."  D.  1 82-4.— Thomas,  an 
actor  and  dramatic  writer,  was  a  native 
of  Dorsetshire.  He  wrote  "  The  Honest 
Thieves,"  "The  Turnpike  Gate,"  and 
several  other  dramatic  pieces.     1).  1820. 

KNIGHTON,  Henry,  an  English  his- 
torian, was  a  canon  regular  of  Leicester 
abbey,  in  the  reign  of  Richard  II.,  of 
whose  deposition  he  wrote  an  account ; 
also  a  chronicle  from  the  Conquest  to 
1695. 

KNOX,  Henry,  an  American  general, 
was  b.  in  Boston,  1750,  and,  after  re- 
ceiving a  common  school  education, 
commenced  business  as  a  bookseller  in 
his  native  town.  He  early  took  a  part 
in  the  affairs  of  the  revolution,  and  was 
present  as  a  volunteer  at  the  battle  of 
Bunker  hill.  For  his  services  in  pro- 
curing some  pieces  of  ordnance  from  the 
Canadian  frontiers,  lie  was  intrusted  by 
congress  with  the  command  of  the  artil- 
lery department,  with  the  rank  of  brig- 
adier-general. He  was  present,  and 
displayed  great  skill  and  courage  at.  the 
battles  of  Trenton,  Princeton,  German- 
town,  and  Monmouth,  and  contributed 
greatly  to  the  capture  of  Cornuallis. 
Immediately  afrer  this  event  he  received 
from  congress  the  commission  of  major- 
general.  In  1785  he  succeeded  General 
Lincoln  in  the  office  of  secretary  of  war, 
and  having  filled  this  department  for 
eleven   years,   he   obtained   a  reluctant 


permission  to  retire  into  privato  life  In 
17'J8,  when  our  relations  with  France 
were  assuming  a  cloudy  aspect,  he  was 
called  upon  to  take  a  command  in  the 
army,  but  the  peaceful  arrangement  of 
affairs  soon  permitted  him  to  return  into 
his  retirement.  1).  at  Thomaston,  Me., 
18.06. — John,  the  great  champion  of  the 
Scottish  reformation,  was  b.  1505,  at 
Gifford,  in  East  Lothian,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Haddington  and  St.  Andrew's. 
He  was  converted  from  the  Catholic 
faith  by  Wishart,  and  became  a  zealous 
preacher  of  the  new  doctrines.  Having 
been  compelled  to  take  shelter  in  the 
castle  of  St.  Andrew's,  he  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  French,  in  July,  1547,  and 
was  carried  with  the  garrison  to  France, 
where  he  remained  a  captive  on  board 
of  the  galleys  till  1549.  Subsequent  to 
his  liberation  he  was,  for  a  short  time, 
chaplain  to  Edward  VI.,  after  which  he 
visited  Geneva  and  Frankfort,  and,  in 
1555,  returned  to  his  native  country. 
After  having  for  twelve  months  labored 
actively  and  successfully  to  strengthen 
the  Protestant  cause  in  Scotland  he're- 
visited  Geneva,  where  he  remained  till 
1559.  During  his  residence  in  Geneva, 
he  published  his  "First  Blast  of  the 
Trumpet  against  the  monstrous  Regi- 
ment of  Women;"  a  treatise  which  was 
levelled  against  Mary  of  England,  but 
which  gave  serious  offence  to  Elizabeth. 
From  April,  1559,  when  he  once  more 
and  finally  set  foot  on  Scottish  earth,  till 
his  decease,  which  took  place  November 
24,  1572,  the  reformed  church  was  tri- 
umphant, and  he  was  one  of  its  most 
prominent,  admired,  and  honored  lead- 
ers. Of  his  works  the  principal  is  "  A 
History  of  the  Reformation  in  Scot- 
land: the  fourth  edition  of  it  includes 
all  his  other  writings. — Vicesimus,  a  di- 
vine and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b. 
1752  ;  was  educated  at  Merchant  Tailors' 
school,  and  at  St.  John's  college,  Ox- 
ford; succeeded  his  father  as  head 
master  of  Tunbridge  school:  held  that 
situation  for  thirty-three  years  ;  obtain- 
ed the  livings  of  Runwell  and  Rams- 
den  Crays,  in  Essex,  and  the  chapelry 
of  Shipbonrne,  in  Kent.  Among  his 
original  works  are,  "  Essays,  Moral 
and  Literary;"  "Liberal  Education;" 
■'  Winter  Evenings  ;"  "  Personal  No- 
bility ;"  "Christian  Philosophy;"  and 
"  The  Spirit  of  Despotism."  He  was  the 
compiler  of  the  "Elegant  Extracts  and 
Epistles.     D.  1821. 

KOCH,  Christopher  Wtilliam,  a  pub- 
licist and  historian,  was  b.  at  Bouxweii- 
ler,  in   Alsace,  1737 ;   was   educated  at 


KOS] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


555 


Strasburg,  under  Schoepflin ;  succeed- 
ed him  as  professor  of  public  law ;  and 
d.  1813,  rector  of  the  university  of 
Strasburg.  Anion?  his  numerous  and 
learned  works  arc,  "  A  View  of  the 
Kevolutions  of  Europe;"  "An  Abridged 
History  of  Treaties  o'"  Peace;"  and 
"Genealogical  Tables  of  the  Sovereign 
Families  of  Europe." 

KOENIG,  George  Matthias,  b.  at 
Altorf,  l'ilti,  was  the  author  of  a  Latin 
"  Biographical  Dictionary,"  of  consider- 
able merit.  D.  1099. — Johann  Gerard, 
a  physician  of  Courland,  in  Lithuania, 
b.  17'JS,  was  a  celebrated  botanist,  and 
travelled  to  the  East  Indies  and  other 
countries,  in  pursuit  of  his  favorite  sci- 
ence, keeping  up  a  correspondence  at 
the  time  with  Linnaeus,  his  old  pre- 
ceptor. D.  178^. — Daniel,  a  native  of 
Switzerland,  was  killed,  in  his  22d  year, 
at  Franeker,  by  the  mob,  who  in  a  pop- 
ular commotion,  fell  upon  him  under  the 
supposition  that  he  was  a  French  spy, 
as  he  had  been  heard  to  converse  in  that 
language.  He  translated  into  Latin 
"Arbuthnot  on  Ancient  Coins." — Sam- 
uel, his  brother,  was  a  good  mathemat- 
ical scholar,  and  filled  the  professor's 
chair  at  Franeker,  in  philosophy  and 
ethics ;  but  afterwards  settled  at  the 
Hague,  having  been  invited  thither  by 
the  prince  of  Orange,  who  made  him  his 
librarian.     D.  17o7. 

KOLLOCII,  Shepherd,  a  lieutenant 
in  the  revolutionary  war,  who  was  at  the 
battles  of  Trenton,  Short  Hills,  Fort 
Lee,  &c,  established  the  "New  Jersey 
Journal"  in  1779,  and  the  "  New  York 
Gazetteer"  in  1783,  and  was  judge  of  the 
common  pleas  in  Philadelphia,  for  35 
years.     D.  1839. 

KORNEK,  Theodore,  an  eminent 
poet,  often  called  the  German  Tyrtseus, 
was  b.  at  Dresden,  1791 ;  and,  after 
studying  at  Leipsic,  became  a  dramatist 
and  secretary  to  the  management  of  the 
court  theatre  of  Vienna.  Being  an  en- 
thusiast for  the  liberty  of  Germany,  he 
entered  as  a  volunteer  in  the  Prussian 
army,  in  1812;  signalized  himself  equal- 
ly by  his  bravery  and  his  martial  songs  ; 
was  promoted  for  his  conduct  at  the 
battle  of  Lutzen  ;  was  afterwards  twice 
wounded  ;  made  a  lieutenant;  and  tell 
\n  a  skirmish  with  the  French,  in  Meck- 
lenburg, August  26,  1813.  His  lyrical 
poems  were  published  after  his  death, 
under  the  title  of  the  "  Lyre  and  Sword  ;" 
but  innumerable  editions  of  his  works, 
consisting  of  his  dramas,  poems,  and 
other  literary  remains,  have  since  been 
Dubl:shed*  in  Germany ;   and  many  of 


his  writings  have  been  repeatedly  trans- 
lated into  English. 

KONINGSMARK,  Mama  A.-kora, 
countess  of,  was  b.  about  1678.  She  waa 
equally  celebrated  on  account  of  her 
personal  charms  and  extraordinary  tal- 
ents, and  of  the  part  which  she  per- 
formed in  polities.  While  a  gill,  she 
wrote  and  spoke  Swedish,  Geritan, 
French,  Italian,  and  English;  read  the 
classics  in  i  he  original;  had  an  exten- 
sive knowledge  of  history  and  geog- 
raphy ;  and  even  composed  poems  in 
French  and  Italian.  She  played  on  sev- 
eral instruments,  composed  music,  sang 
and  painted  with  great  skill;  all  which 
accomplishments  were  aided  by  a  refined 
wit  and  superior  conversational  powers. 
Thus  gifted  and  accomplished,  she  ar- 
rived, in  lfi'.it,  in  Dresden,  with  her  two 
sisters.  The  elector  fell  in  love  with  her 
at  first  sight;  she  yielded,  appeared  at 
court  as  his  mistress,  and  bore  him  a 
son,  the  famous  Marshal  Saxe,  to  whose 
improvement  she  consecrated  the  re- 
mainder of  her  life.  Though  the  passion 
of  the  fickle  king  cooled,  and  another 
favorite  supplanted  the  countess,  he  al- 
ways remained  in  terms  of  friendship 
with  her;  and  by  his  influence  she  was 
appointed,  by  the  court  of  Vienna,  su- 
perintendent of  Quedlinhurg,  where  she 
chiefly  reside. 1  until  her  death,  in  1768. 

KOSCIUSZKX),  Thaddeds,  a  Polish 
general  and  patriot,  was  b.  174*5,  in  Li- 
thuania, and  was  partly  educated  at  the 
Warsaw  military  school,  where  he  ex- 
celled in  mathematics  ami  drawing.  Ho 
completed  his  studies  in  France.  When 
the  American  colonies  threw  oft'  the 
yoke  of  the  mother  country,  Kosciuszko 
entered  into  their  service,  and  was  made 
a  colonel  of  engineers  and  aid-de-camp 
to  Washington.  Returning  to  his  own 
country,  he  lived  in  retirement  till  1789, 
when  the  diet  appointed  him  a  major- 
general.  In  the  brief  struggle  of  1792 
he  behaved  with  distinguished  valor; 
but  as  ^oon  as  the  fate  of  Poland  was 
sealed,  he  retired  into  voluntary  exile. 
He  kept  up,  however,  a  correspondence 
with  the  friends  of  liberty  in  his  native 
land;  and  when,  in  1794,  the  Poles  re- 
solved to  make  one  more  effort  to  break 
their  chains,  they  placed  Koscinszko  at 
their  head.  He  began  his  career  by  de- 
feating the  Russian  general,  Denisoff,  at 
Raslaviee.  But  the  enemy  poured  in 
on  all  sides,  and  at  length,  after  having 
for  six  months  delayed  the  fall  of  Poland, 
he  was  wounded  and  taken  prisoner,  on 
the  4th  of  October,  at  the  battle  of  Ma- 
ceiowice.     lie  was   sent  to  St.   Peters- 


556 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[kro 


burg,  and  incarcerated  till  the  acces- 
sion of  the  Emperor  Paul,  who  liberated 
him.  The  remaining'  part  of  his  exist- 
ence was  spent  in  America,  France,  and 
Switzerland,  but  cliieflv  in  France.  D. 
at  Soleuro,  October  17,  1817. 

KOTZEBUE,  Augustus  Frederic  Fer- 
dinand Von,  a  German  writer,  was  b. 
1761,  at  Weimar,  and  was  educated  at 
Jena  and  Duisbourg.  In  his  twentieth 
year  he  was  invited  to  St.  Petersburg, 
by  the  Prussian  ambassador,  and  was 
patronized  by  Catharine,  who  raised  him 
from  post  to  post,  till  he  became  presi- 
dent of  the  civil  government  at  Revel ; 
a  station  which  he  held  for  ten  years. 
From  179-i  till  1800  he  resided,  variously 
occupied,  in  Germany.  In  the  latter 
year  he  returned  to  Russia,  but  had  no 
sooner  set  foot  on  its  territory,  than  he 
was  seized  and  banished  to  Siberia.  The 
capricious  tyrant  Paul,  soon,  however, 
recalled  him,  and  took  him  into  favor. 
In  1801  he  again  quitted  the  land  of  the 
knout  and  of  autocracy.  Some  subse- 
quent years  were  spent  in  travelling, 
and  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  pouring 
forth  his  innumerable  literary  produc- 
tions, and  taking  a  part  in  politics.  lie 
is  said  to  have  written  many  of  the 
Russian  state  papers  and  proclamations. 
The  Emperor,  Alexander,  subsequently 
eaiployed  him  in  various  posts,  and  in 
1817  appointed  him  his  literary  corre- 
spondent in  Germany.  This  invidious 
office  Kotzebue  is  said  to  have  filled  in  a 
manner  hostile  to  the  freedom  of  his 
native  country;  and  for  this  supposed 
crime  he  was  assassinated,  on  trie  23d 
of  March,  1819,  by  a  youthful  fanatic, 
named  Sand.  Kotzebue  undoubtedly 
displayed  genius  in  his  writings;  but 
they  are  vitiated  by  much  frivolity,  much 
bad  taste,  and,  in  many  instances,  a  more 
than  doubtful  morality.  His  dramas 
number  nearly  three  hundred.  Among 
his  other  works,  are  "  A  History  of  the 
German  Empire,"  "A  History  of  An- 
cient Prussia,"  and  various  Narratives 
and  Recollections  of  his  travels. 

KRANAOH,  Lucas,  (whose  proper 
name  was  Sunder,)  a  distinguished 
painter,  was  b.  at  Kranach,  in  Bamberg, 
1472.  He  was  greatly  patronized  by 
Frederic,  elector  of  Coburg,  whom  lie 
accompanied  on  a  journey  through  Pal- 
estine in  1493,  and  soon  afterwards 
commenced  his  career  as  an  historical 
painter,  which,  whether  we  consider  the 
number  or  the  excellence  of  his  works, 
has  not  been  surpassed  by  any  of  his 
countrymen.  He  was  intimately  asso- 
ciated with  the  great  reformers,  Luther 


and  Melanohthon,  wh;so  portraits,  as 
taken  by  him,  are  amongst  the  most  in- 
teresting memorials  of  their  age.  D. 
1558. — Lucas,  his  son,  witli  whom  he  is 
sometimes  confounded,  gained  great 
distinction  ill  the  same  career,  and  d.  in 
158(5. 

KRANTZ,  Albert,  a  German  histo- 
rian and  philosopher  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury; author  of  a  Latin  "Chronicle  of 
the  Kingdoms  of  Denmark,  Sweden, 
and  Norway,"  a  "History  of  the  An- 
cient Vandals,"  &c.  His  reputation  as 
an  able  and  upright  diplomatist  also 
was  so  well  established,  that  in  a  dis- 
pute of  a  territorial  nature,  which  oc- 
curred between  the  courts  of  Ilolstcin 
and  Denmark,  the  contending  poten- 
tates agreed  to  abide  by  his  arbitration. 

KRASICKI,  Ignatius,  count  of  Siet- 
zen,  prince-bishop  of  Warmia,  &c.,  one 
of  the  most  illustrious  of  the  Polish 
literati,  was  b.  at  Dubieeko,  in  1735. 
When  the  first  partition  of  Poland,  in 
1772,  deprived  him  of  his  senatorial 
dignities,  he  turned  his  attention  to  lit- 
erature, and  produced  numerous  poems, 
epic,  mock-heroic,  and  satirical.  He 
was  much  esteemed  by  Frederic  the 
Great,  who  took  great  pleasure  in  his 
lively  and  most  agreeable  conversation. 
Among  his  writings  are,  "The  War  of 
Clioczim,"  "  La  Monomachic,  or  the 
War  of  the  Monks,"  "  La  Souriade," 
fables,  odes,  &c.     D.  1801. 

KRAUSS,  John  Baptist,  a  learned 
German  ecclesiastic,  and  a  most  inde- 
fatigable writer.  He  was  b.  at  Ratisbon, 
in  1700;  took  the  monastic  habitat  an 
early  age  ;  became  prince-abbot  of  the 
Benedictine  monastery  of  St.  Emmeran 
in  1742 ;  and  presided  there  till  his 
dentil,  in  17§2.  His  works  on  theology, 
history,  and  criticism  are  very  numer- 
ous. 

KREUTZER,  Rodolph,  a  celebrated 
violinist  and  musical  composer,  was  b. 
at  Versailles,  in  1767.  He  travelled  in 
Germany,  Holland,  and  Italy ;  and  hav- 
ing established  himself  as  one  of  the 
first  performers  in  Europe,  he  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  orchestra  at 
the  grand  opera  of  Paris.  He  composed 
the  music  for  the  operas  of  "  Lodoiska," 
"Joan  of  Arc,"  "Paul  and  Virginia," 
"Charlotte  and  Werter,"  and  some 
others.     D.  1831. 

KRUDENER,  Juliana,  Bironess  Va- 
lerie de,  a  religious  enthusiast,  was  the 
daughter  of  the  Russian  baron  Vieting- 
hoff,  governor  of  Riga,  where  she  was 
b.  in  1766.  At  the  age  of  14. she  mar- 
ried  Baron    Krudener,  appointed   a"  - 


kuy] 


CrCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


557 


bassador  by  Catharine  II.  to  Berlin,  and 
subsequently  to  Venice.  Here  the  secre- 
tary of  legation  fell  in  love  with  her. 
and  committed  suicide  ;  on  which  event 
she  wrote  a  romance,  entitled  "  Vale- 
rie." For  years  she  resided  in  France, 
and  was  the  gayest  of  the  pay  in  the 
Parisian  circles.  At  length  she  became 
a  fanatical  devotee,  and  wandered  from 
state  to  state,  preaching  and  prophesy- 
in?.  In  1814  she  became  acquainted 
witli  Alexander,  emperor  of  Russia, 
who  had  already  for  some  time  shown  a 
disposition  to  religious  contemplations, 
and  on  whom  her  conversations  had  a 
great  influence.  In  Paris,  she  had 
prayer-meetings,  attended  by  distin- 
guished personages,  where  she  was  seen 
in  the  background  of  a  suite  of  rooms, 
in  the  dress  of  a  priestess,  kneeling  in 
prayer.  Her  predictions  excited  much 
attention ;  and  when  the  allied  sover- 
eigns quitted  Paris,  she  retreated  into 
Switzerland,  where  she  preached  the 
approach  of  the  millennium,  and  drew 
around  her  multitudes  of  the  credulous 
mountaineers,  who  listened  to,  and  be- 
lieved in,  her  mission.  At  length  the 
states  interfered,  and  she  removed  to 
Germany;  hut  wherever  she  arrived, 
she  was  under  the  surveillance  of  the 
police,  who  ultimately  transported  her 
to  the  Russian  frontier.  She  was,  how- 
ever, ordered  not  to  go  to  Petersburg 
or  Moscow  ;  she  accordingly  visited  the 
Crimea,  where  she  d.  1824. 

KRUMMACHER,  Frederic  Adol- 
phus,  a  (Terman  religious  writer,  whose 
"  Parables  "  anil  many  other  works  arc 
well  known  in  England,  was  b.  at  Teck- 
lenburg  in  1733  ;  and  became  successive- 
ly minister  of  Orefeld,  Kelhvick,  and 
Bernberg,  and  ended  a  long  and  useful 
career  as  an  efficient  preacher  and  wri- 
ter at  Bremen,  1845,  where  he  had  la- 
bored for  21  years. 

KRUNITZ,  John  George,  a  German 

Ehvsician  and  natural  philosopher,  was 
.  at  Berlin,  in  1728;  studied  at  Gottin- 
gen,  Halle,  and  Frankfort-on-the-Oder; 
devoted  his  whole  life  to  literary  pur- 
suits on  his  return  to  his  native  city, 
and  d.  in  1796.  He  produced  an  extra- 
ordinary number  of  works,  the  most 
considerable  of  which  is  an  "  Economico- 
Sechnological  Encyclopaedia,''  which  he 
commenced  in  1773.  He  had  completed 
73  volumes,  and  had  just  reached  the 
article  "  Leiche,"  a  corpse,  when  his 
progress  wa*  arrested  by  death. 

KUIILMAN,  Qitirinus,  a  fanatic,  and 
probably  a  madman,  of  the  17th  eentu- 
-y,  b.  at  Breslau,  in  1 651.     He  pretended 
47* 


to  have  acquired  the  faculty  of  fore- 
knowledge, and  of  holding  communion 
with  invisible  spirits ;  but  while  travel- 
ling through  Russia,  where  some  of  his 
prophecies  were  distasteful  to  the  gov- 
ernment, he  was  brought  to  the  stake, 
and  suffered  with  all  the  fortitude  of  a 
martyr,  in  1689. 

KTJNCKELL,  John,  an  eminent 
chemist,  b.  at  Hiivsum,  in  Sleswick,  in 
1630,  distinguished  himself  by  several 
important  discoveries,  especially  by  the 
extraction  of  phosphorus  from  urine. 
He  was  ennobled  by  the  king  of  Sweden, 
and  made  counsellor  of  mines.     1>.  1703. 

KUSTER,  Ludolph,  a  learned  Ger- 
man writer,  and  one  of  the  first  Greek 
anl  Latin  scholars  of  the  age,  b.  at 
BlotnherLT,  in  1670.  He  visited  the  prin- 
cipal libraries  in  Europe,  chiefly  with 
the  view  of  collating  the  manuscripts  of 
Suidas,  and  was  successful  in  restoring 
manv  portions  before  unpublished.  D. 
1716'. 

KUTTNER,  Charles  Gotlob,  a  Ger- 
man traveller,  b.  in  Saxony,  in  1775; 
studied  at  Leipsic  and  Basle  ;  and  trav- 
elled, as  tutor  to  young  Englishmen, 
through  most  of  the  countries  of  Eu- 
rope. His  works  comprise  "  Letters  on 
Ireland,"  "  Letters  of  a  Saxon  in  Swit- 
zerland," "Travels  in  Germany,  Den- 
mark," &c,  and  "  Observations  on 
England."     D.  1805. 

KUTUSOFF  SMOLEKSKOI,  or  KC- 
TUSOW,  Michael,  prince  of,  a  cele- 
brated Russian  field-marshal,  was  b.  in 
1745,  and  educated  at  Xtrasburg.  He 
entered  the  armv  in  175:; ;  served  in 
Poland  from  1764  till  176!).  and  after- 
wards against  fhe  Turks  under  Roman- 
zoff.  He  behaved  with  great  gallantry 
at  the  sie<re  of  Oc/.acoff,  where  he  was 
dangerously  wounded,  and  on  his  recov- 
ery he  joined  Suwarrow  at  the  storm- 
ing and  capture  of  Ismailoff,  when  he 
was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  lieutenanl 
general.  In  the  subsequent  Polish  war, 
he  was  particularly  conspicuous  during 
the  memorable  day  of  l'raga.  In  1805 
the  emperor  Alexander  gave  him  the 
chief  command  of  the  first  Russian 
corps  against  the  French,  and  he  headed 
the  allied  arinv  at  Austcrlitz,  where  ho 
was  wounded.  In  1810  and  1811  he 
obtained  several  advantages  over  the 
Turk's;  and,  in  1812,  when  70  years  ot 
age,  the  chief  common  1  of  the  Russian 
armv,  destined  to  oppose  Napoleon,  was 
bestowed  upon  him.  To  commemorate 
his  victories,  he  received  the  surname 
of  Smolenskoi.     He  d.  in  1813. 

KUYP,   or  CUYP,  Albert,    a   cele 


558 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[lab 


brated  painter,  whose  father  was  an  able 
landscape  painter,  wa,i  b.  at  Dort  in 
1606.  lie  particularly  excelled  in  the 
purity  and  brilliancy  of  light;  and  was 
not  surpassed,  even  by  Claude,  in  an 
accurate  representation  of  the  atmo- 
sphere, and  of  the  various  effects  of  sun- 
Rhine  or  shade  upon  the  objects  de- 
lineated. His  paintings  are  all  highly 
finished,  and  many  of  them  grace  the 
principal  collections  in  Great  Britain. 
D.  1667. 

KVNASTON,  Sir  Francis,  an  English 
poet,  b.  at  Otley,  in  Shropshire,  in  1587. 
lie  was  knighted  by  Charles  I.,  became 
regent  of  a  literary  institution,    called 


the  "  Mussenm  Minerva'. ;"  was  tho 
translator  of  Chaucer's  "Troilus  and 
Cressida"  into  Latin,  and  author  of 
"Leoline  and  Sydanis,"  &c.  D.  1642. 
KYRLE,  John,  celebrated  by  Pope 
as  the  Man  of  Ross,  was  b.  at  While- 
house,  in  Gloucestershire,  and  possessed 
an  estate  of  £500  a  year  at  Ross,  in 
Herefordshire,  where  he  d.  in  1754,  aged 
90.  The  good  deeds  of  this  estimable 
man  so  highly  eulogized  by  Pope  in  his 
"  Moral  Essays,"  do  not  appear  to  bo 
overrated.  Warton  says,  Kyrle  was  the 
Howard  of  his  age,  and  that  he  deserved 
to  be  celebrated  beyond  any  of  the  he- 
roes of  Pindar. 


L. 


LABADIE,  John,  a  French  enthu- 
siast, was  b.  in  1610,  at  Bourg,  in 
Guicnne.  He  was  originally  a  Jesuit; 
but  from  his  licentiousness  and  scan- 
dalous practices,  he  was  compelled  to 
quit  that  society,  and  seek  an  asylum 
among  the  Protestants.  From  these  he 
was  also  driven  out,  and  forced  to  retire 
to  Middleburg,  where  he  propounded  a 
new  doctrine  of  belief,  and  by  his  im- 
posing eloquence  obtained  many  fol- 
lowers. The  looseness  of  his  private 
life,  however,  lost  him  many  of  his 
sect,  and  he  was  at  length  obliged  to 
rstire  to  Altona,  in  Holstein,  where  he 
d.  1674. 

LABAT,  JeanBaptiste,  a  Dominican 
missionary,  was  b.  in  Paris,  in  1663.  He 
possessed  great  mathematical  knowl- 
edge; and  while  in  America,  where  he 
remained  twelve  years,  he  acted  as  an 
engineer  in  defence  of  Guadaloupc 
when  attacked  by  the  English  in  1703. 
On  his  return  to  Europe  in  1708,  he 
accurately  surveyed  the  environs  and 
coast  of  Andalusia;  soon  after  travelled 
into  Italy  and  other  parts,  and  finally 
returned  to  Paris,  where  he  d.  in  1738. 
He  wrote  many  works,  the  chief  of 
which  are  his  "  Voyage  aux  lies  de 
I'Ami'rique,"  "Travels  in  Spain  and 
Italy,"  a  "Description  of  the  Countries 
of  Western  Africa,"  &c. 

LABE,  Louisa,  called  "  La  belle  Cor- 
liere,"  was  b.  at  Lyons  about  1526. 
ller  early  education  having  been  directed 
to  riding  and  military  exercises,  as  well 
as  to  languages  and  music,  she  acquired 
a  taste  for  military  glory,  and  entered 
the  army  in  1543.  She  soon  displayed 
aer  strength  and  courage  at  the  siege  of 


Perpignan,  but  the  French  being  obliged 
to  abandon  it,  she  renounced  the  mili- 
tary service,  and  devoted  herself  to 
literature  and  poetry.  A  rich  rope- 
maker,  named  Ennemond  Perrin,  be- 
came enamored  of  her,  and  married 
her,  and  from  that  time  her  house  was 
the  resort  of  the  literati,  and  men  of 
rank  and  fashion.  She  was  much  ad- 
mired for  her  talents,  accomplishments, 
and  beantv. 

LA  BEDOYERE,  Charles  Ange- 
lique  Francois  Huciiet,  count  de,  a 
noted  general,  b.  at  Paris  17S6.  He 
served  as  an  officer  in  tho  imperial 
guards  at  the  battle  of  Eylau,  and  in 
1S0S  and  1809,  was  aid-de-camp  to 
Eugene  Beauharnois.  He  was  in  the 
retreat  from  Moscow,  and  in  1813  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  battles  of 
Lntzen  and  Bautzen.  On  the  abdication 
of  Napoleon,  he  was,  in  1815,  appointed 
to  a  regiment  stationed  at  Grenoble  ;  but 
immediately  on  the  return  of  tho  French 
emperor  from  Elba,  La  Bedoyere,  was 
the  first  to  bring  him  a  regiment.  He 
was  rapidly  promoted,  and  eventually 
raised  to  the  peerage;  but  being  found 
in  Paris  after  its  occupation  by  the  allied 
army,  he  was  tried  by  a  court-martial, 
and  suffered  death,  August,  1815. 

LABERIUS,  Decimus  Junius,  a  Ro- 
man knight,  who  wrote  "  Mimes,  or 
Short  Pieces  for  the  Stage ;"  one  of 
which  Julius  Caesar  compelled  him  to 
perform,  much  against  his  inclination, 
and  for  which  reason  he  delivered  at 
the  same  lime  a  prologue,  full  of  satire, 
against  that  great  man.  This  piece  is 
extant  in  Aulus  Gellius.  D.  46  b.  c. 
LABROUSE.    Susanne,    b.   in   1743. 


laf] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


559 


one  of  (lie  extraordinary  characters  pro- 
duced by  the  French  revolution.  She 
proclaimed  herself  a  prophetess  nt  that 

period,  fancied  herself  inspired,  and 
persuaded  many  of  the  Jacobin  party  to 
credit  her  ravings,  after  the  enthusiast, 
Don  Scrle,  had  declared  her  prophecies 
true  in  the  constituent  assembly.  She 
published  them  in  1799. 

LACARRY,  Giles,  a  learned  French 
Jesuit,  was  b.  in  1605.  lie  was  well 
skilled  in  history,  and  taught  philosophy 
and  theology.  Among  his  numerous 
works  are,  "  Historia  Galliarum  sub 
Prrefectis  Prtetorii  Galliarum,"  "His- 
toria Komana,"  "Do  Regibus  Francise 
et  Lege  Salica,"  &e.     D.  1684. 

LACOMBE,  James,  a  French  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  b.  at  Paris  in  1724. 
He  published  several  useful  abridgments 
of  histories.  His  best  work,  however, 
is  "  Histoire  dc  Christine  Reine  de 
Suede." — De  Prezel  Honors,  brother 
of  the  above,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1725. 
He  published  a  "  Dietionnaire  de  Cito- 
yen,  "  Dietionnaire  de  Jurisprudence," 
and  other  works. 

LACRETELLE,  Pierre  Louis,  a 
French  writer,  was  b.  at  Metz,  in  1751. 
He  was  a  counsellor  of  parliament,  one 
of  the  editors  of  the  "  Grand  Repertory 
of  Jurisprudence,"  and  of  the  "  Mer- 
cure  de  France  ;"  and  in  1787  he  was 
appointed  member  of  a  committee 
charged  with  the  reformation  of  the 
penal  code.  When  the  revolution  took 
place,  Lacretcllc  embraced  its  principles 
with  moderation,  and  sat  in  the  legisla- 
tive assembly  ;  but  during  the  reign  of 
Robespierre  he  found  it  necessary  to 
retire  from  public  duty.  He  afterwards 
appeared  for  a  short  time,  but  held  no 
official  situation,  and  during  the  impe- 
rial and  regal  governments  he  devoted 
himself  wholly  to  literary  pursuits. 
Among  his  writings  are,  "  Eloquence 
Judiciaire  et  Prilosophie  LeVimlative," 
•'Roman  Theatral,"  "Portraits  et  Ta- 
bleaux," &c.    D.  1824. 

LACRUX  Y  CANO,  Don  Ramonde, 
a  famous  Spanish  dramatic  poet,  b.  in 
1728,  and  d.  in  1795.     Among  his  best 

Sieccs  are,  "  El  Sueno,"  "  El  dia  de 
oche  Buenn,"  "El  Temo,"  &c. 
LACTANTIUS,  Lucius  Ccelius,  or 
Ccecilianus  Firmianus,  an  eminent 
father  of  the  church,  was  by  some  es- 
teemed an  African,  and  by  others  a 
native  of  Fermo,  in  Aneona.  He  stud- 
ied rhetoric  under  Arnobins,  and  by 
his  production,  entitled  "Symposium." 
or  the  "  Bouquet,"  he  obtained  such  re- 
Wwii    that  Diocletian    appointed  him 


professor  of  rhetoric  in  Kiconicdia. 
Subsequently  he  was  appointed  tutor  to 
Orispus,  tbc  son  of  Constantine,  who 
dying  not  loug  after,  Lactsmtius  was 
neglected.  He  wrote  many  works  in 
vin  lication  of  Christianity,  from  the 
beautiful  style  of  which  he  has  been 
honored  with  the  name  of  the  I 
Cicero.  His  principal  works  an-.  :-  lu- 
stitntiones  Divinae,"  and  a  treatise,  "  I»e 
Persecntione." 

LACY,  John,  a  dramatic  writer,  was 
b.  at  Doncaster,  and  bred  a  dancing- 
master;  this  employment  he  qui; 
the  army,  l.ut  subsequently  lie  took  to 
the  stage;  in  which  line  he  acquired  such 
celebrity  as  a  comedian,  that  Charles 
II.  had  his  portrait  painted  in  three 
different  characters.  He  Wrote  the  com- 
edies of  "The  Dumb  Lady,"  "Sir 
Hercules  Buffoon,"  "Old  Troop,"  and 
"  Sawney  the  Scot."     D.  1681. 

LAER,  Peter  de,  a  celebrated  painter, 
usually  called  Bamboccio.  Ih;  was  b. 
in  1613,  at  Laaren,  in  Holland.  After 
studying  the  art  at  Rome,  and  increasing 
his  knowledge  of  it  by  an  acquaintance 
with  Poussin  and  Claude,  he  returned 
to  Holland,  in  1639,  where  he  enjoyed 
unrivalled  celebrity,  till  he  was  com- 
pelled to  share  it  with  Wouvermans. 
In  energy  of  touch,  in  the  management 
of  the  eliiaro-oscuro,  and  in  fertility  of 
invention,  he  excelled  his  rival,  but  not 
in  neatness  and  delicacy  of  pencil ;  yet 
the  competition  so  much  affected  his 
prosperity,  that  in  a  fit  of  despondency 
he  drowned  himself  in  a  well,  in  1763, 
when  60  years  of  age. 

LAFAYETTE,  Gilbert  Mother,  mar- 
quis de,  was  b.  1757,  at  Chavagnac,  in 
Auvenrne.  At  the  age  of  17  he  married 
the  grand-daughter  of  the  duke  of  Noa- 
illes  ;  and,  although  he  inherited  a  large 
fortune,  was  of  high  rank,  and  had  pow- 
erful connections  at  court,  he  came,  in 
1777,  to  join  the  war  of  independence  in 
America.  He  raised  and  equipped  a 
body  of  men  at  his  own  expense ;  fought 
as  a  volunteer  at  the  battle  of  Brandy- 
wine,  in  1778;  at  that  of  Monmouth  in 
1778;  and  received  the  thanks  of  con- 
gress. He  then  proceeded  to  France,  in 
order  to  obtain  reinforcements ;  returned 
with  the  armaments  under  General  Ro- 
chambeau ;  and  commanded  Washing- 
ton's vanguard  at  the  time  of  the  sur- 
render of  Lord  Cornwallh,  in  1782.  The 
capitulation  of  Yorktown  followed,  and, 
on  the  peace  with  the  mother  country, 
the  general  returned  to  France.  He 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  notables  in 
1787,  and,  on  the  breaking  out  of  the 


5G0 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[laf 


revolution,  he  took  part  with  the  friends 
of  liberty,  though  with  wise  moderation. 
Iu  October,  1789,  he  was  made  com- 
mander-ia-chief  of  the  national  guard, 
and  ordered  and  assisted  in  the  demoli- 
tion of  the  Bastille.  On  the  6th  ho 
marched  to  Versailles,  saved  the  royal 
family  from  the  outrages  of  the  mob, 
and  placed  them  under  the  protection 
of  the  national  assembly.  In  1790  he 
proclaimed  the  "  sacreduess  of  the  right 
of  insurrection,"  and  established,  in 
conjunction  with  Bailly,  the  club  of 
Feuillans.  On  the  attempted  escape  of 
Louis  XVI.,  Lafayette  lost  some  of  his 
popularity,  through  being  accused  of 
conniving  at  it ;  but,  dissipating  these 
calumnies,  he  fought  against  the  emi- 
grants and  allies  in  Flanders ;  and  mu- 
tual accusations  of  counter-revolution 
passed  between  him  and  Dumouriez 
and  Collot  d'Herbois.  He  returned  to 
Paris  to  denounce  them,  and  to  protest 
against  the  violence  offered  to  the  king. 
But  the  Mountain  was  too  strong  for 
him  ;  he  was  burnt  in  effigy  on  the  30th 
of  June,  1792;  and,  being  obliged  to 
escape  from  France,  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  Austrians,  who  imprisoned  him 
a*  Olmutz.  There  he  remained  five 
years,  till  after  Bonaparte's  first  tri- 
umphant campaign  of  Italy,  when,  on 
the  special  demand  of  the  latter,  he  was 
set  at  liberty.  Lafavette,  however,  was 
consistent :  when  Napoleon  became  an 
apostate  from  liberty,  he  voted  against 
the  consulate  for  life,  and  withdrew 
from  public  affairs.  But,  after  the  battle 
of  Waterloo,  he  reappeared  to  protest 
against  a  dictatorship;  and,  having  sub- 
sequently protested  against  the  dissolu- 
tion of  the  legislative  body  by  Prussian 
bayonets,  again  withdrew  to  his  estates, 
till'  he  was  returned,  in  1818,  deputy  for 
the  department  De  la  Sarthe.  In  1821 
he  made  a  visit  to  America,  and  was 
received  with  distinction  and  enthu- 
siasm, as  joint  founder  of  American 
liberty  with  Washington  and  Franklin. 
The  unconstitutional  violence  and  ordi- 
nances of  Charles  X.,  in  June,  1830, 
brought  Lafayette  on  the  stage  again,  in 
the  character  with  which  he  commenced 
his  career — that  of  commander-in-chief 
of  the  national  guard  and  the  advocate 
and  supporter  of  a  citizen  king.  He 
soon  after  resigned  the  command  ;  and 
having  seeu  Louis  Philippe  recognized 
as  king  of  the  French,  he  once  more 
retired  to  domestic  life.     D.  1834. 

LA  FERTE  IMBAULT,  Mabia  The- 
resa Geoffrin,  marchioness  de,  daugh- 
ter of  the  celebrated  Madame  Geotfrin, 


was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1715.  She  distin- 
guished herself  by  her  opposition  to  the 
French  philosophers  of  the  last  century, 
with  whom  her  mother  had  been  con- 
nected, and  by  her  literary  talents  gen- 
erally. In  1771  she  was  appointed 
grand-mistress  of  the  burlesque  order 
of  the  Lauturelns,  while  its  founder, 
her  friend,  the  marquis  de  Croisinaro, 
was  grand-master.  This  whimsical  in- 
stitution obtained  so  much  eclat,  that  it 
was  esteemed  an  honor  by  several  sov- 
ereign princes  to  become  Lauturelns. 
She  d.  in  1791,  and  left  mary  posthu- 
mous writings. 

LAFITAU,  Joseph  Francis,  a  French 
Jesuit,  was  b.  at  Bordeaux,  and  sent 
as  a  missionary  among  the  North  Amer- 
ican Indians.  On  his  return  to  Europe 
he  wrote  a  work,  entitled  "  Moeurs  des 
Sauvages  Auiericains  comparces  aux 
Meeurs  des  premiers  Temps,"  and 
another  on  the  possessions  and  discov- 
eries of  the  Portusruese  in  the  New 
World.  D.  1740. — Peter  Francis,  bro- 
ther of  the  above,  and  a  Jesuit,  was 
also  b.  at  Bordeaux.  He  was  sent  on 
a  mission  to  Rome  to  arrange  the  dis- 
putes of  France,  respecting  the  bull 
Unigenitus,  and  while  there  lie  obtained 
favor  with  the  pope,  Clement  IX.,  who 
made  him  bishop  of  Sisteron,  in  Pro- 
vence. He  left  the  society  of  Jesus  to 
preside  over  his  diocese,  and  d.  in  1764. 
He  wrote  many  religious  works,  among 
which  were  the  "  History  of  the  Con- 
stitution Unigenitus,"  and  the  "  Life  of 
Pope  Clement  IX.  In  the  latter  he 
speaks  much  against  Jansenism. 

LAFITTE,  Jacques,  a  celebrated 
French  banker  and  financier,  was  b.  in 
1798.  Having  obtained  employment  in 
a  banking  house,  he  rose  trom  a  clerk 
to  be  cashier,  partner,  and,  at  length, 
head  of  the  most  eminent  bank  in 
France.  Possessed  of  this  conspicuous 
position,  and  of  great  wealth,  he  speed- 
ily became  a  member  of  the  chamber 
of  deputies.  His  advocacy  of  extremely 
liberal  principles  rendered  him  so  pop- 
ular, that  when  Charles  X.  was  driven 
from  the  throne,  and  the  great  majority 
of  the  public  men  of  the  day  were  for 
establishing  a  republic,  M.  Lafitte,  by 
his  word  alone,  made  the  citizen  king. 
But  the  commercial  calamities  which 
followed  the  revolution  fell  so  heavily 
upon  great  houses  which  were  indebted 
to  Lafitte,  that  his  house,  too,  became 
insolvent.  Nearly  a  million  and  a  half 
of  francs  were  raised  for  him  by  a  public 
subscription  ;  but  when  his  affairs  were 
finally   settled,   he  was  found  to  have 


LAl] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


5G1 


nearly  seven   millions  after  paying  all 
demands.     D.  1S44;  aged  70. 

LAFONTAINE,  Augustus  Henry 
Julius,  a  celebrated  German  romance 
writer,  was  b.  at  Brunswick,  in  1750. 
Among  las  numerous  works  of  fiction 
are,  "  Blanche  and  Minna,  or  the  Man- 
ners of  the  Burghers,"  "  Moral  Sys- 
tems," "  The  Country  Clergyman,  or 
new  Family  Pictures,"  and  "  Clara  du 
Plessis  and  Clairant,  or  the  History  of 
two  Lovers."     D.  1881. 

LAGERBR1NG,  Suen,  a  Swedish  his- 
orian,  was  b.  in  1707.  He  was  professor 
of  history  in  the  university  of  Lund,  in 
Scania.  His  chief  works  are  a  history 
of  Sweden,  in  1457,  and  in  abridgment 
down  to  modern  times.     D.  1788. 

LAGERLOEF,  Peter,  historiographer 
of  Sweden,  in  the  17th  century,  and 
professor  of  rhetoric  at  Upsal,  was  an 
eminent  classic  scholar.  He  wrote  an 
historical  description  to  accompany  a 
collection  of  national  monuments,  called 
"Sueeia  Antiqua  et  Hodernia,"  at  the 
desire  of  Charles  XL,  and  published  nu- 
merous historical  dissertations,  among 
which  was  "  Historia  Linguae  Graseas," 
"  De  Maguo  Siuarum  lmperio,"  &c. 
D.  1699. 

LAGERSTROEM,  Magnus  von,  a 
philosopher  of  Sweden,  and  director  of 
the  Swedish  East  India  Company,  was 
b.  at  Stockholm,  in  1096.  His  youth 
was  spent  in  Germany  and  Denmark, 
and  on  his  return  home  he  applied  him- 
self to  trade,  which,  however,  he  soon 
relinquished.  He  wrote  a  dissertation 
on  political  economy,  and  translated 
many  French,  German,  and  Danish 
works.  Appointed  director  to  the  East 
India  Company  of  Gottenburg,  he  con- 
siderably promoted  scientific  researches, 
especially  in  natural  history,  many  novel 
specimens  of  which,  at  his  instance, 
were  procured  from  abroad.     D.  1759. 

LAG  NY,  Thomas  Fautet  de,  an  emi- 
nent French  mathematician,  was  b.  at 
Lyons,  in  1660;  He  wrote  many  works 
on  mathematics,  and  made  many  im- 
portant improvements  and  discoveries. 
Among  his  works  may  be  mentioned, 
"New  and  Concise  Methods  for  the  Ex- 
traction and  Approximation  of  Roots," 
"  The  Cubature  of  the  Sphere,"  "  A 
general  Analysis,  or  Method  of  Resol- 
ving Problems,"  &c.     D.  1734. 

LAGOMARSINI,  Jerome,  a  learned 
Jesuit  and  philologist,  was  b.  at  Genoa, 
in  1698.  He  was  "professor  of  rhetoric 
at  Florence  20  years,  and  in  1750  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  Greek  in  the  col- 
lege at  Rome,  where  he  d.  in  1773.    Ho 


published  many  classical  works,  and 
left  in  MS.  a  collection  in  80  vols.,  hav- 
ing tor  its  object  the  justification  of  his 
order  from  nil  the  odious  imputations 
that  had  been  cast  upon  it. 

LAGRANGE,  Joseph  Louis,  a  cele- 
brated mathematician,  was  b.  at  Turin, 
in  1736.  At  the  age  of  16  he  became  a 
professor  in  the  royal  school  of  artillery, 
where  he  formed  an  association,  which 
afterwards  rose  to  the  rank  of  an  acad- 
emy of  sciences.  Here  he  made  many 
important  discoveries,  particularly  in 
calculating  the  motion  of  fluids  and  in 
vibrations,  introducing  also  the  theory 
of  recurring  consequences  and  the  doc- 
trine of  chances  to  the  differential  cal- 
culus, &c.  He  communicated  to  the 
society  a  number  of  papers,  and  some 
to  the  Academy  of  Paris,  of  which  he 
was  chosen  a  foreign  member.  While 
on  a  visit  at  Paris  he  wrote  his  celebra- 
ted work,  "  Mechanique  Analytiquc." 
In  1766  he  removed  to  Berlin,  where  he 
was  appointed  director  of  the  academy; 
and  in  1787  he  settled  at  Paris,  and  be- 
came successively  professor  of  the  Nor- 
mal school  and  Polytechnic  school.  He 
there  announced  his  "  Fonctions  Ana- 
lytiquc," and  pursued  other  literary 
labors  till  his  health  giving  way  under 
this  fatigue,  he  d.  1813. 

LAHARPE,  Jean  Francois  de,  a 
French  dramatic  poet,  was  b.  in  1793. 
His  father  was  an  officer  in  the  army, 
and  dying  in  indigence,  the  son  was 
taken  into  the  college  of  Harcourt  by 
the  president,  M.  Asselin  ;  but  lost  the 
favor  of  his  patron  by  a  satire,  of  which 
he  was  suspected  to  be  the  author. 
"After  a  confinement  for  some  time  he 
was  set  at  liberty  ;  but  it  disgusted  him 
with  his  situation,  and  he  resolved  to 
trust  to  his  talents  as  an  author  for  sup- 
port. In  1763  he  wrote  his  tragedy  of 
"  Warwick,"  which  met  with  trreat  suc- 
cess. This  was  followed  by  "  Timoleon," 
"Pharamond,"  and  some  others  not 
equally  successful.  But  when  his  series 
of  Elogies  appeared,  they  gained  him 
great  credit,  particularly  one  on  Henri 
Quatre.  During  the  fury  of  the  revolu- 
tion, though  he  embraced  the  principles 
of  republicanism,  the  moderation  of  his 
views  rendered  him  an  object  of  suspi- 
cion, and  he  was  thrown  into  prison  in 
1793.  Though  sentenced  to  deportation, 
he  regained  his  liberty,  and  lived  in  re- 
tirement till  the  time  of  his  death,  in 
lso,.  His  principal  work  is  "Lyceum, 
or  a  Complete  Course  of  Literature." 

LAINEZ,  Alexander,  a  native  of 
France,  remarkable  for  his  poetical  jenst 


562 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ual 


tfesprit,  was  b.  at  Chimay,  in  1650. 
After  receiving  his  education  at  Rheims 
he  visited  l'aris,  and  then  journeyed 
through  Europe  and  Asia.  On  his  re- 
turn, he  took  up  his  abode  in  the  French 
capital,  till  his  death,  in  1710. — Jahes, 
a  Spanish  ecclesiastic,  and  associate  of 
thy  famous  Ignatius  Loyola,  wash.  1512. 
At  the  death  of  Loyola  he  became  gen- 
eral of  the  Jesuits,  and  induced  the  pope 
to  grant  him  many  privileges.  lie  ob- 
tained the  papal  decree  for  rendering  the 
generalship  perpetual  in  the  person  cho- 
sen to  till  it,  and  giving  him  the  power 
of  making  any  and  every  compact  with- 
out consulting  the  brethren;  also,  for 
giving  authenticity  to  all  his  comments 
and  explanations  of  their  constitutions  ; 
and,  likewise,  for  having  prisons  inde- 
pendent of  the  secular  authority,  where 
he  might  punish  the  refractory  brethren. 
D.  1565. 

LAIXG,  Alexander,  an  antiquarian 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  in 
Aberdeen,  in  1778.  He  latterly  followed 
the  calling  of  an  itinerant  vendor  of  old 
books  ;  and  being  a  man  of  much  humor 
and  eccentricity,  he  gained  admission, 
in  the  course  of  his  peregrinations,  to 
the  archives  of  several  houses,  which 
have  since  been  found  shut  against  more 
pretending  investigators.  The  inform- 
ation thus  acquired  he  turned  to  good 
account,  in  the  "  Donean  Tourist,"  in 
verse,  with  copious  notes,  giving  an 
account  of  the  battles,  castles,  families, 
gentlemen's  seats,  &c,  on  the  banks  of 
the  river  Don ;  and  "  The  Caledonian 
Itinerary,  or  a  Tour  on  the  Banks  of 
the  Dee,"1  a  poem,  with  historical  notes. 
He  was  also  the  compiler  of  the  "  Ec- 
centric Magazine,"  which  contains  many 
curious  and  whimsical  epitaphs  gleaned 
from  various  churchyards  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, 1822,  D.  1  SOS. — Alexander  Gor- 
don, a  traveller,  was  b.  in  Edinburgh, 
in  17!*4.  He  served  in  the  army  many 
years,  both  in  the  West  Indies  and  on 
the  western  coast  of  Africa  ;  while  at  the 
latter  place  he  made  many  fruitless  jour- 
neys into  the  interior  to  establish  a  com- 
mercial intercourse  with  the  natives, 
and  to  learn  the  geography  of  the  coun- 
try. He  was  compelled,  however,  to 
leave  Timbuctoo,  and  the  guard  he  hired 
to  protect  him  on  his  route  by  Sego to 
the  coast,  treacherously  murdered  him, 
1826.-  —  Malcolm,  a  Scottish  historian, 
was  b.  at  Strvorev,  in  Orkney,  in  1762. 
He  finished  his  education  at  the  Edin- 
burgh university,  and  was  subsequently 
called  to  the  bar.  On  the  death  of  Dr. 
Henry    he    completed    the    unfinished 


volume  of  that  author's  nistory  of  En- 
gland. His  chief  work,  however,  was 
a  "  History  of  Scotland."  He  also  edited 
a  new  edition  of  the  poems  of  Ossian, 
and  d.  in  1819. 

LAIRESSE,  Gerard,  an  eminent  his- 
torical painter,  was  b.  at  Liege,  in  1640. 
lie  surpassed  bis  father  under  whom  he 
studied,  and  obtained  such  renown,  as 
to  be  considered  the  Raphael  of  the  Dutch 
school.  lie  also  well  understood  music 
and  engraving.  He  lost  his  sight  some 
time  before  bis  death,  and'd.  at  Amster- 
dam, in  1711.  His  dhef-d'ceiiwe  is  a  huge 
picture  of  the  child  Moses  trampling  on 
the  Egyptian  diadem. — Ernest,  John, 
and  James,  the  three  brothers  of  tlue 
above,  also  obtained  some  eminence  in 
the  art;  the  two  former  excelled  in  ani- 
mal painting,  and  the  latter  in  flowers. 
— Two  sons  of  Gerard  also  practised  the 
art,  but  with  very  inferior  pretensions 
to  eminence. 

LAIS,  a  celebrated  courtesan,  was  b. 
at  Ilyecara,  in  Sicily.  She  possessed 
great  personal  charms,  and  at  Corinth 
Bold  her  favors  at  a  most  extravagant 
price.     She  was  assassinated  350  B.C. 

LALANDE,  Joseph  Jerome  le  Fran- 
cats  de,  a  celebrated  astronomer,  was  b. 
at  Bourg,  in  France,  in  1732.  He  showed 
an  early  preference  for  mathematical 
studies,  but  was  educated  for  the  law. 
His  intimacy,  however,  with  astrono- 
mers and  other  men  of  science  led  him 
to  pursue  the  early  bias  of  his  disposi- 
tion, and  it  was  not  long  before  tho 
Academy  of  Sciences  deputed  him  to  go 
to  Berlin,  to  make  observations  for  de- 
termining the  parallax  of  the  moon,  and 
its  distance  from  the  earth.  On  his  re- 
turn home,  he  was  nominated  astrono- 
mer, extended  his  researches  in  the 
science  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  and 
turned  his  attention  to  gnomonics.  In 
1760,  on  the  resignation  of  Maraldi,  La- 
lande  undertook  the  editorship  and 
publication  of  the  "Connaissance  des 
Temps."  Shortly  after,  he  succeeded 
Delisle  as  professor  of  astronomy  at  the 
college  de  France ;  when  successive 
treatises,  talented  and  voluminous,  pro- 
ceeded from  his  pen,  much  to  the 
advancement  of  astronomical  science. 
Among  these  mention  must  be  made  of 
the  very  valuable  "  Traite  de  l'Astro- 
nomie."  D.  1S07. — Michael  Richard 
de,  a  celebrated  French  musician,  b.  at 
Paris,  in  1657.  He  attained  to  great 
perfection  on  various  instruments,  par- 
ticularly on  the  violin,  and  was  appointed 
master  of  music  in  the  chapel  royal,  by 
Loins  XIV.     D.  1726. 


lam] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY 


r>G3 


LALLY,  Thomas  Annum,  Count,  an 
Irish  officer,  attached  to  the  house  of 
Stuart,  and  in  the  service  of  Frame. 
His  bravery  at  the  battle  of  Fontcnoy 
was  rewarded  by  the  appointment  of 
brigadier-general ;  and  in  17-"<;  he  \v:is 
made  governor  of  Pondicherry.  This 
town  was  soon  after  besieged  by  the 
British  ;  and  unable  to  withstand  their 
assaults,  he  surrendered,  and  with  the 
garrison  was  made  prisoner,  lie  was 
conveyed  to  England,  but  was  soon 
liberated  and  permitted  to  return  to 
France.  On  arriving  in  that  country, 
public  clamor  ran  so  high  against  him, 
that  lie  was  beheaded,  in  1706. — Tollen- 
dal,  marquis  de,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  b.  at  Paris  in  1751,  and  was  educa- 
ted at  the  college  of  Harcourt.  The  cx- 
Eenses  of  his  education  were  defrayed 
y  his  cousin  the  Countess  Dillon  and 
by  Louis  XV*.,  who  thus  endeavored  to 
make  some  atonement  for  the  misfor- 
tune which  he  incurred  through  the 
fate  of  his  father.  Prompted  by  filial 
feeling,  he  wrote,  when  only  15,  a  Latin 

f)oein  on  the  story  of  John  Oalas,  who 
lad  been  sacrificed  to  the  fury  of  a  mob  ; 
and  when  he  had  attained  a  more  mature 
a<re,  he  warmly  exerted  himself  to  re- 
trieve from  obloquy  the  memory  of  his 
father;  and  in  1783  he  regained  posses- 
sion of  his  paternal  estates.  Previously 
to  the  revolution,  he  was  captain  in  the 
regiment  of  cuirassiers;  and  in  1789  he 
was  nominated  deputy  from  the  nobility 
of  Paris  to  the  states-general.  He  soon 
became  one  of  the  most  popular  mem- 
bers of  the  constituent  assembly,  gave 
his  support  to  the  declaration  of  the 
"Rights  of  Man  proposed  by  Lafayette, 
and  subsequently  suggested  as  an 
amendment,  that  all  citizens  should  be 
eligible  to  public  employments,  which 
■was  adopted  by  acclamation.  He  pub- 
lished a  work,  entitled  "Quintus  Capi- 
tolinus,"  in  which  he  retraced- the  oper- 
ations of  the  national  assembly,  pointed 
out  the  faults  of  the  constitution,  and 
condemned  the  suppression  of  the  higher 
orders  of  the  state.  Having  returned  to 
France  in  17!i2  he  was  arrested,  and 
sent  to  the  Abbaye,  but  having  fortu- 
nately escaped  amidst  the  massacres 
which  took  place  in  the  prisons  in  Sep- 
tember, he  effected  his  retreat  to  En- 
plane!, where  he  obtained  a  pension  from 
the  government.  When  Bonaparte  bo- 
came  consul,  he  returned  to  France, 
where  he  resided  till  the  restoration  of 
the  Bourbons,  in  1814.  lie  wrote  a 
work,  entitled  "The  Defence  of  the 
Emigrants,"  published  in  171)6  ;  also  an 


"Essay  on  the  Life  of  the  Earl  ofStraf 
ford,  the  Minister  of  Charles  I.;"'  and  a 
tragedy  on  the  fall  of  that  nobiciuau. 
D.  L880. 

LALUZERNE,  Cjmak  William  de, 
Cardinal,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1738.  Hav- 
ing obtained  orders  in  L762,  he  was 
soon  after  elected  agent-general  of  the 
French  clergy.  In  1770,  Louis  XV. 
nominated  him  to  the  see  of  Langres; 
and,  in  1773,  he  pronounced  his  majes- 
ty's funeral  sermon.  On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  revolution  he  advocated  many 
patriotic  measures  for  the  relief  of  his 
country,  but  was  soon  compelled  to  quit 
it.  Under  the  government  of  Napoleon 
he  returned  home;  and,  in  1814,  lie 
was  invited  by  the  king  to  rcassume 
his  rank  of  duke  and  peer.  Shortly 
after  he  was  made  a  cardinal,  and  in 
1S22  he  d.  His  works,  theological  and 
political,  arc  numerous  and  able. 

LAMB,  Lady  Caroline,  daughter  of 
the  earl  of  Besborough,  and  wife  of  the 
Hon.  William  Lamb,  afterwards  Lord 
Melbourne,  was  distinguished  for  her 
literary  talents  and  the  decided  part  she 
took  in  political  affairs,  particularly  at 
the  lime  her  brother-in-law,  the  Hon. 
Geo.  Lamb,  was  a  candidate  for  West- 
minster, when  she  personally  canvassed 
the  electors,  and  made  herself  the  sub- 
ject of  great  notoriety.  She  possessed 
a  masculine  mind,  and  was  on  terms  of 
friendship  with  several  literary  charac- 
ters, but  more  especially  with  Lord 
Byron,  for  whom  she  entertained  an 
attachment  fatal  to  her  domestic  felicity. 
Several  of  her  poetical  pieces  appeared 
in  the  newspapers  and  periodical  jour- 
nals ;  and  she  wrote  the  novels  of  "  Gle- 
narvon,"  "Graham  Hamilton,"  and 
"Ada  Reis."  D.  1828.— Charles,  an 
essayist,  poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  b.  in  London,  in  1775,  and  edu- 
cated at  Christ's  hospital.  In  1792  he 
obtained  a  situation  in  the  accountant's 
office  of  the  Fast  India  Company,  where 
he  remained  85  years,  till  his  salary  had 
gradually  risen  to  £700 ;  when  he  was 
allowed  a  retiring  pension  of  £450, 
which  he  continued  to  enjoy  till  his 
death.  He  began  his  literary  career  in 
1797  as  a  poet,  in  conjunction  with  his 
friends  Coleridge  and  Lloyd,  their  three 
names  appearing  to  one  volume;  and 
subsequently  the  attention  of  the  pub- 
lic was  for  several  years  called  to  his 
occasional  Essays,  signed  "  Elia."  which 
were  published  in  various  periodicals, 
and  afterwards  collected  and  printed. 
In  1808  he  published  "Specimens  of 
English  Dramatic  Poets  who  lived  about 


5G4 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[lam 


the  time  of  Shakspeare ;  with  Notes," 
&e.  Br.Ri  les  tliese,  he  wrote  "Rosa- 
mund G  ay,"  a  tale;  "  John  Wood vill," 
A  tragedy;  "Album  Verses,"  "Tales 
from  Shakspeare,"  "The  Adventures 
of  Ulysses,"  &c,  in  some  of  which  he 
was  assisted  by  Mary  Lamb,  his  sister, 
with  whom  he  lived.  His  writings 
were  -elect  rather  than  numerous  ;  and 
his  manner  of  treating  the  subjects 
which  his  fancy  suggested  was  at  once 
piquant,  terse,  and  playful.     D.  1834. 

LAMBALLE,  Marie  Tiierese  Louise 
de  Savoie  Carignan,  princess  de,  was 
b.  at  furin,  in  1749,  and  was  married  to 
the  duke  of  Bourbon  Penthievre,  whom 
she  soon  lost  by  death.  She  was  super- 
intendent of  the  household  of  Marie 
Antoinette,  queen  of  France,  to  whom 
ehe  was  remarkably  attached.  After 
the  flight  of  the  royal  family  to  Varennes 
she  departed  for  England;  but  hearing 
of  the  imprisonment  of  her  royal  mis- 
tress, she  hastily  returned,  and  shared 
with  the  queen  her  continement  and 
misfortunes.  She  was,  however,  sum- 
moned before  an  iniquitous  tribunal, 
and  cruelly  murdered  in  1792. 

LAMBERT,  AnneTherkse,  marquise 
de,  a  liter  try  lady  of  Paris,  was  b.  in 
1647.  Upon  the  death  of  her  husband, 
Henri  Lambert,  marquis  de  St.  Bris,  in 
1686,  she  employed  her  large  fortune  in 
pa  ronizing  literature,  and  learned  men. 
At  her  disease,  in  1733,  her  own  wri- 
tings were  collected,  and  published. — 
Aylmer  Boup.ke,  a  gentleman  distin- 
guished for  his  attainments  in  botanical 
science,  was  b.  in  1761.  On  the  founda- 
tion of  the  Linnsean  society,  in  1788, 
Mr.  Lambert  became  one  of  the  origi- 
nal members,  and  for  many  years  filled 
the  office  of  vice-president;  while  he 
contributed  many  excellent  articles  to 
the  "  Linnsean  Transactions."  His  own 
Herbarium  was  considered  one  of  the 
finest  in  Europe.  D.  1842.— John,  a 
distinguished  general  in  the  time  of 
Charles  1.,  was  a  student-at-law  on  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  wars.  He, 
however,  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
parliament,  and  distinguished  himself 
as  colonel  at  the  battle  of  Marston- 
moor ;  and  also  acted  a  conspicuous 
part  in  many  other  engagements.  He 
vigorously  opposed  the  advancement  of 
Cromwell  to  the,  title  of  king,  upon 
which  he  lost  his  commission;  yet  a 
pension  was  granted  him  of  £2000  a 
year.  Upon  tin  death  of  Oliver  Crom- 
well, Lambert  compelled  his  son  Rich- 
ard to  relinquish  his  authority,  and 
^stored  the  members  of  the  long  par- 


liament to  their  seats.  Subsequently, 
however,  acting  in  opposition  to  the 
parliament,  General  Monk  marched  from 
Scotland  to  meet  him.  Ilis  troops  de- 
serting, he  was  compelled  to  submit, 
and  was  confined  a  prisoner  in  the 
Tower.  Escaping  thence,  he  again 
quickly  appeared  in  arms,  but  was  de- 
feated, and  retaken.  At  the  restoration, 
he  was  brought  to  trial ;  but  his  sub- 
missive demeanor  gained  him  a  reprieve, 
and  he  was  banished  for  life  to  the  isle 
of  Guernsey.  He  here  lived  upwards  of 
thirty  years,  amusing  his  leisure  with 
horticulture  and  flower-painting,  and  is 
said  to  have  d.  a  Catholic. — John  Henry, 
an  eminent  mathematician  and  astrono- 
mer, was  b.  at  Mulbausen,  in  1728 
Compelled  to  follow  his  father's  employ- 
ment as  tailor,  for  his  support,  night 
was  the  only  time  his  poverty  afforded 
him  for  study,  till  1748,  when  lie  became 
tutor  to  the  children  of  Baron  Salis, 
president  of  the  Swiss  convention.  In 
1756  he  visited  Gottiugen,  where  he  pnb- 
lished  his  first  work  ;  and  next  went  to 
Paris.  Soon  after  he  published  his  cele- 
brated work  "On  Perspective,"  and  in 
the  following  year  appeared  his  "  Pho- 
tometry." Other  important  and  valua- 
ble scientific  works  succeeded,  and  in 
1764  he  visited  Berlin,  where  he  was 
introduced  to  Frederic  the  Great,  who 
admitted  him  a  member  of  the  academy 
of  that  capital.     D.  1777. 

LAMI,  Bernard,  an  ecclesiastic,  was 
b.  at  Mans,  in  1640.  He  d.  in  1715,  at 
Rouen,  and  left  numerous  writings,  of 
which  his  "Apparatus  Biblicus"  is  very 
valuable. — Francis,  a  Benedictine,  was 
b.  in  1636,  at  Montereau,  in  the  dioceso 
of  Chartres.  After  serving  in  the  army 
he  embraced  the  religious  life,  and  be- 
came a  Benedictine  monk,  and  one  of 
the  ablest  theologians  of  his  time.  He 
distinguished  himself  by  his  writings 
against  Spinosa,  and  d.  in  1711.  His 
works  are  numerous,  and  written  with 
much  purity  and  elegance  of  style. — 
Giovanni  Battista,  an  ecclesiastic,  was 
b.  at  Santa  Croce,  near  Florence,  in 
1697.  He  studied  at  Pisa,  of  which 
university  he  became  vice-rector.  He 
afterwards  went  to  Florence,  where  he 
was  appointed  chaplain  to  the  grand- 
duke  of  Tuscany,  professor  of  ecclesias- 
tical history  in  the  university,  and 
public  librarian.  He  published  a  valu- 
able edition  of  the  works  of  Mcursius. 
His  own  writings  are  numerous.  D.  1770. 

LAMIA,  a  celebrated  Athenian  cour- 
tesan, noted  for  the  charms  of  her  per- 
son, Ciie  brilliancy  of  her  wit.  and  her 


fcAM] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


5G5 


?roficicney  on  the  flute.  She  visited 
Jgvpt,  where  she  became  the  mistress 
of  Ptolemy  Sotcr.  On  the  defeat  of  that 
prince  by  Demetrius  Poliorcetes,  her 
charms  gained  a  complete  ascendency 
over  the  conqueror,  from  whom  she 
procured  great  concessions  in  favor  of 
her  countrymen,  the  Athenians.  The 
time  of  her  death  is  uncertain. 

LA  MOTHE  LE  VAYER,  Francis 
de,  a  French  philosopher  and  ingenious 
writer,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1588;  relin- 
quished the  law  for  literary  pursuits,  and, 
in  1689,  was  admitted  a  member  of  the 
French  Academy.  In  1047  he  was  ap- 
pointed preceptor  to  the  duke  of  Anjou, 
and  he  also  obtained  the  titles  of  his- 
toriographer of  France  and  counsellor 
of  state.      1).  1672. 

LA  MOTTE,  Anthony  ITocdart  r>E, 
a  French  poet,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1672. 
He  was  bred  to  the  law,  but  deserted  it 
for  dramatic  composition.  In  1710  he 
obtained  admission  into  the  Academy, 
at  which  time  he  was  nearly  blind  ;  and 
many  years  before  his  death  he  lost  his 
sight  entirely.  lie  produced  several 
tragedies  and  comedies,  some  of  which 
were  very  successful,  particularly  that 
entitled  "Inez  de  Castro."  In  1714  he 
published  a  translation  of  the  "  Iliad," 
although  entirely  ignorant  of  the  origi- 
nal language.  lie  also  published  a  vol- 
ume of  "  Failles,"  besides  some  pastoral 
eclogues,  hymns,  &c. ;  but  his  prose 
was  much  superior  to  his  verse.  D. 
1731. 

LA  MOTTE  FODQUE,  Frederic, 
baron  dc,  celebrated  as  a  poet,  historian, 
and  novelist,  was  b.  at  Brandenburg, 
1777.  Entering  the  army,  he  served  in 
the  campaign  of  the  Rhine,  and  had  a 
share  in  the  numerous  engagements 
that  were  fought  for  the  liberty  of  Ger- 
many in  the  beginning  of  this  century. 
His  first  works  appeared  under  the  name 
of  "  Pcllegriu,"  and  the  numerous  pro- 
ductions of  his  pen  contributed,  not  a 
little,  to  fan  the  flame  of  patriotic  ardor 
which  iQd  his  countrymen  to  final  victo- 
ry. On  quitting  the  army  he  retired  to 
Nehnhansen,  the  property  of  his  second 
wife,  Caroline,  (see  below;)  and  on  her 
death,  in  1831,  he  removed  to  Halle, 
where  he  delivered  lectures  upon  poetry 
and  history.  His  beautiful  fairy  tale, 
"  Undine,"  has  trained  him  a  European 
reputation.  I),  at  Berlin,  1842.— Caro- 
line, baroness  de.  a  popular  German 
novelist,  was  the  wife  of  the  author  of 
"  Undine,"  &c.  Among  this  lady's 
works  arc,  "  Lodoiska."  "  Frauenliebe," 
"  Feodorc,"  &c.  D.  1831. 
48 


LAMOTTE,  Valoib,  eomtesse  ,le, 
who  became  generally  known  ir  eonse- 
quence  of  her  intrigues  at  the  Vn 
court,  which  led  to  a  disgraceful  trial, 
was  the  offspring  of  poor  parents,  and 
1).  in  1757.  Her  occupation  of  carrying 
fagots  i  her  father  being  a  woodman) 
attracted  the  notice  of  the  lad\  of  the 
manor,  who  took  the  girl  to  live  with 
her.  Hearing  her  speak  of  valuable 
papers  which  were  in  her  father's  pos- 
session, the  lady,  on  further  inquiry 
found  they  related  to  the  royal  family 
of  Valois;  and,  on  investigation,  it  was 
proved  that  she  was  a  descend:  ft  of 
that  noble  family.  The  girl  married  a 
private  in  the  guards;  and,  obtaining 
an  introduction  to  the  cardinal  de  Ro- 
han, great  almoner  of  France,  he  ad\  ised 
her  to  make  herself  known,  by  letter.  t« 
Marie  Antoinette,  the  reigning  qneen, 
at  the  same  time  expressing  his  hitter 
regret  that  an  offence  he  had  been 
(though  innocently)  guilty  of  towards 
that  illustrious  lady,  prevented  him 
requesting  an  interview.  The  queen 
granted  her  prayer,  and  employed  her 
about  her  person  ;  but  Lamotte  reward- 
ed her  royal  benefactress  by  the  grossest 
treachery.  By  means  of  a  person  named 
Villette,  the  countess  kept  up  a  fraudu- 
lent correspondence  between  the  queen 
and  the  cardinal.  Villette  forged  the 
queen's  handwriting,  while  the  cardinal 
fancied  himself  restored  to  the  royal 
favor,  and  even  honored  by  the  queen's 
confidence;  for,  through  Villette's  vil- 
lauy,  he  was  led  to  suppose  he  had 
furnished  the  queen  with  120,000  francs, 
but  which  were  kept  by  the  countess. 
Not  being  detected  in  this,  she  carried 
on  the  fraud  to  an  excess  that  merited 
her  subsequent  disgrace.  Boehmer  and 
Bassange,  the  queen's  jewellers,  had 
collected,  at  an  enormous  expense,  dia- 
monds, which,  set  as  a  necklace,  they 
intended  to  sell  for  1,800,000  francs. 
Lamotte  persuaded  the  cardinal  that 
the  queen  passionately  desired  to  pos- 
sess this  necklace,  and  confided  to  him 
the  commission  to  purchase  it ;  and  that 
she  would  give  a  note  in  her  own  wri- 
ting for  the  sum.  which  she  would  repay 
from  her  private  purse,  by  instalments, 
unknown  to  the  king.  The  cardinal 
fell  into  the  snare — he  bought  Ihe  de- 
sired necklace,  which  he  committed  to 
the  care  of  the  countess,  wdio,  the  bet- 
ter to  prevent  suspicion,  told  the  cardi- 
nal the  queen  would  meet  him  in  the 
garden,  as  she  wished  to  thank  him. 
A  courtesan  of  the  Palais  Royal,  Made- 
moiselle Olivia,  personated  the  queen 


5G6 


CYCLOPAEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[las 


in  a  sliort  speech  she  thanked  the  car- 
dinal, and  promised  him  lier  future 
protection.  Ambition  silenced  every 
other  idea,  and  he  left  the  garden  elated 
to  excels.  Meantime  the  countess  sent 
her  husband  to  London  with  the  neck- 
lace ;  but  the  period  of  the  first  payment 
being  allowed  to  pass  without  any  notice 
being  taken  of  it,  Buehmer  made  his 
complaint  to  the  queen,  and  the  whole 
plot  was  discovered.  The  queen,  in- 
censed at  the  affair,  required  public 
satisfaction  to  be  made.  The  minister, 
Breteuil,  was  a  sworn  enemy  to  the  car- 
dinal, and,  by  his  advice,  the  king  or- 
dered the  cardinal  to  be  arrested.  He 
was  taken  in  his  sacerdotal  habit  to  the 
Bastille,  and  proceedings  were  entered 
into  against  Mademoiselle  Olivia,  who 
proved  to  be  a  degraded  female  :  Cagli- 
ostro,  a  mountebank :  the  forger  Villette : 
and  the  contriver  of  all,  the  countess. 
She  alone  was  punished;  the  cardinal 
was  acquitted,  because  he  was  a  duped 
agent  in  the  business;  and  the  others 
effected  their  escape  from  prison  ;  but 
madame  la  Comtesse  was  whipped,  and 
burnt  on  each  shoulder  with  the  letter 
V,  and  then  taken  to  the  hospital,  where 
it  was  intended  she  should  remain  for 
life  ;  but  she  made  her  escape  at  the  end 
of  ten  months,  and  proceeded  to  En- 
gland, where  she  published  her  justifi- 
cation, which  was  read  with  curiosity, 
but  excited  little  interest  in  her  favor. 
D.  in  London,  1791. 

LAMPRIDIU8,  Benedictus,  a  Latin 
poet  and  scholar  of  the  16th  century, 
was  b.  at  Cremona,  lie  taught  the 
classical  languages  at  Rome  with  great 
reputation,  and  in  1521  removed  to 
Padua.  At  the  invitation  of  Frederic 
Gonzaga,  duke  of  Mantua,  he  settled  in 
the  latter  city,  and  superintended  the 
education  of  the  duke's  son.     D.  1540. 

LANA,  Francis  i>e,  an  Italian  math- 
ematician, was  b.  at  Brescia,  1637.  He 
was  a  .Jesuit,  and  a  celebrated  teacher  of 
philosophy  and  mathematics,  he  first 
gave  the  hint  of  the  principles  of  aero- 
static machines,  to  be  conducted  by  gas, 
in  his  work  entitled  "  Magisterinui  Na- 
tmaa  et  Artis,"  printed  at  Brescia,  1684. 
D.  1700. 

LANCASTER,  James,  an  English  nav- 
igator, sailed  to  the  coast  of  America  in 
151)1.  and  afterwards  doubled  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  on  a  voyage  to  the  East 
Indies.  He  subsequently  gave  such  in- 
formation relative  to  a  N.W.  passage  to 
the  East  In  lies  as  led  to  the  attempt  of 
Baffin  and  others  to  discover  it.  1).  1620. 
—Joseph,  a  member  of  the  Society  of 


Friends  ;  the  author  and  successful  pro- 
mulgator of  the  system  of  mutual  in- 
struction, known  under  the  title  of  "  the 
Lancasterian."  He  was,  for  many  years, 
actively  engaged  in  delivering  lectures 
and  forming  schools  in  various  parts  of 
England ;  and  rank,  wealth,  and  beauty 
flocked  to  hear  the  earnest  though  sim- 
ple eloquence  of  the  enthusiastic  and 
benevolent.  Quaker.  But  enthusiastic 
as  were  the  applauses  bestowed  upon 
him.  patronage  and  support  were  not 
bestowed  in  like  proportion  ;  he  became 
so  much  embarrassed  in  consequence  of 
his  benevolent  exertions,  that  he  was 
obliged  to  seek  an  asylum  in  America. 
Here  also  he  suffered  many  embarrass- 
ments, and  a  subscription  was  just  pro- 
posed for  his  relief,  when  he  was  run 
over  in  this  city,  and  so  severely  injured, 
that  he  died  on  the  day  following  the 
accident.     B.  1771  ;  d.  1839. 

L ANCISI,  GrvMARiA,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, was  b.  at  Rome,  1654;  d.  1720. 

LANCRE,  Peter  de,  a  native  of  Bor- 
deaux, was  a  counsellor  of  parliament, 
and  presided  over  the  trials  of  sorcerers 
and  witches  in  the  provinces  of  Labourd 
and  Gascony.  His  services  in  this  ca- 
pacity were  rewarded  by  the  appoint- 
ment of  counsellor  of  state.  He  wrote 
two  curious  works  on  demonography. 
D.  1630. 

LANCRINCK,  Prosper  Henry,  an 
able  painter,  was  b.  at  Antwerp,  in  1628. 
He  imitated  Titian  and  Salvator,  and 
was  much  encouraged  in  England,  where 
he  met  with  employment  under  Sir  Peter 
Lely.     D.  1692. 

LANDEN,  John,  an  eminent  math- 
ematician, was  b.  at  Peakirk,  Northamp- 
tonshire, 1719.  Iu  1755  lie  published  a 
volume  of  "  Mathematical  Lucubra- 
tions," in  1764  his  "Residual  Analysis," 
subsequently  a  "  New  Theory  of  the  Ro- 
tatory Motion  of  Bodies  affected  by 
Forces  disturbing  each  Motion,1'  and  his 
volume  of  "  Memoirs."     D.  1790. 

LANDER,  Richard  and  John,  two 
brothers,  whose  names  are  indissolubly 
associated  with  African  discovery,  were 
natives  of  Cornwall,  and  b.,  the  former 
in  1804,  the  latter  in  1806.  They  were 
both  apprenticed  to  a  printer;  but  the 
elder  abandoned  his  occupation  to  ac- 
company  Clapperton  in  Ids  expedition 
to  the  Niger  in  1825  ;  and  after  his  death, 
in  1827,  he  returned  to  England,  whero 
he  submitted  to  government  a  plan  for 
exploring  the  termination  of  the  Niger, 
which  was  adopted.  Accompanied  by 
his  younger  brother,  he  set  out  f  r  Ba- 
daguay  in  1830,  where,  after  encounter- 


tAN] 


CYCLOP/EMIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


f>07 


ing  many  dangers,  tliey  reached  Ivirrec, 
hut  were  taken  prisoners  at  Eboe,  and 
only,  after  the  promise  of  a  high  ran- 
som, succeeded  in  getting  arrangements 
made  for  conveying  them  to  the  sea. 
This  they  reached  by  the  channel  called 
by  the  Portuguese,  Nun,  and  by  the  En- 
glish, Brass  river;  and  thus  was  solved 
by  their  ageucy,  one  of  the  grandest 
problems  in  African  geography.  This 
important  discovery,  Opening  a  water 
communication  into  the  very  heart  of 
the  African  continent,  made  a  great  im- 
pression on  the  mercantile  world;  and 
soon  after  the  brothers'  arrival  in  En- 
gland, an  association  of  which  Mr.  Mac- 
gregor  Laird  was  the  head,  was  entered 
into  for  forming  a  settlement  on  the 
Upper  Niger;  but  the  expedition  that 
was  fitted  out  for  this  purpose  at  Liver- 
pool proved  a  failure  ;  and  the  Landers, 
together  with  nearly  all  that  joined  it, 
fell  victims  either  to  the  unhealthiness 
of  the  climate,  or  in  contests  with  the 
natives,  in  1833. 

LANFRANC,  a  learned  prelate,  was 
b.  at  Paira,  in  100"),  but  went  over  to 
England  with  William  the  Conqueror. 
Through  the  interest  of  that  prince,  be 
obtained  the  archbishopric  of  Canter- 
bury, vacant  by  the  deposition  of  Sti- 
gand.  He  was  an  able  politician,  as 
well  as  a  munificent  prelate,  founding 
two  hospitals  near  Canterbury,  which 
lie  liberally  endowed.  D.  1080.— Gio- 
vanni, an  artist,  b.  at  Parma,  in  158L 
He  was  originally  a  domestic  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Count  Horatio  Schottc,  who, 
finding  him  to  have  a  taste  for  design, 
placed  him  under  Caracci.  Under  this 
great  master  he  improved  so  rapidly  that 
his  talent  was  soon  in  requisition,  and 
the  Farnese  palace  and  churches  of  St. 
James  and  St.  Peter  at  Rome,  bear  am- 
ple testimony  of  his  capability.  The 
great  excellence  of  this  artist  consisted 
in  his  composition  and  foreshortening, 
and  in  fresco  painting.  D.  1647. — A 
physician  of  Milan,  where  he  practised 
with  much  success,  but  attempting  some 
innovations  in  his  profession,  he  was 
compelled  to  take  refuge  in  France.  D. 
1300,  and  left  a  valuable  treatise  on  sur- 
2ery,  entitled  "  Chirurgia  Magna  et 
Parva." 

LANGBATNE,  Gerard,  an  English 
divine,  b.  at  Bartonkirke,  in  Westmore- 
land, about  1608;  was  keeper  of  the 
archives,  and  provost  of  Queen's  col- 
lege; was  well  acquainted  with  the  laws 
and  antiquities  of  his  country  ;  corre- 
sponded with  Selden,  Usher,  and  other 
•earned  men  ;  endowed  a  free  school  at 


his  native  place;  published  an  coition 
of  LongillUH,  ami  several  works  on  his 
ton,  theology,  and  criticisms.  1>.  1658* 
LANGDON,  Jonif,  a  distinguished 
American  patriot,  was  b.  at  Portsmouth, 
N.  11.,  17:5',).  lie  engaged  in  commerce, 
and  took  an  early  ami  efficient  interest 
in  the  cause  of  the  colonies,  lie  was 
successively  a  delegate  to  the  general 
congress,  navy  agent,  speaker  of  the  as- 
sembly of  his  native  state,  president  of 
his  native  state,  a  delegate  to  the  con- 
vention that  framed  the  federal  consti- 
tution, and  a  member  of  the  senate  of 
the  United  States.  In  1805  he  was 
chosen  governor  of  his  state,  and  again 
in  1810.'    D.  1819. 

LANGIIAM,  Simon  m:,  abbot  of  St. 
Peter's,  Westminster,  was  b.  at  Lang- 
ham,  in  Rutlandshire,  in  the  early  part 
of  the  14th  century.  In  18(50  he  was 
made  lord  high  treasurer;  in  the  follow- 
ing year  he  accepted  the  bishopric  of 
Ely;  in  1364  ho  became  chancellor,  and 
was  promoted  to  the  sec  of  Canterbury, 
in  1366.  He  there  distinguished  him- 
self by  the  violence  of  his  opposition  to 
Wickliff,  and  was  made  a  cardinal ;  but 
this  so  offended  Edward  III.  that  he 
seized  the  temporalities  of  his  see.  Ho 
accordingly  repaired  to  the  papal  court, 
and  was  amply  compensated  lor  its  loss. 
1).  1376. 

LANGIIORNE,  John,  an  English  di- 
vine, poet,  and  historian,  was  b.  at 
Kirkby  Stephen,  in  Westmoreland,  in 
1735.  He  published  several  popular 
pieces,  particularly  a  poem,  entitled 
"  Genius  and  Valor,"  and  having  there- 
in defended  Scotland  from  the  scurrility 
thrown  out  by  Churchill  in  his  "  Proph- 
ecy of  Famine,"  he  was  complimented 
with  the  degree  of  D.D.  by  the  univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh.  In  1770  in  conjunc- 
tion with  his  brother,  he  published  a 
translation  of  Plutarch,  which  is  still  a 
very  popular  work  :  in  1777  he  was  pre- 
sented to  a  prcbendal  stall  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  Wells,  and  d.  in  1779.— Wii.i.iau, 
his  brother,  b.  1721,  was  presented  to 
the  rectory  of  Ilakinge,  and  the  pet 
petnal  curacy  of  Folkestone,  where  ho 
d.  1772.  He  wrote  one  or  two  poems, 
and  had  a  share  in  the  translation  of 
Plutarch. 

LANGLANDE,  Robert,  a  secular 
priest  of  the  14th  century,  and  fellow 
of  Oriel  college,  Oxford,  known  as  the 
author  of  some  satirical  poems  against 
the  vices  of  the  Catholic  clergy. 

L ANGLES,  Louis  Matthew,  a  cele- 
brated oriental  scholar,  b.  at  Peronne, 
in  France,  1763,  published  a  "Diction- 


568 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[lap 


noire  Mautchon-Fran^ais,"  and  various 
Works  translated  from  the  oriental 
tongues,  particularly  a  work  on  Hindoo 
literature.     D.  1824. 

1  ANGLEY,  Battv,  an  English  build- 
er, known  by  his  attempt  to  remodel 
the  Gothie  style  of  architecture,  by  in- 
venting different  orders  of  the  Gothic, 
from  an  intermixture  of  the  various 
Grecian  orders.     D.  1751. 

LANGTOFT,  Peter,  an  historian 
and  Augustiu  friar,  was  b.  in  Yorkshire, 
jn  the  loth  century,  and  is  known  as 
the  translator  of  '•Jioscam's  Life  of  St. 
Thomas  of  Canterbury." 

LANGT*)N,  Stephen,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  in  the  time  of  King  John, 
was  b.  in  Lincolnshire,  but  educated  in 
France.  He  rose  through  the  various 
honors  of  the  university  of  Paris  till  he 
became  its  chancelloi,  and  then  to  the 
see  of  Canterbury  by  the  pope.  John, 
the  king  of  England,  however,  refused 
to  confirm  the  nomination,  and  the  king- 
dom was  accordingly  under  excommu- 
nication. The  monarch  at  length  yielded, 
and  Langton  entered  into  quiet  posses- 
sion of  his  diocese  in  1218.     D.  1228. 

LAN  IKK,  Nicholas,  an  Italian  artist, 
b.  about  15(58,  employed  by  Charles  I. 
of  England. 

LANJUINAIS,  Jean  Denis,  count 
de,  was  b.  at  liennes,  in  1753.  lie  was 
a  member  of  the  third  estate  at  the 
breaking  out  of  the  revolution,  and, 
when  the  republic  was  proclaimed,  he 
was  as  zealous  in  defence  of  the  rights 
of  his  prince  as  of  the  rights  of  the  na- 
tion, lie  opposed  the  usurpations  of 
Bonaparte,  and  after  the  second  restora- 
tion, he  strenuously  resisted  the  ex- 
travagant pretensions  of  the  French 
clergy,  defended  the  liberty  of  the  press 
and  individual  freedom,  the  law  of  elec- 
tion, and  the  charter.  1).  1827. — Joseph 
de,  an  ecclesiastic,  b.  in  Britany.  After 
entering  the  order  of  St.  Benedict,  and 
becoming  professor  of  theology,  his 
connect. on  with  D'Alembert  and  Dide- 
rot compelled  him  to  retire  to  Lausanne, 
where  lie  embraced  the  reformed  reli- 
gion, and  became  principal  of  the  college 
ofMoudon.  He  published  many  works, 
which  excited  sonic  attention,  and  d. 
in  1808. 

LANNES,  John,  duke  of  Montebello 
and  a  marshal  of  France,  was  b.  in  1769, 
at  Lestoure.  lie  was  apprenticed  to  a 
dyer,  but  entering  the  army,  his  zeal 
and  energy  gained  him  promotion,  and 
in  1795  lie  was  made  a  chief  of  brigade. 
After  various  successes  in  Italy,  and 
Ondei   Bo'iaparte,  in  Egypt  and"  other 


places,  particularly  at  Marengo,  he  was 
made  a  marshal  of  the  empire,  and  af- 
terwards duke  of  Montebello.  lie  con- 
tributed much  to  the  victory  of  Auster- 
litz,  and  was  very  prominent  in  tho 
battles  of  Jena,  Eylau,  Fried  land,  Tu- 
dela,  and  Saragossa.  At  the  battle  of 
Essling  he  received  a  mortal  wound,  of 
which  he  d.  1809. 

LANZI,  Louis,  an  Italian  antiquary, 
b.  at  Monte  del  Celmo,  in  1732,  became 
a  Jesuit,  taught  rhetoric  with  great  suc- 
cess, and,  on  the  suppression  of  his 
order,  was  sub-director  of  the  Florence 
gallery.  He  wrote  several  works,  par- 
ticularly one  on  "  The  Tuscan  Lan- 
guage," and  "  A  History  of  Painting," 
&c.     D.  1810. 

LAO-TSEE,  a  celebrated  Chinese 
philosopher,  was  b.  about  600  b.  c.  in 
the  service  of  IIou-Konang.  He  was 
cotcinporary  with  Pythagoras,  and 
taught  the  doctrine  of  metempsychosis, 
lie  followed  the  sect  of  Tao-Tsec,  and 
must  have  lived  to  a  great  age,  having 
been  visited  by  Confucius  in  517  b.  c. 

LAPLACE,  Peter  de,  a  French  ma- 
gistrate and  writer,  b.  at  Ansouleme, 
in  1526.  He  became  a  pleader  in  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  till  he  was  appoint- 
ed, by  t lie  prince  of  Conde,  superin- 
tendent of  his  household.  Unfortunately 
he  returned  to  Paris,  and  while  dis- 
charging his  duty  as  president  at  the 
court  of  aids,  was  murdered  in  the 
massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  in  1572. 
His  works  are,  "Commentaries  on  the 
State  of  Religion  and  the  Common- 
wealth,'1 "  A  Treatise  on  the  Use  of 
Moral  Philosophy,"  and  "A  Treatise 
on  the  Excellence  of  the  Christian  Reli- 
gion."—  Pierre  Simon,  marquis  de,  a 
celebrated  mathematician  and  astrono- 
mer, was  b.  at  Beaumont-en-Angc,  in 
1749,  where  he  became  professor  of 
mathematics  in  the  military  school. 
From  this  place  he  soon  removed  tc 
Paris,  where  he  distinguished  himself 
by  his  knowledge  of  analysis  and  the 
highest  branches  of  geometry,  and  was 
chosen,  a  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences,  one  of  the  forty  of  the  French 
Academy,  and  member  of  the  bureau 
des  longitudes.  In  1796  appeared  his 
famous  work,  "Exposition  du  Systune 
dn  Monde."  After  the  revolution,  on 
the  18th  of  Brumairs,  in  1799,  he  was 
made  minister  of  the  interior  by  tho 
first  consul.  But  from  this  he  was  re- 
moved, to  make  room  for  Lneieu  Bona- 
parte, and  was  then  admitted  into  tha 
senate,  of  which,  in  1803,  he  became 
president.    Having,  in  1814,  voted  for 


las] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


509 


the  deposition  of  Napoleon,  on  the  re- 
organization of  the  peers,  he  wus  made 
a  marquis.    D.  1827. 

LAPO,  James,  or  Jacopo,  an  Italian 
architcet  living  at  Florence,  who  built 
the  church  of  the  Virgin  Mary  at  Assisi, 
founded  by  Ilclias,  which  obtained  him 
great  reputation.  D.  12(32. — Arnolpik), 
his  son,  became  a  most  celebrated  archi- 
tect and  sculptor,  displaying  great  genius 
and  skill  in  his  profession.     D.  1300. 

LARCI1EE,  Peter  Henry,  an  emi- 
nent French  scholar,  was  b.  at  Dijon,  in 
172(i.  Ilis  first  translation  was  the 
"Eleetra"  of  Euripides,  after  which  he 
translated  u  Martinus  Scriblerus,"  from 
Pope's  Miscellanies,  and  furnished  notes 
to  the  French  version  of  Hudibras.  In 
1767,  a  difference  took  place  between 
him  and  Voltaire,  on  whose  "Philoso- 
phy of  History"  lie  published  remarks, 
under  the  title  of  a  "  Supplement,"  to 
which  the  latter  replied  in  his  well- 
known  "Defense  de  nion  Onele." 
Larch er  rejoined  in  a  "Reponse,"  with 
which  the  controversy  ceased  on  his 
part,  but  not  so  the  merciless  wit  of  his 
opponent.  He  afterwards  published  his 
"  Memoire  sur  Venus,"  and  translated 
Herodotus  and  Xenophon.     D.  1812. 

LAEDNER,  Nathaniel,  a  learned 
dissenting  divine,  was  b.  at  Hawkhurst, 
Kent,  in  1684,  and  received  his  educa- 
tion at  Utrecht  and  Leyden.  He  was 
the  author  of  several  important  theolo- 
gical works,  viz.,  "  The  Credibility  ofthe 
Gospel  History,"  "The  Testimonies  of 
the  Ancient  Jews  and  Pagans  in  favor 
of  Christianity,"  "The  History  of  Her- 
etics," sermons,  &c.     D.  1768. 

LARIVE,  M.,  a  celebrated  French 
tragedian,  was  b.  at  Kochelle,  in  1749, 
appeared  at  the  Theatre  Fraiieais,  Paris, 
in  1771,  where,  by  his  fine  person,  and 
his  powers  of  declamation,  he  rose  to 
eminence.  He  quitted  the  stage  rather 
earlier  in  life  than  most  actors,  and  d. 
at  Montignon,  in  1827,  aged  78.  He 
wrote  a  drama,  entitled  "  Pyramus  and 
Thisbe,"  "  Reflections  on  the  Histrionic 
Art,"  and  other  works. 

'  ARIVEY,  Peter  de,  an  old  French 
dramatic  writer,  and  one  of  the  first 
who  considered  comedy  as  the  repre- 
sentation of  real  life,  was  a  native  of 
Troycs,  and  is  supposed  to  have  d. 
about  1612. 

LA  ROCHEFOUCAULD,  or  ROCHE- 
FOUCAULT,  Francis,  duke  de,  prince 
of  Marsillae,  a  distinguished  courtier 
and  man  of  letters  in  the  reign  of  Louis 
XI V.,  was  b.  1613.  He  acted  a  con- 
*picuous  part  in  the  civil  war  of  the 
48* 


Fronde,  but  ho  is  chiefly  remembered 
as  the  writer  of  "  Reflexions  et  Max- 
imes,"  a  work  which  has  been  extolled 
ami  criticised  in  no  ordinary  degree. 
He  also  wrote  "Memoiresdc  la  Regno 
d'Anne  d'Autriehc,"  and,  dining  tho 
latter  part  of  his  life,  his  house  was  tho 
resort  of  the  first-rate  wits  and  literati 
of  France.     D.  1680. 

LA  ROCIIEJAQUELEIN,  Henri  de, 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  of  tho 
Vendean  royalists,  was  b.  at  Chatillon, 
in  Poitou,  in  1772.  and  was  a  son  of  the 
marquis  do  la  Roehejaqnelein.  The 
peasants  of  the  neighborhood  having 
risen  in  the  royal  cause  in  1702,  ho 
placed  himself  at  their  head.  After 
gaining  sixteen  victories  in  ten  months, 
he  fell,  at  the  age  of  22  jears,  March  4, 
1794,  in  a  single  combat  with  one  ofthe 
republican  soldiers,  while  defending  the 
village  of  Nouaille. 

LARREY,  Isaac  de,  an  historian,  was 
b.  in  1638,  at  Montvillicrs.  He  went  to 
Holland,  where  he  was  made  histori- 
ographer to  the  states-general.  His 
works  are,  "  The  History  of  Augustus," 
"  The  History  of  Eleanor,  Wife  of  Henry 
II.,"  "History  of  England,"  "History 
of  the  Seven  Sages  of  Greece,"  and 
"The  History  of  France  under  Louis 
XIV."     D.  1719. 

LA  SALLE,  count  de,  a  brave  soldier, 
was  b.  at  Metz,  in  1775,  and  entered  the 
army,  with  the  rank  of  an  officer,  at  11 
years  of  age,  under  Prince  Maximilian, 
afterwards  king  of  Bavaria.  The  privi- 
lege of  birth  opened  to  him  a  line  of 
promotion ;  but  he  resolved  that  merit 
alone  should  distinguish  him.  He  ac- 
cordingly resigned  his  commission,  be- 
came a  private  soldier,  and  at  length 
rose,  through  long  and  dangerous  ser- 
vices, which  occupied  eight  years,  to 
the  post  which  he  had  before  resigned. 
By  his  decisive  conduct  at  the  battle  of 
Rivoli  he  possessed  himself  of  the  colors, 
upon  which  the  commander-in-chief 
addressed  him  in  these  words  :  "  Rest 
yourself  upon  these  flags,  you  have  de- 
served them."  He  was  equally  victori- 
ous in  Egypt;  conquered  the  Prussians 
on  the  walls  of  Konigsberg,  and  finished 
his  career  on  the  field  of  Wagram. 

LASCARIS,  Constantixe  and  J.min, 
two  noble  Greeks  of  the  loth  cent  try, 
who,  on  the  taking  of  Constantinople  by 
the  Turks  in  1453,  took  refuge  in  Italy. 
Constantino  went  to  Milan,  where  ho 
instructed  the  daughter  of  the  grand- 
duke  in  the  Greek  language.  From 
thence  he  removed  to  Rome,  and  next 
to  Naples,  in  which  city  he  opened  a 


570 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[lat 


school  for  Greek  and  rhetoric.  Lastly, 
ne  settled  at  Mussina,  where  lie  d.  about 
looo.  His  Greek  grammar  was  printed 
at  Milan  in  1470,  and  again  by  Aldus  in 
1495. — John,  suruamed  Eiivndaoenus, 
took  up  his  residence  at  Padua,  and  was 
patronized  by  Lorenzo  de  Medici,  who 
Bent  him  to  Greece  to  purchase  certain 
valuable  manuscripts,  a  mission  which 
lie  accomplished  much  to  the  satisfac- 
tion of  his  employer.  In  1494  he  entered 
the  service  of  Louis  XII.  of  France,  who 
made  him  an  envoy  to  the  Venetian 
senate;  in  1513  he  went  to  Koine,  aud 
persuaded  Leo  X.  to  found  the  Greek 
college,  of  which  Lasearis  became  the 
principal,  and  also  the  superintendent 
of  the  Greek  press ;  and  in  1518  he  re- 
turned to  France,  and  was  employed  by 
Francis  I.  in  forming  the  royal  library. 
D.  1535. 

LAS  CASAS,  count  de,  celebrated  for 
his  fidelity  to  Bonaparte,  was  b.  in  the 
chateau  of  Las  Casas,  in  the  department 
of  the  Ilaute-Garonne,  1766.  At  the 
outbreak  of  the  French  revolution,  1789, 
he  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  navy.  He 
then  emigrated,  joined  the  army  of 
Conde,  and  took  part  in  the  Quiberon 
expedition,  but  returned  to  France  after 
the  18th  Brumaire.  Having  been  long 
devoted  to  literary  pursuits,  he  now 
published,  under  the  name  of  Le  Sage, 
an  "  Atlas  llistorique,  Ohronologique, 
et  Geographiquc,"  which  went  through 
several  editions.  In  1809  he  enrolled 
himself  as  a  volunteer  to  ward  oft'  the 
English  attack  upon  Flushing,  and  from 
this  time  attracted  the  attention  of  Bu- 
naparte,  who  soon  afterwards  made  him 
his  chamberlain,  admitted  him  to  the 
council  of  state,  and  intrusted  him  with 
various  confidential  missions.  In  1814 
he  refused  to  vote  with  the  council  of 
state  for  the  dethronement  of  the  em- 
peror, took  up  arms  for  him  after  his 
return  from  Elba  in  1815,  and  was  one 
of  the  four  attendants  that  accompanied 
him  to  St.  Helena.  There  he  remained 
eighteen  months  with  the  illustrious 
prisoner,  enjoying  his  intimacy,  and 
noting  down  all  that  he  said  in  a  jour- 
nal, which  he  subsequently  published, 
under  the  title  of  "  Memorial  de  Sainte 
Kelene."  But  having  become  an  object 
of  suspicion  to  Sir  Hudson  Lowe,  the 
governor,  he  was  seized,  and  convoyed 
first  to  the  (Jape,  and  thence  to  England 
as  a  prisoner,  and  was  not  allowed  to 
return  to  France  till  after  the  emperor's 
decease.  In  183d  he  was  elected  to  the 
chamber  of  deputies,  and  took  his  seat 
With  the  opposition.     D.  1842. 


LASSALA,  Manuel,  a  Spanish  Jes- 
uit, author  of  an  "  Account  of  the  Poets 
of  Castile,"  an  "Essay  on  General  His- 
tory," &c.     B.  1729  ;  d.  1798. 

LASSO,  Orlando  di,  an  eminent  mu- 
sician, was  b.  at  Mons,  in  llainault,  in 
1530.  De  Thou  relates  that  he  wa3 
forcibly  taken  from  his  parents  in  child- 
hood by  Ferdinand  Gonzaga,  on  account 
of  his  fine  voice,  and  carried  by  him  to 
Milan,  Naples,  and  Sicily.  He  subse- 
quently taught  music  at  Iioine,  Ant- 
werp, &e.,  aud  finally  settled  at  Munich, 
as  chapel-master  to  Albert,  duke  of 
Bavaria.  His  productions  are  numerous, 
but  now  rarely  to  be  met  with.  D.  1593. 
—  Rudolph  and  Ferdinand,  his  twD 
sons,  were  also  good  musicians,  and  bo- 
sides  producing:  many  compositions  of 
their  own,  published  their  father's 
works,  under  the  title  of  "Magnus 
Opus  Musieum  Orlandi  de  Lasso." 

LATHAM,  John,  M.D.,  F.E.S.,  &c, 
an  eminent  ornithologist  and  antiquary, 
was  b.  at  Eltham,  in  Kent,  in  1740, 
where  his  father  practised  as  a  surgeon 
and  apothecary.  Among  his  produc- 
tions are,  "A  General  Synopsis  of 
Birds,"  "Index  Ornithologicus,"  also, 
"  Hcald's  Pharmacopoeia  Improved, " 
and  others;  but  his  great  work,  which 
he  commenced  in  his  82d  year,  was  "  A 
General  History  of  Birds."  So  inde- 
fatigable was  he,  and  withal  so  capable 
of  this  undertaking,  at  such  an  advanced 
period  of  lite,  that,  with  singular  fidelity 
to  nature,  he  designed,  etched,  and 
colored  the  whole  of  the  plates  himself. 
D.  1837. 

LATIMER,  Hugh,  bishop  of  Wor- 
cester, one  of  the  first  reformers  of  the 
church  of  England,  was  b.  at  Thurcas- 
ton,  in  Leicestershire,  in  1470.  He  first 
became  obnoxious  to  the  enemies  of  in- 
novation by  a  series  of  discourses,  in 
which  he  dwelt  upon  tin.-  uncertainty  of 
tradition,  the  vanity  of  works  of  su- 
pererogation, and  the  pride  and  usurpa- 
tion of  the  Roman  hierarchy.  Latimer 
had  the  courage  to  write  a  letter  of  re- 
monstrance to  Henry  VIII.,  on  the  evil 
of  prohibiting  the  use  of  the  Bible  ii» 
English.  Although  this  epistle  pro- 
duced no  effect,  Henry  presented  the 
writer  to  the  living  of  West  Kenton,  in 
Wiltshire.  The  ascendency  of  Anne 
Bolcyn  and  rise  of  Thomas  Cromwell 
proved  favorable  to  Latimer,  and  he  was 
in  1535  appointed  bishop  of  Worcester. 
But  the  tall  of  his  patrons  prepared  the 
way  for  reverses,  and  the  six  articles 
being  carried  into  parliament,  Latimer 
resigned  his  bishopric  rather  thau  hold 


lac] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


571 


any  office  in  a  church  which  cnforocd 
6uch  terms  of  communion,  and  retired 
into  the  country.  Daring  the  short 
rcicjn  of  Edward  VI.  lie  again  preached, 
and  was  highly  popular  at  court,  but 
could  not  be  induced  to  resume  his  epis- 
copal functions.  Soon  after  Mary  as- 
cended the  throne,  Latimer  was  cited 
to  appear  before  the  council,  in  doing 
which  ail  opportunity  was  afforded  him 
to  quit  the  kingdom.  He,  however, 
piepared  with  alacrity  to  obey  the  cita- 
tion, and  as  he  passed  through  Smith- 
field  exclaimed,  "  This  place  has  long 
groaned  for  me."  In  1555  new  and 
more  sanguinary  laws  having  been 
enacted,  in  support  of  the  Catholic  reli- 
gion, a  commission  was  issued  by  Cardi- 
nal Pole,  the  pope's  legate,  to  try  Latimer 
and  Ridley  for  heresy,  who  were  in  eon- 
sequence  delivered  over  to  the  secular 
arm,  and  condemned  to  the  flames. 
This  sentence  was  put  in  execution  at 
Oxford,  Oct.  16,  1555.  At  the  place  of 
execution,  having  thrown  off  the  old 
gown  which  was  wrapped  about  him, 
Latimer  appeared  in  a  shroud  prepared 
for  the  purpose,  and  with  his  fellow- 
sufferer  was  fastened  to  the  stake  with 
an  iron  chain.  A  fagot  ready  kindled 
was  then  placed  at  Ridley's  feet,  to 
whom  Latimer  exclaimed,  "Be  of  good 
comfort,  master  Ridley,  and  play  the 
man.  We  shall  this  day  light  such  a 
candle,  by  God's  grace,  in  England,  as,  I 
trust,  shall  never  be  put  out."  He  then 
recommended  his  soul  to  God,  and,  with 
firm  composure,  expired  amid  the 
flames. —  William,  a  celebrated  scholar 
ofthe  16th  century,  who  taught  Erasmus 
Greek,  and  was  tutor  to  Reginald,  after- 
wards Cardinal  Pole.  He  was  a  prebend- 
ary at  Salisbury,  and  held  two  livings 
in  Gloucestershire.     D.  1545. 

LATOUR  D'AUVERGNE  CORRET, 
Tiieoviiilus  M  vlo  de,  a  distinguished 
Boldier,  citizen,  and  scholar  of  the 
French  republic,  was  b.  in  1743,  at  Car- 
liaix,  in  Lower  Britany.  He  first 
served  in  the  army  during  the  American 
war ;  and  when  the  French  revolution 
broke  out,  he  was  intrusted  with  the 
command  of  8000  grenadiers,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  various  successful 
enterprises  on  the  Spanish  frontier.  In 
1795  he  returned  to  his  studies  ;  but  in 
1799  he  once  more  took  the  field,  gener- 
ously serving  in  lieu  of  a  friend's  only 
son,  who  had  been  drawn  as  a  conscript. 
Bonaparte  rewarded  his  bravery  by  be- 
stowing on  him  the  honorable  title  of 
First  Grenadier  of  France ;  but  he  did 
Uot  long  retain  it,  being  killed  at  the 


battle  of  Neuburg,  in  1 800.  "i  1 1  was  well 
versed  in  history,  and  an  eminent  lin- 
guist; author  of  a  Franco-Oeltie  Dic- 
tionary, and  various  other  philological 
works  of  merit. 

LATUDE,  Henry  Mazers  de,  whe 
was  a  prisoner  in  the  Bastille  fur  85 
years,  was  b.  in  1724,  at  Montnenac,  in 
Languedoe.  In  order  to  gain  the  favor 
of  niadame  de  Pompadour,  he  persua- 
ded her  that  an  attempt  was  t<>  be  made 
on  her  life,  by  a  box  containing  the  must 
subtle  poison  ;  and  when  the  box  ar- 
rived, it  was  discovered  that  it  had  been 
sent  by  Latude  himself,  and  contained 
nothing  but  ashes.  This  offence,  aggra- 
vated by  repeated  endeavors  to  escape, 
was  the  cause  of  his  long  and  rigorona 
incarceration;  but  when  his  sufferings 
became  known,  by  the  publication  of 
his  memoirs,  which  he  wrote  soon  after 
his  liberation,  they  became  a  formidable 
weapon  in  the  hands  of  the  revolution- 
ists, and  the  national  assembly  decreed 
him  a  pension.     D.  1804. 

LAUD,  William,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  was 
b.  in  1573,  at  Reading,  in  Berkshire, 
accompanied  James  I.  to  Scotland,  as 
one  of  his  chaplains,  in  1617  ;  was  in- 
stalled a  prebend  of  Westminster  in 
1620  ;  and  obtained  the  see  of  St  David's 
in  the  following  year.  On  the  accession 
of  Charles  I.  his  influence  became  very 
wreat ;  and  he  was  translated  to  the  see 
of  Bath  and  Wells,  and  in  1628  to  that 
of  London.  In  1630  he  was  elected 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Oxford, 
to  which  he  was  a  great  benefactor,  and 
which  he  enriched  with  an  invaluable 
collection  of  manuscripts,  in  a  great 
number  of  languages,  ancient,  modern, 
and  oriental.  In  1633  he  attended 
Charles,  into  Scotland,  who  went  there 
to  be  crowned  ;  on  his  return  he  wa9 
promoted  to  the  see  of  Canterbury,  and 
during  the  same  year  he  was  chosen 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Dublin. 
The  zeal  which  he  displayed  for  conform- 
ity to  the  church,  and  his  endeavors 
to  introduce  the  liturgy  into  Scotland, 
created  him  numerous  enemies.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  long  parliament, 
therefore,  he  was  impeached  by  the 
commons  and  sent  to  the  Tower.  After 
lying  there  three  years,  he  was  brought 
to  his  trial  before  the  lords,  by  whom 
he  was  acquitted,  which  so  provoked 
the  faction  in  the  lower  house,  that  they 
passed  a  b'.ll  of  attainder,  declaring  him 
guilty  of  treason,  which  they  compelled 
the  peers  to  pass;  and  the  archbishop 
was  accordingly   beheaded   on   Tower- 


572 


CYCLOP.-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


|t.AU 


hill,  Jan.  10,  1644-5.  ITo  was  in  the 
72d  year  of  his  age,  and  met  his  fate 
with  great  fortitude.  Among  his  works 
are,  "Annotations  on  the  Life  and 
Death  of  King  dames,"  his  "  Diary," 
edited  by  Wharton,  and  published  with 
his  "Remains,"  "  Officium  Qnotidia- 
nuin,1'  &c. 

LAUDER,  Sir  Thomas  Dick,  whose 
versatile  pen  has  acquired  for  him  a 
high  place  in  Scottish  literature,  was  b. 
near  Edinburgh,  1784.  lie  was  one  of 
the  first  contributors  to  "Blackwood's 
Magazine."  ilis  two  novels,  "Lochin- 
dher"  and  "  The  Wolf  of  Badenoch," 
published  in  early  life,  are  remarkable 
tor  freedom  and  felicity  of  style ;  and 
these  were  followed  at  intervals  by  va- 
rious other  works,  among  which  are 
"  The  Floods  of  Moray  in  1829,"  "  High- 
land Rambles,"  "  Tour  round  the  Coasts 
of  Scotland,"  "  The  Queen's  Visit  to 
Scotland  in  1842,"  &c.  His  last  contri- 
bution to  literature  was  a  series  of  pa- 
pers on  the  rivers  of  Scotland,  which 
appeared  in  "  Tait's  Magazine."  D. 
.1848. — William,  a  literary  impostor, 
who  acquired  notoriety  by  endeavoring 
to  hold  up  Milton  as  a  plagiarist,  was  a 
native  of  Scotland.  In  1747  he  began 
an  attack  upon  Milton  in  the  "  Gentle- 
man's  Magazine,"  which  he  followed  up 
by  a  pamphlet,  entitled  "An  Essay  on 
Milton's  Use  and  Imitation  of  the  Mod- 
erns in  his  Paradise  Lost."  His  alleged 
quotations  from  Grotius,  Masscmns, 
and  others,  passed  as  genuine  for  a  time, 
until  they  were  exposed  by  Dr.  Douglas, 
bishop  of  Salisbury,  which  drew  from 
the  fabricator  an  acknowledgment  of  his 
guilt.  Yet  after  this  he  returned  to  the 
charge  in  a  tract,  with  this  title,  "  The 
Grand  Impostor  detected,  or  Milton 
convicted  of  Forgery  against  Charles  I." 
D.  1771. 

LAUDERDALE,  James  Maitland, 
earl  of,  a  very  active  and  energetic  states- 
man, whose  opinions  were  at  one  time 
deemed  to  be  of  great  weight,  both  by 
his  own  party  and  by  his  opponents, 
was  b.  in  1759.  In  1780  he  was  returned 
to  parliament  for  Newport,  in  Cornwall, 
ana  subsequently  for  Malrnesbury.  As 
a  member  of  the  lower  house  he  joined 
the  party  of  his  friend  Mr.  Fox,  and 
took  an  active  part  in  opposing  the 
North  administration,  supported  Mr. 
Fox's  India  bill,  and  was  one  of  the 
managers  of  the  impeachment  of  War- 
ten  Hastings.  In  1789  he  succeeded  to 
the  title,  and  was  in  the  following  year 
sent  to  the  house  of  lords  as  one  of  the 
sixteen    Scottish   representative   peers. 


In  J806,  on  the  dissolution  of  the  Fitt 
administration,  he  was  created  a  peer 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  sworn  a  privy 
councillor,  and  received  the  great  seal 
of  Scotland.  In  August  of  the  same 
year  he  was  sent  as  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary to  France,  with  full  powers  to  con- 
clude a  peace.     D.  1840. 

LAUNEY,  Bernard  Rene  Jourdan 
de,  the  last  governor  of  the  Bastille  in 
Paris,  which  was  erected  in  1883,  and 
destroyed  July  14,  1789. 

LAUNCH,  John  de,  a  French  divine, 
b.  in  1603,  who  defended  the  liberties 
of  the  Gallican  church,  and  reformed 
the  calendar  by  purjjimr  it  of  fictitious 
saints  and  legendary  tales.    D.  1678. 

LAURENT,  Peter  Joseph,  a  me- 
chanic, was  b.  in  Flanders,  in  1715.  lie 
is  said  to  have  constructed  some  hy- 
draulic machines,  when  he  was  not 
more  than  10  years  of  a^e;  and  at  21  ho 
was  made  superintendent  of  several 
public  works ;  among  which  was  the 
direction  of  the  canals  in  the  Nether- 
lands. He  also  projected  the  junction 
of  the  Somme  and  the  Scheldt  ;  for 
which  he  was  honored  with  the  order 
of  St.  Mhhael.     D.  1773. 

LAURENS,  Henry,  an  American  pa- 
triot and  statesman,  was  b.  at  Charleston, 
S.  C,  in  1724.  After  receiving  a  good 
school  education,  he  engaged  in  com- 
merce, and  soon  amassed  an  ample 
fortune.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the 
revolution  he  was  in  London,  but  he 
immediately  returned  to  his  native  coun- 
try, and  in  1776  was  elected  a  delegate 
to  the  general  congress.  He  was  soon 
chosen  president  of  this  body,  and  re- 
mained so  till  the  close  of  the  year  1778. 
In  1779  he  received  the  appointment  of 
minister  plenipotentiary  to  Holland,  but 
on  his  way  thither  was  captured  by  the 
British,  and  committed  to  the  Tower, 
where  he  was  in  confinement  fourteen 
months.  He  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners for  negotiating  a  peace  with 
Great  Britain,  and  in  1782  he  signed  with 
Jay  and  Franklin  the  preliminaries  of  the 
treaty.  Ilis  health,  however,  was  much 
impaired,  and  he  soon  returned  homo 
and  passed  the  remainder  of  las  life  in 
agricultural  pursuits.  D.  1792. — John, 
lieutenant-colonel,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  liberally  educated  in  England,  and 
having  returned  to  his  native  country 
joined  the  American  army  in  1777.  He 
displayed  prodigies  of  valor  at  Brandy- 
wine,  Germantown,  Monmouth,  Savan- 
nah, and  Charleston,  and  was  killed  at 
the  very  close  of  the  war  by  carelessly 
exposing  himself  in  a  trifling  skirmish. 


lav] 


CYCLOP.-EDIA    OF    BIOGItArilY. 


573 


In  17S0  lie  was  sent  as  a  special  minister 
to  France,  to  negotiate  a  loan,  and  after 
being  subjected  to  a  vexatious  delay,  he 
determined  to  present  a  memorial  to 
tlic  kin;,'  in  person  at  the  levee.  This 
purpose  he  carried  into  effect,  the  me- 
morial was  graciously  received,  and  the 
object  of  negotiation  satisfactorily  ar- 
ranged. 

LAURI,  Filippo,  a  painter,  was  the 
son  of  a  Flemish  artist,  but  b.  at  Rome, 
in  1623.  His  altar-pieces  and  other 
scriptural  paintings  are  held  in  much 
esteem.     D.  Iti9t. 

LAVALETTE,  Marie  Chamans,  count 
de,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1769.  In  179(5 
Bonaparte  appointed  him  his  aid-de- 
camp, and  he  was  frequently  charged 
by  him  with  difficult  missions.  After 
Napoleon  became  emperor,  in  1803,  he 
was  appointed  a  count  of  the  empire. 
In  1S14  he  was  removed  from  the  post- 
office ;  but  on  the  20th  of  March,  1815, 
by  virtue  of  orders  from  Napoleon,  who 
entered  Paris  in  the  evening,  he  re- 
sumed his  former  duties,  and  gave  no- 
tice to  stop  the  departure  of  the  journals, 
dispatches,  and  travelling  post-horses 
without  signed  orders.  At  the  same 
time,  he  dispatched  a  courier  to  Napo- 
leon, to  describe  the  actual  condition  of 
the  capital.  On  the  2d  of  June  be  was 
nominated  a  peer.  On  the  second  res- 
toration in  July,  1P15,  he  was  deprived 
of  his  functions,  arrested  by  the  sub- 
prefect  of  police,  Decazes,  and  con- 
demned to  death  as  an  accomplice  in 
Bonaparte's  treason  against  the  royal 
authority.  An  appeal  having  been  re- 
jected, and  Madame  Lavalette's  appli- 
sation  for  pardon  being  declined,  his 
execution  was  fixed  for  the  21st  Deeem- 
oer.  On  the  evening  of  the  20th,  his 
wife,  her  daughter,  twelve  years  old, 
and  her  governess,  presented  them- 
selves at  the  prison  door  and  were  ad- 
mitted by  the  jailers  as  usual.  A  short 
time  after  the  daughter  and  governess 
reappeared,  supporting  Madame  Lava- 
lette,  apparently  in  great  affliction.  They 
were  scarcely  gone  when  the  turnkey 
nppeared  in  his  cell,  and  Lavalctte  was 
not  to  be  found — his  wife,  Madame  La- 
valctte, had  taken  his  place.  On  the 
escape  being  known,  his  wife  was  ar- 
rested, and  tried,  with  her  governess, 
Sir  Robert  Wilson,  and  Messrs.  Hutch- 
inson and  Bruce,  by  the  Cour  Royale. 
The  latter  were  condemned  to  a  short 
imprisonment,  and  she  and  the  gover- 
ness acquitted  ;  but  she  never  recovered 
the  shock  caused  to  her  nerves  and  con- 
stitution by  the  risks  to  which  her  noble 


fidelity  had  exposed  her.    A  fixed  men- 
tal alienation  succeeded. 

LAVATER,  John  Gaspah,  the  eelo* 
brated  physiognomist,  was  I.,  at  Zurich, 

in  1741.  lie  became  pastor  of  the  prin- 
cipal church  of  St.  Peter  at  his  native 
place,  and  was  distinguished  bv  his 
unwearied  zeal  in  behalf  of  practical 
Christianity.  lie  d.  in  1801,  in  cmiso- 
quence  of  a  wound  which  he  received 
in  1799,  when  the  French  troops  under 
Massena  took  Zurich  by  storm.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  "Treatise,  on  Phvsiog- 
nomy,"  the  ".Journal  of  a  Self-Ob 
server,"  "Jesus  the  Messiah,"  "Spir- 
itual Hymns,"  "Swiss  Lays,"  &C.  :  but 
the  work  by  which  he  is  universally 
known,  and  which  once  was  highly 
popular,  is  that  on  physiognomy,  l.a- 
vater  was  pious,  but  credulous ;  enthu- 
siastic, but  sincere. 

LAVICOMTERIE  de  St.  Sampson, 
Lours,  a  violent  partisan  of  the  French 
revolution,  who  wrote  "  Crimes  des 
Rois  de  France,"  "  Les  Crimes  des  Em- 
pereurs,"  and  "Les  Crimes  des  Popes." 
lie  became  a  member  of  the  convention 
in  1792  ;  voted  for  the  death  of  the 
king;  and,  in  1794,  was  ordered  by  the 
Jacobin  club  to  draw  up  the  "  AV  of 
Accusation  against  Kings."     I).  1809. 

LAVOISIER,  Anthony  Lacrenoe,  a 
celebrated  French  chemist,  was  b.  at 
Paris,  in  1743;  was  educated  at  Mazarin 
college  ;  and,  on  quitting  it,  devoted 
himself  wholly  to  the  sciences,  but  moro 
particularly  to  chemistry.  The  discov- 
eries of  Black,  Cavendish,  and  Priestley, 
relative  to  the  nature  of  elastic  fluids  or 
gases,  having  attracted  his  notice,  he 
entered  on  the  same  field  of  inquiry, 
with  all  his  characteristic  ardor,  in  the 
cause  of  science  ;  and,  possessing  the 
advantage  of  a  considerable  fortune,  ho 
conducted  his  experiments  on  a  large 
scale,  and  obtained  highly  interesting 
results.  His  new  theory  of  chemistry 
was  received  with  applause  in  Germany 
and  France,  though  strenuously  opposed 
by  Dr.  Priestley,  whose  phlogistic  hy- 
pothesis it  tended  to  overthrow.  In 
17^9  he  published  his  "Elements  of 
Chemistry,"  a  work  of  merit  and  im- 
portance, lie  succeeded  Buffon  and 
Tilct  as  treasurer  of  the  Academy,  and 
became  also  farmer-general  ;  but  not- 
withstanding his  talents  and  virtues,  ho 
was  condemned  to  death  by  the  revolu- 
tionary tribunal  of  Paris,  on  the  frivo- 
lous charge  of  having  adulterated  the 
tobacco  with  ingredients  obnoxious  to 
the  health  of  the  citizens,  and  was  guil- 
lotined in  1794.     Besides  his  Elements, 


574 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


[latt 


he  wrote  "Chemical  and  Philosophical 
Miscellanies,"  "  Keport  of  the  Cotnmis- 
sioncrs  charged  to  examine  Animal 
Magnetism,""  Instructions  for  making 
Nitre,"  &c. 

LAW,  Edmund,  a  learned  prelate,  was 
b.  at  Cartmel,  in  Lancashire,  in  1703 ; 
ami,  after  obtaining  various  church  pre- 
ferments, was  raised  to  the  see  of  Car- 
lisle in  17G9.  He  was  the  author  of 
many  able  theological  works,  among 
which  are,  "  Considerations  on  the  The- 
ory of  Religion,"  "  Reflections  on  the 
Life  and  Character  of  Christ,"  an  "  In- 
quiry into  the  Ideas  of  Space,  Time," 
oce.  D.  1787. — John,  a  celebrated  finan- 
cial projector,  was  b.  in  16S1,  at  Edin- 
burgh, where  his  father,  a  goldsmith, 
resided.  He  was  bred  to  no  profession, 
but  studied  the  mathematics,  and  par- 
ticularly excelled  as  an  accountant.  For 
the  purpose  of  remedying  the  deficiency 
of  a  circulating  medium,  he  projected 
the  establishment  of  a  bank,  with  paper 
issues,  to  the  amount  of  the  value  of  all 
the  lands  in  the  kingdom  ;  but  this 
scheme  was  rejected.  Having  seduced 
a  young  lady  in  England,  he  killed  her 
brother  in  a  duel,  and  was  obliged  to 
leave  the  country.  He  went  first  to 
Holland,  and  afterwards  to  Venice  and 
Genoa,  from  which  cities  he  was  ban- 
ished as  a  designing  adventurer;  but, 
at  length,  he  secured  the  patronage  of 
the  regent  duke  of  Orleans,  and  estab- 
lished his  bank  at  Paris,  1716,  by  royal 
authority.  To  this  was  joined  the  com- 
pany of  the  Mississippi,  a  pretended 
scheme  for  paying  oli'the  national  debt, 
and  for  enriching  subscribers.  The 
project  became  extravagantly  popular. 
and  every  one  converted  his  gold  and 
silver  into  paper.  In  1720  Law  was 
made  comptroller  of  the  finances.  The 
bubble,  however,  burst;  and  the  people, 
enraged,  besieged  the  palace  of  the  re- 
gent^ crying  out,  as  they  held  up  their 
hands  full  of  bills,  "See  the  fruits  of 
your  system."  Law  was  exile  I  to  Pon- 
toise,  from  whence  he  escaped  to  Italy, 
and  d.  at  Venice  in  1729. — William,  a 
nious  English  divine,  was  b.  at  King's 
Clitfe,  Northamptonshire,  in  168G  ;  was 
educated  at  Emanuel  college,  Cam- 
bridge ;  and  lived  for  the  most  part  a 
retired  life  at  the  bouso  of  Mrs.  Hester 
Gibbon,  aunt  of  the  celebrated  hid  tori  m, 
to  whom  he  had  been  tutor.  He  wrote 
against  Bishop  Hoadly,  and  was  also 
the  author  of  some  valuable  practical 
books,  as,  "A  Serious  Call  to  a  Devout 
and  Holy  Life,"  "A  Treatise  on  Chris- 
tian Perfection,"  &c.    In  his  latter  days 


he  fell  into  the  mystic  reveries  of  Jacob 
Behmen,  whose  works  he  published. 
D.  1761. 

LAWLESS,  John,  the  once  celebrated 
Irish  agitator,  was  a  native  of  Dublin, 
and  originally  designed  for  the  legal 
profession.  For  many  years  he  was  dis- 
tinguished as  a  leading  political  charac- 
ter with  the  liberals  of  Ireland  ;  and 
from  his  straightforward  and  fearless 
conduct,  he  acquired  from  all  parties 
the  title  of  "honest  Jack  Lawless.-' 
When  the  English  government  first 
proposed  to  grant  emancipation  to  the 
Irish  Catholics,  provided  their  clergy 
were  paid  by  the  state,  and  the  forty- 
shilling  freeholders  were  disfranchised, 
"  honest  Jack"  vehemently  opposed  the 
measure  in  the  Catholic  association,  and 
thereby  acquired  a  degree  of  popularity, 
which  aroused  the  jealousy  of  his  great 
rival  co-agitator.  His  eloquence  was 
energetic,  forcible,  and  convincing;  and 
it  is  generally  understood,  that  whatever 
might  have  been  the  faults  of  the  head, 
his  heart  was  sound  at  the  core.  D. 
1837. 

LAWRENCE,  Sir  Thomas,  the  most 
celebrated  portrait  painter  of  the  age, 
was  b.  in  1769,  at  Bristol,  where  his 
father  kept  an  inn.  He  early  exhibited 
proofs  of  his  talent  for  the  art,  having, 
it  is  said,  sketched  portraits  in  his  fifth 
year.  At  the  age  of  6  he  was  sent  to 
school,  where  he  remained  two  years  ; 
and  this,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
lessons  subsequently  in  Latin  and 
Freuch,  constituted  his  whole  educa- 
tion. Young  Lawrence,  however,  had 
access  to  the  galleries  of  some  of  the 
neighboring  gentry,  in  which  he  em- 
ployed himself  in  copying  historical  and 
other  pieces.  In  17^2  his  father,  who 
had  been  unsuccessful  in  business,  re- 
moved to  Bath,  where  his  sou  was  much 
employed  in  taking  portraits  in  crayon ; 
and  having  made  a  copy  of  the  Trans- 
figuration by  Raphael,  the  society  for 
the  encouragement  of  arts  bestowed  on 
him  their  prize  of  five  guineas  and  a 
silver  palette.  In  1787  the  family  re- 
moved to  London,  and  Lawrence  was 
admitted  a  student  at  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy. His  subsequent  career  was  suc- 
cessful and  brilliant.  He  was  elected 
royal  associate  in  1791,  and  on  the  death 
of  Sir  J.  Reynolds,  the  next  year,  was 
made  painter  to  the  king.  After  the 
peace  of  1814  he  painted  the  portraits  of 
the  allied  sovereigns,  and  the  generals 
Blueher,  Platorf,  and  Wellington;  also 
Louis  XVIII.  and  Charles  X.  of  Franco: 
besides  numerous  others,  consisting  of 


led] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


575 


the  principal  nobility  of  England,  the 
pope,  Cardinal  Consul  vi,  and  many 
other  distinguished   personages, on  the 

Continent.  On  tlie  death  of  Mr.  West, 
in  1820,  Sir  T.  Lawrence  was  elected 
president  of  the  Royal  Academy.  D. 
1880. 

LE13RUN,  Charles,  a  celebrated  pain- 
ter, was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1618.  He  studied 
under  Vouet  and  Poussin;  and.  after 
his  return  from  Rome,  was  made  presi- 
dent of  the  new  royal  academy  of  paint- 
ing and  sculpture.  From  1661  lie  was 
principally  employed  in  embellishing 
the  residences  of  Louis  XIV  and  his 
nobles  witli  works  of  art,  and  in  super- 
intending the  brilliant  spectacles  of'the 
court.  Lcbrun  possessed  a  comprehen- 
sive genius,  which  was  cultivated  by  the 
incessant  study  of  history  and  national 
customs.     He  wrote   a  treatise,  on  the 

Sissions,  and  another  on  physiognomy. 
.  1690. — Charles  Francis,  duke  of 
Plaeentia,  was  b.  in  1739,  at  Coutances, 
in  Normandy ;  came  at  an  early  age  to 
Paris;  and  being  nominated  deputy  to 
the  states-general  in  1789,  he  occupied 
himself,  during  the  session,  with  affairs 
of  police,  finance,  and  domestic  adminis- 
tration. In  1795  he  was  elected  to  the 
council  of  elders,  and  became  president 
in  1796.  He  was  appointed  third  consul 
in  December,  1799 ;  nominated  arch- 
trensurer  of  the  empire  in  1S<~>4;  and,  in 
1805,  governor-general  of  Lignria  and 
duke  of  Plaeentia.  Having  signed  the 
constitution  that  recalled  the  house  of 
Bourbon  to  the  throne,  he  was  created 
a  peer  of  France  by  the  king,  and,  in 
the  beginning  of  July,  was  appointed 
president  of  the  first  bureau  of  the 
chamber  of  peers.  After  the  return  of 
Napoleon,  he  accepted  the  peerage  from 
him.  and  likewise  the  place  of  grand- 
master cf  the  university,  a  proceeding 
wh'ch  rendered  him  incapable  of  sitting 
in  the  new  chamber  of  peers,  formed  in 
August,  lSlo.  In  the  early  part  of  his 
life  he  translated  the  Iliad  ana  Odvsscv, 
and  Tasso's  "Jerusalem."  D.  1824.— 
Ponce  Denis  Eoodchard,  a  French  poet, 
■who  for  a  time  obtained  the  appellation 
of  the  French  Pindar,  was  b.  in  1729; 
became  secretary  to  the  prince  of  Conti, 
and  early  distinguished  himself  as  a 
writer  of  elegant  lyrics.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution,  he  cele- 
brated the  birth  of  freedom  in  odes, 
epigrams,  and  songs ;  but  afterward 
changed  his  opinions.  When  the  acad- 
emical establishments  were  reorganized, 
Lebrun  became  a  member  of  the  insti- 
tute; ai  d  he  received  from  Bonaparte, 
42 


when  first  consul,  a  pension  cf  C000 
francs.     D.  1807. 

LECLERC,  Daniel,  an  eminent  medi- 
cal writer,  was  a  native  of  Geneva.  His 
chief  writings  are,  "Bihliotheca  Ana- 
toraica,"  "  Ilistoire  de  la  Mcdeci.:e,''  and 
"Historia  latorum  Lumbricorum.  I). 
1728. — John,  an  eminent  critic,  b.  at 
Geneva,  in  1657.  He  was  the  author  of 
numerous  works;  among  which  are, 
"  Ars  Critica,"  "Harmonia  Evangelica," 
and  three  voluminous  '•  Bibliothequcs." 
He  was  professor  of  philosophy,  belies 
lettrcs,  and  Hebrew,  at  Amsterdam, 
where  he  d.  in  1 7-JG.  So  prone  was  he 
to  dogmatize,  and  so  impatient  of  con- 
tradiction, that  he  has  been  styled  the 
self-constituted  inquisitor  of  the  repub- 
lic of  literature. 

LECOMTE,  Felix,  a  celebrated  French 
sculptor.  Having  obtained  a  prize  for  a 
bas-relief  of  the  Massacre  of  the  Inno- 
cents, while  he  was  a  pupil  of  Yasse,  he 
was  sent  to  Rome  as  a  pensionary  of  the 
French  school  of  arts.  His  statue  of 
Phorbas  preserving  (Edipas  procured 
him  admission  into  the  Academy  ;  but, 
the  statue  of  Fenelon,  which  ornaments 
the  hall  of  the  national  institute,  is  con- 
sidered his  chef-d'oeuvre.  During  the 
revolution  he  lived  in  retirement;  but, 
at  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons,  he 
was  nominated  professor  in  the  academy 
of  sculpture.     D.  1817. 

LEDYARD,  John,  an  adventurous 
traveller,  was  b.  at  Groton,  Conn.,  1751. 
For  a  short  time  he  resided  among  the 
Six  Nations,  with  whose  language  and 
manners  he  became  acquainted.  He 
then  went  to  England,  enlisted  as  a  ma- 
rine, and  sailed  with  Captain  Cook  on 
his  second  voyage,  of  which  he  published 
an  account.  He  next  determined  to 
make  the  tcv.r  of  the  globe  from  London 
east,  on  foot,  and  proceeded  to  St.  Pe- 
tersburg in  the  prosecution  of  this  de- 
sign, through  the  most  unfrequented 
parts  of  Finland.  After  waiting  there 
nearly  three  months,  he  obtained  his 
passport  for  the  prosecution  of  his  jour- 
ney to  Siberia.  On  his  arrival  at  Ya- 
kutsk, he  was  prevented  by  the  Russian 
commandant  of  the  place  from  proceed- 
ing any  further;  and  was  conducted  to 
the  frontiers  of  Poland,  with  a  threat  of 
being  consigned  to  the  hands  of  the  ex- 
ecutioner, should  he  again  be  found  in 
the  Russian  territories.  He  was  next 
employed  by  the  African  Association  to 
explore  the  interior  of  Africa;  but  ho 
had  proceeded  no  further  than  Grand 
Cairo,  when  he  was  attacked  with  a  fatal 
disease,  and  d.  in  1788. 


576 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[lee 


LEE,  Arthur,  an  eminent  patriot, 
was  b.  in  Virginia,  in  1740,  ami  received 
his  education  in  England,  taking  his 
degree  of  M.D.  at  the  university  of  Ed- 
inburgh, lie  then  returned  to  his  native 
state,  and  for  some  years  practised  physic 
at  Williamsburg,  but  political  affairs 
were  then  assuming  so  interesting  an 
aspect,  that  he  again  went  to  England, 
and  entered  on  the  study  of  law  in  the 
Temple.  In  1770  he  visited  London, 
and  became  a  member  of  the  famous 
society  of  the  supporters  of  the  bill  of 
rights.  His  political  publications  at  this 
period,  under  the  signature  of  "Junius 
Americanos, "  were  numerous,  and  pro- 
cured for  him  the  acquaintance  of  the 
leaders  of  the  popular  party.  In  1776 
he  was  appointed  minister  to  Fiance,  in 
conjunction  with  Dr.  Franklin  and  Mr. 
Deane,  and  assisted  in  negotiating  the 
treaty  with  that  nation.  In  1779,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  false  accusations  of  Mr. 
Deane,  complaints  of  his  political  eon- 
duct  were  freely  circulated  at  home,  and 
in  the  following  year  he  resigned  his 
appointments  and  returned.  In  1781 
he  was  elected  to  the  assembly  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  by  this  body  returned  to  con- 
gress, where  he  continued  to  represent 
the  state  till  178^.  In  1784  he  was  em- 
ployed to  arrange  a  treaty  with  the  six 
Indian  nations.  He  was  next  called  to 
the  board  of  treasury,  where  he  con- 
tinued till  1789,  when  he  went  into  re- 
tirement. D.  1792. — Charles,  a  major- 
general  in  the  army  of  the  American 
revolution,  was  b.  in  North  Wales,  and 
became  an  officer  at  the  age  of  11  years. 
He  served  at  an  early  age  in  America, 
and  afterwards  distinguished  himself 
under  Gen.  Burgoync  in  Portugal.  lie 
subsequently  entered  the  Polish  service, 
wandered  all  over  Europe,  killed  an 
Italian  officer  in  a  duel,  and,  in  1773, 
sailed  for  New  York.  Espousing  the 
cause  of  the  colonies,  he  received  a 
commission  from  congress  in  1775,  with 
the  rank  of  major-general.  In  1776  he 
was  invested  with  the  command  at  New 
York,  and  afterwards  with  the  chief  com- 
mand in  the  southern  department.  In 
December,  1776,  he  was  made  prisoner  by 
the  English,  as  he  lay  carelessly  guarded 
at  a  considerable  distance  from  the  main 
body  of  the  army  in  New  Jersey.  He 
was  kept  prisoner  till  the  snrrender  of 
Burgoync,  in  1777,  and  treated  in  a  man- 
ner unworthy  of  a  generous  enemy.  In 
1778  he  was  arraigned  before  a  court- 
martial,  in  consequence  of  his  miscon- 
duct at  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  and 
was  suspended  from  any  commission  in 


the  army  of  the  United  States  for  one 
year.  He  retired  to  a  hovel  in  Virginia. 
living  in  entire  seclusion,  surrounded 
by  his  books  and  his  dogs.  In  1782  he 
went  to  reside  at  Philadelphia,  where 
he  d.  in  obscurity,  in  October  of  the 
same  year.  lie  was  a  man  of  much 
energy  and  courage,  with  considerable 
literarv  attainments,  but  morose  and 
avaricious.  He  published  essays  on 
military,  literary,  and  political  subjects, 
which  with  his  extensive  correspond- 
ence were  collected  in  a  volume  in  1792. 
The  authorship  of  the  Letters  of  Junius 
has  been  ascribed  to  him. — Henry,  a 
distinguished  officer  in  the  revolutionary 
army,  was  b.  in  Virginia,  1756,  and  was 
graduated  at  the  college  in.  Princeton. 
In  1776  he  was  a  captain  of  one  of  the 
six  companies  of  cavalry,  raised  by  Vir- 
ginia, and  afterwards  incorporated  into 
one  regiment,  and  in  1777  added  to  the 
main  body  of  the  provincials.  At  the 
battle  of  Germantown,  Lee  was  selected 
with  his  company,  to  attend  Washing- 
ton as  his  body-guard.  In  1780,  being 
raised  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel, 
he  was  sent  with  his  legion  to  the  army 
of  the  South,  under  Gen.  Greene,  and 
continued  with  it  till  the  end  of  the  war. 
He  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle 
of  Eutaw  springs,  and  in  the  ensuing 
October  was  sent  on  a  special  commis- 
sion to  the  commander-in-chief,  then 
employed  in  the  siege  of  Yorktown ;  in 
1786  he  was  appointed  a  delegate  to 
congress,  from  the  state  of  Virginia,  and 
remained  in  that  body  till  the  adoption 
of  the  present  constitution.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  state  convention  which 
ratified  that  instrument,  and  in  1792  he 
was  raised  to  the  chair  of  governor  of 
Virginia.  In  1799  he  was  again  a  mem- 
ber of  congress,  and,  while  there,  se- 
lected to  pronounce  a  funeral  oration  on 
the  death  of  Washington.  The  latter 
years  of  his  life  were  embarrassed  by 
want,  and  it  was  while  confined  for  debt 
in  the  limits  of  Spottsylvania  county, 
that  he  prepared  for  publication  his  ex- 
cellent "  Memoirs  of  the  Southern  Cam- 
paign." He  was  severely  wounded 
during  the  riot  in  Baltimore,  in  1814, 
and  his  health  rapidly  declined.  He  d. 
1818. — Francis  Lightfoot,  a  signer  of 
the  declaration  of  independence,  was  b. 
in  Virginia,  1734.  He  inherited  a  large 
fortune,  and  in  1765  became  a  member 
of  the  house  of  burgesses  of  his  native 
state,  and  continued  in  that  body  till 
1775,  when  he  was  chosen  a  member  of 
the  continental  congress.  He  remained 
in  this  assembly  till  1779,  when  he  en- 


leg] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


577 


tercd  the  legislature  of  his  native  state. 
1).  I7i<7. — Richard  Henry,  an  eminent 
American  patriot,  and  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  independence,  was  b.  in 
Virginia,  1732,  and  received  his  educa- 
tion in  England.  He  returned  to  his 
native  country  when  in  his  nineteenth 
year,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  general 
study  of  history,  politics,  law.  and  polite 
literature,  without  engaging  in  any  par- 
ticular profession.  In  his  twenty-fifth 
year  he  was  chosen  a  delegate  to  the 
house  of  burgesses,  where  he  soon  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  powers  in 
debate.  In  1764  he  was  appointed  to 
draught  an  address  to  the  king,  and  a 
memorial  to  the  house  of  lords,  which 
a:c  among  the  best  state  papers  of  the 
period.  His  efforts  in  resisting  the  va- 
rious encroachments  of  the  British  gov- 
ernment were  indefatigable,  and  in  1774 
he  attended  the  first  general  congress  at 
Philadelphia,  as  a  delegate  from  Virginia. 
He  was  a  member  of  most  of  the  im- 
portant committees  of  this  body,  and 
labored  with  increasing  vigilance  and 
energy.  The  memorial  of  congress  to 
the  people  of  British  America,  and  the 
second  address  of  congress  to  the  peo- 
ple of  Great  Britain,  were  both  from  his 
pen.  In  June,  1776,  he  introduced  the 
measure  that  declared  the  colonics  free 
and  independent  states,  and  supported 
it  by  a  speech  of  the  most  brilliant  elo- 
quence. He  continued  to  hold  a  seat 
in  congress  till  June,  1777,  when  he 
solicited  leave  of  absence,  on  account  of 
the  delicate  state  of  his  health.  In  Au- 
gust of  the  next  year  he  was  again  elect- 
ed to  congress,  and  continued  in  that 
body  till  1780,  when  he  declined  a  re- 
election till  1784.  In  that  year  he  was 
chosen  president  of  congress,  but  re- 
tired at  the  close  of  it,  and  in  1786  was 
again  chosen  a  member  of  the  Virginia 
assembly.  He  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
vention which  adopted  the  present  con- 
stitution of  the  United  States,  and  one  of 
the  first  senators  under  it.  In  1702  he 
again  retired  from  public  life.  D.  1794. 
— Nathaniel,  a  dramatist,  was  b.  at  Hat- 
lield,  in  Hertfordshire;  was  educated  at 
Westminster  school,  and  at  Trinity  col- 
lege, Cambridge  ;  tried  his  fortune  as 
an  actor  and  a  writer  for  the  stage  ;  be- 
came insane,  and  was  confined  in  Bed- 
lam for  two  years,  and  d.,  in  poverty, 
in  16112,  of  injuries  received  during  a 
drunken  frolic.  He  wrote  eleven  trage- 
dies, of  which  "  The  Eival  Queens," 
and  "Theodosius,"  are  the  best:  and  he 
assisted  Dryden  in  writing  "  (Edipns," 
and  "  The  Duke  of  Guise."  Lee  pos- 
ts 


sessed  genius,  but  was  deficient  in  judg- 
ment;  and  his  style  is  often  bombastic. 
— Sophia,  the  daughter  of  an  able  actor, 
was  b.  in  London,  in  1750.  Her  first 
literary  attempt,  which,  however,  was 
not  published  till  many  years  after  i*. 
was  written,  was  "  The  Life  of  a  Lover." 
In  1780  her  comedy  of  the  "Chapter  of 
Accidents"  was  so  successful  that  the 
profits  of  it  enabled  her  to  establish,  at 
Bath,  an  academy  for  young  ladies, 
which  was  conducted  by  herself  and 
her  Bisters.  Her  novel  of'"  The  Recess" 
established  her  fame.  In  1808 she  retired 
from  her  toils  of  tuition;  and  she  d. 
March  18,  1824.  She  wrote,  besides  the 
above  works,  "Almevda,"  a  tragedy; 
"The  Assassination,"  a  comedy;  "A 
Hermit's  Tale,"  a  poem  ;  and  'two  of 
the  stories  in  her  sister's  "Canterbury 
Tales."  J 

LEGARE,  High  Swinton,  was  b.  at 
Charleston,  S.  0.,  in  1797;  was  grad- 
uated at  the  college  of  Columbia  ;  stud- 
ied law  in  his  native  place,  and  after- 
wards at  Paris  and  Edinburgh ;  was 
elected  to  the  state  legislature  in  1820, 
and  made  attorney-general  of  the  state 
in  1830.  On  the  establishment  of  the 
"Southern  Review"  in  1837,  he  was 
chosen,  jointly  with  Mr.  Elliott,  to  be 
the  editor.  He  enriched  its  pages  with 
some  of  his  best  writings.  In  1832  he 
was  made  charge  d'affaires  to  Belo-ium. 
Mr.  Tyler  appointed  him  attorney-gen- 
eral of  the  United  States  in  1841.  D. 
1843.  In  addition  to  his  articles  in  the 
Southern  Review,  he  wrote  for  the 
"  New  York  Review"  several  able  and 
learned  papers,  such  as  "Demosthenes," 
"Origin,  history,  and  influence  of  the 
Roman  Law,"  and  "Democracy  at 
Athens." 

LEGENDRE,  Adrien  Marie,  one  of 
the  first  mathematicians  of  the  aire, 
filled  the  professor's  chair  at  the  military 
school  at  Paris,  was  a  member  of  the 
French  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  a 
knight  of  the  legion  of  honor.  In  1787 
he  was  employed  by  the  French  govern- 
ment to  assist  Cassini  and  others,  in 
obtaining  accurate  estimates  of  the  rela- 
tive meridional  situations  of  Paris  and 
Greenwich.  He  also  distinguished  him- 
self by  very  profound  researches  con- 
cerning the  attraction  of  elliptic  sphe- 
roids, and  was  the  first  who  demon- 
strated that  the  ellipse  is  the  only  figure 
in  which  the  equilibrium  of  a  homoge- 
neous fluid  mass  can  be  preserved  under 
the  influence  of  rotatory  motion,  and 
that  all  its  component  molecules  would 
be   mutually  attracted   in   the    invents 


578 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAVHY. 


[lei 


ratio  of  the  squares  of  their  distances. 
Oi  the  formation  of  the  Institute  lie 
became  a  member  of  that  holy;  and 
under  til's  iciperial  government  he  was 
nominated  a  counsellor  for  life  of  the 
university  of  Paris.  In  1815  he  was 
ma  le  an  honorary  member  of  the  coun- 
cil of  public  instruction;  and  in  1816, 
conjointly  with  M.  Poisson,  examiner 
of  candidates  for  the  Polyteclmi  - 
Anion:.'  his  works  are,  "Elemens  de 
Geometric,"  "  Me  moires  sur  les  Trans- 
eendantea  Elliptiques,"  "  Nonvelle The- 
orie  des  Paralleles,"  &c.  D.  Is32.— 
Louis,  a  French  historian,  b.  at  Rouen, 
in  16-59;  he  was  canon  of  Notre  Dame, 
an  1  abbot  of  Claire  Fontaine,  in  the 
diocese  of  Chartres.  His  principal  work 
(for  he  was  the  author  of  several)  is  a 
".History  of  France."     D.  1733. 

LEGER,  Francis  Barry  Boyle,  St., 
barrister-at-Iaw ;  author  of  "Gilbert 
Earle,"  the  '-Blount  Manuscripts,"  and 
"  Tales  of  Passion."  He  was  also  editor 
of  the  "Alburn,"  and  a  contributor  to 
several  periodical  publications.  D.  1829. 
IjEGGETT,  William,  was  b.  in  the 
city  of  New  York  about  1802,  was  edu- 
cated at  the  college  of  Georgetown,  D. 
C.,  but  did  not  take  a  degree,  accompa- 
nied his  parents  to  Illinois  in  1819. 
where  they  were  among  the  earliest  set- 
tlers, and  obtained  a  midshipman's 
warrant  in  1826,  but  retired  from  the 
navy  on  account  of  the  arbitrary  con- 
duct of  one  of  his  superior  officers. 
(Shortly  after  he  left  the  service  he  pub- 
lishe  1  a  volume  of  occasional  verses,  j 
called  "  Leisure  Hours  at  Sea,"  and 
wrote  the  tale  of  the  "Rifle,"  which 
attracted  great  attention.  In  1822  he 
establis.ie  I  in  this  city  a  periodical 
named  the  "Critic,"  which  was  con- 
ducted with  marked  ability.  His  "  Tales 
of  a  Country  Schoolmaster,"  and 
"Sketches  of  the  Sea,"  were  collected 
from  its  pages.  Tn  1829  he  became  joint 
editor  with  Mr.  Bryant  in  the  "  New  York 
Evening  Post,"  where  he  displayed  the 
noblest  e  litorial  energy  and  talent.  In 
18  '6  he  published  the"  "Plaindealer," 
a  weekly  paper  of  high  character.  In 
1^40  Mr.  Vim  Buren  appointed  him 
chargj  to  Guatemiia,  but  he  d.  while 
he  was  preparing  to  set  out. 

LEGODVE,  Gabriel  Marie  Jean 
Bavtiste,  a  French  dramatist  and  poet, 
Wits  b.  in  17ti4,  at  Paris ;  and  was  ad- 
mitted as  a  member  of  the  Institute  in 
17'J8.  He  wrote  six  tragedies  and  sev- 
eral poems.     D.  1813. 

LEIBNITZ.  Gottfried  "Wilhelm, 
Baron,  a  man  of  splendid  abilities,  was 


b.  in  164G,  at  Lcipsic,  in  which  city  his 
father  was  a  professor  of  jurisprudence 
and  moral  philosophy.  After  -studying 
at  Jena  and  Nuremberg,  he  removed  to 
the  court  of  Mentz,  and  was  appointed 
a  counsellor.  In  1>572  he  went  to  Paris, 
where  he  applied  himself  to  mathe- 
matics, and  enjoyed  the  acquaintance  of 
the  celebrated  Ilnygens,  whose  expecta- 
tions he  answered  by  the  invention  of 
an  arithmetical  mac. due.  Tiie  elector 
of  Brandenburg  (afterwards  Frederic  I 
kin.'  of  Prussia)  requested  his  advice  in 
the  "establishment  of  the  royal  academy 
of  sciences  at  Berlin,  and,  when  com- 
pleted, made  him  president  of  the  insti- 
tution. In  1711  he  was  made  Aulic 
councillor  to  the  emperor  of  Germany: 
and  the  emperor  of  Russia  appointed 
him  privy  councillor  of  justice,  with  a 
pension.  lie  was,  after  this,  engaged 
in  a  controversy  with  Dr.  Clarke,  on  the 
subject  of  free  will,  as  he  had  been  be 
fore  with  Newton  on  the  invention  of 
fluxions.  His  philosophical  writings 
are  very  numerous,  and  he  crowned  his 
literary  fame  by  an  "Essai  sur  l'Enten- 
dement  Humain."  According  to  the 
Leibuitzian  system  of  optimism,  an  infi- 
nite number  of  worlds  arc  possible  in 
the  divine  understanding;  but,  of  all 
possible  ones,  God  has  chosen  and 
formed  the  best.  Each  being  is  inten  led 
to  attain  the  highest  degree  of  happi- 
ness of  which  it  is  capable,  and  is  to 
contribute,  as  a  part,  to  the  perfection 
of  the  whole.     D.  1716. 

LEICESTER,  Thomas  William,  earl 
of,  and  Viscount  Coke,  was  distin- 
guished throughout  a  long  and  active 
life  as  one  of  the  most  princely  and  effi- 
cient of  all  the  improvers  of  English 
agriculture.  When  upwards  of  8.3  years 
of  age  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage.  He 
was  twice  married.  By  his  first  mar- 
riage he  had  three  daughters;  and  by 
the  second,  contracted  when  he  Was  70 
years  of  age  and  the  bride  not  19,  fivo 
sons  and  one  daughter.  He  sat  in  par- 
liament for  many  years  previous  to  his 
elevation  to  the  peerage,  and  always 
spoke  and  voted  ou  the  Whig  side. 
D.  1842,  aged  90. 

LEIGHTON,  Alexander,  a  Scotch 
divine  and  physician,  was  b.  at  Edin- 
burgh, in  1">*58.  He  became  professor 
of  moral  philosophy  in  that  university, 
but  afterwards  went  to  Leyden,  and 
took  his  doctor's  degree.  He  then 
visited  London,  where  he  had  a  rector- 
ship, till  he  was  prosecuted  in  the  stai 
chamber  for  publishing  two  libels,  on« 
entitled  "Zion's  Plea,"  and  the  othei 


len] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


579 


"The  Looking-glass  of  the  Holy  War." 
He  was  sentenced  to  stand  in  the  pillory, 
to  have  his  cars  cut  off,  his  nose  slit, 
branded  on  the  cheek,  publicly  whipped, 
and  imprisoned  in  the  Fleet,  where  he 
remained  11  years,  and  d.  insane,  in 
1644. — Robert,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  b.  in  London,  in  1(313;  he  received 
his  education  at  Edinburgh  ;  and  in 
] 64-3  settled  as  minister  of  Newbottle, 
near  that  city,  lie  then  quitted  the 
Presbyterian  church  for  the  Episcopal . 
was  successively  principal  of  Edinburgh 
university,  bishop  of  Dumblanc,  and 
archbishop  of  Glasgow;  and  d.  in  1684. 
Ho  was  a  good  theologian,  an  eloquent 
preacher,  and  a  pious  and  disinterested 
man. 

LELAND,  John,  an  English  anti- 
quary, was  b.  in  London,  about  the  end 
of  Henry  VII.'s  reign;  was  educated  at 
St.  Paul's  school,  Christ's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  All  Soul's,  Oxford ;  and 
was  made  chaplain  and  librarian  to 
Henry  VIII.,  who  also  appointed  him 
his  antiquary,  with  a  commission  to 
examine  all  the  libraries  of  the  cathe- 
drals, abbeys,  and  colleges  in  the  king- 
dom. He  spent  six  years  in  travelling 
to  collect  materials  for  the  history  and 
antiquities  of  England  and  Wales;  and 
retired  to  his  house  in  London,  to  ar- 
range and  methodize  the  stores  of  intel- 
ligence which  he  had  collected;  but, 
.after  about  two  years,  he  d.  insane  in 
1552,  without  having  completed  his 
undertaking.  The  great  bulk  of  his 
collections,  after  passing  through  various 
hands,  was  placed  in  the  Bodleian  li- 
brary, in  an  unfinished  state.  Hearne 
published  his  "Itinerary"  and  "Col- 
lectanea," and  Hall  edited  his  "  Com- 
rnentarii  deSeriptoribus  Britannicis." — 
John,  a  dissenting  minister;  author  of 
"  A  View  of  the  Principal  Deistical 
Writers  in  England,"  "The  Advantage 
and  Necessity  of  the  Christian  Revela- 
tion," and  "Sermons."  He  also  wrote 
against  Tindal,  Dodwell,  and  Boling- 
broke.  B.  1891;  d.  1768.— Thomas,  'a 
divine  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b. 
in  1722,  at  Dublin,  and  was  educated  at 
Trinity  college.  In  1768  the  lord  lieu- 
tenant appointed  him  his  chaplain,  and 
subsequently  gave  him  the  vicarage  of 
Bray,  and  a  prebend  in  St.  Patrick's 
cathedral.  He  was  the  author  of  a  "His- 
tory of  Ireland,"  "The  Life  of  Philip 
of  Maecdon,"  "  A  Dissertation  on  the 
Principles  of  Human  Eloquence,"  &c. 
D.  1785. 

LELY,  Sir  Peter,  a  celebrated  paint- 
9r,  whose  family  name  was  Vander  Vaes, 


was  b.  at  Snest,  in  Westphalia,  in  1617, 
anil  was  a  pupil  of  Grebber,  of  Hat  Hem. 
In  1611  he  went  to  England,  and  from 
that  period  he  gradually  rose  in  reputa- 
tion, lie  finished  portraits  botn  <>f 
Charles  1.  and  Cromwell,  but  it  was  not 
till  the  restoration  that  he  reached  the 
height  of  fume  and  prosperity.  He  fell 
in  with  the  voluptuous  taste  of  the  now 
court,  in  his  representation  of  the  beau- 
tics  who  adorned  it ;  and  by  the  delicacy 
and  grace  of  his  pencil,  became  the 
favorite  painter,  and  was  knighted  by 
Charles  11.,  who  highly  esteemed  him. 
D.  1680. 

LEMONNIER,  Peter  Ciiari.es,  an 
eminent  French  astronomer,  was  1).  at 
Paris  in  1715,  and  accompanied  Mau- 
pertuis  in  his  tour  towards  the  north 
pole  for  measuring  a  degree  of  the  me- 
ridian. He  wrote  several  works  on  the 
science,  and  had  the  honor  of  number- 
ing among  his  pupils  the  celebrated 
Lalande.  D.  1796. — Louis  William, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  was  first  phy- 
sician to  the  King,  and  professor  of 
botany  at  the  Jardin  du  Roi.  After 
narrowly  escaping  destruction  during 
the  French  revolution,  he  retired  to 
Montreuil,  where  he  d.  in  177t>.  lie  was 
the  author  of  "  Observations  d'Histoirc 
Naturelle,"  &c,  and  a  contributor  to  the 
Encyclopedic  and  other  scientific  works. 

LEMPRIERE,  John,  an  eminent  clas- 
sical scholar,  was  a  native  of  Jersey; 
received  his  education  at  Reading,  Win- 
chester, and  Pembroke  college,  Oxford, 
graduated  at  that  university  ;  was  head- 
master of  Abingdon  grammar-school, 
and  afterwards  of  the  school  at  Exeter; 
and  on  resigning  the  latter,  was  pre- 
sented to  the  livimrs  of  Mcelh  and 
Newton  Petrock,  in  Devonshire,  which 
he  held  till  his  decease,  in  1824.  His 
principal  works  are,  the  "  Bibliotheea 
Classic i,  or  Classical  Dictionary,"  and  a 
"  Universal  Biography." 

L'ENCLOS,  Anne,  or  Ninon  dk,  a 
celebrated  female,  distinguished  alike 
by  beauty,  wit,  and  accomplishments, 
was  b.  at'Paris  in  1616.  She  was  left)  at 
an  early  age  the  mistress  of  a  goo  1  for- 
tune ;  and  being  possessed  of  the  high- 
est personal  as  well  as  intellectual 
charms,  and  giving  free  scope  to  the  in- 
dulgence of  her  passions,  it  is  no  won 
der  that  she  drew  around  her  a  circle 
of  lovers  and  suitors,  distinguished 
cither  for  their  rank  or  gallantry;  but 
her  love  of  independence,  or  a  more  un- 
worthy cause,  prevented  her  from  form- 
in?  a  serious  connection.  Without  ma- 
king a  traffic  of  her  charms,  she  attached 


580 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF     BIOGRAPHY. 


[LEO 


herself  to  those  who  pleased  her;  and 
having  extended  her  favors,  in  succes- 
sion, to  the  most  celebrated  men  of  her 
time,  she  proved  to  all  she  was  quite  as 
regardless  of  constancy  in  her  attach- 
ments. This  modern  Lais  was  coun- 
tenanced, complimented,  and  consulted 
by  some  of  the  most  eminent  writers  of 
the  day.  Scarron,  we  are  told,  consulted 
her  on  his  romances,  St.  Evremont  on 
his  poems,  Moliere  on  his  comedies, 
Fo.ntenelle  on  his  dialogues,  and  Roche- 
foucauld on  his  maxims.  Her  friendship 
was  sought  by  some  of  the  most  respect- 
able of  her  own  sex.  "'The  power  of 
her  natural  beauty,"  says  one  of  her 
biographers,  '•  was  indeed  tragically 
illustrated  by  the  often-told  adventure 
of  one  of  her  own  sons,  who  being 
brought  up  in  ignorance  of  his  birth, 
fell  desperately  in  love  with  his  mother, 
and  when  she  discovered  to  him  the 
fatal  secret,  he,  in  a  fit  of  despair  and 
desperation,    stabbed    himself   in    her 

Eresence !"  This  terrible  event  has 
een  introduced  by  Le  Sage  into  his  Gil 
Bias.  D.  1705,  in  the  'JOth  year  of  her 
age. 

LENFANT,  James,  a  French  Prot- 
estant divine,  was  b.  1691,  and  d.  1728. 
He  published  histories  of  the  councils 
of  Constance,  B*sle,  and  Pisa,  very 
faithfully  written.  He  likewise  trans- 
lated the  New  Testament  into  French, 
with  notes,  in  conjunction  with  Beau- 
sobre.  His  other  works  are,  a  "  History 
of  Pope  Joan,"  "  Sermons,"  a  "  Pre- 
servative against  Uniting  with  the 
Church  of  Koine,"  &c. 

LENGLET  DU  FRESNOY,  Nich- 
olas, a  French  writer,  was  b.  at  Bcau- 
vais,  in  1674.  He  was  an  ecclesiastic, 
but  so  much  given  to  satire  and  political 
intrigues,  that  he  was  frequently  sent 
to  the  Bastille.  His  deatli  was  occa- 
sioned by  falling  into  the  fire  in  1755. 
Among "liis  voluminous  works,  the  best 
are,  his  "  Method  for  Studying  History" 
and  "  Chronological  Tablets  of  Univer- 
sal History,"  which  have  been  translated 
into  English. 

LENNOX,  Charlotte,  a  female  of 
considerable  literary  abilities,  was  b.  in 
1720.  Her  father,  Colonel  Ramsay,  was 
lieutenant-governor  of  New  York,  by 
whom  she  was  sent  to  England,  where 
she  married  early,  and  was  left  a  widow 
witli  one  child.  In  1647  she  published 
a  volume  of  poems,  and  1751  her  novel 
of  "  Harriet  Stuart,"  which  was  followed 
the  next  year,  by  "  The  Female  Quixote" 
and  u  Shakspearc  Illustrated."  After 
this  appeared,  in  quick  succession,  sev- 


eral works  translated  ft  m  the  French, 
and  the  novels  of  "Henrietta"  and 
"  Euphcmia."  She  was  also  the  author 
of  some  dramatic  pieces.  Her  character 
was  unimpeachable,  and  she  was  highly 
respected  by  Dr.  Johnson  and  Samuel 
Richardson;  but  in  her  declining  year3 
she  was  doomed  to  penury  and  sickness, 
and  had  it  not  been  for  the  relief  af- 
forded her  by  the  Literary  Fund  So- 
ciety, her  latter  days  must  have  been 
truly  miserable.     D.  1804. 

LENOTRE,  Andrew,  a  French  ar- 
chitect and  ornamental  gardener,  was  b. 
in  1618,  and  studied  painting  under 
Vouet.  He  was  a  great  favorite  of 
Louis  XIV.,  and  his  plans  for  tho 
decoration  of  the  park  of  Versailles 
contributed  principally  to  establish  his 
reputation.  Delille  has  celebrated  tho 
talents  of  Lenotre,  whose  style  of  orna- 
mental planting  was  fashionable,  not 
only  in  France  but  in  England,  till 
it  was  superseded  by  the  more  natural 
stvle  introduced  by  Kent,  Brown,  &c. 
D.  1700. 

LENTIIALL,  William,  an  English 
statesman  of  the  17th  century,  was  b.  at 
Henley,  in  Oxfordshire,  in  1591.  In 
163'J  he  was  elected  into  parliament  for 
Woodstock,  and  in  1640  he  was  chosen 
speaker,  but  was  turned  out  by  Crom- 
well in  1658.  The  year  following  he 
became  speaker  of  the  parliament  called 
by  the  Protector,  as  he  did  also  of  the 
Rump.     D.  1682. 

LEO  I.,  surnamed  the  Great,  and 
canonized  as  a  saint,  was  a  native  of 
Tuscany,  and  succeeded  Sixtus  III.  in 
the  papal  chair  in  440.  He  took  a  very 
decided  part  against  the  Manichasan 
heresy  and  other  schismatics,  persuaded 
Attila  to  withdraw  his  forces  from  tho 
very  gates  of  Rome,  and  afterwards 
saved  the  city  from  being  burned  by 
Genseric.  D.  461.  —  X.,  Giovanni  de 
Medici,  pope,  son  of  the  celebrated  Lo- 
renzo de  Medici,  was  b.  at  Florence,  in 
1475.  •  At  the  aire  of  11  lie  was  made  an 
archbishop  by  Louis  XL,  king  of  France; 
at  14  Julius  II.  invested  him  with  tho 
dignity  of  legate,  and  he  served  as  such 
in  the  army  which  was  defeated  by  the 
French,  near  Ravenna,  in  1512.  Ho 
was  taken  prisoner  after  that  battle,  but 
the  soldiers  showed  the  most  super- 
stitious veneration  for  his  person,  as  the 
representative  of  the  pope.  He  was 
elected  to  the  papacy  in  1513,  and  his 
coronation  was  celebrated  with  unusual 
pomp.  He  terminated  the  disputes 
which  had  subsisted  between  his  pre- 
decessor and    Louis   XII.   of   Franco, 


LES] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


581 


concluded  the  council  of  Latcran,  and 
formed  a  splendid  library,  which  he  en- 
riched with  inestimable  manuscripts. 
This  ]>ontirt'  formed  two  jrreat  projects, 
the  one  to  effect  a  general  association  of 
the  Christian  powers  against  the  Turks, 
and  the  oilier  to  complete  t he  church 
of,  St.  Peter.  To  aid  these  schemes  he 
issued  plenary  indulgences,  which  being 
carried  into  Germany,  aroused  the  zeal 
of  Luther,  and  ultimately  produced  the 
reformation.  D.  1521.  'Leo  X.  was  a 
munificent  patron  of  learning  and  the 
arts,  and  his  short  pontificate  forms  one 
of  the  most  interesting  periods  in  papal 
history. — XII.,  Annhsale  della  Genoa, 
was  b.  at  Genoa,  in  1700,  and  succeeded 
Pius  VII.  in  the  papal  chair,  in  1823. 
By  the  remission  of  many  taxes,  as  well 
as  by  his  benevolence  and  personal  at- 
tention tn  the  hospitals,  "prisons,  and 
public  institutions  for  the  poor,  he  ob- 
tained the  love  of  the  people;  he  also 
endeavored  to  free  the  states  of  the 
church  from  robbers  and  banditti,  as 
well  as  to  suppress  the  remains  of  Car- 
bouarisni.  Leo  d.  in  Feb.,  1829,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Cardinal  Castiglioue, 
who  took  the  name  of  Pius  VIII.  Pius 
died  Dec,  1830,  and  was  succeeded  In- 
Cardinal  Capellari,  (Gregory  XVI.)  — 
VI.,  emperor  of  the  East,  called  the 
Philosopher,  succeeded  his  father,  Basil, 
the  Macedonian,  in  880.  lie  expelled 
the  patriarch  Photius,  and  defeated  the 
Hungarians;  but  just  before  his  death, 
which  happened  in  1)11,  his  fleet  sus- 
tained a  total  defeat  by  the  Saracens. 

LEON,  Fbat  Luis  de,  a  Spanish  poet 
and  ecclesiastic,  was  b.  in  1527,  and  d. 
in  l.V.il.  His  ode,  entitled  "  La  Profecia 
del  Tago,"  has  been  translated  into  En- 
glish by  Mr.  Wilien,  and  published  at 
the  end  of  his  translation  of  the  poems 
of  Garcilaso  de  la  Vega. 

LEONIDAS,  the  Spartan  kiiur  and 
hero,  was  the  son  of  King  Anaxandridcs, 
and  succeeded  his  half  brother  Cleo- 
menes,  491  b.  e.  When  Xerxes,  king  of 
Persia,  invaded  Greece,  with  an  immense 
army,  Leonidas  inarched  to  Thermo- 
pylae, and,  on  arriving  there,  posted  his 
army,  which,  including  the  whole  of  the 
allies,  amounted  only  to  7000  men,  so 
skilfully,  that  the  enemy,  on  coming  to 
the  narrow  pass,  became  aware  of  the 
difficulty  of  carrying  it  by  force.  Xerxes, 
therefore,  attempted  to  bribe  Leonidas, 
offering  him  the  dominion  of  all  Greece. 
This  proposal  being  rejected  with  scorn, 
Jic  despot  sent  a  herald  to  order  the 
Greeks  to  surrender  their  arms:  "Let 
Uiui  come  and  take  them,"  was  the 
49* 


hero's  reply.  Thrice  d.:l  the  Persians 
advance  in  great  force,  and  thrice  were 
they  repelled,  with  enormous  loss. 
Meanwhile,  a  traitorous  Greek,  named 

Ephialles,  led  10,000  of  the  enemy,  by  a 
secret  path,  over  the  mountains,  who 
thus  gained  the  rear  of  Leonidas.  lie 
now  saw  that  all  was  lost,  but  resolved 
to  show,  by  a  memorable  example,  what 
the  Greeks  could  perform  in  the  cause 
of  their  country.  After  a  long  contest, 
the  hero  fell,  surrounded  by  cc 
assailants.  The  gratitude  of  Greece 
raised  a  splendid  monument  to  the 
memory  of  Leonidas  and  his  brave  as- 
sociates, and  annually  celebrated  the 
great  event  by  warlike  games  and  ora- 
tions. 

LEPAUTKE,  Anthony,  first  architect 
to  the  king  of  France,  erected  the  palace 
of  St.  Cloud.  His  chief  talent  lay  in  the 
decoration  of  edifices,  but  his  fondness 
for  excessive  ornament  in  a  measure 
destroyed  the  simple  beauty  of  his  de- 
signs. _  U.  1691. — Peter,  his  son,  was 
an  eminent  sculptor,  and  became  royal 
statuary  and  director  of  the  academy  of 
St.  Luke.    1).  1744. 

LE  SAGE,  Alain  Rene,  a  distin- 
guished French  novelist  ami  dramatist, 
was  b.  in  1663,  at  Sarzean,  in  Britain-, 
and  studied  at  the  Jesuits'  college,  at 
Valines.  In  1092  he  went  to  Paris, 
where  his  talents  and  manners  procured 
him  admission  into  the  best  society,  and 
he  soon  adopted  the  profession  of  an 
author.  lie  studied  the  Spanish  lan- 
guage, and  produced  a  multitude  of 
translations,  or  imitations,  of  Castilian 
dramas  and  romances.  His  comedy  of 
"Crispin  the  Rival  of  his  Master"  first 
attracted  the  public  notice;  but  his  suc- 
cess as  a  novelist  has  most  contributed 
to  make  him  known  to  foreigners.  "Le 
Diablo  Boiteux,"  known  in  England  by 
the  title  of  "  The  Devil  upon  Two 
Sticks,"  became  extremely  popular;  the 
comedy  of  "Turcaret,"  added  to  his 
fame,  and  that  fame  was  soon  rendered 
imperishable  by  his  admirable  "Gil 
Bias."  Le  Sage  was  endowed  witu 
great  literary  fertility ;  he  composed  24 
dramatic  pieces,  and  had  a  share  in  the 
composition  of  70  others.  Among  his 
novels  are,  "The  Adventures  of  Guz- 
man d'Alf.irache,"  "The  Bachelor  of 
Salamanca,"  "The  History  of  Estova- 
nille  Gonzales,"  &e.  D.  1747. — Geobgh 
Louis,  a  philosophical  writer,  was  b.  at 
Geneva,  in  17'-'-t,  and  d.  in  1808.  He 
wrote  "Fragments  on  Final  Causes," 
and  a  treatise  on  "  Mechanical  Physics." 

LESLIE,  Charles,  was  b.  in  Ireland, 


582 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[les 


stulicd  at  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  and 
the  Temple:  quitted  the  law  fur  divinity, 
and  obtained  preferment  in  Ireland,  lie 
was  a  ze.ilous  Protestant,  but  refused  to 
transfer  his  allegi  mee  to  tlie  new  gov- 
ernment by  taking  the  oaths  to  King 
William,  lie  wro'.o  many  political  tracts, 
against  the  doctrine  of  resistance  and  in 
defence  of  hereditary  right,  the  most 
important  of  which  were  in  a  weekly 
paper,  called  "  The  Rehearsal."  He 
also  wrote  some  treatises  against  deists 
and  Socinians,  among  which  are,  "The 
Snake  in  the  Grass,"  and  "A  Short  and 
Easy  Method  with  the  Deists."  D.  1732. 
— Sir  Joiix,  a  celebrated  mathematician 
and  natural  philosopher,  was  b.  at  Largo, 
in  Fifeshire,  in  1766.  His  father,  wiio 
was  a  joiner  and  cabinet-maker,  in- 
tended to  bring  him  up  to  some  useful 
trade,  but  his  fondness  for  calculation 
and  geometrical  exercises  brought  him 
at  an  early  period  under  the  notice  of 
professors  Robinson,  Playfair,  and  Du- 
gald  Stewart,  and,  when  he  was  thirteen, 
his  parents  were  induced  to  let  him  enter 
as  a  student  at  the  university  of  St.  An- 
drew's. In  1790  he  proceeded  to  Lon- 
don, with  an  intention  of  delivering  lec- 
tures on  natural  philosophy;  but  being 
disappointed  in  his  views,  he  found  it 
expedient  to  commence  writing  for  the 
press  as  the  readiest  means  of  obtaining 
a  subsistence.  His  first  undertaking  of 
any  importance  was  a  translation  of  Buf- 
fon's  "  Natural  History  of  Birds,"  which 
appeared  in  1793,  and  the  sum  he  re- 
ceived for  this  laid  the  foundation  of 
that  pecuniary  independence,  which  his 
prudent  habits  fortunately  enabled  him 
to  attain.  In  1800  he  invented  that  ad- 
mirable and  delicate  instrument  the 
differential  thermometer;  and  in  1804 
appeared  his  celebrated  "  Essay  on  the 
Nature  and  Propagation  of  Heat."  For 
this  performance  he  was  honored  by  the 
council  of  the  Royal  Society  with  the 
Romforl  medals,  and  in  180.3  he  was 
elected  to  the  mathematical  chair  in  the 
auiversity  of  Edinburgh,  which,  in  1819, 
he  exchanged  for  that  of  philosophy  on 
the  death  of  Professor  Playfair.  By  the 
invention  of  his  hygrometer  he  suc- 
ceeded in  making  the  discovery  of  that 
singularly  beautiful  process  of  artificial 
freezing,  or  consolidation  of  fluids, 
which  enabled  him  to  congeal  mercury, 
and  convert  water  into  ice  by  evapora- 
tion. His  chief  works  are,  ''  An  Account 
of  Experiments  and  Instruments  de- 
pcndiivj:  on  the  Relation  of  Air  to  Heat 
and  Moisture,"  the  "  Philosophy  of 
Arithmetic,"  "  Elements  of  Geometry," 


u  Elements  of  Natural  Philosophy," 
besides  many  admirable  treatises  in 
"  Nicholson's  Philosophical  Journal," 
the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britanniea,"  &c. 
D.  1832. 

LESSING,  Gottiiold  Ephbaim,  an 
eminent  German  author,  remarkable  for 
the  versatility  of  his  genius,  was  b^in 
1729,  at  Kamentz,  in  I'omerania,  and 
was  educated  at  Meissen  and  Leipsie 
In  the  early  part  of  his  career  he  con- 
nected himself  with  theatricals,  and  led 
an  erratic  life,  but  he  afterwards  com- 
pensated for  it  by  the  closest  mental 
application.  At  Berlin,  where  he  some- 
times resided,  he  became  acquainted 
with  Voltaire,  the  Jewish  philosopher 
Mendelssohn,  Nicolai.  Ramler,  Sulzer, 
and  other  literary  characters.  In  1770 
the  hereditary  prince  of  Brunswick  ap- 
pointed him  librarian  at  Woll'enbuttel, 
and  one  of  the  fruits  of  this  appoint- 
ment was  a  periodical  publication,  en- 
titled "Contributions  to  Literary  His- 
tory." Amonir  his  dramatic  works  are, 
"Nathan  the  Wise,"  "  Emilia  Galotti," 
"Minna  von  Barnhelm,"  "The  Miso- 
gynist," and  "  The  Freethinker."  His 
other  principal  works  are,  "  Laoeoon," 
"Fables,"  "Fragments  of  an  Un- 
known," "The  Hamburgh  Drama- 
turgy," and  a  "  Dissertation  on  the 
Education  of  the  Human  Race."  D. 
1781. 

L'ESTRANGE.  Sir  Ro&er,  a  political 
partisan  and  controversial  writer,  was 
b.  in  1616.  Bis  father,  Sir  Hamond 
l'Estrango,  was  a  zealous  royalist;  and 
the  son,  following  his  example,  was 
concerned  in  raising  forces,  and  in  some 
unsuccessful  enterprises  in  favor  of 
Charles  I.  during  the  civil  wars,  for 
which  he  was  obliged  to  leave  the  king- 
dom. Upon  the  restoration  he  returned, 
and  established  an  English  newspaper, 
under  the  title  of  "The  Public  Intel- 
ligencer," in  1063,  which  ho  discon- 
tinued upon  the  publication  of  the  first 
"  London  Gazette."  He  was  author  of 
tnany  violent  political  tracts;  translated 
Josephus,  Cicero's  "Offices,"  Seneca's 
"Morals,"  the  "Colloquies"  of  Eras-, 
mus,"  ami  yE-op's  "Fanes."  D.  1704. 
LESUEUR,  Eustache,  a  distinguished 
French  painter,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1017, 
and  obtained  from  his  country  men  the 
name  of  "The  French  Raphael."  His 
conceptions  are  noble  and  elevated,  his 
composition  is  simple,  careful,  and  well 
arranged,  the  drawing  is  correct,  in 
good  taste,  and  proves  his  diligent  study 
of  the  antique  and  of  the  great  Italian 
masters;  but  his  coloring  is  deficient  in 


lew] 


CYCLOP/EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


583 


truth  and  vigor,  winch  often  renders  his 
pictures  too  uniform.  D.  IG'iS. — Jean 
Baitiste,  a  musical  composer,  b.  170!. 
After  completing  his  studies  at  Amiens, 
he  obtained  various  appointments,  as 
director  of  music  in  cathedrals ;  hut 
having  an  inclination  for  theatrical  com- 
positions, lie  resigned  his  place  at  Notre 
Dame  in  1788,  and  produced  several 
operas.  "  Telemaelius"  was  his  first, 
lie  afterwards  composed  "  La  Cavcrne," 
Which  met  with  the  most  brilliant  ap- 
plause, and  in  17'.'.')  lie  produced  "Paul 
ct  Virginia,"  the  "  Death  of  Adam," 
and  "The  Bards."  -Thomas,  a  math- 
ematician and  ecclesiastic,  was  b.  at 
Kcthcl,  in  Champagne,  1703.  He  en- 
tered into  the  order  of  Minims,  and 
became  a  celebrated  professor  of  math- 
ematics, philosophy,  and  theology,  in 
the  college  of  Sapienza,  at  Rome,  where 
he  cl.  in  1770.  He  joined  with  Father 
Jacquier  in  a  "Commentary"  upon 
Newton's  Principia,  and  also  in  a  pro- 
found work  on  the  "  Integral  Calculus." 


He  also  published  "The  Principles  of 
Natural    Philosophy,"    i 


■lnstituti- 


pnh 

Phi! 

ones  Philosophic^." 

LETI,  Gregory,  an  Italian  historian, 
■was  b.  in  1630,  at  Milan,  and,  after 
Studying  at  Home,  went  to  Geneva, 
■where  lie  abjured  the  Catholic  religion, 
and  afterwards  resided  in  England. 
Among  his  works  are,  Lives  of  "  Sixtus 
V.,"  "  Charles  V.,"  "Queen  Elizabeth," 
"Oliver  Cromwell,"  the  "History  of 
Geneva,"  and  a  "  History  of  the  Car- 
dinals." But  the  whole  are  so  inter- 
spersed with  error  and  fiction,  that  they 
may  be  regarded  rather  as  romances  than 
authentic  histories.     D.  17"1. 

LEUCIPPUS,  a  philosopher  of  Elea, 
who  lived  in  the  5th  century  before  the 
Christian  era.  He  was  the  disciple  of 
Zeno,  and  the  master  of  Democritns. 
The  atomic  system  originated  with  him, 
and  thus,  by  ascribing  a  sensible  power 
to  the  particles  of  matter,  and  setting 
them  in  motion,  Leucippus  and  his  fol- 
lowers accounted  at  once  for  the  origin 
of  the  universe,  without  the  interposi- 
tion of  divine  agency.  From  him  Des- 
cartes  borrowed  his  hypothesis  of  the 
"  Vortices,"  and  Kepler  was  also  much 
indebte  1  to  the  theory  of  Leucippus. 

LEUSDEN,  John,  a  celebrated  biblical 
critic  and  theologian,  was  a  native  of 
Utrecht,  where  he  diatinjruished  himself 
as  one  of  the  most  erudite  scholars  and 
able  divines  of  the  age.  His  theological 
works  are  numerous  and  valuable.  B. 
16-24. 

LEUWEN'.IOEK,  Anthony,  a  cele- 


brated natural  philosopher,  was  b.  at 
Delft,  in  1682,  and  was  celebrated  for 
his  microscopical  improvements  and  dis- 
coveries, chiefly  anatomical,  the  partic- 
ulars of  which  were  published  in  the 
"  Philosophical  Transactions,"  and  the 
memoirs  of  the  academy  of  sciences.  A 
selection  from  his  works  was  published 
in  English.    I).  1723. 

LEVA1LLANT,  Francis,  a  traveller 
and  naturalist,  was  b.  at  Paramaribo,- in 
Guiana,  and  from  childhood  showed  a 
strong  predilection  for  the  study  of 
natural  history,  particularly  of  ornithol- 
ogy. In  furtherance  of  this  desire,  ho 
undertook  to  penetrate  the  interior  of 
Africa,  which  he  twice  accomplished. 
though  under  circumstances  of  great 
difficulty.  lie  published  two  narratives 
of  his  "Travels  into  the  Interior  of 
Southern  Africa,"  and  a  "Natural  His- 
tory of  African  Birds."  of  "Parrots," 
and  of  the  rare  "Birds  of  the  Indies." 
Insurmountable  obstacles  prevented  bin? 
from  pursuing  his  researches  so  far  as 
he  wished,  but  his  travels  are  very 
amusing,  and  also  afford  much  inform- 
ation of  a  philosophical  nature.  D. 
1824. 

LEVIZ  AC,  John  Pons  Victor  Lacoxtj 
he,  a  French  grammarian,  was  h.  at 
Alby,  in  Languedoc,  emigrated  to  Hol- 
land at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution, 
and  settled  in  England  as  a  French 
teacher.  He  commenced  his  literary 
career  as  a  poet,  but  he  is  best  known 
by  his  grammars,  dictionaries,  and  other 

S-actical  works  on  the  French  language. 
.  1813. 

LEWIS,  John,  a  learned  divine  and 
antiquary,  was  b.  at  Bristol,  1675,  ani 
d.  at  Margate  in  174fi.  He  published 
"The  Life,  of  Wickliff,"  " Wickliff'-s 
Translation  of  the  New  Testament," 
"The  History  and  Antiquities  of  the 
Isle  of  Thanet,"  "The  History  of  tho 
Abbey  and  Church  of  Fevershain," 
"The"  Life  of  William  Caxton,"  ifec— 
Matthew  Gregory,  familiarly  styled 
"  Monk"  Lewis,  a  popular  romance 
writer  and  dramatist,  was  b.  in  Lon- 
don, in  1773,  and  was  the  son  of  the 
under  secretary  of  war.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  school,  after  which 
he  travelled  on  the  Continent,  and  im- 
bibed while  in  Germany  that  taste  for 
the  marvellous  and  romantic  which 
characterizes  most  of  his  writings.  His 
first  production  was  "The  Monk,"  a 
romance  admired  for  its  talent,  but 
justly  censured  for  its  licentiousness; 
he  also  wrote  "  Feudal  Tvrants,"  "  Uo- 
mantie  Tales,"  "Talcs  of  Terror,"  "The 


584 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


Jlio 


Castlo  Spectre,"  a  drama,  and  many 
others.  JIc  was  a  member  of  parlia- 
ment, but  undistinguished  by  any  ora- 
torical powers,  and  he  d.  in  1818. — 
Mekkiwlthek,  b.  1774,  and  employed  by 
the  government  of  the  United  States, 
with  Clark,  to  make  discoveries  in  the 
northern  parts  of  the  American  con- 
tinent, with  a  view  to  the  extension  of 
commerce  to  the  Pacific  ocean.  In  1805 
they  undertook  a  journey  for  the  pur- 
pose of  discovering  the  sources  of  the 
Missouri,  and  they  "passed  the  winter  in 
an  icy  region,  500  leagues  beyond  its 
confluence.  Lewis  was  soon  after  made 
governor  of  Louisiana,  and  Clark  a 
general  of  its  militia,  and  agent  of  the 
United  States  for  Indian  affairs.  D. 
1809. 

LEYDEN,  Jonx,  a  physician,  but 
more  distinguished  as  a  poet  and  orien- 
tal scholar,  was  b.  1775,  at  Denholm, 
Roxburghshire,  and  was  the  son  of  a 
small  fanner.  Displaying  in  early  youth 
an  eager  desire  for  acquiring  knowledge, 
bis  parents  contrived  to  send  him  to  a 
college  at  Edinburgh,  where  he  first 
studied  theology,  but  relinquished  it  for 
medicine ;  and,  in  addition  to  the  learn- 
ed langn  iges,  he,  acquired  French, 
Spanish,  Italian,  German,  Arabic,  and 
Persian.  In  1801  ho  assisted  Sir  Walter 
Scott  in  procuring  materials  and  illus- 
trations for  his  "  Minstrelsy  of  the  Scot- 
tish Border,"  and  republished  "The 
Com  play  nt  of  Scotland,"  with  a  learned 
preliminary  dissertation,  notes,  and  a 
glossary.  Having  obtained  a  doctor's 
degree,  he  was  appointed  assistant  sur- 
geon on  the  Madras  establishment;  after 
which  he  was  made  professor  of  the  na- 
tive dialects  in  the  Bengal  college,  from 
which  situation,  however,  he  was  re- 
moved, to  be  judge  of  the  24  Pergun- 
nahs  of  Calcutta.  His  power  of  acquiring 
languages  was  truly  wonderful,  and  du- 
ring his  residence  in  India  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  oriental  litera- 
ture; but  he  did  not  lon<_r  survive  the 
influence  of  the  climate.  His  "  Poetical 
Remains"  were  published  in  1821. 

LTIUVD,  Edward,  an  eminent  anti- 
quary and  naturalist,  b.  about  1670,  wns 
a  native  of  Wales  ;  studied  at  Jesus  col- 
lege, Oxford,  in  which  university  he 
succeeded  Dr.  Plot  as  keeper  of  the 
Ashmolcan  Museum  ;  and  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  learned  and  valuable  work, 
entitle!  "  Arclueologia  Britannicn."  He 
also  published  "  Lithophvlacii  Britan- 
nici  Iconographia,"  and  left  in  manu- 
script an  ''Irish-English  Dictionary," 
and  other  curious  papers  on  antiquarian 


subjects.  D.  1709. — Humphrey,  an  an- 
tiquarian, b.  at  Denbigh,  Wales  ;  author 
of  "Commentarioli  Brittannica}  Deserip- 
tionis  Eragmentum,"  "  Dc  Mona  ruid 
um  Insula,"  "De  Armamentario  Ma- 
no,"  and  li  The  History  of  Cambria." 
D.  1570. 

L1BANIUS,  a  celebrated  Greek  rhet- 
orician, b.  at  Antioch,  in  314.  Ho 
studied  at  Athens,  and  afterwards  be- 
came famous  as  a  teacher  of  eloquence 
at  Constantinople,  till  the  jealousy  of 
the  other  professors  being  excited  by 
his  success,  he  was  accused  of  magical 
practices,  and  banished.  He  afterwards 
became  preceptor  to  Basil  and  John 
Chrysostom,  so  celebrated  in  the  Chris- 
tian' church;  and  on  the  accession  of 
Julian,  he  was  honored  with  his  friend- 
ship, and  is  supposed  to  have  assisted 
the  emperor  in  some  of  his  composi- 
tions. Many  of  his  orations  and  de- 
clamations are  extant,  but  they  are 
verbose  and  pedantic. 

LICHTENBERG,  George  Christo- 
pher, an  eminent  natural  philosopher, 
was  b.  near  Darmstadt,  in  1742  :  studied 
at  Gottingen,  where  he  was  appointed 
professor  extraordinary  of  the  physical 
sciences ;  and  succeeded  Erleben,  in 
1777,  as  professor  of  experimental  phi- 
losophy. His  astronomical  observations 
were  original  and  important.  He  also 
indulged  much  in  satire;  and  among 
others,  possessing  much  wit  and  humor, 
was  an  effusion,  entitled  "The  Physiog- 
nomy of  Tails,"  in  which  Lavater  and 
his  svstcm  were  held  up  to  ridicule.  D. 
1799. 

LIDDEL,  Duncan,  a  mathematician 
and  physician,  was  b.  in  1651,  at  Aber- 
deen, where  he  received  his  education. 
Be  afterwards  went  to  Frankfort,  and 
then  removed  to  Rostock,  and,  in  1591, 
was  elected  professor  of  mathematics  iX 
Helmstadt,  where  he  took  his  doctor's 
degree  in  physic.  In  1607  he  returned 
to  Scotland,  and  founded  a  mathemati- 
cal professorship  and  six  scholarships  at 
Aberdeen.  Be  wrote  several  works  on 
medical  subjects,  and  d.  1613. 

LIGHT/FOOT,  John,  a  learned  En- 
glish divine,  was  b.  at  Stoke-npon- 
Trent,  in  Staffordshire,  in  1602,  and 
educated  at  Christ's  college,  Cambridge, 
lie  made  extraordinary  advances  in  the 
Greek  and  Latin  languages,  and  applied 
himself  to  Hebrew  with  singular  assi- 
duity and  success.  In  1629  he  printed 
his  'first  work,  entitled  "Erubhim  or 
Miscellanies,  Christian  and  Judaical." 
lie  distinguished  himself  as  a  zealous 
promoter  of  the  Polyglot  Bible,  and,  at 


lim] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


585 


the  lestoration,  was  appointed  one  of 
the  assistants  at  the  Savoy  conference. 
lie  became  vice-chancellor  of  Cam- 
bridge, and  d.  in  1675.  The  works  of 
Lightfoot,  who,  for  biblical  learning,  has 
had  few  equals,  were  printed  in  1614, 
and  his  "Remains"  were  published  by 
Btrypc,  in  1700. — John,  a  botanist,  b.  at 
Neweut,  in  Gloucestershire,  in  1735, 
was  educated  at  Pembroke  college,  Ox- 
ford, and  became  successively  rector  of 
Shelden,  in  Hampshire,  and  of  Gotham 
and  Sutton,  in  Nottinghamshire.  He 
was  patronized  by  the  duchess  of  Port- 
land, and  drew  up  the  catalogue  of  her 
museuiai.  He  was  a  fellow  of  the  Koyal 
and  Linnsean  societies,  and  published 
the  "  Floia  Scotica."     D.  178S. 

LIGNE,  Charles  Joseph,  prince  de, 
was  b.  at  Brussels,  in  1788 ;  entered  the 
Austrian  army  at  the  age  of  17  ;  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  seven  years' 
war;  was  invited  to  the  French  court 
by  the  count  d'Artois,  and  admitted 
into  the  privacy  of  the  royal  family  ; 
was  sent  on  a  mission  to  Russia,  where 
his  talents  and  personal  accomplish- 
ments rendered  him  a  great  favorite 
with  Catharine,  who  made  him  a  field- 
marshal,  and  gave  him  an  estate  in  the 
Crimea.  His  knowledge,  experience, 
activity,  and  acute  observation  appear 
by  the  numerous  writings  which  he 
published  at  different  periods  ;  and  the 
information  he  gives  of  the  leading  per- 
sons and  events  of  his  time,  is  detailed 
in  an  amusing  and  instructive  manner. 
D.  1814. 

LILBURNE,  Jonx,  an  enthusiastic 
republican  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I., 
was  b.  in  1618,  in  the  county  of  Dur- 
ham. Having  gone  to  Holland  to 
superintend  the  printing  of  some  libels 
on  tiie  government,  he  was  sentenced 
by  the  star  chamber  council  to  receive 
500  lashes  and  to  stand  in  the  pillory ; 
for  which  the  long  parliament  voted 
him  reparation.  He  fought  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Edge-hill  as  a  captain  of  foot; 
but  at  Brentford  he  was  made  pris- 
oner, and  carried  to  Oxford,  where  he 
would  have  been  hanged,  had  not  the 
parliament  threatened  retaliation.  He 
then  obtained  his  liberty,  and  was  made 
first  a  major,  and  afterwards  a  colonel 
of  dragoons,  in  which  capacity  he  served 
at  the  battle  of  Marston-moor,  where 
he  behaved  with  great  gallantry.  Being 
committed  to  Newgate  for  contempt, 
adien  brought  before  the  house  of  lords 
for  a  libel  on  the  earl  of  Manchester,  he 
contrived,  while  thus  immured,  to  pub- 
rish  oamphlets  in  rapid  succession,  in 


which  he  virulently  assailed  his  ene- 
mies, and  even  charged  Cromwell  and 
lreton  witli  high  treason.  For  this 
piece  of  daring,  he  was  again  tried,  but 
lie  defended  himself  with  «o  much 
boldness  and  ability,  that  he  was  ac- 
quitted. He  possessed  an  unconquera- 
ble spirit,  and  was  of  so  quarrelsome  a 
disposition,  that  it  has  been  appositely 
said  of  him,  "that  if  there  were  none 
living  but  him,  John  would  be  against 
Lilburne,  and  Lilburne  against  John." 
D.  1657. 

LILLO,  George,  a  tragic  writer  of 
the  last  century,  was  b.  in  London  1698. 
He  carried  on  thi.  business  of  a  jeweller 
many  years,  in  a  style  of  great  respect- 
ability, and  contrived  to  devote  no  small 
portion  of  his  time  to  dramatic  produc- 
tions. He  well  knew  how  to  touch  the 
heart,  and  his  pieces,  which  arc  sub- 
servient to  the  cause  of  virtue,  are. 
"  George  Barnwell,"  "  Fatal  Curiosity," 
and  "  Arden  of  Feversham."     D.  1739. 

LILLY,  John,  an  English  writer,  was 
b.  in  Kent,  about  1553,  and  d.  about 
1600.  He  wrote  "  Euphues,"  a  descrip- 
tion of  different  characters ;  also  some 
plays,  as  "  Endymion,"  "Campaspe," 
"  Midas,"  acted  before  Queen  Eliza- 
beth ;  "  The  Maid's  Metamorphosis," 
"  The  Woman  in  the  Moon,"  &c. — ■ 
William,  an  English  astrologer,  was 
b.  in  Leicestershire,  in  1602.  After 
receiving  a  common  education,  he 
went  to  London,  and  became  book- 
keeper to  a  tradesman,  at  whose  death 
he  married  his  widow.  In  1032  he  be- 
came the  pupil  of  Evans  tiie  astrologer, 
and  soon  excelled  his  master.  Be  was 
employed  by  both  parties  during  the 
civil  wars,  and  even  Charles  I.  is  said 
to  have  made  use  of  him.  Lilly  was 
certainly  consulted  respecting  the  king's 
projected  escape  from  Carisbrook  castle. 
He,  however,  gained  more  from  the  par- 
liament party;  and  the  predictions  con- 
tained in  his  almanacs  had  a  wonderful 
effect  upon  the  soldiers  and  common 
people.  His  principal  works  are,  "Chris- 
tian Astrology,"  "  A  Collection  of  Na- 
tivities," and  "  Observations  on  the  Life 
and  Death  of  Charles,  late  king  of  En- 
gland."    D.  1681. 

LIMONADE,  count  de,  an  emanci- 
pated negro  slave  of  Ilayti,  b.  about 
177o;  distinguished  in  the  war  of  inde- 
pendence waged  by  Toussaint;  and  was 
secretary  of  foreign  affairs  to  Christophe, 
when  he  superseded  Dcssalines  as  em- 
peror of  Hayti.  He  survived  the  suicidal 
death  of  Christophe,  and  the  destruction 
of  the  imperial  government.     His  saga- 


58G 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[lin 


cily  and  statesman-like  talents  were  ex- 
hibited in  frequent  diplomatic  corre- 
spondence with  Napoleon's  ministers. 

LINCOLN,  Bknjamin,  an  American 
general,  b.  in  Hingham,  -Mass.,  1733;  d. 
1810.  A  farmer,  lie  served  in  various  civil 
and  military  oilices,  and  soon  after  the 
breaking  out  of  the  revolution  became 
major-general  in  the  provincial  militia, 
and  in  1777  was  transferred  to  the  conti- 
nental army-  At  the  battle  of  Bemus's 
Heights  lie  commanded,  and  the  next 
day,  while  reconnoitring,  received  a 
severe  wound.  In  1778  he  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  southern  army. 
He  cooperated  with  Count  d'Estaing  in 
t!ie  assault  on  Savannah,  and  in  1780 
was  besieged  in  Charleston  by  a  superior 
British  force  and  capitulated  after  an 
obstinate  defence.  At  the  siege  of  York- 
town  he  received  the  sword  of  Cornwal- 
lis.  He  was  secretary  of  war  two  years, 
and  in  1787  commanded  the  forces  which 
quelled  the  Shays  rebellion  in  Mass.  In 
the  same  year  he  was  elected  lieutenant- 
governor  of  that  state.  For  several  years 
he  was  collector  of  the  port  of  Koston.  — 
Levi,  an  American  lawyer  and  states- 
man, b.  in  Hingham,  Mass.,  1749;  d. 
182).  He  was  a  member  of  President 
Jefferson's  cabinet;  lieut. -governor,  and 
(br  some  months  acting  governor  of  Mass.; 
and,  later,  an  associate  justice  of  the  U.  S. 
supreme  court. 

LINDSAY,  Slit  David,  one  of  the 
most  famous  of  the  old  Scottish  poets,  b. 
1490;  d.  1557. 

LIXDSKV,  Tmf.ophilus,  a  church  of 
England  divine,  afterwards  known  as  a 
unitarian  preacher.     B.  1723;  d.  1808. 

LINN,  John  Blair,  an  American  poet, 
b.  in  1777,  at  Phippenburgh,  Pennsyl- 
vania. In  1790  he  became  a  preacher 
among  the  Presbyterians  of  Philadel- 
phia ;  but  continued  to  cultivate  his 
poetical  talents.  He  replied  with  zeal 
and  indignation  to  Dr.  Priestley,  re- 
specting the  comparison  drawn  by  the 
latter  between  the  merits  of  Jesus 
Christ  and  Socrates  ;  was  the  author  of 
"  The  Powers  of  Genius,"  and  other 
poems  ;  and  d.  1804. 

LINN.EUS,  or  LINNE.  Charles  vox, 
the  most  celebrated  of  modern  natural- 
ists, and  the  founder  of  the  present 
botanic  system,  was  b.  in  1707,  at 
Kceshult,  in  Sweden.  From  his  in- 
fancy he  discovered  a  propensity  and 
talent  for  the  study  of  plants  ;  and 
though  destined  for  the  church,  his 
predilection  for  natural  history  with- 
drawing his  attention  from  theological 
Studies,    his    destination   was   changed 


for  the  medical  profession.  "While  at 
the  universities  of  Lund  and  Upsal,  he 
labored  under  great  disadvantages,  from 
the  narrowness  of  his  father's  circum- 
stances; but  the  patronage  of  Celsius, 
the  theological  professor,  who  was  also 
a  naturalist,  improved  his  condition, 
and  he  obtained  some  private  pupils. 
It  was  at  this  period  that  he  formed  the 
idea  of  that  botanical  system  which  has 
immortalized  his  name.  In  1732  ho 
made  a  tour  through  Lapland,  and,  vis- 
iting the  mining  district  round  Fahlun, 
formed  a  system  of  that  science,  which 
he  afterwards  published  in  his  "Sys- 
tema  Natunc."  He  next  resided  for 
three  years  in  Holland,  where  he  took 
his  doctor's  degree,  and  was  superin- 
tendent of  Clifford's  celebrated  garden 
at  Ilarte-camp,  near  llaerlem.  After 
visiting  England,  in  173S,  he  made  an 
excursion  to  Paris,  and,  towards  the 
end  of  that  year,  returned  to  his  native 
country,  and  settled  as  a  physician  al 
Stockholm,  where  the  establishment  of  a 
royal  academy,  of  which  he  was  one  of 
the  first  members,  contributed  to  the 
advancement  of  his  reputation,  by  the 
opportunities  which  it  afforded  for  the 
display  of  his  abilities.  In  1741  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  professorship  of  medicine 
at  Upsal,  to  which  was  added  the  super- 
intendence of  the  botanic  garden.  His 
fame  now  spread  through  the  civilized 
world,  and  scientific  bodies  eagerly  en- 
rolled him  among  their  members;  in 
1747  he  was  nominated  royal  areliiater; 
in  1753  he  was  created  a  knight  of  the 
polar  star — an  honor  never  before  be- 
stowed on  a  literary  man;  in  17til  he 
was  elevated  to  the  rank  of  nobility, 
and  acquired  a  moderate  degree  of  opu- 
lence, sufficient  to  enable  him  to  pur- 
chase an  estate  and  mansion  at  Ilain- 
rnarby,  near  Upsal,  where  he  chiefly 
resided  during  the  last  years  of  his  life. 
Besides  his  works  on  natural  history, 
he  published  a  classified  "  Materia  Med- 
ica,"  &c. ;  but  it  is  as  the  founder  of  a 
system  of  botanical  science  that  he  ranks 
as  an  original  genius,  and  will  continue 
to  be  remembered.     D.  1778. 

LINSCHOTEN,  John  Hugh  van,  a 
Dutch  voyager,  of  the  16th  century,  who 
wrote  narratives  of  his  voyages  to  the 
East  Indies,  and  a  description  of  the 
coasts  of  Guinea,  Congo,  and  Angola. 
B.  1553;  d.  1633. 

LINT,  Peter  van,  an  historical  and 
portrait  painter  of  Antwerp,  was  b.  in 
1609.  He  painted  in  Italy  several  years, 
and  returned  to  his  own  country  in- 
creased in  wealth  and   reputation. — A 


lit"] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


587 


relation  of  his,  IIendric  van  Lint,  was 
ail  eminent  landscape  painter,  and  exe- 
cuted some  fine  views  about  Koine. 

LIPPI,  Lorenzo,  a  painter  and  poet, 
was  b.  at  Florence  1606,  and  d.  L664. 
He  executed  many  fine  pieces  for  the 
chapels  and  convents  of  his  native  city. 
As  a  poet  he  is  known  by  a  burlesque 
piece  entitled  "  Malmantile  Raequista- 
ro,"  printed  at  Florence  in  16SS,  under 
the  name  of  Perloni  Zipoli. — There 
were  also  two  other  Florentine  ar- 
tists of  the  name  of  Lippi  :  one,  Fran- 
cisco Filippo,  who  d.  in  1488 ;  and  his 
son  Filippo,  who  died  in  1505  ;  the  latter 
was  a  painter  of  considerable  talent  and 
reputation. 

LIPSIUS,  Justus,  an  eminent  critic 
and  scholar,  b.  at  Overysehe,  a  village 
of  Brabant,  in  1547.  lie  studied  at 
Aeth,  Cologne,  and  Lonvain  ;  then  went 
to  Rome,  and  became  secretary  to  Car- 
dinal Granvclla.  On  his  return  to  the 
Netherlands,  after  a  short  time  spent  at 
Louvain,  he  visited  the  capital  of  the 
German  empire,  and  then  accepted  a 
professorship  in  the  university  of  Jena. 
Many  tempting  and  honorable  otters 
were  made  him  by  various  potentates, 
to  engage  hiin  in  their  service ;  but  he 
refused  them  all ;  and  at  length  d.  at 
Louvain,  in  1606.  Lipsius  changed  his 
religion  several  times ;  and  whether  as 
a  Catholic,  a  Lutheran,  or  a  Calvinist,  he 
was  equally  zealous  for  the  time,  and 
equally  bigoted.  Ho  wrote  many  learned 
treatises,  but  his  principal  work  is  the 
"  Varia;  Lectiones." 

LIST,  Frederic,  a  distinguished  po- 
litical economist,  was  long  a  member  of 
the  Wirtemberg  parliament,  whence  he 
was  expelled  for  the  boldness  of  his 
opinions.  In  1819  he  conceived  the  idea 
of  the  "  Zollverein,"  (the  Customs  Union 
of  the  German  states;  an  institution 
which,  after  encountering  many  obsta- 
cles, was  finally  adopted  by  nearly  the 
whole  of  Germany,)  established  a  jour- 
nal to  support  his  views,  and  published 
several  valuable  works  on  political  econ- 
omy. But  a  series  of  disappointments 
preyed  upon  his  mind,  and  in  a  fit  of 
nsanity  he  committed  suicide,  1846,  in 
the  57th  vear  of  his  asre. 

LISTER,  Thomas  "Henry,  a  novel 
Writer  and  historian  was  b.  in  1801,  and 
may  be  said  to  have  inherited  literary 
tastes  and  capabilities,  the  poetical  tal- 
ents both  of  his  father  and  grandfather 
having  been  favorably  mentioned  by 
Miss  Seward.  Besides  "  Granby"  and 
"  Herbert  Lacy" — two  novels  which  are 
among  the  best  of  that  not  very  admi- 


rable species  "  the  fashionable" — In 
published,  "  Epicharis,"  a  tragedy  ;  ami 

the  "  Life  and  Administration  of  Lord 
Clarendon."     D.  1812. 

L1STON,  John,  a  very  popular  actor 
of  low  comedy,  whose  natural  humor 
and  peculiar  drolleries  afforded  many  a 
rich  treat  to  the  playgoers  of  London, 
was  b.  in  St.  Anne's  parish,  Soho,  and 
in  the  early  period  of  his  life  was  enga- 
ged in  the  uninviting  employment  "i'  a 
teacher  in  a  day-school.  He  appeared 
in  1805  before  a  London  audience  at  t  ho 
Haymarket.  He  also  obtained  an  en- 
gagement at  Covent-garden,  where  he 
remained,  increasing  in  public  favor, 
till  1823,  when  he  transferred  Ids  ser- 
vices to  Drury-lane,  and  continued  there 
till  1831  ;  but  the  enormous  salary  of 
£100  a  week  tempted  him  to  enlist  un- 
der the  banners  of  Madame  Vestris  at 
the  Olympic  theatre,  where  lie  perurm- 
ed  six  seasons,  and  may  be  said  to  have 
closed  his  theatrical  career.     L.  1846. 

LITHGOW,  "William,  a  native  of 
Scotland,  who  in  the  reign  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  travelled  on  foot  through  nu- 
merous countries  in  Europe,  Asia,  and 
America,  over  a  distance  of  more  than 
36,000  miles;  during  which  he  encoun- 
tered many  hardships,  and  was  at  length 
thrown  into  the  prisons  of  the  Inquisi- 
tion in  Spain,  and  so  cruelly  tortured  as 
to  be  deprived  of  the  use  of  his  limbs. 
On  regaining  his  liberty,  and  coming  to 
England,  he  published  an  account  of 
his  adventures,  which  he  presented  to 
James  I.  He  also  wrote  a  narrative  of 
the  siege  of  Breda.     D.  1640. 

LITTLE,  William,  an  ancient  En- 
glish historian,  known  also  by  the  name 
of  Gulielmus  Naubrigensis,  was  b.  at 
Bidlington,  in  Yorkshire,  in  1136,  and 
educated  at  the  abbey  of  Newborough, 
in  the  same  county.  In  his  advanced 
years  he  composed  a  History  of  En- 
gland, from  the  Norman  Conquest  to 
1197,  which  for  veracity,  regularity  of 
disposition,  and  purity  of  language  is 
one  of  the  most  valuable  productions  of 
that  period. 

LITTLETON,  Thomas,  a  celebrated 
English  judge,  and  law  authority,  was 
b.  at  Frankley,  in  Worcestershire,  ho 
studied  at  the  Temple,  was  appointed 
one  of  the  judges  of  the  common  pleas, 
and  continued  to  enjoy  the  esteem  of  his 
sovereign,  Edward  IV.,  and  the  nation, 
until  his  death,  at  an  advanced  age,  in 
1481.  The  memory  of  Judge  Littleton 
is  preserved  by  his  celebrated  treatise 
on  "Tenures,"  which  is  esteemed  the 
principal  authority  for  the  law  of  real 


588 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[i.iv 


property  in  England.  This  work  has 
been  commented  on  by  Coke,  Sir  M. 
Hale,  and  Lord  Chancellor  Nottingham. 

LIVERPOOL,  Charles  Jenkinson, 
carl  of,  eldest  son  of  Colonel  Jenkinson, 
was  b.  in  1727,  and  was  educated  at  the 
Charter-house,  and  at  University  col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  entered  parliament  in 
1761,  and  soon  took  office  as  under- 
secretary of  state;  in  1766  he  was  made 
a  lord  of  the  admiralty;  in  1772,  vice- 
treasurer  of  Ireland ;  in  1778,  secretary 
at  war ;  and,  in  1784,  president  of  the 
board  of  trade.  In  1786  he  was  created 
Baron  Hawkesbury ;  and  in  1796,  earl 
of  Liverpool.  D.  1S0S.— Robert  Banks 
Jenkinson,  earl  of,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  b.  in  1770,  and  received  his  educa- 
tion at  the  same  seminaries  of  learning 
as  his  father.  At  the  general  election  hi 
1700,  Mr.  Jenkinson  was  returned 
member  for  Rye.  In  1796,  his  father 
being  created  earl  of  Liverpool,  he  be- 
came Lord  Hawkesbury,  and  was  made 
a  commissioner  of  Indian  affairs.  In 
1801  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  state 
for  foreign  affairs  ;  which  office,  four 
years  after,  he  exchanged  fur  that  of  the 
Lome  department.  This  he  resigned  on 
the  dissolution  of  the  Addin^ton  ad- 
ministration; and,  at  the  death  of  Mr. 
Pitt,  succeeded  him  as  lord  warden  of 
the  Cinque  Ports.  In  1817  he  was  again 
minister  for  the  home  department;  and 
on  the  death  of  his  father,  in  the  year 
following,  succeeded  to  the  title  of  earl 
of  Liverpool.  In  1812,  he  was  raised 
to  the  premiership,  and  he  held  that 
elevated  station  till  1*27.     D.  1828. 

LIVINGSTON,  John  II.,  president 
of  Queen's  college,  N.  J.,  graduated  at 
Yale  college,  1762.  In  May,  1766,  he 
went  to  Holland,  to  prosecute  his  the- 
ological studies  in  the  university  of 
Utrecht,  where  he  resided  four  years, 
obtaining  the  degree  of  doctor  in  theol- 
ogy in  1770,  in  which  year  he  returned 
to  America,  and  became  the  pastor  of 
the  Dutch  reformed  church  in  this  city. 
At  this  period  the  Dutch  churches  in 
America  were  divided  in  the  Conferen- 
ce and  the  Coetus  parties ;  by  the  ef- 
forts of  Dr.  Livingston,  a  happy  union 
was  effected  in  1772,  and  the  Dutch 
church  became  independent  of  the  clas- 
sis  in  Amsterdam.  In  1784  he  was  ap- 
pointed theological  professor  in  the 
Dutch  church.  "The  duties  of  minister 
and  professor  he  performed  till  1810, 
when  he  was  appointed  president  of 
Queen's  college,  in  which  lie  remained 
till  his  death,  in  1825,  aged  73  years.— 
Robert,  first  possessor  of  the  manor  of 


Livingston  in  the  state  of  New  York, 
and  founder  of  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished families  in  this  country,  was  the 
son  of  John  Livingston,  who  received 
the  degree  of  A.M.  at  Glasgow,  in  1621, 
and  was  the  minister  of  Aneruin,  but 
refusing  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  in 
1663,    was   banished,  and   removed  to 
Rotterdam,  where  he  was  a  minister  of 
the  Scot's  chapel,  and  d.  Aug.  9,  1672, 
aged  69.     Robert  L.  was  b.  at  Anerum, 
in   1654,  and  came  to  America  with  his 
nephew  about  1672.     He  was  a  member 
of  the  council  in  1698.     His  wife  was  of 
the  family  of  Schuyler,  and  the  widow 
of  Mr.  Van  Rensselaer.     He  left  three 
sons,   Philip,   Robert,  and  Gilbert.     A 
Mr.  Livingston,  perhaps  Mr.  R.  L.,  who 
was  many  years  speaker  of  the  assembly 
of  New    York,    d.    at   Boston,    172S. — 
Philip,  a  patriot  of  the  American  revo- 
lution, and   a  signer  of  the  declaration 
of  independence,  graduated  at  Yale  col- 
lege, 1737.     He  became  a  merchant  in 
New  York,  and  as  there  were  but  few 
well-educated  merchants  in  Wall-street 
at  that  time,  he  was  soon  at  their  head. 
In  1754  he  was  an  alderman  of  the  city 
of  New  York,  and  after  serving  in  this 
capacity  four  years,  was  sent  to  Albany 
as  a  representative  of  the  city.     In  this 
body    lie   soon   became   a    leader,   and 
directed  its  attention  to  the  great  inter- 
ests of  commerce;    New   York   being 
then  behind  Boston  and   Philadelphia 
in  her  exports  and  imports.     He  was 
one  of  the  committee  of  correspondence 
with  the  agent  for  the  colony  in  En- 
gland, the  celebrated  Edmund  Burke  ; 
and  his  letters  abound  in  information 
and  critical  remarks.     Mr.  Livingston 
was  in  congress  in  1776,  and  not  only 
signed,  but  was  a  strenuous  advocate  for 
the   declaration   of  independence.     He 
was  a  member  of  the  senate  of  New 
York  on  the  adoption  of  the  state  con- 
stitution ;  after  which,  under  the  pro- 
visions  of   that   constitution,    he    was 
elected  a  member  of  congress.     He  was 
not  long  permitted  to  devote  himself  to 
the  service  of  his  country,   for   he    1. 
June  12,  1778. — William,  governor  of 
New  Jersey,  a  descendant  of  the  fami  y, 
which  emigrated  from  Scotland,  was  b. 
about  the  year  1741.*  He  was  a  lawyer, 
and  early  embraced  the  cause  of  civil 
and    religions    liberty.      When    Great 
Britain  advanced  her  arbitrary  claims, 
he  employed  his  pen  in  opposing  them, 
and   in   vindicating   the    rights   of    his 
countrymen.      After    sustaining    some 
important  offices  in  New  York,  he  re- 
moved to  New  Jersey,  and,  as  a  repro- 


LIV] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


589 


sentative  of  this  state,  was  ono  of  the 
principal  members  of  the  first  congress 
In  1774.  After  the  inhabitants  of  New- 
Jersey  had  sent  their  governor,  William 
Franklin,  under  a  strong  guard  to  Con- 
necticut, and  had  formod  a  new  consti- 
tution in  July,  1776,  Mr.  Livingston  was 
elected  the  first  chief  magistrate  ;  and 
such  was  his  integrity,  and  republican 
virtue,  that  he  was  annually  re-elected 
till  his  death.  During  the  war  he  bent 
his  exertions  to  support  the  independ- 
ence of  his  country.  By  the  keenness 
and  severity  of  his  political  writings,  he 
exasperated  the  British,  who  distin- 
guished him  as  an  object  of  their 
peculiar  hatred.  His  pen  had  no  in- 
considerable influence  in  exciting  that 
indignation  and  zeal,  which  rendered 
the  militia  of  New  Jersey  so  remarka- 
ble \\t  the  alacrity  with  which,  on  any 
alarm,  they  arrayed  themselves  against 
the  common  enemy.  He  was  in  17S7  a 
delegate  to  the  grand  convention  which 
formed  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States.  After  having  sustained  the 
office  of  governor  for  fourteen  years, 
with  great  honor  to  himself  and  useful- 
ness to  the  state,  he  d.  July  25,  1790. 
aged  67. — Robert  R.,  chancellor  of  the 
state  of  New  York,  graduated  at  King's 
college,  New  York,  1765.  Having 
studied  law  with  William  Smith,  he  was 
appointed  by  Governor  Try  on  recorder 
of  the  city  ;  an  office  which  he  resigned 
at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution.  In 
April,  1775,  he  was  elected  from  Duchess 
county  to  the  assembly.  In  1776  he  was 
a  member  of  congress,  and  was  placed 
on  the  committee  frith  Jefferson,  Adams, 
Franklin,  and  Sherman,  for  drawing 
up  the  declaration  of  independence, 
and  on  other  important  committees. 
In  August,  1781,  he  was  appointed 
secretary  of  state.  On  his  resigna- 
tion, in  1783,  he  received  the  thanks 
of  congress.  Under  the  new  constitu- 
tion of  New  York,  which  he  assisted  in 
forming,  as  chairman  of  the  committee, 
he  was  appointed  chancellor,  and  con- 
tinued in  that  place  till  1801.  In  1788 
he  was  chairman  of  the  state  convention, 
which  adopted  the  federal  constitution, 
uniting  his  efforts,  at  that  time,  with 
those  of  Jay  and  Hamilton.  In  1801  he 
accepted  the  office  of  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary to  France,  and  proceeded  to 
Paris.  By  the  first  consul  he  was  re- 
ceived with  respect,  and  after  his  mis- 
sion had  closed,  Napoleon  presented 
him  a  splendid  snuff-box,  with  a  minia- 
ture of  himself  by  Isabey.  Assisted  by 
Mr.  Munroe  he  made  the  very  important 
50 


purchase  of  Louisiana  for  15  millions 
of  dollars.  In  Paris  he  formed  an  inti- 
macy with  Robert  Fulton,  whom  he  as- 
sisted by  his  counsels  and  money.  After 
his  resignation  and  the  arrival'of  Gen- 
eral Armstrong,  his  successor,  he  trav- 
elled in  Italy,  Switzerland,  and  Germany, 
and  returned  to  America  in  June,  1805 
D.  1813.  He  caused  the  introduction 
of  steam-navigation  into  the  United 
States.  He  introduced  the  merino  sheep, 
and  the  use  of  gypsum  in  New  York. 
He  was  president  of  an  agricultural  so- 
ciety, and  of  the  academy  of  the  fine 
arts.  He  published  an  oration  before 
th»  Cincinnati,  1787;  an  address  to  th" 
society  for  promoting  the  arts,  1S08  ; 
essays  on  agricu'ture  ;  a  work  on  the 
merino  sheep. — Brockuolst,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  b.  at  New  York,  in  1757  ; 
entered  the  army  in  1776  ;  and  being 
afterwards  attached  to  the  suite  of  Gen- 
eral Arnold,  with  the  rank  of  major,  he 
shared  in  the  honor  of  the  conquest  of 
Burgoyne.  In  1779  he  accompanied  Mr. 
Jay  to  the  court  of  Spain  as  his  private 
secretary  ;  studied  the  law  on  his  return  ; 
and  ultimately  became  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  the  state  of  New  York, 
in  1802.  He  enjoyed  the  reputation  of 
being  an  upright  judge,  an  able  pleader, 
and  an  accomplished  scholar.  D.  1823. 
— Edward,  was  b.  at  Claremont,  Co- 
lumbia county,  N.  Y.,  in  1764,  educated 
at  Princeton  college,  and  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  New  York  city.  In  1794  he 
was  chosen  to  congress,  and  afterwards 
mayor  of  New  York.  Shortly  after  the 
purchase  of  Louisiana  he  removed  to 
that  state,  where  he  was  intrusted  by 
the  legislature  ;vitli  the  preparation  of  a 
code  of  judicial  procedure,  to  revise  the 
system  of  municipal  law,  and  to  reform 
the  penal  statutes  ;  in  short,  to  digest 
and  rearrange  the  whole  legal  system 
of  the  state.  This  he  did  with  consum- 
mate ability;  and  his  "Reports"  to  the 
legislature  on  the  several  subjects  are 
brilliant,  learned,  and  judicious  essays. 
In  1823  he  was  again  sent  to  congress ; 
in  1831  General  Jackson  made  him  sec 
retary  of  state;  and  in  1833  he  was  ap 
pointed  minister  to  France.     D.  1836. 

LIVIUS,  or  LIVY,  Titus,  a  celebrated 
Roman  historian,  was  b.  in  the  territory 
of  Patavium,  now  Padua,  In  the  reign 
of  Augustus  he  went  to  Rome,  and  was 
held  in  great  esteem  by  the  emperor  and 
many  other  distinguished  characters. 
His  reputation  is  principally  built  upon 
his  "History  of  Rome,  from  the  foun- 
dation of  the  city  to  the  death  of  Drusus, 
in  142  books,  of  which   only  35  hav« 


590 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[loc 


been  preserved.  This  history  is  highly 
praised  by  Senoca,  Pliny  the  Elder, 
Quintilian.  &c,  and   may  be  regarded 

as  one  of  the  most  valuable  literary  relics 
of  antiquity. 

LLORENTE,  Don  Juan  Antonio,  a 
modern  Spanish  historian  and  ecclesi- 
astic, b.  in  175b.  He  was  secretary- 
general  to  the  Inquisition,  of  which 
court  he  published  a  "Complete  His- 
tory." He  was  also  the  author  of  "  Me- 
moirs relative  to  the  History  of  the 
Spanish  Revolution,"  "Political  Por- 
traits of  the  Popes,"  and  other  works. 
Having  accepted  a  situation  under  Jo- 
seph Bonaparte,  and  written  in  his  favor, 
he  was  compelled  to  quit  Spain  on  the 
return  of  Ferdinand.     D.  1823. 

LLOYD,  David,  a  biographical  writer 
of  the  17th  century,  was  b.  in  Merioneth- 
shire, in  1625.  llis  principal  works  are, 
"  Memoirs  of  the  Statesmen  and  Favor- 
ites of  England,"  "  Memoirs  of  Persons 
who  suffered  for  their  Loyalty,"  a  "  Life 
of  General  Monk,"  and  a  "  History  of 
Plots  and  Conspiracies."  D.  1691. — 
Humphry,  an  eminent  military  officer 
and  writer  on  tactics,  was  b.  in  Wales, 
in  1729.  He  served  with  great  reputa- 
tion in  the  Austrian,  Prussian,  and 
Russian  armies,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of 
general.  On  his  return  to  England  he 
surveyed  the  coast,  wrote  a  memoir  on 
the  "Invasion  and  Defence  of  Great 
Britain,"  "The  History  of  the  Seven 
Years'  War,"  and  other  military  treati- 
ses. D.  1783. — Robert,  an  English  poet, 
was  b.  in  1733,  and  was  the  son  of  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Lloyd,  second  master  of  West- 
minster school.  His  first  production, 
Tl)f.  Actor,'"  gave  rise,  it  is  said,  to 
the  famous  Roseiad  of  his  friend  Church- 
ill. Bis  other  poems  possess  much 
merit;  but  his  genius  could  not  shield 
him  from  the  assaults  of  poverty,  and 
he  d.  a  prisoner  in  the  Fleet,  in  17f>4. 

LOBAU,  Count,  an  eminent  soldier, 
whose  name  was  Monton,  was,  at  the 
breaking  out  of  the  revolution,  employed 
as  a  journeyman  baker  in  his  native 
town,  Phalsburg,  in  the  Meurthe.  But 
on  entering  thearmy  he  speedily  signal- 
ized himself  by  acts  of  bravery,  which 
were  rewarded  by  various  steps  of  pro- 
motion, until,  in  1804,  at  the  camp  of 
Boulogne,  Napoleon,  amid  the  applause 
of  the  whole  army,  made  him  his  add- 
de-camp,  and  gave  him  the  command 
of  the  third  regiment  of  the  line.  In 
the  campaign  of  1805  his  efficient  gal- 
lantry ibtaiued  him  the  rank  of  general 
of  brigade,  and  in  18()7  that  of  general 
»f  division.     In  the  campaign  of  1809 


he  defended  the  little  island  of  Lobau 
(from  which  he  took  his  subsequent 
title)  against  the  Austrians,  completely 
beat  them  otf,  and  took  his  troops,  com 
paratively  unhurt,  across  the  Danube. 
In  1812  he  was  made  aid-major  of  the 
imperial  guard  ;  in  1813,  commander  of 
the  first  corps  of  the  grand  army  ;  and, 
in  1814,  a  chevalier  of  St.  Louis.-  Du- 
ring the  memorable  "hundred  days" 
he  gave  his  support  to  Napoleon,  and 
was  made  commandant  of  the  first  mili- 
tary division,  and  a  member  of  the 
chamber  of  peers.  In  the  brief  but  easy 
campaign  of  1815,  he  commanded  the 
sixth  corps  of  the  army  of  the  north. 
He  gave  the  Prussians  a  severe  defeat 
on  the  8th  of  June  in  that  year,  but  was 
wounded  and  sent  prisoner  to  England 
from  that  burial-place  of  his  aspiring 
master's  hopes — Waterloo.  From  that 
time  until  1818  he  remained  in  England; 
he  was  then  permitted  to  return  home, 
and  in  1828  was  sent  as  a  deputy  for  the 
Meurthe,  and  took  his  seat  on  the  oppo- 
sition benches.  In  the  rerMntion  of 
1830  he  took  an  active  part ;  and  when 
Lafayette  resigned  the  command  of  the 
national  guard,  Count  Lobau  was  ap- 
pointed his  successor.  Shortly  after- 
wards he  received  his  marshal's  batou 
from  Louis  Philippe.  B.  1770;  d.  1839. 
LOBEIRA,  Vasco,  author  of  the  cele- 
brated romance  of  "  Amadis  de  Gaul," 
was  a  native  of  Porta,  in  Portugal-,  in 
the  14th  century.  In  1380  he  was 
knighted  by  Joam  I.  on  the  field  of 
battle  at  Aliiibarotta ;  and  he  d.  at  Elvas, 
in  1403.  'Dr.  SouLhey  has  translated 
Lobeira's  work,  and  has  satisfactorily 
proved  it  to  be  an  original,  and  not  a 
translation  from  the  French,  as  many 
had  before  imagined. 

LOBO.  Jerome,  a  Portuguese  Jesuit, 
was  b.  at  Lisbon,  in  1593.  He  went  as 
a  missionary  to  Abyssinia,  and,  on  his 
return  to  Europe,  became  rector  of  tho 
college  of  Coimbra,  where  he  d.  in  1078. 
He  wrote  "  An  Account  of  Abyssinia," 
of  which  Dr.  Johnson  published  an 
abridged  translation. 

LOCK,  Matthew,  an  eminent  English 
musician,  was  b.  at  Exeter,  where  he 
became  a  chorister,  in  the  cathedral. 
He  published  some  musical  pieces  in 
1657,  and,  after  the  restoration,  he  was 
employed  as  a  composer  of  operas.  He 
was  also  appointed  composer  to  the 
chapel  royal,  and  has  acquired  consider- 
able reputation  by  the  beautiful  music 
to  Shakspeare's  Macbeth. 

LOCKE,  John,  one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent philosophers  and  writers  of  modern 


lom] 


CYCLOPEDIA.    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


fiOl 


times,  was  b.  at  Wrington,  in  Somerset- 
shire, in  1632.  He  "was  educated  at 
Westminster  school,  and  Christ-church 
college,  Oxford,  where  lie  distinguished 
himself  much  by  his  general  proficiency ; 
and  finally  applied  to  the  study  of  physic. 
In  the  year  1666  he  was  introduced  to 
Lord  Ashley,  afterwards  the  celebrated 
earl  of  Shaftesbury,  to  whom  he  became 
*  essentially  serviceable  in  his  medical  ca- 
pacity, and  who  formed  a  high  opinion 
of  his  general  powers,  and  introduced 
him  to  the  duke  of  Buckingham,  the 
earl  of  Halifax,  and  other  distinguished 
characters.  He  also  confided  to  him  the 
superintendence  of  his  son's  education  ; 
and  when,  in  1672,  Lord  Shaftesbury 
was  appointed  chancellor,  he  made  Mr. 
Locke  secretary  of  presentations,  and, 
at  a  later  period,  secretary  to  the  board 
of  trade.  On  his  patron  retiring  to 
Holland,  to  avoid  a  state  prosecution, 
Locke  accompanied  him,  and  remained 
there  several  years.  So  obnoxious  was 
he  to  James's  government,  that  the  En- 
glish envoy  demanded  Mr.  Locke  of  the 
States,  on  suspicion  of  his  being  con- 
cerned in  Monmouth's  rebellion,  which 
occasioned  him  to  keep  private,  and  em- 
ploy himself  in  finishing  his  "  Essay  on 
the  Unman  Understanding."  At  the 
close  of  the  revolution  he  returned  to 
England,  and  was  made  a  commissioner 
of  appeals,  and  in  1695  a  commissioner 
of  trade  and  plantations.  He  d.  at  Oates, 
in  Essex,  in  1704.  His  principal  works 
arc,  an  "Essay  on  Human  Understand- 
ing," "Letters  on  Toleration,"  "A 
Treatise  on  Civil  Government,"  and 
•'  Thoughts  concerning  Education." 

LOFFT,  Capel,  a  barrister,  and  the 
author  of  several  works  in  polite  litera- 
ture, was  b.  in  London,  1751.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge,  and 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1775.  On  suc- 
ceeding to  the  Capel  estates,  in  1781, 
he  removed  to  Troston,  in  Suffolk,  and 
became  an  active  magistrate  of  the  county 
til!  1800;  when,  for  having  too  zealously 
exerted  himself  as  under-sheriff  to  delay 
the  execution  of  a  young  woman  who 
had  received  sentence  of  death,  he  was 
removed  from  the  commission.  Mr. 
Lofft  was  a  very  considerable  contribu- 
tor to  most  of  the  magazines  of  the  day; 
and  it  was  to  his  active  patronage  of 
Robert  Bloomfield  that  the  public  was 
indebted  for  the  "  Farmer's  Boy,"  and 
other  poems  by  that  author.     D.  1824. 

LOFTUS,  Dudley,  an  oriental  scholar, 
was  b.  in  1618,  at  Rathfarnham,  near 
Dublin;  studied  at  Trinity  college  and 
at   Oxford ;    became   vicar-general   and 


|  judge  of  the  prerogative  court  in  Ire- 
land ;  and  d.  in  16!)5.  Among  his  wri- 
tings are.  "  A  History  of  the  Eastern  and 
Western  Churches,"  "The  History  of 
Our  Saviour,  taken  from  the  Creek, 
Syriac,  and  other  Oriental  Authors," 
"  A  Translation  of  the  Ethiopia  New 
Testament  into  Latin,"  <fee. 

LOGAN,  John,  a  Scottish  poet  and 
prose  writer  of  some  eminence,  was  h. 
in  1748.  Having  studied  for  the  church, 
his  eloquence  and  ahilitv  procured  for 
him  the  living  of  South  Leith,  in  1773. 
But  his  conduct  having  rendered  him 
unpopular  with  his  parishioners,  he  was 
induced  to  resign  his  charge;  and  ho 
then  proceeded  to  London,  where  he 
became  connected  with  the  press :  and 
among  other  productions,  wrote  a  pam- 
phlet, entitled  "A  Review  of  the  prin- 
cipal Charges  against  Mr.  Warren  Has- 
tings," which  led  to  the  prosecution  of 
the  publisher,  Mr.  Stockdale,  who.  how- 
ever, was  acquitted.  His  poems,  usually 
printed  with  those  of  Michael  Bruce, 
whose  merits  he  was  the  first  to  make 
known,  are  chiefly  lyrical;  but  he  also 
wrote  "Rnnnymede,"  a  tragedy;  and 
published  the'  "  Elements  of  the  Phi- 
losophy of  History  ;"  besides  being  the 
author  of  a  volume  of  sermons,  pub- 
lished posthumously,  which  have  en- 
joyed great  popularity.     D.  1788. 

LOLLARD,  Walter,  the  founder  of 
a  religious  sect  in  Germany,  about  1315. 
He  was  burnt,  at  Cologne,  in  1322. 

LOLLI,  or  LOLLY,  Antonio,  a  cele- 
brated performer  on  the  violin,  was  a 
native  of  Bergamo,  in  Italv,  and  b.  in 
1728.  In  Germany,  Russia,  England. 
Spain,  France,  and  Naples  he  excited 
the  admiration  of  the  musical  world: 
but  though  formally  years  he  possessed 
a  wonderful  command  over  the  instru- 
ment, yet  during  the  latter  part  of  his 
life  not  a  trace  was  left  of  that  extraordi- 
nary skill  which  had  established  his 
fame.     D.  1802. 

LOMONOZOF,  Michael  Wasilowitz, 
a  Russian  poet  and  historian  of  the  last 
century,  was  b.  1711.  He  was  the  son 
of  a  fishmonger,  and  having  fled  from 
his  father,  he  took  refuge  in  a  monas- 
tery, where  he  received  his  education, 
which  he  afterwards  improved  at  a  Ger- 
man university.  In  1741  he  returned 
to  his  native  country,  and  became  a 
member  of  the  academy  of  Petersburg, 
and  professor  of  chemistry.  In  1764  he 
was  made  a  counsellor  of  state,  and  d. 
in  the  course  of  the  same  year.  His 
odes  partake  much  of  the  fire  of  PiiHar, 
and  he  has  been  justly  called  the  futhu/ 


592 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[lon 


of  Russian  poetry.  LTo  also  wrote  sev- 
eral works  in  prose,  particularly  a  "His- 
tory of  the  Empire  of  Russia." 

LONDONDERRY,  Robert  Stewart, 
marquis  of,  who  for  many  years  was 
known  as  Lord  Castlcrcagh,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Ireland,  and  b.  in  1760,  He  was 
educated  at  Armagh  and  St.  John's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  having  made  the 
tour  of  Europe,  was  on  his  return  cho- 
sen a  member  of  the  Irish  parliament. 
He  joined  the  opposition  in  the  first 
place,  and  declared  himself  an  advocate 
tor  parliamentary  reform ;  but  on  ob- 
taining a  seat  in  tho  British  parliament, 
he  took  his  station  on  tho  ministerial 
benches.  In  1797,  having  then  become 
Lord  Castlereagh,  he  was  made  keeper 
of  the  privy  seal  for  Ireland,  and  soon 
after  appointed  one  of  tho  lords  of 
the  treasury.  The  next  year  he  was 
nominated  secretary  to  the  lord-lieu- 
tenant, and  by  his  strenuous  exertions 
and  abilities,  in  the  art  of  removing 
opposition,  the  union  with  Ireland  was 
greatly  facilitated.  In  1805  he  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  war  and  the  colo- 
nies ;  but  on  the  death  of  Mr.  Pitt,  he 
retired  until  the  dissolution  of  the  brief 
administration  of  1806  restored  him  to 
the  same  situation  in  1807,  and  he  held 
his  office  until  the  ill-fated  expedition 
to  Walcheren,  and  his  duel  with  his 
colleague,  Mr.  Canning,  produced  his 
resignation.  In  1812  he  succeeded  the 
Marquis  Wellesley  as  foreign  secretary, 
and  the  following  year  proceeded  to  the 
Continent,  to  assist  the  coalesced  powers 
in  negotiating  a  general  peace.  In  1814 
he  was  plenipotentiary  extraordinary  to 
the  allied  powers,  and  towards  the  close 
of  the  same  year,  to  the  congress  of 
Vienna.  For  these  services  he  received 
the  thanks  of  parliament,  and  was  hon- 
ored with  the  order  of  the  carter.  On 
the  death  of  his  father,  in  1821,  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  title  of  marquis  of  Lon- 
donderry ;  but  he  did  not  long  enjoy  it, 
for  in  a  fit  of  insanity,  brought  on  by 
excessive  mental  and  bodily  exertion  in 
attending  to  his  public  duties,  he  put 
an  end  to  his  existence  by  severing  the 
carotid  artery  with  a  penknife.  This 
event  took  place  on  the  12th  of  August, 
1822. 

LONG,  Edward,  was  b.  in  1724,  at 
St.  Blaize,  Cornwall.  He  was  brought 
tp  to  the  law,  and  became  judge  of  the 
Wee-admiralty  court  in  Jamaica,  where 
his  father  possessed  estates,  and  of 
which  island  his  brother-in-law,  Sir 
Henry  Moore,  was  lieutenant-governor. 
Poing  obliged  to  return  to  England  for 


the  restoration  of  his  health  in  17G9,  he 
devoted  his  time  to  literary  pursuits, 
and  wrote  an  admirable  "  History  of 
Jamaica,"  a  collection  of  essays,  enti- 
tled "The  Prater,"  "  The  Antigallcan," 
a  novel ;  "  Letter"  ,n  the  Colonies,"  &c. 
D.  1813. — Rooer,  an  English  divine, 
eminent  as  an  astronomer  and  a  mathe- 
matician, was  b.  in  1 679,  in  Norfolk; 
was  educated  at  Pembroke  hall,  Cam-  ' 
bridge,  of  which  college  he  became 
master  in  1733  ;  was  chosen  Lowdnes' 
professor  of  astronomy,  held  livings  in 
Huntingdonshire  and  Essex,  was  the 
author  of  a  valuable  "Treaties  on  As- 
tronomy," and  constructed  at  Pem- 
broke ball,  a  hollow  sphere,  18  feet  in 
diameter,  on  the  interior  surface  of 
which  were  represented  the  stars,  con- 
stellations, &c.,  the  whole  being  moved 
by  means  of  machinery.  D.  1770. — 
Thomas,  an  English  nonjuring  divine, 
was  b.  at  Exeter,  in  1621,  was  educated 
at  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  and  after  tho 
restoration,  was  made  prebendary  of 
Exeter,  but  lost  that  preferment  at  the 
revolution  for  refusing  the  oaths.  His 
principal  works  are,  "Calvinus  Redivi- 
vus,"  "  History  of  the  Donatists," 
"  Vindication  of  the  Primitive  Chris- 
tians in  point  of  Obedience,"  "History 
of  Popish  and  Fanatical  Plots,"  and 
"  A  Vindication  of  King  Charles's  Claim 
to  the  Eikon  Basilikc."     D.  1700. 

LONGEPIERRE,  Hilary  Bernard 
de,  a  French  critic,  b.  at  Dijon,  in  1659  ; 
author  of  several  tragedies  in  imitation 
of  the  Greek  poets ;  but  only  two  of 
them,  the  "  Medea"  and  "  Elcctra," 
were  ever  performed.     D.  1721. 

LONG1NUS,  Dionysius,  a  celebrated 
Greek  critic  and  philosopher  of  tho 
third  century;  but  whether  born  at 
Athens,  or  in  Syria,  is  uncertain.  In 
his  youth  he  travelled  for  improvement 
to  Rome,  Athens,  and  Alexandria,  and 
attended  to  all  the  eminent  masters  in 
eloquence  and  philosophy.  At  length 
he  settled  at  Athens,  where  lie  taught 
philosophy,  and  where  he  also  published 
nis  inimitable  "Treatise  on  the  Sub- 
lime." His  knowledge  was  so  exten- 
sive, that  he  was  called  "the  living 
library;"  and  his  fame  having  reached 
the  ears  of  the  celebrated  Zenobia, 
queen  of  Palmyra,  she  invited  him  to 
the  court,  intrusted  to  him  the  educa- 
tion of  her  two  sons,  and  took  his 
advice  on  political  affairs.  But  this 
distinction  proved  fatal  to  him,  for  after 
the  surrender  of  Palmyra,  Aurelian 
basely  put  him  to  death,  for  having  ad- 
vised Zenobia  to  resist  the  Romans,  and 


lor] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


59o 


for  being  the  real  author  of  the  spirited 
letter  which  the  queen  addressed  to  the 
Roman  monarch.  His  death  took  place 
in  273.  He  met  his  fate  with  calmness 
and  fortitude,  exclaiming  with  his  ex- 
piring breath,  "The  world  is  but  a 
prison ;  happy  therefore  is  he  who 
gets  soonest  out  of  it,  and  gains  his 
liberty. " 

LONGLAND,  or  LANGELANDE, 
Robert,  an  old  English  poet,  was  b.  in 
Shropshire.  He  was  fellow  of  Oriel 
college,  Oxford,  and  a  secular  priest, 
but  espoused  the  doctrines  of  Wickliffi 
He  is  believed  to  have  been  the  author 
of  the  "  Vision  of  Pierce  Plowman  " 
and  "Pierce  Plowman's  Crede,"  two 
curious  poems,  containing  severe  reflec- 
tions on  the  Catholic  clergy,  and  exhib- 
iting a  curious  picture  of  the  times. 

LONGMAN,  Thomas  Norton,  known 
for  nearly  half  a  century  as  the  head  of 
the  eminent  and  long-established  pub- 
lishing firm  of  Messrs.  Longman  and 
Co.,  of  Paternoster-row,  was  b.  1770 ; 
d.  1842. 

LONGOMONTANUS,  Christian,  a 
celebrated  astronomer,  was  b.  in  1562, 
at  Langsberg,  in  Jutland,  and  was 
obliged  to  earn  his  bread  by  hard  labor, 
having  been  left  an  orphan  in  his  eighth 
year;  notwithstanding  which  he  studied 
hard,  and  with  the  assistance  of  the 
minister  of  the  parish,  acquired  a  good 
knowledge  of  the  mathematics.  At  last 
he  became  a  servitor  in  the  college  of 
Wibourg;  the  professors  of  which  uni- 
versity recommended  him  to  Tycho 
Brahe,  whom  he  assisted  in  his  astro- 
nomical researches,  and  with  whom  he 
lived  11  years.  In  1605  he  was  made 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Copen- 
hagen, where  he  d.  in  1647.  He  was 
the  author  of  several  works,  of  which 
the  principal  is  his  "  Astronomia 
Danica." 

LONGUS,  a  Greek  pastoral  writer, 
whose  work,  entitled  "Poimenica,"  or 
"The  Loves  of  Daphnis  and  Chloe,"  is 
exceedingly  curious,  for  the  picture  it 
affords  of  rural  manners  in  ancient 
Greece,  but  is  at  the  same  time  tainted 
with  licentiousness.  It  is  supposed  to 
be  the  earliest  specimen  there  is  of  a 
prose  romance  ;  but  no  account  has 
oeen  transmitted  either  of  the  age  in 
which  Longus  lived,  or  the  place  of  his 
birth. 

LOOS  JES,  Adrian,  a  Dutch  novelist, 
poet,  and  librarian,  b.  at  Haerlem,  in 
1761.  Always  an  ardent  friend  of  lib- 
erty, he  opposed  Napoleon's  design  of 
eonvertiiig  Holland  into  a  monarchy, 
50* 


with  honest  but  abortive  zeal,  ne  was 
the  author  of  "Gewarts  and  Gv/.eslar," 
a  drama;  "Lucius  Junius  Brutus," 
"Marcus  Junius  Brutus,"  and  Beveral 
romances  ;  "  Life  of  a  Dutch  Family  in 
the  17th  Century,"  "Jean  de  Witt," 
"Conrad  and  Jacquelin,"  <fec. 

LOPES,  Fkknam,  a  Portuguese  his- 
torian, whose  "  Chronicle  of  Joain,'' 
describing  the  great  struggle  between 
Portugal  and  Castile,  towards  the  close 
of  the  14th  century,  exhibits,  according 
to  the  opinion  of* Dr.  Southey,  all  the 
manners,  painting,  and  dramatic  reality 
of  Froissart.  Lopes  is  the  oldest  of  tho 
Portuguese  chroniclers. 

LOPEZ  DE  RUEDA,  a  Spanish  dram- 
atist and  actor,  who  in  the  16tli  century 
composed  humorous  pieces,  and  with 
his  itinerant  band  of  performers  exhib- 
ited them  to  his  countrymen.     D.  1564. 

LORENZ,  John  Michael,  was  pro- 
fessor of  history  and  rhetoric  in  the 
university  of  Strasburg;  where  he  was 
b.  in  1723,  and  d.  in  1801.  Among  his 
writings  are,  "Elementa  Historian  Uni- 
versal,"  "Elementa  Historian  German- 
ise,"  and  "  Summa  Historic  Gallo- 
Francicaa,  eivilis  et  sacrae." 

LORENZINI,  Francesco  Maria,  was 
a  native  of  Rome,  and  patronized  by 
Cardinal  Borghese,  who  gave  him  apart- 
ments in  his  palace  and  a  pension.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  number  of  sacred 
dramas,  written  in  Latin  ;  and  at  the 
time  of  his  death  filled  the  situation  of 

S resident  of  the  academy  of  the  Arcadi. 
.  1680  ;  d.  1743.— Lorenzo,  an  inge- 
nious mathematician,  who  for  sonic  of- 
fence, while  in  the  service  of  Ferdinand, 
son  of  Cosmo  III.,  was  confined  in  thf 
tower  of  Volterra,  where  he  solaced  the 
hours  of  a  wearisome  imprisonment, 
which  lasted  nearly  twenty  years,  by 
writing  a  work  on  conic  sections.  D. 
1721. 

LORIOT,  Anthony  Joseph,  an  excel- 
lent French  mechanician,  who,  in  1753, 
presented  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences  a 
machine,  by  means  of  which  a  child 
might  raise  a  weight  of  several  thousand 
pounds.  He  afterwards  constructed  ma- 
chines for  the  naval  service,  and  for 
working  the  mines  of  Pompeau  ;  claimed 
the  merit  of  inventing  a  kind  of  cement 
used  in  building,  called  "  mortier  Lo 
riot,"  and  an  hydraulic  machine  for 
raisins' water.     B.  1716;  d.  1782. 

LORRAINE,  Robert  le,  an  eminent 
French  sculptor,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in 
1665;  studied  under  Girardon,  and  af 
terwards  in  Italy;  and  on  his  return,  in 
1701,   produced  the  most  beautiful  of 


504 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[lou 


his  works,  the  "Galatea,''  which  at  once 
procured  his  admission  into  the  society, 
of  which  he  eventually  became  the  pres- 
ident.    D.  1743. 

LOUDON,  John  Claudius,  known 
as  a  distinguished  writer  on  horticul- 
tural subjects,  w:is  b.  at  Cambuslang,  in 
Lanarkshire,  in  1783,  and  brought  up 
as  a  landscape  gardener,  liis  works 
were  both  important  and  numerous ; 
among  the  principal  were  the  "Arbore- 
tum Britannieum,"  the  "  Encyclopaedia 
of  Agriculture,"  the  "  Encyclopaedia  of 
Gardening,"  "  Hints  on  the  Formation 
of  Gardens,"  the  "  Encyclopaedia  of  Cot- 
tage, Farm,  and  Villa  Architecture, "  the 
''  Suburban  Horticulturist,"  and  the 
"  Encyclopaedia  of  Trees  and  Shrubs," 
besides  which  lie  latterly  edited  the 
"  Gardener's  and  Agricultural  Maga- 
zines," and  contributed  to  other  publi- 
cations.    D.  1843. 

LOUIS  IX.,  king  of  France,  canonized 
in  the  Roman  calendar  as  St.  Louis,  was 
b.  1214,  and  succeeded  his  father,  Louis 
VIII.,  in  1226. — XL,  king  of  France, 
was  the  son  of  Charles  VII.,  and  b.  at 
Bourses,  in  1423.  Active,  bold,  and 
cunning,  he  was  the  reverse  of  his  well- 
disposed  but  imbecile  father,  of  whose 
minister  and  mistress,  Agnes  Sorel,  he 
soon  showed  himself  a  decided  enemy. 
In  1440  he  left  the  court,  and  put  him- 
self at  the  head  of  an  insurrection. 
Charles  defeated  the  rebels,  and  ex- 
ecuted some,  but  pardoned  his  son, 
whom  he  even  trusted  with  a  command 
against  the  English  and  Swiss.  Louis 
conducted  himself  with  valor  and  pru- 
dence, and  his  father  became  entirely 
reconciled  to  him  ;  but  having  soon  en- 
tered into  new  conspiracies,  he  was 
obliged  to  take  refuge  in  Burgundy,  and 
lived  there  five  years  in  a  dependent 
condition.  On  the  death  of  his  father, 
in  14(31,  he  dismissed  the  former  minis- 
ters, and  filled  their  places  with  men 
taken  from  the  lower  orders,  without 
character  or  talents  to  recommend  them. 
Insurrections  broke  out  in  various  parts 
of  his  dominions  ;  but  they  were  soon 
quelled,  and  followed  by  many  execu- 
tions. In  e.very  thing  he  did,  his  crooked 
policy  and  sinister  views  were  evident. 
1).  1483.— XII.,  king  of  France,  was  the 
sj:i  of  Charles,  duke  of  Orleans,  and  b. 
in  1462.  His  reign  was  a  continued 
scene  of  warfare. — XIII.,  king  of  France, 
was  the  son  of  Henry  IV.,  and  b.  in  1601. 
Being  only  nine  years  old  at  the  death 
of  his  father,  the  care  of  him  and  of  the 
kingdom  was  intrusted  to  his  mother, 
Mary  dc  Medicis.    D.  1642.— XIV.,  son 


of  the  preceding,  was  only  five  years  old 
on  the  death  of  his  father,  the  regency 
being  in  the  hands  of  the  queen-mother, 
Anne  of  Austria,  under  whom  Mazarin 
acted  as  prime  minister.  In  1651  the 
king  assumed  the  government.  O.  1715. 
— XV.,  king  of  France,  great-grandson 
and  successor  of  the  preceding,  was  b. 
in  1710;  and  Louis  XIV.  dying  when  he 
was  only  five  years  of  age,  the  kingdom 
was  placed  under  the  regency  of  Philip, 
duke  of  Orleans.  He  was  crowned  in 
1722,  and  declared  of  age  the  following 
year.  U.  1774. — XVI..  the  son  of  Louis 
the  dauphin,  ::nd  of  Maria  Josephine, 
daughter  of  Frederic  Augustus,  king  of 
Poland,  was  b.  in  1754,  and  immediately 
created  duke  of  Bern.  On  the  death  of 
his  father,  in  1765,  he  became  the  heir 
to  the  throne  ;  and  in  1770  he  married 
Maria  Antoinette,  an  Austrian  princess, 
of  great  beauty  and  accomplishments. 
In  1774  he  succeeded  to  the  crown  ;  and 
was  executed  for  his  tyranny  and  weak- 
ness in  1793. — XVIIL,  Stanislaus  Xa- 
vier,  surnamed  "  le  Desire,"  second 
son  of  the  dauphin,  (the  son  of  Louis 
XV.,)  was  b.  in  1755,  and  was  originally 
known  as  the  count  of  Provence.  At 
the  accession  of  his  brother,  Louis  XVI., 
in  1774,  he  received  the  titleof  Monsieur; 
and  after  the  death  of  his  nephew,  in 
1795,  from  which  time  he  reckoned  his 
reign,  he  took  the  name  and  title  of 
Louis  XVIIL,' king  of  France  and  Na- 
varre.    D.  1824. 

LOUTS  PHILIPPE,  ex-king  of  the 
French,  the  eldest  son  of  the  dnke  of 
Orleans,  better  known  in  the  revolu- 
tionary times  as  Philippe  Egalitc,  and 
of  Marie,  only  daughter  of  the  duke  of 
Penthievre,  was  b.  in  Paris,  October  6, 
1773.  At  the  age  of  17  his  father  intro- 
duced him  to  the  Jacobin  Club;'  in 
1791,  having  received  the  command  of 
a  regiment  of  dragoons,  lie  set  out  to 
jo'n  it  at  Valenciennes ;  and  war  being 
declared  against  Austria,  he  made  his 
first  campaign  in  1792,  fighting  at  Valmy 
at  the  head  of  the  troops  confided  to  him 
by  Kellerniann,  and  afterwards  gaining 
great  distinction  at  Jeinappes,"  under 
Dumourier.  Meanwhile  the  revolution 
was  hastening  to  its  crisis.  In  1793 
Louis  XVI.  was  carried  to  the  scaffold  ; 
and  a  few  months  afterwards,  when  the 
duke  of  Orleans,  notwithstanding  his 
connection  with  the  revolutionary  cause, 
shared  the  same  fate,  Louis  Philippe  fled 
to  the  French  frontier,  escaped  into  the 
Austrian  territories,  and  refusing  an  in- 
vitation to  enter  into  that  service,  trav- 
elled in  Switzerland,  Hungary  i  Denmark, 


Low] 


CYCL.OP.EDrA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


505 


Norway,  Sweden,  pnd  America.  The 
abdication  of  Napoleon,  in  1814,  intro- 
duced a  new  change  in  his  fortunes,  and 
lie  returned  to  Paris  after  an  absence  of 
21  years.  The  return  of  Napoleon  from 
Elba  scattered  the  Bourbons  once  more, 
and  Louis  Philippe  returned  to  England, 
till  the  expiry  of  the  hundred  days,  when 
he  repaired  to  France,  and  entered  into 
all  the  honors  due  to  his  rank.  A  cold- 
ness which  arose  between  him  and  the 
administration,  led  to  his  temporary  re- 
tirement to -England;  but  in  1817  he 
took  up  his  permanent  abode  in  France, 
and,  while  abstaining  from  polities,  de- 
voted himself  to  the  education  of  his 
family  and  the  patronage  of  literature 
and  the  arts,  until  the  revolution  of  1830 
placed  him  on  the  throne,  from  which 
he  was  driven  in  1848.  Hastily  quitting 
Paris  with  the  queen,  who  had  shared 
with  him  so  many  dangers,  he  made  his 
way  to  the  sea-shore,  whence  he  es- 
caped, in  disguise,  for  England,  and 
landed  at  Newiiaven,  in  Sussex.  D.  ISoO. 
LOUISA,  Augusta  Wtuiei.mina 
Amelia,  queen  of  Prussia,  daughter  of 
Charles,  duke  of  Mecklenburg  Strelitz, 
was  b.  at  Hanover,  in  1776,  and  was 
married  to  the  crown-prince  of  Prussia, 
afterwards  king,  Dec.  24,  1798.  In  1797 
the  king  of  Prussia  ascended  the  throne, 
and  his  consort  became  the  model  of  a 
wife,  a  mother,  and  a  queen,  alleviating 
misery  wherever  she  could,  and  reward- 
ing merit.     D.  1810. 

LOUTHERBOUKOt,  Philip  James,  an 
eminent  landscape  painter,  was  b.  at 
Strasburg,  1740;  studied  under  Tisch- 
bein  and  Casanova;  and  displayed  great 
talents  in  his  delineation  of  battles, 
hunting  pieces,  &c.  He  came  to  Lon- 
don in  1771,  and  while  there  contrived 
an  exhibition,  called  the  Eidophusikon, 
somewhat  on  the  plan  of  the  Diorama. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  academy  of 
painting  at  Paris,  and  a  royal  academi- 
cian of  England.     D.  1812/ 

LOUVEL,  Peter  Louis,  the  assassin 
of  the  due  de  Berri,  was  b.  at  Versailles, 
in  1783.  He  was  by  trade  a  saddler,  and 
worked  in  the  stables  of  the  Emperor 
Nipoleon  and  the  French  king.  I  lis 
disposition  was  gloomy,  and  his  mind 
seemed  devoid  of  interest,  except  on 
political  subjects.  He  appeared  to  dwell 
intently  on  what  he  had  heard  respect- 
ing the  causes  of  the  French  revolution, 
until  he  felt  a  rooted  hatred  towards  the 
Bourbons.  During  six  years  he  rumina- 
ted in  silence  on  their  destruction,  and 
began  with  the  youngest,  as  he  after- 
wards acknowledged,  from  a  wish   to 


exterminate  their  race;  having n 
to  omit  no  opportunity  of  killing  the 
others.  Louvel  perpetrated  the  fatal 
deed  on  the  18th  or  February 
He  conducted  himself  with  nrmnc  .. 
during  his  long  examination,  and  an 
peared  calm  throughout,  even  in  his 
fast  moments,  positively  declaring  that 
he  had  r  )  accomplice. 

LOVE,  Christopher,  an  eminent 
Presbyterian  divine,  was  h.  at  Cardiff, 
in  1618.  He  studied  al  Oxford,  and 
entered  into  orders;  but  refusing  to 
subscribe  to  the  canons  enjoined  l,\ 
Archbishop  Laud,  he  was  expelled  the 
congregation  of  masters,  and  repaired 
to  London.  He  was  one  of  the  com- 
missioners for  the  parliament  at  the 
treaty  of  Uxbridge:  he  was  also  one  of 
the  assembly  of  divines,  and 
minister  of  St.  Lawrence,  Jewry;  yet 
he  signed  the  declaration  against  the 
murder  of  the  king.  After  this  he  was 
concerned  in  a  plot  against  Cromwell 
and  the  Independents,  for  which  he 
was  tried  and  beheaded,  Aug.  '2'-',  1651. 
Ashe,  Calainy,  and  Manton,  three  emi- 
nent nonconformist  divines,  accompa- 
nied him  to  the  scaffold,  and  he  was 
deemed  a  martyr  by  the  whole  of  the 
Presbyterian  party. — James,  a  dramatic 
writer  and  performer,  whose  real  name 
was  Dance,  was,  for  a  time,  a  partisan 
to  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  and  an  expect- 
ant of  political  preferment;  hut  being 
disappointed  in  his  hopes,  and  involved 
in  difficulties,  he  went  on  the  stage,  and 
excelled  in  the  part  of  Falstaff.  "Pa- 
mela," a  comedy:  "The  Village  Wed- 
ding," a  pastoral  entertainment ;  and 
"The  Lady's  Frolic,"  a  comic  opera, 
were  the  productions  of  his  pen.  D. 
1774. 

LOVELACE,  Richard,  an  English 
poet  of  the  17th  century,  was  a  son  of 
Sir  Richard  Lovelace,  of  Woolwich, 
and  b.  in  1618.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Charter  house,  and  at  Gloucester  hall, 
Oxford;  became  a  colonel  in  the  army 
of  Charles  L,  and  spent  the  whole  of 
his  fortune  in  support  of  the  royal 
cause;  was  imprisoned  by  the  parlia- 
ment, and  d.  in  indigence  m,lG58.  His 
poems,  published  under  the  titlo  of 
"  Lucasta,"  are  light  and  elegant.  He 
also  wrote  two  plays,  "  The  Scholar,"  a 
comedy,  and  "The  Soldier,"  a  tragedy. 
For  spirit  and  gallantry.  Colonel  Love- 
lace has  sometimes  been  compared  t'- 
Sir  Philip  Sidney. 

LOWE,  Sir  IIunsoN,  entered  the  army 
at  a  very  early  age,  and  served  with 
much   credit   in  various   parts    of   the 


596 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[loy 


world  ;  but  he  will  be  principally  re- 
membered  in  history  as  having  been 
governor  of  St.  Helena,  while  that  island 
was  the  place  of  detention  of  the  Em- 
peror Napoleon.     D.  1844. 

LOWhLL,  John,  first  judge  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, a  gentleman  distinguished 
for  his  generosity  and  public  spirit,  who 
was  among  the  projectors  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts hospital,  the  Boston  Athenae- 
um, savings'  bank,  &c,  &c.  B.  1779; 
d.  ls4o. 

LOWNDES,  William,  was  b.  at 
Charleston  about  1781,  was  educated  at 
the  college  there,  studied  law,  was 
chosen  a  member  of  the  legislature,  and 
was  a  distinguished  member  of  congress 
for  a  period  of  ten  years,  from  about 
1810  to  1822,  when  from  ill  health  he 
resigned.  In  1818  he  was  the  chairman 
of  the  committee  of  ways  and  means. 
He  was  tall,  slender,  emaciated,  of  a 
rueful  countenance  ;  a  man  of  wealth 
and  probity,  modest,  retiring,  and  un- 
ambitious ;  with  a  mind  of  the  first 
order,  vigorous,  comprehensive,  and 
logical,  and  a  memory  of  uncommon 
power,  and  standing  in  the  first  ranks 
of  American  statesmen.  There  must 
have  been  some  most  extraordinary  ex- 
cellences in  his  character,  for  he  was 
respected  and  beloved  even  by  his  po- 
litical adversaries.  Eew  men  have  ap- 
peared at  Washington  who  gave  more 
promise  of  future  eminence,  but  he  d. 
at  sea,  on  his  way  to  Europe,  1822,  too 
early  alike  for  the  wishes  of  his  friends 
and  the  hope  of  the  nation. 

LOWRY,  Wilson,  an  eminent  En- 
glish engraver,  was  b.  in  1762,  at  White- 
haven, where  his  father,  Mr.  Strick- 
land Lowry,  was  a  portrait  painter.  He 
was  the  inventor  of  a  ruling-machine, 
possessing  the  property  of  ruling  suc- 
cessive lines,  either  equidistant  or  in 
just  gradations,  from  the  greatest  re- 
quired width  to  the  nearest  possible 
approximation ;  also  of  one  capable  of 
drawing  lines  to  a  point,  and  of  forming 
concentric  circles:  he  likewise  intro- 
duced the  use  of  diamond  points  for 
etching,  and  many  other  useful  im- 
provements in  the  art,  and  was  the  first 
who  succeeded  in  what  is  technically 
termed  ''biting  in"  well  upon  steel. 
For  thirty  years  before  his  death  he 
was  engaged  by  eminent  publishers  on 
their  most  extensively  illustrated  works  ; 
and  having  attained  to  the  highest  rank 
in  his  peculiar  branch  of  the  art,  his 
services  were  thoroughlv  appreciated. 
D.  1820. 

LOWTH,   "William,  an  eminent  di- 


vine, was  b.  in  London,  in  1661,  and 
was  educated  at  Oxford.  Being  recom- 
mended by  his  worth  and  learning,  he 
became  chaplain  to  Dr.  Mew,  bishop  of 
Winchester,  and  was  provided  with  a 
prebendal  stall  in  his  cathedral  and  the 
living  of  Buriton.  He  was  an  excellent 
classical  scholar  and  critic,  and  the  au- 
thor of  several  theological  works  of 
merit. — Robert,  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  a  distinguished  English  prelate, 
was  b.  at  Buriton,  in  1710,  received  his 
education  at  Winchester,  and  at  New 
college,  Oxford,  in  which  university  he' 
was  elected  professor  of  poetry  in  1741. 
He  accompanied  Mr.  Lcgge  on  an  em- 
bassy to  Berlin,  and  was  subsequently 
travelling  tutor  to  the  sons  of  the  duke 
of  Devonshire.  In  1758  he  published 
his  "  De  Sacra  Poesi  Hebraeornm  Prse- 
lectiones  Aeademieae ;"  in  1758,  the 
"Life  of  William  of  Wykeham;"  in 
1762,  a  "Short  Introduction  to  English 
Grammar;"  and,  in  176.5,  he  replied,  in 
a  masterly  and  unanswerable  style  to 
some  acrimonious  remarks  of  Warbur- 
tou,  who  thought  Dr.  Lowth  had  aimed 
at  his  Divine  Legation  of  Moses  in  the 
"  Prailectiones."  After  having  enjoyed 
some  valuable  preferments,  he  was 
raised  to  the  see  of  St.  David's  in  1766, 
was  translated  to  Oxford  in  the  same 
year,  and,  in  1777,  succeeded  to  the 
diocese  of  London.  In  1778  he  pub- 
lished his  •'•'  translation  of  Isaiah."  The 
archbishopric  of  Canterbury  was  offered 
him,  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Cornwallis, 
but  he  declined  the  primacy.    D.  1787. 

LOYOLA,  Ignatius,  founder  of  the 
society  of  Jesuits,  was  b.  in  1491,  of  a 
noble  family,  in  the  Spanish  province 
of  Guipuscoa.  He  was  at  first  in  the 
army,  and  served  with  distinguished 
bravery,  but  having  been  severely 
wounded  at  the  siege  of  Pampeluna,  he 
beguiled  his  time  with  books,  and  on 
reading  the  "Lives  of  the  Saints,"  his 
imagination  became  highly  excited,  and 
he  determined  to  devote  himself  from 
that  time  to  works  of  piety.  He  bearan 
by  making  a  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem, 
not  from  a  mere  wish  to  see  those  places, 
which  had  been  hallowed  by  the  pres- 
ence of  our  Lord,  but  in  the  hope  of 
converting  some  of  the  infidels,  who 
were  masters  of  the  Holy  Land,  or  of 
gaining  the  palm  of  martyrdom  in  the 
attempt.  Having  accomplished  this 
painful  and  perilous  journey,  he  re- 
turned to  Spain,  more  unprovided  even 
than  he  had  left  it.  In  1526  he  went  to 
the  university  of  Alcala,  where  he  found 
some  adherents  ;  but  the  Inquisition  im» 


LUCj 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


597 


prisoned  him  for  his  conduct,  whicb 
appeared  strange,  and  rendered  him 
suspected  of  witchcraft.  He  was  not 
delivered  from  the  prison  of  the  holy 
ofiico  until  1528,  when  lie  went  to  Paris 
to  con1  nue  his  studies,  the  subjects  of 
which  indeed,  were  only  works  of  an 
ascetic  jharacter.  Here  lie  became  ac- 
quainted with  several  Spaniards  and 
Frenchmen,  who  were  afterwards  noted 
as  his  followers.  They  conceived  the 
plan  of  an  order  Cor  the  conversion  of 
heathens  and  sinners,  and,  on  Ascension 
day.  in  1584,  they  united  fortius  great 
work  in  the  subterranean  chapel  of  the 
abbey  of  Montmartre.  .They  then  met 
again  in  15-36,  at  Venice,  whence  they 
proceeded  to  Rome,  and  received  the 
confirmation  of  their  fraternity  from 
Pope  Paul  111.,  as  "The  Society  of 
Jesus."  In  1541.  Ignatius  was  chosen 
general  of  the  society,  continued  his 
abstinence  and  penances  during  life,  and 
d.  in  1566.  Loyola  was  in  person  of  a 
middle  stature,  of  an  olive  complexion, 
with  a  bald  head,  eyes  full  of  fire,  and 
an  aquiline  nose.  His  fanaticism  and 
enthusiasm  were  certainly  dignified  by 
sincerity,  and  he  doubtless  believed  as 
he  taught,  that  the  Society  of  Jesus  was 
the  result  of  an  immediate  inspiration 
from  heaven.  He  was  canonized  in 
1622,  by  Gregory  XV. 

LUB1N,  Augustin,  an  Augustin  friar, 
was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1624.  He  became 
provincial-general  of  his  order  in  France, 
and  afterwards  assistant-general  of  the 
French  monks  at  Rome,  but  he  returned 
to  Paris,  and  d.  there  in  1605.  ,He  was 
made  geographer  royal,  and  wrote  "  The 
Geographical  Mercury,"  "Notes  on  the 
Roman  Martyrology,'"  "History  of  the 
French  Abbeys,"  and  the  "Geography 
of  the  Bible,"  &c. 

LUC  AN,  Marcus  Ann^us,  a  cele- 
brated Roman  poet,  was  b.  at  Corduba, 
in  Spain,  a.  d.  37.  lie  was  a  nephew  of 
Seneca,  and  being  taken  early  to  Rome, 
he  studied  there  under  the  best  masters. 
Before  he  was  of  the  legal  age  he  was 
made  a  qiuestor,  and  he  was  also  ad- 
mitted into  the  college  of  augurs,  lie 
excited  the  auger  of  Nero  for  having 
had  the  effrontery  to  recite  one  of  his 
compositions,  in  a  public  assembly,  in 
competition  with  the  emperor,  and  was 
ordered  never  more  to  recite  in  public. 
This  induced  Lucan  to  join  Piso  and 
others  in  a  conspiracy  against  the  tyrant, 
for  which  he  suffered  death,  65."  His 
"Pharsalia"  contains  passages  of  great 
oeauty. 

LUCIAN,  a  celebrated  Greek  author, 


distinguished  for  his  ingenuity  and  wit, 
was  b.  at  Samosata,  the  capital  of  <'o- 
niageno.  during  the  reign  of  JTrajan.    Ho 

was  of  humble  origin,  and  was  placed, 
while  young,  with  an  uncle,  to  study 
statuary,  hut  being  unsuccessful  in  his 
first  attempts,  he  went  to  Antioch,  and 
devoted  himself  to  literature  and  forensic 
rhetoric.  In  the  reign  of*  Marcus  Aure- 
lius,  he  was  made  procurator  of  the 
province  of  Egypt,  and  d.  when  SO  or  HO 
years  old.  The  works  of  Lucian,  of 
which  many  have  come  down  to  us,  are 
mostly  in  the  form  of  dialogues,  but 
none  are  so  popular  as  those  in  which 
he  ridicules  the  pagan  mytbologj  and 
philosophical  sects.  Many  of  'them, 
however,  though  written  in  an  circuit 
style,  and  abounding  with  witticisms, 
are  tainted  with  profanity  and  indecency. 

LUCILIUS,  Caius,  a  Roman  satirist, 
who  served  under  Seipio  in  his  expedi- 
tion against  the  Numantians.  Only  a 
few  of  his  verses  remain,  which  are'  in 
the  "Corpus  Poetarum"  of  Maittnire. 
]).  at  Naples,  108  a.  c. 

LUCRETIA,  a  Roman  matron,  was  the 
wife  of  Collatinus,  and  the  cause  of  the 
revolution  of  Rome  from  a  monarchy  to 
a  republic.  Sextus  Tarquinius,  who 
contrived  to  become  a  guest  in  the  ab- 
sence of  her  husband,  whose  kinsman 
he  was,  found  means  to  reach  her 
chamber  in  the  middle  of  the  night,  and 
finding  himself  repulsed,  he  threatened 
to  stab  her,  kill  a  slave,  and  place  him 
by  her  side,  and  then  swear  he  had  slain 
them  both  in  the  act  of  adultery.  The 
dread  of  infamy  succeeded,  and  he 
triumphed  over  her  fears;  but  she 
acquainted  her  husband,  father,  and 
kindred  of  the  transaction,  and,  in  spite 
of  their  soothing  remonstrances,  drew  a 
dagger,  and  stabbed  herself  to  the  heart. 
The  bloody  poniard,  with  her  dead 
body  exposed  to  the  senate,  was  the 
signal  of  Roman  liberty.  The  expulsion 
of  the  Tarquins,  and  the  abolition  of 
the  regal  dignity,  was  instantly  resolved 
on,  and  carried  into  execution. 

LUCRETIUS,  Titus  Carus,  an  ancient 
Roman  philosopher  and  poet,  much 
esteemed  for  his  learning  and  eloc  uencc. 
His  celebrated  work,  "  De  Rcrum  Na- 
ture,"  has  been  translated  into  English 
by  Mr.  ( Ycceh.     B.  98  b.  c.  ;  d.  55  n.  c. 

LUCULLUS,  Lucius  Licnnus,  a  Ro- 
man consul  and  commander,  celebra- 
ted for  his  military  talents  and  mag- 
nificence, was  b.  115  b.  c.  He  first 
distinguished  himself  in  the  social  war, 
and  afterwards  defeated  Hainilear  in 
two  naval  battles.    He  also  conquered 


598 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[lut 


le 


Various  cities  of  Pontus,  and,  although 
overcome;  by  Mithridates  in  a  battle, 
soon  acquired  such  advantages  that  he 
finally  broke  up  the  hostile  army,  and 
Mithridates  himself  sought  protection  in 
Armenia,  where  Tigranes  refusing  to 
Burrender  him  to  the  Romans,  Lucullus 
attacked  that  monarch,  and  completely 
subdued  him.  By  a  mutiny  of  his 
soldiers,  who  accused  him  of  avarice 
and  covetousness,  he  was  deprived  of 
the  chief  command,  and  recalled.  From 
this  time,  Lucullus  remained  a  private 
individual,  spending  in  luxurious  ease 
the  immense  riches  which  he  had 
brought  with  him  from  Asia,  without 
however,  abandoning  the  more  noble 
and  serious  occupations  of  a  cultivated 
mind.     D.  4'J  b.  c. 

LUDLOW,  Edmund,  an  eminent  re- 
ublicah  leader,  was  b.  at  Maiden  Brad- 
ley, Wilts,  in  1620,  studied  at  Trinity 
college,  Oxford,  and  at  the  Temple,  was 
an  officer  in  the  parliamentary  army, 
and  fought  at  Edgehill,  Newbury,  and 
other  places,  but  when  the  "self-deny- 
ing ordinance"  took  place,  he  remained 
out  of  any  ostensible  situation,  until 
chosen  member  for  Wiltshire  in  the 
place  of  Ins  father.  At  this  time  the 
machinations  of  Cromwell  becoming 
visible,  he  was  opposed  by  Ludlow  with 
firmness  and  openness.  To  establish  a 
republic,  he  joined  the  army  against 
the  parliament,  and  sat  also  as  one  of 
Charles's  judges.  Nominated  general 
of  horse  in  Ireland,  he  joined  the  army 
under  Ireton,  and  acted  with  great  vigor 
and  ability.  When  Cromwell  was  de- 
clared protector,  Ludlow  used  all  his 
influence  with  the  army  against  him, 
on  which  account  he  was  recalled,  and 
put  under  arrest;  but  he  avowed  his 
republican  principles,  and,  refusing  all 
security  or  engagement  for  jubmission, 
retired  into  Essex,  where  he  remained 
until  the  death  of  the  protector.  When 
Richard  Cromwell  succeeded,  he  joined 
the  army  party  at  Wallingford  House, 
and  was  instrumental  in  the  restoration 
of  the  long  parliament,  in  which  he  took 
his  seat.  The  restoration  was  now 
rapidly  approaching,  and  finding  the 
republicans  unable  to  resist  it,  he  quitted 
the  country,  and  proceeded  to  Geneva, 
whence  he  afterwards,  with  many  more 
fugitives  of  the  party,  took  refuge  at 
Lausanne.  After  the  revolution  he 
ventured  to  appear  in  London,  which 
gave  such  offence,  that  an  address  was 
presented  to  King  William,  by  the  house 
of  commons,  praying  his  majesty  to  issue 
ft  proclamation  for  apprehending  him. 


On  this,  Ludlow  went  back  to  Vevay, 
in  Switzerland,  where  he  d.  in  16'J3. 
lie  was  one  of  the  purest  and  most 
honorable  characters  on  the  republican 
side,  free  from  fanaticism  or  hypocrisy. 
His  "  Memoirs "  are  interesting,  and 
written  in  a  manly  and  unaffected  style. 

LULLY,  Raymond,  a  distinguished 
philosopher  and  scholar  of  the  13th 
century,  b.  at  Pal  ma,  in  Majcraa.  In 
his  youth  he  had  been  a  soldier,  but  ho 
became  a  religious  ascetic,  and  travelled 
into  Africa  and  the  East,  for  the  purpose 
of  converting  the  Mahometans  to  Cnris- 
tianity.  He  suffered  tortures  and  im- 
prisonment at  Tunis,  but  was  released 
by  some  Genoese  merchants,  and  d.  on 
his  voyage  home,  in  1315.  He  wrote  on 
divinity,  medicine,  chemistry,  metaphy- 
sics, &c. ;  was  styled  "Doctor  lllumi- 
natus,"  and  his  method,  which  prevailed 
in  Europe  during  the  14th,  loth,  and 
Kith  centuries,  was  dignified  by  the  title 
of  "  Ars  Lulliana." 

LUSSAN,  Margaret  de,  a  French 
authoress  of  considerable  talents,  b.  in 
16S2,  was  the  daughter  of  one  of  Cardi- 
nal Pleury's  coachmen.  Among  her 
most  esteemed  productions  are,  "La 
Comtcsse  de  Goudez,''  "  Anecdotes  de 
Philippe  Auguste,"  "Anecdotes  of 
Francis  I.,"  "  La  Vie  de  M.  Crillon," 
and  "  Histoire  de  Charles  VI." 

LUTHER,  Martin,  the  great  reformer 
of  the  church,  was  b.  in  1483,  at  Eisle- 
ben,  in  Lower  Saxony.  At  the  a?e  of 
14  he  was  sent  to  the  school  of  Magde- 
burg,  from  which  he  removed  to  Eise- 
nach, ajid  thence  to  the  university  of 
Erfurt,  where,  in  1508,  he  received  a 
master's  degree,  and  delivered  lectures 
;n  the  physics  and  ethics  of  Aristotle. 
He  was  destined  by  his  father  for  the 
legal  profession,  but  the  impression  pro- 
duced on  him  by  the  fate  of  his  friend 
Alexis,  wdio  was  struck  dead  by  light- 
ning while  walking  by  his  side  on  their 
road  from  Mansfield  to  Erfurt,  uniting 
with  the  effect  of  his  early  religious 
education,  induced  him  to  devote  him- 
self to  the  monastic  life,  and  lie  entered 
the  monastery  of  Angustins,  in  1505, 
submitting  patiently  to  all  the  penances 
ami  humiliations  which  the  superior  of 
the  order  imposes  upon   novices.      In 

1507  he  was  constituted  a  priest,  and  in 

1508  he  was  made  professor  of  philos- 
ophy in  the  new  university  of  Witten- 
berg. In  this  sphere  of  action  his 
powerful  mind  soon  showed  itself;  he 
threw  off  the  fetters  of  the  scholastic 
philosophy,  asserted  the  rights  of  reason, 
and  soon  collected  a  larjje  number  or 


f.Ycl 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAI'IIV. 


599 


disciples.  In  1510  he  visited  the  court 
of  Pope  Leo  X.,  at  Rome,  a  journey 
which  revealed  to  him  the  irrcligion  and 

corruption  of  the  clergy,  and  destroyed 
his  reverence  for  the  sanctity  of  the 
pope.  After  his  return,  he  became  a 
preacher,  and  was  made  doctor  of  the- 
ology. His  profound  learning,  together 
with  the  fame  of  his  eloquence,  soon 
made  Luther  known  to  the  principal 
scholars,  and  esteemed  as  a  powerful 
advocate  of  the  new  light  which  was 
breaking  upon  the  world.  Great,  there- 
fore, was  the  attention  excited  by  his 
ninety-five  propositions,  given  to  the 
world,  Oct.  31,  1517,  and  intended  to 
put  an  end  to  the  sale  of  indulgences  by 
the  Dominican  Tetzel.  They  were  con- 
demned as  heretical,  but  neither  men- 
aces nor  persuasions  could  induce  him 
to  recant,  and  he  still  maintained  the 
invalidity  of  indulgences,    and    of  the 

f>apal  supremacy.  In  1520,  Luther  and 
lis  friends  were  excommunicated,  and 
his  writings  burnt  at  Rome,  Cologne, 
and  Louvain.  Indignant  at  this  open 
act  of  hostility,  Luther  burned  the  bull 
of  excommunication  and  the  decretals 
of  the  papal  canon.  Being  called  upon 
by  many  of  the  German  nobility  to  de- 
fend the  new  doctrine,  he  presented 
himself  at  the  diet  of  Worms,  April, 
1521,  before  the  emperor,  and  a  vast 
assemblage  of  the  princes  and  prelates 
of  Germany.  He  there  made  an  elabo- 
rate defence,  and  concluded  it  with  these 
words:  "Let  me  then  be  refuted  and 
convinced  by  the  testimony  of  the  Scrip- 
tures, or  by  the  clearest  arguments, 
otherwise  I  cannot  and  will  not  recant ; 
for  it  is  neither  safe  nor  expedient  to 
act  against  conscience.  Here  I  take  my 
stand ;  I  can  do  no  otherwise,  so  help 
me  God  !  Amen."  He  left  Worms,  in 
fact,  a  conqueror ;  but  it  was  so  manifest 
that  his  enemies  were  determined  upon 
his  destruction,  that  the  elector  of  Sax- 
ony conveyed  him  to  the  castle  of  Wart- 
burg,  to  save  his  life.  In  this  Patmos, 
as  he  called  it,  Luther  remained  ten 
months,  and  then  returned  to  Witten- 
berg, where  he  published  a  sharp  reply 
to  Henry  VIII.,  who  had  written  a  book 
against  him,  on  the  seven  sacraments. 
Luther  also  printed  a  translation  of  the 
New  Testament,  which  greatly  alarmed 
the  Catholics,  and  severe  edicts  were 
issued  against  the  reading  of  it  by  the 
princes  of  that  communion.  In  1524  he 
married  Catherine  de  Bora,  who  had 
been  a  nun,  by  whom  he  had  three  sons. 
In  1520  the  emperor  assembled  another 
diet  at  Spires,  to  check  the  progress  of 


the  new  opinions ;  and  here  it  was  that 
the  name  of  Protestants  first  OToSe,  OOr 
casioned  by  the  protest  made,  on  the 
part  of  the  electoral  princes,  who  wort 
for  the  reformation,  against  the  rigoronv 
impositions  brought  forward  in  this  as- 
sembly. Alter  this,  the  protesting 
princes  determined  to  have  a  common 
confession  of  faith  drawn  up;  which 
was  accordingly  performed  by  Mclanch- 
thon,  and  being  presented  at  the  diet 
of  Augsburg,  in  1580,  was  called  "The 
Confession  of  Augsburg."  In  1534 
Luther's  translation  of  the  whole  Bible 
was  published,  and  the  same  year  ho 
printed  a  book  against  the  service  of  the 
mass.  At  length,  worn  out,  more  by 
labor  than  age,  this  illustrious  man  <1. 
at  his  native  place,  Feb.  18,  1546,  having 
lived  to  see  that  his  doctrines  had  taken 
such  deep  root,  that  no  earthly  power 
could  eradicate  them. 

LUTTI,  Benedict,  an  eminent  Italian 
painter,  on  whom  the  emperor  of  Ger- 
many conferred  the  honor  of  knight- 
hood, was  b.  at  Florence,  in  L666.  He 
resided  at  Rome,  where  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  academy  of  St.  Luke.  His 
paintings  are  rare  and  valuable.  D. 
1724. 

LUXEMBOURG,  Francis  Henry  de 
Montmorenci,  duke  of,  a  famous  general 
and  marshal  of  France,  b.  in  1628,  was 
the  posthumous  son  of  the  count  de 
Bouteville,  who  was  beheaded  in  the 
reign  of  Louis  XIII.  for  fighting  a  duel. 
He  served  when  young  under  the  prince 
of  Conde,  was  made  a  duke  and  peer  of 
France,  in  1662,  was  a  lieutenant-gen- 
eral at  the  taking  of  Franchc-Compte, 
in  16(53,  commanded  during  the  invasion 
of  Holland,  in  1672,  and  having  gained 
the  battle  of  Seref,  in  1674,  was  created 
a  marshal.  He  subsequently  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  battles  of  Fleu- 
rus,  Leuze,  Steinkirk,  &c.,  and  d.  in 
1695. 

LYCOPIIRON,  a  Greek  poet  was  b. 
at  Chalcis,  in  Euboea.  He  flourished  in 
the  age  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphia,  and 
was  one  of  the  seven  poets  termed  the 
Pleiades.  He  wrote  numerous  trage- 
dies, a  satirical  drama,  and  other  works  ; 
but  the  only  extant  production  of  this 
writer  is  a  poem  relating  to  the  predic- 
tions of  Cassandra,  the  daughter  of 
Priam,  kimr  of  Troy. 

LYCURGUS,  the  celebrated  Spartan 
legislator,  son  of  Ennomus,  king  of 
Sparta,  is  supposed  to  have  been  b. 
about  898  "•  c.  His  elder  brother, 
Polydectcs,  who  succeeded  to  the  throne 
on  tho  death  of  his  father,  soon  utter 


600 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[lyo 


died,  and  left  the  kingdom  to  him  ;  but 
Lycurgus  finding  that  the  widow  was 
pregnant,  forbore  to  assume  the  sceptre  ; 
and  the  issue  proving  to  be  a  boy,  he 
faithfully  fulfilled  the  office  of  guardian 
to  it.  lie  made  the  study  of  legislation 
his  principal  object;  and  having  trav- 
elled^ for  the  purpose  of  investigating 
the  institutions  of  other  lauds,  he  re- 
turned to  his  own  country,  and  estab- 
lished those  laws  by  which  Sparta  was 
so  long  governed.  Having  bound  the 
king,  senate,  and  people,  by  a  solemn 
oath,  not  to  alter  any  of  the  laws  he  had 
made  until  his  return,  lie  left  Sparta 
•with  the  avowed  intention  of  visiting 
the  oracle  of  Delphi,  bat  he  secretly 
determined  never  to  see  it  again.  Plu- 
tarch affirms,  that  he  put  himself  vol- 
untarily to  death  by  starvation,  while 
Luciau  assert  that  he  died  naturally,  at 
the  age  of  85.  The  rigid  character  of 
the  laws  of  Lycurgus  was  intended  to 
make  public  principles  predominate 
over  private  interests  and  affections. 
Children  were  not  allowed  to  be  the 
property  of  their  parents,  but  of  the 
state ;  which  directed  their  education, 
and  even  determined  on  their  life  or 
death.  Tiie  severest  penalties  against 
debauchery  and  intemperance  were 
affixed;  and  it  was  enjoined  that  the 
people  should  all  take  their  meals  in 
public.  They  were  allowed  to  possess 
neither  gold  nor  silver;  iron  was  used 
for  money ;  the  theatres  were  abolished, 
and  nothing  but  the  most  indispensable 
knowledge  was  allowed  to  be  acquired ; 
in  short,  all  that  tended  to  soften  and 
humanize  mankind  was  prohibited, 
while  every  thing  that  could  promote  a 
hardy  life  and  personal  bravery  was  en- 
couraged. The  Spartans,  under  the 
laws  of  Lycurgus,  consequently  became 
a  nation  of  warriors,  who,  for  ages, 
proved  the  bulwark  of  their'  friends, 
the  dread  of  their  foes,  and  an  example 
for  future  ages — more,  however,  to  be 
shunned  than  imitated. 

LYDGATE,  John,  one  of  the  oldest 
English  poets,  was  a  Benedictine  monk 
of  Bury  St.  Edmund's.  Ho  was  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  travelled  in  France  and 
Italy,  opened  a  school  on  his  return  for 
the  tuition  of  the  young  nobility,  and 
d.  about  1460.  His  "  Siege  of  Troy"  is 
very  scarce. 

LYELL,  Charles,  well  known  in  the 
scientific  and  literary  world,  was  b.  in 
Fifcshirc,  1767.  Educated  partly  at  St. 
Andrew's,  and  partly  at  Cambridge,  he 
"eturncd  to  his  paternal  estate  of  Kin- 
nordy,  wiiero  he  passed  his  whole  time 


in  those  pursuits  which  have  gained 
him  a  distinguished  place  among  men 
of  science.  He  was  the  discoverer  of 
many  British  plants  previously  un- 
known ;  and  his  translation  of  the 
lyrical  poems  of  Dante,  with  his  illus- 
trative notes,  shows  a  profound  knowl- 
edge of  mediaeval  Italian  history  and 
literature.  Sir  Charles  Lyell,  the  dis- 
tinguished geologist,  is  his  son.  D. 
1849. 

LYMAN,  Fhineas,  major-general, 
was  b.  at  Durham,  in  171 1>,  and  after 
receiving  his  education  at  Yale  college, 
commenced  his  study  of  the  law,  and 
became  eminent  in  its  practice.  In  1755 
he  was  appointed  commander-in-chief 
of  the  Connecticut  forces,  and  held  this 
post  with  much  distinction  till  the  con- 
clusion of  the  Cauadian  war.  In  1762 
he  commanded  the  American  forces  in 
the  expedition  to  Havana,  and  afterwards 
went  to  England  as  agent  to  obtain  from 
government  a  tract  of  land  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  Yazoo,  where  lie  proposed 
to  establish  a  colony.  Failing  in  this 
enterprise,  he  was  ashamed  to  return  to 
his  native  country,  and  passed  eleven 
years  in  England  almost  in  a  state  of 
imbecility.  He  was  then  induced  to 
return,  and  embarked  with  his  family 
for  the  Mississippi,  and  d.  1788.  At 
one  period  of  his  life  he  enjoyed  a  very 
high  and  extensive  reputation. 

LYNCH,  Thomas,  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  independence,  was  b.  in 
South  Carolina  in  1749,  was  educated  in 
England,  and  commenced  the  study  of 
law  at  the  Temple.  In  1772  he  returned 
to  his  native  state,  and  wdien  but  27 
years  of  age  took  his  seat  in  the  conti- 
nental congress  of  1776.  The  deelino 
of  his  health  soon  rendered  a  change  of 
climate  necessary,  and  he  embarked 
about  the  close  of  the  year  1779  for  St. 
Eustatia.  The  ship  in  which  he  sailed 
was  never  afterwards  heard  from. 

LYNDWODE,  or  LINDWOOD, 
William,  an  eminent  ecclesiastical  law- 
yer of  the  15th  century,  was  keeper  of 
the  privy  seal  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI., 
and  was  sent  repeatedly  on  embassies 
to  Spain  and  Portugal.  D.  bishop  of 
St.  David's,  in. 1446. 

LYON,  George  Francis,  an  enter- 
prising traveller,  and  a  captain  iu  the 
British  navy,  was  b.  at  Chichester  iu 
1795,  and  entered  the  service  on  board 
the  Milford,  of  74  guns,  in  1809  ;  from 
which  period  up  to  the  battle  of  Algiers, 
where  he  was  present,  he  was  continu- 
ally engaged  in  the  active  duties  of  his 
profession.    In  ISIS  he  was  employed 


lyt] 


CrCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


CO! 


under  Mr.  P'tchie,  on  a  mission  to  the 
interior  of  Africa.  Of  this  expedition 
Mr.  Lyon  published  his  journal,  under 
the  title  of  "  A  Narrative  of  Travels  in 
Northern  Africa,  accompanied  by  Geo- 
graphical Notices  of  Soudan,  and  of  the 
Course  of  the  Niger."  A  more  disas- 
trous undertaking  has  been  seldom 
known ;  the  travellers  suffered  every 
kind  of  privation,  were  attacked  with 
the  most  alarming  disorders,  and  Mr. 
Ritchie  fell  a  martyr  to  extreme  suffer- 
ing and  disappointment  while  at  Mour- 
zouk,  the  capital  of  Fezzan,  from  which 
place  Mr.  Lyon  returned.  A  very  dif- 
ferent scene  of  operations  next  awaited 
him.  In  1821  he  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  Hecla,  one  of  the  ships 
belonging  to  Captain  Parry's  expedition 
to  the  polar  seas  ;  of  which  he  also 
published  "A  Private  Journal."  In 
1823  he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  post- 
captain,  and  appointed  to  the  command 
of  the  Griper  gun-brig,  then  fitting 
out  for  another  voyage  of  discovery  in 
the  icy  regions.  Here  he  and  his  gal- 
lant crew  encountered  the  most  frightful 
perils,  but  providentially  returned  to 
England,  though  without  effecting  any 
part  of  their  object.  He  afterwards 
went  to  Mexico  as  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners of  the  Eeal  del  Monte  Mining 
Company,  and  was  wrecked  on  his^re- 
turn,  near  Holyhead,  in  1827,  losing 
every  thing  belonging  to  him.  He 
again  visited  South  America,  but  d.  on 
Jus  passage  home,  1832,  aged  37. 

Li'ONNET,  Peter,  an  eminent  nat- 
uralist, was  b.  at  Maestricht  in  1707. 
Being  bred  to  the  law,  he  became  one 
of  the  -secretaries  to  the  states  of  Hol- 
jand,  and  their  law  translator  from  the 
Latin  and  French.  In  his  latter  years 
ne  applied  to  the  study  of  natural  his- 
tory, particularly  insects  ;  on  which  sub- 
ject he  wrote  several  esteemed  books, 
the  most  important  of  which  is,  "  Traite 
Anatomiqne  de  la  Chenille  qui  rouge  le 
Bois  de  Saule."     D.  1789. 

LYONS,  Israel,  an  astronomer,  bot- 
anist, and  mathematician,  b.  in  1789, 
was  the  son  of  a  Polish  Jew,  who  was 
a  Hebrew  teacher  at  Cambridge.  He 
was  Sir  Joseph  Banks'  instructor  in  bot- 
any, and  accompanied  Captain  Phipps, 
afterwards  Lord  Mulgravc,  as  astrono- 
mer, in  his  voyage  towards  the  north 
pole.  He  was  one  of  the  calculators 
of  the  "  Nautical  Almanac,"  wrote  a 
''Treatise  on  Fluxions,"  and  other 
works,  and  lectured  on  botany.  D.  1775. 
LYSANDEll,  a  famous  Lacedemonian 
general,  who  was  employed  in  and  put 
51 


an  end  to  the  Peloponnesian  war.  By 
defeating  the  Athenians,  too,  in  the 
naval  action  of  vEgospotamos,  405  B.C., 
he  destroyed  the  Athenian  ascendency 
in  Greece.  His  ambition  was  to  obtain 
the  sovereign  power  of  Sparta,  but  he  did 
not  succeed.  He  was  slain  in  the  war 
against  Thebes,  375  B.  c. 

LYSI  AS,  a  Greek  orator,  b.  at  Athens, 
as  some  say,  and  at  Syracuse,  as  others 
maintain,  459  b.  c.  He  obtained  great 
fame  as  a  rhetorical  teacher,  and  is  cited 
by  Qnintillian  as  an  example  of  pure  and 
beautiful  eloquence.  He  lived  to  the 
age  of  81.  Of  his  300  or  400  orations 
only  34  have  come  down  to  us. 

LYSIPPUS,  a  celebrated  Grecian 
sculptor,  who  worked  with  such  extra- 
ordinary diligence,  that  he  is  said  to 
have  left  behind  him  fifteen  nundred 
pieces,  every  one  of  whiet  evinced 
marks  of  superior  genius.  He  received 
from  Alexander  the  Great  the  singular 
privilege  of  exclusively  making  his 
effigy  in  cast  metal ;  and  he  accordingly 
executed  a  series  of  figures  of  that 
prince,  from  childhood  to  maturity.  He 
greatly  improved  the  art  of  statuary, 
and  gave  to  the  human  figure  a  degree 
of  symmetry  and  beauty  unpractised  by 
his  predecessors. 

LYTTLETON,  George,  Lord,  an  ele- 
gant poet  and  historian,  was  b.  at  Ilagley, 
in  Worcestershire,  in  1709.  On  the  res- 
ignation of  Walpole,  he  was  made  one 
of  the  lords  of  the  treasury  ;  was  subse- 
quently chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  but 
resigned  in  1757,  and  was  raised  to  the 
peerage,  after  which  he  withdrew  from 
public  affairs.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
"  Dissertation  on  the  Conversion  of  St. 
Paul,"  "  Dialogues  of  the  Dead,"  a 
"History  of  Henry  II.,"  and  "Poems." 
The  latter  are  correct  in  versification, 
and  replete  with  delicate  sentiments ; 
nor  are  his  miscellanies  in  prose  devoid 
of  good  taste.  D.  1773. — Thomas,  Lord, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  a  young  no- 
bleman of  promising  talents,  but  of  dis- 
sipated manners  ;  and  whose  death  is 
said  to  have  been  preceded  by  a  very 
extraordinary  circumstance.  He  dreamt 
that  a  young  female,  dressed  in  white, 
solemnly  warned  him  of  his  dissolution 
in  three  days  from  that  time.  On  the 
third  day,  his  lordship  had  a  party  to 
spend  the  evening  with  him,  and  about 
the  time  predicted  he  observed  to  tho 
company  present,  that  "  he  believed  he 
should  jockey  the  ghost ;"  but  in  a  few 
minutes  afterwards  he  was  seized  with 
a  sudden  faintness,  carried  to  bed,  and 
rose  no  more.     D.  1779. 


002 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


|MArt 


2f 


MABILLON,  a  learned  French  Bene- 
jictinc,  famous  as  a  writer  on  ecclesias- 
tical antiquities  and  diplomatics,  was  b. 
in  1682,  ut  Pierre  Mont,  in  Champagne, 
and  studied  at  the  college  of  Rheims. 
He  assisted  D'Achcri  in  hisSpicilcginin, 
And  published  several  laborious  works, 
among  which  are,  "  De  Diplomatica," 
the  '•  M listen m  Italicum,"  and  "The 
Annals  of  the  Order  of  St.  Benedict." 
D.  1707. 

MABLY,  Gabriel  Bonnet  dk,  a 
French  abbe,  eminent  as  a  political  and 
historical  writer,  was  the  brother  of 
Gondii  lac,  and  b.  at  Grenoble,  in  1709. 
He  was  educated  by  the  Jesuits  at 
Lyons,  but  soon  abandoned  theological 
studies  for  Thueydides,  Plutarch,  and 
Livy.  His  works  include  "  Parallele  dea 
Eomains  et  des  Francois,"  "  Le  Droit 
public  de  l'Europe,"  "Observations  sur 
les  Grees,"  "Observations  sur  les  Eo- 
mains," "Observations  sur  Pllisloire 
de  la  France,"  "  Sur  les  Constitutions 
des  Etats  Urns  de  l'Amtrique,"  &c.  D. 
1785. 

MACADAM,  John  Loudon,  known 
as  the  introducer  of  an  improved  system 
of  road-making',  which  bears  his  name, 
was  descended  from  an  ancient,  and 
respectable  family  in  Kirkcudbright, 
Scotland,  where  he  was  b.  in  1756.  lie 
was  a  man  of  science  generally,  and  in 
the  course  of  his  active  services  as  a 
magistrate  and  trustee  of  roads,  his  at- 
tention was  first  attracted  to  the  want 
of  scientific  principles  in  the  construc- 
tion of  roads.  At  that  time  he  was  in 
his  60th  year,  and  the  subject  continued 
to  occupy  his  leisure  till  he  finally  ef- 
fected what  may  fairly  be  termed  a  na- 
tional good.  Government  appreciating 
the  vast  utility  of  his  plans,  rewarded 
him  by  two  grants,  amounting  together 
to  £lfl,000,  and  he  was  offered  the  honor 
of  knighthood,  which,  however,  he  de- 
clined, in  consequence  of  his  advanced 
age,  and  it  was  conferred  on  his  *on, 
now  Sir  James  Nicoll  M'Adam.  D.  18:56. 

MACARTNEY,  George,  earl  of,  was 
b.  at  Lisinore,  near  Belfast,  in  1737.  He 
was  employed  as  ambassador  from  Great 
Britain  to  the  emperor  of  China  in  1792. 
He  conducted  himself  with  great  ad- 
dress on  that  occasion  ;  and  an  account 
of  the  mission  was  published  by  Sir 
George  Staunton,  who  acted  as  his  sec- 
retary.   The  embassy  returned  in  1794, 


and  the  carl  was  next  sent  to  Louis 
XVIII.,  then  Monsieur,  at  Verona ; 
after  that,  he  was  appointed  governor 
of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  which  he 
was  compelled,  from  ill  health,  to  resiga. 
During  his  retirement  in  Surrey,  he 
wrote  "The  State  of  'rt.issia  in  1767,'' 
and  "  The  State  of  Irel  ,nd  in  177-3." 

MACAULAY,  Catharine,  a  female 
historian,  was  b.  in  1730.  In  176osho 
married  Mr.  George  Maeaulay,  a  physi- 
cian in  London  ;  and  after  his  death  she 
married,  in  1778,  Dr.  Graham,  a  clergy- 
man, and  brother  to  the  noted  empiric 
of  that  name.  In  1785  she  came  to 
America,  for  the  purpose  of  visiting 
General  Washington,  with  whom  she 
maintained  a  correspondence  during  her 
life.  Among  her  works  are,  "The  His- 
tory of  England  from  James  I.  to  the 
Accession  of  the  House  of  Hanover,1' 
"  The  History  of  England  from  the  Rev- 
olution to  the  present  Time,"  "Remarks 
on  Hobbes's  Rudiments  of  Government 
and  Society,"  "  A  Treatise  on  Moral 
Truth,"  "  Letters  on  Education,"  &c. 
D.  1791. — Zaciiary,  a  zealous  co-op- 
erator with  Mr.  Wilberforce  ami  other 
distinguished  philanthropists  in  the 
abolition  of  slavery  in  the  British  colo- 
nies; to  which  end  he  had  devoted  his 
eminent  talents  and  best  energies  for 
upwards  of  forty  years.  He  was  the 
father  of  the  distinguished  historian,  T. 
Babington  Maeaulay,  esq.     D.  1888. 

MACAULEY,  Elizabeth  Wright,  a 
lady,  who,  in  the  varied  characters  cf 
an  actress,  a  lecturer,  and  a  preacher  of 
the  gospel,  was  well  known,  was  b.  in 
1785.  She  left  the  stage  on  the  plea  of 
ill  health,  and  became  the  occupant  and 
preacher  of  a  chapel  in  London  ;  she 
also  occasionally  entertained  audiences 
with  dramatic  recitations;  and,  for  the 
twelvemonth  preceding  her  death,  she 
was  occupied  in  delivering  lectures  on 
"  Domestic  Philosophy"  in  various  parts 
of  England.     D.  1837." 

MACCALL,  Hugh,  major  in  the  army 
of  the  U.  S.,  d.  at  Savannah,  Georgia, 
1824,  aged  57.  He  published  a  "  History 
of  Georgia,"  1816. 

MACCALLA,  Daniel,  minister  at 
Wappetaw,  S.  C,  was  a  native  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  graduated  at  Princeton 
college,  1766.  In  1774  he  was  ordained 
pastor  of  the  churches  of  New  Provi- 
dence  and   Charleston,  Penn.     In  th« 


KAC] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOQRA1MIY. 


G03 


war  he  went  as  chaplain  to  Canada,  and 
was  made  a  prisoner.  For  sonic  months 
he  was  confined  in  a  prison-ship.  Hi 
returned  on  parole  at  the  close  of  1770. 
D.  1800. 

M  ACCULLOCII,  Joh.v,  was  b.  in  1773, 
at  Guernsey;  entered  into  the  artillery 
as  assistant  surgeon,  and  became  chem- 
ist to  the  ordnance  in  1803.  lie  was 
afterwards  engaged  by  government  in 
the  surveys  of  Scotland  ;  and  his  mincr- 
alogical  and  geological  survey  of  that  por- 
tion of  the  kingdom  is  deemed  his  most 
important  public  work.  In  1832  his  able. 
map  of  it  was  completed,  and  he  received 
from  government  the  sum  of  £7000.  lie 
also  wrote  many  scientific  works.  D.  1835. 

MACDONALD,  Etiknne  Jacques  Jo- 
seph Alexandre,  duke  of  Tarentuin,  and 
a  distinguished  marshal  of  France,  was 
b.  at  Sedan,  in  France,  1765.  Descended 
from  a  Scotch  family,  which  had  taken 
refuge  in  France  after  the  suppression 
of  the  rebellion  in  Scotland  in  1745,  he 
entered  the  French  army  in  1784,  and 
embracing  the  revolutionary  cause, 
served  on  the  staff  of  Dumourier,  at 
Jemappes,  and  greatly  distinguished 
Himself  in  the  campaign  in  the  Low 
Countries  under  General  Piehegru.  In 
17'J(i,  as  general  of  division,  he  took  the 
command  of  the  army  of  the  Rhine;  he 
then  joined  the  army  of  Italy,  where  he 
became  governor  of  Rome;  and  having 
soon  afterwards  been  sent  against  Na- 
ples, his  skilful  retreat  saved  the  French 
army  from  the  utter  ruin  with  which  it 
was  menaced  by  Suwarrow.  During  the 
18th  Brumaire,  he  commanded  at  Ver- 
sailles. In  1800  lie  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  army  in  Switzer- 
land, and  immortalized  his  name  in 
military  annals  by  his  celebrated  passage 
of  the'  Splugen.  In  1802  he  was  ap- 
pointed French  ambassador  at  the  court 
of  Copenhagen ;  and,  on  his  return  to 
Paris,  Napoleon  marked  his  displeasure 
at  some  expressions  he  had  made  use  of 
in  reference  to  his  treatment  of  Moreau, 
by  withdrawing  him  from  active  service. 
But  in  1809  he  once  more  took  part  in 
the  Italian  campaign,  shared  the  glories 
if  the  victories  at  Laybach,  Raab,  and 
Wr.gram,  his  gallant  conduct  in  the  last 
earning  for  him  a  marshal's  baton  at  the 
emperor's  hands,  and  was  appointed 
governor  of  Gri'.Lz,  where  his  humanity 
gained  him  "golden  opinions  from  all 
ranks  of  people."  In  1810  he  was  cre- 
itcd  duke  of  Tarentnm,  and  appointed 
to  command  in  Catalonia,  where,  con- 
trary to  his  wont,  he  displayed  great 
jinumanity.      He   subsequently  shared 


in  the  Russian  campaign,  and  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  buttles  of  Bautzen 
and  Lutzen;  but  met  with  a  seven;  re- 
verse at  Katzbach,  where  he  had  impru- 
dently engaged  Marshal  Blucher  with  a 
greatly  inferior  force.  After  the  fall  of 
Napoleon,  he  was  called  to  the  chamber 
of  peers,  and  made  chancellor  of  the 
legion  of  honor.     I).  1840. 

MACDONOUGH,  Thomas,  commo- 
dore, wis  a  native  of  Delaware.  He 
served  as  a  midshipman  in  the  American 
fleet  sent  to  the  Mediterranean.  In  the 
war  of  1812,  at  the  age  of  28,  he  com- 
manded the  American  forces  on  lake 
Champiain.  In  the  battle  of  Sept.  11, 
1814,  after  an  action  of  two  hours  and 
twenty  minutes,  he  obtained  a  complete 
victory.  The  state  of  New  York  gave 
him  1000  acres  of  land  on  the  bay,  in 
which  the  battle  was  fought.  D.  1826, 
aged  89. 

MACDOUGAL,  Alexander,  major- 
general,  was  the  son  of  a  Scotchman, 
who  sold  milk  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
nor  was  he  ashamed  to  acknowledge, 
that  when  a  boy  he  assisted  his  father. 
He  proved  himself  a  zealous  whig  before 
the  beginning  of  the  American  revolu- 
tionary war;  in  177(5  lie  was  appointed 
brigadier,  and  major-general  in  1777. 
He  commanded  in  the  action  at  White 
Plains,  and  was  engaged  ill  the  battle 
of  Germnntown.  In  1781  he  was  elected 
a  delegate  to  congress ;  he  was  after- 
wards in  the  senate  of  New  York.  D. 
1786. 

MACDUFFIE,  Geokoe,  an  eminent 
politician  of  South  Carolina.  He  studied 
law  with  J.  C.  Calhoun  and  commenced 
the  practice  in  connection  with  Edward 
Ford,  now  the  rector  of  an  Episcopal 
church  at  Augusta.  Shortly  after  their 
separation  he  was  involved  in  difficulties 
with  Colonel  CummiDg  of  Augusta, 
which  resulted  in  several  hostile  meet- 
ings, in  one  of  which  he  received  a 
wound  in  one  of  his  shoulders  from 
which  he  never  recovered.  He  entered 
congress  in  1821,  and  represented  his 
state  fourteen  years,  during  which  he 
distinguished  himself  as  an  orator,  and 
often  contended  in  debate  with  the  late 
John  Randolph.  He  was  afterwards 
elected  governor  of  his  stale,  and  in 
1843  was  chosen  to  the  United  States 
senate  as  colleague  with  Mr.  Calhoun. 
He  was  once  a  champion  of  the  United 
States  bank,  internal  improvements,  and 
a  protective  tariff,  and  soon  after  became 
an  equally  enthusiastic  opponent  of  them 
all.  lie  was  an  earnest  and  eloquent  de- 
bater.    D.  1851. 


604 


CTCLOP^EDIA    of    BIOGRAPHT. 


[mac 


MACE,  Thomas,  nn  English  musician, 
who  was  an  excellent  performer  on  the 
lute.  He  published  a  work,  entitled 
"  Music's  Monument,  or  a  Remem- 
brance of  the  best  Practical  Music,"  &c. 
D.  1676. 

MACFARLANE,  Henry,  an  histori- 
cal writer,  was  b.  in  Scotland,  in  1734 ; 
was  for  some  years  a  reporter  of  speeches 
in  parliament;  and  afterwards  kept  a 
respectable  seminary  at  Walthamstow. 
lie  was  the  author  of  a  "  History  of 
George  III.,"  an  "  Essay  on  the  Authen- 
ticity of  Ossian,"  "  An  Address  to  the 
People  of  Britain,"  &c.     D.  1804. 

MACHI AVEL,  or  MACCHI AVELLI, 
Nicholas,  a  celebrated  political  writer 
and  historian,  was  b.  at  Florence,  in 
1469,  of  a  noble  family,  whose  members 
had  enjoyed  the  highest  dignities  in  the 
republic*  On  account  of  his  distin- 
guished talents,  he  was  very  early  ap- 
pointed chancellor  of  his  native  state, 
and  not  long  afterwards  advanced  to  the 
post  of  secretary.  When  Florence  had 
recovered  her  liberty,  by  the  expulsion 
of  the  Medici,  he  was  several  times 
charged  witli  important  embassies, 
which  were  of  great  use  to  the  com- 
monwealth. On  tiie  return  of  the 
Medici  to  Florence,  he  was  deprived  of 
his  post ;  and  being  afterwards  accused 
of  participating  in  a  conspiracy,  he  was 
imprisoned,  put  to  the  torture,  and 
banished ;  all  which  he  endured  with  a 
firmness  approaching  to  inditference. 
Having  returned  to  his  native  country, 
the  favor  and  confidence  shown  him  by 
the  Medici  alienated  him  from  the  af- 
fections of  the  Florentines;  and  he  d. 
in  indigent  circumstances,  in  1527.  His 
chief  works  are,  "The  History  of  Flor- 
ence," "The  Life  of  Castruccio  Castra- 
cani,"  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Military  Art," 
aDd  "The  Prince."  This  last  work,  if 
taken  literally,  contains  the  most  per- 
nicious maxims  of  government,  founded 
on  the  vilest  principles  ;  hence  the  word 
Machiavellism  is  used  to  denote  that 
system  of  policy  which  disregards  every 
law,  human  or  divine,  to  effect  its  pur- 
poses. There  are  many,  however,  who 
regard  it  rather  as  a  covert  satire  upon 
tyranny,  than  as  a  manual  for  a  tyrant. 
"  MACINTOSH,  Lachlan,  General,  an 
officer  of  the  American  revolutionary 
war,  was  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
Georgia,  and  the  principal  military  of 
Jhe  province.  In  1776  he  was  appointed 
brigadier-general.  Having  served  to  the 
end  of  the  war,  he  was  a  member  of 
congress  in  1784.  In  1785  he  was  one 
of  the  commissioners  to  treat  witli  vhe 


southern  Indians.  D.  1806. — Jonif, 
General,  was  an  officer  of  the  Georgia 
line  in  1775,  and  served  during  the  war 
with  unblemished  honor.  In  1814  he 
commanded  the  Georgia  division  which 
went  to  Pensacoia.     D.  1826. 

MACKAY,  Andrew,  an  eminent 
mathematician;  author  of  a  "Treatise 
on  the  Longitude,"  and  a  contributor  to 
Rees's  "Cyclopaedia."     D.  1809. 

MACKEAN,  Thomas,  an  eminent 
judge,  and  a  signer  of  the  declaration 
of  independence,  was  b.  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  1734,  and  after  a  course  of 
academic  and  professional  studies  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  the  age  of  21 
years.  His  political  career  commenced 
in  1762,  when  he  was  returned  a  mem- 
ber of  the  assembly  from  the  county  of 
Newcastle.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
congress  which  assembled  in  New  York, 
in  1765,  to  obtain  relief  of  the  British 
government  for  the  grievances  under 
which  the  colonies  were  suffering.  In 
this  body  he  behaved  with  much  decis- 
ion and  energy.  In  1774  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  general  congress,  a  dele- 
gate from  the  lower  counties  in  Delaware, 
and  was  the  only  man  who,  without 
intermission,  was  a  member  during  the 
whole  period.  Of  this, body  he  was 
president  in  1781.  In  1777  he  was  ap- 
pointed chief  justice  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  discharged  the  duties  of  this  office 
with  impartiality  and  dignity  for  22 
years.  In  1799  he  was  elected  a  gov- 
ernor of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania.  D 
1817. 

MACKENZIE,  Sir  George,  an  inge- 
nious lawyer  and  writer,  was  b.  at  Dun- 
dec,  1636  ;  became  an  eminent  advocate ; 
and  gained  from  the  covenanters  the 
severe  appellation  of  "bloodthirsty." 
When  James  II.  abrogated  the  Catholic 
laws  he  resigned,  but  was  afterwards 
restored  by  that  prince.  Not  approving 
the  measures  of  the  prince  of  Orange, 
he  again  retired  and  went  to  London, 
where  he  d-  1691.  He  wrote  several 
works  of  merit  on  the  laws  of  Scotland ; 
"A  Defence  of  the  Antiquity  of  the 
Royal  Line  of  Scotland,"  "Essays  on 
Moral  Subjects,"  and  some  poetical 
pieces. — Henry,  an  essayist  and  elegant 
writer  of  works  of  fiction,  was  the  son 
of  an  eminent  physician  at  Edinburgh, 
and  b.  in  1745.  He  received  a  liberal 
education;  and,  in  1746,  became  an  at- 
torney in  the  Scottish  court  of  exche- 
quer. His  first  production  was  "Tho 
Man  of  Feeling,  which  soon  acquired 
unbounded  popularity:  this  was  fol- 
lowed by    "The  Man  of  the   World," 


mac] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPnY. 


005 


rind  lie  subsequently  produced  a  third, 
"Julia  de  Roubigne."  lie  next,  in  con- 
junction with  other  literary  characters, 
published  a  series  of  Essays,  under  the 
title  of  "The  Mirror,"  and  afterwards 
"  The  Lounger.1'  He  also  contributed 
many  excellent  papers  to  the  "Transac- 
tions of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh 
and  of  the  Highland  Society,"  of  both  of 
which  lie  was  a  member.  His  dramatic- 
works  were  by  no  means  so  successful : 
they  consist  of  two  tragedies,  "The 
Prince  of  Tunis"  and  "  The  Shipwreck," 
and  of  two  comedies,  "The  Force  of 
Fashion"  and  "The  White  Hypocrite." 
He  was  the  author  of  a  political  tract 
entitled  "  An  Account  of  the  Proceed- 
ings of  the  Parliament  of  1784  ;"  and  at 
the  commencement  of  the  French  revo- 
lution he  published  several  others,  with 
the  view  of  counteracting  the  prevalence 
of  democratic  principles  at  home,  which 
introduced  him  to  the  notice  of  Mr.  Pitt, 
and  some  years  after  he  was  appointed 
comptroller  of  the  taxes  for  Scotland,  an 
office  which  he  held  till  his  death.  I). 
1831. — Donald,  was  b.  in  Scotland,  in 
17S3,  and  at  the  as:e  of  17  he  came  over 
to  Canada  and  joined  the  Northwest 
company  and  continued  eight  years 
with  them.  In  18fl9  he  became  one  of 
bhe  partners  with  the  late  John  Jacob 
Astor,  of  New  York,  in  establishing  the 
fur  trade  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  in  company  with  Mr.  Hunt,  of  St. 
Louis,  he  made  the  overland  route  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia  river,  a  feat  then 
rarely  attempted  and  full  of  perils,  and 
remained  at  Astoria  until  it  was  surren- 
dered by  MacDougall  to  the  British.  He 
converted  every  thing  he  could  into 
available  funds  and  carried  them  safely 
through  a  mighty  wilderness  to  Mr. 
Astor.  After  the  restoration  of  peace, 
lie  exerted  himself  to  secure  for  the 
United  States  the  exclusive  trade  of 
Oregon,  but  after  a  long  negotiation  with 
Mr.  Astor,  and  through  him  with  Messrs. 
Madison,  Gallatin,  and  other  leading  in- 
dividuals in  and  out  of  office,  the  matter 
was  abandoned,  and  Mr.  Mackenzie,  in 
March,  1821,  joined  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company,  and  was  immediately  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  council  and  chief 
factor.  In  August,  1825,  he  was  married 
to  Adelegonde  Humbert,  (who  survives 
him,)  and  was  shortly  afterwards  ap- 
pointed governor.  At  this  time  he 
resided  at  Fort  Garry,  Red  River  settle- 
ment, where  he  continued  to  reside 
until  1832  in  active  and  prosperous 
business,  in  which  he  amassed  a  large 
fortune.     D.  1851. 

51* 


MACKINTOSH,  Sir  James,  eminent 
as  a  jurist,  a  statesman,  and  a  writer— 
equally  distinguished  tin-  his  extensive 
learning,  his  large  views,  and  his  lib- 
eral principles  in  law,  politics,  and  phi- 
losophy— was  descended  of  an  ancient 
but  reduced  Scottish  family,  and  b.  in 
the  county  of  Inverness,  during  1765. 
After  studying  at  King's  college,  Aber- 
deen, he  spent  three  years  at  Edinburgh, 
chiefly  in  medical  studies,  and  received 
a  degree ;  but  inclination  soon  led  him 
to  abandon  that  pursuit.  In  17s1.)  wo 
find  him  in  London,  where  be  publish- 
ed a  pamphlet  on  the  regency  question, 
which,  on  account  of  the  sudden  recov- 
ery of  the  king,  attracted  little  notice. 
A  visit  to  the  Continent,  at  that  inter- 
esting period,  contributed  to  excite  his 
sympathies  for  the  French,  and  he  pub- 
lished a  reply  to  the  celebrated  "  Reflec- 
tions" of  Burke,  under  the  title  of 
"\jndiciae  Gallicae,"  or  Defence  of  the 
French  Revolution,  1702,  a  work  which 
laid  the  foundation  of  his  fame,  and  ac- 
quired for  him  the  friendship  botli  of 
lox  and  his  great  antagonist.  About 
this  time  he  entered  himself  as  u  ptu- 
dent  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  was  soon  c.lled 
to  the  bar  by  that  society,  and  com- 
menced the  practice  of  the  law.  Having 
obtained  permission,  thongb  not  with- 
out some  difficulty,  to  deliver  a  course 
of  lectures  in  the  hall  of  Lincoln's  Inn, 
on  the  law  of  nations,  he  published  his 
introductory  lecture,  under  the  title  of  a 
"  Discourse  on  the  Law  of  Nature  and 
Nations."  The  ability  which  it  dis- 
played, obtained  him  a  large  audience, 
including  some  of  the  most  distinguish- 
ed men  of  the  country.  On  the  trial  of 
Peltier  for  a  libel  against  Bonaparte, 
(then  first  consul  of  France,)  the  de- 
fence was  conducted  by  Mr.  Mackin- 
tosh, as  sole  counsel,  in  a  most  brilliant 
speech,  which  at  once  established  his 
reputation  as  an  advocate  ami  an  orator. 
The  recordcrship  of  Bombay,  with  the 
dignity  of  knighthood,  was  soon  after 
conferred  on  him,  and,  besides  the  dis- 
charge of  the  duties  of  his  office,  the 
nine  years  which  he  spent  in  India  were 
marked  by  his  exertions  in  the  amelio- 
ration of  the  criminal  law,  the  founda- 
tion of  the  Literary  Society  in  Bombay, 
and  his  valuable  communications  to  the 
"  Asiatic  Re^isfer."  Soon  after  his  re- 
turn to  England,  Sir  James  was  return- 
ed a  member  of  the  house  of  commons 
for  the  county  of  Nairn,  in  Scotland, 
1813,  and  sat  subsequently  for  the  bor- 
ough of  Knaresborongh,  in  Yorkshire, 
under  the   influence   of   the  late   Earl 


C,06 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mac 


Fitzwilliara.     He   soon   took  his   stand 
among  the  first  parliamentary  speakers, 
and  there  are  tew  instances  in  which 
finer  reasoning,  or  deeper  learning  in 
the  history  of  nations,  and  the  influ- 
ence of  human  laws  upon  the  feelings, 
passions,  and  interests   of  the  human 
race,  have   been  sustained,  developed, 
and  enforced  by  a  more  manly  and  vig- 
orous  eloquence.     His  greatest   efforts 
were  directed  to  the  amendment  of  the 
criminal  code,  which  had  been  under- 
taken by  Sir  Samuel  Romilly,  and  was 
taken   up  as  a  solemn  bequest  by  his 
friend  and  representative.    His  "Histo- 
ry of  England"  is  not  a  detailed  narra- 
tive of  events,  but  a  rapid,  yet  clear, 
profound,  and  philosophic  view  of  the 
state   of  the   progress   of  society,   law, 
government,  and  civilization,  in  which 
the  lessons  of  experience,  the  character 
of  men  and  events,  the  circumstances 
which  have  promoted,  retarded,  modi- 
fied  the   social  and  political   improve- 
ment of  the  English  nation,  are  unfold- 
ed and  judged  with  the  acuteness  of  a 
philosopher,  and  the  wisdom  of  a  prac- 
tical  statesman.      His   style   is   simple, 
clear,  graceful,  and  elegant,  and  often 
rises  to  eloquence,  when  the  historian 
traces  out  the  growth  of  liberty,  and  the 
influence  of  generous  institutions.    This 
admirable  man  died,  to  the  deep  regret 
of  his  country,  May  80th,  1332,  having 
closed  his  public  labors,  the  year  before, 
by  a  brilliant  speech  in  favor  of  reform. 
MACKLIN,   Charles,    a    celebrated 
veteran  actor  and  dramatist,  whose  real 
name  was  Mac  Laughlin,  was  b.  in  the 
county  of  Westmeath,  Ireland, 'in  1690. 
He  appeared  as  a  performer  at  the  thea- 
tre in   Lincoln's  Inn   Fields,   in   1725; 
but  it  was  not  till  1741  that  he  estab- 
lished his  reputation  as  an  actor,  by  his 
admirable  and  still  unrivalled  perform- 
ance of  Shylock.     He  continued  on  the 
stage  until  1789;  but,   during  the  last 
years  of  his  life,  his  understanding  be- 
came impaired,  and  he  d.  1797,  at  the 
patriarchal  age  of  107.     His  "  Man  of 
the  World,"  a  comedy,  exposes  mean- 
ness, sycophancy,  and  political  servility, 
with  considerable  skill ;  and  his  "Love 
a  la  Mode,"  a  very  popular  farce,  also 
attests  the  talents  of  its  author. 

MACKNIG1IT,  James,  a  learned 
Scottish  divine,  was  b.  in  1721,  at  Ir- 
vine, in  Argyleshire,  and  was  ordained 
minister  of  Maybole,  where  he  com- 
posed his  "  Harmony  of  the  Gospels," 
ind  his  "  New  Translation  of  the  Epis- 
tles." In  1763  he  became  one  of  the 
ministers  of  Edinburgh,  and  was  em- 


ployed nearly  30  years  in  the  execution 
of  his  lust  and'  greatest  work,  viz.: 
"  New  Translation  from  the  Greek  of 
all  the  Apostolical  Epistles,"  with  com- 
mentaries and  notes.     D.  1800. 

MACLAINE,  Archibald,  a  learned 
divine,  b.  at  Monaghan,  in  Ireland, 
where  his  father  was  a  dissenting  min- 
ister, is  advantageously  known  by  his 
"  Letters  to  Soame  Jenyns.,  on  his  View 
of  the  Internal  Evidence  of  Christiani- 
ty," a  translation  of  Mosheim's  "  Eccle- 
siastical History,"  and  a  volume  of 
miscellaneous  sermons.     D   1804. 

MACLAURIN,  Colix,  an  eminent 
mathematician,  who  was  b.  at  Kilmod- 
dan,  in  Scotland,  in  1698.  In  1717  he 
obtained  the  mathematical  professor- 
ship in  the  Marischal  college  of  Aber- 
deen, and  in  1725  was  elected  professor 
of  mathematics  at  Edinburgh.  In  1734 
he  entered  the  lists  against  Berkeley, 
which  produced  his  excellent  "  Treatise 
on  Fluxions."  Ho  also  wrote  several 
papers  in  the  "Philosophical  Transac- 
tions," a  treatise  entitled  "Geometria 
Organica,"  another  on  "  Algebra,"  and 
"An  Account  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton'9 
Philosophical  Discoveries."  In  the  re- 
bellion of  1745  he  took  so  active  a  part 
in  fortifying  Edinburgh,  that  when  the 
Pretender  approached  with  his  forces, 
Mr.  Maelaurin  deemed  it  prudent  to  re- 
tire to  York,  where  he  was  entertained 
by  Archbishop  Herring,  in  whose  pal- 
ace he  d.  1746. — John,  Lord  Dreohorn, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Edin- 
burgh, in  1734  ;  was  admitted  a  member 
of  the  faculty  of  advocates:  andin 
1787  was  raised  to  the  bench  by  the  title 
of  Lord  Dreghorn.  His  works'  are,  "An 
Essay  on  Literary  Property,"  "  A  Col- 
lection of  Criminal  Cases,"  and  an  "Ea- 
sav  on  Patronage."     D.  1796. 

'MACLEAN,  Letitia  Elizabeth,  bet- 
ter known  as  Miss  Landon,  or  L.  E.  L., 
a  celebrated  English  poetess,  was  b.  in 
Hans-place,  Chelsea,  1802.  At  a  very 
early  age,  she  attracted  the  notice  of  the 
reading  public  by  her  spirited  short 
poems,  published  in  the  "  Literary  Ga- 
zette." Her  shorter  compositions,  in 
the  shape  of  contributions  to  the  peri- 
odicals, are  almost  innumerable.  In 
addition  to  those,  she  published  "  The 
Improvis  itriee,"  "  The  Troubadour," 
"The  Golden  Violet,"  "The  Golden 
Bracelet,"  and  the  "  Vow  of  the  Pea- 
cock," all  in  verse ;  and  three  prose 
novels,  "Romance  and  Reality,"  "  Fran- 
ceses Carrara,"  and  "  Ethel  Churchill." 
In  June,  1833,  she  was  married  to 
George  Maclean,  esq.,  governor  of  Capo 


mac] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


G07 


Coast  oastto,  and  proceeded  tliitlicr  with 
him.  Being  much  afflicted  with  spasms, 
she  w;is  in  the  habit  of  taking  a  power- 
ful medicine,  and  her  death  is  attributed 
to  her  having  incautiously  taken  an  over- 
dose. D.  1838. — John,  was  the  son  of 
an  eminent  sursreon  of  the  same  name, 
in  the  city  of  Glasgow,  Scotland,  where 
he  was  b.  1771.  After  pursuing  his  lit- 
erary, philosophical,  and  medical  studies 
successively  at  Glasgow,  Edinburgh, 
London,  and  Paris,  he  commenced  the 
practice  of  surgery  at  Glasgow,  in  1791. 
In  17'.'5  he  came  to  America,  and  in  the 
same  year  was  appointed  professor  of 
chemistry  and  natural  history  in  the 
college  of  New  Jersey,  at  Princeton. 
Two  years  afterwards  he  was  chosen 
professor  of  natural  philosophy  and 
mathematics  in  the  same  institution, 
the  duties  of  which  office  he  continued 
to  discharge  with  great  reputation  to 
himself,  and  advantage  to  the  college, 
until  the  year  1812.  when  he  resigned 
his  office  at  Princeton,  in  consequence 
of  being  appointed  professor  of  natural 
philosophy  and  chemistry  in  the  college 
of  William  and  Mary,  in  Virginia.  D. 
1814. 

MACNALLY,  Leonard,  a  lawyer  and 
dramatist,  was  b.  in  Dublin,  in  1752,  and 
after  studying  at  the  Middle  Temple, 
was  called  to  the  Irish  bar  in  1776.  He 
was  the  author  of  "The  Rules  of  Evi- 
dence," and  "  The  Irish  Justice  of  the 
Peace.''  His  theatrical  productions  are, 
"Fashionable  Levities,"  a  comedy; 
"Richard  Coeur  de  Lion,"  an  opera; 
"Robin  Hood,  or  Sherwood  Forest," 
a  comic  opera;  and  "Retaliation,"  a 
farce.     D.  1820. 

MACNEVIN,  "William  James,  was  b. 
at  B.illynahowne,  Ireland,  in  1763,  edu- 
cated in  Germany,  and  practised  medi- 
cine in  Dublin.  He  early  took  part  in 
the  Irish  agitations  of  1791,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  secret  society  of  United  Irish- 
men, and  in  1798  was  arrested  for  plot- 
ting against  the  British  government. 
He  was  imprisoned  foi'four  years,  and 
on  his  release  travelled  in  Switzerland, 
of  which  he  wrote  an  account,  and  final- 
ly entered  the  French  army,  as  a  captain 
in  the  Irish  brigade.  But  disappointed 
in  not  having  been  sent  to  Ireland,  he 
came  to  this  country  in  1805,  when  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  midwifery  in 
the  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons, 
ahd  afterwards  resident  physician  by 
Governor  Clinton.  He  published  sev- 
eral professional  works,  and  was  greatly 
esteemed.     D.  1841. 

MACNISH,  Robert,  known  as  "  the 


modern  Pythagorean,"  (the  name  af- 
fixed to  most  of  his  contributions  to 
diflferenjt  magazines,)  was  b.  in  Glas- 
gow, 1802.  Though  enjoying  consid- 
erable practice  as  a  physician,  ho  found 
leisure  to  engage  in  literary  pursuits: 
and  his  "Anatomy  of  Drunkenness," 
"Philosophy  of  Sleep,"  "Metempsy- 
chosis," nd  "Book  of  Aphorisms'," 
have  gained  for  him  a  high  place  among 
the  most  thoughtful  writers  of  his  a"e. 
D.  1837. 

MACOMB,  Alexander,  a  major-gen- 
eral of  the  United  States  army,  was  1>. 
at  Detroit  in  1782,  entered  the  army  in 
1799,  and  became  a  major  in  1803.  He 
was  a  colonel  during  the  war  of  1812, 
and  distinguished  himself  at  Niagara 
and  Fort  George.  In  1814  he  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general, 
and  commanded  at  the  battle  of  Plutts- 
burg,  where  he  obtained  a  signal  vic- 
tory, in  connection  with  Macdonough 
on  lake  Champlain.  In  188.5  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  office  of  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  army.     D.  1841. 

MACON,  Nathaniel,  long  a  distin- 
guished member  of  congress  from  North 
Carolina.  He  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  2d  congress  in  1791,  and  continued 
a  member  of  the  house  till  1815,  when 
he  was  transferred  to  the  senate,  of 
which  he  continued  a  member  till  1828, 
when  he  resigned  and  retired  to  private 
life;  having  been  37  years  a  member  of 
the  house  or  senate,  a  longer  period 
tlian  any  other  man ;  and  for  several 
years  what  is  called  the  father  of  the 
house.  He  was  speaker  of  the  houso 
of  representatives  in  the  7th,  8th,  and 
9th  congress.  "  During  the  long,  and 
through  all  tiie  exciting  periods  of  his 
public  life,"  says  the  Warrenton  Re- 
porter, "though  always  a  conspicuous 
party  man,  no  one  of  any  party  ever 
questioned  his  integrity,  or  the  purity 
of  his  motives;  and  he  has  descended 
to  the  grave  full  of  years  and  with  uni- 
versal respect."  He  was  the  bosom 
friend  of  Jefferson  and  Madison,  and 
other  illustrious  patriots. 

MACPIIERSON,  James,  a  writer  dis- 
tinguished for  his  translations  or  imita- 
tions of  ancient  Gaelic  poems,  was  h.  at 
Kingcusie,  in  Inverness,  in  1738.  Hav- 
ing, in  1760,  produced  "Fragments  of 
Ancient  Poetry,  translated  from  the 
Gaelic  or  Erse  Language,"  they  were  so 
well  received,  that  a  subscription  was 
formed  to  enable  the  author  to  collect 
additional  specimens  of  national  poetry. 
The  result  of  his  researches  was  "  Fin- 
gal,   an   Ancient    Epic    Poem,   in    six 


608 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[mad 


books,"  together  with  several  other 
poems  (professedly  translated  from  ori- 
ginals), by  Ossian,  the  son  of  Fingal,  a 

Gaelic  prince  of  the  3d  century,  and  his 
coteinporaries.  Dr.  Johnson  treated 
him  as  an  impostor,  and  a  violent  con- 
troversy ensued  concerning  their  au- 
thenticity. From  the  evidence  of  the 
contending  parties,  it  may  be  concluded 
that  Macpherson's  prose  epics  were 
founded  on  traditional  narratives  cur- 
rent among  the  Highlanders ;  but  the 
date  of  the  oldest  of  their  lays  is  com- 
paratively modern;  and  it  is  now  im- 
possible to  ascertain  the  precise  extent 
of  his  obligations  to  the  Gaelic  bards  of 
former  ages.  In  1764  he  accompanied 
Governor  Johnstone  to  Florida,  as  secre- 
tary. After  his  return  he  translated 
the  Iliad  into  Ossianic  prose;  wrote  a 
"  History  of  Great  Britain,  from  the 
Restoration  to  the  Accession  of  the 
House  of  Hanover;"  and  also  employed 
his  pen  in  vindicating  the  measures  of 

fovernment  during  the  American  war. 
le  was  afterwards  appointed  agent  to 
the  nabob  of  Arcot,  became  a  member 
of  parliament,  and  d.  1796. 

MACQUER,  Peter  Joseph,  an  emi- 
nent chemist,  b.  at  Paris,  in  1718.  He 
wrote  in  the  "  Journal  des  Savans," 
from  1768  to  1776,  the  articles  relating 
to  natural  philosophy,  medicine,  chem- 
istry, anatomy,  &c. ;  and  published 
"  Eleinens  dc  Chimie,"  <fec.  D.  1784. — 
Philip,  his  brother,  was  the  author  of 
an  u  Ecclesiastical  History,"  and  sev- 
eral other  historical  works.     D.  1770. 

MACROBIUS,  Aurelius  Ambrosius 
Theodosius,  a  Latin  author,  in  the  reign 
of  the  emperor  Theodosius.  He  held 
the  consular  dignity ;  and  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  miscellaneous  work,  entitled 
"Saturnalia,"  curious  for  its  criticisms, 
and  valuable  for  the  light  it  throws 
upon  the  manners  and  customs  of  anti- 
quity. He  wrote  other  works,  and  d. 
about  the  year  420. 

MADDEN',  Samuel,  an  Irish  clergy- 
man, b.  1687,  and  educated  at  Trinity 
college,  Dublin,  where  he  introduced 
the  scheme  for  promoting  learning  by 
premiums  at  the  quarterly  examinations. 
In  1732  lie  published  the  first  volume  of 
"  Memoirs  of  the  Twentieth  Century, 
or  Original  Letters  of  State  under 
George  VI."  He  founded  a  society  at 
Dublin  for  the  improvement  of  the  arts, 
in  1740,  similar  to  that  which  was  after- 
wards established  in  London.  In  1744 
he  published  "  Boulter's  Monument," 
a  poem;  and  a  play,  entitled  "Themis- 
tocles."     D.  1765. 


MADDOX,  Isaac,  an  English  prelate, 
was  b.  in  London,  in  16'J7.  Being  left 
an  orphan,  lie  was  takcu  under  t.ho 
care  of  a  relation,  who  placed  him  with 
a  pastrycook ;  but  he  soon  left  that 
situation,  and  went  to  Scotland  with  a 
view  of  obtaining  at  St.  Andrew's  a 
cheap  but  solid  education,  and  event- 
ually becoming  a  minister  of  the  kirk. 
The  tenets  and  discipline  of  Presbyte- 
rianism,  however,  not  being  congenial 
with  his  sentiments,  he  returned  to 
England,  entered  at  Queen's  collcgCj 
Cambridge,  was  episcopally  ordained, 
and  rose  so  rapidly,  that  in  1733  he  was 
made  dean  of  Wells.  In  1736  he  was 
consecrated  bishop  of  St.  Asaph  ; 
whence,  in  1743,  he  was  translated  to 
Worcester,  where  he  d.  in  1759.  Bishop 
Maddox  published  "  A  Vindication  of 
the  Church  of  England,"  in  answer  to 
Neal's  History  of  the  Puritans ;  and  14 
occasional  sermons. 

MADERNO,  Carlo,  an  Italian  archi- 
tect of  the  16th  century,  appointed  by 
Pope  Paul  V.  to  complete  St.  Peter's, 
at  Koine;  in  the  execution  of  which  he 
has  been  charged  with  committing  some 
important  errors.  He  was,  however,  in 
high  repute,  and  built  the  Maffei  palace, 
and  many  other  public  edifices  at  Rome. 
B.  1556  ;  d.  1629. — Stephen,  was  an  emi- 
nent sculptor;  b.  in  Lombardy,  1576. 
D.  1636. 

MADISON,  James,  president  of  the 
United  States,  was  b.  March  16th,  1751, 
at  the  seat  of  his  maternal  grandmother 
in  Prince  George  county,  Va.,  was  edu- 
cated at  Princeton  college,  under  Dr. 
Witherspoon,  and  studied  law  in  his 
native  state.  In  1776  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  formed 
the  constitution  of  Virginia,  and  of  the 
state  legislature,  by  which  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  executive  council.  He 
was  a  delegate  to  the  continental  con- 
gress of  1780,  and  afterwards  to  the 
convention  which  formed  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States,  where  he  took 
a  leading  and  important  part,  and  was 
regarded  as  one  of  the  wisest  of  its 
members.  After  it  was  formed,  he 
united  with  Jay  and  Hamilton  in  urging 
its  adoption,  in  various  essays  in  the 
newspapers,  underthe  title  of  the  "Fed- 
eralist." From  17S9  to  1797  he  occu- 
pied a  scat  in  congress,  where  he  resist- 
ed the  financial  measures  of  Hamilton, 
and  the  policy  generally  of  Washing- 
ton's administration.  In  1798  he  pro- 
pared  the  famous  resolutions  for  the 
Virginia  legislature,  denouncing  the 
alien  and  sedition  laws,  and  prescribing 


mag] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


009 


the  nature  of  the  federal  relations.  Jef- 
ferson in  1801  appointed  him  secretary 
of  state,  in  which  office  he  remained  tiil 
1809,  when  he  was  elected  to  the  presi- 
dency. The  declaration  of  war  against 
Great  Britain  ii:  1812,  was  the  most  im- 
portant measure  of  his  able  administra- 
tion. After  serving  two  presidential 
terms,  he  retired  to  his  seat  at  Montpel- 
lier  in  1817,  where  he  continued  to  en- 
joy the  undivided  respect  and  admira- 
tion of  his  fellow-citizens,  till  the  close 
of  his  life  on  the  28th  June,  1836. — 
James,  bishop  of  Virginia,  was  educated 
at  William  and  Mary  college,  studied 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar;  but 
he  soon  resolved  to  devote  himself  to 
theology.  In  1773  he  was  chosen  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  in  William  and 
Mary  college,  and  in  1777  was  appointed 
the  president,  and  visited  England  for 
his  improvement  in  science.  Until  1784 
he  was  not  only  president,  but  profes- 
sor of  mathematics,  and  afterwards  pro- 
fessor of  natural,  moral,  and  political 
philosophy,  until  lib  death.  He  first 
introduced  lectures  on  political  economy. 
In  1788  he  was  chosen  bishop.  D.  1812. 
— George,  governor  of  Kentucky,  son 
of  the  preceding,  at  the  age  of  17  went 
out  as  a  soldier  in  defence  of  the  west- 
ern frontier,  and  was  engaged  in  sev- 
eral battles  with  the  Indians.  In  St. 
Clair's  defeat  he  was  wounded.  In  the 
war  of  1812  he  was  an  officer  at  the  bat- 
tle of  the  Raisin.  After  having  been 
twenty  years  auditor  of  the  public  ac- 
counts, he  was  chosen  governor  for  the 
term  of  four  years  in  1816,  but  in  a  few 
weeks  after  his  election  d.  at  Paris. 

MADOX,  Thomas,  a  legal  antiquary 
and  historiographer,  who  published,  in 
1702,  "A  Collection  of  Charters  taken 
from  the  Originals,"  with  the  title  of 
"Formulare  Anglicanuin."  In  1711 
appeared  "  The  History  and  Antiqui- 
ties of  the  Exchequer,"  which  was  fol- 
lowed by  his  "Firma  Burgi,  or  Histori- 
cal Essay  concerning  the  Cities,  Towns, 
and  Boroughs  of  England." 

MAECENAS,  Caius  Cii.nius,  the  friend 
:»nd  minister  of  Augustus,  and  the 
patron  of  Virgil  and  Horace,  was  a  Ro- 
man knight,  who  traced  his  genealogy 
from  the  ancient  Etrurian  kings.  He 
has  been  described  as  a  pattern  of  every 
political  virtue,  and  a  most  generous 
patron  of  the  sciences.  Though  luxuri- 
ous and  effeminate  in  his  hours  of  re- 
laxation, he  was  vigilant  and  active  in 
business,  and  well  understood  how  to 
employ  the  favors  of  fortune.  Many 
pleasant  and  useful  qualities  gained  him 


the  confidence  of  Augustus,  which  he 
enjoyed  undiminished  until  his  death, 
in  the  year  of  Rome  745,  and  8  b.  o. 
So  signal  were  his  good  offices  towards 
literary  genius,  that  the  name:  of  Maece- 
nas has  since  become  synonymous  with 
that  of  a  liberal  patron. 

MiESTLINUS,  Michael,  a  celebrated 
German  astronomer,  was  b.  in  the  duchy 
of  Wirtemberg.  about  1542.  He  went 
to  Italy,  where  lie  became  intimate  with 
Galileo;  and  on  his  return  to  Germany 
he  was  chosen  professor  of  mathematics, 
at  Tubingen,  where  he  had  Kepler  fbl 
a  pupil.  He  published  many  mathe 
tnatical  and  astronomical  works,  and  d 
1590 

MA.FFEI,  Francis  Scipio,  Marquis 
an  eminent  Italian  writer,  was  b.  1675, 
at  Verona;  entered  the  army,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  volunteer  at  the 
battle  of  Donawert,  in  1704;  but,  at  the 
end  of  the  campaign,  quitted  the  ser- 
vice, and  devoted  himself  to  literature. 
Among  his  works  are,  the  tragedy  of 
"Merope,"  a  "Treatise  against  Duel- 
ling," a  "  History  of  Diplomacy," 
"Musaeum  Veronense,"  and  "Verona 
Illnstrata."  D.  1755. — Vegio,  a  native 
of  Lodi ;  author  of  "  Epigrams,"  "  Es- 
says," and  a  "Supplement  to  Virgil," 
which  he  called  the  13th  book  of  the 
jEneid.  Julius  Scaliger  and  Gerard 
Vossius  have  declared  him  a  great  poet. 
B.  1407;  d.  1459. — Bernardin,  a  learned 
cardinal,  who  d.  at  Rome  in  1553,  aged 
40.  He  wrote  a  "Commentary  on  Cice- 
ro's Epistles,"  and  a  "  Treatise  on  Med- 
als and  Inscriptions." — John  Peter,  a 
Jesuit,  was  b.  at  Bergamo  in  1536,  and 
d.  at  Tivoli  in  1003.  He.  wrote  the 
"Life  of  Ignatius  Loyola,"  a  "History 
of  the  Indies,"  and  other  works,  in  the 
purest  Latin. 

MAGALOTTI,  Lorenzo,  Count,  an 
elegant  poet  and  learned  naturalist,  was 
b.  at  Florence,  in  1637.  He  wrote  many 
philosophical  and  poetical  works,  of 
which  latter  the  most  valued  is  his 
"Canzonette  Anacreontiehe,"  published 
under  his  Arcadian  name  Lindoro  Ela- 
teo.     D.  1712. 

MAGEE,  William,  an  Irish  prelate 
and  theological  writer,  was  b.  in  hum- 
ble life,  and  admitted  as  sizar  at  Dublin 
university.  He  was  soon  distinguished 
for  his  scholastic  attainments;  and  in 
1806  became  a  senior  fellow  of  Trinity 
college,  and  professor  of  mathematics. 
Tn  1801  he  published  his  celebrated 
"  Discourses  on  the  Scriptural  Doctrinca 
of  the  Atonement  and  Sacrifice,"  a 
work  directed  against  the  tenets  of  tho 


nio 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF     BIOGRAPHY. 


Unitarians,  and  written  with  peculiar 
force.  In  1818  he  was  advanced  to  the 
deanery  of  Cork;  in  1819  he  was  conse- 
crated bishop  of  Raphoe;  and,  in  1822, 
translated  to  the  see  of  Dublin.  D. 
I8S1,  aired  66. 

MAGELLAN,  or  MAGALHAENS, 
Feki>in»nd,  a  celebrated  Portuguese 
navigator,  who,  in  1519,  discovered  and 

E  asset!  the  straits  which  have  since 
een  called  by  his  name.  His  services 
not  being  valued  by  his  own  country, 
he  ottered  them  to  Charles  V.  of  Spain,  ! 
who  intrusted  him  with  a  fleet  destined 
to  attempt  a  westward  passage  to  the 
Moluccas ;  hence  his  discovery.  He 
was  slain  in  1521  in  a  skirmish  with  the 
natives  of  one  of  the  Philippine  islands. 
MAGEOGIIEGAN,  Jamks,  an  Irish 
priest;  author  of  an  "Ancient  and 
Modern  History  of  Ireland.'1  B.  1702  ; 
d.  1764. 

MAGGI,  Carlo  Maria,  an  Italian 
poet,  b.  at  Milan  in  16:30,  was  secretary 
to  the  senate  of  his  native  city,  and  d. 
there  in  1690.  His  sonnets  are  much 
admired,  and  some  of  them  have  been 
translated  into  English. 

MAGINN,  William,  one  of  most 
fertile  and  versatile  writers  of  modern 
times,  was  b.  at  Cork  in  1793.  He  vis- 
ited London  for  the  flrst  time  in  1823, 
and  settling  there,  wrote  much,  and  for 
a  variety  of  works.  Besides  the  harass- 
ing demands  upon  him  as  a  periodical 
contributor,  he  at  this  time  wrote  the 
singular  and  striking  romance  entitled 
"Whitehall."  About  the  year  1828,  he 
became  sub-editor  of  the  "Standard." 
He  also  contributed  immensely  to  the 
well  known  Eraser's  Magazine  and  to 
Blackwood.  He  wrote  a  caustic  and 
powerful  review  of  a  "  fashionable" 
novel,  entitled  "  Berkcly  Castle."  The 
author  took  offence,  and  in  company 
with  a  friend,  committed  a  most  merci- 
less assault  upon  Mr.  Eraser.  Aroused 
by  this  ill-treatment  of  his  friend  and 
publisher,  Dr.  Maginn  instantly  offered 
the  offended  author  satisfaction,  and  a 
hostile  meeting  accordingly  took  place. 
The  duel  proved  a  bloodless  one,  but  it 
was  very  near  having  a  different  result, 
the  doctor  being  hit  on  the  heel  of  his 
boot,  and  his  opponent  on  the  collar  of 
his  coat.  To  vast  learning,  eloquence, 
fancy,  and  wit,  the  doctor  added  a  boy- 
ish good-humor  and  joviality.  D.  1842. 
MAGLIABECIII,  Antonio,  a  learned 
critic,  whose  eccentric  habits  were  al- 
most as  extraordinary  as  his  varied 
erudition,  was  b.  at  Florence  in  1633. 
He  was  placed,  when  a  boy,  as  servant 


[mati 


to  a  dealer  in  fruit,  or,  as  others  say, 
with  a  goldsmith,  in  which  situation  he 
discovered  such  a  propensity  to  letters, 
that  a  bookseller  took  him  into  his  em- 
ployment, where  his  talents  and  mem- 
ory made  him  so  much  talked  of,  that 
the  grand-duke,  Cosmo  111.,  appointed 
him  his  librarian.  His  attention  was 
wholly  absorbed  by  his  books;  among 
them  he  took  his  rest  and  meals,  nor 
could  he  be  persuaded  to  leave  his  old 
apartment  for  one  more  commodious 
which  the  duke  had  provided  for  him. 
A  threadbare  cloak  served  him  for  a 
garment  by  day,  and  a  covering  by 
nitrlit;  he  had  one  straw  chair  for  his 
table,  another  to  sleep  on,  and  the  only 
luxury  in  which  he  indulged  was  smo- 
king." He  lefr  no  literary  work  deserv- 
ing of  particular  notice ;  but  he  freely 
afforded  information  to  those  authors 
who  sought  his  advice  or  assistance.  D. 
1714. 

MAGNENTIUS,  a  German,  who  rose, 
from  being  a  private  soldier,  to  the  first 
employments  in  the  empire.  The  em- 
peror Constans  had  a  great  esteem  for 
him,  and  in  a  mutiny  among  the  troops 
delivered  him  from  the  fury  of  the 
soldiers  by  covering  him  with  his  robe. 
Magnentiiis  murdered  his  benefactor  in 
S50,  and  assumed  the  title  of  emperor ; 
but  Constantius  II.  avenged  the  death 
of  his  brother,  and  after  abloody  battle 
took  Magnentiiis  prisoner,  and  put  him 
to  death  at  Lyons  in  353. 

MAHOMET,  or  MOHAMMED,  the 
founder  of  a  religion  which  has  spread 
over  a  considerable  portion  of  the  ^lobe, 
was  b.  in  570  at  Mecca,  a  city  of  Arabia, 
of  the  noble  family  of  Koreish.  Losing 
his  father  in  his  infancy,  the  guardian- 
ship of  him  devolved  on  his  uncle  Abu 
Taleb,  who  employed  him  to  go  with 
his  caravans  from  Mecca  to  Damascus. 
In  this  employment  he  continued  till  he 
was  28  years"  of  age,  when  he  married 
Khadijah,  a  rich  widow.  He  continued 
to  act  for  some  time  as  a  merchant  :  but 
a  disposition  to  religious  contemplation 
seems  to  have  attended  him  from  his 
early  youth ;  and  having  remarked  on 
his  travels  the  infinite  variety  of  sects 
which  prevailed,  he  formed  the  design 
of  founding  a  new  one.  He  accordingly 
spent  much  of  his  time  in  a  cave  near 
Mecca,  seemingly  alone  and  employed 
in  meditation  anil  prayer.  While  there 
he  framed  the  celebrated  "  Koran,"  or 
"Book,"  which  he  pretended  to  have 
received  at  different  times  from  heaven 
bv  the  hands  of  the  antrel  Gabriel.  At 
the  ape  of  40  he  Dubliely  assumed  tho 


MAl] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OP     BIOGRAPHY. 


Oil 


prophetical  character,  calling  himself 
the  apostle  of  God.  At  first  he  had 
only  his  wit'e  and  eight  other  followers  ; 
but  in  three  years  the  number  of  his 
disciples  was  very  considerably  aug- 
mented. In  the  tenth  year  of  his  mis- 
sion he  lost  both  Abu  Taleb  and  his 
faithful  wife  Khadijah,  which  so  exposed 
him  to  the  enmity  of  the  Koreishites, 
that  he  found  it  necessary  to  make  a. 
temporary  retreat  to  the  city  of  Tayef. 
The  fundamental  doctrine  inculcated  in 
the  Koran  was,  "  There  is  but  one  God, 
and  Mahomet  is  his  prophet."  His 
proselytes  rapidly  increased ;  and  as 
they  swore  fidelity  to  him,  and  proffered 
him  their  assistance,  he  adopted  the 
resolution  of  encountering  his  enemies 
with  force.  Being  the  more  exasperated 
at  this,  they  formed  a  conspiracy  to 
murder  him  ;  warned  of  the  imminent 
danger,  he  left  Mecca,  accompanied 
only  by  Abubeker,  and  concealed  him- 
self in  a  neighboring  cave.  Here  he 
spent  three  days  undiscovered,  after 
which  he  arrived  at  Medina.  It  is  from 
this  event,  called  the  Ilegira,  or  Flight, 
that  the  Mussulmans  compute  their 
time ;  it  corresponds  with  the  16th  of 
June,  622.  Mahomet  now  assumed  the 
sacerdotal  and  regal  dignity,  married 
Ayesha,  daughter  of  Abubeker,  and 
declared  his  resolution  to  propagate  his 
doctrines  by  the  sword.  The  hopes  of 
booty  were  thus  added  to  the  religious 
zeal  of  his  partisans  ;  and  after  many 
minor  exploits  with  various  hostile 
tribes  of  the  Jewish  persuasion,  he  sent 
a  summons  to  the  principal  neighboring 
princes,  particularly  Chosrou  Parviz, 
King  of  Persia,  Heraclius,  emperor  of 
Constantinople,  Mokawkas,  ruler  of 
Egypt,  the  king  of  Ethiopia,  and  the 
princes  of  various  districts  of  Arabia, 
to  embrace  his  new  revelation  of  the 
divine  law.  The  more  remote  and 
powerful  parties  gave  no  heed  to  him  ; 
others,  however,  submitted  ;  and,  hav- 
ing made  himself  master  of  Mecca,  the 
Arabs,  who  regarded  it  as  a  holy  city, 
embraced  the  proffered  creed.  In  the 
tenth  year  of  the  Hegira,  Mahomet  un- 
dertook his  farewell  pilgrimage  to  Mecca. 
On  this  occasion  he  was  surrounled 
with  the  utmost  splendor,  and  attended 
by  90,000,  or,  as  some  say,  150,000 
friends.  This  was  the  last  important 
event  of  his  life.  Ho  d.  soon  after  his 
return  to  Medina,  in  his  63d  year. 

MAILLAR,  Oliver,  was  an  eccentric 
French  ecclesiastic,  of  the  15th  century. 
His  sermons  were  distinguished  by  their 
(fross  and  ridiculousdenunciationagainst 


those  who  might  happen  to  offen  1  him. 
Haying  glanced  in  one  of  them  at  soma 
traits  in  the  character  of  Louis  XI.,  that 
king,  who  had  just  established  the  posl 
in  France,  sent  him  word  that  he  wonld 
have  him  thrown  into  the  Seine.  "The 
king  is  master,"  he  replied;  "but  t<il 
him  that  I  shall  gret  to  heaven  by  water 
sooner  than  he  will  by  his  post  horses." 
D.  1502. 

MAILLE,  duchess  of,  lady  of  the  bed- 
cbamber  to  Marie  Antoinette,  who  twice 
escaped  the  guillotine  by  shiLrular  con- 
tingencies. On  the  7th  of  July,  1794,  a 
lady  named  Maillet,  detained  i'n  St.  La- 
zare,  was  executed  by  Robespierre's 
revolutionary  tribunal,  by  mistake,  in 
her  place;  on  the  8th  she  was  sum- 
moned ;  but  having  remarked  to  the 
huissier  that  there  was  a  mistake  in  tho 
register  of  her  baptismal  name,  a  delay 
occurred,  in  order  to  see  her  sist<"--in- 
law  on  the  subject;  but  the  latter  i  cing 
seized  with  convulsions,  the  examina- 
tion was  delayed  till  the  10th,  during 
which  interval  Robespierre  was  himself 
guillotined,  and  the  duchess  escaped. 

MAILLET,  Bknvdict  he,  a  whimsical 
but  ingenious  French  writer,  b.  at  Lor- 
raine, in  1659.  He  successively  became 
consul  at  Egypt  and  Lechorn,  and  d.  in 
1708.  His  principal  work,  "  Telliamed," 
(his  name  reversed,)  contains  a  singular 
system  of  cosmogony,  in  which  he  main- 
tains that  all  the  land  of  the  globe  was 
originally  covered  with  water,  and  that 
every  species  of  animal,  man  included, 
owes  its  origin  to  the  sea. 

MAI  LEY,  John  Baptist,  a  French 
historical  writer,  b.  in  1744,  at  Dijon; 
of  the  academy  of  which  place  he  became 
a  member,  and  where  he  d.  in  1794. 
His  principal  works  are,  "L'Esprit  de 
la  Fronde,"  "  L'Esprit  des  Croisades," 
and  "Pastes  Juifs,  Romaines,  et  Fran- 
gais." — Antoine,  b.  in  1775,  was  an  en- 
thusiastic French  revolutionist,  though 
a  noble;  and  editor  of  the  famous 
"Bouche  de  Fer."  He  and  his  brother, 
Minerve,  were  treacherously  seized  and 
beheaded,  and  their  bodies  thrown  into 
the  sea,  at  the  siege  of  Acre,  by  Djezzar 
Pacha. 

MAIMONIPES,  or  BEN  MAIMON, 
Moses,  one_of  the  most  celebrated  of  the 
Jewish  rabbis,  called  by  the  Jews  the 
"eagle  of  the  doctors,"  and  the  "lamp 
of  Israel,"  was  b.  1131,  at  Cordova:  wa.s 
profoundly  versed  in  nil  the  learning  of 
the  age,  became  chief  physician  to  the 
sultan  of  Eirypt,  and  d.  1204.  His 
works  are,  the  "Mischna  Terah,"  tho 
"More    Nevochim,"    and    tho   "Pom 


612 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[iMi 


Bchim."  The  first  is  a  code  of  the  Jew- 
ish law;  the  second,  which  was  origi- 
nally written  in  Arabic,  is  an  explana- 
tion of  obscure  places  in  Scripture;  and 
the  last  consists  of  commentaries  on  the 
Mislma. 

MAINTENON,  Frances  d'Aubigne, 
marchioness  of,  who  rose  to  share  the 
throne  of  France,  was  b.  in  the  prison 
of  Niort,  where  her  father,  Coustans 
d'Aubigne,  was  confined  in  1035.  On 
his  release  he  went  with  his  family  to 
Martinico,  and  d.  there  in  1046,  leaving 
his  widow  so  poor,  that  she  returned  to 
Europe  without  this  child,  who  was  sent 
after  her  to  France,  and  there  taken 
under  the  protection  of  her  aunt,  Ma- 
dame Villette,  who  brought  her  up  in 
the  Protestant  persuasion  ;  from  which, 
owing  to  the  interference  of  her  mother, 
a  strict  Catholic,  she  was  afterwards 
converted.  Subsequently  being  left  in 
very  reduced  circumstances,  she  married 
the  celebrated  poet  and  novelist,  Scarron. 
On  his  death,  in  1600,  she  obtained  the 
continuance  of  his  pension,  through  the 
interest  of  madame  do  Montespan,  who 
also  appointed  her  governess  of  the  chil- 
dren which  she  had  by  Louis  XIV. 
This  connection  brought  her  merits 
under  the  observation  of  the  monarch, 
who  increased  her  pension ;  and,  in 
1679,  changed  her  name  to  Maintenon, 
by  giving  her  an  estate  with  that  title. 
Becoming  fond  of  her  society,  he  grad- 
ually passed  from  intimacy  to  love; 
Montespan  was  supplanted ;  and  La 
Chaise,  his  confessor,  having  advised 
him  to  sanction  his  wishes  by  a  secret 
but  formal  marriage,  it  was  solemnized 
in  1685.  After  her  elevation  she  lived 
in  a  sort  of  retirement  from  the  world. 
Having  founded  the  school  at  St.  Cyr, 
for  the  education  of  poor  girls  of  good 
family,  she  retired  to  it,  after  the  death 
of  the  kins,  and  there  passed  the  re- 
mainder of  her  life.     D.  1719. 

MAISTRE,  Joseph,  count  de,  a  dis- 
tinguished supporter  of  absolutism  and 
the  papacy,  was  b.  at  Chainbery,  in  Sa- 
voy, 1755.  Driven  by  the  invasion  of 
the  French  from  his  native  country,  he 
took  up  his  residence  at  St.  Petersburg, 
where  he  remained  till  the  final  fall  of 
Napoleon  permitted  him  to  return  to 
France,  and  thence  to  Piedmont,  where 
he  became  minister  of  state,  in  1818. 
His  literary  career  began  in  1796,  with 
his  work  entitled  "Considerations  sur 
la  France,"  in  which  he  combated  the 
revolutionary  doctrines  then  in  vogue. 
In  1810  appeared  his  "  Essai  snr  le  Prin- 
cipe Generateur  des  Institutions   Poli- 


tiques ;"  and  ten  years  later  he  published 
his  most  celebrated  work.  ;'Du  Pape," 
which  may  be  regarded  as  the  uest  de- 
fence of  papal  infallibility  that  has  ap- 
peared in  modern  times.  Besides  these 
he  wrote  "Soirees  de  Saint  Petersburg," 
and  "  Examen  Critique  de  la  Philosophic 
de  Bacon,"  both  posthumous  publica- 
tions. D.  1821. — Xavier,  his  younger 
brother,  who  repaired  also  to  St.  Peters- 
burg during  the  revolutionary  period, 
gained  great  celebrity  by  his  "Voyage 
autonr  de  ma  Chambre,"  "  Le  Leprcux 
de  la  Cite  d'Aostc,"  "  Le  Prisonnier  du 
Caucase,"  and  "  Prascovie,"  the  last 
being  an  interesting  narrative  of  filial 
devotion  on  the  part  of  a  Siberian  girl. 

MAITLAND,  Sir  Richard,  an  early 
Scottish  poet,  distinguished  also  as  a 
lawyer  and  statesman,  was  b.  in  1496. 
He  held  the  office  of  a  .ord  of  session, 
and  in  that  capacity  he  took  the  title  of 
Lord  Lethington,  from  his  estate.  He 
was  appointed  keeper  of  the  privy  seal, 
in  the  reign  of  Queen  Mary :  which 
office,  as  well  as  his  judicial  seat  he  re- 
signed a  few  years  after,  and  d.  1586. — 
William,  of  Lethington,  the  eldest  son 
of  Sir  Richard,  was  secretary  of  state  to 
Mary  queen  of  Scots. — John,  second  son 
of  Sir  Richard,  succeeded  his  father  in 
the  office  of  lord  privy  seal,  and  lost  it 
through  his  attachment  to  the  interests 
of  the  queen,  lie  was  afterwards  secre- 
tary to  James  VI.,  and  at  length  chan- 
cellor of  Scotland.  In  1590  lie  was 
created  Lord  Maitland,  of  Thirlstane. 
Besides  his  Scottish  poetry  in  the  Mait- 
land collection,  he  wrote  several  Latin 
epigrams,  &c. — William,  an  historian 
and  topographer,  was  b.  about  1693,  at 
Brechin,  in  Forfarshire.  He  was,  origi- 
nally, a  travelling  hair-merchant,  but 
turned  his  talents  to  literature,  gained  a 
competent  fortune,  and  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  and  Antiquarian  socie- 
ties. He  wrote  a  "  History  of  London," 
a  "History  of  Edinburgh,"  and  "The 
History  and  Antiquities  of  Scotland." 
D.  1757. 

MALACKOWSKI,  a  noble  Pole,  b. 
in  1768.  He  was  a  friend  of  Kosciusko, 
and  one  of  the  victims  of  the  partition- 
era  of  Poland.  He  was  president  of  tho 
diet  from  1788  to  1792,  and  chief  author 
of  the  constitution  of  1791. 

MALAPERT,  Charles,  a  poet  and 
mathematician,  was  b.  at  Mons,  in  1581, 
became  a  Jesuit ;  and  d.  in  Spain,  1630. 

MALBONE,  Edward  G.,  a  distin- 
guished American  painter,  b.  at  New- 
port, R.  I.,  who  early  displayed  a  re- 
markable  taste    for  art,   and  obtained 


mal] 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


613 


groat  reputation  at  Boston,  Philadel- 
phia, Charleston,  New  York,  and  Lon- 
don.    D.  1807.' 

MALCOLM,  J\mes  Peller,  an  artist 
and  antiqnary,  was  a  native  of  America, 
Studied  painting  in  England,  and  event- 
ually became  an  engraver.  He  was  the 
author  of  "  Londinium  Redivivum," 
"  Anecdotes  of  the  Manners  and  Cus- 
toms of  London,"  "  First  Impressions," 
&e.  D.  1815. — Sir  John,  a  distinguished 
military  officer  and  diplomatist,  was  b. 
near  Langholm,  Scotland,  in  1700.  At 
the  age  of  14  he  went  out  as  a  cadet  to 
India.  The  first  service  of  any  import- 
ance in  which  he  was  engaged,  was  the 
siege  of  Seringapatam,  in  1792,  where 
lie  attracted  the  notice"  of  Lord  Corn- 
wallis.  In  1804  he  concluded  a  treaty 
of  alliance  with  Dowlah  Rao  Scindia ; 
and  continued  to  display  great  judgment 
as  the  diplomatic  agent  of  the  British 
government  in  India  for  several  subse- 
quent years.  In  1S27  he  accepted  the 
situation  of  governor  of  Bombay,  which 
post  he  continued  to  fill  till  1831,  when 
he  returned  to  England,  and  sat  in  par- 
liament for  the  borough  of  Launceston. 
As  an  author,  Sir  John  Malcolm  also 
attained  considerable  celebrity,  as  may 
be  seen  in  his  "  History  of  Persia.'' 
"  Sketches  of  Persia,"  "  Memoirs  of 
Central  India,"  "  The  Administration 
of  British  India,"  &c.  D.  1833. 
MALEBRANCIIE,  Nicholas,  a  French 

Eriest  and  celebrated  philosopher,  was 
.  at  Paris,  in  1638 ;  and  at  the  age  of 
22,  being  determined  to  embrace  the 
monastic  life,  was  admitted  into  the 
congregation  of  the  Oratory.  His  atten- 
tion was  first  directed  to  metaphysics 
by  perusing  Descartes'  "  Treatise  on 
Man,"  and  he  immediately  became  a 
devoted  partisan  of  the  Cartesian  phi- 
losophy. His  famous  treatise  "  On  the 
Search  after  Truth,"  was  first  printed 
in  1673,  and  is  principally  distinguished 
by  the  maintenance  of  a  mysterious 
union  between  God  and  the  soul  of 
man,  and  the  doctrine  that  the  human 
min  I  immediately  perceives  God,  and 
sees  all  things  in  him.  Malebranche 
also  wrote  several  other  works,  among 
which  are,  a  "Treatise  on  Nature  and 
Grace,"  "Christian  Conversations,"  and 
•'Dialogues  on  Metaphysics  and  Reli- 
gion." He  was  highly  venerated  for  his 
elevated  genius,  and  nothing  could  be 
more  amiable  and  simple  than  his  con- 
versation and  manners.     D.  1715. 

MALESHERBES,  Christian  William 
de  Lamoignon  de    an  eminent  French 
statesman,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1721.    He 
52 


succeeded  his  father  as  president  of  tho 
court  of  aids;  besides  which  he  bad  the 
superintendence  of  the  press,  in  which 
olhee  he  acted  with  great  lenity.  In 
1771,  on  the  abolition  of  the  legal  con- 
stitution, Malesherbes  was  banished  to 
his  country  seat  ;  but  he  was  recalled 
three  years  afterwards,  and  made  min- 
ister of  state,  which  post  he  soon  re- 
signed, and  then  went  to  Switzerland. 
In  1786  he  was  again  called  to  the  coun- 
cils of  his  sovereign,  Louis  XVI.,  when 
he  drew  up  two  memoirs,  "On  the  Ca- 
lamities of  France,  and  the  Means  of 
repairing  them;"  but  his  advice  wa9 
rejected,  and  he  retired  to  his  country 
house,  where  he  employed  himself  in 
agricultural  pursuits.  He  however  has- 
tened, of  his  own  accord,  to  plead  tho 
cause  of  his  sovereign  in  1792;  an  1  he 
was  one  of  the  last  who  took  1 
him  before  his  execution.  This  attach- 
ment to  a  fallen  master  excited  I 
ousy  of  the  French  rulers,  and  caused 
his  destruction.  Shortly  after  his  return 
home,  his  daughter,  madame  de  Ro- 
sambo,  and  her  husband  were  arrested, 
and  conducted  to  Paris;  and  his  own 
arrest,  with  that  of  his  grandchildren, 
soon  followed.  Almost  his  whole  family 
were  extirpated  by  the  merciless  pro- 
scription of  his  persecutors.  Males- 
herbes was  beheaded,  April  22,  1794. 

MALIIERBE,  Francis  de,  a  French 
poet,  was  b.  at  Caen,  about  1555 ;  bore 
arms  in  the  troops  of  the  League,  was 
pensioned  by  Henry  IV.,  and  d.  in  1628. 
His  works  consist  of  paraphrases  on  the 
psalms,  sonnets,  odes,  and  epigrams. 
lie  also  translated  some  of  Seneca's  let- 
ters ;  and  may  be  considered  as  one  of 
the  first  who  gave  to  French  poetry  its 
polish  and  regularity. 

MALIBRAX  DE  BERIOT,  Makia 
Felicitas,  a  celebrated  vocal  performer, 
was  the  eldest  daughter  of  Manuel  Gar- 
cia, a  well-known  tenor  singer  of  the 
Italian  opera,  and  was  b.  in  Paris,  in 
1808.  At  the  early  age  of  16,  she  made 
her  debut  as  prima  donna  at  the  opera. 
This  was  in  1825.  During  the  following 
year  she  accompanied  her  father  to  this 
country,  where  her  union  with  M.  Mali- 
bran,  an  elderly  French  merchant,  took 
place.  Shortly  after  their  marriage,  her 
husband  failed,  and  was  thrown  into 
prison;  and  Madame Malibran,  believing 
she  had  been  deceived,  separated  from 
him,  and  voluntarily  giving  into  the 
hands  of  his  creditors  lier  marriage  set- 
tlement, returned  to  Europe.  Intense 
study,  the  love  of  her  art,  and  the  nur- 
tives  she  had  for  exertion,  had  already 


014 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mal 


made  her  a  performer  of  unrivalled  ex- 
cellence. In  Jlaroh,  1836,  Ma  lame  Mal- 
libran  then  in  Paris,  having  been  freed, 
by  the  French  courts,  from  the  bondage 
of  her  union  with  Monsieur  Mali  bran1, 
was  married  to  Monsieur  dc  Beriot,  a 
Belgian,  whose  extraordinary  ability  as 
a  violinist,  had  placed  him  in  the  highest 
rank  of  his  profession.  In  May  follow- 
ing, she  resumed  her  English  perform- 
ances at  Drury-lane  theatre  ;  and,  at  the 
close  of  the  season,  she  accompanied 
her  husband  to  Brussels,  and  other 
cities  on  the  Continent.  But  the  end 
of  her  career  was  fast  approaching. 
Having  b.'en  engaged  for  the  Manches- 
ter grand  musical  festival,  she  arrived 
in  that  town  on  the  11th  of  September, 
and,  though  evidently  indisposed,  com- 
mence 1  her  arduous  task  the  next  day. 
Her  illness  rapidly  increased  ;  and, 
though  she  endeavored  to  conceal  it,  by 
Sustaining  her  part  with  the  apparent 
vigor  of  health  and  unusual  energy,  she 
sank  unler  the  effort.  On  VVc  Inosday, 
the  14th,  her  last  notes  in  public  were 
beard,  in  the  duet,  "  Vanne  se  alberghi 
in  petto,"  from  "  Andronico,"  with 
Madame  Caradori  Allan.  D.  Sept.  2  3d. 
MALLET,  David,  whose  real  name 
was  M.w.Loon,  a  poet  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  b.  about  1700,  at  Grief  in 
Perthshire.  His  first  publication  was 
the  ballad  of  "  William  an  1  Margaret," 
which  was  followed  by  "The  Excur- 
sion, "  a  poem,  and,  in  1731,  he  pro- 
duced the  tragedy  of  "  Eurydiee." 
Soon  after  this,  he  formed  an  acquaint- 
ance with  Pope,  who  introduced  him  to 
Bolingbroke,  and  about  the  same  time 
he  was  appointed  under-secrctary  to 
the  prince  of  Wales.  In  1739  his  play 
of  "Mustapha"  was  performed  with 
success,  and  the  next  year  he  wrote,  in 
conjunction  with  Thomson,  the  masque 
of  "  Alfred."  He  also  published  a 
"Life  of  Lord  Bacon,"  an  1  the  works 
of  Bolingbroke,  who  left  them  to  him  as 
a  legacy,  and  in  whose  skepticism  he 
participated.  D.  1765.  —  Paul  Henry, 
an  historian  arid  antiquary,  was  b.  at 
Geneva,  in  1730;  was  successively  pro- 
fessor of  belles  lettres  at  Copenhagen 
and  at  Geneva.  Beinif  deprived  of  his 
fortune  during  the  first  revolutionary 
war,  he  for  some  time  received  pensions 
from  the  landgrave  of  He3se  and  the 
duke  of  Brunswick,  of  which  he  was 
deprive  1  by  the  late  war.  His  merit  as 
en  antiquary  was  very  jrreat.  Among 
ha  works  are,  Histories  of  "  Denmark," 
''Hesse."  "the  Swiss,"  "the  Hanseatic 
League,"   and    "  the  House  of  Bruns- 


wick," and  an  "  Introduction  to  the 
History  of  Denmark,"  which  Dr.  Percy 
translated,  under  the  title  of  "  Northern 
Antiquities."     D.  1807. 

MALMESBUKY,  William  of,  an 
English  historian,  who  flourished  in  the 
12th  century,  was  b.  in  Somersetshire, 
educated  at  Oxford,  became  a  monk  of 
Malmesbury,  and  was  elected  librarian 
of  the  monastery.  His  "  De  Kegibns 
Anglofuin"  is  a  general  history  of  En- 
gland, from  the  arrival  of  the  Saxons,  in 
441),  to  the  -26th  Henry  1.,  in  1126.  He 
also  wrote  a  "  History  of  his  Own 
Time--,"  from  that  year  to  the  escape 
of  the  Empress  Maud  from  Oxford,  in 
1145;  an  "Ecclesiastical  History  of 
England,"  "The  Antiquities  of  Glas- 
tonbury," and  a  "Life  of  St.  Aldlielm." 
D.  1143. — Tames  Harris,  earl  of,  a  dis- 
tinguished diplomatist,  the  only  son  of 
the  author  of  "  Hermes,"  was  b.  at 
Salisbury,  1746.  He  commenced  his 
diplomatic  career  as  secretary  of  em- 
bassy at  Madrid,  in  1767.  Here  he  dis- 
played such  talent  and  firmness  in 
conducting  the  management  of  the 
transfer  of  the  Falkland  Islands  to 
Great  Britain,  that  he  was  appointed 
minister  at  the  court  of  Berlin  ;  and 
from  this  period,  with  few  interrup- 
tions, down  to  the  close  of  the  century, 
he  bore  a  large  share  in  all  the  great 
diplomatic  transactions  of  the  time.  D. 
1820. 

MALONE,  Edmund,  a  dramatic  critic 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  the  son 
of  an  Irish  judge,  and  b.  at  Dublin,  in 
1741.  He  studied  at  Trinity  college  and 
the  Inner  Temple,  and  in  1767  was 
called  to  the  bar,  but  being  possessed 
of  an  independent  fortune,  he  retired 
from  the  profession,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  literature.  In  1780  he  published 
two  supplementary  volumes  to  Stee- 
vens's  Shakspeare,  and  a  detection  of 
Chattcrton's  forgeries.  In  17'JO  ap- 
peared his  edition  of  Shakspeare,  and  in 
179">  he  exposed  the  imposture  of  the 
Ireland*.  He  also  published  a  "Life 
of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,"  prefixed  to  his 
writings;  a  "  Life  of  Dry  den,"  and  a 
"Biographical  Sketch  of  the  Ri^ht  Hon. 
William  Wyndham."     D.  1312. 

M.VLPIGIII,  Marcellus,  an  eminent 
Italian  physician  and  anatomist.  His 
discoveries  in  anatomy  were  consider- 
able, particularly  respecting  the  liver 
and  ki  Ineys,  but  his  merit  is  still  higher 
as  a  vegetable  anatomist  and  physiol- 
ogist.    B.  1628;  d.  1694. 

MALTE-BKUN,  Conrad,  a  poet,  ge- 
ographer, and  political  writer,  was  b.  in 


man] 


Ci'CLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


015 


1775,  at  Thye,  in  the  isle  of  Jutland. 
Having  given  offence  by  his  writings  in 
favor  of  the  liberty  of  the  press,  and  the 
enfranchisement  of  the  peasants,  he  was 
banished  to  Sweden  in  1796.  After 
having  resided  for  a  time  at  Stockholm, 
he  went  to  Paris,  where  he  acquired 
great  reputation,  particularly  as  a  geog- 
rapher. He  edited  the  foreign  political 
department  of  the  "Journal  des  D&- 
bats,"  was  a  contributor  to  the  "  Bi  - 
Ographie  Universelle,"  and  produced 
various  works;  among  these  are  his 
''Precis  de  la  Geographic  Universelle," 
''Tableau  de  la  Pologne  Ancienne  ct 
Moderue,"  "  Poems,"  &c.  He  also  pub- 
lished, in  conjunction  with  Menlelle, 
"Geographic  Matheinatique,  Physique, 
ct  Politique.''     1).  1826. 

MALTHUS,  Thomas  Robert,  author 
of  a  famous,  or  perhaps  some  would 
have  us  say,  an  infamous  "  Essay  on 
Population,"  full  of  learning  and  ability, 
was  b.  in  Albury,  Surrey,  in  1768,  and 
educated  at  Cambridge.  He  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  history  and  political 
economy  in  the  college  of  the  East  India 
Company  at  Ilaileybury,  and  continued 
to  hold  that  situation  till  his  death..  His 
system  is  founded  on  the  hypothesis, 
that  population  increases  in  a  geomet- 
rical, while  provisions  only  increase  in 
an  arithmetical,  ratio.    D.  1S46. 

MALUS,  Stephen  Louis,  a  French 
mathematician  and  experimental  philos- 
opher, was  b.  at  Paris,  in  177->,  became  a 
professor  in  the  Polytechnic  school,  and 
subsequently  served  as  an  officer  of 
engineers,  on  the  Rhine,  in  1797,  and 
under  Bonaparte  in  Egypt,  where  he 
much  distinguished  himself.  After  this 
he  entered  on  a  course  of  experiments 
on  the  phenomena  of  optics,  and  ulti- 
mately discovered  the  polarization  of 
light.  This  discovery,  the  greatest  since 
that  of  the  achromatic  telescope,  gained 
him  admission  into  the  institute,  he  also 
received  the  gold  medal  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  honors  flowed  in  upon  him 
from  all  quarters.     D.  1812. 

MALVAS1A,  Charles  Cesar,  an 
Italian  ecclesiastic,  author  of  "  A  His- 
tory of  the  Painters  of  Bologna,"  and 
a  work  entitled  "  Marmora  Fulsinea." 

MAMBRUN,  Peter,  a  French  Jesuit, 
was  b.  in  the  diocese  of  Clermont,  1581, 
and  d.  16(51.  He  is  celebrated  for  his 
Latin  "  Eclogues,"  and  "  Georgics." 

MAN,  Cornelius  de,  a  Dutch  his- 
torical and  portrait  painter.  B.  1621  ; 
d.  1706. 

MANCO  CAP  AC,  the  founder  of  the 
Peruvian  empire,  and   the  first  of  its 


ineas,  reigned,  as  is  supposed,  about 
4i_io  years  before  the  Spanish  invasion 
in  1582.     According  to  the  tradition  of 

the  natives,  he  first  appeared  with  Mama 
Oe'lo  his  wile,  ami  sister,  in  an  inland 
of  the  lake  Titicana,  and  declared  them- 
selves to  be  children  of  the  sun,  sent 
down  to  civilize  them.  He  is  said  to 
have  instructed  the  natives  in  religion, 
agriculture,  and  the  useful  arts;  to  have 
founded  Cuzco,  and  to  have  ruled  long 
and  prosperously  over  a  grateful  people. 
It  is  probable  he  was  a  stranger  from 
some  civilized  land,  who  suddenly  ap- 
peared in  Peru,  and  c  ployed  religion 
in  order  to  procure  an  ascen  loucy, 
which  enabled  him  to  form  a  regular 
government. 

MANDEVILLE,  Sir  John,  an  English 
traveller,  was  b.  at  St.  Alban's,  about 
the  beginning  of  the  14th  century;  left 
his  native  country  in  1302,  to  proceed 
on  his  peregrinations;  spent 34  years  in 
visiting  various  countries;  and  on  his 
return,  published  an  account,  of  his 
travels;  but  the  wonders  he  described 
have  thrown  such  an  air  of  improbabil- 
ity over  his  narrative,  as  to  stagger  the 
belief  of  the  most  credulous.  D.  1:572. — • 
Bernard,  a  Dutch  physician,  was  b.  at 
Dort,  about  1670.  He  settled  in  London 
at  the  beginning  of  the  18th  century  f 
and  published,  in  1709,  a  licentious  book, 
entitled  "The  Virgin  Unmasked."  In 
1711  appeared  his  treatise  on  "Hypo- 
chondria and  Hysteric  Passions ;"  but 
the  work  by  which  he  is  most  known  is 
his  "Fable  of  the  Bees,  or  Private  Vices 
made  Public  Benefits."  He  was  also  the 
author  of  "  An  Inquiry  into  the  Origin 
of  Honor,"  "  Free  Thoughts  on  Reli 
gion."  <fco.     D.  1733. 

MANES,  or  MANICILEUS,  the 
founder  of  a  Christian  sect,  called,  after 
him,  Mahichasans,  was  a  native  of  Per- 
sia, and  b.  about  the  year  239.  He  ob- 
tained the  tenets,  which  made  his  name 
famous,  from  the  books  of  Scythianus, 
an  Arabian,  who  maintained  two  co- 
eternal  principles,  one  good  and  the 
other  evil.  Upon  this  stock,  Manes  set 
up  as  an  heresiarch,  blending  with  the 
philosophy  of  Scythianus,  or  rather  of 
Empedoclcs,  some  notions,  partly  Chris 
tian,  and  partly  heathen.  He  rejected  the 
Old  Testament,  and  taught  that  Christ 
had  come  to  save  mankind,  and  that 
he  himself  was  the  Paraclete  announced 
in  the  New  Testament.  He  also  pre- 
tended to  the  gift  of  healing ;  but.  failing 
to  cure  the  son  of  the  king  of  Persia,  ho 
was  flayed  alive,  and  his  body  given  to 
the  dogs,  a.  d.  278. 


f>16 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[man 


MANETIIO,  nn  ancient  Egyptian  his- 
torhm,  who  was  high  priest  or  Lleliopolis, 
in  the  reign  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphia, 

about  30-4  H.  c.  He  wrote  the  history  of 
his  country  in  Greek,  and  pretended  to 
have  taken  it  from  the  sacred  inscrip- 
tions on  the  pillars  of  Hermes  Trisme- 
gistus. 

MAXFREDI,  Eustachio,  an  eminent 
mathematician  and  astronomer,  b.  at  Bo- 
logna, in  1U74.  He  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  in  1B98;  placed 
at  the  head  of  the  college  of  Montalto,  in 
1701;  and  afterwards  nominated  astron- 
omer to  the  Institute  of  Bologna.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  French  Academy 
of  Sciences,  and  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
London.     D.  1709. 

MANILIUS,  Marcus,  a  Roman  poet, 
who  flourished  in  the  Augustan  age. 
He  undertook  a  didactic  poem,  of  which 
we  have  but  five  books,  entitled  "  As- 
tronomica." 

MANLEY",  De  la  Reyiere,  was  the 
daughter  of  Sir  Roger  Mauley,  governor 
of  Guernsey,  a  gentleman  who  suffered 
much  for  his  adherence  to  Charles. I., 
and  also  distinguished  himself  as  a 
writer.  She  was  left  to  the  care  of  a 
cousin,  who  seduced  her  under  the 
mask  of  a  pretended  marriage,  and  then 
abandoned  her.  Being  thus  dependent 
on  her  own  exertions  for  support,  she 
became  a  dramatic  and  political  writer. 
Her  tir.^t  effort  was  '-The  Royal  Mis- 
tress," a  tragedy,  which  was  successful. 
She  then  composed  "The  New  Atalan- 
tes,"  in  which,  under  feigned  names, 
and  with  much  warmth  and  freedom, 
she  relates  the  amours  and  adventures, 
real  and  supposed,  of  many  distinguish- 
ed persons  of  the  day.  For  the  libels 
contained  in  this  work  she  was  commit- 
ted to  the  custody  of  a  messenger,  but 
afterwards  admitted  to  bail ;  and  a  tory 
administration  succeeding,  she  lived  in 
high  reputation  and  gayety.  She  was 
also  employed  in  writing  for  Queen 
Anne's  mini-try;  an  I  when  Swift  re- 
linquished the  "  Examiner,"  she  contin- 
ued it  for  a  considerable  time  with  great 
spirit.  Besides  the  works  before  men- 
tioned, sac  wrote  "  Lucius,"  a  trage  1  v  ; 
"The  Lost  Lover,"  a  comedy;  "Me- 
moirs of  Europe  towards  the  close  of 
the  Eighteenth  Century,"  "Court  In- 
trigues," "Adventures  of  Rivelle,"  &e. 
D.  172k 

MANLY,  John,  a  cap t air  in  Mie  navy 
of  tie  United  States,  received  a  naval 
commission  from  Washington,  in  1775. 
Invested  with  the  comm iml  of  the 
schooner   Lee,  he   kept   the   hazardous 


station  of  Massachusetts  boy,  during  a 
most  tempestuous  season,  and  the  cap- 
tures which  he  made  were  of  immense 
value  at  the  moment.  "An  ordnance 
brig,  which  fell  into  his  hands,  supplied 
the  continental  army  with  heavy  pieces, 
mortars,  and  working  tools,  of  which  it 
was  very  destitute,  and  in  the  event  led 
to  the  evacuation  of  Boston.  Being 
raised  to  the  command  of  the  frigate 
Hancock,  of  32  guns,  his  capture  of  tho 
Fox  increased  his  high  reputation  for 
bravery  and  skill.  But  he  was  taken 
prisoner  by  the  Rainbow,  July  8,  1777, 
and  suffered  a  long  and  rigorous  con- 
finement on  board  that  ship  at  Halifax, 
and  in  Mill  prison,  precluded  from  fur- 
ther actual  ser  ice  till  near  the  close  of 
the  war.  In  September,  1782,  the  Hague 
frigate  was  intrusted  to  his  care.  A 
few  days  after  leaving  Martinique,  ho 
was  driven  by  a  British  seventy-tour  on 
a  sand  bank  at  the  back  of  Gnadaloupe. 
Three  ships  of  the  line,  having  joinod 
this  ship,  came  to  within  point  blank 
shot,  and  with  springs  on  their  cables, 
opened  a  most  tremendous  tire.  Hav- 
ing supported  the  heavy  cannonade  for 
three  days,  on  the  fourth  day  the  frigate 
was  got  off,  and  hoisting  the  continental 
standard  on  the  main-topgallant  mast, 
13  guns  were  fired  in  farewell  defiance. 
On  his  return  to  Boston  a  few  months 
afterwards,  lie  was  arrested  to  answer  a 
variety  of  charges  exhibited  against  him 
by  one  of  his  officers.  The  proceedings 
of  the  court  were  not  altogether  in  ap- 
proval of  his  conduct.  D.  in  Boston, 
1793,  aero  1  59. 

MANNING,  Owen,  an  English  anti- 
quary and  topographer,  was  a  native  of 
Northamptonshire ;  was  educated  at 
Queen's  college,  Cambridge ;  entered 
into  orders,  and  became  a  prebendary 
of  Lincoln,  and  vicar  of  Godalming. 
his  principal  literary  labors  are,  "  Dic- 
tionariuin  Saxonico  et  Gothico-Latinnm, 
auetore  Edvardo  Lye,  edidit  ct  auxit 
O.  M.."  and  the  "  History  and  Antiqui- 
ties of  Surrey;"  published  posthumous- 
ly, by  Mr.  Bray.  D.  1801. 
*  MANSART,  Francis,  a  French  arch- 
itect; b.  1598;  d.  1666.  He  built  sev- 
eral churches,  and  other  public  structures 
at  Paris. — luLEs-HL-isnouix,  his  nephew, 
was  also  an  excellent  architect,  and  the 
superintendent  of  the  royal  edifices. 
He  built  the  palaces  of  Versailles,  Marly, 
and  the  Great  Trianon;  the  Hospital  of 
the  Iuvalides,  ifec. 

MANSFIELD,  William  Murray,  earl 
of,  the  fourth  sou  of  David,  Lord  Stor- 
mont,  was  b.  at  Perth,  :n  Scotland,  in 


man] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGP.APHT. 


G17 


1705.  He  becamcs  a  student  at  Lincoln's 
Inn,  and,  after  tho  usual  term  of  proba- 
tion, was  called  to  the  bar,  gradually 
making  his  way  to  eminence.  In  1712  he 
was  made  solicitor-general ;  two  years 
afterwards  he  was  created  chief  justice 
of  the  King's  Bench ;  and,  in  1770,  he 
was  advanced  to  tho  dignity  of  an  carl 
)f  Great  Britain.  During  the  riots  in 
London,  June,  1780,  his  house  was  at- 
tacked by  the  anti-Catholic  mob,  and 
his  valuable  collection  of  books  and 
manuscripts  fell  a  sacrifice  to  the  fury 
of  the  multitude,  by  whom  the  mansion 
was  burnt  to  the  ground.  He  continued 
for  some  years  longer  to  exercise  his  ju- 
dicial functions,  but  resigned  in  1788, 
and  passed  the.  remainder  of  his  life  in 
retirement.  At  the  commencement  of 
the  reign  of  George  III.,  he  was  assailed 
with  the  utmost  vindence  by  patriots 
of  the  day,  particularly  in  the  atfair  of 
Wilkes;  while  Junius  poured  upon  him 
a  torrent  of  malignant  slander,  which  he 
bore  with  dignified  silence.  As  a  poli- 
tician, Lord  Mansfield  inclined  to  the 
absurd  maxims  of  toryism,  but  as  a 
judge  he  was  acute,  liberal,  and  disin- 
terested.    D.  in  1783. 

MANSI,  John  Dominic,  a  learned 
Italian  prelate,  and  an  indefatigable  an- 
tiquary, was  b.  at  Lucca,  in  1092.  He 
was  several  years  professor  of  divinity 
at  Naples,  and  in  1765  was  made  arch- 
bishop of  Lucca,  where  he  d.  in  1769. 
His  principal  works  are,  a  Latin  trans- 
lation of  "Calmet's  History  of  the  Bible," 
with  additions;  "De  Veteri  et  Nova 
Ecclesia?  Diseiplina,"  "  Commentaries 
on  the  Bible,"  an  edition  of  "  Baronius's 
Annals,"  another  of  the  "Councils,"  an 
edition  of  "  ^Eneas  Sylvius's  Orations," 
and  one  of  Fabricius's  "Bibliotheca  La- 
tina  mediae  et  infimaj  .Etatis." 

MANT,  Kichard,  bishop  of  Down, 
Connor,  and  Dromore,  was  b.  at  South- 
ampton, where  his  father  was  rector  of 
the  church  of  All-Saints,  1776.  In  1815 
he  became  rector  of  St.  Botolph's,  Bish- 
opsgate-street,  and,  three  years  later, 
vicar  of  East  Horsley,  Surrey.  In  1820 
he  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Killaloe, 
and  translated  to  the  see  of  Down  and 
Connor  in  1823;  the  care  of  the  diocese 
of  Dromore  devolving  upon  him  in  1842, 
on  the  death  of  the  last  bishop,  Dr. 
Laurie.  During  his  long  life,  Dr.  Mant 
was  constantly  engaged  in  authorship, 
chiefly  on  subjects  connected  with  his 
professional  duties.     D.  1848. 

MANTEGNA,  Andrea,  an  eminent 
painter,  was  b.  at  Padua,  in  1431 ;  and 
studied   under  Squarcione     His   chief 


residence  was  at  Mantua,  whero  he  was 
much  employed  in  oil  and  fresco ;  but 
he  worked  a  great  deal  at  Home,  and 
produced  some  admired  paintings  there. 
lie  had  great  influence  on  tho  Btylo 
of  his  age,  and  distinguished  himself 
highly  in  the  art  of  perspective.  D. 
L505. 

MANUEL,  Jacques  Antoine,  one  of 
the  most  eloquent  and  intrepid  defend- 
ers of  French  liberty,  was  b.  in  1775, 
at  Barccloncttc,  in  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Alps.  He  entered  as  a  volunteer 
in  one  of  the  battalions  of  the  requisi- 
tion, in  1793,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of 
captain.  After  the  peace  of  Campo 
Formio,  he  quitted  the  army,  studied 
law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Aix,  and 
soon  acquired  a  high  reputation  for  tal- 
ent. In  1815  he  was  elected  to  the 
chamber  of  deputies,  which  was  con- 
voke 1  by  Napoleon,  and  after  the  abdi- 
cation of  that  monarch,  strenuously 
contended  for  the  rights  of  his  son.  In 
1818  he  was  elected  a  member  of  tho 
chamber  of  deputies  by  three  depart- 
ments, and  became  one  of  the  most 
formidable  opponents  of  the  ministers. 
He  was  fervid  and  ardent  in  the  cause 
of  the  party  to  which  he  had  attached 
himself;  but  having  used  some  violent 
expressions  in  his  first  speech,  in  the 
session  of  1823,  on  the  subject  of  the 
Spanish  war,  his  expulsion  was  loudly 
demanded  ;  the  result  of  which  was  that 
a  body  of  the  gendarmerie  was  intro- 
duced to  arrest  Kim.  Manuel  was  again 
chosen  to  the  chamber  of  deputies,  m 
1S24,  and  d.  1827. 

MANUTIUS,  Aldus,  a  celebrated 
Italian  printer  and  author,  was  b.  at 
Bassnno,  in  1447  ;  became  tutor  to  Al- 
berto Fio,  prince  of  Carpi  ;  and  in  1  HS 
established  a  printing  office  at  Venice. 
He  printed  numerous  valuable  editions 
of  Greek  and  Latin  classics  ;  compiled  a 
Greek  and  Latin  Dictionary  and  Gram- 
mar; and  was  the  inventor  of  the  Italic 
character,  hence  called  Aldine,  for  the 
exclusive  use  of  which,  for  a  term  of 
years,  he  obtained  a  patent.  1).  1">1  ">.  - 
Paolo,  son  of  the  preceding,  distin- 
guished as  a  classical  scholar,  no  less 
than  a  printer,  was  b.  at  Venice,  in  1512, 
and  d.  1574. — Aldo,  the  younger,  was  a 
son  of  Paolo,  and  equally  celebrated  as 
his  father  and  grandfather.  He  was  b. 
in  1547,  and  d.  in  1597  ;  and  with  him 
expired  the  glory  of  the  Aldine  press. 

MANVEL,  Francis,  a  celebrated 
Portuguese  lyric  poet,  b.  at  Lisbon,  in 
1734.  He  was  the  author  of  many  odes, 
and  other  poems ;  was  compelled  to  fly 


C18 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mar 


from  his  country  to  avoid  the  Inquisi- 
tion, and  il.  at  Versailles,  ill  1821. 

MA1M.ETOFT,  Dr.  John,  a  very 
learned  English  medical  and  theological 
writer.     B.  1031 ;  d.  1721. 

MAKA,  Elizabeth,  a  celebrated  pub- 
lic singer,  whose  maiden  name  was 
Schmelling,  was  b.  in  1750,  at  Cassel,  in 
Germany.  She  commenced  her  musical 
education  by  playing  on  the  violin  ;  but 
a.s  she  grew* up,  she  cultivated  her  vocal 
talents,  and  attained  an  almost  unri- 
valle  1  degree  of  excellence.  On  her 
arrival  at  Berlin  she  sang  before  Fred- 
eric the  Great,  and  though  he  had  pre- 
viously declared  that  he  should  as  soon 
expect  pleasure  from  the  neighing  of  a 
horse  as  from  a  German  singer,  yet  he 
was  soon  convinced  of  the  excellence  of 
the  fair  vocalist,  whom  he  put  to  the 
test,  by  selecting  the  most  difficult  airs 
in  his  collection,  which  she  executed  at 
sight,  with  the  utmost  facility.  She 
afterwards  visited  Italy,  Switzerland, 
England,  France,  and  Russia.  Madame 
Mara  left  England  in  1802,  and  went  to 
reside  in  Russia;  and  when  that  coun- 
try was  invaded  by  Napoleon  in  1812, 
she  became  a  sufferer,  in  consequence 
of  the  destruction  of  her  property  at  the 
conflagration  of  Moscow.  About  the 
beginning  of  1820  she  revisited  En- 
gland, and  gave  a  concert  at  the  opera 
house;  but  age  had  weakened  her  pow- 
ers, and  this  once  matchless  singer  ex- 
hibited oidv  the  relics  of  her  former 
greatness.     D.  1833. 

MARAT,  John  Paul,  was  b.  in  1744, 
at  Baudry,  in  the  province  of  Neuf- 
chatel,  in  Switzerland.  In  his  youth  he 
applied  himself  to'  the  study  of  medi- 
cine and  anatomy;  and  settling  in  Paris, 
attracted  notice  as  an  empiric  and  ven- 
der of  medicines.  But  his  ambition  led 
him  to  desire  a  more  extensive  popu- 
laritv,  and  he  wrote  a  work,  which  had 
for  its  title  "  Man,  or  Principles  and 
Laws,  showing  the  Influence  of  the 
Soul  and  the  Body  in  their  Relations  to 
each  other.'1  He  also  published  a  daily 
paper,  called,  "L'Ami  du  Pcuple."  He 
then  became  president  of  the  assembly 
of  deputies  in  Paris,  and  in  that  capaci- 
ty indulged  his  thirst  for  human  blood. 
He  denounced  the  generals  of  the  French 
army  as  traitors  to  their  country,  and  put 
the  'members  of  the  convention  under 
arrest.  It  was  at  this  time  that  Char- 
lotte Corday  resolved  to  rid  the  world 
of  its  srreatest  monster,  and  he  was 
stabbed  by  this  enthusiastic  young 
Woman  July,  1793. 
MARATTI,  Carlo,  an  eminent  paint- 


er, was  b.  in  1625.  at  Camerino,  in  thfl 
papal  territory.  He  became  an  early 
pupil  of  Andrea  Sacchi ;  and  on  account 
of  his  habit  of  painting  female  saints, 
was  nicknamed,  by  Salvator  Rosa,  Car- 
luccio  della  Madonna.  He  was  also  a 
good  architect  and  an  engraver;  was 
knighted  by  Clement  XI.,  who  gave 
him  a  pension.  D.  1713. — Maria,  his 
daughter,  who  married  J.  B.  Zappi,  was 
also  a  good  artist  and  poetess. 

MARBECK,  John,  a  musician  of  the 
16th  century,  supposed  to  have  been  the 
first  composer  of  the  cathedral  service 
of  the  church  of  England.  He  was  or- 
ganist at  St.  George's  chr.pel,  Windsor; 
and  author  of  a  "  Concordance  of  the 
Bible,"  "The  Lives  of  the  Saints, 
Prophets,  and  Patriarchs,"  &c. 

MARCELLUS,  Claudius,  the  first 
Roman  general  who  successfully  en- 
countered Hannibal  in  the  second  Pu- 
nic war.  Soon  after  the  fatal  battle  of 
Cannae,  he  was  sent  against  that  distin- 
guished commander,  and  forced  the 
Carthaginians  to  retreat,  with  a  loss. 
He  afterwards  went  to  Sicily,  where  the 
siege  of  Syracuse  was  his  most  remark- 
able achievement.  Marcellus  fell  in  a 
sanguinary  battle  with  his  former  oppo- 
nent, 209  b.  g.,  when  Hannibal  caused 
the  body  to  be  burnt  with  distinguished 
honors,  and  sent  the  ashes  to  his  son  in 
a  costly  urn. 

MARCET,  Alexander,  an  eminent 
physician  and  natural  philosopher,  was 
b.  at  Geneva,  in  1770:  studied  at  Edin- 
burgh, and  settled  in  London,  where  he 
obtained  great  reputation  as  a  medical 
practitioner  and  public  lecturer.  He 
was  naturalized  in  England  in  1802,  but 
returned  to  his  own  country  in  1814. 
He  was  the  author  of  "  An  Essay  on 
the  Chemical  History  of  Calculi,"  and 
of  many  valuable  papers  in  the  "Philo- 
sophical Transactions,"  &c.     D.  1S22. 

MARCION,  a  heretic  of  the  2d  cen 
tury,  was  a  native  of  Synope,  on  the 
Eux'.ne.  He  espoused  the  notions  of 
Ce»  Jo,  to  which  he  added  the  doctrine 
of  Manes,  and  some  peculiarities  of  his 
own. 

MARETS,  Samuel  de,  was  a  native 
of  Picardy,  and  snrnamed  "  The  Little 
Preacher,"  from  his  diminutive  stature. 
He  was  an  eminent  controversialist  of 
the  reformed  church  in  the  17th  century, 
and  from  his  erudition  and  ability  made 
a  distinguished  figure  among  the  po- 
lemics of  the  day."  He  wrote  a  variety 
of  theological  works,  particularly  an 
excellent  "System  of  Divinity."  7). 
1603. 


mar] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


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MARGARET  OF  ANJOU,  daughter 
of  Rene  d'Anjou,  king  of  Naples,  and 
wife  of  Henry  VI.,  king  of  England,  was 
an  ambitious,  enterprising,  courageous 
woman.  Intrepid  in  the  field,  sin:  sig- 
nalized herself  by  heading  her  troops 
in  several  battles  against  the  house  of 
York  ;  and  if  she  had  not  been  the  in- 
strument of  her  husband's  misfortunes, 
by  putting  to  death  the  duke  of  Glou- 
cester, his  uncle,  her  name  would  have 
been  immortalized  for  the  fortitude, 
activity,  and  policy  with  which  she  sup- 
ported the  rights  of  her  husband  and 
son.  The  fatal  defeat  at  Tewkesbury, 
however,  p:.t  an  end  to  all  her  enter- 
prises ;  the  king  being  taken  prisoner, 
and  Prince  Edward,  their  only  son,  base- 
ly murdered  by  Richard,  duke  of  Glou- 
cester. Margaret  was  ransomed  by  her 
father  for  50,000  crowns,  and  d.  14S2.— 
Ok  France,  queen  of  Navarre,  daughter 
of  Henry  II.,  was  b.  in  1552,  and  ranked 
as  one  of  the  greatest  beauties  of  her 
age,  with  talents  and  accomplishments 
corresponding  to  the  charms  of  her  per- 
son. She  married  Henry,  then  prince 
of  Beam,  but  afterwards  king  of  France. 
D.  1615. — Of  Valois,  queen  of  Naples, 
and  sister  to  Francis  I.,  king  of  France, 
was  the  daughter  of  Charles  of  Orleans, 
duke  of  Angouleme,  and  b.  in  14H2. 
In  1509  she  married  Charles,  duke  of 
AlenQon.  Her  next  husband  was  Henry 
d'Albret,  king  of  Navarre,  by  whom 
she  had  Joan  d'Albret,  mother  of  Henry 
IV.  She  was  the  authoress  of  some 
poetical  pieces,  and  of  a  tract,  entitled 
"The  Mirror  of  the  Sinful  Soul,"  which 
was  condemned  as  heretical  by  the  Sor- 
bonne.  A  volume  of  tales,  entitled 
"  Heptameron,  ou  Sept  Journees  dc  la 
"Reyne  de  Navarre,"  which  were  written 
by  her  during  the  gayety  of  youth,  are 
as  free  in  their  tendency  as  those  of 
Boccaccio;  and  it  certainly,  at  the  pres- 
ent day,  appears  somewhat  extraordi- 
nary, that  a  princess  so  pious  and  con- 
templative, should  be  their  author.  D. 
1549. 

MARTA  LOUISA,  ex-empress  of  the 
French,  wife  of  Napoleon,  was  the  eld- 
est daughter  of  Francis  I.,  emperor  of 
Austria,  and  of  his  second  wife,  Maria 
Theresa  of  Naples,  and  was  b.  1791.  In 
1810  she  was  married  to  the  emperor, 
then  in  the  zenith  of  his  power;  in  1811 
she  presented  her  husband  with  a  son — 
afterwards  called  king  of  Rome — to  the 
[jreat  joy  of  the  French  nation  ;  and  in 
1313,  on  his  departure  to  the  army,  she 
was  nominated  regent.  In  1814  she 
refused  to  accompany  Napoleon  to  Elba 


on  the  pica  of  ill-health  ;  and  having 
obtained  by  treaty  with  the  allied 
powers,  the  duchies  of  I'anna  and  l'la- 
centia,  Arc,  she  repaired  thither  with 
her  chamberlain,  Count  Neipperg,  for 
whom  she  hail  conceived  an  attachment, 
and  whom  she  subsequently  married. 
D.  1847. 

MARIA  THERESA,  queen  of  Hun- 
gary and  Bohemia,  archduchess  of  Aus- 
tria, and  empress  of  Germany,  daughter 
of  the  emperor  Charles  VI.,  was  b.  at 
Vienna,  1717,  and  in  1789,  married  Duke 
Francis  Stephen  of  Lorraine,  who  in 
1737,  became  grand-duke  of  Tuscany. 
The  day  after  her  father's  death,  she 
ascended  the  throne  of  Hungary,  Bo- 
hemia, and  Austria,  and  declared  her 
husband  joint  ruler.     I).  1780. 

MAR1NI,  .John-  Baptist,  an  Italian 
noct,  was  b.  at  Naples  in  1569.  He  was 
bred  to  the  law,  which  he  abandoned 
for  literature.  His  principal  poem  is  an 
heroic,  entitled  "Adonc,"  but  he  wrote 
many  others.     D.  1625. 

MARION,  Francis,  a  distinguished 
officer  in  the  revolutionary  war,  was  a 
native  of  South  Carolina.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  agricultural  pursuits  until  tho 
year  175'.',  when  he  became  a  soldier, 
and  served  with  credit  against  the  Cher- 
okee Indians.  As  soon  as  the  war 
between  the  mother  country  and  tho 
colonics  broke  out,  he  was  called  to  tho 
command  of  a  company  in  his  native 
state.  In  1776  he  co-operated  bravely 
in  the  defence  of  Fort  Moultrie,  and  soon 
reached  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel 
commandant  of  a  regiment,  in  which 
capacity  he  acted  during  the  siege  of 
Charleston.  He  became,  subsequently, 
brigadier-general  in  the  militia  of  South 
Carolina,  and  as  such  was  an  indefati- 
gable and  most  useful  partisan.  The, 
country  from  Camden  to  the  sea-coast, 
between  the  Pedeo  and  Santee  rivers, 
was  the  scene  of  his  operations.  Many 
very  striking  and  characteristic  anec- 
dotes of  his  prowess  and  habits  are  re- 
lated of  him  ;  and  in  addition  to  his 
distinction  in  partisan  warfare,  he  ac- 
quired much  reputation  in  conducting 
the  sieges  of  the  captured  posts  held  by 
the  enemy.  At  Georgetown,  Fort  Wat- 
son, Fort  Moste,  Granby,  Parker's  ferry, 
and  Entaw,  he  highly  distinguished 
himself.     I).  1795. 

MARIUS,  Caius,  a  celebrated  Roman 
general  and  demagogue,  who  was  seven 
times  consul.  He  first  distinguished 
himself  at  the  sieire  of  Numantia;  after- 
wards went  to  Africa  as  lieutenant  to 
tho   consul   Metcllus ;    superseded    his 


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CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mar 


commander,  and  obtained  tlio  consul- 
ship himself,  when  lie  subdued  Jugnr- 
tha,  king  of  Numidia,  whom  he  con- 
ducted in  triumph  to  Koine.  After  this 
he  served  against  the  Cimbri  and  other 
barbarous  nations,  who  had  poured 
their  myriads  into  Italy.  In  his  sixth 
consulate  he  had  Sylla  for  his  rival,  who 
marched  to  Koine  with  his  army,  and  a 
civil  war  commenced  to  decide  their 
superiority.  Defeated  by  his  rival, 
Marius  wandered  about  on  the  coasts  of 
Italy,  and,  after  escaping:  several  times, 
was  found  by  some  horsemen  in  a 
marsh.  He  was  conducted  naked  to 
Minturnse,  where  the  magistrate,  after 
some  deliberation,  resolved  to  obey  the 
orders  of  the  senate  and  of  Sylla.  But 
the  Cimbrian  slave,  to  whom  the  execu- 
tion was  intrusted,  awed  by  the  look 
and  words  of  Marius,  dropped  his 
sword,  and  the  people  of  Minturnse, 
moved  with  compassion,  conducted  him 
to  the  coast,  whence  a  vessel  conveyed 
him  to  Africa.  Here  he  remained  till 
his  party  had  once  more  triumphed  in 
Italy,  when  he  was  recalled  by  China 
and  Sertorius,  who  making;  themselves 
masters  of  Borne,  a  terrible  proscription 
took  place.  Marius  enjoyed  the  dignity 
of  consul  for  the  seventh  time,  86  b.  o., 
pnd  d.  shortly  after,  aged  80. — The 
Younger,  had  all  the  determined  char- 
acter of  his  father.  He  usurped  the 
consular  dignity,  S2  b.  c,  but  was  de- 
feated by  Sylla,  and  slew  himself  at 
Praeneste. 

MAKIVAUX,  Peter  Carlet  de 
Chamblain  de,  a  celebrated  dramatist 
and  novelist,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1688. 
His  father,  who  was  director  of  the  mint 
at  Riom,  gave  him  an  excellent  educa- 
tion, and  his  own  talents  and  social 
merits  gained  him  many  friends.  The 
drama  first  attracted  his  attention,  and 
he  was  the  author  of  about  30  pieces ; 
but  it  is  as  a  novelist  that  he  is  chiefly 
known  to  the  world  of  letters.  Of  these, 
"  Lc  Paysan  Parvenu,"  "  Marianne," 
and  "  Le  Philosophe  Indigente,"  are 
accounted  the  principal.  He  also  wrote 
"  Le  Speotateur  Francois,"  &c.  D. 
1763. 

MARLBOROUGH,  John  Churchill, 
duke  of,  was  the  son  of  Sir  Winston 
Churchill,  of  Ashe,  in  Devonshire, 
where  he  was  b.  1650.  At  the  age  of  12 
years  he  was  taken  from  school,  to  be  a 
page  to  the  duke  of  York,  who,  in  1666, 
gave  him  a  pair  of  colors  in  the  guards. 
His  first  service  was  at  the  siege  of  Tan- 

fier  ;  and  at  his  return  to  England,  he 
ecame  the  favorite  of  the  duchess  of 


Cleveland,  who  gave  him  £5000,   with 
which  he  purchased  an  annuity  for  life. 
He  served  afterwards  under  the  great 
Turcnne,  and  distinguished  himself  so 
gallantly  at  the  siege  of  Maestrieht,  that 
the  king   of  France   publicly  thanked 
him  at  the  head  of  the  regiment.     On 
his   return   to   England    he  was   made 
lieutenant-colonel,     gentleman    of  the 
bed-chamber,  and  master  of  the  robes  to 
the  duke  of  York,  whom  he  attended  to 
Holland  and  Scotland  ;  and  about  this 
time  he  married   Miss  Jennings,  maid 
of  honor    to  the   princess,   afterwards 
Qncen    Anne.     In    1682    he  was   ship- 
wrecked with  the  duke  of  York,  in  their 
passage  to  Scotland.     The  same  year  ho 
was  made  a  peer,  by  the  title  of  Baron 
Eyemouth ;  and  when  James  came   to 
the  crown,  he  was   sent  to  France  to 
notify  the  event.     In  1685  he  was  crea- 
ted Lord  Churchill,  of  Sandridge.    The 
same  year  he  suppressed   Monmouth's 
rebellion,  and  took  him  prisoner.    He 
continued   to  serve   King  James  with 
great   fidelity,    till    the    arrival    of  the 
prince  of  Orange,  who  created  him  earl 
of  Marlborough  in  1680,  and  appointed 
him  commander-in-chief  of  the  English 
army  in  the  Low  Countries.     He  next 
served  in  Ireland,  and  reduced  Cork, 
Kinsale,  and  other  strong  places.     But 
in  1692  he  was  suddenly  dismissed  from 
his  employments,  and  committed  to  the 
Tower,  on  suspicion,  not  wholly  ground- 
less,  of  plotting  to  restore   the   exiled 
monarch.     After   the   death   of  Queen 
Mary  he  was  restored  to  favor ;  and  at 
the  close  of  that  reign  he  had  the  com- 
mand of  the  English  forces  in  Holland, 
and  was  appointed  ambassador  extraor- 
dinary to  the   States,   who   chose   him 
captain-general  of  their  forces.     On  the 
commencement  of  Queen  Anne's  reign, 
he  recommended  a  war  with  France  and 
Spain,  which  advice  was  adopted.     In 
the  campaign  of  1702,  he  took  a  num- 
ber of  strong  towns,  particularly  Liege, 
and  returning  to  England  the  following 
winter,    received    the    thanks   of  both 
houses,   and  a  dukedom.     In    1704  he 
joined  Prince  Eugrene,   with  whom  he 
encountered  the  French  and  Bavarians 
at  flochstedt,   and  obtained  a  complete 
victory.     On  the  15th  of  May,  1706,  he 
fought  the  famous  battle  of  Ramillies, 
which  accelerated  the   fall  of  Louvain, 
Brussels,   and  other  important  places; 
and  arriving  in   England  in  November, 
received  fresh  honors  and  grants  from 
the  queen  and  parliament.     In  1709  he 
defeated  Marshal  Villars,  at  Malplaquet, 
for  which  victory  a  general  thanksgiving 


mar] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


021 


was  solemnized.  Tn  the  winter  of  1711 
he  returned  to  England,  and  soon  after, 
through  party  intrigues,  was  dismissed 
from  all  his  employments.     D.  1722. 

MARLOE,  or  MARLOWE,  Chris- 
topher, an  eminent  poet  and  dramatist 
of  the  Elizabethan  age,  was  educated 
at  Cambridge,  afterwards  settled  in  Lon- 
don, and  became  an  actor  as  well  as  a 
writer  for  the  stage.  Besides  six  trage- 
dies of  his  own  composition,  and  one 
written  jointly  with  Nashe,  he  left 
translations  from  Ovid,  Lucan,  and 
others.  His  powers  as  a  tragic  writer 
were  of  a  high  order,  and  some  passages 
in  his  plays  are  fraught  with  exquisite 
beauty.     I).  1593. 

MA'RMONTEL,  John  Francis,  a  dis- 
tinguished French  writer,  b.  in  1723,  at 
Bort,  in  the  Limousin,  was  the  eldest 
son  of  a  large  family  in  humble  life  ; 
and  was  educated  at  the  Jesuits'  college 
at  Mauriac.  He  first  settled  at  Toulouse, 
but  being  persuaded  by  Voltaire  to  try 
his  fortune  at  Paris,  he  went  there  iii 
1745.  By  his  tragedies  of  "  Dionysius" 
and  "  Aristomenes,"  and  other  popular 
works,  he  soon  gained  reputation  ;  and 
being  patronized  by  madame  dc  Pom- 
padour, he  received  the  appointment 
of  secretary  to  the  royal  buildings. 
Soon  after,  be  became  connected  with 
D' Aleinbert  and  Diderot  in  the  Ency- 
clopedic He  also  had  a  share  in  the 
Mercnre  Francois,  in  which  his  "  Tales" 
first  appeared;  but  having  written  a 
satire  on  the  duke  d'Aumont,  he  was 
sent  to  the  Bastille ;  from  which,  how- 
ever, he  was  liberated  in  a  few  days, 
and  in  1703  he  obtained  a  place  in  the 
Academy,  of  which  he  afterwards  be- 
came perpetual  secretary.  In  1797  he 
was  chosen  a  representative  to  the  na- 
tional assembly  for  the  department  of 
the  Eure ;  but  his  election  being  sub- 
sequently declared  null,  he  again  retired 
to  his  cottage,  where  he  d.  of  apoplexy. 
in  1799,  aged  76.  His  "Moral  Tales," 
" Belisarius,"  "The  Incas,"  his  own 
41  Memoirs,"  and  "Elements  of  Litera- 
ture," are  his  most  esteemed  works. 

MAROT,  Clement,  an  eminent 
French  poet,  was  b.  at  Cahors  in  1495. 
Having  accompanied  the  duke  of  Alen- 
<;on  to  Italy,  he  was  wounded  and  taken 
prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Pavia ;  was 
afterwards  persecuted  for  his  attach- 
ment to  the  Protestant  religion,  and  d. 
in  1544.  As  a  poet  he  was  superior  to 
my  of  his  countrymen  who  had  scone 
oeforc  him,  and  greatly  excelled  all  his 
eotemporaries. — Francis,  a  painter, 
was  the  pupil  of  La  Fosse,  and  an  asso- 


ciate and  professor  of  tho  French  acal- 
cmy  of  painting,     1).  1719. 
MARRYAT,  Captaiu   Frederic,   iho 

most  popular  of  England's  naval  novel- 
ists, was  b.  [786.  II  is  first  work  was 
the  "Naval  Officer,"  published iu  1829. 

This     was     followed     in     1880     bv     the 

"King's  own;"  and  in  1882  appeared 
"Newton  Foster,"  a  great  improvement 
on  the  two  former  works,  and  "J'etei 
Simple."  Then  came  "  Jacob  Faithful," 
"  Mr.  Midshipman  Easy,"  "  Mastermai 
Ready,"  "  The  Pacha 'of  many  Tales,' 
"  Japhet  in  seai.h  of  a  Father,'"  ••  Pool 
Jack,"  "  The  Pirate  and  Three  '  lutters," 
"Snarleyow,"  "Percival  Koene,"  &c. ; 
besides  the  "  Phantom  Ship"  and  '-Jo 
seph  Rushbrook."  In  1837  he  paid  a 
visit  to  the  United  States,  and  on  his  re- 
turn he  published  his  "  Diary  in  Amer- 
ica," which  reflected  severely  on  our 
national  character  This  was'  followed 
by  three  additional  volumes,  and  by  his 
"Tuavelsof  Monsieur  Violet."  D.  1848. 

MARS,  Mademoiselle,  a  great  French 
comedian,  was  b.  1779.  She  made  her 
debut  at  the  early  age  of  18,  and  enjoyed 
the  rare  privilege  of  retaining  the  public 
favor  till  an  advanced  age,  having 
kept  the  boards  of  the  Theatre  Fran- 
cais  a,t  Paris,  where  she  had  gained  in- 
numerable triumphs,  till  1841,  when 
she  retired  in  her  63d  year.     D.  1847. 

MARSH,  Jambs,  president  of  the 
university  of  Vermont,  and  professor 
of  philosophy  there,  was  b.  at  Hartford, 
Ct.,  1794.  He  was  educated  to  theology 
at  Andovcr,  afterwards  a  professor  of 
languages  at  Hampden  Sydney  college, 
and  distinguished  himself  through  fife 
for  his  fine  scholarship  and  profound 
thought.  His  preliminary  essay  to  Cole- 
ridge's "  Aid  to  Reflection,"  is  a  mas- 
terly piece  of  philosophical  discussion. 
1).  1847. 

MARSHALL,  John,  chief  justice  of 
the  United  States,  was  b.  in  Fauquier 
county,  Virginia,  on  the  24th  Septem- 
ber, 1755.  He  had  some  classical 
instruction  in  his  youth,  yet  his  oppor- 
tunities for  learning  were  very  limited  ; 
and  he  never  had  the  benefit  of  a  regu- 
lar education  at  any  college.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  revolutionary 
war,  he  engaged  with  ardor  in  tho 
American  cause;  in  1776.  he  received 
an  appointment  of  first  lieutenant  ;  and 
in  1777  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
captain.  He  fought  against  Lord  Dun- 
more  in  the  battle  of  Great-bridge,  and 
was  afterwards  in  the  battles  of  Bran- 
dy wine,  Germantown,  and  Monmouth. 
He    was  a  member  of  the  convention 


G23 


CYCLOP.EDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[mar 


called  tosefher  in  Virginia  for  the  ratifi- 
cation of  the  constitution  of  the  United 
v  tea,  and  on  this  occasion  he  greatly 
distinguished  himself  by  his  powerful 
reasoning  and  eloquence :  as  he  did 
also,  subsequently,  as  a  member  of  the 
iture  of  Virginia,  in  the  discus- 
sions relating  to  the  treaty  negotiated 
by  Mr.  Jay.  He  was  envoy  to  France, 
in  connection  with  General  Pinckney 
and  Mr.  Gerry.  The  envoys,  however, 
were  not  accredited  :  and  in  the  summer 
oz  1798,  Mr.  Marshall  returned  to  the 
United  States.  He  became  a  member 
of  congress  in  179H  ;  in  1500  he  was 
appointed  to  the  office  of  secretary  of 
war :  s^on  afterwards  he  succeeded 
Co'.  Pickering  as  secretary  of  state ; 
and  on  the  resignation  of  Chief  Justice 
El.sworth,  he  became,  by  nomination 
of  Mr.  Adams,  and  the  confirmation  of 
tin  senate,  on  the  31st  January.  1-  . 
chief  justice  of  the  United  States,  and 
from  that  time  till  his  death,  he  con- 
tinued to  fill  the  office  with  distinguish- 
ed reputation.     D.  Julv  6th,  18    !. 

MARSTON,  John,  an  English  dram- 
atic, who  lived  in  the  reigns  of  Eliza- 
beth and  James  I.,  and  was  upon  terms 
of  intimacy  with  Ben  Jonson.  He  was 
educated  at  Oxford,  became  lectnrer  at 
the  Middle  Temple,  an  I  d.  subse  . 
to  1633.  He  wrote  ei«ht  plays,  and  three 
books  of  satires,  called  the  "Scourge  of 
Villanv." 

MARSY,  Francis  Maria  de.  a  French 
writer,  was  expelled  the  society  of  Jes- 
uits on  account  of  his  opinions ;  and  he 
was  also  -ent  to  the  Bastille  for  publish- 
ing an  "  Analysis  of  Bayle,v  in  which 
he  selected  the  worst  part  of  that  au- 
thor's dictionary.  His  other  works  are, 
a  "History  of  Mary  Stuart,"  "  Diction- 
ary of  Painting  and  Architecture.''  "Le 
Rabelais  Moderne."  and  "The  Modern 
History,"  intended  as  a  continuation  to 
RoHin's  "  Ancient  History."'     D.  17 

MARTELLI,  Peter  James,  an  emi- 
nent Italian  poet,  was  b.  at  Bologna,  in 
1663;  was  at  first  a  professor  of  belles 
lettres  in  the  university  there,  and  after- 
wards secretary  to  Cardinal  Aldrovandi. 
His  works  consist  of  several  discourses 
on  the  art  of  poetry,  "  Dialogues  on 
Ancient  and  Modern  Tragedy,"  and 
"Tragedies."     D.  1727. 

MARTIAL  or  MARCUS  VALERIUS 
M  ARTI ALIS.  a  Latin  poet,  and  the  most 
celebrated  of  all  epigrammatists.  w;is  a 
native  of  Spain,  but  went  to  Rune  in 
his  20th  year,  and  obtained  the  favor  of 
Domitiau.  who  conferred  on  him  many 
fuvcs.  and  raised  him  to  the  office  of 


tribune.  On  the  death  of  that  emperoi 
he  returned  to  his  native  country,  where 
he  d.  a.d.  lOi. 

MARTIN,  Aime.  a  distinguished 
French  writer  and  critic,  was  b.  at  Ly- 
ons. 1756.  At  an  early  age  he  repaired 
to  Paris,  where  he  soon  gained  a  liveli- 
hood by  his  pen.  at  one  time  writing  in 
the  columns  of  the  Journal  dcs  Deb  ta  ; 
at  another,  editing  the  works  cf  La 
Rochefoucauld.  Racine,  and  Fenekn; 
and  he  at  last  became  professor  of  belles 
It-rtres  at  the  Polytechnic  school,  and 
librarian  at  Sainte  Genevieve.  At  once 
the  pupil  and  friend  of  Benvird  St. 
Pierre,  he  collected  and  published  his 
works,  defended  his  memory  from  hos- 
tile attacks,  married  his  widow,  and 
adopted  his  daughter  Virginia.  His 
"Lettres  a  Sophie  sur  la  Physique,  la 
Chimie.  et  l'Histoire  Naturelle.'  were 
highly  popular;  and  his  work  on  the 
••  E  .'.cation  des  Meres  de  Famille"  was 
crowned  by  the  institute.     D.  1  - 

MARTINE,  George,  a  physician,  was 
b.  in  Scotland,  in  1702 ;  took  his  doctor's 
degree  at  Ley den.  after  which  he  com- 
menced practice  at  St.  Andrew's :  but, 
in  1740.  he  accompanied  Lord  Cathcart 
to  America,  where  he  d.  1743.  He  was 
the  author  of  "Tractatus  de  Similibus 
Animalibus,  et  Animalium  Colore,'"  and 
"  Essavs.  Medical  ami  Philosophical." 

MARTINI.  John  Baptist,  a  skilful 
musical  composer,  was  b.  at  Bolocrna,  in 
1706^  and  d.  17-4.  He  wrote  a  "  History 
of  Music;"  also,  an  "Essay  on  Counter- 
point,"' &o.  He  was  chapel-master  to  a 
convent  of  Friars  Minim ;  and  from  tho 
school  of  Martini  issued  some  of  the  finest 
composers  in  Italy. — Martin,  a  Jesuit 
and  missionary  of  the  17th  century,  was 
a  native  of  Trent.  He  went  as  a  mis- 
sionary to  China,  where  he  remained 
many  years,  and  returned  to  Europe  in 
1651.  The  result  of'bis  observations  are 
contained  in  his  "Sinicte  Historian  Decas 
prima  a  Gentis  Online  ad  Christum  na- 
tnm,"  "China  lllustrata."  and  "De 
Bello  inter  Tartaros  et  Sinenses." 

MARTOS,  Ivan  Pbtrovitch,  an  emi- 
nent Russian  sculptor,  who  was  for  many 
vears  director  of  the  Acalemv  of  Fine 
Arts.  St.  Petersburg,  d.  1835,  aged  B2. 
He  had  attained  the  highest  excellence 
in  his  art,  rivalling  Canova  in  his  draper- 
ies, and  in  subjects  of  bas-relief  being 
superior  to  any  of  his  cotemporarie*. 
Among  his  best  works  may  be  reckoned 
the  colossal  group  in  bronze  of  Minin 
and  Pozharsky,  at  Moscow:  the  Emper- 
or Alexander,  at  Taganrog ,  the  duke 
of  Richelieu,  at  Odessa,  &c. 


ItAftj 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    DIOGRAPHT. 


r.-23 


MARTYN,  IlEN-Rr.  an  able  missionary. 
w;i-  b.  iii  Cornwall,  in  1781 ;  was  educated 
at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge ;  and  in 
1-  5  went  to  liulia  as  a  <;!iaplain  to  the 
India  Company.  When  arrived  in 
the  East  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
rapid  acquirement  of  the  native  lan- 
guages, being  soon  able  to  translate  the 
Common  Prayer  into  Hindoostanee,  and 
perform  divine  service  in  that  language. 
From  India  he  proceeded  ro  Persia, and 
there  translated  the  New  Testament  into 
the  Persian  tongue,  held  several  eonfer- 

-    with   the  learned   Mahomet 
and  converted  some  to  Cliristianitv.    D. 
1S12. 

MARTYR.  Peter,  a  celebrated  re- 
former, wiiose  family  name  was  Yer- 
rnigli.  was  b.  at  Florence,  in  1500.  He 
was  originally  an  Angnstin  monk,  and 
:e  an  eminent  pritcher.  and  prior 
c:"  St  Fridian's,  at  Lucca:  but  having 
read  the  writings  or"  Luther,  Zuinglius, 
and  other  reformers,  he  renounced  the 
Catholic  faith,  and  found  it  necessary  to 
quit  his  native  country.  He  then.'  on 
the  invitation  of  Edward  VI.,  came  to 
England,  and  was  made  professor  of 
divinity  at  Oxford,  and  canon  of  Christ- 
church.  But  in  the  succeeding  reign  he 
was  obliged  to  leave  the  kingdom :  oa 
which  he  went  to  Switzerland,  and  d.  at 
Znrich,  in  1562.  Peter  Martyr  was  the 
author  of  many  works  on  divinity,  in- 
cluding commentaries  on  some  parts  of 
the  Old  and  N       Test  :neut. 

MARVEI.L.  Andrew,  disting  - 
by  his  integrity  as  a  senator,  and  by  his 
■wit  as  a  political  writer,  was  b.  at  Kings- 
ton-npon-IIull,  in  1630.  On  the  death 
of  his  father  he  spent  several  years  in 
foreign  travel ;  was  appointed  see- 
to  tl'.e  British  legation  at  Constantinople : 
and  on  his  return,  in  1657,  he  became  . 

tt  to  Milton,  as  Latin  secretary. 
At  the  restoration  he  was  elected  into 
parliament  for  his  native  place,  with  a  | 
salary   from   his  constituents ;    and  he 
obtained  a  high  character  for  diligence, 
ability,  and  iutegrlty.    He  had  the  char-  , 
acter  of  being  the  wittiest  man  of  his  , 
time,  and  wrote  a  number  of  poetical  ; 
effusions,  both  humorous  and  satirical,  ', 
which    were   highly   effective   as    party 
piece*.     D,  1    "- 

MARY,  queen  of  England,  daughter  ; 
jf  Henry  VIII.  by  Catharine  of  Aragon, 
was  b.  in  1517.     During  the  life  of  her 
father  she  experienced  many  marks 
his  brutal   temper,    and    her  inflexible  ; 
opposition  to  his  will  made  him  some- 
times iV«r;n  a  resolnrion  of  pntting 
«o  death,  from  which  he  was  diverted  , 


by  Archbishop  Cranmer.    During  the 
.     of  E  Iward  she  could  not  oe  pre- 
vailed with  to  join  in  cominnnio!. 
the  Protestant  divines.   On  thU 
that  amiable  prince  declared  La  ly  Jane 

his  heir.    At  his  death  in 
that  lady  was  proclaimed  queen;  but 
her  reign  lasted  only  a  few  days, 
partisans  of  Mary   became   numerous, 

-  ie  enterpd  London  without  oppo- 
sition.    In  1554  she  married  Phil 
Spain,  eldest   son  of  Charles  V.,   but 
her  union  with  him  was  eqnallv  unpro- 
pitions  to  herself  and  the  nation.    The 

-     _  tics   were 

revived,  and  th   -     - 

which  have  fixed  upon 
this  princess  the  epithet  of  "  blc 
D.  "  "-. 
MARY   STUART,  .queen   of   E     ta 

is   for   her  beauty,    her  wit,   he.r 
learning,    and     her    n  was 

daughter  of  James  V..  king  of  Scotland, 
and  succeeded  her  father  in 

Aer  her  birth.  In  1553  she  mar- 
ried Francois,  dauphin,  and  afterwards 
king  of  France,  by  which  mean-  - 
became  queen  of  France.  This  monarch 
dying  in  1560,  she  returned  into  Scot- 
land, and  married  her  cor- 

rt,  Lord  Darn'.ey.  in  1565.  Being 
excluded  from  any  share  of  the  govern- 
ment     -        -    -  ;-e  of 

.  an  Italian  musician,  her  favorite 
and  secretary,  the  king,  by  the  counsel 
and  assistance  of  some  of  the  principal 
nobility,  suddenly  surprised  them  to- 
gether, and  Rizzio  was  slain,  in  the 
qneeu's  presence,  in  156?.  An  apparent 
reconciliation  afterwards,  took  place, 
when  Darnley.  who  had  conrinv. 
reside  separately  from  the  queen,  was 
--  --Inated.  and  the  house  he  had  in- 
habited was  blown  up  with  gunpowder, 
in  February,  15i?7.  In  the  month  of 
May  follow':  _-.  -  Ided  the  earl  of 

Bothwell.  who  was  openly  accused  as 
the  murderer  of  the  late  king.   Scotland 
soon  became  a  *eene  of  confusion 
civil  discord.     Both  we"", 
an  outlaw,  took  refuge  in  Der. 
Mary,  made  a  captive,  was  treated  with 
insult  and  contempt,  and  commit: 
custody  in  the  castle  of  Loch  Lcven. 

-  some  months"   confinement  she 
ted  her  escape,  and,      -  • 

few  friend-  -  nained  attached 

to  her.  made  an  effort  for  the  recovery 
of  her  pow,^  •      -  -  -.  the 

earl  t  e  natural  son  of  James 

V..  who   had  obtained  the  regency  in 
the  minority  of  her  son.     The  battle  of 
_-.ie  insured  the  triumph  of  her 


G24 


CYCLOP /EM  A    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[MAS 


enemies ;  and,  to  avoid  falling  again 
into  their  power,  she  tied  to  England, 
and  sought  the  protection  of  Queen 
Elizabeth';  but  that  princess  treated  her 
ns  a  personal  and  political  rival,  and 
kept  her  in  sate  custody  for  a  period  of 
18  years.  At  the  end  of  that  time  she 
was  tried  for  a  conspiracy  against  the 
life  of  the  queen  of  England,  condemned, 
and  suffered  decapitation,  Feb.  8,  1587, 
in  the  castle  of  Fotheringay,  where  she 
had  been  confined. 

MASCLEF,  Francis,  a  French  theo- 
logian and  orientalist,  who  was  a  canon 
of  Amiens,  and  d.  1728.  His  works  are, 
"A  Hebrew  Grammar,"  "Ecclesiastical 
Conferences  of  the  Diocese  of  Amiens," 
ami  "The  Catechism  of  Amiens." 

MASCOV,  or  MASCOU,  John  James, 
a  German  publicist,  was  a  native  of 
Dantzic,  studied  at  Lcipsic,  became  pro- 
fessor of  jurisprudence  at  Halle,  and 
wrote  the  "  Principles  of  the  Public 
Law  of  the  German  Empire,"  and  "  A 
History  of  the  Germans."  B.  1689  ;  d. 
1762. 

MASCRIER,  John  Baptist  de,  a 
French  abbe,  was  b.  in  1697,  at  Caen ; 
and  d.  at  Paris,  in  1760.  Among  his 
works  are,  "A  Description  of  Egypt," 
"  A  Translation  of  Caesar's  Commenta- 
ries," "  Reflections  on  the  Truths  of 
Faith,"  and  a  "History  of  the  Revolu- 
tion in  the  East  Indies." 

MASON,  John,  a  dissenting  minister, 
was  b.  at  Dunmow,  Essex,  in  1706.  He 
was  the  author  of  an  excellent  little  vol- 
ume of  ethics,  entitled  "  Self-knowl- 
edge," of  which  there  have  been  numer- 
ous editions ;  he  also  wrote  "  Practical 
Discourses  for  the  use  of  Families," 
"  An  Essay  on  Elocution,"  two  "  Essays 
on  the  Power  of  Poetical  and  Prosaic 
Numbers,"  "  Christian  Morals,"  &e. 
D.  1763. — William,  an  eminent  English 
poet,  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman  in 
Yorkshire,  where  he  was  b.  in  1725. 
He  studied  at  Cambridge,  and  obtained 
a  fellowship  in  Pembroke  hall.  His 
first  appearance  as  a  poet  was  by  the 
publication  of  "  Isis,"  in  which  he  satir- 
ized the  Jaeobitism  and  high-church 
principles  prevalent  at  Oxford.  This 
was  replied  to  by  Thomas  Warton  in 
his  "Triumph  of  Isis."  In  1752  Mason 
produced  his  "  ElfriTla,"  a  dramatic 
poem,  with  choral  odes  on  the  ancient 
Greek  model,  which  was  well  received, 
thongh  the  attempt  to  establish  it  on 
the  stage  proved  abortive.  On  entering 
into  orders  he  was  presented  to  the  liv- 
ing of  Aston,  and  appointed  one  of  the 
king's  chaplains  ;   and  in   1762  he  ob- 


tained the  precentorship  of  York,  with 
a  canonry  annexed.  On  the  commence- 
ment of  the  American  war,  he  bneaino 
so  active  an  advocate  for  freedom  as  to 
give  offence  at  court,  and  wn$  conse- 
quently dismissed  from  thechap.ainship. 
Besides  the  tragedies  of  "Elfrida"  and 
"  Caractacus,"  he  wrote  "The  English 
Garden,"  a  poem  ;  "  Ode  to  the  Naval 
Officers  of  Great  Britain,"  "  Memoirs 
of  Gray,"  the  poet,  &c.  D.  1797.— 
John,  was  a  native  of  Scotland,  b.  1734, 
connected  with  that  branch  of  the  se- 
cession from  the  established  church  of 
North  Britain,  known  by  the  name  of 
Antiburghcrs.  By  a  presbytery  in  that 
connection  he  was  licensed,  and  not  long 
afterwards  ordained,  with  a  view  to  his 
taking  the  pastoral  charge  of  a  congre- 
gation in  the  city  of  New  York,  where 
he  arrived  in  1761,  and  resided  greatly 
respected  and  eminently  useful  until  his 
death  n  1792. — Gkorge,  of  Virginia,  a 
statesman  of  distinction,  was  a  member 
of  the  general  convention  which  formed 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States, 
and  refused  his  signature  to  that  instru- 
ment. The  next  year,  in  union  with 
Henry,  he  opposed  its  adoption  by  the 
Virginia  convention,  on  the  ground  that 
the  government  of  the  states  would  be 
consolidated,  instead  of  federal,  and  be 
liable  to  conversion  into  a  monarchy. 
lie  also  opposed  with  great  zeal  the  sec- 
tion allowing  a  continuance  of  the  slave 
trade.  He  held  a  high  rank  among  the 
great  men  of  that  state  with  whom  lie 
was  eotemporary,  in  intellectual  energy, 
delicacy  of  wit,  extent  of  political  knowl- 
edge, and  eloquence.  D.  1792.— John 
Mitchell,  a  divine  and  pulpit  orator, 
was  b.  in  the  city  of  New  York,  in  1770, 
and  after  graduating  at  Columbia  col- 
lege, his  theological  studies  were  com- 
pleted in  Europe.  In  1792  he  returned 
to  New  Yrork,  and  was  established  in 
the  ministry  at  that  place  till  1811,  when 
he  accepted  the  appointment  of  provost 
in  Columbia  college.  This  situation  his 
ill  health  obliged  him  to  resign,  and  ho 
visited  Europe  to  repair  his  constitution. 
On  his  return  in  1817  he  again  resumed 
his  labors  in  preaching,  and  in  1821  un- 
dertook the  charge  of  Dickinson  college 
in  Pennsylvania.  In  1824  he  returned 
to  New  Y'ork,  and  d.  in  1829.  He  was 
the  author  of  "  Letters  on  Frequent 
Communion,"  "  A  Plea  for  Sacramental 
Communion  on  Catholic  Principles," 
and  a  number  of  essays,  reviews,  ora- 
tions, and  sermons  published  at  dif- 
ferent times. — Ekskine,  the  youngest 
son  of  the  above,  was  b.  1805,  pursued 


MAT  J 


CYCLOPEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


625 


his  theological  studies  in  the  seminary 
at  Princeton,  and  in  1827,  at  the  age  of 
22,  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Presby- 
terian church  in  Schenectady,  from 
which  he  was  called  in  1880  to  the 
Bleecker-street  church  in  tins  city, 
where  he  labored  with  distinguished 
ability,  until  his  death  in  1850. — John 
T.,  a  native  of  Virginia,  who  removed 
in  early  life  to  Kentucky,  where  he  oc- 
cupied from  1811  to  1835  many  distin- 
guished stations,  after  which  he  became 
governor  of  Michigan.     D.  1850. 

MASQUE  DE  FEE.  or  IRON  MASK, 
a  person  confined  in  the  castle  of  Pigne- 
rol,  and  afterwards  in  the  isles  of  St. 
Margaret,  and  always  disguised  in  a 
Tnask  with  steel  springs,  which  con- 
cealed his  features,  without  incommo- 
ding him  in  receiving  his  nourishment, 
lie  d.  in  the  Bastille,  1703,  and  was  pri- 
vately buried  under  the  name  of  March- 
iali.  Though  no  person  ever  could  dis- 
cover who  he  was,  it  is  certain  that  he 
was  a  man  of  high  birth,  as  he  was 
treated  with  singular  respect  by  his 
keepers,  and  as  infinite  pains  were 
taken  to  prevent  his  holding  communi- 
cation with  any  other  person. 

MASSENA,  Andre,  a  victorious  gen- 
eral, created  prince  of  Essling,  duke  of 
Rivoli.  and  marshal  of  France,  was  b.  at 
Nice,  in  175S.  He  went  through  the 
regular  gradations  in  an  Italian  regi- 
ment, commencing  his  military  career 
at  the  age  of  17.  After  14  years'  ser- 
vice he  obtained  his  discharge;  but,  in 
1792,  the  revolution  presented  a  field  for 
the  display  of  military  talents  ;  and  his 
natural  sentiments  in  favor  of  liberty 
caused  him  to  enter  the  service  of  the 
French  republic,  where  he  obtained 
rapid  promotion.  Napoleon,  who  was 
quick  to  discover  genius,  formed  an  in- 
timate friendship  with  Massena;  and, 
after  the  successful  battle  of  Loveredo, 
in  179(5,  against  Bcaulien,  called  him 
"  the  favored  child  of  victory."  lie 
had  the  chief  command  in  Switzerland 
in  1799,  when  he  finished  the  campaign, 
by  completely  routing  the  Austro-Rus- 
Bian  army  under  the  Archduke  Charles 
and  General  Korsakoff.  In  1800  he 
commanded  in  Italy,  but  with  less  suc- 
cess than  in  his  former  campaigns.  He 
was,  however,  again  successful  in  the 
campaigns  of  1805  and  1806,  taking  pos- 
session of  Naples,  and  signalizing  him- 
self in  the  campaign  of  Poland,  which 
terminated  by  the  treaty  of  Tilsit.  He 
was  afterwards  employed  in  Germany, 
and  eminently  distinguished  himself  in 
the  memorable  engagements  of  Essling 
63 


and  Wagratn.  His  subsequent  conduct 
in  Spain,  when  advancing  against  Wel- 
lington, was  cqual.y  skilful.  At  the 
landing  of  Napoleon,  in  1815,  he  sworo 
allegiance  to  him,  was  made  peer,  and 
commander  of  the  national  guard  at 
Paris,  and  contributed  much  to  tho 
preservation  of  tranquillity  in  thai  city 
during  the  turbulent  period  which  pre- 
ceded the  return  of  the  king.     I).  1817. 

MASS1LLON,  John  Baptist,  an  emi- 
nent French  preacher,  was  b.  1668,  at 
llieres,  in  Provence.  He  entered  into 
the  congregation  of  the  Oratory,  and 
became  so  celebrated  for  his  eloquence, 
that  the  general  of  his  order  called  him 
to  Paris,  where  he  drew  crowds  of  hear- 
ers. In  1717  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Clermont,  and  d.  1742.  His  discourses 
were  published,  and  are  distinguished 
for  an  artless  flow  of  eloquence,  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  human  heart,  and  a  richness 
of  ideas. 

MASSINGER,  Philip,  a  distinguished 
English  dramatist,  was  b.  at  Salisbury, 
in  1585.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  bill 
quitted  the  university  without  taking  a 
degree,  in  consequence,  it  is  supposed, 
of  having  become  a  Roman  Catholic. 
Little  is  known  of  his  personal  history, 
yet  he  appears  to  have  been  intimately 
connected  with  the  wits  and  poets  of  his 
time,  and  d.  1639.  Some  critics  rank 
him  next  to  Shakspeare.  In  tragedy, 
however,  he  is  rather  eloquent  and  for- 
cible than  pathetic;  and,  in  richness 
and  variety  of  humor,  his  comedy  can 
by  no  means  vie  with  that  of  his  great 
master. 

MATHER,  Increase,  one  of  the  early 
presidents  of  Harvard  college,  was  b.  at 
Dorchester,  Mass.,  in  1639.  His  learn- 
ing, zeal,  and  general  abilities  were  of 
great  service  to  the  institution  over 
which  he  presided,  and  he  was  a  skilful 
and  efficient  servant  of  the  common- 
wealth. In  1688  he  was  deputed  to  En- 
gland as  agent  of  the  province,  to  pro- 
cure redress  of  grievances.  When 
James  II.  published  his  declaration  foj 
liberty  of  conscience,  Dr.  Mather  was 
again  sent  to  England  with  an  address 
of  thanks  to  the  king;  but,  before  his 
return,  the  revolution  occurred,  and  he 
obtained  from  William  a  new  charter  for 
the  colony  of  Massachusetts.  He  v..a 
the  author  of  "A  History  (if  the  War 
with  the  Indians,"  "An  Essay  on  re- 
markable Providences,"  and  some  other 
works.  D.  1723. — Cotton,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  b.  at  Boston,  in  1653, 
and  d.  in  1728.  His  principal  works 
are,  "  An  Ecclesiastical  History  of  New 


626 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


MAV 


England,"  "The  Christian  Philoso- 
pher," "Psalterium  Americanum,"  and 
"The  Wonders  of  the  Invisible  World, 
or  the  Trials  of  Witches." 

MATHEWS,  Charles,  a  comedian  of 
transcendant  ability,  and  one  who  was 
long  regarded  as  the  master-mind  of  the 
mimic  art,  was  b.  in  1776.  He  was  the 
son  of  a  bookseller  in  the  Strand,  at- 
tached to  the  Weslcyan  connection. 
For  many  years  lie  was  accustomed  to 
entertain  whole  audiences  by  his  single 
efforts,  in  a  species  of  entertainment 
entitled  "Mathews  at  Home;"  and 
never  were  admiring  crowds  more  highly 
delighted  than  in  witnessing  the  vivid 
portraits  which  he  so  accurately  drew. 
The  "  At  Homes"  of  Mathews  were 
not  only  well  received  throughout  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  but  also  in  this 
country,  where  some  of  his  most  felicit- 
ous portraitures  were  sketched.  He  was 
twice  married,  and  had  one  child  only, 
the  present  Charles  Mathews.     ]).  1835. 

MATSYS,  Quintin,  an  eminent  paint- 
er, was  b.  at  Antwerp,  1460.  He  was, 
originally,  a  blacksmith,  but  quitted  that 
business,  and,  by  diligent  application, 
became  such  an  excellent  artist,  that, 
according  to  the  opinion  of  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds,  some  of  his  heads  are  not  in- 
ferior to  those  of  Raphael.  One  of  his 
best  pictures  is  that  of  the  "Two  Mi- 
sers," at  Windsor.  D.  1529. — John,  his 
son,  was  also  a  painter  of  very  consid- 
erable merit. 

MATTHESON,  John,  an  eminent  mu- 
sical composer  and  performer,  was  b.  at 
Hamburgh,  in  1"S1 ;  and  gave  such  early 
indications  of  talent,  that  at  nine  years 
of  age  he  was  able  to  perform  composi- 
tions of  his  own  at  the  organ.  He  com- 
posed music  for  the  church  and  for  the 
theatre,  and  was  always  present  at  the 
performance  of  it.    D.  1764. 

MATTHISSON,  Frederic  von,  a  cel- 
ebrated lyric  and  elegiac  poet,  was  b. 
near  Magdeburg,  in  1761 ;  accompanied 
the  princess  of  Dessau  in  various  tours 
throngh  the  south  of  Europe;  and  in 
1812  was  appointed  librarian  at  Stutt- 
gard.  Among  his  poems  is  to  be  found 
the  celebrated  "Adelaide,"  which,  as 
set  to  music  by  Beethoven,  is  still  lis- 
tened to  with  delight.     D.  1831. 

MATTH1EU,  Peter,  a  French  histo- 
rian, was  b.  at  Basle,  in  1533,  and  d.  in 
1621.  lie  became  an  advocate  at  Lyons, 
ftnd  was  made  historiographer  of  France. 
He  wrote  "Histories  of  Henry  IV.," 
"Louis  XL,"  and  "St.  Louis;"  also 
the  "  History  of  France,"  and  "  La 
Guisiade,"  a  tragedy. 


MATTOCKS,  Isabella,  an  eminent 
actress,  b.  1746,  was  the  daughter  of  Mr. 

Ilallam,  manager  of  the  theatres  of  New 
York,  Charleston,  and  Philadelphia.  Her 
forte  lay  in  such  characters  as  abigails, 
citizens'  wives,  etc.,  and  she  was  an  ex- 
cellent comic  singer.     I).  1826. 

MATUKIN,  Robert  Charles,  an  Irish 
clergyman  of  the  established  church, 
was  b.  at  Dublin,  and  educated  in  Trin- 
ity college,  of  that  city  ;  and,  on  entering 
into  orders,  obtained  the  curacy  of  St. 
Peter's  church.  "  Bertram,"  a  wild  but 
powerful  tragedy,  was  the  first  produc- 
tion which,  by  its  singular  success, 
brought  him  into  notice  as  an  author. 
Having  anticipated  his  resources,  with- 
out contemplating  the  possibility  of  a 
failure,  he  contracted  embarrassments, 
from  which  he  was  seldom  entirely  free. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  popular 
novels,  the  first  three  of  which,  "The- 
Fatal  Revenge,"  "The  Wild  Irish  Boy," 
and  "The  Milesian  Chief,"  were  pub- 
lished under  the  assumed  name  of  Den- 
nis Jasper  Murphy.  He  also  wrote  the 
novels  of  "  Mefinoth"  and  "  Woman  ;" 
"The  Universe,"  a  poem;  and  the  tra- 
gedies of  "Manuel"  and  "  Fredolpho." 
He  published,  in  1824,  six  "Controver- 
sial Sermons,"  which  exhibit  him  as  a 
well-read  scholar  and  an  acute  rcasoner. 
D.  1825. 

MAUPERTUIS,  Peter  Louis  Moreau 
des,  an  eminent  mathematician  and  as- 
tronomer, was  b.  at  St.  Malo,  in  1693. 
He  studied  at  the  college  of  La  Marehe, 
at  Paris;  and  in  1723  was  admitted  a 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  the 
memoirs  of  which  institution  abound 
with  his  communications.  In  1736  he 
was  sent  on  an  expedition  to  th>  polar 
circle,  to  ascertain  the  figure  of  the 
earth.  In  1740  he  was  invited  to  Berlin 
by  the  king  of  Prussia,  whom  he  fol- 
lowed to  the  field,  and  was  present  at 
the  battle  of  Molwitz,  where  he  was 
made  prisoner,  and  carried  to  Vienna. 
On  regaining  his  liberty,  he  married 
and  settled  at  Berlin,  and  was  appointed 
president  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences. In  this  situation,  however,  he 
became  involved  in  a  quarrel  with  Vol- 
taire, which  imbittered  his  latter  days, 
from  the  sarcasm  with  which  the  latter 
continued  to  assail  him. 

MAUREPAS,  John  Frederic  Puru 
peaux,  count  de,  a  French  statesman,  b. 
in  1701.  He  was  made  minister  of  ma- 
rine at  the  age  of  24,  and  was  afterwards 
at  the  head  of  the  foreisrn  department. 
He  was  hasty  in  his  decisions,  amiable 
in  manners,  quick  in  conception,  artf  il, 


may] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


62ft 


and  penetrating:;  but  being;  accused  of 
writing  an  epigram  on  madame  de  Pom- 
padour, it  led  to  his  banishment  from 
court.  After  a  lapse  of  80  years  he  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  ministry  by 
Louis  XVI.,  but  he  was  found  incapa- 
ble of  performing  its  duties,  and  quite 
destitute  of  the  vigor  necessary  to  avert 
the  troubles  which  then  threatened  the 
kingdom.    D.  1781. 

MAURICE  OF  NASSAU,  prince  of 
Orange,  youngest  son,  by  a  second  mar- 
riage, of  William  I.,  prince  of  Orange, 
b.  at  Dillenburg,  1507,  was  studying  at 
Leyden,  in  1584,  when  his  father  was 
assassinated.  The  provinces  of  Holland 
and  Zealand,  and,  soon  after,  Utrecht, 
immediately  elected  the  young  prince 
Btadtholder;  and  his  talents,  as  a  gen- 
eral, surpassed  all  expectations.    D.  1625. 

MAURY,  Jean  Siffreix,  a  French 
cardinal,  was  b.  in  1740,  at  Valeras; 
studied  at  Lyons;  and,  on  entering 
into  orders,  became  a  celebrated  preach- 
er at  Paris,  where  he  obtained  a  place 
in  the  Academy,  and  obtained  an  ab- 
bey. When  the  revolution  broke  out, 
be  was  chosen  one  of  the  representatives 
of  the  clergy  in  the  states-general,  where 
be  distinguished  himself  by  bis  elo- 
quence in  behalf  of  his  order,  and  also 
in  defence  of  royalty.  On  the  dissolu- 
tion of  the  constituent  assembly,  he 
went  to  Italy,  was  nominated  bishop  of 
Nicwa,  and  made  a  cardinal;  and,  in 
18'">8,  Napoleon  gave  him  the  archbish- 
opric of  Paris,  but  in  1814  he  was  obliged 
to  quit  the  archiepiscopal  palace,  and 
retire  to  Rome.  He  was  a  great  orator, 
and  a  man  of  ready  wit.     D.  1817. 

MAYOR,  William,  was  a  native  of 
Aberdeenshire,  and  b.  in  1758.  He 
went  to  England  early  in  life,  and  after 
due  probationary  exercise,  as  an  assist- 
ant in  a  sc1k>o1  at  Bur  ford,  established 
himself  as  the  master  of  an  academy  at 
Woodstock,  where  he  gained  the  favor 
and  patronage  of  the  duke  of  Marl- 
borough, entered  into  holy  orders,  and 
was  presented  to  the  vicarage  of  Hurley 
In  Berkshire.  Among  his  literary  labors 
arc  a  "  Universal  History,"  a  collection 
of  "  Vovagcs  and  Travels,"  "The  Brit- 
ish Tourist,"  "The  Modern  Traveller," 
histories  of  Greece,  Rome,  and  England; 
spelling  and  class  books;  miscellanies  in 
prose  and  verse  ;  and  many  others,  whose 
merits  arc  in  general  commensurate  with 
their  repute.     D.  1837. 

MAWE,  Joseph,  an  eminent  mineral- 
ogist and  eonchologist,  was  b.  about 
175"),  travelled  in  various  parts  of  South 
America,  and  published  numerous  works 


on  the  subject  of  his  researches.  Among 
them  ore,  '•  Travels  in  the  interior  of 
Brazil,"  a  "  Treatise  on  Diamonds  and 
Precious  Stones,"  "'Familiar  Lessons 
on  Mineralogy  and  Geology,"  "The 
Linntean  System  of  Oonchology,"  mid 
"The  Mineralogy  of  Derbyshire."  D. 
1829. 

MAXWELL,  William  II.,  a  distill- 
guished  Irish  novelist.  Early  in  life  he 
iptnin  in  the  British  army,  and 
noted  for  his  social  qualities.  lie  sub- 
sequently entered  the  church,  and  ob- 
tained the  benefice  of  prebendary  of 
Balla,  a  wild  district  in  Connuught,  with 
an  income,  but  no  congregation  or  of- 
ficial duties.  Among  bis  works  are 
"Hector  O'Halloran,  "Story  of  My 
Life,"  "Wild  Sports  of  the  West,"  and 
many  humorous  sketches  in  the  period- 
ical literature  of  I  he  day.      1).  1850. 

MAY,  Thomas,  a  poet  and  historian, 

was  b.  in  Sussex,  in  1594,  and  educated 
at  Cambridge  ;  after  which  he  entered 
of  Gray's  Inn,  where  he  wrote  some, 
plays  and  translated  several  authors, 
particularly  Lucnn.  Charles  I.  employed 
turn  in  writing  two  historical  poems — 
one  on  the  life  of  Henry  II.,  and  the 
other  on  the  reign  of  Edward  111.  But 
in  the  civil  war  May  joined  the  parlia- 
ment, and  was  appointed  their  secretary 
and  historiographer.  He  published  the 
"  History  of  the  Parliament,  which  be- 
gan in  1640,"  and  a  "Breviary  of  the 
History  of  the  Parliament  of  England," 
a  work  which  was  extremely  obnoxious 
to  the  royal  party.     D.  1650. 

MAYER,  Tobias,  a  celebrated  astron- 
omer, was  b.  at  Marbach,  in  the  duchy 
of  Wirtembcrg,  in  1723.  He  taught 
himself  mathematics,  and  at  the  age  of 
14  designed  machines  and  instruments 
with  the  greatest  dexterity  and  accuracy. 
His  various  merits  procured  him  an  in- 
vitation to  Gottingcn,  as  professor  of 
mathematics,  in  1750,  and  the  royal 
society  of  sciences  in  that  place  chose 
him  a  member.  About  this  time  as- 
tronomers were  employed  in  endeavors 
to  find  the  longitude  at  sea.  Mayer 
overcame  all  difficulties,  and  his  theory 
of  the  moon,  and  astronomical  tables 
and  precepts,  were  rewarded  bv  the 
English  board  of  longitude  with  £3000, 
which  sum  was  paid  to  his  widow;  for, 
exhausted  by  his  incessant  labors,  this 
astronomer  d.  1762.  Among  his  works 
are  "A  Treatise  on  Curves,"  and  a 
"Mathematical  Atlas." — Iohann  Tobp 
as,  his  son,  b.  1752,  was  also  professor 
at  Gottingeu,  and  gained  distinction  by 
his  astronomical  writings.     D.  1830. 


6:8 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mel 


MAYNARD,  John,  a  judge  of  the 
Bupreme  court  of  New  York,  and  of  tlie 
court  of  appeals,  lie  was  elected  to 
congress  iu  1820,  and  again  in  1841.  D. 
1850. 

MAZARIN,  Julius,  a  cardinal  and 
first  minister  of  Louis  XIV.,  was  b.  of  a 
noble  family,  at  Fiscini,  iu  Italy,  in  1602. 
He  studied  at  Aleala,  in  Spain,  after 
which  he  went  to  Koine,  ami  became 
attached  to  the  service  of  Cardinal 
Sachetti,  whom  he  accompanied  on  his 
mission  into  Lombard}'.  While  iu  that 
country,  Mazarin  effected  a  peace  be- 
tween the  French  and  Spaniard*,  which 
procured  him  the  esteem  of  the  cardi- 
nals Richelieu  and  Barbarini,  by  the 
latter  of  whom  he  was  recommended  to 
the  pope,  who  sent  him  as  nuncio-extra- 
ordinary to  the  court  of  France.  In 
1G41  he  was  made  a  cardinal,  and  on 
the  death  of  Richelieu  succeeded  him 
us  prime  minister.  At  first  he  was 
rather  popular,  but  in  a  short  time  ca- 
bals were  formed  against  him  with  such 
effect  that  he  was  dismissed  from  the 
royal  presence,  and  compelled  to  leave 
the  kingdom.  But  though  a  price  was 
Bet  upon  his  head,  Mazarin  contrived  to 
dispel  the  storm;  and  he  even  returned 
to  court  with  increased  eclat,  and  held 
the  reins  of  power  till  his  decease,  iu 
1651. 

MAZEPPA,  Johx,  hettman  of  the 
Cossacks,  whom  Lord  Byron  has  made 
the  hero  of  a  poem,  was  b.  about  the 
middle  of  the  17th  century,  in  Podolia, 
of  a  poor  but  noble  Polish  family,  and 
became  page  to  John  Casimir,  king  of 
Poland.  In  this  situation,  Mazeppa 
had  an  opportunity  of  acquiring  various 
useful  accomplishments;  but  an  intrigue 
was  the  foundation  of  his  future  eleva- 
tion. A  Polish  nobleman  having  sur- 
prised Mazeppa  with  his  wife,  ordered 
him  to  be  tied  naked  upon  a  wild  horse, 
and  committed  to  his  fate.  The  animal 
had  been  bred  in  the  Ukraine,  and  di- 
rected his  course  thither,  where  some 
poor  peasants  found  him  half  dead,  and 
took  care  of  him.  Their  warlike,  roving 
life  suited  his  disposition  ;  he  made  him- 
self conspicuous  and  beloved  by  his 
dexterity,  bodily  strength,  and  courage: 
his  knowledge  and  sagacity  procured 
him  the  post  of  secretary  and  adjutant 
to  the  hettman  Samoilowitz;  and,  in 
1687,  he  was  elected  in  his  place.  He 
gained  the  confidence  of  Peter  the 
Great,  who  loaded  him  with  honors, 
and  he  was  finally  made  prince  of  the 
Ukraine.  But  though  a  prince  he  was 
still  a  vassal,  and  his  restless  spirit  made 


him  resolve  to  throw  off  the  yoke  of 
subordination.  He  joined  with  Charles 
XII.,  who  had  just  given  a  king  to  Ro- 
land, and  aimed,  by  his  assistance,  ir> 
throw  off  the  yoke  of  subordination.  For 
a  long  time  the  intrigues  of  Mazeppa 
against  Peter  were  disbelieved  by  the 
latter;  but  at  length  he  openly  joined 
the  Swedish  monarch,  who,  by  his  ad- 
vice, fought  the  fatal  battle  of  Pultowa. 
He  then  sought  refuge  at  Bender,  where 
he  d.  1709. 

MAZZA,  Angelo,  an  eminent  Italian 
poet,  b.  at  Parma,  in  1740,  in  the  uni- 
versity of  which  city  he  was  afterwards 
professor  of  Greek  literature.  He  trans- 
lated the  odes  of  Pindar,  and  Akenside's 
"Pleasures  of  Imagination;"  ami  hav- 
ing attained  a  high  degree  of  literary 
reputation,  was  admitted  into  the  Arca- 
dian academy  at  Rome.     D.  1817. 

MAZZHINGI,  Joseph,  Count,  a  dis- 
tinguished composer,  was  the  descend- 
ant of  an  eminent  Tuscan  family,  but 
was  b.  in  England,  and  of  an  English 
mother.  "The  Blind  Girl,"  "The 
Turnpike  Gate,"  "Paul  and  Virginia," 
and  a  long  list  of  other  once  popular 
pieces,  were  from  his  fertile  pen,  and 
Sir  Walter  Scott  warmly  thanked  him 
for  the  manner  in  which  he  adapted 
some  of  that  great  author's  poetry.  D. 
1844. 

MAZZUCHELLI,  Giammatua,  Count, 
a  Venetian  nobleman,  was  b.  1707,  and 
d.  1765.  He  was  the  author  of  "  La 
Vita  di  Pietro  Aretino"  and  "Gli  Serit- 
tori  d'ltalia;"  but  the  work  on  which 
his  fame  chiefly  rests  is,  "  Notizie  His- 
torichc  o  Critiche." 

MAZZUOLI,  Francis,  a  celebrated 
painter,  known  by  the  name  of  Pajjme- 
qiano,  was  b.  at  Parma,  1503.  He  be- 
came acquainted  with  Correggio,  but 
owed  his  eminence  to  his  studying  the 
works  of  Raphael.  His  reputation  as  a 
painter  was  very  great,  but  he  wasted 
his  energies  in  the  delusive  labors  of 
alchemy/    D.  1540. 

MEDE,  Joseph,  a  learned  divine,  b. 
in  1586,  at  Berden,  in  Essex;  author  of 
the  "Clavis  Apocalyptica,"  which  is 
considered  by  biblical  critics  as  the 
ablest  exposition  of  the  obscure  prophe- 
cies to  which  it  refers.     D.  1635. 

MEDICI,  Cosmo  de,  an  illustrious 
Florentine,  b.  in  138H,  was  the  son  of 
John  de  Medici,  a  rich  and  influential 
merchant,  who  d.  in  1428.  The  vast 
wealth  which  Cosmo  thus  inherite  1, 
afforded  him  the  means  of  lisplaying 
his  liberality,  and  of  acquiring  great 
influence    in    the    republic.      But    the 


MEl] 


splendor  and  magnificence  in  which  he 
lived,  excited  the  jealousy  and  enmity 
of  many  of  the   nobles.     The  Strozzi, 

the  Albizzi,  and  many  of  the  first  Tus- 
can families  combined  against  him;  but, 
by  the  most  consummate  art  and  pru- 
dent management,  he  extricated  him- 
self from  the  toils  of  his  enemies,  and 
eventually  reigned  without  a  rival.  His 
superfluous  wealth  he  expended  upon 
public  buildings,  and  \p  the  encourage- 
ment of  literature.  He  was  a  friend 
to  science,  an  active  merchant,  and  a 
sagacious  statesman;  and,  when  he  d. 
in  1464,  such  was  the  general  estima- 
tion in  which  he  was  held,  that  the  Flo- 
rentines inscribed  on  his  tomb  the  title 
of  "  father  of  his  country. "—Lorenzo 
de,  surnamed  the  Magnificent,  was  b. 
1448,  and  was  the  grandson  of  the  pre- 
ceding. He  surpassed  in  wisdom  and 
moderation,  in  magnanimity  and  splen- 
dor, all  of  his  family  who  had  gone  be- 
fore him,  while  in  active  zeal  for  the 
arts  ami  sciences  he  also  greatly  excelled 
them.  He  revived  the  academy  of  Pisa, 
established  another  at  Florence,  collected 
avast  treasure  of  literature,  and  founded 
a  gallery  of  art,  where  Michael  Angelo, 
under  his  patronage,  pursued  his  youth- 
ful studies,  and  improved  his  taste  and 
skill.  Nothing,  in  fact,  could  exceed 
the  exertions  he  made  for  the  improve- 
ment of  literature ;  and  he  d.  in  the 
zenith  of  his  renown,  in  1492. 

MEIIEMET  ALI,  pacha  of  Egypt, 
and  it  may  be  safely  stud,  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  men  of  the  age,  was 
b.  at  Cavalla  in  Koumelia,  in  17-69.  lie 
commenced  life  in  the  humble  career  of 
a  tobacconist;  but  afterwards  volun- 
teered into  the  army,  to  which  his  taste 
was  more  congenial.  In  his  new  career 
he  soon  obtained  high  favor  with  the 
governor  of  Cavalla.  In  1799,  the 
period  of  the  French  invasion  of  Egypt, 
he  was  enabled  to  seize  the  pachalic  of 
Egypt,  and  was  then  prepared  to  set  the 
sultan  at  defiance,  had  the  latter  at- 
tempted to  overthrow  him.  But  the 
sultan  saw  that  his  vassal  was  too  firmly 
seated  to  be  easily  displaced,  am!  re- 
solved to  compromise,  by  exacting  an 
annual  tribute  from  Mehemet  Ali  as  an 
acknowledgment  of  his  subjection.  In 
this  arrangement,  which  virtually  con- 
stituted Mehemet  Ali  the  independent 
ruler  of  Egypt,  he  had  the  prudence 
to  acquiesce,  and  he  directed  himself 
steadily  to  the  consolidation  of  his  newly 
acquired  power.  In  1831,  he  entered 
into  a  contest,  with  the  sultan  for  the 
possession  of  Syria,  when  the  superiority 
53* 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


020 


of  his  army  thus  disciplined  became 
so  manifest,  that,  in  autumn.  1832,  ho 
had  curried  his  victorious  arms  within  a 
few  days'  march  of  Constantinople. 
For  seven  years  subsequently,  Mehemet 
Ali  remained  undisturbed  by  war,  du- 
ring which  his  active  mind  was  steadily 
directed  to  the  internal  improvement  ot 
his  kingdom.     I).  1849. 

MEHUL,  Stephen  Henry,  an  emi- 
nent musical  composer,  was  b.  at  Givet, 
in  France,  in  1763. and  was  an  excellent 
organist  when  only  ten  years  old.  He 
settled  at  Paris  in  177'.'.  when-  lie  studied 
with  great  advantage  under  Gluck,  be- 
came inspector  at  the  conservatory  of 
music,  professor  of  composition  at  tho 
royal  school,  a  member  of  .he  academy 
and  institute,  and  a  knight  of  the  legion 
of  honor.  He  produced  the  operas  of 
"  Stratonice,"  "Irato,"  "Joseph,"  and 
"Cora  et  Alonzo,"  besides  the  ballets 
of  "The  Judgment  of  Paris,"  "  Perseus 
and  Andromeda,"  &e.     I).  1817. 

MEIGS,  Roturn  Jonathan,  an  officer 
in  the  revolutionary  war.  Living  in 
Connecticut  in  1775,  immediately  after 
the  battle  of  Lexington  he  marched  a 
company  of  light  infantry  to  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Boston.  With  the  rank  of 
major  he  accompanied  Arnold  in  his 
march  through  the  wilderness  ot'  Maine, 
in  order  to  attack  Quebec,  where  ho  was 
made  a  prisoner  with  captains  Morgan 
and  Dearborn.  In  1776  he  was  ex- 
changed and  returned  home,  and  the 
next  year  was  appointed  colonel.  His 
expedition  to  Long  Island,  in  May, 
1777,  was  one  of  the  most  brilliant  en- 
terprises of  the  war,  for  which  he  re- 
ceived the  thanks  of  congress  and  a 
sword.  After  the  war,  about  1788  or 
1789,  he  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
the  wilderness  of  Ohio.  For  the  first 
emigrants,  he  drew  up  a  system  of 
regulations,  which  were  posted  on  a 
large  oak  near  the  confluence  of  tho 
Ohio  and  Muskingum  rivers,  the  bark 
of  the  tree  being  cut  away  for  the  space 
of  the  sheet.  Often  was  the  venerable 
oak  consulted.  lie  was  the  agent  for 
Indian  affairs  as  caih  as  1816.  I),  at 
the  Cherokee  agency,  1828,  at  an  ad- 
vanced age.  —  Return  Jonathan,  gov- 
ernor of  Ohio  from  1810  to  1814,  when 
he  was  appointed  postmaster-geueral  of 
the  United  States.  He  resigned  the 
office  in  1828  and  d.  in  1825. 

MEINERS,  Christopher,  a  German 
historian  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was 
b.  in  1747,  at  Warstade,  Hanover, 
studied  at  Gottingen,  where  he  becamo 
professor  of  philosophy,  and   d.   1810, 


fi30 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mel 


Ero -rector  of  that  university.  Among 
is  numerous  works  are,  "A  History 
of  the  Origin  :md  Progress  ofPhilosoptiy 
among  the  Greeks,"  "On  the  Origin 
and  Decline  of  the  Sciences  among  the 
Greeks  and  Romans,"  and  others  on 
kindred  subjects. 

ME1SSNER,  Augustus  Theopiiilus, 
a  German  romance  writer  and  dram- 
atist, was  b.  at  Bautzen,  in  Lnsatia.  in 
1757,  studied  at  Leipsic  and  Wittem- 
berg,  and  was  successively  keeper  of 
the  archives  at  Dresden,  professor  of 
belles  lettres  at  Prague,  and  director  of 
the  superior  schools  at  Fulda.  Besides 
writing  a  number  of  historical  romances 
and  other  works,  he  translated  Hume's 
"History  of  England"  into  German. 
D.  1807. 

MELA,  Pomponius,  a  Latin  geog- 
rapher, who  lived  in  the  1st  century  of 
the  Christian  era.  His  treatise,  "  Dc 
Situ  Orbis,"  contains  a  concise  state  of 
the  world  as  far  as  it  was  known  to  the 
Romans.  By  some  authors  he  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  related  to  Seneca 
and  Lucan. 

MELANCHTHON,  Philip,  a  cele- 
brated German  divine,  coadjutor  with 
Luther  in  the  reformation,  and  one  of 
the  wise:-t  and  greatest  men  of  his  age, 
was  b.  at  Bretten,  in  the  palatinate  of 
the  Rhine,  in  1497.  He  studied  at  Hei- 
delberg and  Tubingen,  and,  in  1518, 
was  appointed  Greek  professor  at  Wit- 
temberg,  where  he  became  tiie  friend 
of  Luther,  and  a  convert  to  his  doc- 
trines. The  Augsburg  Confession  was 
his  work,  and,  under  the  sanction  of 
the  elector  of  Saxony,  he  aided  in 
framing  a  code  of  ecclesiastical  con- 
stitutions. Even  his  theological  op- 
ponents respected  the  virtues,  the 
talents,  the  learning,  and  the  mild 
temper  of  Melanchtiion,  though  some 
zealots  naturally  branded  him  with  op- 

?robrious  terms  for  his  tolerant  spirit. 
Ie  wrote  numerous  theological  trea- 
tises, Latin  poems,  works  on  history, 
philosophy,  &c.,  and  d.  at  Wittemberg, 
in  1560. 

MELBOURNE,  William  Lamb,  Vis- 
count, was  the  second  son  of  the  first 
Lord  Melbourne,  and  b.  1779.  In  1805 
ho  was  brought  into  the  house  of  com- 
mons, where  he  joined  the  Whig  party, 
and  gradually  rose  to  great  distinction  for 
ais  liberality,  talent,  and  independence. 
»n  1827  he  became  secretary  for  Ireland, 
but  in  182S  he  resigned  office,  and  the 
6ame  y  jar  ho  was  called  u\  to  the  house 
of  lords  by  the  dcatli  of  his  father.  On 
the  formation  of  Lord  Grey's  adminis- 


tration in  1S30.  he  was  appointed  sec- 
retary of  the  Ik  .Tie  department,  and  in 

1834,  on  the  retirement  of  Lord  Grey, 
succeeded  to  the  premiership.    D.  1848. 

MELCIITHAL,  Arnold  ok,  (so  called 
from  the  place  of  his  residence  in  the 
canton  of  Underwaldcn,)  was  the  son  of 
a  rien  farmer,  who  having  been  cruelly 
treated  by  the  governor  of  the  district, 
under  Albert  of  Austria,  Arnold  con- 
spired with  two  friends*  Furst  and 
Stauffarcher,  to  effect  the  deliverance  of 
their  country,  and  to  the  plan  which 
they  formed',  in  1307,  was  Switzerland 
indebted  for  the  restoration  of  its  an- 
cient freedom. 

MELEADEZ,  Don  Juan,  an  eminent 
Spanish  poet,  was  b.  in  1754,  at  Riberia. 
He  wrote  three  volumes  of  poems,  which 
are  distinguished  for  their  (graceful  har- 
mony, elegant  diction,  and  rich  imagery. 
He  filled  some  public  situations  during 
the  rule  of  Joseph  Bonaparte,  and  left 
Spain  on  the  retreat  of  the  French.  D. 
1817. 

MELEAGER,  a  Greek  poet,  in  the 
1st  century  before  the  Christian  era,  was 
the  author  of  epigrams  and  other  short 
pieces,  which  are  among  the  most  beau- 
tiful relics  preserved  in  the  Grecian 
Anthology. 

MELLON,  Harriet,  duchess  of  St. 
Alban's,  was  b.  about  the  year  1775,  and 
was  the  posthumous  daughter  of  a  Mr. 
Matthew  Mellon,  who  held  a  commission 
in  the  East  India  Company's  service,  and 
whose  widow  married  a  Mr.  Entwistle, 
a  musician.  Mrs.  Entwistle,  who  was 
an  accomplished  woman,  went  on  the 
stage :  her  husband  became  leader  of 
the  band  in  various  provincial  theatres; 
and  the  services  of  the  child,  who  was 
destined  at  a  future  day  to  become  the 
duchess  of  St.  Alban's,  were  put  in 
requisition  at  a  very  tender  age,  in  order 
to  augment  a  scanty  and  precarious  in- 
come." She  passed  her  childhood  in 
performing  such  characters  as  Prince 
Arthur  in  King  John,  the  duke  of  York 
in  Richard  the  Third,  &o.  She  made 
her  debut  at  Drury-lane,  in  January, 
1795,  as  Lydia  Languish,  in  the  Rivals. 
For  several  years  after,  Thomas  Coutts, 
a  wealthy  banker,  evinced  for  her  a 
strong  degree  of  friendship ;  and  made 
her  his  wife  almost  immediately  after 
the  death  of  his  former  one,  which  hap- 
pened in  1814.  In  1822  the  venerable 
banker  died,  appointing  his  widow  uni- 
versal legatee,  and  bequeathed  to  her 
his  share  in  the  banking  house  and 
business  in  the  Strand,  and  all  benefit 
and   interests   to   arise   therefrom.      In 


menJ 


CYCLOP/EDIA    OF    DIOGRAPHT. 


G31 


June,  1827,  she  was  married  to  William, 
duke  of  St.  Alban's.    D.  1837. 

MELMOTH,  William,  an  eminent 
advocate  and  an  excellent  writer,  was  b. 
in  1068.  He  was  a  bencher  of  Lincoln's 
Inn,  and  in  conjunction  with  I'eere  Wil- 
liams, edited  Vernon's  Reports:  but  he 
is  chiefly  remembered  now  as  the  author 
of  "  The  Great  Importance  of  a  Religious 
Life;"  a  valuable  little  book,  which  has 
gone  through  numerous  editions.  D. 
1743. — William,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  b.  in  1710.  lie  published  excellent 
translations  of  Pliny's  and  Cicero's  Epis- 
tles. He  was  also  the  author  of  the 
"Letters,"  which  bear  the  name  of  Sir 
Thomas  Fiti'.osborne ;  some  poems  in 
Dodsley's  collection,  and  memoirs  of  his 
father.  He  was  brought  up  to  the  law, 
became  a  commissioner  of  bankrupts, 
and  d.  1700. 

MELVILLE.  Henry  Dundas,  Vis- 
count, the  son  of  Lord  Arnistone,  a 
Scotch  judge,  was  b.  in  1740;  received 
his  education  at  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh ;  in  1773  became  solicitor-general ; 
and  soon  after  was  appointed  to  the 
offices  of  lord  advocate,  and  joint  keeper 
of  the  signet  for  Scotland.  In  1782  he 
was  made  privy  councillor  and  treasurer 
of  the  navy  ;  and  from  that  time  he  took 
a  leading  part  in  all  the  measures  of  the 
Pitt  administration.  He  was  appointed 
president  of  the  board  of  control,  at  its 
formation;  in  1701,  made  secretary  for 
the  home  department;  and,  in  1704, 
secretary  of  war,  which  latter  post  he 
held  till  Mr.  Pitt's  retirement  from  office. 
He  was  then  created  a  viscount;  and 
when  Mr.  Pitt  again  became  premier, 
he  was  made  first  lord  of  the  admiralty. 
D.  1811. 

MEN  ANDER,  the  most  celebrated  of 
the  Greek  writers  of  comedy,  was  b.  at 
Athens,  342  b.  o.,  and  is  said  to  have 
drowned  himself,  on  account  of  the  suc- 
cess of  his  rival  Philemon,  though  some 
accounts  attribute  his  death  to  accident, 
200  b.  c,  in  the  harbor  of  the  Piraeus. 
He  composed  108  comedies;  but  there 
are  only  a  few  fragments  remaining  of 
the  numerous  dramas  of  Menander; 
from  whom,  however,  Terence  is  sup- 
posed to  have  copied  the  whole  of  his 
pieces,  except  the  "Phormio"  and 
"Hecyra."  Quintilian  expresses  great 
admiration  for  this  dramatist,  eulogizing 
him  for  copiousness  of  invention,  ele- 
gance of  expression,  and  a  general  fine 
feeling  of  nature. 

MENDELSSOHN,  Moses,  a  celebrated 
Jewish  philosopher,  commonly  called  the 
"  Socrates  of  the  Jews,"  was  b.  of  an 


honest  but  poor  family,  at  Dessau,  in 
1720.  He  was  bred  to  merchandise,  but 
devoted  himself  to  literature,  in  which 
he  acquired  a  distinguished  reputation 
In  17")">  he  published  his  first  piece, 
entitled  "Jerusalem  ;"  in  which  ho  pre- 
tended that  the  principle  of  the  Jewish 
religion  is  deism.  His  next  work  was 
"Phsedon,  or  a  Discourse  on  the  Spiritu- 
ality and  Immateriality  of  the  Soul." 
He  also  wrote  "Philosophical  Dia- 
logues," "Letter  to  Lavater,"  a  "Dis- 
sertation on  the  Sensation  of  the  Reauti- 
ful,"  "Morning  Hours,  or  Discourses 
on  the  Existence  of  God,"  &c.  At  one 
time  he  was  associated  with  Lessing, 
Ramler,  Abbot,  and  Nicolai,  in  conduct- 
ing a  periodical  work,  entitled  "The 
Library  of  Belles  Lettres.  '  which  ac- 
quired great  distinction  in  German  lit- 
erature.— Felix  Barti!oli>j*,  grandson 
of  Moses,  was  b.  at  Berlin,  February  3, 
1809.  His  father  was  a  wealthy  banker, 
more  favored  with  the  gifts  of  fortune 
than  of  genius ;  and  it  is  related  of  him 
that  he  was  in  the  habit  of  saying, 
"  When  I  was  a  boy  people  used  to  call 
me  the  son,  and  now  they  call  me  the 
father,  of  the  great  Mendelssohn."  In 
his  9th  year  he  performed  at  a  public 
concert  in  Berlin,  to  the  admiration  of 
his  audience;  the  following  year  tho 
boy-artist  accompanied  his  parents  to 
Paris;  and  when  he  was  12  years  old, 
he  composed  his  pianoforte  quartette  in 
C  minor,  which  is  still  found  to  be  full 
of  interest  and  originality.  His  first 
compositions  were  published  in  1824. 
These  were  soon  followed  by  many 
others,  among  which  was  an  opera, 
called  "The  Marriage  of  Gamachio;" 
his  first  symphony,  and  his  "  Midsum- 
mer Night's  Dream,"  which  produced 
an  electrical  effect.  Having  now  re- 
solved to  devote  himself  exclusively  to 
the  artist  life,  he  was  appointed,  in  1833, 
to  the  directorship  of  tlie  concerts  and 
theatre  of  Dusseldorf,  where,  in  1835, 
he  produced  his  great  oratorio  of"  Pau- 
lus ;"  and  ten  years  afterwards  he  ac- 
cepted of  the  same  office  at  Leipsic, 
whither  young  men  of  talent  flocked 
from  all  parts  of  Europe,  as  well  to  seek 
the  acquaintance  of  the  leading  professor 
of  the  day,  as  to  submit  their  own  pro- 
ductions to  his  judgment,  lie  after- 
wards accepted  the  musical  directorship 
at  Berlin,  at  the  earnest  entreaty  of  the 
king  of  Prussia,  but  resigned  it  after  a 
short  time,  and  returned  to  his  favorito 
Leipsic,  where  he  resided  till  his  death, 
acting  as  conductor  of  the  concerts,  and, 
along  with  his  friend  Moschclcs   direct- 


632 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mer 


tor  of  the  Conservatory  of  Music.  D. 
1847. 

MENDEZ-PINTO,  Ferdinand,  a  cel- 
ebrated traveller,  was  b.  in  Portugal,  of 
a  respectable  family.  lie  departed  for 
the  Indies  in  1587,  and,  on  the  voyage, 
the  ship  was  taken  by  the  Moors,  who 
carried  her  to  Mocha,  where  he  was  sold 
for  a  slave;  but  after  some  adventures 
he  arrived  at  Ormus,  and  afterwards 
pursued  his  original  object.  In  1558  he 
returned  to  his  native  country,  and  pub- 
lished a  very  curious,  but  romantic  re- 
lation of  his  voyages,  which  has  been 
translated  into  French  and  English. 
From  his  excessive  credulity,  Mendcz- 
Pinto  has  been  classed  with  Sir  John 
Mandeville  ;  and  for  extravagant  fictions 
his  name  has  become  a  by-word. 

MENDOZA,  John  Gonzales,  a  Span- 
ish divine,  who  was  sent  ambassador  to 
the  emperor  of  China,  in  1584;  and,  on 
his  return,  became  successively  bishop 
of  Lipari,  in  Italy;  of  Chiapi,  in  New 
Spain  ;  and  of Popayan,  in  the  West  In- 
dies. He  wrote  "  A  History  of  China," 
in  Spanish. 

MENGS,  Anthony  Raphael,  who  has 
been  called  the  Raphael  of  Germany, 
was  b.  at  Aussig,  in  Bohemia,  in  17'_'6. 
He  studied  under  his  father,  who  was 
painter  to  Augustus  III.,  king  of  Po- 
land, after  which  he  went  to  Rome, 
where  he  was  patronized  by  Charles  111., 
king  of  Spain,  for  whom  he  executed  a 
number  of  pictures.  The  best  of  his 
pieces  in  England  is  an  altar-piece  at 
All  Souls'  college,  Oxford.  Mengs  wrote 
some  works  on  his  art,  which  have  been 
translated  into  English,  and  d.  at  Rome, 
in  177.'. 

MEN'NO,  Simonis,  or  Simon's  son, 
was  the  founder  of  the  sect  of  Mcnnon- 
ites,  or  Dutch  Anabaptists.  He  was  b. 
in  1496,  and  was,  originally,  a  Catholic 
priest.  He  maintained  the  necessity  of 
rebaptism  in  adults;  and  denied  that 
Jesus  Christ  rcc  ,ived  a  human  body 
from  the  Virgin.  A  price  was  set  upon 
his  head  by  Charles  v.,  but  he  was  for- 
tunate enough  to  escape.  D.  at  Oldeslo, 
near  Hamburgh,  in  1565. 

MENSCIIIKOFF,  Alexander,  a  cel- 
ebrated Russian  statesman  and  general, 
was  the  son  of  a  peasant,  and  b.  near 
Moscow,  in  1674.     D.  17291 

MERCATOR,  Gekard,  a  mathemati- 
cian and  geographer,  b.  1512,  at  Rnpel- 
monde,  In  the  Netherlands.  He  pub- 
lished a  great  number  of  maps  and 
charts,  which  ho  engraved  and  colored 
nhnself;  and  is  known  as  the  inventor 
if  a  method  of  projection  called  by  his 


name,  in  which  the  meridians  and  par- 
allels of  latitude  cut  each  other  at  right 
angles,  and  are  both  represented  by 
straight  lines,  which  has  the  effect  ot 
enlarging  the  degrees  of  latitude  as  they 
recede  from  the  equator.  D.  1594. — 
Nicholas,  an  eminent  mathematician, 
was  b.  at  Holstein,  about  1640.  He  set- 
tled in  England,  where  he  became  a  fel- 
low of  the  Royal  Society,  and  d.  about 
1690.  His  works  are,  "  Cosmographia," 
"Rationes  Mathematical,"  "Hypothesis 
Astronomica,"  "  Logarithmoteehnia," 
"Institntionum  Astronomicarum,"  &c. 

MERCER,  Hugh,  brigadier-general, 
was  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  educated 
for  the  profession  of  i-edicine.  On  his 
emigration  to  Americ  ,  he  settled  and 
married  in  Virginia.  He  served  with 
Washington  in  the  war  against  the 
French  and  Indians,  which  terminated 
in  1763,  and  was  by  him  greatly  es- 
teemed. He  was  with  Braddock  in  the 
campaign  of  1785.  In  the  action  at  Fort 
Du  Quesne  he  was  wounded,  and  faint 
with  the  loss  of  blood  he  lay  under  a 
fallen  tree.  One  of  the  pursuing  In- 
dians jumped  upon  the  very  tree,  but 
did  not  discover  him.  Mercer  found  a 
brook  at  which  he  refreshed  himself. 
In  his  hunger  he  fed  on  a  rattlesnake, 
which  he  had  killed.  After  pursuing 
his  solitary  way  through  a  wilderness 
of  one  hundred  miles,  he  arrived  at  Fort 
Cumberland.  At  the  commencement 
of  the  revolutionary  war  he  abandoned 
Ids  extensive  medical  practice,  and  en 
tered  the  army.  He  was  distinguished 
at  the  battle  of  Trenton.  In  the  action 
near  Princeton,  Jan.  3,  1777,  he  com- 
manded the  van  of  the  Americans,  com- 
posed principally  of  southern  militia. 
While  exerting  himself  to  rally  them, 
his  horse  was  killed  under  him.  He 
was  surrounded  by  some  British  sol- 
diers, who  refused  him  quarter,  and 
stabbed  him  with  their  bayonets,  and 
bruised  his  head  with  the  butt-end  of 
their  muskets,  leaving  him  on  the  field 
as  dead.  He  died  from  the  wounds  on 
his  head,  Jan.  19,  aged  about  56. — John, 
governor  of  Maryland,  was  a  soldier  of 
the  revolution.  In  1782  he  was  elected 
a  delegate  to  congress  from  Virginia:  in 
1787  he  was  a  member  from  Maryland 
of  the  convention  which  framed  the  con- 
stitution of  the  United  States,  and  also 
a  member  of  congress  from  Maryland. 
He  was  governor  from  1801-3.     D'.  1821. 

MERCIER,  Louis  Sebastian,  a  French 
writer,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1740.  He  com- 
menced his  literary  career  as  a  poet,  but 
soon  renounced  poetry  for  criticism.    He 


kktJ 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


633 


attacked  tlie  reputation  of  Corncille,  Ra- 
cine,  i.nd  Voltaire,  in  his  "Essai  sur 
l'Art  Dramatique,"  and  published  a  vio- 
lent philippic  against  the  comedians  for 
paying  no  attention  to  his  remarks.  In 
1781  he  published,  anonymously,  the 
first  volume  of  his  "Tableau  de  Paris;" 
after  which  he  removed  to  Switzerland, 
and  printed  at  Neufchatel  ten  more  vol- 
umes of  that  work.  Returning  home  at 
the  beginning  of  the  revolution,  he  de- 
clared himself  a  friend  to  liberty,  and  in 
concert  with  Carra,  he  published  "  Les 
Anna'.es  Politiqnes"  and  "Chroniquc 
dn  Mois,"  two  journals,  displaying  both 
moderation  and  spirit.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  convention,  and  voted  for  the 
detention,  ins'oad  of  the  death  of  the 
kins.     D.  1814. 

MER1AN,  Maria  Sibylla,  an  ingeni- 
ous female  artist,  was  the  daughter  of 
Matthew  Merian,  an  eminent  engraver, 
and  b.  at  Frankfort,  1647.  She  undertook 
a  voyage  to  Surinam  to  draw  the  insects 
and  reptiles  peculiar  to  that  country,  of 
which,  on  her  return,  she  published  a 
description  witli  beautiful  colored  plates. 
Her  daughter,  who  accompanied  lier  to 
Surinam,  added  a  third  volume  to  this 
work.  The  mother  published  another 
valuable  performance  "On  the  Genera- 
tion and  Transformations  of  the  Insects 
of  Surinam."     D.  1717. 

MERLIN,  Ambrose,  a  British  writer, 
who  flourished  about  the  latter  end  of 
the  5th  century.  He  was  supposed  to 
be  an  enchanter  and  a  prophet ;  but  the 
accounts  we  have  of  him  are  so  mixed 
up  with  fiction,  that  to  disentangle  his 
real  life  from  the  mass  would  be  impos- 
sible. He  was  the  greatest  sage  and 
mathematician  of  his  time,  the  counsel- 
lor and  friend  of  four  English  kings, 
Vortigern,  Ambrosius,  Uther  Pendra- 
gon,  and  Arthur.  The  miracles  ascribed 
to  him  are  numerous;  and,  instead  of 
dying,  it  was  supposed  that  he  fell  into 
a  magic  sleep,  from  which,  after  a  long 
period,  he  would  awake.  In  the  British 
Museum  is  "  Le  Compte  de  la  Vie  de 
Merlin  et  de  ses  Faiz  et  Compte  de  ses 
Prophecies,"  on  vellum,  without  date  or 
place. 

MERRICK,  James,  a  divine  and  poet, 
was  b.  at  Reading,  1720;  was  educated 
at  Trinity  college,  Oxford;  and  d.  1769. 
His  principal  works  are,  "Poems  on 
Sacred  Subjects,"  "  Annotations  on  the 
Psalms,"  and  on  the  "  Gospel  of  St. 
John,"  "  A  Metrical  Version  of  the 
Psalms,"  and  a  translation  of  "Tryphi- 
adorus." 

MERRY,  Robert,  a  dramatic  write? 


was  the  son  of  a  merchant,  and  b.  in 
London,  in  1755.  He  received  his  edu- 
cation at  Harrow,  and  next  at  Christ's 
college,  Cambridge,  after  which  he  en- 
tered at  Lincoln's  Inn;  but  instead  of 
being  called  to  the  bar,  he  bought  ii 
commission  in  the  guards,  which  ser- 
vice he  also  quitted,  and  went  abroad. 
While  at  Florence  he  became  a  member 
of  the  Delia  Cruseau  academy,  and  af- 
fixed that  signature  to  a  number  of 
poems,  which  being  published  in  the 
English  newspapers,  at  length  became 
the  object  of  the  caustic  satire  of  Giffbrd, 
in  his  well-known  "Baviad  and  Ma> 
viad."  In  1791  he  married  Miss  Brim- 
ton,  an  actress,  with  whom  he  came  to 
America,  where  he  d.  in  179S.  His 
dramatic  compositions  are,  "Lorenzo." 
a  tragedy;  "The  Magician  no  Conjurer,'" 
"  Fenelon,"  and  "  Ambitious  Venge- 
ance."' 

MERSCH,  Van  der,  leader  of  the 
Brabant  patriots  in  1789,  was  b.  at  Me- 
nim,  and  entered  the  French  service,  in 
in  which  he  acquired  the  title  of  "The 
Brave  Fleming."  He  afterwards  served 
in  the  Austrian  army,  and  rose  to  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-colonel.     1).  1792. 

MESMEK,  Frederic  Anthony,  a  Gei 
man  physician,  author  of  the  famous 
doctrine  of  animal  magnetism,  which  is 
also  called  Mesmerism,  was  b.  in  1734, 
at  Mersburg,  in  Suabia.  He  first  made 
his  doctrines  known  to  the  world,  in 
1766,  by  a  thesis  on  planetary  influence, 
in  which  he  contended  that  the  heavenly 
bodies  diffuse  through  the  universe  a 
subtle  fluid,  which  acts  on  the  nervous 
system  of  animated  beings.  He  quitted 
Vienna  for  Paris,  in  1778 ;  gained  a 
number  of  proselytes,  and  received  a 
subscription  of  340,000  livres.  Gove->- 
ment  at  length  appointed  a  committee 
of  physicians  and  members  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences,  among  whom  was 
Franklin,  to  investigate  his  pretensions; 
and  the  result  of  their  inquiries  appear- 
ed in  a  memoir,  drawn  up  by  Bailly, 
which  was  unfavorable  to  the  pretender 
of  animal  magnetism.  This  theory,  how- 
ever, has  of  late  years  again  excited  con- 
siderable attention  on  the  Continent; 
it  has  advocates  evervwherc.     D.  1815. 

METASTASIO,  Pietro  Antonio  Do- 
menico  Buonaventura,  an  eminent  Ital- 
ian poet,  b.  at  Assisi,  1698,  was  the  son 
of  a  common  soldier,  named  Trapassi. 
When  he  was  only  ten  years  of  age,  his 
talent  of  extemporizing  in  verse  attracted 
the  notice  of  the  celebrated  Graving 
who  took  him  under  his  protection, 
called  him  (by  a  translation  of  his  name 


634 


CYCLOP/EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mio 


into  Greek,)  "  Metastasio,"  paid  great 
attention  to  hi*  education,  and  on  his 
death,  in  1717,  left  him  his  whole  estate. 
The  young  poet,  being  thus  placed  in 
an  easy  condition,  devoted  himself  to 
his  favorite  s:u  ly,  and,  under  the  guid- 
ance of  the  celebrated  singer,  Maria  Ro- 
mania;!, (afterwards  Bulgarelli,)  created 
the  modern  Italian  opera.  Charles  VI. 
invited  him  to  Vienna  in  1729,  and  ap- 
pointed him  poet  laureate,  with  a  pen- 
sion of  4000  guilders.  Thenceforward 
no  gala  took  place  at  court  which  was 
not  graced  by  his  verses.  The  empress 
Maria  Theresa  bestowed  upon  him  mag- 
nificent presents,  as  also  did  Ferdinand 
VI.,  king  of  Spain.  He  composed  no 
less  than  twenty-six  operas  and  eight 
sacred  dramas,  besides  innumerable 
minor  pieces.  The  poetical  characteris- 
tics of  Met.istasio  are  sweetness,  correct- 
ness, purity,  senile  pathos,  and  elevated 
sentiment."    I).  17S2. 

METELLI,  Aigustin,  an  eminent 
painter,  was  b.  at  Bologna,  in  1609.  He 
excelled  in  painting  perspective  and 
architecture;  and,  in  conjunction  with 
Michael  Angelo,  produced  several  great 
works.     I).  1660. 

METIUS.  James,  a  native  of  Alka- 
ma.ir,  in  Holland,  who  invented  tele- 
scopes about  IGO'j. — Adrian,  his  brother, 
was  professor  of  mathematics  and  med- 
icine at  Franeker,  where  he  d.  in  1636. 
He  wrote  "  Doctrina  Sphajricae,"  "  As- 
tronomic Universal  Institutio,"  "  Arith- 
metical et  Geometries?  Practice,"  "  Ge- 
ometrices  pur  Usuni  Cercini  nova  Prax- 
is,'' <fec. 

METO,  or  METON,  an  Athenian 
mathema  i'ian,  who  flourished  432  years 
b.  c.  In  the  first  year  of  the  87th  Olym- 
piad he  observed  the  solstice  at  Athens, 
and  invente  1  the  cycle  of  19  years,  to 
make  the  solar  and  lunar  years  begin  at 
the  same  time.  This  is  now  called  the 
Golden  Number,  from  its  great  use  in 
the  calen  1  ir. 

METTRIE,  Julten  Offrie  de  la,  a 
French  writer,  was  b.  at  St.  Maloes,  in 
1709.  He  was  a  surgeon  in  the  French 
guards,  and  in  that  situation  wrote  an 
infamous  book,  called  "The  Natural 
History  of  the  Soul,"  for  which  he  nar- 
rowly escaped  prosecution.  His  next 
■work  was  a  satire  atrainst  the  faculty, 
uinler  the  title  of  "  Penelope  ;  or,  the 
Machiavcl  in  Medicine,"  for  which  he 
was  obliged  to  remove  to  Holland, 
where  he  created  new  enemies  by  a  still 
more  atrocious  book,  entitled  "  Ldloin- 
me  Machine,"  which  beinir  ordered  to 
be  burnt,  he  retired  to  Berlin,  and  was 


patronized  by  Frederic  the  Great,  wbosj 
opinions  were  so  congenial  to  the  au- 
thor's, that  he  composed  his  funeral 
eulogy  with  his  own  pen.     D.  1751. 

MEFZU,  Gabrikl,  a  celebrated  paint- 
er, b.  at  Leyden,  in  1615,  who  toolt  Ge 
rard  Douw,  Terbnry,  and  Mieris  tor  his 
models,  but  adopted  a  more  finished 
style.  A  lady  tuning  her  lute,  and 
another  washing  her  hands  in  a  silver 
basin  held  by  her  woman,  are  among 
his  best  pieces.  He  usually  resided  at 
Amsterdam,  and  d.  there  in  1  <J ■"> s . 

MEL1  LEX,  Antony  Francis  van  der, 
was  b.  at  Brussels,  1633.  By  his  talents 
as  a  painter  of  battle-pieces  he  was  rec- 
ommended to  Louis  XIV.,  who  always 
took  him  on  his  expeditions,  and  often 
pointed  out  the  subjects  which  he  de- 
sired him  to  represent.  The  painter 
had  thus  an  opportunity  of  perfecting 
himself  in  this  department  of  his  art, 
but  he  had  frequently  to  represent  scenes 
which  afforded  but  little  scope  for  the 
display  of  genius.    D.  1690. 

MEXIA,  Pedro,  a  chronicler  to  Charles 
V.,  was  b.  at  Seville.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  "  History  of  the  Caesars,  including 
the  German  Emperors,"  "Silvia  de  Va- 
ria  Leccion,"  &c     D.  1552. 

MEYEICK,  Sir  Samuel  Rush,  an  emi- 
nent antiquary,  was  b.  at  London,  1783. 
After  taking  his  degree  at  Oxford,  he 
became  an  advocate  in  the  ecclesiastical 
and  admiralty  courts,  and  soon  began 
to  vary  his  professional  avocations  with 
those  archaeological  studies  which  form- 
ed the  chief  boast  and  occupation  of  his 
life.  He  contributed  innumerable  pa- 
pers to  the  "Gentleman's  Magazine;" 
on  all  questions  relating  to  arms  and 
armor  his  authority  was  unassailc  I;  and 
his  "Critical  Inquiry  into  Ancient  Ar- 
mor," &c,  has  procured  him  a  high 
place  among  the  most  eminent  antiqua- 
ries of  his  time.  In  1832  he  was  created 
a  knight  of  the  Gnelphic  order,  and 
soon  afterwards  dubbed  a  knight  bach- 
elor.    I).  1S4S. 

MICHAELIS,  John  David,  a  learned 
orientalist  and  biblical  critic,  was  b.  at 
Halle,  in  Sixony,  in  1717,  and  there 
educated.  He  visited  England,  and  for 
a  time  was  preacher  at  the  German 
chapel,  St.  James's  palace  ;  and  on  his 
return  to  Germany  was  made  professor 
of  theology  at  Gottingen ;  was  honored 
with  the  order  of  the  polar  star,  con- 
ferred on  him  by  the  king  of  Sweden 
and  was  made  an  aulic  councillor  of 
Hanover.  Among  the  most  valuable 
and  best  known  of  his  works  are  his 
"  Introduction  to  the  New  Testament," 


mig] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


G35 


translated  into  English  by  Bishop  Marsh, 
and  his  "Commentaries  on  the  haw  of 
Moses."  D.  1791. — John  Henry,  a 
German  divine,  was  b.  at  Kettenburg, 
in  Ilohenstein,  in  1608.  lie  was  edu- 
cated at  Lcipsie,  and  next  at  Halle, 
where  he  taught  Greek  and  Hebrew. 
in  1699  he  succeeded  Franckc  in  the 
Greek  professorship;  and,  in  17<>7,  was 
made  librarian  of  the  university.  _  He 
afterwards  became  professor  of  divinity 
and  the  oriental  languages.     D.  1738. 

MICMAUX,  Andre,  a  French  trav- 
eller and  botanist ;  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  North  American  Oaks1'  and  an 
"  American  Flora."  He  was  b.  in  1746, 
at  Satory,  near  Versailles;  spent  many 
years  in  journeying  through  the  United 
States;   and  d.  in  1802,  at  Madagascar. 

MICKLE,  William  Julius,  a  poet, 
was  b.  in  1784,  at  Langholm,  in  Dum- 
friesshire. In  170.5  he  was  employed  as 
corrector  of  the  press  in  the  Clarendon 
printing-office  at  Oxford.,  where  he  pub- 
lished a  poem,  called  "  The  Concubine," 
in  imitation  of  Spenser,  which  he  after- 
wards republished  under  the  title  of 
"Sir  Martyn."  His  principal  produc- 
tion, a  translation  of  "The  Lusiad"  of 
Camoens,  appeared  in  177.5,  prefixed  to 
which  is  an  historical  and  critical  Intro- 
duction, with  a  life  of  Camoens;  and 
the  work  is  executed  in  a  highly  credit- 
able manner.  He  was  also  the  author 
of  many  of  the  finest  pieces  in  Evan's 
"  Old  Rallads."     D.  1788. 

M1DHLETON,  Conyers,  a  celebrated 
divine  and  critic,  was  b.  at  York,  in 
1633,  and  educated  at  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a  fellow. 
In  1724  he  visited  Italy,  and  having  a 
near  observation  of  the  ecclesiastical 
pomp  and  ceremonies,  he  wrote  his  fa- 
mous "  Letter  from  Rome,"  to  show 
that  the  religious  rites  of  popery  were 
very  similar  to  those  of  paganism.  He 
was  subsequently  Woodwardian  pro- 
fessor of  mineralogy,  and  librarian,  at 
Cambridge.  His  greatest  literary  under- 
taking was  "The  History  of  the  Life  of 
M.  T.  Cicero;"  but  his  '"  Free  Inquiry 
into  the  Miraculous  Powers  of  the 
Church,"  brought  on  the  author  the 
imputation  of  infidelity,  and  gave  rise 
to  much  vehement  censure  from  a  host 
of  opponents.  D.  17-50.— Arthur,  a 
signer  of  the  declaration  of  American 
independence,  wasb.  in  South  Carolina, 
in  1743,  and  received  his  education  in 
Europe.  Soon  after  his  return  home, 
he  began  to  take  an  active  part  in  the 
revolutionary  movements,  and  in  1776 
was  chosen  one  of  the  delegates  from 


his  native  state  to  the  American  con- 
gress. At  the  close  of  tin-  year  1777  ho 
resigned  his  seat,  leaving  behind  a  char- 
acter for  the  purest  patriotism  and  un- 
wavering resolution.  In  the  year  1779 
many  of  the  southern  plantations  uero 
ravaged,  and  that  of  Mr.  Mid. ileum  did 
not  escape.  <  >n  the  surrender  of  <  Iharles- 
ton  he  was  taken  prisoner  and  kept  in 
confinement  for  nearly  a  year.  In  1781 
he  was  appointed  a  representative  to 
congress,  and  again  in  1782.  In  the 
latter  year  he  went  into  retirement,  and 
d.  in  1787. 

M1ER1S,  Francis,  a  celebrated  painter, 
b.  at  Leyden,  in  1685,  and  d.  in  1681. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Gerard  Danw,  whose 
delicate  finish  he  rivalled,  and  whose 
coloring  he  was  thought  t<>  excel.  Ho 
had  two  sons,  John  and  William,  both 
of  whom  possessed  considerable  talent, 
and  adopted  their  father's  style. 

MIFFLIN,  Thomas,  a  major-general 
in  the  American  army,  and  governor  of 
Pennsylvania,  was  b.  about  the  year 
1744.  '  He  was  a  member  of  the  first 
congress  in  1774.  He  took  arms,  and 
was  among  the  first  officers  commis- 
sioned on  the  organization  of  the  conti- 
nental army,  being  appointed  quarter- 
master-general in  August,  177-5.  For 
this  offence  he  was  read  out  of  the  so- 
ciety of  Quakers.  In  1777  he  was  very 
useful  in  animating  the  militia  ;  but  he 
was  also  suspected  in  this  year  of  being 
unfriendly  to  the  commander-in-chief, 
and  of  wishing  to  have  some  other  per- 
son in  his  place.  In  1787  he  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  framed 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States, 
and  his  name  is  affixed  to  that  instru- 
ment. In  October,  1788,  he  succeeded 
Franklin  as  president  of  the  supremo 
executive  council  of  Pennsylvania,  in 
which  station  he  continued  till  October, 
1790.  In  September  a  constitution  for 
this  state  was  formed,  by  a  convention, 
in  which  he  was  president,  and  he  was 
chosen  the  first  governor.  In  L794,  du- 
ring the  insurrection  in  Pennsylvania, 
he  "employed,  to  the  advantage  of  his 
countrv,  the  extraordinary  powers  of 
elocution  with  which  he  was  endowed. 
1).  1800.  ,     , 

MIGNARD,  Peter,  snrnamed  the 
Roman,  an  historical  and  portrait  paint- 
er, was  b.  at  Troves,  in  Champagne,  in 
1610.  He  studied' at  Koine;  and,  during 
his  residence  there  of  22  years,  enjoyed 
"■reat  favor  from  the  popes.  At  length 
Louis  XIV.  sent  for  him  to  Paris;  ap- 
pointed him  his  principal  painter,  and 
director  of  the  manufactories  of  Sove 


636 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mil 


and  the  Gobelins;  and  ennobled  hiin. 
Mignurd  was  on  habits  of  intimacy  with 
the  principal  French  wits,  and  was  be- 
loved by  them  for  his  social  disposition. 
D.  1695. 

KE1GNON,  Abraham,  a  painter  of 
Frankfort,  was  b.  in  1(589,  and  d.  in 
1671).  lie  excelled  in  the  representation 
of  flowers,  insects,  and  still  life,  which 
he  painted  with  exquisite  delicacy. 

MILL,  James,  an  able  writer  and 
political  economist,  was  a  native  of 
Kincardineshire,  and  b.  in  1774.  In 
1818  he  published  his  admirable  "His- 
tory of  British  India,"  a  work  of  great 
research  and  powerful  reasoning.  He 
also  produced  other  works  connected 
with  legislation  and  morals,  viz.,  his 
"Elements  of  Political  Economy,"  an 
"Analysis  of  the  Human  Mind,"  and 
another,  entitled  "  1'risou  and  Prison 
Discipline,  Colonies,  Laws  of  Nations, 
and  Education."  He  was  also  the  con- 
tributor of  many  excellent  articles  in  the 
"  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  and  in  the 
Edinburgh,  Westminster,  and  London 
reviews.  In  morals  and  legislation  he 
was  the  powerful  auxiliary  of  Jeremy 
Bentham ;  in  political  economy,  the 
ally  of  Adam  Smith  and  Ricardo ;  and 
in  metaphysics  he  labored  to  extend 
the  philosophy  of  Bacon,  Locke,  &c, 
and  fine  promoters  of  inductive  science. 
He  held  the  office  of  chief  examiner  to 
the  East  India  Company.     D.  18:38. 

MILLER,  Joseph,  a  witty  actor,  was 
b.  1684,  and  was  a  favorite  low  comedi- 
an about  the  time  that  Gongreve's  plays 
were  fashionable,  to  the  success  of 
which,  it  is  said,  his  humor  greatly  con- 
tributed. D.  1738.  The  compilation 
called  "  Joe  Miller's  Jests"  was  the 
work  of  John  Motley.  The  name  has, 
however,  not  only  been  used  to  pass  off 
the  original  stock,  but  thousands  of 
other  jokes  and  witticisms,  manufactur- 
ed long  since  the  bones  of  Joe  were 
deposited  in  the  churchyard  of  St. 
Clements,  in  the  Strand,  where  a  stone 
still  exists,  with  an  epitaph  written  by 
his  friend,  Stephen  Duck. — William,  a 
person  who  acquired  great  notoriety  in 
the  United  States  by  predicting  the  end 
of  the  world.  He  was  a  native  of  Pitts- 
field,  and  during  the  war  of  131*2  served 
as  a  volunteer  captain  on  the  northern 
frontier.  He  began  to  speak  on  the  ad- 
vent of  the  millennium  in  1833,  and  for 
10  years  labored  assiduously  to  prove 
from  the  Bible  that  the  judgment  would 
take  place  in  1843.  He  gathered  follow- 
ers to  the  number  of  forty  or  fifty  thou- 
sand ;  but,  as  his  prophecies  failed,  the 


excitement  died  out.  D.  1840,  in  his 
68th  year. — James  William,  an  Ameri- 
can poet  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
passed  his  early  lite  in  a  variety  of  dif- 
ferent pursuits,  without  being  able  to 
fix  himself  permanently  in  any  occupa- 
tion. He  pursued  for  a  while  the  study 
of  law,  and  subsequently  engaged  in 
literary  pursuits  in  Boston,  where  ho 
met  with  disappointment,  and  was  worn 
by  disquietude.  He  left  his  native 
country  for  the  West  Indies,  in  1828, 
where  he  obtained  a  grant  of  land  from 
tb"  Spanish  government,  and  d.  in  tho 
following  year,  at  the  age  of  27.  A  vol- 
ume of  his  poems  and  sketches  was 
published  in  Boston,  in  183.0. — Edward, 
an  eminent  physician,  was  b.  in  Dela- 
ware, in  1760,  and  in  1796  removed  to 
New  York,  for  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession. He  became  known  by  an  able 
treatise  on  the  "  Origin  of  the  Yellow 
Fever,"  and,  in  conjunction  with  Dr. 
Mitchell  and  Dr.  Smith,  established  the 
"  Medical  Repository."  In  1807  he  was 
elected  professor  of  the  practice  of 
physic  in  the  university  of  New  York, 
and  in  1809  clinical  lecturer  in  the  New 
York  hospital.  D.  1812.  His  medical 
treatises  have  been  collected  and  pub- 
lished in  one  volume. 

MILLES,  Jeremiah,  an  eminent  En- 
glish divine  and  antiquary;  b.  1713;  d. 
1784.  He  was  ardently  engaged  in  the 
Chattertonian  controversy,  and  pub- 
lished the  whole  of  the  supposed  Row- 
ley's poems,  with  a  glossary. 

MILLS,  Charles,  a' ,  historian,  was 
b.  at  Greenwich,  in  i78S.  He  served 
his  time  as  clerk  to  a  solicitor,  but  re- 
linquished his  legal  pursuits  for  others 
more  congenial  to  his  tastes.  In  1817 
he  published  his  "  History  of  Moham- 
medanism," which  was  succeeded  by 
the  "  History  of  the  Crusades,"  the 
"  Travels  of  Theodore  Lucas,"  and  the 
"History  of  Chivalry." — Samuel  J., 
agent  of  the  American  Colonization  So- 
ciety, graduated  at  William's  college, 
1809.  At  the  theological  seminary  in 
Andover  he  united  with  Newell,  Jud 
son,  Nott,  and  Hall,  in  a  resolution  to 
undertake  a  foreign  mission.  He,  with 
the  three  first,  offered  themsel/es  as 
missionaries  to  the  general  association 
of  ministers  of  Massachusetts,  1810.  He 
was  ordained  with  other  missionaries  at 
Newburyport,  1815.  He  attended  the 
first  meeting  of  the  Colonization  Socie- 
ty, Jan.  1,  1817,  which  was  established 
by  the  exertion  of  Dr.  Finley.  Ap- 
pointed with  E.  Burgess,  to  visit  En- 
gland, and  explore  the  coast  of  Africa 


Mil] 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


637 


for  the  society,  lie  sailed  in  November, 
1817.  He  siii'led  from  Eiigland  for  Afri- 
ca, Feb.  2,  1818,  nnd  arrived  on  the 
coast,  Alareli  12.  After  a  laborious  in- 
spection of  more  than  two  months,  lie 
embarked  on  his  return,  in  the  brig 
Success,  May  22,  1818.  A  severe  cold 
which  he  took  early  in  June,  was  suc- 
ceeded bv  a  fever,  of  which  he  d.,  June 
16,  1818. 

MILNE,  Joshua,  author  of  the  cele- 
brated "Treatise  on  Annuities  and  As- 
surances." was  formerly  a  clerk  in  the 
banking-house  of  the  Messrs.  Currie, 
previous  to  his  becoming  connected 
With  the  Sun  Assurance  company,  to 
which  he  performed  the  duties  of  actu- 
ary for  upwards  of  30  years.     D.  1851. 

MILNER,  John,  a  celebrated  Catholic 
divine  and  writer  on  ecclesiastical  anti- 
quities and  theology,  was  b.  in  London 
in  1752.  In  1777  he  was  ordained  a 
priest,  and  commenced  his  pastoral  du- 
ties in  1779,  at  the  Catholic  chapel, 
Winchester,  whither  he  had  gone  to  ad- 
minister spiritual  aid  to  tlie  French 
prisoners  confined  there.  In  1798  he 
published  his  "  History,  Civil  and  Ec- 
clesiastical, and  Survey  of  the  Antiqui- 
ties of  Winchester,"  and  subsequently, 
a  "Treatise  on  the  Ecclesiastical  Archi- 
tecture of  England,  during  the  Middle 
Ages."  In  1803  he  was  appointed  vicar- 
apostolic  in  the  midland  district,  with 
the  title  of  bishop  of  Castabala.  In  1818 
he  published  a  treatise,  entitled  "  The 
End  of  Religions  Controversy,"  contain- 
ing a  defence  of  those  articles  of  Catho- 
lic faith  usually  regarded  as  most  objec- 
tionable by  Protestants.     D.  1826. 

MILO,  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
Grecian  athletes,  was  a  native  of  Cro- 
tona,  in  Italy,  and  a  scholar  of  Pythag- 
oras. Many  instances  of  his  prodigious 
strength  are  cited,  of  which  one  will  be 
sufficient  to  notice  here,  viz.,  that  he 
once  carried  a  bull  to  the  sacrifice  on 
his  shoulders,  and  killed  it  with  a  blow 
of  his  fist. 

MILTIADES,  an  Athenian  general, 
who  lived  about  500  b.  c,  and  has  been 
immortalized  by  defeating  the  Persians 
nt  Marathon.  This  hero,  who  had  saved 
his  country,  failed  in  an  attack  on  Paros, 
was  compelled  to  refund  the  expenses 
of  the  expedition,  and  d.  of  his  wounds 
n  prison. 

MILTON,  John,  the  most  illustrious 
of  English  poets,  was  the  son  of  a  scrive- 
ner in  London,  and  b.  in  Bread-street, 
in  1608.  From  St.  Paul's  school  he 
went  to  Christ's  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  degree  in  arts,  bei  Jg 
54 


designed  for  the  church  ;  but  not  having 
an  inclination  t<  that  culling,  lie  returned 
to  his  father,  wlm  had  retired  from 
business  with  a  good  fortune,  and  set- 
tled at  IIi>rt<>n,  in  Buckinghamshire. 
Here  he  wrote  his  "  Cum i is,''  "  L' Alle- 
gro," "II  Penseroso,"  and  "  Lyeidos," 
poems  of  sueh  merit  as  would  have 
alone  immortalized  his  name.  In  1688 
he  travelled  into  France  and  Italy,  and 
on  his  return  to  England  settled  in  Lon- 
don. The  troubles  breaking  out  between 
the  king  and  parliament.  Milton  engaged 
as  a  political  writer  on  the  popular  side  ; 
and  having  a  great  animosity  to  tho 
hierarchy,  he  published  some  virulent 
pamphlets  against  the  bishops.  In  1643 
he  married  the  daughter  of  Richard 
Powell,  esq.,  a  magistrate  in  Oxford- 
shire. The  father  of  the  lady  being  a 
jovial  country  gentleman  and  a  royalist, 
the  residence  of  her  husband  so  dis- 
gusted the  bride,  that  in  less  than  a 
month,  under  the  pretence  of  a  visit, 
she  left  him,  and  remained  for  the  rest 
of  the  summer  with  her  parents.  Mil- 
ton became  incensed,  and  regarding  her 
conduct  as  a  desertion  of  the  marriage 
contract,  he  sought  to  punish  it  by  re- 
pudiation, and  to  this  is  to  be  attributed 
his  treatises  on  the  subject  of  "Di- 
vorce." His  wife's  friends,  however, 
brought  about  a  reconciliation.  He  con- 
tinued an  ardent  champion  for  tho 
liberty  party,  even  after  the  execution  of 
Charles  I.,  which  deed  he  vindicated  in 
his  "  Tenure  of  Kings  and  Magistrates;" 
for  which  the  parliament  rewarded  him 
with  £1000,  and  soon  afterwards  nomi- 
nated hiin  Latin  secretary  to  the  new 
council  of  state.  He  also  wrote  against 
the  king's  book,  entitled  "  Icon  Basi- 
like."  The  treatise  of  Milton  was  called 
"  Iconoelastes,  or  the  Image  Breaker." 
He  was  next  employed  to  answer  the 
treatise  of  Salmasins,  entitled  "  Defen- 
sio  Regin,  or  a  Defence  of  the  late  King," 
The  reply  of  Milton  had  for  its  title  "Dc- 
fensio  pro  PopuloAnglicano;"  and  it  was 
observed  by  Hobbes,  in  regard  lo  the 
two  disputants,  that  he  did  not  know 
whose  style  was  best,  or  whose  argu- 
ments were  worst.  About  this  time  he 
was  wholly  deprived  of  his  sight,  owing 
to  a  natural  weakness,  and  intense  appli- 
cation to  his  studies.  In  1652  he  lost 
his  wife,  and  afterwards  took  another. 
He  was  the  friend  of  Cromwell,  to  whom 
he  became  Latin  secretary.  When  tho 
ancient  constitution  was  re-established, 
he  was  excepted  out  of  the  act  of  in- 
demnity, on  which  he  kept  himself  con- 
cealed for  sometime.     By  the  kindness, 


638 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mih 


however,  of  Sir  William  Davenant  and 
others  he  obtained  his  pardon ;  soon 
after  which  he  lost  his  second  wife.  In 
the  time  of  the  plague  he  removed  with 
his  family  to  Chalfont,  in  Buckingham- 
shire, where  he  completed  his  "  Para- 
dise Lost,"  which  was  printed  first  in 
1667.  For  this  immortal  work  he  had 
only  £15,  and  that  by  instalments. 
After  this  he  engaged  in  another,  called 
"  Paradise  Regained."  Besides  the 
poems  mentioned  above,  Milton  wrote 
a  drama  on  the  Greek  model,  entitled 
"•Samson  Agonistes,"  which  possessed 
uncommon  beauties,  though  not  adapted 
to  theatrical  representation.  He  also 
wrote  a  "History  of  England  to  the 
Conquest,"  and  several  tracts.  In  his 
youth,  Milton  was  distinguished  for 
personal  beauty,  his  habits  of  life  were 
those  of  a  student  and  philosopher, 
being  strictly  sober  and  temperate ;  and 
his  chief  relaxation  consisted  of  music 
and  conversation.  Though  warm  and 
acrimonious  in  controversy,  and  possess- 
ing lordly  notions  of  his  rights  as  the 
head  of  a" family,  he  is  said  to  have  been 
of  a  serene  and  cheerful  temper,  and 
particularly  urbane  in  his  intercourse 
with  society.  But  whatever  may  be 
thought  of  Ins  domestic  virtues,  there 
can  be  put  one  opinion  with  regard  to 
the  sublimity  of  his  genius  and  the 
extent  of  his' erudition.     D.  1674. 

MIMNEEMUS,  a  Greek  amatory- 
poet  of  the  6th  century  B.C.,  who  is 
eaid  to  have  invented  the  pentameter 
measure  ;  but  only  a  few  fragments  of 
his  poems  are  in  existence. 

MIHABAUD,  Jean  Baptiste  de,  per- 
petual secretary  to  the  French  Academy, 
was  at  first  a  member  of  the  congrega- 
tion of  the  Oratory,  and  afterwards 
served  in  the  army.  His  works  are, 
translations  from  "Tasso's  Jerusalem," 
and  "  Ariosto's  Orlando,"  into  French  ; 
"  Alphabet  de  la  Fee  Graeieuse,"  "Le 
Monde,  son  Origine,  son  Antiquite," 
"Sentimens  des  Philosophes  sur  la  Na- 
ture de  l'Ame."  In  1770  was  published 
under  his  name,  but  falsely,  an  atheisti- 
cal book,  entitled  the  "  System  of  Na- 
ture," the  real  author  being  D' Hoi  bach. 

MIRABEAU,  Victor  Riquetti,  mar- 
quis de,  descended  from  an  ancient 
finally  in  Provence,  but  originally  of 
Naples.  He  was  one  of  the  principal 
propagators  of  the  doctrines  of  the 
French  political  economists,  and  wrote 
several  books  in  support  of  them.  His 
chief  work  is  entitled  "  Ami  des 
Homines."  B.  1715;  d.  1789.— Honore 
Uabkijsl  Riquetti,  count  de,  one  of  the 


most  celebrated  characters  of  tho  French 
revolution,  was  the  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, and  b.  at  Bignon.  in  Provence,  in 
1749.  On  leaving  school,  he  entered 
the  military  service  ;  and  his  intercourse 
with  young  and  dissipated  officers 
familiarized  him  to  all  their  vices.  His 
active  mind,  however,  could  not  remain 
idle,  and  he  read  all  the  books  which  he 
could  on  the  military  art.  Be  also  fell 
in  love,  and  his  passion  was  marked  by 
all  the  impetuosity  of  a  strong  and  wild 
character.  His  father,  who  systemati- 
cally thwarted  his  inclinations,  now 
procured  his  confinement  in  a  fortress 
on  the  island  of  Rhe.  After  his  libera- 
tion, he  went  as  a  volunteer,  to  Corsica, 
distinguished  himself,  and  obtained  i 
commission  as  captain  of  dragoons  ;  but 
his  father  refusing  to  purchase  him  a 
regiment,  he  abandoned,  though  unwill- 
ingly, the  military  profession.  In  1772 
he  espoused  a  rich  heiress  of  Aix,  but  he 
soon  squandered  away  the  fortune  he 
received  with  her,  and  plunged  himself 
in  debt.  He  was  confined  in  different 
prisons,  and  on  obtaining  his  liberty 
eloped  to  Holland  with  the  wife  of  the 
President  Mounnier.  For  this  he  was 
afterwards  imprisoned  in  the  castle  of 
Vincennes,  and  remained  there  three 
years  and  a  half.  He  then  instituted  an 
ineffectual  lawsuit  against  his  wife,  who 
obtained  a  separation  from  him.  In 
1784  he  visited  London,  and  afterwards 
Berlin  ;  and  he  was  variously  employed 
in  literary  quarrels  and  occupations  till 
the  commencement  of  the  French  revo- 
lution. This  offered  Mirabeau  an  ample 
element  for  his  activity.  He  was  elected 
deputy  to  the  third  estate  of  Aix,  and 
by  the  courtiers  he  was  termed  the  ple- 
beian count.  In  this  new  capacity,  his 
extraordinary  eloquence,  his  talent,  and 
his  boldness,  soon  gave  him  irresistible 
weight  in  the  assembly,  and  rendered 
him  the  idol  of  the  people.  Before, 
however,  he  could  carry  Ids  plans  into 
effect,  a  sudden  illness  terminated  his 
existence  in  1791.  His  principal  works 
are,  "A  Comparison  between  the  Great 
Conde  and  Scipio  African us,"  "  History 
of  Prussia  under  Frederic  the  Great," 
"  Original  Letters  containing  an  Ac- 
count of  his  Life  and  Amours"  "Secret 
History  of  the  Court  of  Berlin,"  which 
book  was  burnt  by  the  common  execu- 
tioner; "On  Lettres  de  Cachet,"  and. 
an  "  Essav  on  Despotism." 

MIRANDA,  Don  Fkanoisca,  General, 
was  b.  of  a  Spanish  family,  at  Caruccas, 
of  which  province  his  grandfather  was 
governor.    In  1783  Le  visited  the  United 


MOL 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


039 


States,  and  travelled  on  foot  over  a  part 
of  Europe.  In  the  French  revolution 
lie  was  a  major-general  in  the  service  of 
France.  From  the  prison  into  which  he 
was  cast,  he  escaped  to  England  in 
1797.  Having  been  again  banished  from 
France  for  opposing  the  first  consul  in 
1808,  he  resolved  to  emancipate  South 
America,  from  the  dominion  of  Spain. 
Having  obtained  secret  assistance  and 
encouragement,  he  sailed  from  New 
York  in  1806,  with  a  number  of  Ameri- 
can volunteers.  At  St.  Domingo,  he 
chartered  two  schooners ;  they  we.re 
captured  on  the  const,  while  he  escaped 
in  his  ship.  In  1810  he  renewed  his 
attempt,  but  was  obliged  to  capitulate  to 
General  Monteverde,  who  in  disregard 
of  his  agreement,  treated  him  as  a  pris- 
oner, lie  was  sent  to  Spain,  and  d. 
after  four  years1  confinement  in  the 
dungeons  of  the  inquisition  at  Cadiz. 

MIRA  N  I)OLA,  Giovanni  Pico  deli.a, 
count  and  prince  of  Concordia,  one  of 
the  brightest  ornaments  of  literature  in 
the  15th  century,  was  b.  in  14(5:3.  In 
his  youth  he  gave  astonishing  proofs 
of  his  genius;  and  when  little  more 
than  20  he  set  up  in  all  the  universities 
of  Italy  a  number  of  difficult  problems 
in  the  sciences,  which  he  engaged  pub- 
licly to  defend.  This  extraordinary 
young  man  d.  in  1494  at  Florence, 
where  he  had  resided  some  time,  on 
terms  of  intimacy  with  the  most  learned 
and  distinguished  men  of  the  aire,  par- 
ticularly Lorenzo  de  Medici  and  Politian. 

MITClIILL,  Samuel  L.,  a  celebrated 
physician,  was  b.  1763,  and  was  for  a 
great  number  of  years  professor  of  va- 
rious branches  in  the  college  of  physi- 
cians and  surgeons  of  New  York.  He 
was  elected  to  the  assembly  of  New 
York  soon  after  the  revolution,  and  was 
afterwards  a  senator  in  congress,  and 
colleague  of  De  Witt  Clinton.  He  was  a 
man  of  immense  acquisitions,  and  his 
labors  are  dispersed  through  many  vol- 
umes. He  was  a  member  of  most  of 
the  philosophical  societies  of  any  note 
in  Europe  and  his  native  country.  D. 
1S31  — Stephen  Mix,  a  distinguished 
citi7i.n  of  Connecticut,  who  held  various 
judicial  offices  in  that  state.  He  was  b. 
at  Wethersfield,  1743  ;  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  176-3  ;  was  chosen  tutor 
in  the  college  in  1760,  in  which  station 
he  continued  three  years ;  entered  upon 
the  practice  of  law  in  Wethersfield  in 
1772;  was  appointed  in  1779  to  the 
offi'v.  of  an  associate  judge  of  the  Hart- 
ford county  court,  and  in  1790  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  that  court;    in 


1795  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
superior  court  ot  Connecticut,  and  in 
1807,  chief  justice  of  thut  court,  which 
office  he  held  till  1814,  when  he  became 
disqualified  by  nge.  Iii  1788,  and  again 
in  1785,  lie  was  elected  a  delegate  from 
Connecticut  to  the  congress  of  the  United 
States  ;  and  in  1793  he  was  appoint,-  I  & 
senator  in  congress,  which  station  ho 
held  till  lie  became  judge  of  the  su- 
perior court  of  Connecticut  in  179.") 
D.  1837. 

MTTFORD,  William,  an  eminent  his- 
torical and  philological  writer,  was  b.  at 
London,  in  1734,  studied  at  Queen's 
college,  Oxford,  and  then  at  the  .Middle 
Temple,  but  be  early  quitted  the  pro- 
fession of  the  law,  and  obtained  a  com- 
mission in  the  Hampshire  militia,  of, 
which  he  rose  to  be  colonel.  He  was, 
successively,  M.  P.  for  Newport,  in 
Cornwall,  Beeralston,  and  New  Uoraney, 
He  was  professor  of  ancient  history  :it 
the  Royal  Academy,  and,  besides  his 
principal  work,  "The  History  of 
Greece,"  he  published  "  An  Essay  on 
the  Harmony  of  Language,"  "  A  Trea- 
tise on  the  Military  Force,  and  particu- 
larly the  Militia  of  this  Kingdom," 
"Observations  on  the  History  of  Chris- 
tianity," &c.     D.  1S27. 

MOESER,  Justus,  an  eminent  Ger- 
man advocate  and  author,  was  b.  at 
Osnaburgh,  in  1720,  was  educated  at 
Jena  and  Gottingen,  acquired  great 
popularity  on  his  return  to  his  native 
place  as  an  advocate  and  counsellor  of 
justice.     D.  1794. 

MOLA,  Pktek  Francis,  an  eminent 
painter,  b.  in  1609,  at  Coldra,  in  the 
Milanese.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Albani, 
and  is  distinguished  both  as  a  landscape 
and  historical  painter.     D.  1665. 

MOLAI,  James  de,  the  last  grand 
marshal  of  the  knights  Templars,  was  a 
native  of  Burgundy.  He  was  admitted 
into  the  order  about  1265,  and  having 
signalized  himself  by  his  valor  in  Pales- 
tine, was  unanimon-lv  electe  1  grand- 
marshal  on  the  death  of  William  do 
Beaujeu.  The  great  wealth  and  power 
of  the  Templars,  their  pride  and  their 
dissolute  manners,  created  them  a  mul- 
titude of  enemies,  and  led  to  their  de- 
struction. At  length,  .Philippe  le  Bell 
king  of  France,  and  Pope  Clement  V. 
formed  a  plan  for  their  extermination. 
They  were  accused  of  heresy,  impiety, 
and  various  crimes  revolting  to  human 
nature.  In  1807,  all  the  Templars 
throughout  France  were  arrested  at  tne 
same  hour,  and  they  were  tried  and 
convicted,  some  on  their  own  conies- 


640 


CYCLOP.'EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mol 


sions,  and  others  on  such  evidence  as 
could  be  procured.  Fifty-seven  were 
committed  to  tho  flames  in  1811,  and 
after  an  imprisonment  of  seven  years, 
De  Molai  shared  their  fate  at  Paris,  in 
1314.  declaring  his  innocence  to  the  last. 

MOLE,  Francis  Rene,  an  eminent 
French  comedian,  b.  at  Paris,  in  1734. 
During  the  progress  of  the  revolution 
he  became  an  associate  of  the  Jacobins, 
and  impiously  officiated  in  the  church 
of  St.  Koch,  as  the  priest  of  the  goddess 
of  Reason.  D.  1302.  —  Matthew,  a 
French  magistrate  remarkable  for  his 
probity  and  courage  in  the  most  troub- 
esoine  times,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  15S4, 
became  president  of  the  parliament,  and 
keener  of  the  seals.     D.  1656. 

MOLES  WORTH,  Robert,  Viscount, 
an  Irish  statesman,  b.  at  Dublin  in  1656, 
and  educated  in  Trinity  college.  When 
James  II.  landed  in  Ireland,  he  caused 
his  estate  to  be  confiscated;  but,  on  the 
settlement  of  affairs  under  William  III., 
he  was  made  a  privy  councillor,  and 
sent  ambassador  to  Copenhagen,  where 
he  had  a  dispute  with  the  king,  which 
induced  him  to  return  home  abruptly. 
He  then  published  "An  Account  of 
Denmark,  which  was  considered  as  a 
libel  on  the  country,  and  complained  of 
as  such  by  the  Danish  ambassador  in 
London.  In  1714  he  was  made  a  com- 
missioner of  trade  and  plantations,  and 
two  years  afterwards  raised  to  the  Irish 
peerage.     D.  1725. 

MO  LI  ERE,  John  Baptist  Poquelin 
de,  the  most  celebrated  among  the 
French  writers  of  comedy,  was  b.  at 
Paris,  in  1622.  His  father  was  valet- 
de-chambre  and  upholsterer  to  the  king, 
and  when  he  became  infirm,  Moliere 
was  obliged  to  officiate  for  him  in  the 
royal  household,  in  which  capacity  he 
attended  Louis  XIII.  to  Narbonne,  in 
1(541.  On  his  return  to  Paris  his  passion 
for  the  stage  was  unconquerable ;  he 
became  a  provincial  actor,  and  began 
also  to  display  his  dramatic  powers  as 
an  author.  In  1062  he  produced  his 
'•Etourdi;"  and  having  the  patronage 
of  the  prince  de  Conti,  he  finally  estab- 
lished himself  at  Paris.  His  reputation 
was  carried  to  its  highest  summit  when 
the    '•  Tartuffe "    appeared  ;    and     the 

Eiece  was  played  and  applauded  after  it 
ad  been  kept  back  for  years  by  the 
clamor  of  false  devotees.  In  this, 
hypocrisy  is  fully  unveiled,  the  charac- 
ters are  equally  various  and  true,  and 
tho  dialogue  is  elegant  and  natural. 
For  twenty  years  Moliere  wrote  for  tho 
stage ;  and  being  all  the  time  an  actor 


also,  and  interrupted  by  various  avoca- 
tions, his  fertility  was  most  extraordi- 
nary. His  last  piece  was  the  celebrated 
"  Lc  Malade  Imaginaire,"  to  the  fourth 
representation  of  which  he  fell  a  sacri- 
fice. He  himself  acted  the  imaginary 
sick  man  in  the  piece;  but  laboring  at 
the  time  under  a  pulmonary  complaint, 
and  exerting  himself  with  unusual  spirit, 
his  efforts  brought  on  the  rupture  of 
a  blood-vessel,  by  which  he  was  suffo- 
cated. Moliere  may  be  regarded  as  tho 
true  father  of  French  comedy  ;  and  Vol- 
taire styles  him  "  the  best  comic  writer 
of  any  nation."  He  chastised  the  cox- 
combry, false  wit,  and  pedantry  of  tho 
day,  and  his  works  may  be  considered 
as' a  history  of  the  manners,  fashions, 
and  tastes  of  the  times.  In  private  life 
he  was  humane  and  benevolent  in  a 
high  degree,  and  no  one  had  more 
friends  of  rank  and  talent,  or  vis  more 
lamented  by  them,  but  his  matrimonial 
connection  with  a  young  actress,  whoso 
conduct  subjected  him  to  great  annoy- 
ances, imbittered  his  domestic  enjoy- 
ments.    D.  1673. 

MOLIERES,  Joseph  Privat  de,  a 
philosophical  writer,  was  b.  at  Taraseon, 
in  1677,  became  a  member  of  the  con- 
gregation of  the  Oratory,  and  was  a  pupil 
of  Malebranche,  on  whose  death  he 
quitted  the  society,  and  devoted  himself 
wholly  to  physics  and  mathematics.  He 
was  afterwards  professor  of  philosophy 
at  the  royal  college,  and  d.  in  1742.  His 
works  are,  "  Philosophical  Lectures," 
"  Mathematical  Lectures, "  and  "  La 
Premier  Partie  des  Eleinens  dc  Geome- 
tric." 

MOLIN,  James,  usually  called  Dn- 
moulin,  a  celebrated  French  physician, 
was  b.  in  1666,  became  chief  physician 
to  the  army  in  Catalonia,  at  the  age  of 
26,  and  on  his  return  to  Paris,  in  1706, 
added  to  his  reputation  by  his  cure  of 
the  prince  of  Conde.  In  bis  medical 
practice  he  was  so  partial  to  venesection, 
that  it  is  supposed  Le  Sage  intended  to 
satirize  him  under  the  character  of  Dr. 
Sangrado.     D.  1755. 

MO  LINOS.  Michael,  a  Spanish  theo- 
logian, and  founder  of  the  sect  called 
Quietists,  was  b.  1627,  at  Saragossa,  but 
passed  the  greater  part  of  his  life  at 
Rome,  where,  in  1675,  he  published  his 
celebrated  "Spiritual  Guide,"  which 
was  condemned  by  the  Inquisition  ten 
years  after  its  first  appearance,  and  the 
author  sentenced  to  perpetual  imprison- 
ment. He  d.  a  captive,  in  1696.  Tho 
followers  of  Molinos,  of  whom  Madame 
Guyou  was  the  principal,   were  called 


mon] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


G41 


Quietists,  because  they  maintained  that 
religion  consists  in  an  abstraction  of  the 
mind  from  external  and  finite  objects. 

MOLYNEUX,  William,  an  ingenious 
mathematician,  was  b.  at  Dublin,  in 
16.">6.  The  philosophical  society,  estab- 
lished at  Dublin  in  1GS3,  owed  its  origin 
to  his  endeavors,  and  ho  became  the 
first  secretary..  Soon  after,  he  was  ap- 
pointed surveyor-general  of  the  works, 
and  chief  engineer.  In  168.3  he  was 
chosen  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  in  1689  he  settled  with  his  family 
at  Chester,  where  he  employed  himself 
in  finishing  his  "  Treatise  on  Dioptrics." 
In  this  year  he  returned  to  Dublin,  and 
was  chosen  one  of  the  representatives 
for  that  city.  Besides  the  above,  he 
wrote  "  Sciothcricmn  Tclescopium  ;" 
also,  "The  Case  of  Ireland  stated,  in 
relation  to  its  being  bound  by  Arts  of 
Parliament  in  England  ;"  and  some 
papers  in  the  "Philosophical  Transac- 
tions."— Samuel,  his  son,  was  b.  at 
Chester,  in  1689,  became  secretary  to 
George  II.,  when  prince  of  Wales,  and 
was  distinguished  by  his  skill  in  as- 
tronomy. 

MONCRIF,  Francis  Augustin  Para- 
dis  de,  a  member  of  the  French  Acade- 
my, was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1687,  became  the 
favorite  of  fashionable  society  by  his 
musical,  theatrical,  and  poetical  talents, 
and  d.  in  1770.  His  principal  works  are 
"  An  Essay  on  the  Art  of  Pleasing," 
and  a  romance,  entitled  "  Les  Ames 
Rivales." 

MONK,  George,  duke  of  Albemarle, 
a  distinguished  military  commander, 
and  a  great  promoter  of  the  restoration 
of  Charles  II.,  was  the  son  of  Sir 
Thomas  Monk,  of  Potheride,  near  Tor- 
rington  in  Devonshire,  and  b.  in  1608. 
On  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  between 
Charles  I.  and  the  Scotch  in  1639,  he 
obtained  a  colonel's  commission,  and 
attended  his  majesty  in  both  his  expe- 
ditions to  the  north.  When  the  Irish 
rebellion  began  in  1641,  his  services 
there  were  so  important,  that  the  lords 
justices  thought  proper  to  appoint  him 
governor  of  Dublin.  On  his  return  to 
England  he  was  sent  to  relieve  Nant- 
wich,  where  he  was  taken  prisoner  by 
the  army  belongiiiu:  to  the  parliament, 
and  sent  to  the  Tower,  where  he  re- 
mained till  1646.  The  royal  cause  being 
now  ruined,  he  obtained  his  liberty  on 
condition  of  taking  a  command  in  Ire- 
land, where  he  concluded  a  peace  which 
ih.plcased  the  parliament,  who  passed  a 
tote  of  censure  upon  him  for  it.  Crom- 
well, however,  who  thought  highly  of 
64* 


Ids  military  talents,  made  him  lieuten- 
ant-general, and  gave  him  the  command 
in  Scotland.    I'm  the  Bagacious  protector 

had  Btrong  suspicions  of  Monk's  sin- 
cerity; and  not  long  before  his  death 
wrote  him  a  letter,  to  which  he  added 
this  postscript:  "There  he  thul  tell  me 
that  there  is  a  certain  cunning  fellow  in 
Scotland,  called  George  Monk,  who  is 
said  to  lie  in  wait  there  to  introduce 
Charles  Stuart:  I  pray  y  >n  use  your 
diligence  to  apprehend  him  an  1  send 
him  up  to  me."  On  the  decease  of  Mio 
protector,  tin-  resignation  of  power  by 
ins  son,  and  the  contest  of  parties  which 
subsequently  took  place,  lie  availed  him- 
self of  the  commanding  situation  which 
he  occupied,  to  crush  the  republicans, 
and  promote  the  recall  and  restoration 
of  the  Stuart  family  to  the  throne,  in 
the  person  of  Charles  II.  As  the  re- 
warcl  of  his  loyalty,  he  was  created  duke 
of  Albemarle,  with  a  pension  of  £7imh) 
a  year,  made  a  privy  councillor,  and 
invested  with,  the  order  of  the  garter. 
In  1664  he  was  appointed  admiral  of  the 
fleet  in  conjunction  with  Prince  Rupert, 
and  in  1666  obtained  a  great  victory 
over  the  Dutch,  in  a  tremendous  battle, 
which  lasted  three  days.     D.  1670. 

MONMOUTH,  James,  duke  of,  a 
natural  son  of  Charles  II.,  was  1>.  at 
Rotterdam,  in  1619.  He  was  distin- 
guished by  his  personal  attractions,  his 
affable  address,  and  thoughtless  gener- 
osity ;  hence  he  became  very  popular. 
But  he  was  weak-minded  and  pliant. 
He  was  concerned  in  various  plots, 
which  had  for  their  object  the  exclusion 
of  the  duke  of  York  from  the  crown; 
and  he  was,  in  consequence,  ordered  by 
Charles  to  quit  the  kingdom.  On  the 
accession  of  James  II.,  being  uri_red  to 
the  act  by  some  of  his  partisans,  ho 
landed  at  Lyme,  with  scarcely  a  hun- 
dred followers,  (June,  1685;)  but  his 
numbers  were  soon  increased,  and  ho 
assumed  the  title  of  king,  and  asserted 
the  legitimacy  of  his  birth.  His  forces 
were  defeated,  and  the  duke  himself 
was  made  prisoner,  having  been  (bund 
in  the  disguise  of  a  peasant,  lying  at  the 
bottom  of  a  ditch,  overcome  with  hun- 
ger, fatigue,  and  anxiety.  lie  refused 
to  betray  his  accomplices,  and  conducted 
himself"  with  much  firmness  on  tho 
scaffold,  where  his  head  was  severed 
from  his  body,  after  four  unsuccessful 
blows.  The  people,  of  whom  he  was 
still  the  favorite,  believed  that  the  per- 
son executed  was  not  Monmouth  ;  and 
it  was  probably  this  belief  which  has 
led  some  to  conjecture  that  tho  fatuous 


642 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


"Iron  Mask"    was  the  duke  of   Mon- 
mouth. 

MONRO,  Alexander,  an  eminent 
physician  and  anatomist,  of  Scottish 
descent,  was  b.  in  London,  ill  161)7.  He 
wrote  "  Osteology,  or  a  Treatise  on  the 
Anatomy  of  the  Bones;"  and  an  "Ac- 
count of  t he  Success  of  Inoculation  in 
Scotland."  D.  17157. — Alexander,  his 
eldest  son,  published  numerous  works, 
afnong  which  arc,  "  Observations  on  the 
Nervous  System,"  "The  Structure  and 
Physiology  of  Fishes,"  "  A  Descrip- 
tion of  the  Burs*  Mucosa,"  "Three 
Treatises  on  the  Brain,  Eye,  and  Ear," 
"  Observations  on  the  Crural  Hernia," 
"Outlines  of  the  Anatomy  of  the  Hu- 
man Body." — Donald,  his  second  son, 
became  a"  physician  in  the  army;  and 
wrote  •'  Observations  on  the  Means  of 
preserving  the  Health  of  Soldiers,"  and 
a  "Treatise  on  Medical  and  Pharmaceu- 
tical Chemistry."     D.  1802. 

MON&OE,   James,   president  of  the 
United   Stales,  was    b.   in    Virginia,   in 
1759,  and  was  educated  in  William  and 
Mary  college.     He  entered  the  revolu- 
tionary war  in  177(5  as  a  cadet,  was  at 
the    battles    of   Harlem    Heights    and 
White    Plains,    and    in    the    attack   on 
Trenton,  and  rose  through  the  rank  of 
lieutenant  to  that  of  captain.     He  was 
present  at  the   battles  of  Brandy  wine, 
Germautown,  and  Monmouth,  as  aid  to 
Lord  Sterling.     Resuming  the  study  of 
the  law,  he   entered   the   office  of  Mr. 
Jefferson,  and  after  being  a  member  of 
the  assembly  of  Virginia  ami  the  coun- 
cil, he  was  elected  in  1780,  a  member  of 
the  old    congress.      In    1790    he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  senate  of  the 
United  States,  in  1794  went  as  minister 
plenipotentiary  to  France,  and  in  1799 
was  appointed    governor   of   Virginia. 
In  1803  he  was  appointed  minister  ex- 
traordinary to  France,  in  the  same  year 
ninister  to  London,   and    in   the  next 
ninister  to   Spain.      In    1806    he    was 
•gain   appointed,  in    conjunction   with 
tlr.  William  Pinkney,  minister  to  Lon- 
lon.     He  was  subsequently  governor  of 
Virginia;  in  1811  was  appointed  secrc- 
nry  of  state,  and  continued  to  exercise 
he'  duties  of  this  department,  and  for 
voinc  time  those  of  the  department  of 
war,   till    1817.      In   that   year   he   was 
chosen  president  of  the  Union,  and  in 
1821   was   re-elected    by   a    unanimous 
vote,   with  the  single  exception  of  one 
vote   in    New   Hampshire,      lie    d.   in 
New  York,  on  the  4th  of  July,  1831. 

MONSTRELET,  Engukrrand   de,  a 
French  chronicler  of  the  15th  century, 


[mon 


b.  about  1090,  and  d.  in  1450.  lie  was 
provost  of  Canibray,  and  bailitl  of  Wa- 
fincourt ;  and  wrote  a  chronicle  of  events, 
from  the  year  1400  to  14j3,  the  year  in 
which  he  died. 

MONTAGU,  George,  an  eminent 
naturalist,  was  a  native  of  Wiltshire. 
He  devoted  his  particular  attention  to 
the  study  of  ornithology  and  eonehelogy; 
and  was  the  author  of  "  An  Ornitho- 
logical Dictionary"  and  "Testaeci  Bri- 
tannica,  or  Natural  History  of  British 
Shells."  D.  1815. — Mary  'Wortley,  a 
lady  distinguished  for  her  literary  at- 
tainments, was  the  eldest  daughter  of 
Evelyn,  duke  of  Kingston,  and  b.  about 
1690,  at  Thoresby,  in  Nottinghamshire. 
She  made  a  great  proficiency  in  the 
Latin  and  Greek  languages,  under  tho 
superintendence  of  Bishop  Burnet.  In 
1712  she  married  Mr.  Edward  Wortlcy 
Montagu,  whom  she  accompanied  in 
his  embassy  to  Constantinople,  from 
which  place  she  wrote  "  Letters,"  to 
Mr.  Pope,  Mr.  Addison,  and  other  emi- 
nent literati  of  the  time,  which  are  very 
interesting,  and  contain  many  curious 
tacts  respecting  the  manners  of  tho 
Turks.  She  is  also  memorable  for  hav- 
ing first  introduced  the  practice  of  in- 
oculation into  that  country,  for  which 
millions  have  had  cause  to  bless  her 
memory.  She  closed  a  life  marked  by 
a  great  variety  of  adventures,  in  1762. 
Her  collected  works  have  been  published 
in  six  volumes;  and  her  "Letters"  cer- 
tainly place  her  at  the  head  of  femalo 
epistolary  writers  in  Great  Britain. 

MONTAGUE,  Elizaretii,  an  eminent 
female  writer,  was  the  daughter  of  Mat- 
thew Robinson,  esq.,  of  Yorkshire,  b. 
1720.  She  had  an  opportunity  of  prose- 
cuting her  studies  under  the  direction 
of  Conyers  Mi  Ulleton,  to  whom  she  was 
probably  indebted  for  the  tincture  of 
learning  which  so  remark  ably  influenced 
her  character  and  manners.  About 
1742  she  married  Edward  Montague,  a 
descendant  of  the  first  earl  of  Sand- 
wich. Mrs.  Montague  published  "An 
Essay  on  the  Writings  and  Genius  of 
Shakspeare,"  which  obtained  a  great 
and  deserved  reputation.  She  formed 
a  literary  society  known  by  the  name  of 
the  "Blue  Stocking  Club,"  from  tho 
circumstance  that  Mr.  Benjamin  Stil- 
lingfleef,  a  centleinan  belonging  to  it, 
wore  stockings  of  that  color.  Mrs. 
Montague  was  noticed  for  another  pecu- 
liarity, that  of  givins  an  annual  dinneT 
on  May-day  to  the  chimney-sweepers  c  f 
the  metropolis.  D.  1800. 
MONTAIGNE,  Miguaei    de,  a  celo- 


mon] 


CYCLOP. EDIA    OF    BIOGRAl'IIV. 


013 


brated  French  essayist,  was  h.  m  1588, 
at  the  castle  belonging  to  his  family,  in 
Pcrigord.  His  father,  Pierre  Eyquem, 
seigneur  de  Montaigne,  bestowed  the 
greatest  care  on  the  cultivation  of  his 
6on"s  promising  talents;  ami  after  a 
course  ot  suitable  instruction  Montaigne 
became  a  parliamentary  counsellor,  but 
his  aversion  to  the  duties  of  the  station 
led  him  to  retire  from  it.  The  study  of 
man  was  his  favorite  occupation,  and  lie 
therefore  devoted  himself  entirely  to 
philosophical  subjects.  His  quiet,  how- 
ever, was  disturbed  by  the  troubles 
Which  distracted  France  in  consequence 
of  the  cruel  persecutions  of  the  Hngue- 
nots ;  his  castle  was  plundered  by  the 
leairv;:s,  and  he  himself  was  ill-treated 
by  their  adversaries.  To  these  causes 
of  distress  was  added  the  plague,  which 
broke  out  in  Guienne,  in  15S6,  and  com- 
pelled him  to  leave  his  estate,  with  his 
family,  and  wander  through  the  coun- 
try, which  was  then  the  theatre  of  all 
kinds  of  atrocities.  He  then  resided 
some  time  in  Paris,  but  finally  returned 
home,  and  d.  in  1592.  His  celebrated 
"Essays"  contain  a  treasure  of  wisdom, 
and  may  still  be  deemed  one  of  the 
most  popular  books  in  the  French  lan- 
guage. Their  style,  without  being  pure 
or  correct,  is  simple,  bold,  lively,  and 
energetic.  Cardinal  du  Perron  emphati- 
cally called  them  the  breviary  of  honest 
men;  and  La  Harpe  observes,  "It  is 
not  a  book  we  are  reading,  but  a  con- 
versation to  which  we  are  listening; 
and  he  persuades,  because  he  docs  not 
teach.1' 

MONTALVAN,  Don  Luis  Perez  de, 
an  eminent  Spanish  dramatist  in  the 
rei<rn  of  Philip  IV.,  whose  writings  are 
distinguished  by  good  taste  and  sound 
judgment.     D.  1639. 

MONTALEMBERT,MARiiRENE,mar- 
quis  de,  a  French  general,  was  b.  1714, 
at  Angouleme :  entered  the  army  early 
in  life ;  and  in  the  seven  years*  war  was 
attached  to  the  statf  of  the  armies  of 
Russia  and  Sweden,  to  give  an  account 
of  military  operations  "to  the  French 
ministry.  "lie  published  a  work  on  for- 
tifications, besides  three  volumes  of 
lorrespondence  on  military  subjects ; 
ind  papers  in  the  memoirs  of  the  Acad- 
imv  of  Sciences. 

MONTANUS,  the  founder  of  a  new 
»cct,  in  the  2d  century,  was  a  native  of 
Phrygia.  lie  affected  to  be  a  prophet ; 
nud,"  having  deceived  two  rich  la  lies, 
named  Priscilla  and  Maximi'la,  by  bis 
pretended  sanctity,  and  exalted  them 
*ruV>  prophetesses^  he  asserted  it  as  an 


of  faith,  that  the  fulness  of  the 
Spirit  was  imparled  to  these  three  cho- 
sen vessels  to  complete  the  mystery  of 
eternal  redemption.  Among  others  who 
fell  into  ibis  delusion  were  TertiilliuH 
and  Theodotua.— Benedict  Abias,  a 
Spanish  Benedictine,  was  b.  at  Frexe- 
inl,  is  Estremodura.  in  L527,  and  edu- 
cated at  Aleala.  He  was  at  the  council 
of  Trent,  and,  on  his  return  to  Spain, 
was  employed  in  editing  a  polyglot 
Bible.  lie  was  one  of  the  most  learned 
divines  of  the  16th  century,  and  d.  at 
Seville,  in  1598. — John  Baptist,  an 
Italian  physician,  was  b.  at  Verona,  in 
1488.  He  was  sent  to  study  the  law  at 
Padua,  instead  of  which  he  applied  to 
physic,  and  became  professor  of  medi- 
cine. D.  1551.  He  translated  into  Latin 
the  works  of  JStius ;  the  poem  of  Mu- 
saeus,  the  "  Argonautics"  of  Orpheua, 
and  the  "  Tragopodagra  of  Lueiau." 

MONTECUCULI,  Raymond  os.acele 
bratod  general,  was  b.  in  1608,  of  a  dis- 
tinguished family  in  the  Modenese,  and 
entered  into  the  service  of  the  emperor 
of  Germany.     In   16  4.  at  the  head  of 
2000  horse,  he  surprised  10,000  Swdes, 
and    took   their  bag;_ra;_re   and    artillery; 
but   he   was   soon   after   defeatc  I,    and 
taken   prisoner.      In   1637  he   defeated 
Bazolzi,  prince  of  Transylvania:  in  1664 
he  gained  a  splendid    victory   over  the 
Turks  at  St.  Gothard  ;  and.  in  167.*>  and 
1676,  he  commanded  on  the  Rhine,  and 
foiled  all  the  efforts  of  Turenne  and  the 
prince  of  Conde   by  his  masterly   ma- 
noeuvres.   D.  1630.     He  wrote  some  ex- 
cellent "  Memoires"  on  the  military  art, 
and  a  treatise  on  the  "  Art  of  Reigning.'* 
MONTESQUIEU,  Charles  de  Sboost 
d\t.   baron  de,   was   b.  at  the  castle  of 
Brele,  near  Bordeaux,  in   1689;  and  in 
1716  became  president  of  the  parliament 
of  Bordeaux.      His  first  appearance  as 
an  author  was  in  the  publication  of  the 
"Persian  Letters,"  a  work  which  gave 
proofs  of  a  fine  genius  and  a  solid  judg- 
ment.    In  17-Js  he  was  admitted  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Academy,  on  which  occasion  ho 
delivered  an  eloquent  discourse.     Hav- 
ing given  up  his  civil  employments,  he 
went  on  his  travels,  and  remained  in 
England  three  years.     After  his  return 
he  retired  to  his  estate,  an  1  there-  com- 
pleted his  work  "On  the  Causes  of  the 
Grandeur   and    Declension    of  the   Ro- 
mans,*'  which   was  published   in  1734. 
His  greatest   performance,  however,  is 
the  "Spirit  of  Laws,*'  which  came  out 
in  174S,  and,  though  attackod  by  some 
writers,  secured  its  ground  in  the  esti- 
mation of  tho  literary  world.     His  other 


64* 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[moh 


works  are,  "The  Temple  of  Cnidus,"  a  | 
piece  called  '■  Lysimuchus,"  and  an 
"  Essay  on  Taste.'"  Burke  characterizes 
him  as  "a  genius  not  born  in  every 
country,  or  every  time, — with  an  Hercu- 
lean robustness  of  mind,  and  nerves  not 
to  be  broken  with  labor."     D.  175'). 

MONTEZUMA,  emperor  of  Mexico 
at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  invasion. 
Having-,  by  his  despotic  government, 
made  himself  many  enemies,  they  will- 
ingly joined  (Jortez,  and  assisted  him 
in  Ins  progress.  Seized  in  the  heart  of 
his  capital,  and  kept  as  a  hostage  at  the 
Spanish  quarters,  he  was  at  first  treated 
with  respect,  which  was  soon  changed 
into  insult,  and  fetters  were  put  on  his 
legs,  lie  was  at  length  obliged  to  ac- 
knowledge his  vassalage  to  the  king  of 
Spain,  but  he  could  not  be  brought  to 
change  bis  religion.  He  d.  in  1520,  from 
being  struck  on  the  temple  with  a  stone, 
while  persuading  his  tumultuous  sub- 
jects to  receive  the  Spanish  yoke. 

MONTFAUCON,  Bernard  de,  a  cele- 
brated French  critic  and  antiquary,  was 
b.  at  the  castle  of  Sontage,  in  Languedoc, 
in  1655;  became  a  Benedictine  monk, 
after  having  engaged  in  the  military 
service;  and  d.  in  1741.  He  was  a  vo- 
luminous writer;  but  the  most  import- 
ant of  his  works  is  that  treasure  of  clas- 
sical archaeology,  entitled  "  L'Antiquite 
explique  et  representee  en  Figures.  ' 

MONTFORT,  Simon  de.  earl  of  Lei- 
cester, son  of  the  Simon  de  Montfort 
who  distinguished  himself  by  Ins  zeal 
and  severity  in  the  erusade  against  the 
Albigenses,  was  b.  in  France,  and  re- 
tiredto  England  in  1231,  on  account  of 
some  dispute  with  Queen  Blanche. 
Henry  111.  received  him  very  kindly, 
bestowed  upon  him  the  earldom  of  Lei- 
cester, which  had  formerly  belonged  to 
his  ancestors,  and  gave  him  his  sister, 
the  countess  dowager  of  Pembroke,  in 
marriage.  After  this,  Henry  appointed 
him  seneschal  of  Gascony  ;  but  lie  ruled 
so  despotically  there,  that  he  was  recalled, 
and  a  violent  altercation  took  place  be- 
tween them,  in  which  the  king  applied 
the  opprobrious  epithet  of  ,l  traitor"  to 
his  subject,  and  the  latter  gave  his  sov- 
ereign the  lie.  A  reconciliation  was, 
however,  effected,  and  l)e  Montfort  was 
employed  on  several  occasions,  in  a  di- 
plomatic and  military  capacity.  In  1258 
he  appeared  in  parliament  at  the  head  of 
the  discontented  barons,  who  were  all 
armed,  and  demanded  that  the  adminis- 
tration should  be  put  in  the  hands  of 
twenty  four  barons,  who  were  empow- 
ered to  redress  grievances,  and  to  reform 


the  state.  This  was  conceded,  and  for 
a  time  submitted  to;  till  at  length  hos- 
tilities commenced  between  the  barons 
and  the  royal  party,  which  ended  in  the 
triumph  of  the  former  at  the  battle  of 
Lewes.  From  what  precise  cause  it  does 
not  appear,  but  probably  it  was  owing 
to  his  arrogance  and  rapacity,  that  a 
powerful  party  was  raised  up  against 
him  among  the  barons  ;  and,  according 
to  some,  this  was  the  moti\e  which  in- 
duced him  to  summon  knights  of  shires 
and  burgesses  to  the  parliament  in  1265. 
Whatever  may  have  been  his  motive, 
however,  he  thus  became  the  founder 
of  the  English  house  of  commons.  ■  In 
the  same  year  was  fought  the  battle  of 
Evesham,  in  which  the  royal  forces  were 
led  by  Prince  Edward  ;  and  there,  in 
attempting  to  rally  his  troops,  by  rush- 
ing into  the  midst  of  the  enemy,  he  was 
surrounded  and  slain. 

MONTGOLFIER,  Jacques  Etienne, 
the  inventor  of  air-balloons,  was  b.  in 
1745,  at  Vidalon-les-Annonai.  In  con- 
junction with  an  elder  brother  he  de- 
voted himself  to  scientific  pursuits,  and 
was  the  first  who  manufactured  tho 
vellum  paper,  still  so  much  admired  for 
its  beauty.  One  day  while  boiling  water 
in  a  eoriee-pot,  the  top  of  which  was 
covered  with  paper  folded  in  a  spherical 
form,  he  saw  the  paper  swell  and  rise — 
a  circumstance  that  furnished  him  with 
the  idea  of  a  light  machine,  made  buoy- 
ant by  inflation,  and  traversing  the  air. 
After  various  preliminary  trials,  it  being 
ascertained  that  a  balloon,  with  a  car 
attached  to  it,  could  be  kept  suspended 
by  a  supply  of  heated  air,  the  experi- 
ment was  repeated  on  a  large  scale  at 
Versailles,  when  the  marquis  d'  Orlandes 
ascended  in  the  presence  of  the  roya'. 
family,  and  a  vast  concourse  of  spec- 
tators.    D.  1799. 

MONTI,  Vixcenzo,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  poets  of  modern  Italy,  was  b. 
atrFusignano,  nearFerrara.  in  1753;  and 
became  as  notorious  for  the  versatility 
of  his  political  principles  as  for  his  poetic 
talents.  He  commenced  his  career  as 
secretary  to  Luigi  Braschi,  nephew  of 
Pope  Pius  VI.,  and  was  then  a  violent 
enemy  of  the  Frerch;  he  afterwards 
became  a  republican  .  'ie\t  a  panegyrist 
of  Napoleon;  and  ended  by  eulogizing 
the  emperor  of  Austria.  His  '■  Basvilli- 
ana,"  written  on  the  murder  of  Hugo 
Basseville,  the  French  ambassador  at 
Rome,  is  a  close  imitation  of  Dante,  and 
gained  him  a  high  reputation.  His 
other  chief  works  were,  "Bardo  dclla 
Selva  nera,"  and  a  translation  of  Homer's 


moo] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRATIIY. 


045 


Iliad;  and  hif  dramatic  writings  are  the 
tragedies  of '  Galcotti  Manfredi,"  "Aris- 

todemo,"  and  ''Cains  Gracchus."  lie 
was  successively  appointed  professor  of 

the  belles  lettrcs  and  of  rhetoric  in  the 
university  of  Padua,  and  historiographer 
of  the  kir^fdoni  of  Italy;  and,  after  the 
destruction  of  that  state,  lie  was  fortu- 
nate enough  to  preserve  his  place  and 
pension  under  the  new  government, 
lie  wai  also  a  knight  of  the  legion  of 
honor,  and  a  member  of  many  learned 
societies.     L>.  ls^s. 

MONTMORENCY,  Anne  de,  peer, 
marshal,  and  constable  of  France,  b.  in 
14:1)8,  was  one  of  the  greatest  generals 
of  the  16th  century.  He  distinguished 
himself  under  Francis  I.,  in  the  wars 
against  Charles  V.,  and  was  made  pris- 
oner at  the  battle  of  Pavia,  which  was 
fought  against  his  ad  vice.  D.  1567. — 
Henry  II.,  duke  de,  was  b.  in  1595,  and 
in  his  IStli  year  was  created  admiral  of 
France,  lie  defeated  the  Protestants  in 
Langucdoc;  and,  in  1628,  he  gained  de- 
cided advantages  over  the  duke  de  Ro- 
han, leader  of  the  Huguenots.  In  1680 
he  held  the  chief  command  in  Piedmont, 
and  defeated  the  Spaniards  under  Doria. 
Ilis  services  were  at  length  rewarded 
with  a  marshal's  baton;  and  being  jeal- 
ous of  the  influence  of  Cardinal  Riche- 
lieu, he,  with  Gaston,  duke  of  Orleans, 
raised  the  standard  of  rebellion  in  Lan- 

fuedoc,  where,  being  opposed  by  Le 
'orce  and  Schomberg,  he  was  wounded 
and  made  prisoner.  He  was  condemned 
to  deatli  by  the  parliament  of  Toulouse, 
and  executed,  hi  1632. 

MONTPENS1ER,  Anne  Maria  Louisa, 
of  Oilcans,  b.  at  Paris,  in  1(527,  was  the 
daughter  of  Gaston,  duke  of  Orleans, 
and  the  niece  of  Louis  XIII.  In  the 
civil  contests  which  distinguished  the 
minority  of  Louis  XIV".,  she  was  a  zeal- 
ous partisan  ofConde;  and,  in  fact,  her 
whole  life  was  a  scene  of  restless  am- 
bition and  intrigue.     D.  1693. 

MONTROSE,  James  Graham,  marquis 
of,  a  distinguished  royalist  under  Charles 
I.,  was  the  son  of  the  earl  of  Montrose, 
who  gave  him  an  excellent  education, 
which  was  improved  by  a  residence  in 
France,  where  he  held  a  commission  in 
the  Scotch  guards.  On  his  return  home 
he  experienced  such  neglect  through 
the  jealousy  of  the  marquis  of  Hamilton, 
as  induced  him  to  join  the  Covenanters  ; 
but  he  afterwards  took  a  very  active  part 
on  the  side  of  the  king;  and  in  a  few 
months  gained  the  battles  of  Perth, 
Aberdeen,  and  Inverloehy  :  for  which 
service  he  was  created  a  marquis.     In 


1645  his  fortune  changed;  and  after 
Buttering  a  defeat  from  Lesley,  he  was 
obliged  t<>  lease  the  kingdom,  when  he 
landed  in  Orkney  with  u  few  I'ollov 
but  was  soon  overpowered,  conveyed  to 
Edinburgh,  and  there  hung  and  quar- 
tered. 

MONTUCC1,  Antonio,  n  learned  phi- 
lologist, particularly  excelling  as  a  Chi- 
nese scholar,  was  b.  at  Sienna,  in  1762, 
and  studied  at  the  university  there,  de- 
voting himself  to  the  living  languages 
with  almost  incredible  application.  In 
17s.")  he  was  appointed  professor  of  En- 
glish in  the  Tolomei  college ;  and,  in 
1789,  accompanied  Mr.  Wedgwood  to 
England  as  Italian  teacher  in  iiis  family. 
Being  in  London  in  1792,  when  prep- 
arations were  making  for  Lord  Macart- 
ney's embassy  to  China,  Moutncci  took 
the  opportunity  of  obtaining  assistance 
from  some  Chinese  youths  attached  to 
the  embassy,  in  acquiring  their  laugnage, 
with  which  he  was  before  only  imper- 
fectly acquainted.  The  result  was  he 
projected  a  Chinese  dictionary,  the  pros- 
pectus of  which  he  forwarded  to  several 
princes  and  academics  in  Europe.  In 
1806  lie  went  to  Berlin,  on  the  invitation 
of  the  king  of  Prussia ;  but  the  invasion 
of  the  country  by  Bonaparte  for  some 
time  interrupted  his  plans  ;  and,  return- 
ing to  Italy,  he  d.  at  Sienna,  in  1829. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  "Chinese  Diction- 
ary," an  "Italian  Pocket  Dictionary,'' 
and  several  elementary  works  in  that 
language;  and  he  edited  the  "Poesie 
inedite  de  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,"  pub- 
lished at  the  expense  of  Mr.  Roscoe. 

MONTUCLA,  John  Stephen,  an  emi- 
nent French  mathematician,  was  b.  at 
Lyons,  in  1725;  studied  at  the  Jesuits' 
college,  and  acquired  legal  knowledge 
at  Toulouse,  but  relinquished  the  law 
for  the  cultivation  of  mathematical  sci- 
ence; was  sent  to  Cayenne,  in  1764,  as 
astronomer;  and  d.  in  1799.  His  chief 
work  is  his  "  Ilistoire  des  Matlu'mati- 
ques." 

MOORE,  Edward,  nn  English  poet 
and  dramatic  writer,  b.  171 2.  In  1744 
he  published  his  "  Fables  for  the  Fe- 
male Sex,"  and  after  that  the  comedies 
of  the  "Foundling."  and  "Oil  Bias," 
and  the  tragedy  of  "  The  Gamester." 
He  next  became  the  editor  of  a  periodi- 
cal paper,  called  "The  World,"  in  which 
he  was  assisted  by  lords  Lyttlcton, 
Chesterfield,  and  many  other  men  ot 
rank  and  talent.  D.  1757. — John,  a 
physician,  and  miscellaneous  uritr.r,  b. 
in  17o0,  at  Stirling.  In  17U9  he  pub- 
lished the  fruits  of  his  travels  in  "A 


646 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF     BIOGRAPHY. 


[moh 


View  of  Society  and  Manners  iu  France, 
Switzerland,  and  Germany,"  and  in 
1781  two  volumes  mure,  entitled  "A 
View  of  Society  an  1  Manners  iu  Italy." 
After  this,  bo  published  his  "Medical 
Sketches;'1  a  novel  entitled  "Zeluco," 
which  abounds  with  incident,  and  af- 
fords a  striking  illustration  of  Italian 
character  and  manners.  In  171)5  he 
published  "  A  View  of  the  Causes  and 
Progress  of  the  French  Revolution." 
He  subsequently  published  a  novel,  en- 
titled •'  K  Iward,  or  various  Views  of 
Human  Nature,"  and  "  Mordaunt,  or 
Sketches  of  Life,  Character,  and  Man- 
ners in  various  Countries."  D.  1802. — 
Sir  John,  a  distinguished  military  com- 
mander, was  the  eldest  sou  of  Dr.  John 
Moore,  an  1  b.  at  Glasgow,  in  1701.  In 
j.7'J''>  he  went  out  as  a  brigadier-general 
*o  the  West  Indies,  under  Sir  Ralph 
Abercromby,  who  appointed  him  to  the 
government  of  St.  Lucie,  in  the  capture 
oi  which  he  had  a  principal  share.  On 
his  return  home,  in  1797,  he  was  em- 
ployed in  Ireland  during  the  rebellion, 
and  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  major- 
general.  Iu  1S03  he  was  appointed  to 
command  an  army  in  Spun,  where, 
after  a  skilful  and' arduous  retreat  be- 
fore a  very  superior  force,  he  fell  by  a 
cannon-ball,  under  the  walls  of  Corunna, 
January  l'itli,  ISO'J. — Ja.mes,  governor 
of  South  Carolina,  succeeded  Blake  in 
1700,  and  continued  in  office  until  Sir 
Nathaniel  Johnson  assumed  it  in  1703. 
The  provocations  of  the  Spaniards  in- 
duced Governor  .Moore,  in  1702,  to  pro- 
pose to  the  assembly  an  expedition 
against  St.  Augustine.  The  measure  was 
adopted,  but  proved  unsuccessful,  and 
entailed  a  heavy  burden  on  the  colony. 
To  answer  the  public  exigence  on  this 
occasion,  the  first  paper  money  was 
issued  in  South  Carolina,  under  the 
name  of  bills  of  credit.  In  1719,  when 
the  revolution  took  place,  and  Governor 
Robert  Johnson  was  depose  1,  Colonel 
Moore,  wlio  had  early  and  zealously  es- 
poused the  cause  of  the  people,  was 
chosen  governor,  lie  was  well  qualified 
by  his  prudence  and  enterprise  for  the 
crisis,  an  1  vh(jn  the  transfer  of  the  gov- 
ernment to  the  kina:  was  effected,  and 
General  Nicholson  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  government,  Colonel  Moure 
was  elected  speaker  of  the  assembly, 
and  continued  to  be  rechosen  until  1725. 
— Sir  Ukxby,  governor  of  New  York, 
was  app  ii  it.'  1  iu  17»i'-,  and  arrived  in 
the  colony  i;i  November  following.  He 
souti  rued  governor  until  bis  death,  17H9. 
MUEii,  Antonio,  a  celebrated  portrait 


painter,  b.  at  Utrecht,  in  1519.  lie  was 
very  successful  in  his  portraits,  of  which 
he  painted  several  in  England,  in  the 
reign  of  Queen  Mary,  on  whose  death 
he  accompanied  Philip  11.  to  Spain, 
where  he  lived  in  terms  of  great  inti- 
macy with  that  monarch.  D.  1575. — 
Hannah,  an  eminent  moral  writer,  was 
b.  at  Stapleton,  in  Gloucestershire,  in 
1744.  She  was  :>ne  of  the  five  daughters 
of  a  village  schoolmaster.  Toe  literary 
abilities  of  Hannah  early  attracted  no- 
tice. Her  first  literary  production,  "  The 
Search  after  Happiness,"  a  pastoral 
drama,  was  written  when  she  was  only 
18  years  of  «_'(•.,  though  not  published 
till  1773.  By  the  encouragement  of 
Garrick,  she  tried  her  strength  in  tragic 
composition,  and  wrote  "The  Inflexible 
Captive,"  a  tragedy,  which  was  printed 
iu  17(31.  Her  tragedy  of  "Percy,"  the 
most  popular  of  her  dramatic  composi- 
tions, was  brought  out  in  1778,  and  ran 
fourteen  nights  successively;  and  her 
last  tragedy,  "The  Fatal  Falsehood," 
was  produced  in  1779.  Shortly  after, 
her  opinions  of  public  theatres  under- 
went a  change,  and  she  has  stated  that 
she  did  not  consider  the  stage,  in  its 
present  state,  as  "  becoming  the  appear- 
ance or  countenance  of  a  Christian."  Her 
first  prose  publication  was  "Tiioiigh.il 
on  the  Manners  of  the  Great  ;"  this 
was  followed  by  her  "Estimate  of  the 
Religion  of  the  Fashionable  World." 
Iu  1795  she  commenced  at  Bath,  in 
monthly  numbers,  "The  Cheap  Repos- 
itory," "a  series  of  tales  for  the  common 
people,  one  of  which  is  the  well  known 
"Shepherd  of  Salisbury  Plain."  She 
subsequently  produced  her  "Strictures 
on  the  Modern  System  of  Female  Edu- 
cation," "  Hints  towards  Forming  the 
Character  of  a  Young  Princess,"  "  Caj- 
lebs  in  Search  of  a  Wife,"  "  Practical 
Piety,"  "Christian  Morals,"  an  "Essay 
on  the  Character  and  Writing*  of  St. 
Paul,"  an  1  "  Moral  Sketches  of  the 
Prevailing  Opinions  and  Manners,  For- 
eign and  Domestic,  with  Reflections  on 
Pr  tyer."  D.  1833. — Hlxry,  an  eminent 
divine  of  the  church  of  England,  was  b. 
at  Grantham,  in  Lincolnshire,  in  1U14; 
was  educated  at  Eton,  and  Christ's  col- 
lege, Cambridge;  and,  while  at  the  latter, 
profoundly  studied  the  most  celebrated 
systems  of  philosophy,  and  finally  set- 
tied  into  a  decide!  preference  for  that 
of  PI  ito.  In  1640  he  published  "  Psy- 
cho-Zoia,  or  the  Lite  of  the  Soul  ;"  a 
philosophical  poem,  which  he  repub- 
lished, with  other  pieces,  in  1647.  He 
refused  the  highest  ecclesiastical  prefer- 


mor] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


G47 


meats,  and  d.,  universally  beloved,  in 
1687. — Sir  Thomas,  chancellor  of  En- 
gland, was  the  son  of  Sir  John  More, 
judge  of  the  King's  Bench,  and  b.  in 
London,  in  14S0.  He  was  educated  at 
Christ-church,  then  Canterbury  college, 
Oxford;  and,  in  14'JD,  became  a  student 
of  Lincoln's  Inn.  At  the  age  of  21  he 
obtained  a  seat  in  parliament,  where  he 
opposed  a  subsidy  demanded  by  Henry 

VII.  with  such  force,  that  it  was  refused 
by  the  house.  At  the  accession  of  Henry 

VIII.  he  was  called  to  the  bar,  and  in 
1508  lie  was  made. judge  of  the  sheriffs 
court,  and  a  justice  of  peace.  In  1518 
he  published  his  "  Utopia,"  a  political 
romance;  and  about  this  time  the  friend- 
ship began  between  him  and  Erasmus, 
which  lasted  through  life.  By  the  in- 
terest of  VVolsey  he  obtained  the  honor 
of  knighthood,  and  a  place  in  the  privy- 
council.  In  1520  he  was  made  treasurer 
of  the  exchequer ;  and  in  1528  chosen 
speaker  of  the  house  of  commons,  where 
he  resisted  a  motion  for  an  oppressive 
subsidy,  which  gave  great  offence  to  his 
former  friend,  the  cardinal.  In  1530  he 
succce.lcd  Wolsey  as  lord  chancellor; 
and  by  his  indefatigable  application  in 
that  office,  there  was  in  a  short  time 
not  a  cause  left  undetermined.  He  re- 
signed the  seals,  because  lie  could  not 
conscientiously  lend  his  support  to  the 
measures  of  Henry  respecting  his  divorce 
of  Queen  Catharine;  and  he  was  event- 
ually committed  to  the  Tower  for  refu- 
sing the  oath  of  supremacy.  After  an 
imprisonment  ol  twelve  months,  he  was 
brought  to  his  trial  in  the  court  of  King's 
Bench,  where,  notwithstanding  his  elo- 
quent defence,  he  was  found  guilty  of 
treason,  and  sentenced  to  be  beheaded. 
His  behavior,  in  the  interval,  corre- 
sponded with  the  uniform  tenor  of  his 
life;  and,  on  July  0,  1535,  he  ascended 
the  scaffold,  with  his  characteristic  pleas- 
antry, saying  to  the  lieutenant  of  the 
Tower,  '•  I  pray  you.  see  me  safe  up  ; 
and  as  for  my  coining  down,  let  me 
shift  for  myself." 

MOREAU,  Jean  Michel,  an  eminent 
designer  and  engraver,  was  b.  at  Paris, 
1741.  lie  was  a  man  of  extensive  in- 
formation on  works  of  art,  and  his  in- 
dustry was  truly  surprising.  D.  1814. — 
John  Victor,  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
of  modern  French  generals,  was  b.  in 
1763,  at  Morlaix,  and  was  brought  up  to 
the  bar.  The  army,  however,  was  the 
profession  of  his  choice,  and  he  entered 
a  regiment  before  he  was  18,  but  was 
taken  from  it  by  ins  father.  The  rcvo- 
lutija  enabled  him  to  gratify  his  wishes, 


and  he  made  his  first  campaign  under 
Dumourior.  in  L792.  He  gained  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general  in  1798,  and 
that  of  general  of  division  in  1794,  In 
the  latter  year  he  commanded  the  right 
wing  of  I'iclu'gru's  army,  and  obtained 
great  successes  in  the  Nethoi  lands.     In 

L7U6  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
army  of  the  Rhine.  In  that  \ear  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  penetrating  into 
Bavaria,  and  by  Ida  masterly  retreat  be- 
fore a  superior  force;  in  1797,  by  his 
passage  of  the  Rhine;  and  in  180C,  by 
his  campaign  in  Germany,  crowned  by 
the  decisive  victory  of  Ilohculinden, 
Having  engaged  with  Pichegru,  Geor- 
ges, and  oi  Her  royalists,  in  a  jplol  against 
the  consular  government,  he  was  brought 
to  trial  in  1804,  and  sentenced  to  two 
years'  imprisonment,  but  was  allowed  to 
retire  to  North  America.  There  he  re- 
mained till  lsl3,  when  he  was  prevailed 
upon  to  join  the  allied  sovereigns,  and 
appeared  in  arms  against  his  country. 
lie  was,  however,  mortally  wounded  at 
the  battle  of  Dresden,  and  d.  1813. 

MORETO  Y  CABANA,  Don  Alois- 
tin,  an  eminent  Spanish  dramatic  poet 
of  the  17th  century,  who,  after  writing 
200  plays,  became  an  ecclesiastic.  Ho 
was  cotemporary  with  Cal  leron,  and 
was  patronized  by  Philip  IV.  He  may 
fairly  be  called  the  Spanish  Moliere, 
many  of  his  comedies  still  keeping  pos- 
session of  the  stage,  from  their  i\u-y 
humor,  striking  incidents,  and  charac- 
teristic language  of  the  dramatis  personal* 

MORGAGNI,  John  Baptist,  an  emi- 
nent physician  and  anatomist,  was  b.  at 
Forli,  in  Romagna,  in  1682}  studied  un- 
der Valsalva,  at  Bologna;  an  1,  in  1711, 
became  professor  of  medicine  at  Padua. 
In  1715  he  was  appointed  to  the  first 
anatomical  professorship,  in  which  situ- 
ation he  continued  till  his  death,  in 
1771., 

MORGAN,  Sir  Henry,  a  celebrated 
commander  of  buccaneers  in  the  17th 
century,  was  the  son  of  a  Welsh  tanner, 
lie  took  Porto  Bello  and  Panama  fr?m 
the  Spaniards,  and  for  several  years 
continued  to  enrich  himself  and  his  fol- 
lowers by  the  success  of  his  marauding 
expeditions  against  that  nation.  Hav- 
ing amassed  a  large  fortune,  lie  settled 
at  Jamaica,  of  which  island  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor  by  Charles  II.,  and 
knighted.  — William,  an  eminent  Welsh 
prelate,  who  had  a  principal  concern  in 
the  translation  of  the  Bible  into  Welsh, 
printed  first  in  1538.  V.  1604.— Wur 
liam,  a  distinguished  mathematician, 
was  a   native   of  Glamorganshire.     F» 


648 


CYCLOP-EOIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[moh 


was  actuary  to  the  Equitable  Assurance 
company,  London,  and  remained  con- 
nected with  that  institution  56  years. 
He  was  the  author  of  "The  Doctrine  of 
Annuities  and  Assurances  of  Lives," 
"  A  Review  of  Dr.  Crawford's  Theory 
of  Heat,"  together  with  various  trea- 
tises connected  with  the  financial  pros- 
perity of  Great  Britain.  D.  1833.— 
Daniel,  a  distinguished  officer  in  the 
army  of  the  American  revolution,  was 
b.  in  New  Jersey,  and  removed  to  Vir- 
ginia in  1755.  lie  enlisted  in  Brad- 
dock's  expedition  as  a  private  soldier, 
und  on  the  defeat  of  that  general  re- 
iurnc  1  to  his  occupation  as  a  firmer. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  revolution 
lie  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  a 
troop  of  horse,  and  joined  the  army  un- 
der Washington,  then  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Boston.  He  distinguished 
himself  very  much  in  the  expedition 
against  Quebec,  where  he  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  enemv.  On  the  exchange 
of  prisoners  he  rejoined  the  American 
army,  was  appointed  to  the  command 
of  a  select  rifle  corps,  and  detached  to 
assist  General  Gates  on  the  northern 
frontier,  where  he  contributed  materi- 
ally to  the  capture  of  General  Burgoyne. 
After  a  short  retirement  from  service, 
on  account  of  ill  health,  he  was  appoint- 
ed brigadier-general  by  brevet,  and  com- 
manded the  force  by  which  Colonel 
Tarleton  was  routed  at  the  battle  of 
Cowpens.  He  soon  after  resigned  his 
commission.  In  1704  he  commanded 
the  militia  of  Virginia,  called  out  to 
suppress  the  insurrection  in  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  continued  in  the  service  till 
1795.  He  afterwards  was  elected  to  a 
6eat  in  congress.  D.  1799. — -John,  an 
eminent  American  physician,  was  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  in  1735,  and  was  educated 
at  the  college  in  that  city.  He  comple- 
ted his  medical  studies  in  Europe,  and 
on  his  return,  in  17(3%  was  elected  pro- 
fessor of  the  theory  and  practice  of 
medicine  in  the  medical  collcorc  in  Phil- 
adelphia. In  October,  1775,  he  was 
appointed  chief  physician  to  the  gen- 
eral hospitals  of  the  American  army; 
but,  in  1775,  was  removed  on  account 
of  certain  accusations,  which  he  after- 
wards proved  to  be  entirely  groundless. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  medical 
treatises.     I).  1789. 

MORGIIEN,  Raphael,  a  celebrated 
engraver,  b.  at  Naples,  in  1758.  lie 
was  invited  to  Florence  in  1782,  to  en- 
grave the  masterpieces  in  the  Floren- 
tine gallery;  and  the  reputation  he 
ncquircd  by  his  labors  there,  induced 


the  grand-duke  to  employ  him  in  en- 
graving Leonardo  da  Vinci's  noblo 
composition  of  the  Last  Supper,  which 
is  painted  on  the  wall  of  the  refectory 
in  the  Dominicans'  convent,  at  Milan. 
In  1803  he  was  chosen  an  associate  of 
the  French  Institute;  and,  in  1812,  he 
was  invited  to  Paris  by  Napoleon,  who 
treated  him  with  the  most  flattering 
kindness.  His  works  are  numerous, 
and  include  some  of  the  most  remark- 
able productions  of  the  great  masters. 

MORIIOFF,  Daniel  George,  a  learn- 
ed German  author,  b.  at  Wismar,  in 
Mecklenburg,  in  1639;  was  educated  at 
Stettin  and  Eostock ;  came  to  England, 
and  resided  for  a  time  at  Oxford.  His 
principal  work  is  entitled  "Polyhistor, 
sive  tic  Notitia  Anetorum  et  Rorum 
Commentarii."     D.  1691. 

MORIER,  James,  whose  novels,  de- 
scriptive of  Eastern  life  and  manners, 
enjoyed  at  the  time  great  popularity, 
was  b.  in  17S0.  When  still  very  young, 
he  made  an  extensive  tour  through  the 
East,  the  main  incidents  of  which  ho 
described  in  his  "  Travels  through  Per- 
sia, Armenia,  Asia  Minor,  to  Constan- 
tinople." In  1810  he  was  appointed 
British  envoy  to  the  court  of  Persia,' 
where  he  remained  till  1816,  and  soon 
after  his  return  he  published  "  A  Second 
Journey  through  Persia,"  &c.  During 
his  stay  in  the  East,  he  made  great  use 
of  his  opportunity  of  studying  the  char- 
acter of  the  people ;  and  the  knowledge 
thus  acquired  was  turned  to  excellent 
account  in  his  "  Adventures  of  Ilajji 
Baba  of  Ispahan,"  (a  species  of  "  Gil 
Bias,"  like  Hope's  "  Anastasius,") 
whose  "Adventures  in  England"  he 
described  in  a  second  scries  ;  "  Zohrab, 
or  the  Hostage,"  "  Avesha,  or  the  Maid 
of  Ears,"  "  Abel  Al'nutt,"  "  The  Ban- 
ished," &e. ;  in  all  of  which,  but  es- 
pecially in  the  first  three,  the  manners, 
customs,  and  modes  of  thought  preva- 
lent in  the  East  are  portrayed  with  a 
liveliness,  skill,  anil  truthfulness  to  na- 
ture, attained  by  t'^v.     D.  1848. 

MORITZ,  Charles  Philip,  a  German 
writer,  was  b.  at  Ham  el  n,  in  1757.  He 
travelled  in  England,  Switzerland,  and 
Italy  ;  wrote  many  works,  the  chief  of 
which  are  his  "Travels,"  "The  An- 
tiquities of  Rome,"  the  novels  of  "An- 
thony Reiser  and  Andrew  Hartknopf," 
and  various  grammatical  treatises.  D. 
1793. 

MORLAND,  George,  an  eminent 
painter  of  rustic  scenery  and  low  life, 
was  b.  in  London,  in  1764.  He  was  in- 
structed by  his  father,  who  employed 


mor] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


010 


nim  constantly  in  making  drawings  for 

sale.  By  this  means  lie  acquired  n  won- 
derful facility  of  invention,  and  rapidity 

of  execution.  He  had  also  great  skill  as 
a  faithful  copier  of  nature,  and  in  the 

early  part  of  his  career  confined  himself 
to  the  delineation  of  picturesque  land- 
scapes; hut  having  contracted  irregular 

habits,  he  forsook  the  woods  and  fields 
for  the  ale-house  ;  and  stage  coachmen, 
postilions,  and  drovers  drinking,  be- 
came the  favorite  subjects  of  his  pencil. 
Some  of  his  best  pieces  exhibit  farm- 
yards and  stables,  with  dogs,  horses, 
pigs,  and  cattle,  or  scenes  at  the  door 
of  the  village  ale-house,  designed  with 
all  the  truth  and  feeling  which  commu- 
nicate a  charm  to  the  meanest  objects, 
and  proclaim  the  genius  of  the  artist. 
Many  were  painted  in  spunging-houses 
to  clear  him  from  arrest,  or  in  public- 
houses  to  discharge  his  reckoning.  D. 
1804. — Sir  Samuel,  a  statesman  and  an 
able  mechanist,  was  a  native  of  Berk- 
shire, and  b.  162">.  He  was  employed 
in  some  diplomatic  missions  by  Crom- 
well ;  and  afterwards  rendered  consid- 
erable service  to  Charles  II.,  for  which, 
at  the  restoration,  he  was  made  a  baron- 
et. Among  his  inventions  are  reckoned 
the  speaking-trumpet,  the  fire-engine, 
the  capstan,  and  the  steam-engine ;  but 
some  of  these,  it  is  presumed,  he  was 
rather  the  improver  than  the  original 
discoverer.     D.  1696. 

MORRIS,  Charles,  a  celebrated  En- 
glish bard,  whose  convivial  songs  were 
once  in  high  repute.  Though  many  of 
them  might  well  be  spared,  some  are 
chaste  in  sentiment  and  felicitous  in  ex- 
pression, while  others  possess,  in  an 
eminent  degree,  those  qualities  which 
give  a  zest  to  bacchanalian  orgies.  D. 
1832. — Gouverneur,  an  eminent  states- 
man and  orator,  was  b.  at  Morrisania,  in 
1752,  was  graduated  in  King's  college  in 
176S,  and  licensed  to  practise  law  in 
1771.  In  1775  he  was  a  member  of  the 
provincial  congress  of  New  York,  and 
was  one  of  the  committee  which  drafted 
a  constitution  for  the  state  of  New  York. 
In  1777  he  was  chosen  a  delegate  to  the 
continental  congress,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  wrote  the  celebrated  "  Obser- 
vations on  the  American  Revolution." 
In  1781  he  accepted  the  post  of  assistant 
superintendent  of  finance,  as  colleague 
of  Robert  Morris;  and  in  1787  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  framed 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States. 
In  1792  he  was  appointed  minister  plen- 
ipotentiary to  i  ranee,  and  held  this 
station  till  his  recall  by  the  request  of 
55 


the  French  government  in  1791.  fa 
1800  he  was  elected  a  senator  in  con- 
gress, from  tho  state  of  New  York,  arj 
in  this  body  was  very  conspicuous  f(  r 
his  political  information  and  his  bril- 
liant eloquence.  D.  1816. — Lewis,  e. 
signer  of  the  declaration  of  independ- 
ence, was  b.  at  the  manor  of  Morrisania, 
near  the  city  of  New  York,  in  1726.  lio 
was  educated  at  Vale  college,  and  look 
an  early  part  in  the  cause  of  the  colo- 
nies. In  1775  he  was  elected  a  delegate 
to  the  continental  congress,  and  while 
in  this  body  served  on  several  of  the 
most  important  committees.  His  rich 
estates  were  laid  waste  by  the  British 
army  in  1776.  He  left  congress  in  1777, 
d.  in  1798. — Robert,  a  celeorated  finan- 
cier, was  a  native  of  England,  removed 
with  his  father  to  America,  at  an  early 
age,  and  subsequently  established  him- 
self as  a  merchant  in  Philadelphia.  In 
1775  he  was  appointed  a  delegate  to  con- 
gress, and  signed  the  declaration  of 
independence  in  the  following  year.  In 
1781  he  was  appointed  superintendent 
of  finance,  and  rendered  incalculable 
service  by  his  wealth  and  credit  during 
the  exhausted  state  of  our  public  funds. 
It  has  been  said,  and  with  much  truth, 
that  "the  Americans  owed,  and  still 
owe,  as  much  acknowledgment  to  th 3 
financial  operations  of  Robert  Morris,  ai 
to  the  negotiations  of  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin, or  even  to  the  arms  of  George 
Washington."  He  was  a  member  of 
the  convention  which  framed  the  con- 
stitution of  the  United  States  in  17^7, 
and  afterwards  a  senator  in  congress. 
In  his  old  age  he  lost  his  ample  fortune, 
by  unfortunate  land  speculations,  and 
passed  the  last  years  of  his  life  confined 
in  prison  for  debt.     1).   1806. 

MORRISON,  Robert,  was  b.  in  17>'2. 
He  was  bred  to  last-making  by  his  la- 
ther, who  was  also  an  elder  of  the  Scotch 
church.  But  Robert  had  a  propensity 
for  high  classical  attainments,  lie  ob- 
tained the  rudiments  of  the  Latin, 
Geek,  and  Hebrew  languages  from  the 
local  preacher  he  attended;  ami  was,  at 
length,  sent  by  the  London  Missionary 
Society  to  China,  where  he  arrived  in 
1807.  In  the  course  of  a  year  or  two  he 
ihad  prepared  a  grammar  and  dictionary 
of  tife  Chinese  language  for  the  press, 
besides  a  Chinese  version  of  the  New 
Testament,  lie  afterwards  projected  an 
Anglo-Chinese  college  at  Malacca,  of 
which  he  was  a  liberal  patron  until  his 
death,  which  took  place  at  Macao,  in 
1834. 
I     MORSE,    Jedidiah,    a    geographer, 


G50 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


Tmot 


Clinifto!  ifChirlestown,  Massachusetts, 
graduated  at  Vale  college  in  1783,  and 
installed  1739.  His  first  geographical 
publication  was  in  1784,  and  during  his 
lifetime  the  work  was  kept  in  perpetual 
progress,  and  passed  through  many 
editions.  He  also  published  the  "  Amer- 
ican Gazetteer,"  and  the  "History  of 
New  England."     D.  1826. 

MORi'IER,  Marshal,  duke  of  Treviso, 
b.  in  17iiS,  was  the  son  of  a  merchant, 
who  represented  the  tiers  ('tat  of  Cain- 
bresis  at  the  states-general  in  lt?9. 
Quitting  the  mercantile  profession-,  for 
which  he  had  been  designed,  he  enter- 
ed the  army  in  1791  with  the  rank  of 
captain;  and  having  distinguished  him- 
self on  various  occasions,  he  was  rapid- 
ly promoted,  and  intrusted  with  the 
highest  commands.  Being  among  the 
statf  that  accompanied  Louis  Philippe 
and  princes  to  the  review  at  Paris,  on 
the  28th  of  July,  1835,  it  was  the  fate 
of  this  brave  officer  to  be  one  of  the 
victim-*  of  the  assassin,  Pieschi. 

MORTON,  Thomas,  an  eminent  and 
successful  dramatist,  was  b.  at  Durham, 
in  1764.  Hi  entered  as  a  student  at  Lin- 
coln's Inn.  but  his  taste  for  theatricals 
caused  hiin  to  abandon  his  profession, 
and  he  soon  gave  proofs  of  his  talents 
as  a  dramatic  writer.  It  is  remarkable, 
indeed,  that  nearly  all  his  pieces  still 
keep  possession  of  the  stage.  They 
consist  of  "  The  Way  to  get  Married," 
"  Columbus,"  "Town  and  Country," 
"•  Zorinski."  "A  Cure  for  the  Heart- 
ache," "Speed  the  Plough,"  "Secrets 
Worth  Ki.  owing,"  "The  Blind  Girl," 
"The  Children  in  the  Wood,"  "The 
School  of  Reform,"  "The  School  for 
Grown  Gentlemen,"  "A  Rowland  for 
an  Oliver,"  and  "  The  Invincible*."  O. 
183S. — Nathaniel,  one  of  the  first  set- 
tiers  of  Plymouth,  New  Engl  tnd,  and  a 
magistrate  of  the  colony,  was  the  author 
o!  a  "  History  of  the  Church  at  Ply- 
mouth," and  of  a  volume  called  "New 
England's  Memorial."  This  work  was 
originally  published  in  1669,  anil  a  new 
edition  of  it  has  been  recently  issued. — 
John',  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of 
American  independence,  was  b.  in  the 
county  of  Chester,  Pennsylvania,  was  a 
member  of  the  provincial  assembly  of 
his  native  state,  and  in  1774  appointed 
a  d?hgate  to  the  continental  congress. 
D.  1777, — Samuel  G.,  one  of  the  most 
di&tiugnished  scientific  men  of  the 
Unhid  States,  was  b.  in  Philadelphia, 
where  he  passed  the  greater  part  of  his 
life.  His  chief  works  were  the  "  Crania 
Americana,"  and  the  "  Crania  Egyptica." 


His  museum  of  crania  embraced  over 
nine  hundred  human  skulls,  and  six 
hundred  of  the  inferior  animals.  D. 
1851. 

MOSCHUS,  a  Greek  pastoral  poet,  a 
native  of  Syracuse,  who  nourished,  with 
his  friend  Bion,  about  200  b.  c. 

MOS11EIM,  John  La  jkence,  a  learned 
German  theologian,  was  b.  at  Lubeck, 
in  1694;  became  a  member  of  the  faculty 
of  philosophy  at  Kiel ;  and  was  appointed 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Gotlh.- 
gen,  where  he  remained  till  his  death  in 
1755,  lecturing  daily  on  ecclesiastical 
history  and  most  other  departments  of 
theology.  His  principal  work  on  this 
subject  is  the  "  Institutiones  Historic 
Ecclesiastical."  which  was  afterwards 
published  under  various  other  forms, 
and  translated  into  German,  with  addi- 
tions; also  into  English  by  Dr.  Maelaine. 
Among  his  other  numerous  writings 
are,  "  De  Rebus  Christianorum  ante 
Constantinum  Magnum  Commenturii," 
a  "Life  of  Servctus,"  "  The  Ecclesias- 
tical History  of  the  Tartars,"  "Obscrva- 
tiones  Sacra;,"  and  "Sermons,"  which 
were  much  admired  for  their  pure  and 
elegant  style. 

MOSSOM,  Robekt,  a  learned  Irish 
prelate,  who  suffered  much  in  the  civil 
wars,  but  on  the  restoration  he  was 
made  dean  of  Christ-church,  Dublin  : 
with  which  he  held  the  bishopric  of 
Londonderry,  where  he  d.  1679.  His 
works  are,  "  The  Preacher's  Tripartite," 
"  Variae  colloquendi  Formula;,"  ''  Nar- 
rative of  George  Wild,  bishop  of  De:-ry," 
and  "Ziou's  Prospect  in  its  first  View." 

MOSS  OP,  Henry,  an  eminent  tragic 
actor,  b.  in  Ireland,  in  1729,  was  the  son 
of  a  clergyman,  and  was  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Dublin.  He  made  his 
first  appearance  on  the  Dublin  stage  as 
"Zanga,"  in  the  Revenge;  but  soon  re- 
moved to  London,  where,  next  to  Gar- 
rick  ami  Henderson,  he  was  esteemed 
the  first  tragedian  of  his  time.  In  1761 
he  became  manager  of  one  of  the  Dublin 
theatres  ;  but  the  speculation  proved 
his  ruin,  and  he  d.  in  absolute  penury 
at  Chelsea,  in  1773. 

MOTHERWELL,  William,  a  poet, 
b.  at  Glasgow,  in  179S  ;  and  when  a 
youth  he  obtained  a  situation  in  tho 
sheriff  clerk's  office  at  Paisley,  where  he 
continued  till  within  a  t'nw  years  of  his 
death.  In  1S27  he  published  a  very  in- 
teresting and  valuable  collection  of  bal- 
lads, entitled  "Minstrelsy,  Ancient  and 
Modern ;"  and  he  was  afterwards  suc- 
cessively editor  of  the  "  Paisley  Maga- 
zine,"  "  Paisley  Advertiser,"   and  tho 


EOt>] 


CYCLOPEDIA    CF    IlIGGRAITIV. 


651 


"Glasgow  Conner."     In  1833  was  pub-  I 
lishod   a   collected   edition  of  his  own 
poems,  some  of  which  possess  a  pathos 
and  nn    intensity   of  feeling   not  often 
surpassed.     D.  180."). 

MOTTEUX,  Piekke  Antoink,  a  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  was  b.  at  Rouen,  in 
Normandy,  in  I860;  settled  in  England 
after  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes  ;  aud  embarking  his  property  in 
trade,  opened  an  East  India  warehouse 
in  Leadeuhall-street,  London,  and  also 
obtained  a  situation  in  the  post-office. 
He  wrote  nearly  twenty  dramatic  pieces, 
and  translated  "  Don  Quixote''  and 
"Babekis."     D.  1718. 

MOTTLE Y)  John,  a  dramatic  writer, 
was  b.  in  1692,  and  wrote  Ave  dramatic 
pieces  ;  also  the  "  Life  of  the  Czar  Peter 
the  Great."  and  the  "  History  of  Cath- 
arine of  Russia:"  but  the  work  of  his 
which  obtained  by  far  the  greatest  pop- 
ularity, is  the  well-known  collection  of 
facet  he,  called  "  Joe  Miller's  Jots." 
D.  1750. 

MOULIN,  Peter  du,  a  Protestant 
divine,  was  b.  at  Beehny,  in  the  Vexin, 
in  1568.  He  studied  first  at  Sedan,  and 
next  at  Cambridge,  from  which  univer- 
sity he  removed  to  a  professorship  of 
philosophy  at  Leyden,  where  he  also 
taught  Greek  ;  but  in  1599  he  returned 
to  France,  and  became  minister  at  Cha- 
renton.  On  the  assassination  of  Henry 
IV.,  he  charged  the  guilt  of  that  deed 
upon  the  Jesuits,  which  produced  a  vio- 
lent controversy  between  him  and  some 
of  that  society  ;  and,  in  Hil5,  he  visited 
England  on  the  invitation  of  James  I., 
who  gave  him  a  prebend  in  Canterbury 
cathedral.  He  did  not  continue  long  in 
England  ;  but  after  refusing  the  divinity 
professorship  at  Leyden,  lie  finally  set- 
tled at  Sedan,  of  which  place  he  became 
the  pastor,  filling  at  the  same  time  the 
theological  chair  there.  Among  his 
writings  are,  "  A  History  of  Mona- 
chism,"  a  treatise  "  On  the  recent  Ori- 
gin of  Popery,"  &c.  1).  1658. — Peter, 
his  son,  was'  b.  in  1600,  at  Pari.-,  and 
graduated  at  Leyden  ;  but  going  after- 
wards to  England,  obtained,  like  his 
father,  a  prebend  at  Canterbury,  and 
was  one  of  the  chaplains  to  King  Charles 
II.  He  was  the  author  of  "The  Peace 
of  the  Soul,"  "  Clamor  Regii  Sanguinis," 
which,  beinganonymous,  was  attributed, 
by  Milton,  to  Alexander  More,  and  "  A 
Defence  of  the  Protestant  Church."— 
Louis,  his  brother,  became  a  violent 
Independent,  and  wrote  "Paraenesis  ad 
#klihcatores  Imperii,"  dedicated  to  Oli- 
rer  Cromwe'l  ;    and   '  Patronus   BonaJ 


Fidci,"    a   ficrc;   invective   against   iho 
church  >f  Enjrla  id.     D.  1688. 

MOULTRIE,  Viu.iam.  a  mnjor-gen- 
eral  in  the  army  >f  the  American  revo- 
lution, was  b.  in  England,  but  emigrated 
to  South  Carolina  at  an  early  age.  He 
served  with  distinction  in  the  Cherokee 
war  in  1760,  and  in  its  hi- 1  campaign 
commanded  a  company.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  tie-  resolution  he  \va-  a 
member  of  the  provincial  congress,  and 
a  colonel  of  the  second  regiment  of 
South  Carolina.  For  hi-  brave  defence 
of  Sullivan's  island  in  1776,  he  received 
the  thanks  of  congress,  and  the  fort  was 
afterwards  called  by  bis  name.  In  177(J 
he  gained  a  victory  over  the  British  at 
Beaufort.  He  afterwards  received  the 
commission  of  major-general,  mid  was 
second  in  command  to  General  Lincoln 
at  the  siege  of  Charleston.  After  the 
close  of  the  war  he  was  repeatedly  elected 
governor  of  South  Carolina.  lie  pub- 
lished "Memoirs  of  the  Revolution  in 
the  Carolina-  and  Georgia,"  consisting 
chiefly  of  official  letters.  D.  in  Charles- 
ton in  1805. 

MOUNTFORT,  "William,  an  English 
actor  and  dramatic  writer,  was  b.  in 
Staffordshire,  in  1659.  He  was  an  ex- 
cellent comic  performer;  and  being  in 
the  flower  of  his  age,  and  one  of  the 
handsomest  men  on  the  boards,  the 
parts  of  the  lovers  were  usually  allotted 
to  him.  In  one  of  these  he  had  capti- 
vated the  affections  of  Mrs.  Braeegirdle, 
an  actress  much  admired  for  her  per- 
sonal charms.  This  lady  had  rejected 
the  addresses  of  a  Captain  Hill,  who.  in 
company  with  Lord  Mohun,  waylaid 
Mountfort  one  night,  in  the  winter  of 
1692,  as  In  wa-  returning  from  the 
theatre  to  his  lodgings,  in  Norfolk- 
street,  Strand  ;  and,  befonj  he  could 
draw  his  sword,  ran  him  through  the 
body,  and  killed  him  on  the  spot.  Hill 
made  his  escape  to  the  Continent,  and 
Lord  Mohun  was  tried  by  hi-  peers  for 
the  murder,  but,  for  the  want  of  suffi- 
cient evidence,  was  acquitted.  This 
nobleman  was  himself  eventually  killed 
by  the  duke  of  Hamilton,  in  a  duel 
fought  in  Hyde  Park.  Mountfort  was 
the  author  of  five  plays,  and  was  in  the 
zenith  of  his  reputation  at  the  time  of 
his  death. 

MOURAD  BEY,  a  famous  Mameluke 
chief,  was  a  native  of  Circassia.  After 
the  destruction  of  Ali  Bey,  in  177:'.,  ho 
obtained  the  government  of  Cairo  in 
conjunction  with  Ibrahim  Bey,  which, 
notwithstanding  some  severe  con  testa 
with  Ismael  Bey  and  the  Turkish  gov- 


652 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[m::i» 


eminent,  wh:>  tried  tc  dispossess  them, 
they  contrived  to  keep.  When  Bona- 
parte invade  I  Egypt,  Monrud  opposed 
the  French  with  great  vigor;  but  he 
was  at  length  obliged  to  retreat  to 
Upper  Egypt.  He  subsequently  entered 
into  a  treaty  with  General  Kleber,  and 
accepted  the  title  of  prince  ot'  Assouan 
and  Jirgeh,  under  the  protection  of 
France,     lie  d.  of  the  plague  in  1801. 

MOZART,  John  Chkvsostoii  Wolf- 
gang Amauecs,  one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent musical  composers  that  ever  lived, 
was  the  son  of  Leopold  Mozart,  sub- 
ehapel-master  of  Salzburg,  and  himself 
a  respectable  musician.  lie  was  b.  in 
1756;  and  the  precocity  of  his  musical 
talent  was  most  extraordinary.  In  his 
sixth  year  lie  bad  made  such  progress, 
that  his  father  was  induced  to  take  him 
aud  his  sister  Maria  Anna,  who  was 
also  a  musical  genius,  to  Munich  and 
Vienna,  where  the  little  artists  were  in- 
troduced to  the  emperor's  court,  and 
the  unequalled  execution  of  the  boy 
excited  universal  surprise.  In  1770  he 
composed,  in  his  14th  year,  his  serious 
opera  of  "  Mithridate,"  which  had  a  run 
of  upwards  of  twenty  nights  in  succes- 
sion. In  177.5  he  went  to  Vienna,  and, 
engaging  in  the  service  of  the  emperor, 
he  satisfied  the  great  expectations  which 
were  raised  by  his  early  genius,  and 
became  the  Raphael  of  musicians. 
Among  the  works  of  his  which  have 
remained  on  the  German  stage,  and  will 
always  be  the  delight  of  every  tasteful 
nation  are,  "  Idoinenco,"  the  "  Nozze 
di  Figaro,"  the  "  ZaubcrflOte,"  the 
"Clcmenza  di  Tito,"'  and  above  all,  the 
splendid  "Don  Giovanni."     D.  1791. 

MUDIE,  Robert,  author  of  numerous 
works  in  natural  history,  and  others  of 
an  entertaining  and  instructive  charac- 
ter, was  b.  in  Forfarshire  in  1777.  In 
1802  lie  was  appointed  Gaelic  professor 
and  teacher  of  drawing  in  the  Inverness 
academy.  He  subsequently  filled  other 
situations  of  a  like  nature;  but  at  length 
turned  his  attention  exclusively  to  au- 
thorship, and  commenced  his  career 
with  a  novel,  entitled  "  Gleufurgus." 
Ha  then  for  a  while  sought  employment 
as  a  reporter  for  the  Loudon  newspa- 
pers, and  his  literary  efforts  were  hence- 
forth unceasing.  Independently  of  his 
contributions  to  periodicals,  upwards 
of  80  volumes  from  his  fertile  pen  were 
in  rapid  succession  brought  before  the 
public.     D.  1842. 

MULLER,  Carl  Ottfkied,  an  emi- 
nent modern  scholar  and  histc  :an,  was 
S.  in  1797,  at  Bricg,  in  Silesia      'It  was 


a  professor  of  arch  reel  ogy  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Gottingen,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  his  researches  into  myth';- 
logic  lore,  analyzing  it  and  disentan- 
gling the  allegorical  parts  from  tho 
historical.  But  his  knowledge  was  by 
no  means  confined  to  tiiat  department 
ot'  literature.  His  work  on  the  Eumen- 
ides  of  ^Esehylus,  and  many  others, 
fully  prove  his  classic  erudition  :  and 
his  histories  of  the  Dorians  and  tbo 
Etruscans  have  become  naturalized  in 
England  as  standard  works.  While 
travelling  in  Greece  with  a  view  to  tfco 
commencement  of  an  elaborate  work  on 
the  history  of  that  country,  he  was  taken 
ill,  and  d.  lslo. — GERARD  Frederic,  a 
German  traveller,  was  b.  in  1700,  at 
Ilerforden,  in  Westphalia  ;  was  educated 
at  Leipsic,  and  went  to  reside  at  St. 
Petersburg,  where  he  taught  Latin, 
geography,  and  history.  His  principal 
work  is,  -'A  Collection  of  Russian  His- 
tories." D.  1783. — John  von,  an  emi- 
nent Swiss  historian,  was  b.  in  1752,  at 
Schaffhausen,  and  studied  at  Gottingen. 
In  1780  he  published  the  first  part  of 
his  "History  of  the  Swiss  Confedera- 
tion ;"  and  shortly  after  he  went  to 
Berlin,  where  he  printed  "Historical 
Essays."  His  other  principal  work  was 
a  "Course  of  Universal  History,"  but 
he  was  also  the  author  of  several  others, 
which  were  published  collectively  at 
Tubingen.  Muller  was  successively 
professor  of  Greek  at  Schaffhausen. 
and  of  history  at  Cassel,  counsellor  of 
the  imperial  chancery,  secretary  of  state 
for  the  ephemeral  kingdom  of  West- 
phalia, and  director-general  of  public 
instruction.     D.  1809. 

MUXCER,  Thomas,  in  the  early  part 
of  the  Kith  century,  rendered  himself 
for  awhile  extremely  formidable  in  Ger- 
many, where  he  preached  equality  and 
the  community  ot  property,  and  collect- 
ed 40,000  followers.  He  was  at  length 
defeated  by  the  landgrave  of  Hesse, 
with  the  loss  of  7000  of  his  followers, 
and  being  chased  to  Franchausen,  was 
taken  prisoner,  and  executed  at  Mul- 
hansen,  in  1526. 

MUNCHHAUSEN,  Jeijome  Charles 
Frederic  von,  was  a  German  officer  in 
the  Russian  service,  who  served  in  sev- 
eral campaigns  against  the  Turks.  lie 
was  a  passionate  lover  of  horses  and 
hounds;  of  which,  and  of  his  ad  ven- 
tures among  the  Turks,  he  told  the 
most  extravagant  stories,  till  his  fancy 
so  completely  got  the  better  of  his 
memory,  that  he  really  believed  his 
most  extravagant  fictions,  and  felt  very 


mdr] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


053 


much  offend jd  if  any  doubt  w;is  ex- 
pressed on  tho  subject.  Having  become 
acquainted   with   Burger  at   Pyrmont, 

and  related  these  waking  dreams  to 
him,  the  poet  published  them  in  17-7, 
with  his  own  improvements,  under  the 
title  of  "  Wnnclerbare  Abentheaer  and 
Bcisen  des  Herrn  von  Munchhansen." 
The  wit  and  humor  of  the  work  gave  it 
great  success,  and  it  was  translated  into 
several  foreign  languages.     D.  1  7:m". 

MUNDAV,  Anthony,  a  dramatic 
poet  of  the  16th  century,  lie  was  the 
author  of  the  "  City  Pageants,"  enlarged 
Stowe's  Survey  of  London,  and  d.  1633. 

MUNDEN,  Joseph  Shepherd,  a  cele- 
brated comic  actor,  who,  from  1790  to 
1813,  delighted  the  audiences  of  Covent- 
garden  with  his  inimitable  representa- 
tions ;  but  from  1813  to  1824,  when  lie 
retired  from  the  stage,  his  services  were 
transferred  to  Drury-lane.  His  humor 
was  exuberant  and  racy ;  and  though 
often  verging  on  caricature,  he  could 
melt  the  hearc  by  touches  of  true  pathos, 
as  readily  as  he  could  stir  it  into  mirth 
by  the  exquisite  drollery  of  his  ever- 
Varying  countenance.    B. 1758;  d.  1882. 

MUNOZ,  John  Baptist,  a  Spanish 
historian,  was  b.  in  1745,  at  Mnseros, 
near  Valentia.  He  was  appointed  eos- 
mographer  of  the  Indies,  and  under- 
took by  order  of  the  king,  a  history  of 
America,  of  which  he  lived  to  publish 
only  one  volume.  His  other  works  are, 
"  De  recto  Philosophise  reccntis  in 
Theologia  Ususe,  Disscrtatio,"  "  De 
Scriptorum  GentilSum  Lectione,"  "  In- 
Btkutiones  Philosophical,"  &c. 

MUNSTER,  Sebastian,  a  German 
divine,  was  b.  at  Ingclheim,  in  1489, 
entered  into  the  order  "of  Cordeliers,  but 
left  them  to  join  Luther.  He  then  set- 
tled at  Basle,  where  he  succeeded  Peli- 
canus  in  the  Hebrew  professorship.  He 
published  a  Latin  version  of  the  Bible, 
from  the  Hebrew,  with  notes;  "Uni- 
versal Cosmography,"  a  treatise  on  dial- 
ling, a  Latin  translation  of  Joseph  us, 
and  several  mathematical  works.  D. 
1552. 

MURAT,  Joachim,  ex-king  of  Naples, 
one  of  the  most  intrepid  of  the  French 
marshals,  was  b.  in  1771  ;  was  the  son 
of  an  innkeeper  at  Bastiilc,  nearCahors; 
and  was  intended  for  the  church.  The 
army,  however,  was  Ids  choice,  and  in 
1796,  Bonaparte  made  him  his  aid-de- 
camp. In  Italy,  in  1796  and  1797,  and 
in  Egypt  and  Syria,  in  1798  and  1799, 
Murat  displayed  great  valor  and  military 
talent.  He  returned  with  Bonaparte  to 
France,  assisted  him  in  overthrowing 
55* 


the  directory,  and  was  rewarded  with 
the  hand  of  Caroline,  the  Bister  of  the 
Bral  consul.    At  Marengo  and  Austerlitz 

he  was  one  of  the  most  distingu 
of  the  French  leaders.  In  1806  Napo- 
leon created  him  grand-duke  of  Berg; 
and  in  1808  he  raised  him  to  the  throne 
of  Naples.  .Murat  took  a  conspicuous 
part  in  the  campaigns  of  1806,  1807, 
1808,  1812,  and  1818;  but  in  1814,  Had- 
ing that  the  throne  of  his  patron  began 
to  totter,  he  joined  the  allies.  In  the 
following  year,  however,  he  was  expelled 
from  his  kingdom ;  and  having  made  a 
desperate  attempt  to  recover  it,  he  was 
taken  prisoner,  and  shot  at  Pi/.zo,  1815. 
MURATORI,  Louis  Anthony,  an 
eminent  Italian  historian  and  antiquary, 
was  b.  in  1672  at  Vignola,  in  the  Mo- 
denesc  territories;  was  made  keeper  of 
the  Ambrosian  library  at  Milan,  and, 
subsequently,  librarian  and  archivist  to 
the  duke  of  Modena.  His  great  histori- 
cal collection,  entitled  "  Re  rum  Italica- 
rum  Scriptores,  ab  anno  .Krai  Chris- 
tiana?," "  Antiquitates  [talicos,  Melii 
yEvi,"  "  Anecdota  Latina,"  "Anccdota 
Grajca,"  "  Annali  d'ltalia,"  with  many 
others,  attest  the  magnitude  of  his  liter- 
ary labors.     D.  1750. 

MURILLO,  Bartolomeo  Esteven, 
one  of  the  greatest  of  the  Spanish  paint- 
ers, was  b.  in  1618,  near  Seville.  He 
acquired  the  rudiments  of  the  art  from 
his  uncle,  Juan  del  Castillo,  and  being 
encouraged  to  visit  Madrid,  he  acquired 
the  countenance  and  patronage  of  the 
celebrated  painter  Velasque;:,  then  in 
the  height  of  his  reputation.  lie  after- 
wards returned  to  Seville,  and  earned 
by  his  labors  an  imperishable  fame. 
While  painting  the  admired  picture  of 
St.  Catharine,  in  the  church  of  the 
Capuchins  at  Cadiz,  he  fell  from  tho 
scaffold,  and  d.  in  consequence  01  the 
injuries  he  received,  in  1685. 

MURPHY,  Arthur,  a  dramatic  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  at  Cork,  in 
1727,  and  educated  at  St.  Omer's.  At 
the  age  of  IS  he  went  to  London,  and 
tried  his  dramatic  powers  in  the  farce 
of  "The  Apprentice,"  which  was  soon 
followed  by  that  of  "The  Upholsterer ;" 
and,  having  a  great  inclination  to  the 
stage,  he  made  an  effort  in  the  character 
of  Othello,  but  without  success.  He 
then  produced  the  "Orphan  of  China," 
a  tragedy,  which  was  well  received.  Ho 
also  wrote  a  weekly  paper,  called  tho 
"Gray's  Inn  Journal  :'"  and  two  others, 
in  defence  of  government,  entitled  tho 
"Test"  and  the  "Auditor."  In  these, 
however,  he  failed.     His   plays   of  the 


654 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mus 


••  Grecian    Daughter,"     "  All    in    the 

Wrong,"  "The  Way  to  Keep  Him," 
and  the  "Citizen,"  had  greater  success, 
and  produced  the  author  wealth  and 
fame.  He  also  acquired  considerable 
reputation  by  his  "Essay  on  the  Life 
and  Genius  of  Dr.  Johnson,"  as  well  as 
by  his  translation  of  Tacitus  and  Sallust, 
and  the  "  Life  of  Garriek."     D.  1805. 

MURRAY,  Hugh,  a  most  voluminous 
and  successful  writer  on  geography  and 
kindred  subjects,  was  b.  at  the  manse 
of  North  Berwick,  1779.     In  the  early 
part  of  bis  career  he  edited  the  "Scots' 
Magazine,"  then  in   the  hands  of  Mr. 
Constable,  and  contributed  to  the  "Ed- 
inburgh    Gazetteer;"     and    published 
successively,  discoveries  and  travels  in 
Africa,  Asia,  and  America,  all  of  which 
acquired  for  their  author  a  liberal  share 
of  popularity.     At  a  later  period  of  his 
life  he  contributed  no  fewer  than  fifteen 
volumes  to  the  "Edinburgh  Cabinet  Li- 
brary," on  subjects  connected  with  his 
favorite  study;  but  the  work  on  which 
his  fame  will  chiefly  rest,  is  his  "  Ency- 
clopaedia of  Geography."      D.   1316. — 
James,    a   Rhode   Islander,  whose    real 
name   was   Lillibridgc,  was   a   partisan 
officer  in  the  service  of  the  East  India 
Company.    He  entered   the   service  of 
Holkar,    the    famous    Mahratta    chief, 
about  the  year  1790,  and  soon  became 
noted  for  his  bravery,  military  skill,  and 
the  good  offices  he  performed  to  certain 
British   officers,  who    had  been    taken 
prisoners,  and  who,  but  for  his  humane 
interference,  would  have  been  put  to  the 
sword.     When   the  war  broke  out  be- 
tween the  British  government  and  Scin- 
dia,  in  which  Holkar  assisted  the  latter, 
Murray  joined  the  British  general,  Lord 
Lake,  with  a  body  of  7000  cavalry.    The 
marquis  of  Wellesley  at  that  period  had 
issued  a  proclamation  recalling  all  British 
subjects  from  the  service  of  the  native 
princes,  but  this  order  could  not  extend 
to  Murray,  as  being  an  American.    He 
was  treated  by  the  British  commander 
with  great  consideration,  and  was  em- 
ployed in  many  dangerous  and  import- 
ant'services,  still  retaining  the  command 
of  the  cavalry  which    he   had    brought 
with  him.     At  the  siege  of  Bhurtpore, 
ivhcre    the    British    army   lost    nearly 
10,000  men,  in  four  attempts  to  take  the 
fort  by  storm,  he  was  in  continual   ac- 
tion, and  attained  the  character  of  being 
the-    best  partisan  officer   in    the  army. 
D.  18o7. — Iohn,  an  eminent  publisher, 
known  wherever  the  English  language 
is  known,  was  b.  1778.     He  was  a  man 
of  considerable   literary  ace  uirements  ; 


and  while  his   singular   acuteness   and 
judgment  insured  his  success  as  a  man 
of  business,  his   fluency,  his   store   of 
anecdote,  and  a  certain  dry  quiet  humor, 
closely  allied   to  wit,  rendered   him   an 
agreeable  companion  for  such  men   aa 
Scott,  Byron,  Moore,  Southey,  Lockhart, 
and  a  number  of  other  celebrated  wri- 
ters, who   were    at   various    times    his 
guests,  and  at  all  times,  from  their  first 
acquaintance  with  him,  his  fast  friends. 
I).  1813. — Lixdley,  a  grammarian,  and 
moral  writer,  was  b.  in  1745,  of  Quaker 
parents,  at  Swatara,  near  Lancaster,  in 
Pennsylvania.     He  was   originally  des- 
tined for  the  mercantile  profession  ;  but 
having    been    severely  chastised    for   a 
breach   of  domestic  discipline,  he  pri- 
vately left  his  father,  who  was  then  re- 
siding at  New  York,  and,  taking  up  his 
abode  in  a  seminary  at  Burlington,  N.  J., 
he  there  contracted  a  love  of  books  and 
study.     He  afterwards  studied  the  law, 
and    practised   as   a   barrister;    but,   in 
course  of  time,  he  quitted  the  'bar  for  the 
counting-house,  and  by  mercantile  pur- 
suits  having  realized   a  competency,  he 
eventually    settled    at    Holdgate,    near 
York.     His  works  consist  of  an   "  En- 
glish  Grammar."  "  English    Exercises" 
and    "Key;"    the    "English    Reader," 
with  an  '"Introduction"  and  "Sequel" 
to    the   same ;    two   French   selections, 
"Le  Lecteur  Francois,"  and  "Introduc- 
tion au  Lecteur  Franqois,"   "  The   En- 
glish  Spelling  Book,"   "The  Power  of 
Religion  on  the  Mind,"  and  "The  Duty 
and  Benefit  of  Reading  the  Scriptures." 
These   publications    were   all    lucrative, 
and  deservedly  so ;  and   it  is  no  small 
satisfaction   to   know,  that   his   private 
life  was  as  amiable  as  his  labors  in  the 
cause  of  education  and  morals  were  suc- 
cessful.     D.  1826.  —  William  Vaus.   a 
distinguished  diplomatist,  was  b.  in  Ma- 
ryland, about  1762.     He  studied  the  law 
in   England,  practised   it  in    his   native 
country,  and  became  a  senator  of  the 
U.  S.     As  minister  at  the  Hague  he  suc- 
ceeded in  preserving  harmony  between 
the  American  and  Batavian  republics; 
and  the  reconciliation  between  the  U.  S. 
and  France  was  effected  chiefly  through 
his   agency  as   envoy  extraordinary  to 
the  French  republic.     D.  1S03. 

MUSiEUS,  a  philosopher  and  poet  of 
antiquity,  who  is  said  to  have  been  the 
son  of  Orpheus,  and  president  of  the 
Elcusinian  mysteries  at  Athens.  He 
versified  the  oracles,  and  wrote  a  poem 
on  the  sphere.  A  hill  near  Athens  was 
called  by  his  name.  He  is  to  be  distin- 
guished from  Musams  the  grammarian, 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPHY. 


nap] 


who  wrote  n  poem,  called  "Tlie  Loves 
of  Hero  nad  Lcanaer." — John-  Charles 
Augustus,  an  eminent  German  writer, 
b.  at  Jena,  in  17:1"),  was  professor  at  the 
gymnasium  of  Weimar,.and  author  of 
'•  Physiognomical  Travels."  "Popular 
Taks  of  the  Germans,"  <fec.     D.  1787. 

MUSGRAVE,  Sir  Richard,  an  Irish 
historian,  was  b.  about  1758.  He  was  a 
member  of  parliament,  and  collector  of 
the  excise  for  Dublin.  In  1801  he  pub- 
lished "Memoirs  of  the  Rebellions  in 
Ireland,"  a  work  which  gave  great  of- 
fence to  the  Roman  Catholics,  on  account 
of  the  picture  exhibited  in  it  ofthe  atro- 
cities committed  by  the  insurgents  in 
17^s.  D.  1813. — William,  a  physician 
and  antiquary,  was  b.  at  Charlton,  in 
Somersetshire,  in  1(557,  and  educated  at 
'Winchester  school,  and  New  College, 
Oxford.  He  became  a  fellow  nf  the 
royal  college  of  physicians,  and  also  of 
the  Royal  Society;  to  which  last  learned 
body  he  acted  as  secretary.  In  1691  he 
settled  at  Exeter,  and  d.  there  in  1721. 
Besides  some  Latin  tracts  on  the  gout,  he 
published  four  volumes  of  dissertations 
on  Roman  and  British  Antiquities. — Dr. 
Samukl,  Lis  grandson,  was  also  a  physi- 
cian at  Exeter,  where  he  d.  in  17S2.  He 
rendered  himself  notorious  in  176",  by 
charging  toe  ministers  with  having  been 
bribed  to  settle  a  peace  advantageous  to 
France.  As  a  scholar  he  is  known  by 
an  edition  of  Euripides,  and  two  disser- 
tations v-n  the  Grecian  mythology  and 
the  Olympiads. 

MUTIANA,  Girolamo,  an  Italian 
painter,  b.  at  Brescia.  He  was  a  great 
favorite  with  Pope  Gregory  XIII.,  who 
employed  him  to  paint  a  picture  of  St. 
Paul  the  hermit,  and  another  of  St.  An- 
thony, for  the  church  of  St.  Peter.  Six- 
tus  V.  also  held  him  in  esteem,  and 
intrusted  to  him  the  designs  for  the  has- 


r,r>5 


reliefs  of  the  column  of  Trajan.  At  tho 
instance  of  this  artist,  Pope  Gregory 
founded  the  academy  of  St.  Luke,  which 
Sixtns  coufirmod  by  a  brief;  and  Muti- 
ano  gave  two  houses  to  the  institution. 
I».  lot»0. 

MUTIUS,  Oeltds,  first  named  Codrns, 
and  afterward.-  ScffiVOJO,  an  illustrious 
Roman,  who  distinguished  himself  in 
the  war  against  Porsenna,  When  tlmt 
prince  besieged  Koine,  Mutius  en;  I 
his  camp  to  assassinate  him,  and,  by 
mistake,  stabbed  one  of  his  attendants, 
Being  seized  anl  brought  before  Por- 
senna, he  said  that  lie  was  one  of  three 
hundred  who  had  engaged  by  oath  to 
slay  him,  and  added,  "This  baud, 
which  has  missed  its  purpose,  ought  to 
suffer."  On  saying  this  he  thrust  it 
into  the  coals  which  were  burning  upon 
the  altar,  and  suffered  it  t<>  be  consumed. 
Porsenna,  struck  with  his  intrepidity, 
made  peace  with  the  Romans.  The 
name  of  Sesevola,  or  left-handed  was 
given  him  as  a  mark  of  distinction  to 
Mutius  and  his  family. 

MYRON,  a  celebrated  Greek-  sculptor, 
whose  works  arc  highly  praised  by  tho 
Greek  and  Latin  poets,  was  a  native  of 
Eleutheris,  and  is  supposed  to  have 
flourished  about  430  b.  c. 

MYSON,  one  of  the  seven  wise  men 
of  Greece.  Anacharsis,  the  Scythian, 
having  inquired  of  Apollo,  who  was  the 
wisest  man  in  Greece,  was  answered, 
"  He  who  is  now  ploughing  his  fields." 
This  was  Myson. 

MYTENS,  Arnold,  a  painter,  was  b. 
at  Brussels,  in  1541.  He  painted  sev- 
eral capital  pictures  for  churches  in 
Italy;  and  d.  in  1602. — Martin,  a  Swe- 
dish painter  was  b.  at  Stockholm,  16(J5. 
He  fixed  his  residence  at  Vienna,  and 
was  greatly  esteemed  by  tho  Emperor 
Charles  VI.    D.  1755. 


N. 


NAIIL,  Johann  Auoust,  an  eminent 
Prassian  sculptor,  b.  at  Berlin,  in  1710. 
He  executed  the  admirable  colossal 
Btatuc  of  the  landgrave  Frederic,  which 
stands  in  Frederic's  square.  In  1755  he 
was  created  professor  in  the  academy 
of  arts  at  Cassel,  and  d.  there  in  1731. 

NANI,  Giovanni  B.vttista,  a  Venetian 
Historian,  was  b.  1(516.— -He  distinguished 
himself  as  ambassador  to  the  French 
court,  where  he  obtained  succors  for 
the  republic  to  carry  on  the  war  against 


Turkey.  He  was  afterwards  employed 
in  other  missions  of  importance,  fir 
which  he  was  made  proctor  of  St.  Mark, 
and  captain-general  of  the  marine.  Ho 
was  the  author  of"  Istoria  dclla  Repub- 
lics. Yencta,"  and  was  historiographer 
and  keeper  of  the  archives  of  the  repub- 
lic.    D.  1678. 

NAPIER,  John,  lord  of  Merchiston, 
in  Scotland,  a  celebrated  mathematician, 
was  b.  in  1550,  and  educated  at  the  uni- 
versity of  St.  Andrew's.     After  having 


656 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


travelled  in  France,  Italy,  and  Germany, 
he  returned  to  his  native  country,  where 
he  wholly  devoted  himself  to  the  study 
of  mathematics  and  theology.  Being 
much  attached  to  astronomy  and  spher- 
ical geometry,  he  wished  to  find  out  a 
short  method  of  calculating  triangles, 
pines,  tangents,  &c. ;  and  to  the  exer- 
tions arising  out  of  this  desire  is  to  be 
attributed  his  admirable  invention  of 
Logarithms,  first  made  public  in  1614, 
and  which  alone  has  immortalized  his 
name.  The  Napier  "bones,  or  rods," 
for  multiplying  and  dividing,  were  in- 
vented by  him.  He  also  made  several 
improvements  in  spherical  trigonome- 
try, and  was  regarded  by  the  celebrated 
Kepler  as  one  of  the  greatest  men  of  the 
age.  D.  1617. — Macvky,  whose  name 
will  long  be  memorable  in  connection 
with  the  "Edinburgh  Review"  and  the 
"Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  was  profes- 
sor of  conveyancing  in  the  university 
of  Edinburgh,  and  one  of  the  principal 
clerks  of  the"  court  of  session.  lie  passed 
as  a  writer  to  the  signet  in  1799  ;  but  he 
soon  discovered  a  decided  bias  for  lit- 
erary pursuits;  and  his  various  acquire- 
ments, literary  and  legal,  his  profound 
erudition,  and  his  sound  judment,  found 
ample  scope  for  their  development  in 
the  last  edition  of  the  "  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica,"  of  which  he  became  editor. 
In  1829  he  succeeded  Mr.  (afterwards 
Lord)  Jeffrey,  in  the  editorship  of  the 
"  Edinburgh  Review."     D.  1847. 

NARES,  James,  was  b.  at  Stanwell, 
1715.  In  1755  he  became  organist  and 
composer  to  the  king,  and  was  created 
doctor  of  music  at  Cambridge.  In  1757 
he  was  appointed  master  of  the  choris- 
ters of  his  majesty's  chapel.  He  pub- 
lished, besides  his  compositions  of 
sacred  music,  which  are  marked  by 
great  genius,  and  a  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  the  science,  several  books  of 
instructions.  D.  1783. — Robert,  a  learn- 
ed critic  and  theologian,  was  the  son  of 
the  preceding.  He  was  a  prebendary 
of  Lincoln,  archdeacon  of  Stafford,  can- 
on of  Lichfield,  and  rector  of  Allhallows, 
Loudon.  He  established  and  conducted 
the  "British  Critic,"  a  high  church  lit- 
erary review ;  and  among  his  separate 
works  are,  "Elements  of  Orthoepy," 
"  A  Glossary  of  Words,  Phrases,  <fec, 
in  the  Works  of  English  Antjiors  of  the 
age  of  Queen  Elizabeth,"  "  A  Chrono- 
logical View  of  the  Prophecies  relating 
to  the  Christian  Chu  -ch,"  &c.  D.  1829. 
NASH,  Richard,  commonly  called 
Bean  Nash,  the  once  celebrated  arbiter 
of    fashion    at    Bath,    was   b.    1674,   at 


Swansea,  in  Glamorganshire.     He  wa« 
originally  intended  for  the  law,  but  en- 
tered   the   army,    which,   however,    he 
soon  quitted,  and  took  chambers  in  the 
Temple.     Here  he  devoted  himself  en- 
tirely  to    pleasure    and     fashion;    and 
when  King  William  visited  the  Inn,  ho 
was  chosen  master  of  the  pageant  with 
which  it  was  customary  to  welcome  the 
monarch.      In  1704   he   was   appointed 
master  of  the  ceremonies  at  Bath,  and 
immediately  instituted  a  set  of  regula- 
tions as  remarkable  for  their  strictness 
as  for  their  judicious  adaptation  to  tho 
wants  and  society  of  the  place ;  and  as 
he  drew  the  whole  beau-monde  to  Bath, 
he  was  justly  regarded  as  a  public  bene- 
factor there.      While  in  the  plenitude 
of  his  power  and  popularity,  Nash  lived 
in  the  most  splendid  style,  supporting 
his  expenses  by  a  long  run  of  success 
at  the   gaming   table.      His   dress  was 
covered  with   expensive   lace,   and    he 
wore   a  large  white   cocked   hat.     The 
chariot  in  which  he  rode  was  drawn  by 
six  gray  horses,  and  attended  by  a  long 
retinue  of  servants,  some  on  horse,  oth- 
ers on  foot,  while  his  progress  through 
the  streets  was  made  known  by  a  band 
of  French  horns  and  other  instruments. 
His  common  title  was  the  king  of  Bath, 
and  his  reign  continued,  with  undimin- 
ished splendor  for  more  than  50  years. 
His  health  then  began  to  decline,  and  his 
resources  grew  less  plentiful.     As  the 
change  in  his  spirits  and  circumstances 
became   more   evident,   his   former   ac- 
quaintances gradually  forsook  him,  and 
he  died  in  comparative  indigence  and 
solitude,  in  1761. 

NASM1TH,  James,  a  divine,  was  b. 
at  Norwich,  in  1740.  He  published  "A 
Catalogue  of  Bennet  College  Library," 
an  edition  of  the  "Itineraries  of  Simon 
and  William  of  Worcester,"  a  new  edi- 
tion of  Tanner's  "  Notitia  Monastica," 
&c.  D.  1802. — Peter,  an  eminent  land- 
scape painter,  was  b.  at  Edinburgh,  in 
1786.  At  the  age  of  20  he  removed  to 
London,  where  his  talents  soon  attract- 
ed notice,  and  procured  him  the  appel- 
lation of  the  English  Hobbima.  His 
works  are  deservedly  in  high  repute, 
and  there  are  few  collections  of  import- 
ance in  England  but  what  contain  some 
of  them.     I).  1831. 

NAYLOR,  James,  a  Quaker,  b.  at 
Ardsley,  near  Wakefield,  Yorkshire, 
1616.  He  was,  in  1641,  a  private  in  the 
parliamentary  .army,  and  rose  to  the 
office  of  quarter-master  under  Lambert, 
but  quitted  the  military  life  in  1649. 
The    preaching    and    conversation    of 


KklJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    DIOGRAPHT. 


G57 


GeDrgc  Fox  converted  him  to  Quaker- 
ism, 1631,  and  thinking  himself  divinely 

inspired,  he  became  an  itinerant  minis- 
ter. In  1656  he  was  imprisoned  Cor  his 
extravagant  conduct  at  Exeter,  where 
his  followers  addressed  him  as  the 
prince  of  peace;  and  afterwards,  when 
liberated  from  confinement,  he  went  to 
Bristol.  He  was  accompanied  by  an 
enthusiastic  cavalcade,  who  sang  before 
him  "Holy,  holy,  holy,  is  the  Lord  God 
of  hosts,  Hosannain  the  highest."  This 
fanatic  zeal  was  noticed  by  the  parlia- 
ment. Naylor  was  accused  and  con- 
demned as  guilty  of  blasphemy,  and  us 
an  impostor:  he  was  exposed  in  the 
pillory,  whipped,  and  branded  on  the 
forehead  ;  his  tongue  was  bored  through 
with  a  red-hot  iron  at  the  Old  Exchange, 
and  he  was  then  imprisoned  in  Bride- 
well for  life.  After  two  years  imprison- 
ment he  was  set  at  liberty,  and,  in  1660, 
he  left  London  to  return  to  Wakefield, 
to  his  wife  and  family,  but  d.  by  the 
way. 

NEAL,  Daniel,  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, was  b.  in  1678,  in  London ;  was  ed- 
ucated at  Merchant  Tailors'  school,  and 
at  Utrecht;  became  minister  to  a  con- 
gregation in  Jewin-street ;  and  d.  in 
1743.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  the 
Puritans,"  and  a  "  History  of  New  En- 
gland." 

NEANDER,  Johann  August  Wil- 
heut,  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
ecclesiastical  historians  of  modern  times, 
was  b.  at  Gottingen,  17S9.  His  parents 
were  Jews.  They  removed  to  Ham- 
burgh when  their  son  was  very  young; 
and  to  the  excellent  institutions  of  that 
city  he  was  indebted  for  great  part  of  his 
education.  In  his  lfith  year  he  was  con- 
verted to  Christianity,  and  proceeded  to 
study  first  at  Halle  and  then  at  Gottin- 
gen,  where  he  gained  the  reputation  of 
great  learning  and  piety,  though  strug- 
gling with  an  extremity  of  poverty  that 
would  have  crushed  a  le^s  ardent  and 
heroic  soul.  After  a  short  sojourn  at 
Hamburgh  he  removed  to  Heidelberg,  in 
1811,  and  occupied  himself  in  writing 
his  firs';  work,  "The  Emperor  Julian 
and  his  Age,"  which  led  to  his  appoint- 
ment to  a  chair  of  theology  in  that  uni- 
versity, in  1812.  A  i'ew  months  after- 
Wards  he  was  nominated  to  the  same 
chair  in  the  then  infant  university  of 
Berlin,  where  he  had  Marheinecke  and 
Bchleiermacher  for  his  colleagues ;  and 
here  lie  labored  assiduously  for  38 
years,  producing  his  "History  of  the 
Christian  Church,"  and  other  ecclesias- 
tical works   of  the  highest  value.     He 


was  a  person  of  simple  but  eccentric 
manners,  and  greatly  belt  ved.  D.  I860. 
NECK.ER,  Jakes,  an  eminent  finan- 
cier and  statesman,  was  b.  in  1782,  at 
Geneva,  and  for  many  years  curried  on 
the  business  of  a  banker  at  Paris.  Bis 
'•  Eulogy  on  Colbert,"  his  "Treatise  on 
the  (dm  Laws  and  Trade,"  and  some 
"  Essays  on  the  Resources  of  France," 

inspired  such  an  idea  of  his  talents 'for 
finance,  that,  in  1776,  he  was  appointed 
director  of  the  treasury,  and,  shortly 
after,  comptroller-general.  Before  his 
resignation,  in  1781,  he  published  a 
statement  of  his  operations,  addressed 
to  the  king;  and,  while  in  retirement, 
he  produced  a  work  on  the  "Adminis- 
tration of  the  Finances,''  and  another 
on  the  "Importance  of  Religious  Opin- 
ions." He  was  reinstated  in  the  comp- 
trollership  in  1788,  and  advised  tho 
convocation  of  the  states-general ;  was 
abruptly  dismissed,  and  ordered  to  quit 
the  kingdom,  in  July,  1789;  but  was 
almost  instantly  recalled,  in  consequence 
of  the  ferment  which  his  departure  ex- 
cited in  the  public  mind.  Necker,  how- 
ever, soon  became  as  much  an  object  of 
antipathy  to  the  people  as  he  had  been 
of  their  idolatry,  and  in  1790  he  left 
France  for  ever.'  D.  at  Copet,  in  Switz- 
erland, 1804.— Susanna,  his  wife,  whoso 
maiden  name  was  Curchod,  was  a  wom- 
an of  talent,  and  wrote  "  Reflections  on 
Divorce,"  and  "  Miscellanies."'  She  was 
the  object  of  Gibbon's  early  attachment. 

NEEDIIAM,  John  Turbervtlle,  a 
natural  philospher,  was  b.  in  1713,  at 
London;  was  educated  at  Douay ;  and 
d.  in  1781,  director  of  the  imperial 
academy  at  Brussels.  Among  his 
works  are,  "Inquiries  on  Microscopical 
Discoveries,"  "  New  Microscopical  Dis- 
coveries," "Inquiries concerning  Nature 
and  Religion,"  and  an  "Essay  on  the 
Origin  of  the  Chinese  Empire." 

NEELE,  Henry,  a  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  b.  1798  ;  followed 
the  profession  of  an  attorney  ;  and  put 
an  end  to  his  existence  in  a  fit  of  insani- 
ty, Feb.  7,  1S28.  He  is  the  author  of 
"Poems,"  "Dramatic  and  Miscellane- 
ous Poetry,"  "The  Romance  of  English 
History,"  and  "Literary  Remains." 

NELSON,  Horatio,  Viscount,  was  b. 
Sept.  29,  1758,  at  Burnham  Thorpe,  in 
Norfolk,  of  which  parish  his  father  was 
the  rector.  At  the  age  of  12  he  wont  to 
sea  as  a  midshipman,  with  his  uncle, 
Captain  Suckling.  He  reached  the  rank 
of  post-captain  in  1779,  and  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  tli3  Hin- 
chinbroko  frigate.     During  the  Amcri- 


658 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ne^v 


can  war,  and  the  succeeding  peace,  he 
trained  the  character  of  a  good  officer; 
the  war  of  the  revolution  gave  him  that 
Of  a  great  one.  In  1793  lie  was  appoint- 
od  to  the  Agamemnon,  forming  a  part 
of  Lord  Hood's  squadron  in  the  Medi- 
terranean. Tnere  lie  distinguished  him- 
self at  tue  sieges  of  Bastia  and  Calvi.  at 
the  last  of  which  lie  lost  an  eye;  har- 
assed the  enemy  with  incessant  activi- 
ty ;  anil  contributed  so  largely  to  the 
victory  of  Cape  St.  Vincent,  that  he  was 
made  a  rear-admiral,  and  received  the 
order  of  the  Bath.  In  an  attack  upon 
Santa  Cruz  he  failed,  and  lost  his  right 
arm.  lu  1798  lie  destroyed  the  French 
fleet,  on  the  1st  of  August,  in  the  bay 
of  Aboukir;  and  he  subsequently  took 
an  active  part  in  the  expulsion  of  the 
French  from  the  Neapolitan  and  Roman 
territories.  For  this  he  was  created  a 
baron.  In  1801  lie  defeated  the  Danes 
at  the  battle  of  Copenhagen,  and  was 
made  a  viscount;  ami  in  1805,  on  the 
21st  of  October,  he  crowned  his  achieve- 
ments by  the  glorious  victory  of  Trafal- 
gar, over  tiie  united  French  and  Spanish 
squadrons.  This  triumph,  however,  was 
dearly  earned  to  his  country  by  the  loss 
of  the  hero  who  gained  it.  lie  was  mor- 
tally wounded  by  a  rifle  shot,  and  lived 
only  just  long  enough  to  learn  that  the 
success  was  complete. — Thomas,  was  b. 
at  New  York,  in  1738.  He  received  his 
education  in  England,  and  about  the 
close  of  the  year  1761  he  returned  to  his 
native  country,  and  took  up  his  resi- 
dence at  York.  In  1774  lie  was  chosen 
a  member  of  the  house  of  burgesses, 
and  in  the  following  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  delegate  to  the  continental 
congress.  He  held  a  seat  in  this  assem- 
bly for  two  successive  years,  and  again 
in  1779.  In  1781  he  "succeeded  Mr. 
Jefferson  as  governor  of  Virginia.  D. 
1789. — Samuel,  b.  in  1759,  was  one  of 
the  most  ardent  of  the  Irish  patriots  in 
1790,  and  edited  the  "  Northern  Star," 
which  produced  great  effects.  On  the 
rebellion  being  put  down,  in  1796.  he 
was  thrown  into  prison,  where  he  re- 
mained till  set  at  liberty  by  French  inter- 
ference, at  the  treaty  of  Amiens,  in  1802. 
He  then  retired  to  America. 

NEPOS,  Cornelius,  a  Latin  historian, 
is  said  to  have  been  b.  at  Verona,  or  in 
its  vicinity.  He  flourished  under  Julius 
and  Augustus  Csesar,  and  was  a  favorite 
%f  the  latter.  He  wrote  the  "  Lives  of 
celebrated  Greek  and  Roman  Charac- 
ters." 

NERO,  Lucius  Domitius  Claudius,  a 
[toman  emperor,  was  b.  a.  d.  37,  and 


succeeded  Claudius,  by  whom  he  had 
been  adopted.  At  the  connnencemer.*. 
of  his  reign  his  conduct  excited  great 
hopes  in  the  Romans  ;  but  he  soon  de- 
generated into  one  of  the  basest  of 
tyrants.  Some  crimes,  however,  among 
which  is  the  burning  of  Rome,  appear 
to  have  been  falsely  attributed  to  him. 
He  put  an  end  to  his  existence  in  68,  iu 
consequence  of  the  successful  rebellion 
of  Galba. 

NEUHOFF,  Theodore  Stephen,  Ba 
ron,  the  son  of  a  Wcstphalian  noble, 
was  b.  at  Metz,  about  1090.  While  a 
student  at  Cologne,  he  unfortunately 
killed  a  young  man  of  rank  in  a  duel, 
and  fled  to  the  Hague.  But  through  the 
mediation  of  the  Spanish  minister  he 
received  a  lieutenancy  in  the  Spanish 
resiment  of  cavalry  destined  to  march 
against  the  Moors  in  Africa,  and,  on 
account  of  his  good  behavior,  was  pro- 
moted to  a  captaincy.  When  the 
Corsicans,  after  several  unsuccessful  at- 
tempts to  free  themselves  from  the 
oppressions  of  Genoa,  resolved,  in  1735, 
to  form  a  government  of  their  own, 
Neuhoff  was  crowned  king,  had  silver 
and  copper  coins  struck,  and  established 
an  order  of  knighthood,  under  the 
name  of  the  order  of  deliverance.  Theo- 
dore, however,  could  not  maintain  him- 
self against  the  Genoese  and  a  Corsican 
opposition,  he  fled  to  England.  Hero 
Ins  Dutch  creditors  pursued  him,  and 
being  arrested,  he  became  a  prisoner  in 
the  King's  Bench  for  some  years.  His 
liberation  was  effected  through  the  in- 
strumentality of  Horace  Walpole;  but 
he  d.  soon  after,  in  1755. 

NEWCOMBE,  William,  a  learned 
prelate,  was  b.  in  1729,  at  Barton  lo 
Clay,  in  Bedfordshire;  was  educated  at 
Abingdon  school,  and  at  Pembroke  col- 
lege, Oxford ;  was  successively  bishop 
of  Dromore,  Ossory,  and  Waterford; 
was  raised  to  the  archbishopric  of  Ar- 
magh by  Earl  Fitzwilliam.  Of  his 
works  the  principal  are,  "A  harmony 
of  the  Gospels  ;"  "  An  Historical  View 
of  the  English  Biblical  Translations;7' 
and  "Attempts  towards  an  improved 
Version  of  Ezekiel  and  the  Minor 
Prophets."     D.  1800. 

NEWCOMEN,  Thomas,  a  blacksmith 
of  Dartmouth,  in  Devonshire,  lived  at 
the  latter  end  of  the  17th  century, 
and  the  beginning  of  the  ISth.  To 
him  belongs  the  merit  of  the  first  sreat 
improvement  in  steam-engines,  by  form- 
ins:  a  vacuum  under  the  piston,  ami  thus 
bringing  into  action  the  atmospberio 
pressure. 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


NIC] 


NEWTON,  Sir  Isaac,  the  greatest  of 
philosophers,  was  b.  December  25,  104-2. 
at  Colstervorth,  in  Lincolnshire,  ana 
early  displayed  a  talent  for  mechanics 
and  drawing.  He  was  educated  at 
Grantham  sehool,  and  at  Trinity  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  studied  mathe- 
matics witli  the  utmost  assiduity.  In 
1667  lie  obtained  a  fellowship ;  in  1669 
the  mathematical  professorship;  and  in 
1671  he  became  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Society.  It  was  during  his  abode  at 
Cambridge  that  be  made  his  three  great 
discoveries,  of  fluxions,  t lie  nature  of 
light  and  colors,  and  the  laws  of  gravi- 
tation. To  the  latter  of  these  his  at- 
tention was  first  turned  by  his  seeing 
an  apple  full  from  a  tree.  The  "Prin- 
cipia,"  which  unfolded  to  the  world  the 
theory  of  the  universe,  was  not  pub- 
lished till  1687.  In  that  year  also  INew- 
ton  was  chosen  one  of  the  delegates,  to 
defend  the  privileges  of  the  university 
against  James  II. :  and  in  16S8  and  1701 
he  was  elected  one  of  the  members  of 
the  university.  He  was  appointed  war- 
den of  the  Mint  in  1696;  was  made 
master  of  it  in  1699  ;  was  chosen  presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Society  in  1703  ;  and 
was  knighted  in  1705.  Among  his 
works  are,  "  Arithinetica  Universalis," 
"A  New  Method  of  Infinite  Series  and 
Fluxions,"  "Optics,"  "  The  Chronology 
of  Ancient  Kingdoms  amended,"  and 
"Observations  on  the  Prophecies  of 
Daniel  and  the  Apocalypse."  D.  1727. — 
Thomas,  a  learned  prelate,  was  b.  in 
1704,  at  Lichfield ;  was  educated  there, 
at  Westminster,  and  at  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge;  and,  after  having  filled 
various  minor  preferments,  was  made 
bishop  of  Bristol,  in  1761.  He  d.  in 
1782.  His  principal  work  is,  "Disser- 
tations on  the  Prophecies."  He  also 
published  editions,  with  notes,  of  "Pa- 
radise Lost,"  and  "  Paradise  Regained." 
— Gilbert  Stuart,  a  painter  of  consid- 
erable merit,  was  b.  at  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia,  in  1794;  visited  Italy,  about 
1820;  and,  on  his  return  to  England, 
entered  himself  a  student  of  the  Royal 
Academy.  lie  confined  himself  chiefly 
to  small  pictures,  and  illustrated  many 
subjects  in  the  "  Annuals"  and  other 
elegant  publications,  in  a  highly  credit- 
able manner.  His  t  male  figures  are 
strikingly  expressive  of  innocence  as 
well  its  beauty.     D.  183"). 

NEV,  Michakl,  a  French  marshal, 
prince  of  the  Moskwa,  duke  of  Elchin- 
gen,  denominated  "  the  bravest  of  the 
brave"  by  his  countrymen;  was  the  son 
nt  an  artisan,   and   was  b.   in  1769,  at 


<;:,o 


Sarre  Louis.  He  entered  the  army  in 
1787;  exerted  himself  ao  much  in  the 
early  campaigns  of  the  revolution  that 
he  was  called  the  Indefatigable ;  and 
rose  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general 
in  1796.  He  bore  a  pari  in 
achievements  oftho  army  of  the  Rhine, 
particularly  of  the  battle  of  Hohenlindeu. 
In  all  the  campaigns  from  1805  to  181 1. 
Ney  held  high  commands,  and  con- 
stantly signalized  himself  by  his  mili- 
tary skill  and  his  daring  valor.  He 
was  made  a  peer  by  Louis  Will.,  and 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  an  army  to 
stop  the  progress  of  Napoleon  in  1815. 
Ney,  however,  went  over,  with  his  army, 
to  his  former  sovereign,  and  fought  for 
him  at  Quatre  Bras  and  Waterloo.  On 
the  second  restoration  of  tin-  Bourbons, 
he  was  condemned  to  death,  and  was 
shot  on  the  7th  of  December,  1815. 

NICHOLS,  John,  an  antiquary  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  in  17  tl,  at 
Islington;  was  apprenticed  to  Bowyer 
the  printer,  and  became  his  partner; 
conducted  "The  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine" for  nearly  half  a  century;  and  d. 
November  26,  1826.  Among  his  works 
are,  "The  History  and  Antiquities  of 
Leicestershire,"  "  Anecdotes  of  Bow- 
yer," "  Literary  Anecdotes  of  the  Kigh- 
teenth  Century,"  and  "Illustrations  of 
the  Literature  of  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 
turv." 

Nicholson,  James,  an  officer  in  the 

American  navy,  was  b.  in  Uhcstcrtown, 
Md.,  in  1737.  He  followed  the  life  of  a 
sailor  till  the  year  1773,  when  he  mar 
ried  and  settled  in  the  city  of  New 
York.  Here  he  remained  until  1771, 
when  he  returned  to  his  native  province. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  revolution', 
the  government  of  Maryland  built  and 
equipped  a  ship  of  war,  called  the  De- 
fence, and  the  command  of  her  was  in- 
trusted to  Nicholson.  He  performed 
various  exploits  during  the  war,  and  be- 
fore the  close  of  it  was  taken  prisoner 
and  carried  into  New  York-,  lie  d.  in 
1S06. — William,  an  able  writer  on  natu- 
ral philosophy  and  chemistry,  was  b.  in 
1753,  in  London;  was,  successively,  in 
the  maritime  service,  agent  on  the  Con- 
tinent for  Mr.  Wedgwood,  a  mathemati- 
cal teacher,  and  engineer  to  the  Portsea 
water-works;  and  d.  in  indigence,  in 
1815.  His  chief  works  are,  "  An  Intro- 
duction to  Natural  Philosophy;"  "A 
Dictionary  of  Chemistry,"  and  "The 
Navigator's  Assistant."  '  In  17'.'7  he  es- 
tablished the  scientific  journal  which 
hears  his  name,  and  which  he  conducted 
till  his  decease. 


600 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[noi, 


NICOLAT,  Christopher  Frederic,  a 
German  author,' who  was  also  a  book- 
Bt'ller,  was  b.  at  Berlin,  in  1733,  and  d. 
there  in  1811.  Among  his  numerous 
works  are,  "The  Life  and  Opinions  of 
Sebaldus  Nothanker,"  "  A  Tour  in  Ger- 
many and  Switzerland,"  and  "Charac- 
teristic Anecdotes  of  Frederic  II."  He 
also  edited  "  The  Library  of  Belles 
Lettres,"  "  Letters  on  Modern  Litera- 
ture," "The  German  General  Library," 
and  "The  New  German  General  Li- 
brary," the  whole  forming-  nearly  two 
hundred  volumes. 

NICOLAS,  Sir  Nicholas  Harris,  an 
eminent  antiquary,  was  b.  in  Cornwall, 
1799.  At  an  early  age  he  entered  the 
navy,  and  received  his  commission  as 
lieutenant  in  1815,  afier  an  active  and 
adventurous  service  on  the  coast  of  Ca- 
labria. But  he  appears  to  have  been 
called  to  the  bar  in  18'-io.  Shortly  after- 
wards he  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  ;  and  he  thence- 
forward devoted  himself  almost  entirely 
to  antiquarian  literature,  particularly  in 
the  departments  of  genealogy  and  his- 
tory. Almost  all  his  works  have  a  sub- 
stantial historical  value;  such  for  in- 
stance as  his  "  History  of  the  Battle  of 
Agincourt,"  the  memoirs  in  "The 
Siege  of  Carlaverock,"  and  the  "Scrope 
and  Grovesnor  Roll,"  the  "Proceedings 
of  the  Privy  Council,"  his  "Life  of 
Hatton,"  anil  his  "  Dispatches  of  Lord 
Nelson  ;"  but  the  most  useful  in  aid  of 
other  literary  men  were  his  "Chro- 
nology of  History,"  his  "Synopsis  of 
the  "Peerage,"  and  his  "  Testaments 
Vetusta."     D.  1S48. 

NICOLSON,  William,  a  learned  pre- 
late, was  b.  in  1655,  at  Orton,  in  Cum- 
berland ;  was  educated  at  Queen's  col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  was  successively,  in  1702, 
1718,  and  1727,  bishop  of  Carlisle,  and 
of  Derry,  and  archbishop  of  Cashel ; 
and  d.  a  few  days  after  he  was  raised  to 
the  arehiepiscopal  dignity.  "The  En- 
glish, Scotch,  and  Irish  Historical  Li- 
brary," and  the  "Leges  Marchiarum, 
or  Border  Laws,"  are  his  principal  pro- 
ductions. 

NIEBUIIR,  Carsten,  a  celebrated 
traveller,  was  b.  in  1738,  at  Ludings- 
worth,  in  the  duchy  of  Lauenberg;  was 
sent,  in  company  with  four  other  learn- 
ed men,  by  the  Danish  government,  in 
17A1,  to  explore  Arabia;  was  employed 
for  six  years  on  that  mission,  and  was 
the  only  one  who  returned;  was  liber- 
a'.iv  rewarded  Hy  the  Danish  monarch ; 
ami  d.  in  1815.  Among  his  works  are, 
"A  Description  of  Arabia,"  and  "Trav- 


els in  Arabia  and  the  neighboring  Coun- 
tries. '' — G.  B.,  a  son  of  the  foregoing, 
was,  successively,  professor  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Berlin,  counsellor  of  state, 
and  Prussian  ambassador  to  the  pope. 
While  lie  was  at  Rome,  he  discovered 
some  valuable  fragments  of  two  of  Cice- 
ro's orations.  lie  d.  in  1830.  His 
great  work  is  "The  History  of  Rome," 
which  is  far  superior  to  most  of  its 
rivals. 

NIEWLAND,  Peter,  a  Dutch  mathe- 
matician, was  b.  in  1764,  at  Dimmer- 
meer,  near  Amsterdam,  and  d.  in  1794; 
professor  of  natural  philosophy,  mathe- 
matics, and  astronomy,  at  Leyden. 
Niewland  was  an  instance  of  precocious 
talent.  At  seven  years  of  age  he  wrote 
a  poem  to  the  "  Deity,"  and  at  eight  he 
solved  difficult  geometrical  problems 
with  uncommon  facility.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  various  scientific  works,  and  of 
a  volume  of  poetry. 

N1VERNOIS,  Louis  Julius  Barbon 
Mancini  Mazarini,  duke  de,  was  b.  in 
1716,  at  Paris;  served  as  colonel  in 
the  army,  but  was  obliged  by  ill  health 
to  resign  his  commission ;  was,  succes- 
sively, ambassador  at  Rome,  Berlin,  and 
London,  in  which  latter  city  he  negoti- 
ated the  peace  of  1762 ;  was  imprisoned 
by  the  republicans  in  1793;  and  d.  in 
179S.  Among  his  works  are,  "  Fables 
in  Verse,"  "Dialogues  of  the  Dead," 
"  Dramas ;"  and  translations  from  tha 
Latin,  English,  and  Italian. 

NOBLE,  Patrick,  a  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  distinguished  as  a  lawyer  and 
politician.     B.  1787;  d.  1840. 

NOLLEKENS,  Joseph,  an  eminent 
sculptor,  the  son  of  a  painter,  was  b.  in 
1737,  in  London;  studied  under  Sehee- 
maker,  and  subsequently  at  Rome  un- 
der Cavaceppi ;  remained  nine  years  in 
Italy,  during  which  period  he  gained 
great  reputation  as  an  artist,  and  also 
improved  his  fortune  by  dealing  in  an- 
tiquities; returned  to  England  in  1770; 
became  a  royal  academician  in  1772; 
and  was  so  extensively  employed,  par- 
ticularly on  busts,  that  he  accumulated 
£200,000.  He  d.  April  23,  1823.  In  his 
character  Nollekens  had  more  than  the 
usual  share  of  that  singularity  which 
is  supposed  to  be  attendant  upon  ge- 
nius. 

NOLLET,  John  Anthony,  a  French 
natural  philosopher,  was  b.  in  1700,  at 
Pimpre,  acquired  considerable  scientific 
reputation,  and  became  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  of  several  learned 
societies,  and  d.  in  1770.  Besides  vari- 
ous works  on  electricity,  and  other  sub- 


nor] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


GG1 


jects,  he  wrote  "Lccture-s  on  Experi- 
mental Philosophy." 

NOK  DEN,  Frederic  Locis.  an  emi- 
nent traveller,  a  captain  in  the  Danish 
navy,  was  b.  in  1708,  at  Gluekstadt,  in 
Holstcin.  lie  was  sent  by  his  sovereigu 
to  France  and  Holland,  to  collect  naval 
information,  and  afterwards  to  Egypt  to 
describe  and  design  the  ancient  monu- 
ments of  that  country.  lie  d.  in  1  Ti'J. 
He  is  the  author  of  "Travels  in  Egypt 
and  Nubia,"  and  of  a  "  Memoir  on  the 
Ruins  and  Colossal  Statues  of  Thebes." 
— John,  an  old  English  writer,  who  is 
conjectured  by  Wood  to  have  been  a 
native  of  Wilts.  He  received  his  edu- 
cation at  Oxford,  and  wrote  some  strange 
books  in  divinity,  with  very  whimsical 
titles,  as  "The  Sinful  Man's  Solace," 
11  Antithesis,  or  Contrariety  between  the 
Wicked  and  Godly  set  forth  in  a  Pair  of 
Gloves  fit  for  every  Man  to  wear,"  &e. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  the  "Sur- 
veyor's Dialogue,"  "  Labyrinth  of  Man's 
Life,"  a  poem,  "England,  or  a  Guide 
for  Travellers,"  and  "  Topographical 
Descriptions  of  Middlesex,  Hertford- 
shire, and  Cornwall."  He  was  surveyor 
of  the  king's  lands,  and  d.  about  1625. 

NORRIS,  Sir  John,  a  brave  naval 
officer,  who  served  his  country  nearly 
sixty  years,  commencing  in  16S9,  and 
terminating,  with  his  life,  in  1749.  The 
frequent  accidents  and  misfortunes 
which  befell  the  ships  and  squadrons 
under  his  command,  and  which  could 
not  be  warded  otf  by  any  human  pru- 
dence or  sagacity,  procured  him  the 
appellation  of  "  Foul-weather  Jack  ;" 
yet  in  the  duties  of  his  profession  no 
man  could  be  more  assiduous. — John, 
an  eminent  divine  and  Platonist,  was  b. 
in  1657,  at  Collingbourae  Kingston,  in 
Wiltshire,  and  became  rector  of  Bemer- 
ton,  neat  Salisbury,  where  he  d.  1711. 
He  ranks  as  one  of  the  most  eminent  of 
the  English  Platonists,  and  was  a  good 
man,  though  a  visionary.  Among  his 
works  are,"  "The  Theory  and  Regula- 
tion of  Love,"  "Reflections  upon  the 
Conduct  of  Human  Life,"  "Practical 
Discourses,"  "  An  Essay  towards  the 
Theoiy  of  the  Ideal  'or  Intelligible 
World,'  and  "  Philosophical  Discourse 
concerning  the  Natural  Immortality  of 
the  Soul." 

NORTH.  Rooer,  a  lawyer  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  the  youngest  son  of 
Dudley  Lord  North,  was  attorney-gen- 
eral under  James  II.,  and  d.  in  1733. 
He  wrote  the  "  Lives"  of  his  three  bro- 
„hers,  Lord  Keeper  North,  Sir  Dudley 
North,  and  Dr.  John  Nort  b,  all  of  whom 
56 


were  eminent  men;  "Exnmen,  or  In- 
quiry into  the  Credit  and  Ver 
Rennet's  History."  "A  History  oi  Es- 
culent Fish,"  and  other  works. 
ERIC,  carl  of  Guildford,  better  kimwn  as 
Lord  North,  was  b.  in  1782,  and  edu- 
cated at  Kton,  and  Trinity  college,  Ox- 
ford. After  having  held  several  less 
important  offices,  lie  was,  in  1707,  ap- 
pointed chancellor  of  the  exchequer, 
and,  in  177o,  first  lord  of  the  treasnry. 
His  administration  continued  through 
the  whole  of  the  American  war,  during 
which  he  was  incessantly  assailed  by 
the  opposition,  and  was  often  threatened 
with  impeachment.  In  17s-.'  he  resign- 
ed, but  in  1783  he  was  for  a  few  months 
a  member  of  the  coalition  ministry.  Ho 
was  blind  for  some  years  previous  to 
his  decease,  which  took  place  in  1792. 

NORTHCOTE,  James,  an  eminent 
portrait  and  historical  painter,  was  b.  in 
1746,  at  Plymouth,  where  his  father  was 
a  watchmaker.  Having  a  taste  for  the 
fine  arts,  and  being  flattered  by  praises 
bestowed  on  his  early  productions,  he 
pursued  the  practice  of  drawing  and 
painting  with  so  much  assiduity,  that 
Dr.  Mudge,  a  physician  of  Plymouth, 
recommended  him  as  a  scholar  to  Sir 
Joshua  Reynolds,  with  whom  he  re- 
mained five  years;  and  on  leaving  that 
great  artist  he  commenced  business  on 
his  own  account,  with  great  success,  as 
a  portrait  painter.  Aspiring,  however, 
to  the  loftier,  though  less  lucrative  de 
partment  of  historical  painting,  lie  vis 
ited  Italy  in  1777,  and  remaining  there 
three  years,  he  returned  to  London 
with  a  vastly  increased  reputation.  In 
1787  he  became  a  royal  academician,  and 
for  a  period  of  thirty  years  his  produc- 
tions formed  a  conspicuous  part  of  the 
exhibitions  at  Somerset  house.  He 
studied  deeply,  was  an  acute  observer 
of  human  nature,  and  possessed  a  sound 
judgment,  a  quick  perception,  and  great 
conversational  powers.  He  wrote  "The 
Life  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,"  also, 
"Fables."  "Conversations,"  and  "The 
Life  of  Titian,"  in  all  of  which  he  was 
assisted  by  Mr.  Hozlitt.  He  amassed  a 
large  fortune  by  his  profession,  and  his 
habits  were  too  penurious  to  dissipate 
it.     D.  1881. 

NORTON,  John,  a  clergyman  of 
Boston,  was  b.  in  Hertfordshire,  En- 
gland, in  1606.  After  receiving  a  the- 
ological education,  he  adopted  the  creed 
and  practice  of  the  Puritan? .  and  in  1635 
emigrated  to  New  England.  He  was 
first  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Ipswich, 
but  was  afterwards  prevailed  on  to  ro- 


GG2 


CTCLOP/EDIA    OF    BIOGRAFIIY. 


[num 


move  to  Boston.  In  1662  he  was  ap- 
pointed i. ne  of  the  two  agents  of  the 
colony  to  address   King  Charles  on  his 

restoration,  but  they  did  not  fully  suc- 
ceed in  the  objects  of  their  mission,  lie 
d.  in  1663.  His  theological  works  were 
n microns,  and  he  published  several 
political  tracts. 

NORWOOD,  Richard,  an  English 
geometrician,  of  the  17th  century,  was 
the  first  who  measured  a  degree  of  the 
meridian  in  England.  The  operation 
was  performed  in  lfi35,  and  was  carried 
on  between  London  and  York.  No 
particulars  of  his  life  are  recorded.  He 
wrote  treatises  on  "Trigonometry,"  on 
"Navigation,11  and  on  "Fortification.1' 

NOSTREDAME,  or  NOSTRADA- 
MUS, Michael,  a  famous  astrologer 
and  empiric,  was  b.  in  1503,  at  St.  Reini, 
in  Provence.  After  having  practised 
physic  for  some  years,  he  assumed  the 
character  of  a  prophet,  and,  in  1555, 
published  seven  centuries  .of  "  Predic- 
tions, "  each  of  which  was  comprised  in 
a  stanza  of  four  lines.  They  became 
-wpnlar,  and  he  received  valuable  prcs- 
ei.'.s  from  Charles  IX.,  Catharine  of 
Mcdicis,  the  duke  of  Savoy,  and  other 
eminent  persons.     D.  156*5. 

NOTT,  John-,  a  physician,  poet,  and 
translator,  was  b.  in  1751,  at  Worcester, 
settled  at  the  Hot  Wells,  Bristol,  in  1793, 
as  a  physician,  and  d.  there  in  1S26. 
Among  his  works  are  various  poems ; 
translations  from  llafiz,  Propertius,  Ca- 
tullus, Horace,  Lucretius,  Johannes  Se- 
cundus,  Bonefonins,  and  Petrarch ;  a 
"  Nosological  Companion,"  and  select 
poems  from  Herrick's  "  Hesperides." 

NODE,  Francis  de  i.a,  a  French  Cal- 
vinist  warrior,  surname  1  Iron-arm,  from 
the  loss  of  his  left  arm  being  supplied 
by  an  artificial  limb  of  iron,  was  h.  in 
1531,  in  Britany,  and  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  wars  in  Italy,  the  Nether- 
lands, and  France.  He  was  killed  in 
1591,  at  the  siege  of  Lamballe.  La  None 
was  no  less  admired  for  his  virtues  than 
for  his  military  talent.  He  is  the  author 
of  "  Political  and  Military  Discourses," 
and  •'  Remarks  on  Guicciardinrs  His- 
tory." 

NOVATIAN,  or  NOVATIANDS,  a 
Greek  philosopher,  who  embraced 
Christianity,  and  was  admitted  a  mem- 
ber of  the  priesthood.  He  started  the 
doctrine,  that  it  was  sinful  to  adm.t 
persons  who  had  once  lapsed  to  idolatry 
to  jomraunion,  a  practice  then  universal 


in  the  church.  This  produced  a  schism, 
in  which  Novatian  had  many  partisans, 
who  called  themselves  Catharites,  (puri- 
tans,) or  Novatians,  from  their  founder. 
This  sect,  after  the  council  of  Nice,  fell 
into  disrepute  in  the  W'estcrn  empire, 
though  they  continued  to  prevail  for  a 
much  longer  period  in  the  East. 

NOVES,  Laoka  de,  the  female  whom 
Petrarch  has  immortalized  in  his  poems, 
was  b.  near  Avignon,  in  1307  or  1308, 
married  Hugh  de  Sade  in  1325,  and  d. 
in  1348. 

NOY,  William,  a  celebrated  lawy»r, 
who  may  be  considered  as  one  ot  The 
main  authors  of  the  civil  war  between 
Charles  I.  and  his  people,  was  b  in 
1577,  at,  St.  Bnrian,  in  Cornwall,  and 
studied  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  and 
Lincoln's  Inn.  In  the  reign  of  James 
I.  Nov  sat  in  parliament  for  Ilelston, 
and  subsequently  for  St.  Ives,  and  was 
a  stern  opponent  of  the  court.  But  in 
1631  Charles  converted  him  by  appoint- 
in?  him  to  the  office  of  attorney-general, 
and  Nov  was  thenceforth  an  inveterato 
enemy  of  liberty.  Among  other  per- 
nicious measures  he  is  said  to  have  ori- 
ginated  the  claim  of  ship  money.  D. 
liv!4.  Among  his  works  are,  "  A  Trea- 
tise on  the  Grounds  and  Maxims  of  the 
Law  of  England,"  "The  Perfect  Con- 
veyancer," and  "The  Complete  Law- 
yer." 

NUGENT,  Thomas,  was  a  native  of 
Ireland,  but  settled  in  London,  where 
he  produced  numerous  works.  Among 
them  are,  "  A  French  and  English  Dic- 
tionary," which  has  been  often  re- 
printed, "Travels  through  Germany," 
"  Observations  on  Italy  and  its  Inhab- 
itants," "The  Tour  of  Europe,"  "  Con- 
dillac's  Essay  on  the  Origin  of  Human 
Knowledge,"  "  Renault's  History  of 
France,"  Ac:    D.  1772. 

NUMA  POMPILIUS.  the  second  king 
of  Rome,  was  b.  at  Cures,  a  Sabine  vil- 
lage, and  married  Tatia,  the  daughter 
of  the  king  of  the  Sabines.  He  was 
chosen  by  the  Romans  as  their  sovereign 
after  the  death  of  Romulus  ;  introdrced 
many  reformations  among  them  di  ring 
a  reiffri  of  43  years.     D.  672  b.  c. 

NUMERIAN,  Marcus  Ai-relks,  a 
Roman  emporor,  the  son  of  Cams,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne  a.  d.  282,  and  after 
a  reign  of  eight  months,  was  mr>  lered 
by  Arrius  Aper,  his  father-in-law  Nn- 
merian  was  a  good  writer,  and  *a  elo- 
quent speaker. 


OC.n] 


CTCLOP^EDIA    OF    BIOGRAI  IIY. 


CC3 


0. 


DATES,  Titus,  one  of  tl.c  most  in- 
famous characters  that  c>-er  disgraced 
humanity,  was  b.  about  1019,  was  edu- 
cated at  Merchant  Tailors'  school,  and 
at  Cambridge ;  became  a  Koman  Catho- 
lic and  a  Jesuit  in  1677,  but,  shortly 
after,  declared  himself  a  Protestant,  <v>d 
gave  information  of  a  pretended  popish 
plot,  by  which  means  lie  excited  a  pop- 
alar  ferment,  and  brought  many  inno- 
cent individuals  to  the  scaffold.  In  the 
reign  of  James  IT.  Oates  was  tried  for 
perjury,  and  a  dreadfully  severe  sen- 
tence was  passed  upon  him.  After  the 
revolution  he  was  pensioned.     D.  1705. 

OBERLIN,  Jeremiah  James,  a  Ger- 
man antiquary  and  philologist,  was  b. 
at  Strasburg,  in  1735.  lie  began  his 
career  as  teacher  in  the  gymnasium  of 
his  native  place,  and  after  he  had  ex- 
tended his  knowledge  and  reputation 
by  his  travels,  he  was  transferred  to  the 
university;  in  1782  he  obtained  the 
ohair  of  logic  and  metaphysics,  to  which, 
in  1787,  was  added  the  office  of  director 
of  the  gymnasium.  The  French  rev- 
olution interrupted  his  learned  labors, 
and  in  7793  he  was  imprisoned  at  Metz, 
and  treated  with  great  cruelty,  but  at 
the  termination  of  Robespierre's  tyranny 
he  was  liberated,  and  resumed  his  lit- 
erary occupations.  He  published  vain- 
able  editions  of  Tacitus,  Gsesar,  Ovid, 
and  Horace,  and  produced  a  number  of 
works  on  archaeology,  statistics,  &c. 
D.  1806. 

O'CONNELL,  Daniel,  of  Darrynanc 
abbey,  the  great  Irish  "  agitator,"  or 
"liberator,"  was  the  son  of  a  small 
landed  proprietor  in  the  county  of  Ker- 
ry, where  he  was  b.  Auar.  fi,  1775.  Edu- 
cated at  the  Catholic  college  of  St.  Omer, 
and  at  the  Irish  seminary  of  Douay,  lie 
at  first  intended  to  enter  the  church, 
but  after  the  repeal  of  the  act  which 
prohibited  Koman  Catholics  from  prac- 
tising  at  the  bar,  he  became  a  student 
of  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1794,  was  admitted 
a  barrister  in  1798,  and  soon  acquired  a 
largo  practice,  which  yielded  him  a 
hand>ome  income.  In  1S09  he  became 
lonnoited  with  the  associations  which 
had  the  emancipation  of  the  Catholics 
for  their  object,  and  the  powers  of  elo- 
quence, together  with  ttie  boundless 
zeal  which  he  displayed  in  this  cause, 
soon  made  him  the  idol  of  his  Catholic, 
and  the  dr.wd  of  his  Protestant,  coun- 


trymen. In  i815,  having  applied  tho 
epithet  "beggarly"  to  the  Dnoiin  cor- 
poration, he  was  challenged  by  Alder- 
man d'Esterre,  who  resented  it  as  a 
personal  insult.  The  challenge  was  ac- 
cepted, but  the  alderman  tell.  The 
same  year  Mr.  G'Coftnell  received  a 
hostile  message  from  Mr.  Peel,  then 
secretary  for  Ireland,  hut  their  meeting 
was  prevented  by  the  police,  who  had 
obtained  knowledge  of  the  affair,  and 
Mr.  O'Connell  soon  afterwards  resolved 
that  he  would  thenceforward  neither 
send  nor  accept  a  challenge  for  any  in- 
jury that  he  might  inflict  or  receive — a 
resolution  to  which  he  steadfastly  ad- 
hered. In  1823,  in  conjunction  with 
Mr.  Sheil,  lie.  founded  a  new  Catholic 
association,  which  soon  extended  over 
the  whole  of  Ireland,  and  from  that 
period  down  to  his  decease,  his  personal 
history  is  identified  with  that  of  Ireland. 
In  1828  he  resolved,  notwithstanding 
the  existing  disabilities,  to  become  a 
candidate  tor  a  seat  in  parliament,  and 
was  chosen  a  member  for  Clare.  Ho 
refused  to  take  the  prescribed  oaths.' 
But  early  in  the  next  session  the  Koman 
Catholic  relief  bill  was  introduced  and 
carried.  He  was  therefore,  in  the  month 
of  April,  1829,  enabled  to  sit  for  Clare 
without  taking  the  objectionable  oaths. 
He  continued  a  member  for  eighteen 
years.  In  1*41  he  was  elected  lord 
mayor  of  Dublin,  and  in  1843  "  monster 
meetings"  was  held  on  the  royal  hill  of 
Tara,  on  the  Cnrragh  of  Kildare,  the 
rath  of  Mllllaghmast,  and  other  renown- 
ed localities,  for  the  repeal  of  the  Irish 
union.  A  meeting  for  Clontarf  was 
fixed  for  the  8th  of  Oct.,  when  the  gov- 
ernment interfered.  Mr.  O'Connell  was 
sentenced  to  pay  a  fine  of  £2000,  and  to 
be  imprisoned  for  a  year.  This  judg- 
ment was  afterwards  reversed  by  tho 
house  of  lords.  He  retired  soon  after 
from  the  arena  of.stril'e,  and  commenced 
a  pilgrimage  in  1847,  more  for  devotion 
than  for  health,  towards  Rome  ;  but  ho 
had  proceeded  no  farther  than  Genoa, 
when  witli  comparatively  little  suffering, 
he  expired,  in  his  72d  year. 

OCCAM,  or  OCKHAM,  AVii.i.iam,  a 
divine  and  philosopher,  called  the  In- 
vincible Doctor,  was  b.  at  Ockham,  in 
Surrey,  in  the  14th  century,  was  edu- 
cated'at  Merlon  college,  Oxford,  under 
Duns  Scotus,  became  a  Franciscan  friar 


664 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[OHA 


and  aroideacon  of  Stow,  but  resigned 
Lis  preferment,  wrote  boldly  against  the 
pope,  tor  which  he  was  excommunicated, 

and  d.  at  Munich  in  1347.  He  is  the 
founder  of  the  scholastic  sect  of  the 
nominalists. 

OOKLEY,  Simon,  a  celebrated  orien- 
talist, was  b.  in  1G78,  at  Exeter,  was 
educated  at  (Queen's  college,  Cambridge, 
obtained  the  vicarage  of  Swanesey,  in 
Cambridgeshire,  and  d.  in  indigence  in 
17^0.  lie  is  the  author  of  a  valuable 
"History  of  the  Saracens,1'  "The  Life 
of  Hai  Eon  Yokdan,"  from  the  Arabic, 
an  •'Introduction  to  the  Oriental  Lan- 
guages," and  other  works. 

OEOOLAMPADIUS,  John,  an  emi- 
nent German  reformer,  was  b.  in  1482, 
at  Weiusberg,  in  Franconia.  He  was 
conveited  to  the  Protestant  faith  by 
reading  the  works  of  Luther,  became 
professor  of  theology  at  Basle,  embraced 
the  opinions  of  Zuinglius  respecting  the 
sacrament,  contributed  much  to  the  pro- 
gress of  ecclesiastical  reform,  and  d.  in 
1531. 

OEIILENSCHLOEGER,  Adam,  the 
most  celebrated  dramatic  poet  of  Scan- 
dinavia, was  b.  at  Copenhagen,  1777. 
When  still  a  child  he  evinced  great  skill 
in  writing  verses;  and  even  in  his  9th 
year  he  wrote  short  comedies  for  private 
theatricals,  in  which  the  chief  performers 
were  himself,  his  sister,  and  a  friend. 
These  and  other  similar  attempts  created 
the  wish  to  go  upon  the  stage,  and  when 
he  was  in  his  17th  year  he  put  his  de- 
sign into  execution.  But  he  soon  found 
that  the  stage  was  not  in  unison  with 
his  inclinations,  and  he  abandoned  it 
first  for  the  study  of  the  law,  and  after- 
wards for  general  literature.  In  1S05  he 
left  Copenhagen  with  a  stipend  from  the 
Danish  government,  on  a  lengthened 
tour  through  Germany  and  Italy ;  and 
on  his  return,  in  1810,  lie  was  appointed 
to  the  chair  of  literature  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Copenhagen,  where  he  labored 
assiduously  till  his  death.  His  earliest 
works  were  composed  in  Danish,  but 
he  rewrote  most  of  them  in  German, 
and  Germany  has  given  them  a  promi- 
nent place  in  her  own  literature.  His 
most  important  works  are,  "  Ilakon 
Jarl,"  "Correggio,"  "Palnatoke,"  "Al- 
addin," "  Der  Hirten-kuabe,"  &c.  Ilis 
"Autobiography-'  is  a  beautiful  per- 
formance, fully  displaying  the  qualities 
for  which  he  was  distinguished  through 
life — strong  feelings  and  earnestness  of 
purpose — and  which  gained  him  uni- 
versal respect  while  he  lived,  and  more 
than  regal  honors  at  his  death.  D.  1850. 


OELRTCHS,  John  Charles  Conrad, 
a  German  historian  and  bibliographer, 
was  b.  at  Berlin,  in  1722,  became  pie- 
fessor  of  history  and  civil  law  at  the 
academy  of  Stettin,  published  many 
valuable  works  in  Latin  and  German, 
obtained  the  post  of  counsellor  of  lega- 
tion, and  resident  of  the  duke  of  Deux 
Pouts,  at  the  court  of  Berlin,  in  1784, 
and  d.  in  1798. 

OG1LBY,  John,  a  multifarious  writer, 
was  b.  in  1G00,  at  Edinburgh,  and  was 
originally  a  dancing  master.  Being 
compelled  by  an  accident  to  relinquish 
that  occupation,  he  became  an  author. 
He  was  also  appointed  king's  cosmog- 
rapher,  and  master  of  the  revels  in  Ire- 
land, wht..e  he  built  a  theatre.  He  d. 
in  1076.  Among  his  works  are.  transla- 
tions of  the  Iliad,  Odyssey,  and  Eneid, 
and  many  geographical  productions. 

OG1LVIE,  John,  a  Scotch  divine  and 
poet,  was  b.  in  1733,  and  educated  at 
the  university  of  Aberdeen,  from  which 
he  obtained  a  doctor's  degree,  was  for 
more  than  half  a  century  minister  of 
Midinar,  in  Aberdeenshire,  and  d. 
1814,  respected  for  his  piety  and  talents. 
His  poetical  powers  were  by  no  means 
inconsiderable.  His  chief  works  are, 
"Sermons,"  "Poems,"  "Britannia," 
an  epic  poem,  "Philosophical  and  Crit- 
ical Observations  on  Compositions," 
and  "  Examination  of  the  Evidence  of 
Prophccv." 

OGLETHORPE,  James  Edward,  an 
English  officer,  was  b.  in  London,  in 
lti'JS,  and  was  educated  at  Oxford.  Ho 
was  an  aid-de-camp  to  Prince  Eugene. 
In  1732  he  settled  the  colony  in  Georgia^ 
and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  town  ot 
Savannah.  In  1745  he  was  made  major- 
general,  and  was  employed  to  follow 
the  rebels  under  the  Pretender.  He  d. 
in  1785. 

O'HALLORAN,  Sylvester,  an  Irish 
antiquary,  was  b.  1728,  brought  up  and 
practised  as  a  surjreor.,  and  wrote  sev- 
eral medical  treatises.  But  it  is  as  an 
antiquary  and  historian  that  he  is  now 
principally  known.  In  1772  he  pub- 
lished an  "Introduction  to  the  Study 
of  the  History  and  Antiquities  of  Ire- 
land," which  was  followed  bv  a  "Gen- 
eral History  of  Ireland."     D.1807. 

O'HARA.  Kane,  an  Irish  dramatist, 
who  had  much  musical  taste,  and  a 
happy  talent  of  adapting  verses  to  old 
airs.  His  chief  productions  are  "  Midas," 
which  was  extremely  well  received,  and 
is  still  a  favorite,  "The  Golden  I'ippin," 
"The  Two  Misers,"  "April  Day,"  anj 
"  Tom  Thumb."     D.  1782. 


OLlJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


GG5 


O'KEEFE,  John,  a  celebrated  dram- 
atist, was  b.  at  Dublin,  in  1748,  and  was 
originally  intended  for  the  profession  of 
a  painter,  but  his  taste  for  theatrical 
amusements  interfered  with  his  studies, 
and  he  soon  forsook  the  easel  for  the 
sock  and  buskin.  Having  been  intro- 
duced to  Mr.  Mossop,  he  obtained  an 
engagement  at  the  Dublin  theatre  ;  and 
he  continued  to  perforin  in  that  city, 
and  in  the  towns  to  which  the  company 
made  summer  excursions,  for  twelve 
years,  as  a  comedian,  with  considerable 
success.  His  ambition  to  figure  as  an 
author  was  coeval  with  his  theatrical 
taste  ;  for,  at  the  age  of  15,  lie  attempted 
a  comedy  in  five  acts.  Among  his  early 
productions  which  attracted  notice,  was 
a  kind  of  histrionic  monologue,  called 
"Tony  Lumpkin's  Kambles  through 
Dublin,"  He  at  length  left  Ireland, 
about  1780,  with  the  view  of  obtaining 
an  engagement  in  London,  but,  as  he 
did  not  succeed  in  his  endeavor,  he  ap- 
plied himself  with  great  assiduity  to 
dramatic  composition,  and  between  1781 
and  1798  he  produced  nearly  fifty  com- 
edies, comic  operas,  and  farces.  Many 
of  these  acquired  a  flattering  popularity, 
and  some  still  keep  possession  of  the 
stage,  among  which  are,  "Wild  Oats," 
the  "Castle  of  Andalusia,"  the  "Agree- 
able Surprise,"  the  "  Poor  Soldier," 
"Peeping  Tom,"  the  "  Young  Quaker," 
&c.  In  1800,  O'Keefe,  who  was  then 
blind,  and  had  been  reduced  by  mis- 
fortune to  a  state  of  great  embarrass- 
ment, had  a  benefit  at  Covent-garden 
theatre.  He  subsequently  published 
his  "Recollections,  or  Biographical  Me- 
moirs," and  d.  at  Southampton,  1833. 

OLAFSEN,  Eggert,  a  learned  Ice- 
lander, who  studied  at  Copenhagen, 
after  which  he  returned  to  his  native 
island,  which  he  travelled  over  repeat- 
edly in  company  with  his  fellow-student 
Biarne  Paulsen.  The  result  of  their  ob- 
servations was  printed  at  Copenhagen, 
1772.  Olafsen  was  then  appointed  a 
a  magistrate  in  Iceland,  where  he  de- 
voted much  of  his  time  to  natural  his- 
tory and  poetry,  but,  about  four  years 
before  his  death,  he.  applied  almost 
wholly  to  the  study  of  the  Scriptures. 
He  was  drowned  with  his  wife  in  cross- 
ing the  Breidafiord  in  1776. 

OLDHAM,  John,  a  poet,  was  b.  in 
1653,  at  Shipton,  in  Gloucestershire, 
vas  educated  at  Tetbury  free  school, 
and  Edmund  hall,  Oxford,  became  usher 
of  Croydon  free  school,  and  afterwards 
tutor  in  the  families  of  Sir  Edward 
Thurland  and  Sir  William  Hickes,  was 
56* 


patronized  by  the  earl  of  Kingston,  and 
d.  in  1683.    His  satires  are  rugged,  but 
full  of  energy.     Dryden,  in  a  beautiful 
tribute  to  his  memory,  calls  him 
"ill.-  young, 

But, fib!  too  short,  Mnrcellus  of  <iir  lODgUl  I" 

OLDYS,  William,  an  antiquary  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  the  natural  son  of 
a  civilian,  was  b.  in  1  Gi»G,  became  libra- 
rian to  Lord  Oxford  in  1726,  was  ap- 
pointed Norroy  kjng-at-arms,  and  d.  in 
1761.  Among  other  works  lie  wrote 
"The  British  Librarian,"  "The  Uni- 
versal Spectator,"  a  "  Life  of  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh,  and  several  lives  in  the  "  Bi- 
ographic) Britannica."  lie  also  assisted 
in  selecting  "The  Harleian  Miscellany." 

OLEAR1US,  or  OELSCHLjEGEB, 
Adam,  a  learned  German  traveller,  was 
b.  1599,  at  Aseherlebcn,  in  Anhalt ;  was 
educated  at  Leipsic;  entered  into  the 
service  of  the  duke  of  Holstein  Gottorp, 
and  was  appointed  secretary  to  the  em- 
bassy which  that  prince  sent  to  Russia 
and  Persia;  was,  on  his  return,  made 
counsellor,  librarian,  and  mathematician, 
to  the  duke  ;  and  d.  1671.  He  wrote  an 
account  of  his  "Travels,"  a  "Chronicle 
of  Holstein,"  and  other  works. 

OLIVET,  Joseph  Tiioulier  d',  a 
French  grammarian  and  critic,  was  b. 
in  1682,  "at  Salins.  He  was  originally  a 
Jesuit,  but  quitted  the  order,  to  give 
himself  up  to  literature.  In  1728  he 
became  a  member  of  the  French  Acad- 
emy, the  dictionary  of  which  body  he 
assisted  in  revising.  His  principal  works 
are,  a  valuable  edition  of  Cicero,  trans- 
lations from  Demosthenes  and  Cicero, 
a  "History  of  the  French  Academy," 
and  a  "Treatise  on  Prosody."     D.  17<J2. 

OLIVER,  Andrew,  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college,  in  1724,  and  was  early 
engaged  in  public  employments,  suc- 
ceeded Hutchinson  as  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts,  in  1771,  and 
retained  that  office  till  his  death,  in  1774. 
He  rendered  himself  very  unpopular  by 
accepting  from  the  British  government 
the  office  of  stamp  distributor  of  tho 
province. — William  Anthony,  an  emi- 
nent French  naturalist  and  traveller,  was 
b.  1756,  at  Frejus ;  was  sent  on  a  scien- 
tific mission  to  Persia  by  the  French 
government,  in  1792,  and  returned  with 
a  valuable  collection,  after  an  absence  of 
six  years.  His  chief  works  arc,  "Travels 
in  the  Ottoman  Empire,  Egypt,  and  Per- 
sia," "A  Natural  History  of  Coleopterous 
Insects,'"  and  a  portion  of  the  "  Diction- 
ary of  the  Natural  History  of  Insects l*' 
iii' the  "Methodical  Encyclopaedia."  D. 
1814. 


660 


CYCLOPAEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[ORL 


O'MEARA,  Barry  Edwahd,  the  con- 
fidential medical  attendant  of  the  E.nper- 
or  Napoleon  in  his  last  days,  and  author 
of  "A  Voiee  from  St.  Helena,"  was  a 
native  of  Ireland,  and  b.  about  1778. 
lie  was  originally  a  surgeon  in  the  Brit- 
ish navy,  and  was  on  board  the  Bellero- 
phou  in  that  capacity,  on  the  7th  of 
August,  181E,  when  Napoleon  went  on 
board.  Napoleon  having  observed  Dr. 
O'Meara's  skill  in  attending  to  some  of 
the  crew,  and  his  knowledge  of  Italian, 
made  overtures  to  him,  on  being  trans- 
ferred to  the  Northumberland,  to  ac- 
company him  to  St.  Helena  as  his  sur- 
geon, his  own  not  being  able  to  go  with 
him.  Having  obtained  Admiral  Keith's 
permission,  Dr.  O'Meara  assented,  and 
remained  with  the  ex-emperor  till  July, 
1818,  when  he  was  recalled  and  deprived 
of  his  rank.  He  was  latterly  an  active 
partisan  of  O'Connell's,  at  one  of  whose 
agitation  meetings  he  is  said  to  have 
caught  the  illness  which  terminated 
fatally,  June  3,  1836. 

OPIE,  John,  a  celebrated  painter,  was 
b.  1701,  at  St.  Agnes,  near  Truro,  in 
Cornwall,  and  was  the  son  of  a  carpen- 
ter, who  destined  him  to  follow  that 
business.  At  in  years  of  age  he  could 
solve  many  difficult  problems  in  Euclid, 
and  at  12  he  taught  writing  and  arith- 
metic at  an  evening  school  in  his  native 
village.  But  drawing  soon  became  his 
principal  object,  and  he  made  several 
sketches  and  copies,  which  were  much 
talked  of  in  the  neighborhood.  After 
having  practised  for  a  few  years  in  the 
provincial  towns,  he  settled  in  London, 
in  1780,  where  he  acquired  both  fame 
and  fortune.  Be  became  a  royal  acad- 
emician, and  professor  of  painting  to 
the  academy.  He  wrote  Lectures,  a 
"Life  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds."  and  a 
"  Lc'ter  on  the  Formation  of  a  National 
Gallery.  D.  1807.— Amelia,  b.  in  1771. 
at  Harw.eh,  was  highly  distinguished 
for  her  literary  abilities,  and  was  the 
author  of  "  A  Life  of  Opie,"  "  Adeline 
Mowbrav,"  "Simple  Tales,"  "The  Eve 
of  St.  Valentine,"  &e.    D.  1853. 

OPITZ,  Martin,  whom  the  Germans 
call  the  father  and  restorer  of  their  po- 
etry, was  b.  1597,  at  Buntzlau,  in  Silesia; 
was  educated  at  Breslau  and  Frankfort- 
on-thc-Oder;  spent  several  years  in 
travelling  in  various  parts  of  Europe; 
was  ennobled,  and  sent  on  a  mission  to 
Paris;  and  d.  in  1«39. 

OPPIAN,  a  Greek  poet,  a  native  of 
Corycus,  in  Cilicia.  flourished  in  the  2d 
century,  and  was  liberally  rewarded  for 
his  works  by  Caraealla.     He  wrote  two 


poems ;  the  one  in  five  boohs,  called 
"  Haleutics,"  on  fishing;  the  other  in 
four,  with  the  title  of  "  Cynogetieon," 
on  hunting.  Some  critics  have  doubted 
whether  he  is  really  the  author  of  the 
latter. 

ORANGE,  William  of  Nassau,  prince 
of,  the  founder  of  the  Dutch  republic, 
was  b.  1538,  at  the  castle  of  Dillem- 
burgh.  He  was  brought  up  in  the  court 
of  Charles  V.,  who,  in  1554,  gave  him 
the  command  of  the  army  in  the  Nether- 
lands. Philip  II.,  however,  treated  him 
with  coldness;  and  the  conduct  of  the 
prince,  in  joining  with  the  Flemish 
nobles  to  protect  the  liberties  of  the 
Netherlands,  converted  that  coldness 
into  hatred.  He  was  forced  to  fly,  and, 
in  his  absence,  was  condemned  to  death. 
He  then  took  up  arms,  and  after  several 
reverses,  succeeded  in  wresting  a  part 
of  the  Netherlands  from  the  dominion 
of  the  Spanish  tyrant.  But  he  did  not 
witness  the  consummation  of  his  labors  ; 
being  assassinated,  in  15S4,  at  Delft,  by 
Baltiiasar  Gerard. — Frederic  Henrv  of 
Nassau,  prince  of,  stadtholder  of  Hol- 
land, was  b.  1584,  at  Delft,  and  was 
brought  up  by  his  brother  Maurice,' 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1625.  He  gov- 
erned with  wisdom  and  equity,  and 
secured  the  independence  of  his  country 
by  numerous  victories  and  conquests. 
D.  1647. 

ORELLANA,  Francls,  one  of  the 
Spanish  adventurers  to  the  new  world, 
was  b.  at  Truxillo,  early  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury, and  accompanied  the  Pizarros  to 
Peru.  Passing  the  Andes,  he  embarked 
on  the  Amazons,  and  followed  its  course 
to  the  ocean.  He  was  the  first  European 
that  navigated  that  mighty  stream,  and 
it  still  bears  his  name.     1).  1549. 

ORIGEN,  one  of  the  fathers  of  the 
church,  was  b.  185,  nt  Alexandria,  and 
studied  philosophy  under  Ammonius, 
and  theology  under  Clemens  Alexan- 
drinus.  Being  persecuted  by  his  dio- 
cesan, Demetrius,  he  went  to  Csesarea, 
and  afterwards  to  Athens.  During  die 
persecution  of  Deeius,  he  was  impris- 
oned and  tortured.  His  great  works 
are,  "The  llexapla,"  "Commentaries 
on  the  Scriptures,"  and  a  "Treatise 
against  Celaiis."    D.  253. 

ORLEANS,  Charles,  duke  of,  was 
made  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Agin- 
eourt,  in  1415.  He  remained  in  England 
25  years;  and  on  his  return  to  France 
he  undertook  the  conquest  of  the  duchy 
of  Milan,  to  which  he  conceived  himself 
entitled  in  right  of  his  mother.  He  was 
not,  however,  successful  in  this  enter- 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


drl] 


prise  :  and   d.   1495. — Louis,    duke   of, 
was  the  son  of  Philip  the  regent  ot 

France,  ami   b.  at   Versailles,  in   170.1. 
In  study,  devotion,  and  acts  of  charily 
he   spent  his  life.     In   1733   he   saved 
numbers  from  perishing:  by  famine  in 
the  Orleannois  ;  as  ho  again  did  through- 
out France,  in  the  dearth  of  1740.     Ho 
also  extended  his  benevolence  to  distant 
countries  ;  while  in  his  own  he  founded 
schools,  professorships,    hospitals,   and 
colleges.     But  his  charitable  occupations 
did  not  draw  him  aside  from  his  studies, 
which  he  pursued  with  such  diligence 
as  to  become  master  of  the  oriental  lan- 
guages, and  most  of  the  sciences.    D. 
1752,    leaving;   many   works   in   manu- 
script, the  chief  of  which  were   "Com- 
mentaries  on   the   Scriptures." — Louis 
Josefh  Philip,  duke  of  (better  known 
by  his  republican  appellation  ofEgalite\) 
was  the  cousin  of  Louis   XVI.,  and  fa- 
ther of  Louis  Philippe,  the  late  king  of 
the  French.     He  was  b.  at  St.  Cloud,  in 
1747  ;  married  the  daughter  of  the  duke 
of  Pcnthievre,  grand  admiral  of  France, 
in  1769  ;  was  from  his  youth  guilty  of 
the  most  unbridled  licentiousness  ;  and 
acquired  a  base  notoriety  by  his   eon- 
duct    during    the    French    revolution. 
After  the  death  of  his  father,  in  1787 ,_ he 
became  possessed  of  the. hereditary  title 
and   estates;  and,   having   indulged  to 
«atiety  in  all  sensual  pleasures,  he  found 
a  new  kind  of  excitement  for  Ids  palled 
appetites  in  the  storms  of  the  revolution, 
nnd  a  new   source  of  pleasure  in  the 
gratifications  of  revenge.     He  had  enter- 
ed the  navy,  and  was  entitled   by  his 
birth  to  the  place  of  grand-admiral ;  but 
having  been  accused  of  cowardice  while 
in  command  of  a  division  of  the  fleet 
against  Kcppel,  in  the  action  of  Ushant, 
in  1778,  instead  of  receiving  promotion 
in  the  navy,  the  post  of  colonel-general 
of  the  hussars  was  created  and  bestow- 
ed  on  him.      From   this  time   may  be 
dated  his  hatred  of  Louis  XVI. ;  and  he 
subsequently  adopted  every  method  to 
obtain  popularity,  with  a  view  to  polit- 
ical power.     In  the  dispute  between  the 
court  and  the  parliament,  he  constantly 
opposed  the   royal  authority.     His  ob- 
ject evidently  was  to  reduce  the  king  to 
a  state  of  tutelage,  and  procure  for  him- 
self the  formidable  office  of  lieutenant- 
general   of   the   kingdom.     He   caused 
(Oandalous    libels    against    the    qneen, 
whom  he  pursued  with  the  most  bitter 
hatred,  to  be  distributed  ;  and  his  bust 
was   carried   in   triumph   through    the 
Streets  by  the  populace.     He  was  chosen 
f  member  of  the   national   convention, 


6(37 


with  Marat,  Panton,  and  Robespierre, 
in  September,  1792,  at  which  time  the 
commune  of  Paris  authorized  him  to 
adopt  for  himself  and  his  descendants 
the  appellation  of  Kiralite,  instead  of  the 
name  and  titles  of  his  family  ;  and  ho 
not  only  voted  for  the  death  of  the  king, 
but  was  present; at  his  execution.  But 
he  was  not  qualified  to  profit  by  tho 
commotions  he  had  promoted  ;  he  was 

as  weak  as  he  was  wicked,  as  indecisive 

as  he  was  ambitious.  The  Jacobins  had 
no  longer  any  occasion  for  him  :  he  was 
struck  from  their  rolls,  and  included  in 
the  general  proscription  of  the  Bour- 
bons; and  was  committed  to  prison  at 
Marseilles,  with  other  members  of  iho 
family.  Being  brought  before  the  crim- 
inal tribunal  of  the  department,  he  was 
declared  innocent  of  the  charges  of  con- 
spiracy that  were  preferred  against  him ; 
but  the  committee  of  public  safety  for- 
bade his  liberation  ;  and,  after  six 
months'  detention,  he  was  transferred 
to  Paris,  tried,  and  condemned  to  suffei 
by  the  guillotine  ;  to  which  he  submit- 
ted with  firmness  and  courage,  on  the 
same  day,  Nov.  fi,  1703. — Ferdinand 
Philippe  Louis,  duke  of,  prince-royal 
of  France,  was  b.  at  Palermo  in  1810, 
and  was  the  eldest  child  of  Louis  Phi- 
lippe, then  duke  of  Orleans,  and  after- 
wards king  of  the  French,  by  Maria 
Amelia,  daughter  of  Ferdinand,  king  of 
the  Two  Sicilies.  The  prince  served 
with  great  distinction  with  the  French 
army  at  the  siege  of  Antwerp,  and  iu 
the  African  war;  and  his  horse  was 
wounded  at  the  time  of  the  murderous 
attempt  upon  the  life  of  his  royal  father 
in  1835.  Yonngr,  popular,  a  patron  of 
the  arts  and  literature,  and  devotedly 
attached  to  his  profession,  every  thing 
seemed  to  promise  to  this  prince  a 
career  glorious  to  himself  and  useful  to 
his  country,  when  he  was  unfortunately 
thrown  from  his  carriage,  and  he  d.  on 
the  spot,  July  18, 1842. — Marie,  princess 
of,  daughter  of  Louis  Philippe,  ex-king 
of  the  French,  was  b.  at  Palermo,  1813. 
From  her  earliest  years  she  evinced  a 
remarkable  love  of  the  fine  arts,  and 
more  especially  of  sculpture,  which  she 
cultivated  with  a  zeal  and  assiduity  that 
soon  gave  her  a  prominent  place  among 
the  most  distinguished  artists  of  her 
time.  Her  marvellous  statue  of  Joan  of 
Arc.  in  the  museum  of  Versailles,  was 
finished  before  she  had  reached  her  20th 
year;  and  besides  this  she  produced' 
jinmerons  bas  reliefs,  busts,  and  stat- 
uettes, of  rare  beauty  and  excellence. 
In  1837  she  married  Alexander,  i.ukeof 


6G8 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


Wirtemberg  ;  a  nnion  rich  in  promises 
of  earthly  happiness;  but  she  was  prem- 
aturely cut  ott'  by  consumption  in  1839, 
to  the  inexpressible  grief  of  her  family 
and  the  friends  of  art. 

ORME,  Robert,  an  historian,  the  son 
of  a  physician  in  the  East  India  Compa- 
ny's service,  was  b.  in  1728,  at  Anjengo, 
in  Hindostan  ;  was  educated  at  Harrow; 
became  a  member  of  the  council  at  Fort 
St.  George,  commissary  and  accountant- 
general,  and  historiographer  to  the  com- 
pany. He  is  the  author  of  a  "  History 
of  the  Military  Transactions  of  the  Brit- 
ish Nation  in  Hinclostan,"  and  "  His- 
torical Fragments  of  the  Mogul  Empire." 
As  an  historian  Orme  is  entitled  to  a 
place  among  the  most  eminent  writers. 
I).  1801. 

OKOSIUS,  Paul,  a  Spanish  ecclesias- 
tic of  the  5th  century,  was  b.  at  Tarra- 
gona, and  was  a  disciple  of  St.  Augustin. 
His  chief  work  is  u  ''History  of  Human 
Calamities,"  which  was  written  at  the 
request  of  St.  Augustin,  and  has  had 
the  honor  of  being  translated  by  Alfred 
the  Great.  The  time  and  place  of  his 
decease  are  unknown. 

ORPHEUS,  a  Greek  poet,  musician, 
and  founder  of  some  religious  ceremo- 
nies, is  supposed  by  some  to  be  an 
imaginary  person,  but  is  probably  a  real 
oncj  though  his  history  is  involved  in 
fable.  He  seems  to  have  been  a  native 
of  Thrace,  son  of  one  of  the  princes  of 
that  country,  and  to  have  been  b.  about 
a  century  before  the  Trojan  war.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  one  of  the  Argonauts, 
to  have  subsequently  travelled  in  Egypt, 
and  to  have  introduced  Egyptian  science 
and  customs  into  Greece.  The  works 
attributed  to  him  are  of  a  much  later 
jeriod. 

ORRERY,  Charles  Boyle,  earl  of, 
was  b.  1670,  at  Chelsea,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Christ-church,  Oxford,  under 
the  tuition  of  Dr.  Atterbury.  He  pub- 
lished, while  at  college,  an  edition  of 
"  Phalaris."  Bentley"  questioned  the 
authenticity  of  the  epistles  ;  Boyle  re- 
plied ;  and  this  led  to  a  warm  contro- 
versy, in  which  Bentley  was  fruitlessly 
opposed  by  a  confederacy  of  wits. 
Boyle  succeeded  to  the  earldom  on  the 
death  of  his  brother;  was  promoted  in 
the  army,  employed  as  an  ambassador, 
and  made  an  English  peer,  by  Queen 
Anne;  but  was  in  disfavor  during  the 
reign  of  George  I.,  and  was  oven  im- 
prisoned for  six  months.  He  wrote 
"  As  You  Like  It,"  a  comedy ;  and 
some  verses.  The  astronomical  instru- 
ment which  bears  his  name  was  so  call- 


[OTl 


ed  in  compliment  to  him  by  Graham,  its 
inventor.     U.  1731. 

ORTELL,  Abraham,  a  learned  geog- 
rapher, who  was  called  the  Ptolemy  of 
his  age,  was  b.  1527,  at  Antwerp.  He 
travelled  on  the  Continent,  and  in  Great 
Britain,  and  formed  a  valuable  collection 
of  antiquities.  On  his  return  he  pub- 
lished an  atlas,  which  gained  for  him 
the  appointment  of  geographer  to  Philip 
II.  ot  Spain.  His  principal  works  are, 
"  Thesaurus  Geographieus,"  and  "  TLe~ 
atri  Orbis  Terrarum."     D.  1598. 

OSS1AN,  an  ancient  Gaelic  bard,  is 
supposed  to  have  lived  in  the  3d  centu- 
ry, and  to  have  been  the  son  of  Fingal, 
a  Caledonian  hero,  whom  he  accompa- 
nied in  various  military  expeditions. 
His  name  has  derived  its  celebrity  from 
the.  publications  of  Maepherson,  which 
comprise  a  remarkable  series  of  ballads, 
on  the  deliverance  of  Erin  from  the 
haughty  Swaran,  king  of  Loehlin,  by 
Fingal."  They  have  been  translated  into 
all  the  European  languages,  and  please 
by  their  successful  delineation  of  the 
passions,  picturesque  expressions,  bold 
but  lovely  images  and  comparisons,  deep 
pathos,  and  tender  melancholy  tone. 

OSTADE,  Adrian  van,  a  painter  of 
the  Flemish  school,  was  b.  at  Lubeck, 
in  1610,  and  studied  under  Francis  Hals. 
His  pictures  are  characterized  by  an  ex- 
act imitation  of  nature,  and  usually  con- 
sist of  alehouse  interiors,  with  Dutch 
peasants  smoking,  quarrelling,  or  drink- 
ing. His  coloring  is  rich  and  clear,  his 
touch  spirited  and  free,  and  all  his 
works  arc  highly  finished.     D.  1685. 

OTHO,  Marcus  Salvus,  a  Roman  em 
peror,  was  b.  32.  In  his  early  youth  he 
was  prodigal  and  licentious,  and  a  favor 
ite  of  Nero  ;  but  during  his  ten  years' 
quajstorship  of  Lusitania,  he  distinguish- 
ed himself  by  his  upright  and  dignified 
conduct.  He  espoused  the  cause  of 
Galba;  but,  disappointed  in  his  hopes 
of  being  adopted  by  him,  he  formed  a 
conspiracy  against  him,  and  was  raised 
to  the  throne.  Otho,  however,  retained 
the  imperial  authority  little  more  than 
three  months.  Having  been  defeated 
by  the  forces  of  Vitellius,  he  put  an  end 
to  his  own  existence,  69. 

OTIS,  James,  a  distinguished  Amer- 
ican statesman,  was  b.  at  West  Barn- 
staple, Massachusetts,  in  1725,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1743. 
He  pursued  the  profession  of  the  law, 
and  establishing  himself  in  Boston  socn 
rose  to  eminence.  His  public  career 
may  be  said  to  have  opened  with  his 
celebrated  speech  against  writs  of  as- 


owe] 


CYCLOPEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


669 


Bistanee.  At  the  next  election  he  was 
chosen  a  representative  to  the  legisla- 
ture. <md  soon  became  the  leader  of  the 
popular  party.  In  1705  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  congress  which  assembled  at 
New  York.  In  1769  he  was  severely 
wounded  in  an  assault  committed  upon 
him  by  some  British  officers;  from  one 
of  whom  he  recovered  large  damages, 
which  he  remitted  on  receiving  a  writ- 
ten apology.  In  1772  he  retired  from 
public  life,  and  in  May  of  the  following 
year  was  killed  by  a  stroke  of  lightning. 
He  was  a  good  scholar,  a  learned  and 
able  lawyer,  a  bold  and  commanding 
orator,  and  possessed  infinite  powers  of 
humor  and  wit. 

OTTLEY,  William  Young,  keeper  of 
the  prints  in  the  British  museum.  He 
was  known  as  an  artist,  a  collector,  and 
an  author.  When  scarcely  20  years  of 
age  he  proceeded  to  Italy,  where  he  re- 
mained about  ten  years,  employed  in 
taking  copies  of  the  most  esteemed  and 
valuable  paintings;  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  England  he  produced  a  scries 
of  fae-similes  of  the  original  drawings 
of  the  best  masters,  under  the  title  of 
the  "  Italian  School  of  Design,"  a  mag- 
nificent work,  consisting  of  84  plates. 
His  other  principal  works  are,  "  The 
Florentine  School,"  the  "Origin  and 
Early  History  of  Engraving,"  "  The 
Stafford  Gallery,"  and  "  The  Critical 
Catalogue  of  the  National  Gallery."  B. 
1772  ;"d.  1S36. 

OTVVAY,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  dra- 
matic writer,  was  b.  1651,  atTrottin  ;  was 
educated  at  "Winchester  school,  and 
Christ-church,  Oxford ;  and,  after  having 
made  a  vain  attempt  to  be  an  actor,  be- 
came a  writer  for  the  stage.  The  carl 
of  Plymouth  obtained  for  him  a  cornet's 
commission,  but  at  the  end  of  one  cam- 
paign in  Flanders,  Otway  quitted  the 
military  service.  The  tragedy  of  "  Alci- 
biades,"  his  first  piece,  appeared  in  1765. 
His  finest  tragedies,  "  The  Orphan," 
and  "  Venice  Preserved,"  were  acted  in 
1680  and  1682.  Otway  lived  and  died 
poor.  It  has  been  said  that  he  was 
choked  by  a  piece  of  roll,  which  he  ate 
too  eagerly  after  having  long  fasted  ; 
but  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  his 
death  proceeded  from  fever,  brought  on 
by  his  violent  exertions  in  pursuit  of 
ihe  nurderer  of  one  of  his  friends.  D. 
1685. 

OVID,  Publios  Naso,  a  celebrated 
Roman  poet,  was  b.  4?.  b.  c,  at  Sulmo, 
and  was  of  the  equestrian  order.  He 
studied  the  law  under  Messala,  but  soon 
abandoned  the  bar  for  poet-v  and  a  life 


of  pleasure.  Virgil,  Horace,  Tibullus. 
and  Propertins  were  his  friends,  ami 
Augustus  was  a  liberal  patron  to  him. 
At_  length,  however,  for  some  cause 
which  has  never  been  discovered,  the 
emperor  banished  him  to  Tomoa,  in 
Scythia;  nor  could  all  the  prayers  and 
lamentations    of   the    despairing    Ovid 

£rocnre   a  remission   cf   his   sentence. 

OVIEDO,  John  Gonzales,  a  Spaniard, 
who  soon  after  the  discovery  of  America 
visited  the  "West  Indies,  to'cxamine  the 
natural  productions  of  that  pari  of  the. 
world.  He  published  the  result  of  l.is 
researches;  and,  according  to  Fallopius, 
was  the  first  who  discovered  the  virtues 
of  guaiacum  in  the  cure  of  syphilis.  I). 
1540.  — Gonzalvo  Hernandez  d',  a  Span- 
ish military  officer,  who  \v;is  intendant 
or  inspector-general  of  commerce  in 
America,  in  the  reign  of  tlu-  Emperor 
Charles  V.  He  wrote  a  complete  "  His- 
tory of  the  Indies;"  from  which  suc- 
ceeding writers  have  drawn  much  of 
their  information  relative  to  the  inter- 
course of  the  Spaniards  with  America. 

OWEN,  John,  a  divine,  was  b.  about 
1765,  in  London,  and  was  educated  at 
St.  Paul's  school  and  Cambridge.  Hav- 
ing taken  orders,  he  became  a  popular 
preacher,  and  obtained  from  Bishop 
Porteus  the  living  of  Pagirlesham,  in 
Essex,  and  the  curacy  of  Fulham.  On 
the  institution  of  the  British  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society,  he  became  one  of  the  sec- 
retaries, and  for  eighteen  years  was  the 
most  active  of  its  members.  Among 
his  works  are,  "  Travels  in  different 
Parts  of  Europe,"  "  The  Christian  Mon- 
itor," "  The  Fashionable  World  dis- 
poned," and  a  "  Vindication  of  the 
Bible  Society."  D.  1822.— II em: y,  a 
learned  divine  of  the  church  of  England, 
was  b.  in  Monmouthshire,  ami  educated 
first  at  Ruthin  school,  and  next  at  Jesus 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degree 
of  M.D.,  but  afterwards  entered  into 
orders,  and  obtained  the  vicarajre  of 
Edmonton,  in  Middlesex,  and  St.  Olave, 
Hart-street.  He  d.  in  1795,  aged  so. 
His  chief  works  are,  "Observations  on 
the  Scripture  Miracles,"  "  Remarks  on 
the  Four  Gospels,"  "An  Inquiry  into 
the  Septnagint  Version,"  "  Sermons 
preached  at  Boyle's  Lecture,"  and  "  An 
introduction  to  Hebrew  Criticism." — 
John,  an  epigrammatist,  was  b.  in  Caer- 
narvonshi'e;  was  educated  at  Winches- 
ter, and  New  college,  Oxford  ;  after 
which  he  became  master  of  Warwick 
school,  and  d.  in  1622.  His  Latin  epi- 
grams possess  great  point,  and  several 


670 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[PAO 


of  thorn  are  inferior  only  to  those  of 
Martial. — John,  a  learned  Independent 
divine,  was  b.  at  Stadham,  in  Oxford- 
shire, in  1616,  and  educated  at  Queen's 
college.  In  the  civil  wars  he  was  a 
zealous  advocate  for  the  parliament 
against  the  king;  and  the  very  day  after 
tlie  execution  of  Charles  I.  he  preached 
a  sermon  before  the  house  of  commons, 
making  himself  so  acceptable  to  those 
in  power,  that  Cromwell  made  him  his 
chaplain,  and  gave  him  the  deanery  of 
Christ-church,  Oxford,  where  he  served 
tho  office  of  vice-chancellor  in  1652.  At 
the  restoration  he  was  deprived  of  his 
deanery;  on  which  he  retired  to  his 
estate  in  Essex.  He  died  in  1683.  Dr. 
Owen  was  a  very  voluminous  writer. 
His  principal  works  are,  "  An  Exposi- 
tion of  the  Hebrews,"  a  "  Discourse 
concerning  the  Holy  Spirit,"  a  "Trea- 
tise on  Original  Sin,"  "  Viudie'ue  Evan- 
gelicie,"  "  Tracts  and  Sermons,"  &c. — 
Thomas,  a  learned  judge,  was  b.  at  Con- 
dover,  in  Shropshire,  and  educated  at 
Oxford  ;  from  whence  he  removed  to 
Lincoln's  Inn,  where  he  became  Lent 
reader  to  the  society,  in  1583.  In  1590 
he  was  made  sergeaut-at-law,  and  after- 
wards a  judge  of  the  common  pleas.  D. 
1598. — William,  an  eminent  English 
artist,  was  a  native  of  Shropshire.  After 
studying  under  Charles  Catton,  and  re- 
ceiving considerable  attention  from  Sir 
Joshua  Reynolds,  he  made  great  pro- 
gress in  the  art,  and  in  1813  was  ap- 
pointed principal  portrait-painter  to  the 
prince  regent,  who  otfered  to  knight 
him,  but  he  modestly  declined  the  honor. 
Ho  executed  some  admirable  portraits 
of  distinguished  statesmen,  &c,  and 
also  employed  himself  occasionally  on 


historical  subjects,  h  )me  of  which  wcr« 
of  a  first-rate  character.  B.  1709 ;  d 
1824. 

OWTRAM,  William,  a  learned  En- 
glish divine.  He  was  prebendary  of 
Westminster  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II., 
and  wrote  an  exeellent  treatise  "  De 
Sacrificiis."     D.  16/9. 

OXENSTIEKN'A,  Count  Axel,  a  cel- 
ebrated Swedish  statesman,  was  b.  in 
15S3,  in  the  province  of  Upland,  and 
studied  at  various  German  universities. 
Charles  IX.  employed  him  in  important 
negotiations;  and  Gustavua  Adolphus 
made  him  prime  minister,  and  reposed 
in  him  an  unlimited  confidence.  After 
the  death  of  Gustavus,  he  for  several 
years  conducted  the  affairs  of  the  king- 
dom with  vigor  and  success.     D.  1654. 

OZANAM,  James,  an  able  French 
mathematician,  was  b.  in  1640,  at  Bou- 
ligneux.  He  was  brought  up  for  tho 
church,  but  relinquished  the  clerical 
profession  on  the  death  of  his  father. 
For  many  years  he  was  in  high  repute 
as  a  mathematical  teacher.  Amon<j  his 
works  are,  "  A  Course  of  Mathematics," 
"  A  Treatise  on  Gnomonics,"  "  New 
Elements  of  Algebra,"  and  "  Mathe- 
matical and  Philosophical  Recreations." 
D.  1717. 

OZEROFF,  Vladislas  Alexandro- 
vitsch,  a  celebrated  Russian  tragic  au- 
thor, was  b.  in  1770,  near  Twer,  and 
entered  into  the  civil  service  after  hav- 
ing attained  the  rank  of  major-general 
in  the  army.  He  produced,  between 
1798  and  1809,  the  tragedies  of  "  The 
Death  of  Oleg,"  "  OZdipus  at  Athens," 
"  Fingal,"  "  Dmitri  Douskoi,"  and 
"  Polixena."  He  also  wrote  some  lyric 
poems.     D.  1816. 


PACA,  William,  a  signer  of  the  dec- 
laration of  American  independence,  was 
educated  at  the  college  in  Philadelphia, 
and  pursued  the  profession  of  medicine. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  congress  from 
Maryland,  and  afterwards  governor  of 
that  state.  In  1788  he  was  a  member 
of  the  Maryland  convention  which  rati- 
fied the  federal  constitution,  and  in  17SU 
was  appointed  district  judge  for  Mary- 
land.    D.  1799. 

PACCA,  Cardinal,  was  b.  at  Bene- 
fento,  1756.  After  rising  through  the 
usual  ecclesiastical  degrees,  and  dis- 
charging tho  office  of  nuncio  at  various 


courts,  he  received  from  Pope  Pius  VII. 
the  cardinal's  hat  in  1801,  drew  up  the 
famous  bull  which  excommunicated  Na- 
poleon in  1SP9,  and  was  in  consequence 
imprisoned  at  Fcnestrclla.  In  1813  he 
rejoined  Pius  VII.  at  Fontainbleau, 
where  he  induced  him  to  withdraw  the 
concessions  a  short  time  previously  es- 
tablished with  Napoleon  by  a  concordat, 
returned  to  Rome  with  the  pope  in  1814, 
and  finally  retired  from  office  in  1816. 
after  having  re-established  the  order  of 
the  Jesuits/    D.  1*44. 

PACUVIUS,  Marcus,  a  Latin  dram- 
atist, a  nephew  of  Ennius,  was  b.  218 


PAG 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


071 


B.C.,  at  Bdt.disimn,  and  d.  at  Tarcntum, 
at  the  aire  of  90.  He  possessed  the  talent 
of  painting  as  well  as  of  poetry. 

PADILLA,  Don  John  de,  a  Spanish 
patriot,  of  a  noble  family,  was  the  son 
of  the  commander  of  Castile;  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  people ;  and  supported 
it  bravely  during  the  struggle  of  the 
Spaniards  for  liberty,  from  1420  to  1422. 
Being  defeated  and  taken  prisoner,  at 
the  battle  of  Villalar,  he  was  put  to 
death  on  the  following  day,  and  met  his 
fate  with  heroic  firmness. — Maria  Pa- 
cueco,  his  wife,  was  worthy  of  such  a 
husband.  During  his  life  she  partici- 
pated in  all  his  labors,  and  after  his 
death  she  defended  Toledo  for  several 
months,  gained  several  advantages  at 
the  head  of  her  troops,  and  did  not  quit 
the  place  till  she  was  deserted  by  the 
citizens. 

PAGAN,  Blaise  Francois,  count  de, 
an  eminent  French  military  engineer, 
was  b.  at  Avignon,  in  1604.  lie  entered 
into  the  army  at  an  early  age,  and  lost 
an  eye,  in  1621,  at  the  siege  of  Montau- 
ban.  After  this  he  distinguished  him- 
self on  several  occasions,  particularly  at 
the  passage  of  the  Alps  and  the  barri- 
cade of  Suza,  where  he  was  the  first  to 
lead  tiie  way  over  a  dangerous  height. 
In  1642  he  lost  his  sight  entirely  ;  not- 
withstanding which  he  pursued  his  mil- 
itary studies,  and  in  1645  published  an 
excellent  work,  entitled  "Traite"  de  For- 
tification.'1'    D.  1655. 

PAGANACCI,  Jean,  b.  at  Lyons,  in 
1720  ;  d.  in  1797.  His  great  work,  the 
"  Manuel  des  Negocians,"  a  commercial 
encyclopaedia,  is  justly  esteemed  in 
France. 

PAGANEL,  Peter,  a  member  of  the 
French  legislative  assembly  and  conven- 
tion, was  b.  in  1745.  He  was  chosen  a 
deputy  in  1791  ;  and  when,  on  the  10th 
of  August,  1793,  the  unfortunate  Louis 
XVI.  sought  an  asylum  in  the  hall  of 
the  representatives,  he  was  one  of  the 
first  to  join  in  a  deputation  to  the  people, 
in  order  to  restrain  their  violence  ;  yet 
he  afterwards  voted  for  the  king's  death. 
He  was  consequently  obliged  to  quit 
France  in  1816,  and  he  d.  at  Brussels  in 
1826.  Paganel  was  the  author  of  "  Essai 
Historiquc  et  Critique  sur  la  Revolution 
Francaise,"  and  some  other  works  of 
minor  importance. 

PAGANINI,  Nicoi.o,  the  inimitable 
violinist,  was  b.  at  Genoa,  1784.  His 
father,  who  was  a  commission-broker 
by  trade,  but  a  great  musical  amateur, 
initiated  him  in  the  principles  of  music 
from  his  earliest y ears  ;  and  the  progress 


thus  made  under  parental  care  was  still 
further  increased  by  subsequent  instruc- 
tions from  Costa,  Holla,  anil  Paer.  Hii 
first  public  engagement  was  at  Lucca. 
Here  he  found  a  zealous  patroness  in 
tiie  Princess  Bacchiochi.  Bister  of  Napo- 
leon; but  in  1818  lie  left  Lucca  for  Mi- 
lan, and  three  years  later  bis  reputation 
had  s<i  spread  abroad,  thai  the  •'  Lcipsie 
Musical  Gazette,"  no  mean  anth  >rity  at 
that  time,  pronounced  him  the  fir.->t  vio- 
linist in  the  world.  From  this  epoch 
dates  his  wondrous  performance  on  a 
single  string,  which  at  a  later  period 
called  forth  such  bursts  of  applause 
from  innumerable  audiences  in  Ger- 
many, France,  ami  England.  In  1828 
he  visited  Vienna,  where  he  met  with 
an  enthusiastic  reception.  Thence  lie 
visited  the  chief  cities  of  Germany ;  and 
in  1881  he  made  a  musical  tour  through 
France  and  England,  where  he  realized 
enormous  sums,  which,  however,  the 
gambling  table  swallowed  up,  frequently 
even  with  greater  rapidity  than  he  gained 
them.  His  last  years  were  spent  at  Ins 
villa  Gajona  near  Parma;  and  he  d.  at 
Nice,  1840.  The  most  absurd  stories 
were  circulated  regarding  Pugauini  du- 
ring his  lifetime  ;  nor  did  they  cease 
even  with  his  death.  Crimes  of  the 
deepest  dye  were  imputed  to  him  with- 
out a  vestige  of  foundation  ;  though  it 
must  be  admitted  that  the  singular  cast 
of  his  countenance,  his  reserved  char- 
acter, his  sudden  bursts  of  passion,  and 
the  mysterious  veil  which  he  was  fond 
of  throwing  around  all  his  proceedings, 
were  well  fitted  to  awaken  public  curi- 
osity, with  its  usual  adjunct,  excessive 
credulity. 

PAGES,  Francis  Xavier,  an  indefat- 
igable French  romance  writer,  &c,  was 
b.  at  Aurillae,  in  1745,  and  d.  at  Paris, 
in  1802.  Among  his  numerous  works 
arc,  "Histoire  Secrete  de  la  Revolution 
Franchise,"  and  "  Nouveau  Voyage  au- 
tour  du  Monde,  en  Asie,  en  Amerique, 
et  en  A'riquc,  precede  d'un  Voyage  cu 
Italic" — Pierre  Marie  Francois,  vis- 
count de,  a  celebrated  French  navigator, 
was  b.  at  Toulouse,  in  17-ls.  He  sailed 
from  Cape  Francois,  in  St.  Domingo,  in 
1797,  with  a  view  to  explore  the  Indian 
seas,  and  travel  through  China  and 
Tartary  to  the  Northern  Ocean  ;  baton 
arriving  at  the  Philippine  islands  in 
October,  1798,  and  finding  it  impossible, 
to  penetrate  China,  he  went  by  sea  to 
Bassora,  and  travelling  through  the 
desert  to  Syria,  he  reached  France  in 
December,  1771.  He  afterwards  sailed 
in  Kerguelen's  expedition  to  the  south 


672 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[pal 


pole,  and  on  his  return  proceeded  as  far 
as  8!  decrees  and  a  half  of  north  latitude. 
He  served  in  the  American  war,  after 
which  ho  retired  to  his  estate  in  St.  Do- 
mingo,  where  lie  was  murdered  during 
a  revolt  of  the  negroes  in  1793. 

PAGI,  Anthony,  a  famous  Cordelier, 
who  was  four  times  provincial  of  his 
order.  B.  1624;  d.  1699.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  "  Critique  on  Baronius's 
Annals,"  and  a  "  Dissertation  on  the 
Consulates." — Francis,  his  nephew,  also 
a  Cordelier,  assisted  his  uncle  in  his 
great  work  on  Bironius,  and  was  the 
author  of  "Breviarinm  Historieo-chro- 
nologico-critiettm."    D.  1721. 

PAINE,  Thomas,  a  political  writer, 
was  b.  1736,  at  Thetford,  in  Norfolk. 
He  was  brought  up  as  a  staymaker,  but 
became  an  exciseman.  Being,  however, 
dismissed  for  misconduct,  he  came  over 
to  America,  and  espoused  the  cause  of 
the  colonies,  who  were  then  in  arms 
against  the  mother  country.  His  first 
literary  production,  a  pamphlet,  with  the 
title  of  "Common  Sense,"  had  a  power- 
ful effect,  and  he  was  rewarded  by  a  grant 
of  land,  and  another  of  £500.  He  was 
also  employed  by  the  congress.  In  1790 
he  visited  England,  and,  in  the  following 
year,  he  produced  his  celebrated  "  Rights 
of  Man,"  in  answer  to  Burke's  "Reflec- 
tions ;"  for  the  second  part  of,  which  a 
prosecution  was  instituted  against  him. 
He  was,  however,  beyond  the  reach  of 
the  English  law;  he  having  taken  his 
seat  as  a  member  of  the  national  conven- 
tion. As  a  French  legislator  he  dis- 
played a  degree  of  moderation,  which 
Drought  upon  him  the  hatred  of  the 
Jacobins.  He  was  imprisoned,  and  was 
near  becoming  a  victim  to  the  guillotine. 
He  at  length  returned  to  America,  and 
d.  in  1809.  Besides  the  works  already 
mentioned,  he  wrote  "The  Age  of  Rea- 
son," and  some  political  tracts. — Robert 
Treat,  an  eminent  lawyer,  and  a  signer 
of  the  declaration  of  independence,  was 
b.  at  Boston,  1731,  and  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college,  in  1749.  Alter  a 
visit  to  Europe  of  some  years,  he  com- 
menced the  study  of  the  law,  and  about 
1759  settled  in  its  practice  in  Taunton. 
He  took  an  early  and  active  interest  in 
public  affairs,  and  in  1774  was  appointed 
a  delegate  from  Massachusetts  to  the 
general  congress.  Hi;  was  a  member  of 
the  committee  of  the  convention  that 
drafted  the  constitution  of  his  native 
Btate.  Under  the  government  that  was 
organized  he  was  appointed  attorney- 
general,  and  held  this  office  till  1790, 
when  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the 


supreme  court.  lie  remained  on  the 
bench  till  1804.  D.  in  1814.— Robert 
Treat,  a  poet  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
b.  at  Taunton,  1773,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1791.  On  leaving 
college  he  was  placed  in  a  counting- 
house,  but  soon  turned  his  attention  to 
literature  and  theatricals,  and  published 
several  orations  and  poems.  His  poems 
were  very  popular  and  profitable,  and 
by  the  saie  of  the  song  of  "  Adams  and 
Liberty,"  he  received  the  sum  of  $750. 
In  1800  he  began  the  practice  of  law, 
but  failed  of  success  from  the  want  of 
industry,  and  passed  the  close  of  his 
life  in  poverty.    D.  1811. 

PAISIELLO,  John,  a  celebrated  com- 
poser, a  pupil  of  Durante,  was  b.  1741, 
at  Tarento.  He  begun  his  public  career 
in  1763,  by  two  operas,  which  raised 
him  at  once  into  popularity  throughout 
Italy.  His  subsequent  works  extended 
his  reputation  over  the  whole  of  the 
Continent.  Several  sovereigns  invited 
him  into  their  service.  He  accepted  the 
offer  of  the  Empress  Catharine,  and  re- 
sided in  Russia  for  nine  years.  He  next 
settled  at  Naples.  In  1801  he  went  to 
Paris  at  the  request  of  Bonaparte  ;  but, 
after  having  lived  nearly  three  years  in 
France,  he  returned  to  Naples,  and  d. 
there  in  1816. 

PAJOU,  Augusttn,  an  eminent  French 
sculptor,  was  b.  1730,  at  Paris;  gained 
the  prize  at  the  Academy  at  the  age  of 
eighteen,  and  was  sent  to  study  at  Rome, 
where  he  remained  for  twelve  years  ;  be- 
came professor  of  the  academy  of  paint- 
ing and  sculpture,  and  a  member  o\'  the 
institute,  and  of  the  legion  of  honor. 
Ilis  countrymen  have  called  him  the  re- 
storer of  the  art.  Among  his  numerous 
works,  some  of  the  principal  are,  "  Pluto 
holding  Cerebus  chained,"  "Psycho 
abandoned  by  Love,"  and  statues  of 
Demosthenes,  Descartes,  Bossuet,  Pas- 
cal, and  Tiirennc.     D.  1809. 

PALAFOX,  Don  Joseph,  immor- 
talized by  his  heroic  defence  of  Sara- 
gossa,  in  180S-9,  was  sprung  from  an 
old  Aragonose  family,  and  having  en- 
tered the  military  service  of  Spain  at  at 
early  age,  accompanied  Ferclinand  tc 
Bayonne;  but  on  the  resignation  of  that 
monarch,  he  returned  to  Aragon,  and 
lived  in  retirement  at  a  short  distancf 
from  Saragossa.  Proclaimed  governor 
of  Saragossa  by  the  people  who  saw 
themselves  menaced  on  all  sides  by  th« 
armies  of  France,  he  took  instant  meas- 
ures to  sustain  a  siege;  and  such  wa# 
the  effect  of  his  combined  intelligence 
and  determination,  that  with  a  compar- 


pal] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


G73 


ativc  handful  of  men,  the  city  manfully 
resisted  an  overwhelming  force,  and  at 
length  compelled  the  French  general  to 
retreat  after  a  siege  of  61  days,  and  the 
loss  of  thousands  of  his  men.  But  the 
reduction  of  Saragossa  was  of  too  great 
importance  to  tl.i  French  for  them  not 
to  strain  every  nerve  to  accomplish  it ; 
and  Marshals  Mortier  and  Moncey 
marched  in  November  of  the  same  year, 
at  the  head  of  a  large  army,  to  recom- 
mence the  siege.  After  suffering  two 
defeats  before  Saragossa,  Pnlafox  once 
more  retired  within  its  walls,  and  com- 
menced the  same  vigorous  course  of 
action  which  had  been  already  crowned 
with  success;  but  on  this  occasion  all 
his  efforts  were  in  vain  ;  the  besiegers 
were  backed  by  a  force  more  terrible 
than  themselves,  an  epidemic  fever  was 
raging  in  the  garrison  ;  and  Palafox  who 
was  attacked  by  it,  was  obliged  to  resign 
the  command  on  the  20th  February,  to 
General  St.  Marc,  who  signed  the  capit- 
ulation on  the  following  day.  Palafox 
was  now  sent  into  France,  and  remained 
a  close  prisoner  at  Vineennes,  till  the 
restoration  of  Ferdinand,  by  whom  he 
was  sent  on  a  secret  mission  to  Madrid. 
In  June,  1814,  he  was  appointed  cap- 
tain-general of  Arayon  ;  but  for  nearly 
thirty  years  before  his  death  he  took  no 
flart  'in*  public  affairs.  B.  1780  ;  d.  1 847. 
'  PALESTRINA,  Giovanni  Pietro 
Aloisio,  the  most  celebrated  master  of 
the  old  Roman  school  of  music,  was 
b.  at  Palestrina,  the  ancient  Praeneste. 
about  the  beginning  of  the  Kith  century. 
He  d.  in  1594.  Some  of  his  pieces  are 
still  performed  in  the  Sistine  chapel  at 
Rome. 

PALEY,  William,  an  eminent  divine, 
the  son  of  a  clergyman,  was  b.  1745,  at 
Peterborough,  and  was  educated,  as  a 
sizar,  at  Christ's  colletre,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  became  a  fellow  in  1766.  For 
ten  subsequent  years  he  resided  at  the 
university;  but  in  1776  he  obtained  the 
vicarages  of  Dalston,  in  Cumberland, 
and  Appleby,  in  Westmoreland.  With- 
in the  next  nine  years  he  became  a  pre- 
bendary, archdeacon,  and  chancellor  of 
Carlisle.  In  1785,  he  at  once  attained 
high  reputation  by  his  "Elements  of 
Moral  and  Political  Philosophy."  At 
various  intervals  in  the  course  of  a  few 
years,  this  work  was  succeeded  by 
"  Hora  Paulina?,"  <;  A  View  of  the 
Evidences  of  Christianity,"  and  "  Nat- 
ural Theology,"  besides  some  smaller 
pieces.  His  sermons  were  a  posthu- 
mous publication.  Preferment  awaited 
him  as  well  as  competence  and  fame. 
57 


Tic  was  successively  made  vicar  of  Stan- 
wix,  a  prebendary  of  St.  Pancras,  sub- 
dean  of  Lincoln,  a  doctor  of  divinity, 
and  rector  of  Bishop's  Wear  mouth.    D. 

1805. 

PALISSET  DE  MONTENOY, 
Charles,  a  French  satirist  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  b.  1780,  at  Nanci,  and 
was  throughout  his  life  in  a  state  of  vio- 
lent hostility  with  the  French  literary 
characters  of  the  philosophical  sect. 
His  works  form  six  octavo  volumes. 
Among  them  are  "  The  Diynciad ;';  Borne 
comedies,  "  Little  Letters  against  great 
Philosophers,"  "  Memoirs  for  a  History 
of  French  Literature,"  and  a  '*  History 
of  the  early  Ages  of  Home."     I).  1814. 

PALISSOT  DE  BEAUVOIS,  Am- 
brose Marie  Francois  Joseph,  an  emi- 
nent naturalist,  was  b.  at  Arras,  in  tlio 
French  Netherlands,  in  17-r>2.  After 
studying  at  the  college  of  Ilarcourt,  at 
Paris,  he  was  in  1772  admitted  a  coun- 
sel of  the  parliament  of  that  city;  and 
subsequently  became  recciver-ircneral 
of  territorial  imposts,  till  the  suppres- 
sion of  that  office  in  1777.  He  then 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  natural 
history,  and  he  undertook  a  voyage  to 
the  coast  of  Guinea,  with  an  intention 
to  travel  across  the  African  continent  to 
Egypt;  but  being  unable  to  execute  that 
design,  he  sailed  for  St.  Domingo,  in 
17S8,  and  there  occupied  some  official 
situations.  Having  opposed  the  revo- 
lutionary attempts  of  the  negroes,  he 
with  difficulty  effected  his  escape  to 
America,  purposing  to  return  to  France, 
when  lie  learnt  that  he  had  been  pro- 
scribed as  an  emigrant.  He  occupied 
himself  while  in  America  as  a  teacher 
of  languages,  and  as  a  musician,  but  ho 
did  not  neglect  his  favorite  pursuits; 
and  on  hearing  that  his  name  had  been 
erased  from  the  proscribed  list,  he  re- 
turned to  his  native  country,  taking 
with  him  the  rich  collection  of  natural 
curiosities  which  he  had  formed.  D. 
1820. 

PALLADIO,  Andrew,  a  celebrated 
Italian  architect,  was  b.  1518,  at  Viccnza, 
acquired  in  his  own  country  a  reputa- 
tion which  has  received  the  sanction  of 
other  nations  and  of  posterity;  and  d. 
in  1580.  His  "Treatise  on  Architec- 
ture" is  one  of  the  classics  of  the  art. 

PALLAS,  Peter  Simon,  an  eminent 
traveller  and  naturalist,  was  b.  1741  at 
Berlin;  studied  at  Halle,  Gottingcn, 
and  Leyden ;  and  acquired  so  much 
reputation  by  bis  '•  Elenchus  Zoopliy- 
toruin"  and  "  Miscellanea  Zoologies,"' 
that  Catharir;e  of  Russia  invited  him  to 


674 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[PAW 


St.  Petersburg,  made  him  a  member  of 
the  academy,  and  for  six  years  employed 
him  as  a  naturalist,  in  exploring  various 

parts  of  l:er  vast  empire.  During  his 
tour  he  suffered  such  hardships  that  his 
hair  turned  white,  and  his  constitution 
was  severely  injured.  In  1794,  the  em- 
press gave  him  an  estate  in  the  Crimea. 
There  he  resided  for  fifteen  years;  but 
at  length  he  quitted  Russia,  and  settled 
at  Berlin.  Among  his  numerous  works 
are  his  "Travels,"  which  Saussure 
denominated,  "  an  inexhaustible  mine 
for  the  naturalist  and  statesman  ;"  "His- 
torical Documents  on  the  Mongols ;" 
and  a  "Physical  and  Topographical 
Description  of  the  Taurida."     D.  1SU. 

PALL  A  VICT  NO,  Sforza,  was  b.  in 
1647,  at  Rome ;  was  employed  by  Pope 
Innocent  X.  in  various  important  affairs, 
obtained  a  cardinal's  hat  in  1657;  and 
d.  1667.  His  chief  work  is  "A  History 
of  the  Council  of  Trent." 

PALMELLA,  duke  of,  a  distinguish- 
ed Portuguese  statesman,  was  b.  in  1781. 
He  took  an  active  part  in  all  the  political 
troubles  of  his  country  during  the  last 
thirty  or  forty  years;  and  it  was  owing 
to  his  aid  and  counsels  that  the  queen 
of  Portugal  was  indebted,  in  a  great 
measure,  for  her  establishment  on  the 
throne  of  her  ancestors.  A  very  consid- 
erable part  of  his  life  was  dedicated  to 
the  diplomatic  service  of  his  country, 
which  he  represented  at  the  congress  of 
Vienna  and  in  London.  In  1320  he 
made  a  fruitless  voyage  to  Brazil,  to 
pacify  the  revolution  which  had  burst 
forth.  He  was  also  selected  to  attend 
at  the  coronation  of  Queen  Victoria; 
and  his  great  wealth  enabled  him  to  vie 
on  that  occasion  with  the  representatives 
of  the  other  courts  of  Europe.  He  was 
several  times  called  on  to  offer  advice  to 
his  sovereign,  but  only  held  office  for  a 
limited  period.     D.  1850. 

PALMER,  John,  an  eminent  English 
actor,  was  b.  in  London,  about  1742, 
and  made  his  first  appearance  in  the 
metropolis  at  the  Haymarket  theatre. 
He  was  afterwards  engaged  by  Garriek 
at  Drury-lanc,  and  gradually  rose  to 
eminence  in  his  profession,  both  in 
comedy  and  tragedy.  D.  1798. — John, 
the  first  projector  of  mail-coaches,  was 
a  native  of  Bath,  where  he  was  brought 
up  as  a  brewer,  but  subsequently  soli- 
cited and  obtained  a  patent  for  a  theatre 
in  his  native  city,  which  concern  proved 
eminentlv  successful  under  his  manage- 
ment. Being  much  in  the  habit  of  trav- 
elling from  place  to  place,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  securiur  rising  performers,  the 


idea  occurred  to  him  that  s  better  mode 
of  conveying  the  mails  was  most  desira- 
ble, and  he  accordingly  matured  the 
plan  of  transmitting  letters  by  coaches 
with  guards,  now  superseded  by  the 
railway.  He  succeeded  in  his  object, 
though  not  without  great  opposition; 
but  the  utility  of  the  plan  soon  became 
manifest,  and  he  was  made  eomptroller- 
ircncral  of  the  post-office,  with  a  salary 
of  £1500  a  year.  Some  disputes,  how 
ever,  occurring,  he  lost  his  situation  in 
1792,  and  though  he  afterwards,  through 
petitions,  was  reimbursed  by  parlia- 
ment, the  compensation  was  very  inad- 
equate to  the  per  ccntage  he  was  to 
have  received,  in  case  his  plan  suc- 
ceeded.    D.  1818. 

PALOMINO  DE  CASTRO  Y  VE- 
LASCO,  Aciscles  Anthony,  an  emi- 
nent Spanish  painter,  was  b.  1653,  at 
Bujalance.  inValen.:a;  was  a  pupil  of 
Valdes;  became  king's  painter,  and 
entered  into  the  clerical  profession  in 
his  latter  days.  Amonjr  his  most  re- 
markable works  are,  a  "Confession  of 
St.  Peter,"  at  Valencia,  and  five  pictures 
in  the  choir  of  the  cathedral  at  Cordova. 
Palomino  wrote  the  "The  Pictorial  Mu- 
seum," of  which  the  third  volume  con- 
tains the  lives  of  Spanish  artists.  D. 
1726. 

PAN  ARD,  Chart.es  Francis,  a  French 
dramatist,  whom  Marmontel  surnamed 
the  Lafontaine  of  the  Vaudeville,  was 
b.  1694,  near  Charfres.  He  wrote  eighty 
pieces,  among  which  are  five  comedies, 
and  thirteen  comic  operas.  The  songs 
of  Panard  are  remarkable  for  their  easy 
stvle  and  their  piquancv.     D.  1765. 

'PANCIROL1,  Guy,  a  civilian,  was  b. 
1623,  at  Reggio,  and  was  professor  of 
law  at  Padua,  and  afterwards  at  Turin. 
He  is  the  author  of  various  works;  but 
the  one  by  which  he  is  remembered  is  a 
curious  treatise  on  the  ancient  inven- 
tions which  are  lost,  and  on  those  in- 
ventions which  belong  to  the  moderns. 
D.  1599. 

PANCOUCKE,  Charles  Joseph,  one 
of  the  most  eminent  booksellers  in 
France,  and  also  a  man  of  literarv  talent, 
was  b.  at  Lisle,  17">6.  lie  settled  at 
Paris,  became  connected  with  most  of 
the  distinguished  authors  of  his  tinio, 
and  published  many  magnificent  works. 
The  Monitenr  was  established  by  him: 
and  he  also  projected  the  Methodical 
Encyclopedia.  Among  his  own  pro- 
ductions are,  a  free  translation  of  Lu- 
cretius, "On  Man,  and  the  Reproduc- 
tion of  different  Individuals,"  and 
"  Philosophical  Discourses  on  the  Beau 


par] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


C)75 


tiful."     D.  1698. — Andrew  Joseph,  his 
father,  was  a  bookseller  and  author. 

PAOLI,  Pascal,  a  patriot  and  gen- 
eral, (the  son  of  Hyacinth  Paoli,  who 
was  also  an  intrepid  assertor  of  his 
country's  liberty.)  was  b.  1 720,  at  Stret- 
ta,  in  Corsica;  followed  his  father  into 
exile;  and  was  educated  at  the  Jesuits' 
college,  at  Naples.  In  1755,  his  coun- 
trymen having  elected  him  their  gener- 
alissimo, he  returned  to  Corsica,  and 
acted  with  such  vigor  against  the  Ge- 
noese, that  he  confined  their  dominion 
within  the  narrow  limits  of  the  fortified 
seaports.  To  enact  wise  laws,  introduce 
reforms,  and  encourage  agriculture,  was 
his  next  care.  But  all  his  noble  labors 
were  rendered  abortive.  The  Genoese 
sold  the  island  to  France,  and,  after  a 
severe  struggle  against  the  invading 
army,  Paoli  was  once  more  compelled 
to  become  an  exile.  For  20  years  he 
resided   in    England,   subsisting   on    a 

Eension  from  the  government.  In  1789 
e  was  recalled  by  the  constituent  as- 
sembly ;  but,  in  1793,  he  was  proscribed 
by  the  Jacobins,  and  he  subsequently 
placed  Corsica  under  the  protection  of 
Great  Britain.     D.  in  London,  1807. 

PAPIN,  Dents,  au  eminent  natural 
philosopher  and  physician,  was  b.  at 
Blois,  in  France.  After  taking  the  de- 
gree of  M.D.,  he  visited  England  ;  and, 
in  1680,  became  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society.  While  there  he  made  many 
tttempts  to  bring  the  Bteani-engine  to 
perfection,  and  published  an  account  of 
an  invention,  which  still  bears  his  name. 
His  work  is  entitled  "The  New  Digest- 
er, or  Engine  for  the  Softening  of 
Bones."  Papin  assisted  Mr.  Boyle  in 
his  pneumatic  experiments  ;  and,  on 
leaving  England,  he  went  to  Marpurg, 
where  he  was  made  mathematical  pro- 
fessor, in  1687,  and  d.  1710. 

PAPINIAN,  JSmilics,  the  greatest 
civil  lawyer  of  antiquity,  was  b.  about 
145  ;  was  praetorian  prefect  under  the 
Emperor  Severus;  and  was  put  to  death 
by  Caraealla,  in  212.  for  refusing  to  jus- 
tify the  murder  of  Geta.  Most  of  his 
works  are  lost. 

PARACELSUS,  Aureolus  Philip 
Theopiirastus  Bombast  de  Hoheniieim, 
a  celebrated  Swiss  empiric  and  alchem- 
ist, was  b.  1493,  at  Einsiedlen,  in  the 
canton  of  Schwitz.  He  lived  a  wander- 
ing life  for  several  years;  but,  having 
performed  some  extraordinary  cures,  he 
was  invited,  in  1526,  to  fill  the  medical 
and  surgical  chair  at  the  university  of 
Basle.  This  post,  however,  he  held  for 
little  more  than  a  year,  when  he  recom- 


menced  his  peregrinations.     He  intro- 
duced   mercury  and    other    uiedii 
into  practice.     I),  at  Snlzburgh,  1541. 

PARK,  Ambrose,  who  is  called  tho 
father  of  French  surgery,  was  h.  at 
Laval,  about  the  beginning  of  the  16th 
century;   was  successive!]   surgeon  to 

Ilenrv'll.,  Francis  II.,  Charles  IX.,  and 
Henry  III.,  and  d.  1590. 

PA  KIN  I,  Joseph,  an  Italian  poet,  was 
b.  1729,  at  Basizio;  was  patronized  by 
Count  Firmian,  governor  of  Lombardy, 
and  afterwards  by  Princess  Maria  Bea- 
trix, of  Este;  and  was  professor  ofb*  Ilea 
lettres,  eloquence,  and  the  fine  arts,  at 
Milan.  Parini  was  one  of  the  most 
eminent  lyric  poets  of  Italy,  and  ex- 
celled also  in  satire.     D.  1799. 

PARIS,  Matthew,  an  English  histo- 
rian, was  a  Benedictine  monk  at  St. 
Albans,  into  which  order  he  entered  in 
1217.  Paris  was  an  universal  scholar, 
and  a  man  of  great  probity.  His  histo- 
ry is  a  valuable  work.  D.  1259. — Fran- 
cis, commonly  called  the  Abbe  Paris, 
was  b.  in  the  French  capital,  where  his 
father  was  counsellor  to  the  parliament: 
but  the  son  embraced  the  ecclesiastical 
life,  and  devoted  himself  to  devotion 
and  charity.  He  d.  in  1727,  and  was 
buried  in  the  cemetery  of  St.  Medard, 
where  the  Jansenists  pretended  that 
miracles  were  wrought  at  his  tomb;  in 
consequence  of  which  such  crowds  re- 
sorted to  the  place  that  the  government 
caused  the  churchyard  to  be  walled  up 
in  1732. 

PARK,  Mungo,  a  celebrated  traveller, 
the  son  of  a  farmer,  was  b.  1771,  at 
Fowlshifts,  Scotland,  and  was  brought 
up  to  the  medical  profession.  After 
having  made  a  voyage  to  Bencoolen,  ha 
was  engaged,  in  1795,  by  the  African 
Society,  to  penetrate  into  the  interior  of 
Africa,  and  explore  the  course  of  the 
Niger.  He  arrived  in  the  Gambia  in 
June,  and,  on  the  2d  of  December,  pro- 
ceeded from  Pisania,  on  his  adventurous 
journey.  On  the  20th  of  July  he  came 
in  sight  of  the  long-sought  river.  After 
having  traced  it  to  a  considerable  dis- 
tance, he  was  under  the  necessity  of 
desisting:  from  his  enterprise.  On  his 
return  to  Scotland,  Park  married,  and 
entered  upon  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion. In  1804,  however,  he  undertook 
a  second  expedition,  for  the  same  pur- 
poses as  the  first.  Ho  again  reached 
the  Nitrer,  and  embarked  upon  it  at 
Bammakou,  but  was  attacked  by  the 
natives,  and  drowned,  in  his  voyage  to 
Iloussa. 

PARKE,  John,  a  celebrated  musician, 


676 


CYCLOP.-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[par 


b.  1745,  was  the  best  hautboy  player  of 
his  time,  and  succeeded  Fischer,  at 
Vauxhall,  in  1770.  About  the  same  time 
Garrick  engaged  him,  on  very  liberal 
terms,  to  play  at  Drury-lane  ;  and,  in 
1783,  he  was'  attached  to  the  Carlton- 
house  band,  at  a  yearly  salary  of  £100. 
He  was  now  in  the  highest  reputation ; 
he  performed  at  the  concert  of  ancient 
music,  at  the  best  private  concerts,  and 
was  also  regularly  engaged  at  the  great 
provincial  music  meetings.     D.  1829. 

PARKER,  Matthew,  a  learned  pre- 
late, was  b.  1504,  at  Norwich  ;  was  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge ;  and  was  succes- 
sively chaplain  to  Anne  Boleyn,  dean  of 
Stoke  Clare,  master  of  Bennet  college, 
and  dean  of  Lincoln.  In  the  reign  of 
Mary  he  was  in  great  danger  of  being 
brought  to  the  stake.  Elizabeth  raised 
him  to  the  see  of  Canterbury,  which  he 
filled  with  honor  to  himself.  He  took  a 
share  in  the  "Reformed  Liturgy,11  and 
the  "Bishop's  Bible,"  published  edi- 
tions of  some  of  the  old  English  histori- 
ans, and  wrote  "  De  Antiquitata  Britan- 
niea;  Ecclesia?,"  and  some  works  of  less 
importance.  D.  1575. — Isaac,  an  emi- 
nent lawyer,  was  b.  in  Boston,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  college,  in  17SC. 
He  studied  law  in  the  office  of  .In  lire 
Tudor,  and  commenced  practice  at  Cas- 
tine,  in  Maine,  then  an  integral  part  of 
Massachusetts.  Removing  to  Portland, 
he  was  sent  for  one  term  to  congress,  as 
a  representative  from  Cumberland  coun- 
ty. He  also  held,  for  a  short  time,  the 
office  of  United  States  marshal  for  that 
district.  In  1806  he  was  appointed  by 
Governor  Strong  associate  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  Massachusetts,  and 
soon  after  took  up  his  residence  at  Bos- 
ton. In  1814  he  was  appointed  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  court,  and  held 
'.hat  office  till  his  sudden  death,  in  Julv, 
1830,  at  the  age  of  63. 

PARKES,  Samuel,  a  chemist,  was  b. 
1759,  at  Stourbridge,  was  educated  at 
Market  Ilarborough.  He  was  a  great 
manufacturing  chemist,  and  a  member 
of  the  geological  and  other  societies. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  "  Chemical  Cate- 
chism," which  has  passed  through  nu- 
merous editions  ;  "  Rudiments  of  Chem- 
istry," "An  Essay  on  the  Utility  of 
Chemistry,"  and  "Chemical  Essays." 
D.  1825. 

PARKHURST,  John,  a  divine,  was 
"b.  1723,  at  Catesby  ;  was  educated  at 
Ru<rby  school,  and  Clare  hall,  Cam- 
bridge; and  d.  1797.  He  is  the  author 
of  "A  Hebrew  Lexicon,"  "A  Greek 
Lexicon,"    "  Au  Address  to  Wesley," 


and  "  The  Divinity  and  Pre-e.\  etence  of 
Christ  demonstrated." 

PARKINSON,  John,  a  botanist,  was 
b.  1567 ;  was  appointed  apothecary  to 
Charles  I.;  was  nominated  Botanicus 
Regius  Primarins  by  Charles  I.  He  i? 
the  author  of  "  Paradisus  Terrestris,  or 
a  Garden  of  all  Sorts  of  Pleasant  Flow- 
ers," and  of  "  Theatrnm  Botanicum,  or 
Theatre  of  Plants."     D.  1640. 

PARMA,  Alexander  Farnese,  duke 
of,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  eenerals 
of  the  age  in  which  he  lived,  first  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  battle  of  Le- 
panto.  Being  appointed  to  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Netherlands  by  Philip  II. 
he  gained  several  victories,  and  restored 
the  greatest  part  of  the  provinces  to  the 
authority  of  his  sovereign.  In  1590  he 
compelled  Henry  IV.  to  raise  the  siege 
of  Paris;  and,  in  1592,  the  siesie  of 
Rouen.  In  the  last  of  these  expeditions 
he  received  a  wound  in  the  arm,  which 
he  neglected,  and  which  caused  his 
death,  at  Arras,  on  the  2d  December, 
in  the  fortv-setenth  vear  of  his  age. 

PARMENT1ER,  Anthony  Augustin, 
an  eminent  French  agricultural  improv- 
er, was  b.  1737,  at  Montdidier,  and  was 
successively  apothecary  to  the  army  in 
Hanover,  and  to  the  Hotel  des  Invalides 
at  Paris.  To  Parmentier,  France  is  in- 
debted for  rendering  the  cultivation  of 
t lie  potato  general,  and  for  improving* 
and  introducing  various  other  alimentary 
articles.  His  whole  attention  was  paid 
to  these  subjects,  and  all  his  works  re- 
late to  them'.     D.  1813. 

PARNELL,  Thomas,  a  divine  and 
poet,  was  b.  1679,  at  Dublin;  was  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  eolleee,  in  that  city;  ob- 
tained, in  1705,  1713,  and  1716,  the 
archdeaconry  of  Cloo-her,  a  prebend  in 
Dublin  cathedral,  and  the  vicarage  of 
Finglaas.  He  was  the  friend  of  Swift 
and  Pope,  the  latter  of  whom  gave  the 
works  of  Parnell  to  the  press.     D.  1717 

PARNY,  Evariste  Deshje  Desfo*- 
ges,  viscount  de.  whom  his  countrymen 
denominate  the  French  Tibnllus,  was  b. 
1753,  at  the  Isle  of  Bourbon  ;  was  sent 
to  France,  at  the  a<re  of  nine  years  ;  was 
educated  at  the  collcfre  of  Renins;  and 
entered  into  the  military  service.  His 
"Elegies,"  inspired  by  an  unfortunate 
passion,  appeared  in  1775.  and  at  once 
gave  him  a  conspicuous  place  amons 
poets.  Subsequent  works  sustained  his 
reputation.  It  is,  however,  to  be  re- 
gretted that,  in  his  latter  years,  he  sul- 
lied his  fame  by  several  impious  and 
licentious  productions.     D.  1814. 

PARR,  Samuel,  one  of  the  most  pro- 


pat] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIir. 


G77 


found  of  Greek  scholars,  was  b.  1746, 
at  Harrow-on-thc-IIill,  and  was  educated 
at  the  grammar  school  of  that  place, 
and  at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge. 
Having,  in  consequence  of  his  youth, 
been  disappointed  of  becoming  head 
master  at  Harrow,  he  established  a  sem- 
inary at  Stanmore;  which,  however, 
he  ultimately  gave  up,  and  was  succes- 
sively master  of  Colchester  and  Norwich 
grammar  schools.  His  first  church  pro- 
ferment was  the  rectory  of  Asterby, 
which  lie  obtained  in  1780.  He  subse- 
quently received  the  perpetual  curacy 
of  Hatton,  the  living  of  Graffham,  in 
Huntingdonshire,  and  a  prebend  of  St. 
Paul's  cathedral.  Among  his  works 
ore,  various  "Sermons,"  the  "Preface 
to  Bellendenns,"  and  a  "Letter  from 
Irenopolis."  D.  1825. — Thomas,  an  ex- 
traordinary instance  of  longevity,  was 
b.  in  Shropshire  in  1483.  He  was  bred 
to  husbandry,  in  which  he  labored  after 
he  was  130  years  old.  Ten  years  before 
this  he  married  a  widow ;  and  he  ex- 
hibited every  sign  of  health,  when,  in 
1635,  the  earl  of  Arundel  took  him  to 
the  court  of  Charles  I.,  where  he  d. 
through  the  change  of  air  and  mode  of 
living,  at  the  age  of  152  years  and  9 
months.  His  body  was  opened  by  Dr. 
Harvey,  who  discovered  no  internal 
mark*  of  decay. — Catharine,  the  sixth 
and  last  wife  of  Henry  VIII.  In  1547 
she  married  Sir  Thomas  Seymour,  lord 
admiral  of  England,  who  is  said  to  have 
treated  her  so  ill  that  she  d.  of  it  the 
year  following.  She  wrote  "  Prayers," 
"  Meditations,"  and  other  religious 
pieces. 

PARRHASIUS,  an  ancient  painter, 
the  cotemporary  and  rival  of  Zeuxis, 
was  b.  about.  420  b.  c,  at  Kphcsus.  His 
vanity  was  equal  to  his  talents,  groat  as 
they  were.  Among  his  most  celebrated 
works  wove,  an  allegorical  picture  of  the 
Athenian  people,  Meleager,  Hercules, 
and  Perseus,  and  a  high  priest  of  Cyb- 

PARSONS,  TiiF.opriiLrs,  a  distin- 
guished lawyer,  was  b.  at  Byefield,  Mas- 
sachusetts, in  1750,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1789.  He  studied, 
and  pursued  the  practice  of  the  law,  for 
some  years,  in  Falmouth,  now  Portland, 
but  when  that  town  was  destroyed  by 
the  British,  he  retired  to  the  house  of 
his  father  in  Newbury.  About  a  year 
afterwards  he  opened  an  office  in  New- 
buryport.  He  soon  rose  to  the  highest 
fflnk  in  his  profession,  and  made  im- 
mense acquisitions  in  legal  knowledge. 
His  professional  services  were  sought 
57* 


for  in  all  directions  and  after  thirty-five 
years  of  extensive  practice  he  was  ap- 
pointed chief  justice  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Massachusetts.  In  1780  ho 
was  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
formed  the  constitution  of  the  state, 
and  of  the  convention  which  accepted 
the  federal  constitution.  He  was  a 
powerful  speaker,  without  a  rival  in 
knowledge  of  law,  and  surpassed  by 
few  in  his  acquaintance  with  science 
and  classical  literature.  He  continued 
in  the  seat  of  chief  justice  till  his  death 
in  1813. 

PASCAL,  Blatze,  equally  eminent  as 
a  geometrician  and  a  writer,  was  b. 
1623,  at  Clermont,  in  Auvergne.  Though 
himself  a  mathematician,  his  father 
would  not  allow  him  to  be  taught  mathe- 
matics ;  but  such  was  his  propensity  to 
that  science,  that,  unassisted  and  by 
stealth,  he  mastered  a  part  of  Euclid  be- 
fore he  was  twelve  years  of  age.  He 
was  then  suffered  to  indulge  his  genius. 
At  sixteen  he  published  a  "Treatise  on 
Conic  Sections,"  and  at  nineteen  he  in- 
vented an  arithmetical  machine.  Un- 
like many  early  prodigies,  he  more  than 
sustained  in  manhood  the  fame  acqi  ired 
in  youth.  But  his  incessant  mental  ex- 
ertions injured  his  health,  and  in  some 
degree  affected  his  intellect,  without, 
however,  depriving  him  of  the  use  of 
his  talents.  In  1655  and  1650  he  pub- 
lished, under  the  name  of  Louis  de 
Montalte,  his  admirable  "Provincial 
Letters."  His  latter  days  were  spent  in 
the  practice  of  austere  devotion.  D. 
1662. 

PASQUIER,  Stephen,  an  eminent 
French  civilian  and  writer,  was  b.  1529, 
at  Paris;  was  a  pupil  of  Cujas,  ami  first 
rose  into  reputation  as  an  advocate  by 
pleading  against  the  Jesuits  before  tho 
parliament.  In  his  writings  he  was  also 
a  formidable  adversary  of  that  ambitious 
and  powerful  order.  One  of  his  prin- 
cipal works  is,  "Inquiries  respect'.'ig 
France."     D.  1615. 

PATEROULUS,  Caius  Velleius,  a 
Roman  historian,  of  an  equestrian  family, 
flourished  in  the  reigns  of  Augustus  and 
Tiberius.  He  filled  the  offices  of  tri- 
bune of  the  soldiers,  quaestor,  tribune  of 
the  people,  and  praetor,  and  commanded 
the  cavalry  under  Tiberius.  lie  is  sup- 
posed by  some  to  have  been  involved  in 
the  ruin  of  Sejnnus.  Only  a  part  of 
his  valuable  "Epitome  of  Greek  and 
Roman  history"  is  extant. 

PATRICK,  Simon,  a  learned  prelate, 
was  b.  1626,  at  Gainsborough  ;  was  edu- 
cated at   Queen's   college,   Cambridge; 


678 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[VEA 


and,  after  having  filled  with  honor  sev- 
eral secondary  preferments,  was  raised, 
in  liiS'J,  to  the  sec  of  Chichester,  for  his 
exertions  against  Catholicity.  In  16'Jl 
he  was  translated  to  Ely  ;  and  he  d.  1707. 
His  chief  work  is,  "Paraphrases  and 
Commentaries  on  the  Old  Testament." — 
St.,  the  apostle  or  patron  saint  of  Ireland, 
is  supposed  by  some  to  have  been  a  na- 
tive of  Cornwall,  whose  zeal  prompted 
him  to  cross  the  Channel  for  the  con- 
version of  the  pagan  Irish.  By  others, 
however,  he  is  said  to  have  been  a  na- 
tive of  Kirkpatrick,  on  the  Clyde;  and 
that  his  name  was  Saccuthns,  until 
changed  by  Pope  Celestine.  Others 
again  assert,  that  he  was  b.  in  Britany, 
and  carried  by  some  freebooters  to  Ire- 
land, where  he  was  at  first  employed  in 
keeping  sheep.  Be  this  as  it  may,  it  is 
allowed  by  all  that  his  endeavors  were 
crowned  with  great  success,  and  that  he 
established  there  a  number  of  schools 
and  monasteries.  Nennius  states  that 
his  missions  continued  forty  years,  and 
various  miracles  are  attributed  to  him, 
particularly  the  often-repeated  assertion 
of  the  absence  of  all  venomous  creatures 
from  Ireland,  ascribed  by  the  supersti- 
tious to  his  holy  benediction.  We  can 
no  more  reconcile  the  conflicting  testi- 
monies relative  to  the  place  of  his  birth, 
than  we  could  determine  the  validity  of 
his  miraculous  powers ;  and  perhaps, 
for  the  sake  of  truth,  the  least  that  is 
said  of  either  the  better.  It  would  seem 
that  the  latter  years  of  his  life  were  de- 
voted to  acts  of  piety  and  religions  med- 
itation ;  and  that  lied,  at  an  advanced 
age,  about  the  year  498.  His  works,  or 
at  least  those  ascribed  to  hiin,  were  pub- 
lished, with  remarks,  by  Sir  James 
Ware,  in  1658. 

PAUL,  St.  Vincent  de,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  the  church  of  Home,  was  b.  in  1576. 
In  a  voyage  which  he  made  from  Mar- 
seilles, his  ship  was  taken  by  the  Turks, 
and  he  remained  in  slavery  some  years; 
but  having  in  ide  a  convert  of  his  master, 
he  obtained  his  liberty,  and  returned  to 
France.  Louis  XIII.  made  him  abbot  of 
St.  Leonard  de  Chalme,  and  he  also  hail 
the  living  of  Clichy,  where  he  built  a 
church  at  his  own  expense.  He  was 
next  placed  at  the  head  of  the  council 
of  conscience,  and  chief  of  the  house  of 
St.  L  izire,  in  which  situations  his  zeal 
and  charity  knew  no  bounds.  lie  pro- 
jected missions  into  all  parts  of  the 
world,  and  instituted  a  number  of  be- 
nevolent establishments.  He  d.  in  1600, 
and  was  afterwards  canonized. 

1'AULUS.  Julius,  a  celebrated  Eomau 


lawyer,  of  the  3d  century,  who,  being 
made  an  imperial  counsellor  under  Seve- 
rus  and  Caracalla,  "distinguished  himself 
by  the  boldness  with  which  he  delivered 
his  opinions.  Under  Ileliogabalus  ho 
was  banished  ;  but  the  Emperor  Alex- 
ander Severus  recalled  him,  ra  sed  him 
to  the  consular  dignity,  and  appointed 
him  praetorian  prefect,  after  the  death 
of  Ulpian. — Peter,  grand  pensionary  of 
Holland,  was  b.  ii  1754.  As  a  minister 
of  the  marine  department  he  displayed 
great  activity  and  intelligence  ;  but  hav- 
ing offended  the  stadtholder's  govern- 
ment, he  was  removed  from  his  situation 
in  ITS",  and  retired  into  France.  He 
afterwards  returned,  and  held  very  im- 
portant offices  in  the  state.  1).  -17'J6. 
Paul  us  was  the  author  of  a  "Commen- 
tary on  the  Treaty  of  Utrecht,''  a  "  Me- 
moir on  the  Equality  of  Mankind,"  and 
other  works. 

PAUSANIUS,  a  Greek  orator  and 
historian,  settled  at  Pome,  170,  and  d. 
there  at  a  very  advanced  age.  He  is 
the  author  of  a  valuable  "  Historical 
Description  of  Greece,"  in  ten  books. 

PAUW,  Cornelius  de,  a  learned  wri- 
ter, was  b.  1739,  at  Amsterdam;  was 
educated  at  Liege  by  a  relation  ;  refused 
the  most  tempting  offers  from  Frederic 
the  Great,  to  settle  at  Berlin ;  and  became 
canon  of  Xanten.  He  is  the  author  of 
"Philosophical  Inquiries  respecting  the 
Americans,  the  Egyptians  and  Chinese, 
and  the  Greeks."  All  his  works  are 
ingenious,  but  abound  with  paradoxes 
and  bold  theories.     D.  1799. 

PEACIIAM,  Henry,  an  ingenious 
writer  of  the  17th  century,  was  b.  at 
North  Minis,  in  Hertfordshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  college.  Cambridge.  Ho 
afterwards  went  to  Italy,  and  while  in 
that  country  studied  painting,  music, 
and  the  fine  arts  generally.  His  princi- 
pal work,  entitled  "The  Complete 
Gentleman,"  was  once  extremely  popu- 
lar. Besides  this,  he  published  "Mi- 
nerva Britannica,"  "Thalia's  Banquet," 
"The  Valley  of  Variety,"  "The  Worth 
of  a  Penny,"  and  the  "Gentleman's 
Exercise."  *  D.  about  1640. 

PEALE,  Charles  Wilson,  was  b.  in 
Maryland,  in  1741,  and  was  successively 
a  saddler,  harness-maker,  silversmith, 
watchmaker,  carver,  portrait  painter, 
naturalist,  machinist,  and  dentist.  He 
founded  the  extensive  museum  at  Phila- 
delphia, which  bears  his  name.  D.  1S27. 
— Rembrandt,  a  brother  of  the  above, 
was  also  a  distinguished  artist,  who  waa 
well  known  in  Philadelphia  and  New 
York. 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


pee] 


PEARCL,  Zachary,  a  learned  prelate, 
was  b.  16'.a»,  in  London;  was  educated 
at  Westminster  school,  and  at  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge;  was  successively 
rector  of  Stapleford  Abbots,  and  of  St. 
Bartholomew,  near  the  Bank,  vicar  of 
Bt.  Martin  in  the  Fields,  dean  of  Win- 
chester; and  bishop  of  Bangor  and 
Rochester.  He  wrote  sermons,  some 
papers  in  the  "Spectator"  and  "Guar- 
dian," "  A  Commentary  on  the  Evange- 
lists and  Acts,"  and  other  works;  and 
published  editions  of  Longinus,  and 
Cicero's  "  Pe  Offieiis."     D.  1774. 

PEARSON,  John,  an  eminent  En- 
glish prelate,  was  b.  at  Snoring,  in  Nor- 
folk, in  1612,  and  d.  bishop  of  Chester, 
in  1686.  lie  is  principally  known  by 
his  valuable  "Exposition  of  the  Creed." 
He  also  wrote  "  Vindieiae  Iguatii,  or  a 
Defence  of  the  Epistles  of  St.  Ignatius." 
and  other  learned  works. — Maugaket 
Eglington,  a  lady  distinguished  for  her 
skill  in  the  art  of  enamelling,  or  painting 
on  glass,  was  the  daughter  of  Samuel 
Paterson,  the  bibliographer,  and  married 
an  artist  named  Pearson,  with  whom  she 
established  a  manufactory  of  stained 
glass  at  Hampstead.  Some  of  her  pro- 
ductions have  scarcely  ever  been  equal- 
led, particularly  her  copies  of  Raphael's 
cartoons.     L\  i  823 

PEEL,  Sir  Robert,  third  son  of  Mr. 
Peel,  of  Peel  Cross,  Lancashire,  was  b. 
17o0.  This  gentleman  evinced,  at  a  very 
early  age,  a  quickness  of  perception  and 
a  spirit  of  enterprise  which  led  to  dis- 
tinguished acts  in  the  course  of  his 
useful  life.  In  1770  he  devoted  a  great 
portion  of  his  time  to  the  improvement 
of  machinery.  In  1773  he  embarked  in 
the  cotton  trade,  accumulated  an  im- 
mense fortune,  was  created  a  baronet  in 
1801,  and  entered  parliament  the  follow- 
ing year.  D.  1830. — Sir  Robert,  son  of 
the  preceding,  and  the  greatest  states- 
man of  his  aire,  was  b.  Feb.  5,  178S.  He 
was  educated  first  at  Harrow,  and  after- 
wards at  Oxford,  at  both  of  which  places 
ha  distinguished  himself  by  his  patient 
diligence,  his  correct  taste,  and  his  schol- 
arly achievements.  At  Oxford  he  took 
a  first-class  degree  both  in  classics  and 
mathematics.  No  sooner  was  this  ac- 
complished, than  his  father,  in  1800,  had 
.Dim  brought  into  parliament  as  member 
for  Cashel,  whilst  he  was  little  more  than 
21  years  of  age;  and  the  house  of  com- 
mons became  thenceforward  the  arena 
of  his  life.  He  had  not  sat  long  in  it 
until  he  proved  himself  an  able  speaker, 
»nd  a  laborious  and  sagacious  worker. 
In  1811  he  was  appointed  under-secre- 


g™ 


tary  of  state  for  the  colonies,  under  the 
Perceval  administration.  In  1812  he 
was  made  chief  secretary  for  Ireland, 
and  shortly  after  carried  his  measure 
for  the  reform  of  the  currency.  lie  in 
1822  became  secretary  of  state  for  the 
home  department.  Among  many  other 
useful  measures  identified  with  his 
name,  during  this  period  of  his  career, 
may  be  mentioned  his  plan  for  the  re- 
form of  the  criminal  code,  which  he 
brought  forward  and  carried  in  1826. 
On  the  accession  of  Canning  to  the  pre- 
miership in  1827,  he  refused  to  take  office 
under  that  distinguished  statesman: 
but  be  returned  in  182S  to  the  office  of 
home  secretary  under  the  duke  of  Wel- 
lington, and  belli  that  post  during  the 
difficult  times  which  preceded  the  disso- 
lution of  the  tory-  government  in  1830. 
Hitherto,  his  political  career  had  borne 
the  aspect  of  devoted  adherence  to  tory- 
ism  ;  out.  on  accepting  office  under  the 
duke  of  Wellington,  lie  entered  ui^n  a 
course  in  which  the  influence  of  a  differ- 
ent set  of  principles  came  to  be  apparent- ; 
for  he  had  but  feebly  opposed  the  bill 
of  Lord  John  Russell  for  the  repeal  of 
the  test  and  corporation  acts,  and  him- 
self introduced,  and  carried  through,  in 
1829,  the  bill  for  the  removal  of  tho 
Catholic  disabilities,  to  which  he  had 
previously  been  opposed.  The  death 
of  Earl  Spencer,  in  1S34,  having  afforded 
the  king  a  pretext  for  dismissing  his 
whig  ministers,  Sir  Robert  Peel  was 
summoned  from  Rome,  and  requested 
to  form  on  administration.  But  his 
position  in  the  house  was  not  yet  suf- 
ficiently strong  to  enable  him  to  retain 
his  place,  and  the  government  being 
beaten  on  more  than  one  question,  on 
tjie  8th  of  April,  1835,  they  resigned, 
and  the  whiirs  once  more  returned  to 
office.  In  1839  he  was  again  prime 
minister  for  a  still  shorter  period,  the 
famous  "Bed-chamber  plot,"  as  it  was 
called,  having  compelled  him  to  relin- 
quish the  reins  almost  as  soon  as  lie  had 
grasped  them.  In  the  mean  time,  how- 
ever, circumstances  were  gradually 
ripening  to  render  his  accession  to 
power  inevitable.  Justly  or  unjustly, 
a  general  impression  had  gone  abroad 
unfavorable  to  the  whig  administration  ; 
it  was  accused  of  administrative  inca- 
pacity; and,  in  the  summer  of  1841,  Sir 
Robert  Peel  led  on  an  attack  which 
ended  in  the  resignation  "e  Lord  Mel- 
bourne, and  placed  him  once,  more  at 
the  head  of  affairs.  In  1842  be  proposed 
one  of  the  most  extensive  alterations  in 
the  tariff  of  the  country  that  had  evei 


080 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


PES 


been  effected.  Hundreds  of  imposts- 
many  of  them  insignificant,  but  all  of 
them  vexatious — were  swept  away.  Tlie 
corn  laws  were  abolished  in  June,  1846, 
and  free  trade  proclaimed  as  the  com- 
mercial policy  of  the  country.  Simul- 
taneously with  the  passing  of  this  meas- 
ure, Sir  Robert  Feel  resigned  office,  a 
coalition  of  whigs  and  protectionists 
having  defeated  him  on  the  Irish  coer- 
cion bill.  From  that  period  he  save  a 
general  support  to  the  whigs,  declaring 
that  he  had  no  wish  to  resume  office. 
D.  by  a  fall  from  his  horse,  in  1850. 

PELAGIUS,  a  British  ecclesiastic  of 
the  5tli  century,  whose  real  name  was 
Mouoan,  which  he  changed  for  the 
corresponding  Greek  term,  signifying 
'"born  of  the  sea."  He  is  said  to  have 
been  abbot  of  Bangor;  and,  about  the 
year  400,  he  went  to  Rome,  where  he 
opposed  the  doctrines  of  St.  Augustin 
respecting  original  sin,  irresistible  grace, 
anil  eternal  election,  asserting  the  possi- 
bility of  man's  being  saved  by  his  own 
merits.  Accompanied  by  his  country- 
man, Celestius,  he  went  to  Palestine, 
and  met  with  a  kind  reception  from  the 
bishop  of  Jerusalem.  In  the  mean  time, 
Augusfin  and  Jerome  attacked  his  tenets 
with  great  severity,  and  the  council  of 
Carthage  condemned  his  opinions  as 
heretical.  At  the  accession  of  Pope 
Zosimus  he  took  Pelagius  and  Celestius 
under  his  protection,  but  he  afterwards 
turned  against  them,  and  instigated  the 
emperor  to  persecute  their  followers. 
'  PELLICO,  Silvio,  an  eminent  Italian 
poet  and  martyr,  b.  1794,  at  Florence, 
Italy,  lie  wrote  a  fine  tragedy  on  the 
story  of  Frances-ca  di  Rimini,  narrated 
so  pathetically  by  Dante,  and  other  suc- 
cessful plays,  but  in  1820  was  seized  by 
the  inhuman  government  of  Austria  and 
confined  for  nearly  ten  years  in  the  dun- 
geons of  Spielberg.  His  "  Life,"  written 
by  himself,  gives  a  most  placid  and 
touching  account  of  the  sufferings  of 
himself,  Maroncelli,  and  other  of  his 
Companions,  whose  only  crime  was  a 
desire  to  emancipate  their  country  from 
ignominious  and  cruel  thraldom.  lie  d. 
in  February,  1854. 

PEL1SSON-FONTANIER,  Paul,  a 
French  author,  was  b.  1024,  at  Beziers. 
He  was  bred  to  the  law,  but  was  forced 
to  retire  from  the  bar  by  ill  health.  He 
held  an  office  under  Fouquet,  and  when 
that  minister  was  overthrown,  Pelisson 
was  involved  in  his  ruin,  an  I  was  com- 
mitted to  the  Bastille,  where  he  remained 
during  five  years.  He  had,  neverthe- 
less, thn  courage  to  write  three  eloquent 


and  powerful  memoirs  in  behalf  of  his 
fallen  patron.  Louis  XIV7.  at  length 
released  Pelisson,  and  loaded  him  with 
favors.  Among  his  works  are,  "  Histo- 
ries of  the  French  Academy,"  of"  Louis 
XIV.,"  and  of  the  "  Conquest  of  Frauehe 
Comte."     D.  101)3. 

PELLOUTIER,  Simon,  a  German  his- 
torian, of  a  French  family,  was  b.  1694, 
at  Leipsie ;  became  minister  of  the 
French  church  at  Berlin,  and  librarian 
of  the  Academy  ;  and  d.  1757,  a  victim 
to  intense  study.  His  principal  work  is 
a  valuable  history  of  the  Celts,  particu- 
larly of  the.  Gauls  and  Germans. 

PELOPIDAS,  an  illustrious  Theban, 
the  son  of  Hippoclus,  was  the  friend 
of  Epaminondas  ;  in  conjunction  with 
whom  he  rescued  Thebes  from  the  com- 
bined tyranny  of  the  nobles  and  the 
Lacedemonians.  After  having  been  re- 
peatedly re-elected  to  the  government 
of  Beeotia,  and  distinguished  himself  at 
Tegyra  and  Lcuctra,  he  was  slain,  364 
b.c,  in  a  battle  against  Alexander  of 
Pheraea. 

PELTIER,  Johx  Gabriel,  a  French 
political  writer,  a  native  of  Nantes,  b. 
about  1770,  began  his  career  in  1789,  by 
the  publication  of  a  royalist  journal 
called  "The  Acts  of  the  Apostles." 
After  the  10th  of  August  he  took  refuge 
at  London,  and  for  many  years  publish- 
ed a  monthly  work,  with  the  title  of 
"Paris  pendant  I'Annee."  He  after- 
wards established  the  "  Ambigu,"  for  a 
libel  in  which,  upon  the  first  consul,  he 
was  prosecuted  by  the  attorney-general. 
He  also  wrote  several  pamphlets.  D.  at 
Paris,  1825. 

PENN,  William,  the  founder  and 
legislator  of  Pennsylvania,  whom  Mon- 
tesquieu denominates  the  modern  Ly- 
curgus,  was  the  son  of  Admiral  Pcnn  ; 
was  b.  1644,  in  London  ;  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Christ-church,  Oxford.  At 
college  he  imbibed  the  principles  of 
Quakerism,  which,  a  few  years  after- 
wards, he  publicly  professed.  He  was, 
in  consequence,  twice  turned  out  of 
doors  by  his  father.  In  16GS  he  began 
to  preach  in  public,  and  to  write  in  de- 
fence of  the  doctrines  which  he  had 
embraced.  For  this  he  was  thrice  im- 
prisoned, and  once  brought  to  trial.  It 
was  during  his  first  imprisonment  that 
he  wrote  "  No  Cross,  No  Crown."  In 
1677  he  visited  Holland  and  Germany, 
to  propagate  Quakerism.  In  Match, 
1630-81,  he  obtained  from  Charles  II.  a 
grant  of  that  territory  which  now  bears 
the  name  of  Pennsylvania;  in  1682  he 
embarked  for  his  new  colouy ;   and  in 


pekJ 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


681 


the  following  year  lie  founded  Philadel- 
phia, lie  returned  to  England  in  1684. 
Bo  much  was  he  in  favor  with  James  II. 

that,  after  the  revolution,  he  was  more 
than  once  arrested  on  suspicion  of  plot- 
ting to  restore  tlie  exiled  monarch  ;  but 
he  at  length  succeeded  in  establishing 
his  innocence.  The  rest  of  his  life  was 
passed  mi  tranquillity.  D.  July  80,  1718. 
— John,  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of 
American  independence,  was  b.  in  Vir- 
ginia, in  1719,  received  a  common  school 
education,  and  after  studying  the  pro- 
fession, was  licensed  as  a  practitioner  of 
law.  He  removed  to  North  Carolina, 
and  was  a  delegate  to  congress  from  that 
state.  '  D.  1788. 

PENNANT,  Thomas,  an  antiquary 
and  naturalist,  was  b.  1726,  at  the  fam- 
ily seat  of  Downing,  in  Flintshire;  was 
educated  at  Queen's  and  Oriel  colleges, 
Oxford ;  became  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  of  various  other  learned 
bodies  ;  travelled  in  Great  Britain  and 
on  various  parts  of  the  Continent. 
Among  his  numerous  works  may  be 
mentioned  his  "  Literary  Life,"  "  Brit- 
ish Zoology,"  "  A  Tour  in  Scotland," 
"  Arctic  Zoologv,"  "  A  View  of  Hin- 
dostan,"  "  Outlines  of  the  Globe," 
"  An  Account  of  London,"  and  various 
tours.     D.  179S. 

PEPPERELL,  Sir  William,  lieuten- 
ant-general in  the  British  service,  was  b. 
in  Maine,  and  engaged  in  commercial 
pursuits.  He  was  early  appointed  an 
officer  in  the  militia,  and  for  his  services 
in  commanding  the  successful  expedi- 
tion against  Lonisburg,  was  rewarded 
by  the  king  witli  the  dignity  of  a  bar- 
onet. His  courage  and  activity  were 
much  admired  by  the  colonics.   D.  1759. 

FEPYS,  Samcel,  was  b.  at  Brampton, 
\n  Huntingdonshire;  was  educated  at 
St.  Paul's  school,  and  at  Magdalen  col- 
lege, Cambridge  ;  was  patronized  by  his 
relative,  Montague,  afterwards  carl  of 
Sandwich;  and  accompanied  him,  as 
secretary,  in  the  fleet  that  was  sent  to 
bring  back  Charles  II.  During  the 
whole  of  the  reigns  of  Charles  II.  and 
James  II.,  with  but  one  short  interval, 
he  was  secretary  of  the  admiralty,  in 
which  capacity  he  introduced  many  im- 
Dortant  improvements  into  the  navy. 
He  resigned  after  the  revolution.  For 
ten  years  he  was  president  of  the  Royal 
Society.  He  wrote  "  Memoirs  of  the 
Navy  ;"  but  his  most  interesting  work 
is  his  own  "  Diary,"  which  has  recently 
been  published.     D.  1793. 

^ERCEVAL,  John,  first  earl  of  Eg- 
mont. was  b.  at  Barton,  in  Yorkshire, 


in  1683.  At  the  accession  of  Gecrge  I. 
he  was  created  Baron  Perceval,  and  in 
1733  was  made  earl  of  Egmont.  He  was 
a  principal  promoter  of  the  settlement 
of  Georgia,  m  America,  and  d.  in  1743. 
— John,  his  son,  second  earl  of  Egmont, 
was  b.  at  Westminster,  in  1711  ;  tilled  a 
situation  in  the  household  of  the  prince 
of  Wales,  and  that  of  joint  postmaster- 
general  ;  was  in  1762  created  an  English 
peer  by  the  title  of  Lord  Lovel  and  Hol- 
land ;  was  made  first  lord  of  the  admi- 
ralty in  1763;  and  d.  in  1770. — Spencer, 
second  son  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  in 
1762,  was  educated  at  Harrow  and  Cam- 
bridge, practised  as  a  chancery  barris- 
ter, and  attached  himself  at  his  onset 
in  political  life  to  the  system  of  Mr.  Pitt, 
who  brought  him  into  parliament  for 
Northampton.  Mr.  Perceval's  knowl- 
edge of  finance  opened  to  him  a  field 
for  promotion  ;  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  counsellors  for  the  crown,  and  soon 
became  solicitor-general,  and,  in  1802, 
attorney-general.  He  advocated  tho 
union  of  England  with  Ireland,  but  was 
against  concession  to  the  Catholics  ;  in 
short,  he  was  a  firm  supporter  of  the 
measures  of  ministers  during  the  life  of 
Pitt,  and  sat  on  the  opposition  side 
during  the  administration  of  Fox ;  at 
whose  decease,  in  1807,  he  obtained  a 
place  in  the  cabinet  as  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  and  also  that  of  chancellor 
of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster.  He  was 
supposed  to  have  the  lead  in  the  cab- 
inet, although  he  did  not  then  hold  the 
office  of  first  lord  of  the  treasury,  but  to 
this  he  succeeded  at  the  death  of  the 
duke  of  Bortland  in  1809.  Mr.  Perce- 
val kept  his  exalted  station  only  a  short 
period,  for  on  the  11th  of  May,1812,  he 
was  shot  on  entering  the  lobby  of  tho 
house  of  commons,  by  a  person  named 
Bellingham,  who  avowed  that  he  had 
been  waiting  with  the  view  of  destroy- 
ing Lord  Leveson  Gower,  late  ambas- 
sador to  the  court  of  St.  Petersburg. 

PERCI VAL,  Thomas,  a  physician  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  in  1740,  at 
Warrington,  in  Lancashire  ;  studied  at 
Edinburgh  and  Leyden;  and  settled  at 
Manchester,  where  he  founded  a  scien- 
tific society.  Among  his  works  aro 
"  Medical  Ethics,"  "  Moral  a  id  Literary 
Dissertations,"  and  "  A  Father's  In- 
structions to  his  Children."     D.  1804. 

PERCY,  Thomas,  an  eminent  prelate, 
related  to  the  Northumberland  family, 
was  b.  1728,  at  Bridgenorth  ;  was  edu- 
cated at  Christ-church,  Oxford  ;  became 
chaplain  to  the  king  in  1769,  dean  of 
Carlisle  in  1778,  and  bishop  of  Dromore 


682 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[P£* 


in  1782.  Of  his  v,  orks  the  principal  are, 
41  Tlic  Hermit  of  Warfcworth,"  a  poem  ; 
a  "  New  Translation  of  Solomon's 
Sons:;"  and  the  "Reliques  of  English 
Poetry."  D.  1811. — Peter  Francis,  a 
celebrated  French  military  surgeon,  was 
b.  1754,  at  Moutagney;  was  head  sur- 
geon to  several  of  the  French  armies  ; 
introduced  many  improvements  into 
surgical  practice,  and  received  from 
Napoleon  the  title  of  baron  and  com- 
mander of  the  legion  of  honor.  Among 
his  works  are,  "  The  Army  Surgeon's 
Manual,"  and  "  Practical  Surgical  Pyro- 
technv."     1).  182n. 

PEREFIXE,  Hardouix  de  Beau- 
mont dk,  a  French  historian  and  divine, 
was  b.  1605,  at  Paris  ;  studied  at  Poitiers 
and  his  native  city  ;  an  I,  after  having 
acquire  .1  great  popularity  as  a  preacher, 
was  appointed  preceptor  to  Louis  XIV. 
in  1644:.  In  1648  he  was  raised  to  the 
see  of  Rhodez,  and,  in  1662,  was  made 
archbishop  of  Paris.  His  principal 
work  is  "The  Life  of  Henry  IV.," 
which  is  the  best  history  of  that  mon- 
arch, and  has  been  translated  into  every 
foreign  language.     D.  1670. 

PEliEIRE,  Jacob  Rooriocez,  a  na- 
tive of  Estrema  lura,  in  Spain,  was  the 
first  who  practised  in  France  the  art  of 
leaching  tue  deaf  and  dumb.  His 
nietho  I  of  instruction  was  quite  differ- 
ent to  that  of  the  Abbe  l'Ep'e;  but  it 
was  considered  so  goo. I  that  Louis  XV. 
bestowed  on  him  a  pension  of  500  francs. 
He  wrote  several  treatises  on  the  sub- 
ject, and  d.  in  1780. 

PERGOLESE,  John  Baptist,  an  em- 
inent musical  composer,  was  J>.  in  1704, 
at  Casoria.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Gaetauo 
Greco,  an  I  was  afterwards  improve  I  by 
the  lessons  of  Vinci  and  H  isse.  For  a 
considerable  part  of  his  short  life  his 
compositions  were  not  popular;  but  he 
at  leugth  acquired,  and  still  retains,  a 
high  reputation.  Among  his  principal 
works  are,  the  justly  celebrated  "  Stabat 
Mater;"  a  Mass  and  Vespers,  written 
for  the  duke  of  Matelon  ;  "Olimpiade," 
an  opera;  and  the  "Salva  Regina," 
whicli  wis  his  last  production.    D.  1737. 

PERICLES,  an  illustrious  Athenian 
orator,  warrior,  and  statesman,  was  b. 
between  400  and  500  b.  c,  and  received 
the  lessons  of  Zeno,  Damon,  and  Anax- 
agoras.  In  opposition  to  Cimon,  he 
espoused  the  popular  cause,  an  1  he  ac- 
quired a  wonderful  ascendency  over  the 
minds  of  his  countrymen.  For  forty 
years  he  was  at  the  head  of  affairs  in 
Athens,  during  which  period  he  in- 
creased the  military  glory  of  the  state, 


and  embellished  the  capital  with  many 
magnificent  edifices.    D.  429  b.  c. 

PERIER,  James  Constantime,  unable 
French  mechanist,  was  b.1742,  at  Paris, 
and  became  a  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences.  He  and  his  brother,  who 
was  a  partner  with  him,  were  the  great- 
est manufacturers  in  France  of  ma- 
chinery, particularly  of  steam-sngines, 
and  at  one  period  had  no  less  than 
ninety-three  establishments.  lie  wrote 
an  "Essay  on  Stenm-Engines ;"  and 
some  essays  in  the  "  Transactions  of  the 
Academy?'  D.  1818.— Casimir,  a  cel- 
ebrated French  banker,  and  subsequent- 
ly a  statesman,  was  b.  at  Grenoble,  in 
1777.  He  at  first  entered  the  army,  and 
served  with  reputation  in  the  campaigns 
of  Italy,  (170'J  and  1800,)  but  on  the 
death  of  his  father,  a  respectable^  mer- 
chant, abandoned  the  profession  of  arms 
for  commercial  business.  In  1802  ho 
established  a  banking  house  in  company 
with  his  brother,  Seipio  Perier,  in  the 
management  of  which  he  acquired  an 
intimate  acquaintance  with  the  most 
difficult  and  important  questions  of 
public  credit  and  finance.  At  the  revo- 
lution of  1830  he  took  a  decided  part  in 
favor  of  the  national  liberties,  was  sub- 
sequently chosen  president  of  the  cham- 
bers, anil  finally  formed  one  of  the  first 
cabinet  of  the  new  king,  without  hold- 
ing the  portfolio  of  any  department. 
In  March,  18*11,  he  succeeded  Lafitte  as 
president  of  the  council ;  and  d.  of  chol- 
era, in  May,  1832. 

PERON,  Francis,  a  French  naturalist 
and  voyager,  was  b.  1775,  at  Cerilly: 
entered'  the  army  in  1792,  and  served 
till  1795,  during  which  period  he  was 
made  prisoner  and  lost  an  eye;  studied 
medicine  and  natural  history  after  his 
discharge;  and  was  appointed,  in  1800, 
zoologist  to  the  expedition  which  was 
sent  to  the  Australian  ocean.  He  is  tho 
author  of  a  Narrative  of  his  Voyage, 
and  of  "  Observations  on  Anthropol- 
ogv."     D.  1810. 

PEROUSE,  John  Francis  Gal mp  de 
la,  a  French  navigator,  was  b.  1741,  at 
Albi,  and  entered  into  the  naval  service 
at  an  early  age.  In  1782  he  commanded 
an  expedition  against  the  British  settle- 
ments in  Hudson's  bay.  He  was  dis- 
patched, in  1785,  with  two  vessels,  on  a 
voyage  of  discovery;  and  in  March, 
1788,  he  sent  home' an  account  of  his 
progress.  From  that  period,  however, 
nothing  more  was  heard  of  him,  though 
vain  attempts  were  made  to  ascertain 
bis  f.ite.  Chance  has,  at  length,  recent- 
ly brought  to  light  that  both  his  vessels 


pes] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BluGRAPHY. 


G83 


were  lost  on  d.fFercnt  islands  of  tlic  New  i 
Hebrides. 

TERRA ULT,  Claude,  a  celebrated  | 
French  architect,  was  b.  in  1618,  at 
Paris,  and  was  originally  brought  up  to 
the  medical  profession,  which,  however, 
he  abandoned  for  architecture,  and  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences.  The  attacks  which  Boileau 
made  upon  him  disgraced  only  the  sat- 
irist. Perrault  was  a  man  of  threat 
genius,  and  his  front  of  the  Louvre  is 
one  of  the  noblest  architectural  produc- 
tions of  modern  times.  He  translated 
"  Vitruvius  ;"  and  wrote  various  works. 
D.  16S8. — Charles,  brother  of  the  fore- 
going, was  b.  1G2S,  at  Paris.  He  prac- 
tised for  some  time  at  the  bar,  but 
quitted  it  for  an  office  under  his  brother 
Peter,  who  was  receiver-general  of  the 
finances  of  Paris.  Subsequently  he 
rose  to  be  comptroller-general  of  the 
royal  buildings.  He  contributed  to  the 
founding  of  the  academics  of  Inscrip- 
tions, of  the  Sciences,  and  of  Painting, 
Sculpture,  and  Architecture.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are,  "  Eulogies  of  Illustrious 
Men ;"  and  a  "  Parallel  between  the 
Ancients  and  the  Moderns,"  the  last  of 
which  drew  upon  him  the  satire  of 
Boileau.  The  well-known  "  Fairy  Tales" 
were  also  written  by  Perrault.  D. 
170.3. 

PERRONET,  John  Rodolph,  a  cele- 
brated French  civil  engineer,  was  b.  in 
1708,  at  Surene,  and  became  a  member 
of  many  learned  societies.  Among  his 
works  are.  the  canal  of  Burgundy,  and 
thirteen  bridges.  Of  his  bridges  the 
finest  are  those  of  Neuilli,  Nemours, 
Pont  Saint  Maxence,  and  Louis  XVI. 
at  Paris.  That  of  Neuilli  was  the  first 
example  of  an  horizontal  bridge.  D.  1794. 

PERRY,  James,  an  able  whig  political 
writer,  b.  in  l?5fi,  at  Aberdeen ;  was 
educated  at  the  high  school  and  univer- 
sity of  his  native  place ;  settled  in  Lon- 
don in  1777,  and  was  engaged  as  a  writer 
in  "The  General  Advertiser  and  Lon- 
don Evening  Post."  In  1782  he  estab- 
lished "The  European  Magazine,"  the 
management  of  which  he  quitted  at  the 
end  of  a  year,  to  become  editor  of  "The 
Gazetteer."  He  afterwards  purchased 
"  The  Morning  Chronicle,"  of  which  he 
continued  to  be  the  sole  proprietor  till 
his  decease ;  and  he  raised  it  to  emi- 
nence among  the  public  journals.  D. 
1821.  —  Oliver  Hazard,  an  American 
naval  officer,  was  b.  in  Rhode  Island, 
1785.  Entering  the  navy  in  1798,  he 
served  in  the  Mediterranean  in  the  ex- 
peditiol  against  Tripoli,  and  distinguish- 


ed himself  in  the  late  war  with  Great 
Britain,  by  obtaining  a  splendid  victory 
over  a  superjpr  force  on  Lake  Erie.  For 
this  exploit  he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
captain.  He  commanded  the  Java  in 
the  expedition  to  the  Mediterranean 
under  Commodore  Decatur.    J).  1820. 

PERSIUS  FLACCUS,  Aulus,  a  Roman 
satirist,  was  b.-  -'A,  at  Volterra;  studied 
at  Rome,  and  imbibed  the  Stoic  philos- 
ophy from  Cornutns  ;  was  intimate  with 
Luean,  Seneca,  and  other  eminent  men; 
and  d.  in  his  28th  year.  His  six  satires, 
animated  and  often  beautiful,  but  also 
often  obscure,  have  been  translated  into 
English  by  Drydcn,  Brewster,  Drum- 
mond,  Howes,  and  Gilford. 

PERTINAX,  Publius  Helvius.  a  Ro- 
man emperor,  was  b,  126,  at  Villa  Martis. 
After  having  signalized  himself  in  arms, 
particularly  against  the  Germans,  and 
filled  various  important  offices,  among 
which  were  those  of  consul  and  procon- 
sul in  Africa,  he  was  raised  to  the  throne 
on  the  death  of  Comtnodus.  He  began 
his  reign  by  restoring  discipline  and 
reforming  abuses  ;  but  he  was  murdered 
in  193,  by  the  praetorian  guards,  after 
having  held  the  imperial  dignity  only 
eighty-seven  days. 

PERUGIN* ),  Peter,  an  eminent  paint- 
er, whose  real  name  was  Vanucci,  was 
b.  1446,  at  Citta  della  Pieve.  He  was 
the  master  of  Raphael,  who  has  intro- 
duced him  in  his  picture  of  the  "School 
of  Athens."  Perngiuo  was  suspicious 
and  avaricious,  and  Vasari  charges  him 
with  an  utter  want  of  religion.  As  a 
painter  he  has  high  merit.     D.  1524. 

PESCENNIUS"  NIGER,  Catos,  a  Ro- 
man emperor,  a  native  of  Aquino,  of  a 
considerable  family,  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  Syria,  and  commander  of  the 
legions  in  Asia,  by  Commodus.  On  the 
death  of  Pertinax,  the  troops  of  Pescen- 
nius  proclaimed  him  emperor,  in  193, 
but  he  was  opposed  by  Severus.  After 
having  been  defeated  at  Issus,  in  195, 
he  was  killed  by  some  soldiers,  while  he 
was  on  his  flight  to  the  Parthian  do- 
minions. His  virtues  rendered  him 
worthy  of  a  happier  fate. 

PESTALOZZl,  Henry,  celebrated  for 
having  introduced  a  new  method  of  ed- 
ucation, was  b.  1745,  at  Zurich.  After 
having  studied  theology  and  jurispru- 
dence, he  relinquished  his  views  with 
respect  to  the  church  and  the  bar,  to  cul- 
tivate his  own  small  property.  Witness- 
ing the  wretchedness  of  the  peasantry, 
he  became  anxious  to  ameliorate  their 
situation  by  cultivating  their  mental  fac- 
ulties.    In  the  pursuit  of  his  benevolent 


6S4 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIT. 


[pet 


puijiose  lie  published  several  works,  and 
considerably  injured  his  fortune.  It 
was  not  till  17US,  however,  that  his  plans 
were  patronized  by  the  Helvetic  govern- 
ment. Under  that  patronage,  he,  for 
several  years  conducted  an  institution, 
which  acquired  extensive  celebrity.  D. 
1827. 

PETER  THE  HERMIT,  memorable 
as  having  been  the  author  of  the  Cru- 
sades, was  b.  at  Amiens,  about  the  mid- 
dle of  the  11th  century.  He  quitted  the 
profession  of  arms  to  become  a  hermit, 
in  which  capacity  he  made,  about  1093, 
a  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Land.  Indig- 
nant at  the  insults  to  which  the  Chris- 
tians were  subjected,  he  originated  the 
plan  of  expelling  the  Infidels  from  Pal- 
estine. History  has  recorded  the  suc- 
cess with  which  he  preached  it  after  his 
return  to  Europe.  He  led  the  first  irreg- 
ular band  of  crusaders,  but  he  displayed 
little  talent,  and  most  of  his  followers 
were  destroyed.  D.  1115,  abbot  of  New 
Moutier,  in'thc  territory  of  Liege. 

PETER  I.  Alexievitsch,  surnamed 
The  Gkeat,  czar  of  Russia,  was  b.  1072. 
In  1682  he  succeeded  to  a  share  in  the 
crown,  and,  in  1696,  obtained  the  sole 
authority  on  the  death  of  his  brother 
Ivan.  At  an  early  period  he  began  to 
form  projects  for  the  civilization  and 
aggrandizement  of  his  empire.  Military 
and  naval  improvements  were  the  first 
objects  of  his  efforts,  and  he  was  ably 
seconded  by  his  confidant  and  counsel- 
lor, Lcfort,  a  native  of  Geneva.  He 
twice  travelled,  in  1697  and  1716,  to  ac- 
quire knowledge,  and,  in  the  course  of 
his  first  journey,  he  worked  as  a  ship- 
wright in  the  dockyard  at  Saardam. 
From  all  quarters  he  likewise  invited 
men  of  talent  and  mechanical  skill  to 
settle  in  Russia.  In  1700  he  entered 
upon  a  war  with  Sweden,  which  lasted 
till  1721.  At  the  commencement  of  it 
he  was  repeatedly  defeated,  at  Narva 
and  other  places,  but  he  at  length  ac- 
quired the  ascendency,  gained  a  decisive 
victory  at  Pultowa,  in  1709,  and  wrested 
several  provinces  from  the  Swedes.  On 
part  of  the  territory  thus  conquered  he 
founded  St.  Petersburg.  In  ,17 11,  how- 
ever, he  was  less  fortunate  against  the 
Turks,  by  whom  he  was  surrounded  on 
the  banks  of  the  Pruth,  and  compelled 
to  sign  an  ignominious  peace.  Against 
Persia  he  was  successful,  in  1723,  and 
"bliged  that  power  to  make  extensive 
sessions  to  him.  But  amidst  all  his 
glory  his  latter  years  were  clouded  by 
domestic  infelicity;  his  wife,  Catharine, 
was  more  than  suspected  of  being  un- 


faithful to  him ;  and  his  son,  Alexis, 
was  disobedient.  The  former  he  spared ; 
the  latter  he  brought  to  trial,  and  is  be- 
believcd  to  have  put  to  death  in  prison. 
1).  1725. 

PETERBOROUGH,  Charles  Mor- 
daunt,  earl  of,  the  son  of  Lord  Mor- 
daunt,  was  b.  in  16.">8;  distinguished 
himself  against  the  Moors  at  Tangier,  in 
1680  ;  contributed  to  the  revolution,  and 
was  created  earl  of  Monmouth ;  suc- 
ceeded to  the  title  of  Peterborough  in 
1697;  was  appointed  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  English  forces  in  Spain,  in 
1705,  at  the  head  of  which  he  reduced 
Barcelona,  and  obtained  other  splendid 
successes,  for  which  he  was  appointed 
generalissimo  of  the  imperial  forces; 
was  made  general  of  the  marines,  and  a 
knight  of  the  garter  by  George  I.;  and 
d.  1735. 

PETERS,  Hugh,  a  celebrated  fanatic, 
was  the  son  of  a  Cornish  merchant ; 
was  educated  at  Trinity  college,  Cam- 
bridge ;  and,  after  having  been  on  the 
stage,  in  the  church,  and  a  resident  in 
America,  took  a  very  active  part  against 
Charles  I.,  for  which  he  was  executed  in 
1660.  He  wrote  "Discourses;"  and  a 
"  Last  Legacy  to  his  Daughter." — Rich- 
ard, an  eminent  judge,  was  b.  in  1744, 
and  received  his  education  in  the  city 
of  Philadelphia.  He  adopted  the  pro- 
fession of  the  law,  and  soon  obtained  an 
extensive  practice.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  hostilities  with  the  mother 
country,  he  joined  the  side  of  the  colo- 
nies, and,  in  1776,  was  appointed  by 
congress  secretary  of  the  board  of  war. 
His  exertions  in  this  department  were 
highly  meritorious  and  useful,  and,  on 
resigning  the  post,  in  1781,  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  congress,  and  as- 
sisted in  closing  the  business  of  the  war 
On  the  organization  of  the  new  govern- 
ment, he  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
district  court  of  Pennsylvania,  and  per- 
formed the  duties  of  this  office  for  thir- 
ty-six years.  During  this  time  he  was 
engaged  in  several  objects  of  public  im- 
provement, and  issued  several  valuable 
publications  in  relation  to  agriculture. 
As  a  judge  he  possessed  powers  of  a  high 
order,  and  his  decisions  on  admiralty 
law  form  the  groundwork  of  this  branch 
of  our  jurisprudence.  Their  principles 
were  not  only  sanctioned  by  our  own 
courts,  but  were  simultaneously  adopted 
by  Lord  Stowell,  the  distinguished  mari- 
time judge  of  Great  Britain.     D.  1828. 

PETION,  Alexander,  a  mulatto, 
whose  real  name  wa<5  Sabes,  was  the 
son  of  a  St.  Domingo  planter ;  was  b.  at 


piia] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    DIOGRAPIIT. 


G85 


Port  au  Prince,  in  1770,  and  received  a 
liberal  education.  From  the  commence- 
ment of  the  struggle  between  the  blacks 
and  the  whites  in  his  native  island,  he 
boro  arms,  and  distinguished  himself 
on  various  occasions.  In  1807  he  was 
elected  president  of  the  republic  of 
Hayti,  comprehending  the  southern  and 
western  part  of  St.  Domingo,  and  this 
office  he  filled  so  worthily,  that  he  was 
called  The  Father  of  his' Country.  D. 
1818. 

PETIS  DE  LA  CROIX,  Francis,  a 
celebrated  orientalist,  was  b.  in  1653,  at 
Paris;  was  employed  in  negotiations 
with  the  Barbary  powers,  and  was  Ara- 
bic professor  at  the  royal  college ;  and 
d.  1713.  Among  his  works  are,  "A 
History  of  Tamerlane,"  "  Persian  Tales," 
and  "Turkish  Tales." 

PETIT,  John  Lewis,  an  eminent  sur- 
geon, was  b.  1674,  at  Paris,  studied 
anatomy  under  Littre;  and  surgery  un- 
der Castel ;  was  for  some  years  an  army 
and  hospital  surgeon,  settled  at  Paris, 
gave  lectures,  acquired  a  well-merited 
reputation  ;  and  became  director-general 
of  the  surgical  school.  He  invented  a 
tourniquet,  and  a  method  of  extracting 
foreign  bodies  from  the  oesophagus ; 
and  wrote  a  treatise  on  "  Diseases  of 
the  Bones,"  and  a  treatise  on  surgical 
diseases.     D.  1750. 

PETITOT,  John',  an  admirable  painter 
in  enamel,  who  so  much  improved  that 
branch  of  the  art,  that  he  may  almost 
be  said  to  be  the  inventor  of  it,  was  b. 
1607,  at  Geneva,  and  d.  at  Vevay,  1691. 
He  was  patronized  by  Charles  I.  of  En- 
gland, and  afterwards,  by  Louis  XIV. 
Petitot  worked  in  conjunction  with  his 
brother-in-law  Bourdier,  and  it  is  hon- 
orable to  the  character  of  both,  that 
they  lived  together  for  half  a  century 
without  the  slightest  disagreement. 

PETRARCH,  Francis,  one  of  the  four 
greatest  of  the  Italian  poets,  was  b.  in 
1304,  at  Arezzo.  The  dissensions  which 
distracted  his  country  induced  his  father 
to  remove  to  Avignon ;  and  the  first 
rudiments  of  education  were  received 
by  Petrarch,  at  Carpentras,  from  Con- 
vennole.  Being  intended  for  the  law, 
he  studied  it  at  Montpellierand  Bologna. 
Jlis  whole  3onl,  however,  was  devoted 
to  literature;  but  it  was  not  till  he  was 
in  his  twentieth  year  that  the  death  of 
his  father  allowed  him  to  indulge  his 
inclination.  Having  settled  at  Avignon, 
he  saw  the  beautiful  Lw.ra  de  Noves. 
Her  charms  inspired  him  with  a  lasting 
passion,  the  effusions  of  which  he 
poured  forth  in  those  sonnets  and  odes 
58 


which  have  rendered  his  i.ame  immortal, 
but  which  failed  to  gain  the  object  of  his 
affections.  After  having  vainly  trav- 
elled to  forget  or  moderate  his  love,  ho 
settled  at  Vaueluse,  a  romantic  spot, 
where  he  wrote  some  of  his  finest 
works.  His  literary  reputation  attracted 
the  regard  of  princes;  he  was  invited  to 
Naples,  to  Paris,  and  to  Rome  ;  and  re- 
ceived the  laureate  crown  in  the  capitol 
of  the  latter  city.  Among  his  warmest 
friends  and  patrons  was  the  Colcnna 
family.  In  134S  his  feelings  were  deeply 
wounded  by  the  death  of  Laura.  Ho 
survived  her,  however,  nearly  thirty 
years,  during  all  which  period  he  was 
admired  and  honored  by  his  own  coun- 
trymen, and  by  foreign  princes.  Of  all 
his  numerous  works,  in  prose  and 
verse,  his  Italian  poems  alone  preserve 
their  reputation  undiminished  ;  out  Hiey 
are  identified  with  literature  itself,  and 
till  that  is  annihilated  their  fame  is  se- 
cure.    D.  1374. 

PFEFFEL,  Christian  Frederic,  a 
jurisconsult  and  diplomatist,  was  b.  at 
Colmar,  in  1726.  Becoming  the  friend 
of  the  count  de  Bruhl,  he  was  em- 
ployed on  various  diplomatic  missions, 
and  was  made  jurisconsult  to  the  king; 
but  during  the  revolution  his  property 
was  confiscated,  and  he  was  placed  on 
the  list  of  emigrants.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  several  excellent  works,  among 
which  his  "  Abrtge  Chronologique  de 
l'Histoire,  et  du  Droit  publique  d'Alle- 
magne."     D.  1807. 

PIIiEDRUS,  Julius,  an  elegant  Latin 
fabulist,  was  b.  on  the  frontier  of  Thrace 
and  Macedonia,  was  a  slave  of  Augustus, 
by  whom  he  was  manumitted,  and  was 
persecuted  by  Scjanns,  during  the  reign 
of  Tiberius.  The  time  of  his  death  is 
not  recorded.  After  having  lain  in 
oblivion  for  many  centuries,  his  Fables 
were  discovered  by  Francis  Pithou,  and 
given  to  the  press  by  Peter  his  brother. 

PHALARIS,  a  native  of  Crete,  whose 
cruelty,  and  the  horrid  instrument  with 
which  he  wreaked  his  vengeance  on 
those  who  fell  under  his  displeasure, 
have  become  proverbial.  In  .">71  b.  c, 
he  made  himself  master  of  Agrigentum, 
in  Sicily,  where  he  was  guilty  of  horri- 
ble cruelties.  Among  other  instruments 
of  destruction,  he  caused  a  hollow  bra- 
zen bull  to  be  made,  so  contrived,  that 
when  a  fire  was  kindled  under  the  body, 
the  cries  of  the  unhappy  victim  within 
resembled  the  roarings  of  the  animal  it 
represented.  Phaluris,  after  commend- 
ing the  work,  ordered  Perillus.  the 
artist,  to  be  the  first  to  make  trial  of  it 


C86 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[pin 


After  a  sanguinary  reign  of  eight  years, 
the  citizens  at  length  seized  the  tyrant, 
and  with  a  severe  but  just  retaliation 
consumed  him  by  a  slow  fire  in  his  own 
bull,  563  b.  c. 

PHIDIAS,  one  of  the  greatest  of 
sculptors,  an  Athenian,  is  supposed  to 
have  been  b.  about  497  or  498  k.  c,  and 
to  have  d.  431  b,  o.  Little,  however,  is 
known  respecting  his  life.  Hippias  is 
stated  by  some  to  have  been  his  master, 
and  Eladas  by  others.  He  executed 
several  statues  of  Minerva,  particularly 
that  in  the  Parthenon,  (the  works  of 
which  temple  he  superintended,)  a 
statue  of  Jupiter  Olympus,  and  various 
other  admirable  productions. 

PHILIDOR,  Francis  Andrew,  a  com- 
poser, was  b.  1726,  at  Drcux  ;  composed 
a  great  number  of  operas,  and  set  Alex- 
ander's Feast,  and  the  Carmen  Seculare, 
to  music,  and  d.  in  1795,  in  London. 
Philidor  had  respectable  musical  talents, 
but  he  owes  his  fame  to  his  consummate 
skill  as  a  chess  player,  in  which  he  has 
seldom  been  equalled.  He  wrote  "  The 
Analysis  of  Chess,"  which  has  passed 
through  many  editions,  and  may  be 
called  one  of  the  classical  works  upon 
the  game. 

PHILIP  II.  king  of  Macedon,  son  of 
Amyutas  II.  and  father  of  Alexander 
the  Great,  was  b.  383  b.  c.  The  art  of 
war  he  learned  under  Epaminondas.  On 
the  death  of  his  brother  Perdiccas,  he 
usurped  the  throne,  at  first  under  the 
guise  of  guardian  to  his  infant  nephew. 
After  having  repeatedly  defeated  the 
bordering  powers,  and  enlarged  his  do- 
minions by  successive  encroachments, 
he  extinguished  the  liberties  of  Greece 
by  the  victory  of  Cheronsea.  lie  was 
•next  appointed  general  of  the  Greeks 
against  "the  Persians,  and  was  preparing 
to  invade  Asia,  when  he  was  assassi- 
nated by  Pausanias,  336  B.C. — Marcus 
Julius,  a  Roman  emperor,  surnamed 
the  Arab,  from  his  being  b.  at  Bosra,  in 
Arabia,  rose  from  being  a  common  sol- 
dier to  the  highest  rank  in  the  army. 
He  gained  the  throne,  in  244,  by  the 
Assassination  of  Gordian,  and  for  a 
while  his  liberality  rendered  him  popu- 
lar. He  was  at  length  defeated  by 
Deeius,  and  was  slain  by  his  own  troops 
in  249. 

PHILIPS,  John,  a  poet,  was  b.  1676, 
at  Bampton,  was  educated  at  Winches- 
ter school  and  Christ-church,  Oxford, 
and  d.  1708.  While  at  college,  he  wrote 
"The  Splendid  Shilling."  the  most 
popular  of  his  works,  and  the  poem  of 
"  Blenheim."  He  is  the  author,  likewise, 


of  "  Cyder,"  a  poem,  in  imitation  cf  Vir 
gil. — Ambrose,  a  poet  and  dramatist, 
b.  in  Leicestershire,  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  seventeenth  century;  received  his 
education,  and  obtained  a  fellowship  at 
St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  and  be- 
came registrar  of  the  Irish  prerogative 
court.  He  wrote  poems,  the  tragedies 
of  "The  Briton,"  "  Humphry,  Duke  of 
Gloucester,"  and  "The  Distressed 
Mother,"  and  a  "Life  of  Archbishop 
Williams,"  and  contributed  to  the  peri- 
odical paper  called  the  "Freethinker.'' 
His  pastorals  involved  him  in  a  quarrel 
with  Pope,  by  whom  they  were  insidi- 
ously attacked  in  the  "  The  Guardian." 
D.  1749. 

PHILLIPS,  Thomas,  a  portrait  painter 
of  considerable  merit,  was  b.  at  Dudley, 
in  Warwickshire,  in  1770.  Having  had 
some  initiatory  practice  in  the  country, 
he  went  to  London  when  he  was  about 
20,  and  found  employment  at  Windsor, 
under  Benjamin  West,  who  was  at  that 
time  engaged  in  decorating  St.  George's 
chapel.  He  was  devotedly  attached  to 
his  profession,  but  for  many  years  he 
had  to  contend  with  the  superior  talents 
of  West,  Lawrence,  Iloppner,  &c,  who 
were  in  their  zenith;  but  by  unceasing 
application,  and  a  laudable  emulation 
which  never  forsook  him,  he  gained  so 
much  celebrity,  as  to  number  among 
his  sitters  some  of  most  eminent  men 
in  the  kingdom.  He  also  wrote  many 
occasional  essays  on  the  fine  arts  ;  ami, 
in  co-operation  with  Turner,  Chantrey, 
Robertson,  and  others,  he  planned  and 
successively  matured  the  Artists'  Gen- 
eral Benevolent  Institution.     D.  1845. 

PIIILO,  Junius,  a  learned  Jewish 
writer  of  Alexandria,  who  was  one  of 
the  deputation  sent  by  the  Jews  to  lay 
their  complaints  against  the  Greeks  of 
Alexandria  before  the  emperor  Caligula, 
a.  d.  40.  He  wrote  several  works  in 
Greek,  the  principal  of  which  is  entitled, 
"Of  the  Contemplative  Life." — Of  By- 
zantium, an  architect,  who  flourished 
300  b.  c.  lie  wrote  a  treatise  on  the 
machines  used  in  war  ;  and  there  is  also 
attributed  to  him  a  piece,  entitled  "De 
Septem  Orbis  Spectaculis." 

P1IILOLAUS,  of  Crotona,  a  cele- 
brated Pythagorean  philosopher,  who 
flourished"  376  B.C.  He  belonged  to  tho 
Pythagorean  school,  and  by  some  is 
supposed  to  have  written  the  "Golden 
Verses  of  Pythagoras."  He  is  also  said 
to  have  first  taught  the  true  system  of 
the  universe,  revived  by  Copernicus, 
but  this  supposition  is  erroneous. 

PIIILOPtLMEN,    a   celebrated  geu- 


pic] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPin. 


6S7 


eral,  who  has  been  called  tlie  last  of  the 
Greeks,  was  1).  223  b.  c,  at  Megalopolis, 
in  Acadia;  became  generalissimo  of 
the  Archaean  league;  reduced  the  Spar- 
tans to  a  tributary  state,  dismantled 
Sparta,  and  abolished  the  laws  of  Ly- 
curgus ;  but  was  at  length  taken  pris- 
oner iu  a  battle  with  the  Messenians, 
and  w;is  nut  to  death  by  poison,  183  b.c. 
PHOCTON,  an  Athenian,  illustrious 
for  his  virtues  no  less  than  for  his  tal- 
ents, was  b.  about  400  b.c,  of  an  obscure 
family.  Plato  and  Xeaoerutes  were  his 
masters  in  philosophy.  Forty-five  times 
he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  Athe- 
nian armies,  and  on  all  occasions  dis- 
E laved  bravery  and  skill.  He  was, 
owever,  a  lover  of  peace,  and  he  dis- 
couraged hostile  proceedings  against  the 
Macedonians,  because  he  was  convinced 
that  circumstances  were  such  as  to  ren- 
der success  hopeless.  In  probity  and 
disinterestedness  he  was  never  sur- 
passed, lie  was,  nevertheless,  con- 
demned to  die  by  poison,  318  b.c,  and 
was  even  denied  a  grave  in  his  own 
country.  When  the  madness  of  popular 
passion  had  subsided,  the  Athenians 
raised  a  statue  to  his  memory,  and  put 
his  accuser  to  death. 

PIAZZI,  Joseph,  a  celebrated  astron- 
omer, was  b.  174(5.  at  Ponte,  in  the  Val- 
teline;  entered  into  the  order  of  the 
Theatins,  and,  after  having  been  a  pro- 
fessor at  Genoa,  Malta,  and  Ravenna, 
was  invited  to  Palermo,  in  1780,  to  fill 
the  professorship  of  the  higher  branches 
of  mathematics.  At  Palermo  he  obtained 
the  establishment  of  an  observatory, 
and  entered  into  a  correspondence  with 
the  most  eminent  European  astrono- 
mers. He  made  a  new  catalogue  of 
stars,  containing  seven  thousand  six 
hundred  and  forty-six,  and,  on  the  1st 
of  January,  1801,  discovered  an  eighth 
planet,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of 
Ceres  Ferdiuandea.  He  is  the  author 
of  "  Astronomical  Lessons"  and  of  va- 
rious other  scientific  works.     D.  182(1. 

PICARD,  John,  an  able  French  as- 
tronomer and  mathematician,  was  b.  in 
1620,  at  La  Flache,  in  Anjou,  became 
astronomer  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
at  Paris,  and  made  a  voyage  to  Urani- 
bnrg  to  ascertain  the  exact  longitude 
and  latitude  of  that  observatory.  He 
was  the  first  who  observed  the  phos- 
phoric light  in  the  barometric  vacuum, 
and  applied  the  telescope  to  quadrants. 
He  edited  the  "  Connoissanee  des 
Temps,  from  1679  to  1683;"  and  wrote 
a  narrative  of  his  voyage,  and  other 
works.    D.   16S4. — Loins    Benedict,   a 


celebrated  French  dramatist  and  ro- 
mance writer,  was  b.  176!>,  at  Paris,  and 
d.  there  1824.  For  many  years  he  was 
also  a  popular  actor.  He  wrote  nearly 
a  hundred  dramatic  pieces,  most  of 
which  were  crowned  with  success.  His 
romances,  among  which  may  be  men- 
tioned "The  History  of  Gabriel  Deso- 
dry,"  "The  Gil  Bias  of  the  Revolution," 
and  "The  Confessions  of  Laurence 
Gitfard,"  are  inferior  to  his  comedies. 

PICART,  Bernard,  an  engraver,  the 
son  of  Stephen,  who  was  of  the  same 
profession,  was  b.  1663,  at  Paris;  ac- 
quired an  early  reputation  for  designing 
as  well  as  engraving,  and  settled  in 
Holland  with  his  father.  Among  his 
best  works  are,  "  The  Massacre  of  the 
Innocents,"  "  Time  discovering  Truth," 
and  "The  Arcadian  Shepherds."  He 
also  executed  the  plates  for  the  "  Reli- 
gious Ceremonies  of  all  Nations."  D. 
1733. 

P1CCTNT,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  com- 
poser, was  b.  1721,  at  Bari,  and  studied 
;;nder  Leo  and  Durante,  of  the  latter  of 
which  masters  he  was  the  favorite  pupil. 
He  began  his  career  in  1754,  and  soon 
acquired  an  extensive  reputation  by  his 
compositions,  particularly  by  his  "  La 
Buona,"  "Figlnola,"  and  "Olympia." 
After  a  residence  of  nearly  twenty  years 
at  Rome,  he  was  invited  to  Paris."  His 
subsequent  life  was  checkered  with 
much  vexation  and  ill  fortune.    D.  1800. 

P1CCOLOMINI,  Octavius,  a  leader 
of  the  imperial  armies,  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  generals  of  the  thirty 
years'  war,  was  b.  in  Italy,  in  1599,  and 
made  his  first  military  essays  in  that 
country,  in  the  Spanish  army.  He 
passed  into  the  service  of  the  emperor, 
and  rendered  himself  conspicuous  for 
bravery  and  talent,  at  Lutzcn,  Nordlin- 
gen,  and  many  other  battles.  Returning 
to  the  Spanish  colors,  he  was  appoinfp 
commander-in-chief  in  the  Netherlands, 
but  was  soon  recalled  by  the  emperor, 
and  was  made  field-marshal.  His  sub- 
sequent exploits  gained  for  him  the  title 
of  prince.     D.  16  ~>6. 

PICHEGRU,  Charles,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  generals  produced  bj 
the  wars  of  the  French  revolution,  was 
b.  of  poor  parents,  in  1761,  at  Arbois, 
in  Franche  Comte  ;  was  educated  by  the 
monks  of  that  town ;  and  was  a  tutor 
to  the  mathematical  and  philosophical 
classes  at  the  college  of  Brienne,  when 
Bon.aparte  was  a  student  there.  He  en- 
tered into  the  artillery  as  a  private  sol- 
dier, and  rose  to  be  adjutant  before 
1789.    Subsequent  to  the  revolution  h« 


688 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[pifl 


rapidly  attained  the  rank  of  general  of 
division.  After  having  commanded  the 
army  of  the  Rhine,  lie  was  placed,  in 
February,  1794,  at  the  head  of  the  army 
of  the  North.  He  defeated  the  allies  in 
several  actions,  and  soon  achieved  the 
conquest  of  the  Netherlands  and  of 
Holland.  But,  in  171»5,  while  general 
of  the  army  of  the  Rhine,  he  sullied  his 
fame  by  entering  into  negotiations  with 
the  exiled  Bourbons.  In  1797  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  council  of  Ave 
hundred,  and  was  chosen  president  of 
that  body.  He  was  one  of  those  who 
were  transported  to  Cayenne  by  the  di- 
rectory, after  its  triumph  in  September; 
but  he  contrived  to  make  his  escape  to 
England.  In  1804,  in  conjunction  with 
Georges  and  others,  he  visited  Paris, 
for  the  purpose  of  attempting  the  over- 
throw of  the  consular  government.  lie 
was  arrested,  and  committed  to  the 
Temple  ;  and  was  found  dead  in  his 
bed,  by  strangulation. 

PK'HLER/Cakoline,  one  of  the  most 
proline  writers  that  Germany  has  pro- 
duced, was  b.  at  Vienna,  1769.  Her 
maiden  name  was  Greiner.  Her  father 
held  a  high  position  at  the  court  of 
Vienna ;  and  his  house  was  long  cele- 
brated for  its  reunions  of  all  that  was 
most  distinguished  in  that  metropolis 
for  rank,  fashion,  and  genius.  She  re- 
ceived a  first- rate  education,  and  showed 
an  early  predilection  for  literary  pur- 
suits; but  it  was  not  till  after  she  had 
attained  her  30th  year  that  she  appeared 
as  an  authoress,  her  first  work,  called 
the  "Gieichnisse,"  being  published  in 
1799.  This  was  followed  from  time  to 
time  by  various  other  works  of  consid- 
erable "merit:  but  these  were  all  thrown 
into  the  shade  by  her  "  Agathoeles," 
which  appeared  in  180S,  and  was  written 
with  the  view  of  counteracting  Gibbon's 
attacks  upon  the  Christian  tiiith.  Her 
works  amount  to  more  than  60  volumes, 
consisting  chiefly  of  dramas  and  histor- 
ical romances  ;  of  which  may  be  men- 
tioned the  "  Grafen  von  Hohenbere," 
"  Die  Belagerung  Wien's  von  16s3," 
"Die  Schwedenin  Prag,"  "  Die  Wie- 
dereroberuug  von  Ofen,"  "  Ilenriette 
von  England,"  "  Die  Frauenwurde," 
and  the  "  Ncbenbnhler,"  &c.     D.  1S43. 

PICKERING,  Timothy,  an  American 
Statesman,  was  b.  at  Salem,  in  1746,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1763.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
popular  cause,  and,  in  organizing  the 
provisional  government  of  Massachu- 
setts in  1775,  was  appointed  a  judge  of 
the  court  of  common  pleas  for  Essex, 


and  sole  judge  of  the  maritime  court  for 
the  middle  district.  During  the  war  he 
was  appointed  adjutant-general,  and 
subsequently  a  member  of  the  board  of 
war.  From'  1790  to  1798,  at  different 
intervals,  he  was  employed  on  various 
negotiations  with  the  Indians.  He  was 
successively  postmaster-general,  secre- 
tary of  war,  and  secretary  of  state. 
From  the  last  office  he  was  removed  by 
President  Adams  in  1800.  From  1803 
to  1811  he  was  a  senator  in  congress 
from  his  native  state,  and  from  1811  to 
1317  a  representative  in  that  body.  In 
public  life  he  was  distinguished  for 
firmness,  encrgv,  activity,  and  disinter- 
estedness.    D.1829. 

PICTET  DE  R1CIIEMONT,  Chakles, 
was  b.  in  1755,  at  Geneva;  spent  several 
years  in  the  military  service;  retired  to 
his  estate,  where  he  devoted  himself  to 
farming  and  literature  ;  and  was  em- 
ployed in  1815  as  negotiator  for  Swit- 
zerland at  Paris,  Vienna,  and  Berlin. 
He  conducted  (in  conjunction  with  his 
brother  and  M.  Maurice)  "The  Britan- 
nic Library  ;"  translated  various  works 
from  the  English  ;  and  published  '  A 
Course  of  Agriculture,"  and  other  pro- 
ductions on  the  same  subject.    D.  1824. 

PIERCE,  Edward,  an  English  painter 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  1.  and  II.  He 
was  eminent  in  history  and  landscapes: 
but  as  his  works  chiefly  consisted  of 
altar-pieces  and  ceilings  of  churches, 
there  are  few  of  his  pictures  in  existence, 
most  of  them  having  been  destroyed  in 
the  fire  of  London.  One  of  his  sons 
was  an  excellent  sculptor,  and  executed 
the  statues  of  Sir  Thomas  Gresham  and 
Edward  III.,  which  ornamented  tho 
roval  exchange  before  it  was  destroyed 
by  fire,  Jan.  10,  1838. 

PIGAFKTTA,  Anthoxy,  a  voyager 
of  the  16th  century,  was  one  of  the 
eighteen  companions  of  Magellan,  who 
survived  the  voyage,  and  returned  to 
Seville,  in  1522.  *  In  1524  he  was  mado 
a  knight  of  Rhodes.  He  wrote  a  nar- 
rative of  the  voyage,  the  MS.  of  which 
was  supposed  to  be  lost,  but  was  dis- 
covered, some  years  ago,  in  the  Ambro- 
sial! library  at  Milan. 

P1GALLE,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent 
sculptor,  was  b.  in  1  714,  at  Paris;  stud- 
ied at  Rome  ;  became  a  sculptor  to  the 
French  monarch,  and  a  knight  of  tho 
order  of  St.  Michael.  Among  his  best 
works  are,  the  monument  of  Marshal 
Saxe,  Love  and  Friendship,  and  statues 
of  Silence,  Mereurv,  and  Venus.  D.1785. 

P1GNOTTI,  Laurence,  an  Italian 
poet  and  historian,  was  b.  at  Figliena, 


pin] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPHV. 


G89 


in  Tuscany,  in  1730;  was  educated  at 
Arczzo  and  Pisa  ;  practised  as  a  physi- 
cian at  Florence;  was  created  histori- 
ographer of  the  court,  and  became  rector 
ot'tlic  mi'"  ..sity  of  Pisa.  His  "  Fables" 
have  acquired  an  extensive  popularity, 
but  his  great  fame  was  acquired  by  his 
"History  of  Tuscany."     P.  1812. 

PIKL'ER,  or  PICHLER,  John,  the 
most  able  gem  engraver  of  the  age,  was 
b.  in  1734,  at  Naples,  and  was  the  son 
of  John  Anthony,  who  was  also  cele- 
brated for  his  skill  in  the  same  art.  He 
was  knighted  by  Joseph  II.  His  works 
are  numerous,  and  highly  valued.  D. 
1791. 

PILK1NGTON,  James,  an  English 
bishop,  was  b.  at  Rivington,  in  Lan- 
cashire, in  1520,  and  educated  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he 
became  master.  During  the  persecution 
under  Mary,  he  was  obliged  to  leave  the 
kingdom,  but  on  the  accession  of  Eliza- 
beth he  was  made  bishop  of  Durham, 
and  d.  in  1575.  He  wrote  some  valuable 
"  Commentaries  on  the  Scriptures." — 
Letitia,  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Van  Lewen, 
a  physician  of  Dublin,  was  b.  in  1712. 
She  became  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Mat- 
thew Pilkington,  from  whom  she  was 
separated  on  account  of  the  irregularity 
of  her  conduct.  After  this  she  settled 
in  London,  where  she  subsisted  partly 
by  writing,  and  partly  by  the  bounty  of 
her  friends.  She  wrote  "  The  Roman 
Father,"  a  tragedy;  and  "The  Turkish 
Count,  or  London  Apprentice,"  a  com- 
edy;  "Memoirs  of  her  Life;"  and  va- 
rious poems,  &c.     D.  1750. 

PILPAY,  an  oriental  fabulist,  was  a 
Brahmin  of  Ilindostan,  and  counsellor 
to  one  of  the  rajahs.  He  is  said  to  have 
flourished  2000  years  before  the  Chris- 
tian era.  His  fables  were  translated 
from  the  Persian  into  French,  by  Gal- 
land,  in  1714. 

PINCKNP2Y,  Charles  Cotesworth, 
a  distinguished  officer  of  the  revolu- 
tionary army,  was  b.  in  South  Carolina, 
received  his  education  in  England,  and 
studied  law  in  the  Temple.  On  return- 
ing to  his  native  province  in  1769,  he 
devoted  himself  to  the  successful  prac- 
tice of  his  profession.  On  the  com- 
mencement of  hostilities  he  renounced 
law  for  the  study  of  military  tactics, 
and  wus  soon  promoted  to  the  command 
of  the  first  regiment  of  Carolina  infantry. 
He  was  subsequently  aid-de-camp  to 
Washington,  and  in  this  capacity  at  the 
battles  of  Brandy  wine  and  Gennantown. 
On  the  surrender  of  Charleston  he  was 
taken  prisoner,  and  remained  so  till  all 
58* 


opportunity  of  gaining  fresh  reputation 
in  the  field  had  passed.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  formed 
the  federal  constitution,  and  in  179(5  was 
appointed  minister  to  France.  When 
preparations  were  making  for  war  on 
account  of  the  expected  French  invasion, 
Mr.  Pinckney  was  nominated  a  major 
general,  but  he  soon  had  an  opportunity 
of  retiring  to  the  quiet  of  private  life. 
He  was  afterwards  president  of  the 
Cincinnati  society  of  the  United  States. 
D.  1S25. 

PINDAR,  the  greatest  of  lyric  poets, 
was  b.  about  522  b.  c,  near  Thebes,  in 
Boeotia,  and  is  believed  to  have  d.  about 
442  k.  c.  lie  was  patronized  by  Theron 
of  Agrigentum,  and  Hiero  of  Syracuse, 
at  the  court  of  which  latter  prince  he  is 
said  to  have  resided  during  the  closing 
years  of  his  existence.  Little,  however, 
is  known  of  his  real  history.  Of  his 
works  which  were  numerous,  and  in 
various  kinds  of  composition,  time  has 
spared  only  four  books  of  Odes ;  but 
what  it  has  spared  is  amply  sufficient  to 
vindicate  his  claim  to  be  ranked  among 
the  most  illustrious  of  ancient  bards. 

PINEL,  Philip,  an  eminent  French 
physician,  was  b.  in  1742,  at  St.  Paul, 
in  the  department  of  the  Taru  ;  prac- 
tised with  distinguished  success  at  Paris, 
particularly  in  cases  of  insanity ;  intro- 
duced the  most  important  improvements 
into  the  mode  of  treating  insane  pa- 
tients; acquired  great  popularity  by  bis 
lectures.  Among  his  works  are,  "  A 
Medico-philosophical  Treatise  on  Men- 
tal Alienation,"  "  Philosophical  Nosog- 
raphy,"  and  "  Clinical  Medicine."  D. 
1826. 

PINGRE,  Alexander  Gut,  an  able 
astronomer,  was  b.  in  1711,  at  Paris; 
was  originally  an  ecclesiastic,  and  began 
the  study  of  astronomy  at  a  late  period  ; 
and  made  a  voyage,  in  1760,  to  Isle  Ro- 
driguez, to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus, 
and  three  subsequent  voyages,  to  try 
the  chronometers  of  Berthoud  and  Le 
Roy.  The  most  important  of  his  works 
is  his  "  Cometography,  or  Historical  and 
Theoretical  Treatise  on  Comets."  D. 
1796. 

PINKERTON,  John,  a  fertile  bu 
eccentric  author,  was  b.  in  1758,  in 
Edinburgh.  He  was  educated  at  Lanark 
grammar  school,  and  served  five  years 
as  clerk  to  an  attorney  ;  after  which  he 
settled  in  London,  and  gave  himself  up 
to  literature.  He  began  his  career  by 
poetical  productions,  among  which  were. 
Rhymes,  Odes,  and  Tales',  but  he  did 
not  rise  above  mediocrity.  In  emulation 


690 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[PIR 


of  Chatterton  he  also  produced  two  vol- 
umes of  pretended  ancient  Scottish 
poems.  One  of  his  earliest  work's  was 
•'  Letters  on  Literature,"  under  the  as- 
BUined  name  of  "  Robert  Heron,"  in 
which  he  displayed  a  degree  of  vanity 
and  impudence  which  has  seldom  been 
equalled.  In  his  latter  years  he  took  up 
his  abode  in  France.  Among  the  works 
of  this  indefatigable  writer  are,  an  ex- 
cellent "  Essay  on  Medals,"  "  The 
Treasury  of  Wit,"  "  A  Dissertation  on 
the  Origin  of  the  Scythians  and  Goths," 
"A  History  of  Scotland,"  "  leonographia 
Scotica,"  "  Modern  Geography,"  "  A 
Collection  of  Voyages  and  Travels," 
"  Recollections  of  Paris,"  and  *'  Tetral- 
ogy, or  a  Treatise  on  Rocks." 
"l'lNK-NEY,  William,  an  eloquent 
lawyer  and  statesman,  was  b.  in  Mary- 
land, in  1765,  an  I  prepared  himself  for 
the  b:ir  under  the  instruction  of  Judge 
Chase,  lie  was  admitted  to  practice  in 
1786,  and  soon  gave  indications  of  pos- 
sessing superior  powers.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  of  Maryland 
which  ratified  the  federal  constitution. 
In  1776  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
commissioners  under  the  British  treaty. 
The  state  of  Maryland  also  employed 
h'un  to  procure  a  settlement  of  its  claims 
on  the  bank  of  England,  and  he  recov- 
ered for  it,  the  sum  of  800,000  dollars. 
This  detained  him  in  England  till  the 
year  1804,  when  he  returned  and  re- 
sinned his  professional  labors.  In  1806 
he  was  sent  as  envoy  extraordinary  to 
London,  and  in  1808  received  the  au- 
thority of  minister  plenipotentiary,  lie 
returned  to  the  United  States  in  1811, 
and  soon  after  was  appointed  attorney- 
general.  This  office  he  held  till  1814. 
During  the  incursion  of  the  British  into 
Maryland,  he  commanded  a  battalion, 
and  was  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Bla- 
densburg,  in  August,  1814.  lie  was 
afterwards  representative  in  congress, 
minister  plenipotentiary  to  Russia,  en- 
voy to  Naples,  and  in  1819  senator  in 
eongreas.  In  the  last  office  he  continued 
till  his  death  in  1822. — Edward  Coate, 
son  of  the  foregoing,  was  b.  in  London, 
in  1S02,  passed  his  infancy  in  England, 
and  was  placed  as  a  student  in  Baltimore 
college  at  the  age  of  10  or  11.  He  en- 
tered the  navy  as  a  midshipman,  and 
continued  in  the  service  tor  several 
years.  On  the  death  of  his  father  he 
quitted  the  navy  and  devoted  himself 
»o  the  practice  of  the  law.  He  published, 
m  182-%  a  volume  of  poems,  which  pos- 
H«w  much  beauty.     D.  1828. 

P1NZON,  Vincent  Yanez,  a  Spanish 


navigator,  accompanied  Columbus  on 
his  memorable  voyage;  was  the  first 
European  who  crossed  the  line;  dis- 
covered Brazil  and  the  river  Amazon; 
was  appointed  one  of  the  royal  pilots; 
and  d.  in  the  early  part  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury. 

1'IOMBO,  Sebastiano  del,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  b.  at  Venice,  in  1485.  He 
renounced  music,  of  which  he  was  very 
fond,  for  painting,  and  studied  under 
Bellini,  but  afterwards  took  the  fino 
coloring  of  Giorgione  as  a  model.  The 
delicacy  of  his  pencil  was  much  ad- 
mired, and  Michael  Angel o  encouraged 
him  to  enter  into  competition  with 
Raphael,  and  even  supplied  him  with 
designs,  which  Piombo  often  executed 
very  happily,  although  by  no  means  ca- 
pable of  lofty  conceptions  or  sublimo 
inventions.  His  greatest  work  is  his 
•'  Resurrection  of  Lazarus,"  now  in  the 
British  national  gallery.     D.  1547. 

PlOZZl,  Hestek  Lynch,  a  miscellane- 
ous writer,  whose  maiden  name  was 
Salisbury,  was  b.  1739,  at  Bodvel,  and 
was  united,  in  1763,  to  Mr.  Thrale,  an 
opulent  brewer.  For  many  years  Dr. 
Johnson  was  the  intimate  friend  of  her 
and  her  husband.  After  the  death  of 
Mr.  Thrale  she  accepted  the  addresses 
of  Signor  Piozzi ;  an  act  which  occa- 
sioned a  dissolution  of  her  friendship 
with  Johnson.  For  a  considerable  peri- 
od she  resided  at  Florence  with  her 
second  husband,  ami  while  there  she 
contributed  to  the  "  Florence  Miscella- 
ny." Among  her  works  are,  "Anecdotes 
of  Dr.  Johnson,"  "Observations  in  a 
Journey  through  France,  Italy,  and 
Germany,"  "British  Synonymy,  and 
"Retrospection."     1).  1821. 

P1RANESI,  John  Baptist,  an  emi- 
nent engraver  and  antiquary,  was  b. 
1707,  at  Rome,  in  which  city  he  d.  1778. 
Pirancsi  was  one  of  the  most  inde- 
fatigable of  artists,  and  his  talents 
were  equal  to  his  industry. — Francis,  a 
son  of  the  foregoing,  and  the  inheritor 
of  his  genius,  was  b.  1748,  at  Rome. 
The  magnificent  works  begun  by  his 
father  he  continued  with  such  a  kin- 
dred spirit  that  the  labors  of  the  parent 
and  son  cannot  be  distinguished  from 
each  other ;  and  he  executed  many  oth- 
ers of  equal  magnitude.     D.  1810. 

PIRON,  Alexis,  a  French  poet,  dram- 
atist, and  wit,  was  b.  1689,  at  Dijon,  and 
was  about  to  become  a  barrister,  when 
family  misfortunes  compelled  him,  not 
very  reluctantly,  to  relinquish  the  bar. 
He  went  to  Paris,  and  for  a  while  earned 
a  scanty  subsistence  as  a  copyist.    To 


nu] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


cm 


write  for  the  stage  was  his  next  resource. 
lie  began  by  composing  pieces  for  the 
theatre  of  the  Comic  Opera,  and  "Har- 
lequin Deucalion"  was  his  first  effort. 
In  172S  he  tried  the  regular  drama,  and 
produced  the  comedy  of  "The  Ungrate- 
l'ul  Son."  It  was  not,  however,  till 
1738,  that  he  gained  a  place  among  the 
highest  class  of  dramatists,  by  his  ad- 
mirable comedy  of "  Metromania,"  which 
is  justly  considered  as  a  masterpiece. 
D.  1778. 

PISISTEATUS,  an  Athenian,  who 
flourished  in  the  5th  century  before  the 
Christian  era,  and  was  distinguished  for 
eloquence  and  valor.  lie  thrice  obtained 
the  sovereign  authority  at  Athens.  Twice 
he  was  expelled,  and  in  the  last  instance 
he  remained  eleven  years  in  exile,  before 
he  could  again  seize  the  reins  of  power. 
Though  bearing  the  name  of  a  tyrant, 
Pisistratus  was  just  and  liberal.  He 
established  a  public  library  at  Athens, 
and  collected  the  poems  of  Homer  in 
their  present  form.     1).  527  b.  c. 

PITT,  Christopher,  an  elegant  poet, 
was  b.  in  1699,  at  Blandford  ;  was  edu- 
cated at  Winchester  and  at  New  college. 
Oxford';  and  obtained,  in  1722,  the  living 
of  Pimperne,  which  he  held  till  his  de- 
cease, in  1748.  His  Poems  have  consid- 
erable merit;  and  his  translations  of 
the  "  ^Encid"  and  of  "  Vida's  Art  of 
Poetry,"  are  of  a  superior  kind. — Wil- 
liam, a  celebrated  statesman,  the  second 
son  of  the  great  earl  of  Chatham,  was  b. 
May  28,  1759,  at  Hayes,  in  Kent,  The 
earlier  part  of  his  education  he  received 
at  home,  under  the  watchful  superinten- 
dence of  his  father,  who  spared  no  pains 
to  cultivate  his  talents,  and  especially  to 
give  him  habits  of  self-possession  and 
of  public  speaking.  At  the  age  of  14 
he  went  to  Pembroke  hall,  Cambridge. 
In  1780,  after  having  studied  at  Lincoln's 
Inn,  he  was  called  to  the  bar,  but  he 
only  once  or  twice  went  to  the  western 
circuit.  He  was  destined  to  move  in  a 
higher  sphere.  Early  in  1781  be  was 
returned  to  parliament  for  the  borough 
of  Appleby,  and  immediately  became 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  members 
of  the  opposition.  He  began  political 
life  as  the  friend  of  parliamentary  reform. 
While  the  earl  of  Shclburno  was  in  office, 
Pitt  was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer. 
The  triumph  of  the  coalition  displaced 
him  for  a  while;  but,  on  the  downfall 
of  their  administration,  he  returned  to 
power  as  prime  minister.  In  vain  the 
house  of  commons  endeavored  to  effect 
nis  expulsion  ;  the  parliament  was  dis- 
Bolved ;  and  a  general  election  gave  him 


an  overwhelming  majority.  Fror.i  1786 
till  1801,  he  continued  to  hold  the  reins 
of  government,  during  one  of  the  most 
stormy  periods  of  our  history  ;  and  his 
admirers  have  conferred  on  him  the  title 
of  "  the  pilot  that  weathered  the  storm." 
He  resigned  in  1801  ;  but  resumed  his 
post  in  1804,  and  held  it  till  his  decease, 
which  took  place  on  the  23d  of  January, 
180<3.  His  dissolution  is  believed  to 
have  been  hastened  by  the  disastrous 
result  of  the  continental  coalition  in 
lsn,-,.  With  respect  to  pecuniary  con- 
siderations no  man  was  ever  more  dis- 
interested and  incorrupt,  and  he  d.  poor. 
In  eloquence  he  rivalled  some  ot  the 
most  illustrious  of  the  ancient  orators. 
As  a  finance  minister  he  possessed  great 
abilities,  though  the  policy  of  some  of 
his  measures  is  more  than  doubtful  ; 
but  in  the  conduct  of  a  war  he  did  not 
shine,  for  his  plans  were  neither  grandly 
conceived  nor  vigorously  executed. 

PITTACUS,  one  of  the  seven  sages 
of  Greece,  who  was  a  warrior  as  well  as 
a  philosopher,  was  b.  about  650  b.  c,  at 
Milylene,  in  the  island  of  Lesbos;  ex- 
pelled the  tyrant  Melanchrus  from  Les- 
bos ;  governed  wisely  for  ten  years  ; 
and  d.  570  b.  c. 

PIUS  VI.,  whose  secular  name  was 
John  Angklo  Braschi,  was  b.  at  Cesena, 
in  1717.  His  first  act  was  to  make  a 
reform  in  the  public  treasury ;  he  then 
completed  the  museum  in  the  Vatican; 
but  the  greatest  work  of  his  pontificate 
was  the  draining  of  the  Pontine  marshes, 
— a  project  that  baffled  several  of  tho 
emperors,  and  many  of  the  popes. 
When  Bonaparte  entered  Italy,  he  made 
the  pope  prisoner  in  the  capital,  which 
was  plundered.  The  venerable  pontiff 
was  carried  away  by  the  victors,  and 
hurried  over  the  Alps  to  Valence,  whero 
he  d.  of  excessive  fatigue  and  ill-usage, 
1799. — VII. ,orGRi  gory  Barnabas  Chia- 
ramowti,  the  successor  of  the  preceding 
pontiff,  was  b.  at  Cesena,  in  1740.  Ho 
was  raised  to  the  eardinalate  in  1765; 
and  when  Bonaparte  entered  Imola,  in 
1790,  the  cardinal,  who  was  also  bishop 
of  that  see,  found  means  to  concili.T.o 
the  favor  of  the  French  general,  and 
thereby  paved  the  way  for  his  elevation 
to  the' papacy  in  1800.  In  July,  1801, 
he  signed  the  concordat;  and  in  1804 
he  crowned  Napoleon  at  Paris,  but  re- 
fused to  perform  the  same  office  for 
Louis  XVIII.  Notwithstanding  the 
courtesy  which  he  showed  to  Bonaparte, 
the  latter  seized  the  pope  in  1809.  and 
imprisoned  him  at  ^  ontainblcan,  where 
he  remained  till  the  downfall  of  his  op- 


6«J2 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[PLO 


pressor  in  1814,  when  he  returned  to 
Koine  to  resume  his  authority.  D.  1828. 
— VIII.,  by  name  Fbancis  Xaviero  Cas- 
tiglioni,  was  b.  at  Cingolia,  in  1761,  was 
made  bishop  of  Montalto  in  1800,  created 
cardinal  in  1810,  was  elected  pope  on 
the  death  of  Leo  XII.,  in  182y,  and  d. 
in  the  following  year. 

PIZAKRO,  Francis,  the  conqueror 
of  Peru,  was  b.  in  1475,  nt  Truxillo,  in 
Estremadura,  and  was  the  natural  son 
of  a  gentleman.  His  father  did  not 
even  teach  him  to  read,  but  employed 
him  to  keep  the  ho^s  at  his  country 
house.  Having  lost  one  of  them,  Pizarro 
took  flight,  and  embarked  for  Spanish 
America.  There  he  first  distinguished 
himself,  in  1514,  under  Nunez  de  Balboa. 
In  1524,  in  conjunction  with  Almagro, 
he  discovered  Peru.  Charles  V.  gave 
him  the  government  of  the  new-found 
country.  By  force  and  fraud  he  achieved 
the  conquest  of  Pern,  in  1532.  In  1537 
a  contest  arose  between  Pizarro  and 
Almagro,  which  terminated  in  the  de- 
feat and  execution  of  the  latter.  The 
son  of  Almagro,  however,  avenged  his 
father,  for,  in  1541,  he  and  some  of  his 
friends  assassinated  Pizarro,  in  his  pal- 
ace at  Lima. 

PLATO,  an  illustrious  Grecian  phi- 
losopher, the  founder  of  the  academic 
sect,  was  styled  the  Divine  by  the  an- 
cients; was  b.  430  B.C.,  in  the  island  of 
jE,,'ina;  was  educated  with  the  utmost 
care ;  and,  at  the  age  of  20,  became  the 
disciple  of  Socrates.  After  the  death  of 
Socrates,  Plato  visited  Magna  Gragcia 
and  Egypt,  in  search  of  knowledge.  On 
his  return  to  Athens,  he  opened  a  phil- 
osophical school,  and  soon  numbered 
among  his  pupils  many  distinguished 
characters.  Plato  thrice  visited  the 
iourt  of  Sicily ;  once  invited  by  the 
elder  Dionysius,  and  twice  by  the 
younger.  The  former  he  so  much  of- 
fended, that  the  tyrant  caused  him  to 
Vie  seized  on  his  passage  home  and  sold 
lor  a  slave;  and  the  philosopher  was 
indebted  for  his  liberation  to  Aniceris 
of  Gyrene.     D.  347  b.  c. 

PLAUTUS,  so  called,  it  is  supposed, 
from  his  feet  beinjj  deformed,  but  whose 
real  name  was  Marcus  Accius,  was  one 
of  the  most  celebrated  of  the  Roman 
jomie  writers;  was  b.  227  b.  c,  at  Sar- 
Bina,  in  Umbria;  and  is  believed  to  have 
been  the  son  of  a  slave.  The  fortune 
which  he  gained  by  his  dramatic  talents, 
he  is  said  to  have  lost  in  commerce,  and 
to  have  been  reduced  to  work  at  a  mill. 
D.  184  b.  c. 

PLAY  FAIR,  John,  an  eminent  math- 


ematician and  natural  philosopher,  was 
b.  in  1749,  at  Dundee,  was  educated  at 
St.  Andrew's,  resigned  a  living,  and 
became  mathematical  professor  at  Edin- 
burgh, and  d.  1819.  Play  fair  was  cele- 
brated as  a  geologist,  and  a  strenuous 
defender  of  the~  Iluttonian  system. 
Among  his  works  are,  "Elements  of 
Geometry,"  "Outlines  of  Philosophy," 
"Illustrations  of  the  Hcttonian  Theory," 
and  a  "System  of  Geography." — Wil- 
liam, an  ingenious  projector  and  author, 
a  brother  of  the  foregoing,  was  [■.  1759, 
at  Dundee,  was  originally  apprenticed 
to  a  millwright,  was  for  some  time  a 
draughtsman  at  the  Soho  manufactory, 
obtained  patents  for  various  inventions, 
engaged  in  many  speculations,  and  be- 
came a  fertile  writer  upon  politics  and 
other  subjects.  Among  his  works  are, 
"Statistical  Tables,"  "The  Statistical 
Breviary,"  "The  Commercial  and  Po- 
litical Atlas,"  "  History  of  Jacobinism," 
"British  Family  Antiquity,"  "Political 
Portraits,"  and  "France  as  it  is."  D. 
1S23. 

PLINY  the  Elder,  or  Caius  Plinius 
Secundus,  a  celebrated  Roman  writer, 
was  b.  23,  at  Verona,  or,  as  some  say, 
at  Como,  served  in  the  army  in  Ger- 
many, and  afterwards  became  an  advo- 
cate, was  a  member  of  the  college  of 
augurs,  and  procurator  in  Spain  and 
Africa,  and  was  suffocated  79,  while  in 
command  of  the  fleet  at  Misenum,  in 
consequence  of  his  having  approached 
too  near  to  Vesuvius,  in  order  to  obscrvo 
the  phenomena  of  the  eruption.  Of 
his  numerous  works  his  "  Natural  His- 
tory "  is  the  only  one  which  is  extant. 
—  The  Younger,  or  Caius  C^eciuus 
Plinius  Secundus,  the  nephew  and 
adopted  son  of  the  foregoing,  was  b.  in 
61  or  62,  at  Como,  was  a  pupil  of  Quin- 
tilian,  and  pleaded  successfully  as  an 
advocate  in  his  19th  year.  He  was,  suc- 
cessively, tribune  of  the  people,  prefect, 
of  the  treasury,  consul,  proconsul  in 
Pontus  and  Bithynia,  and  augur,  and 
d.  universally  esteemed,  in  115.  His 
"Letters'"  and  his  "  Panegyric  on  Tra- 
jan" are  the  only  parts  of  his  writings 
that  remain. 

PLOTINUS,  a  Platonic  philosopher, 
was  b.  203,  at  Lycopolis,  in  Egypt,  was 
a  disciple  of  Ammonius  Saccas,  en- 
countered trreat  danger  in  accompanying 
the  Emperor  Gordian  on  his  expedition 
against  the  Parthians,  which  he  did 
with  a  view  to  obtaining  a  knowledge 
of  Persian  aud  Indian  philosophy,  and 
d.  270.  His  works  were  translated  into 
Latin,  in  1492,  by  Ficino. 


POl] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


G93 


PLOWDEN,  Francis,  an  historian 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  a  native  of 
Ireland  and  a  Roman  Catholic,  was  a 
barrister  and  conveyancer.  A  verdict 
of  £5000  obtained  against  him  in  an 
Irish  court,  in  1818,  for  an  alleged  libel 
in  his  "History  of  Ireland,"  compelled 
him  to  retire  to  France,  where  he  re- 
mained till  his  decease,  at  an  advanced 
Oge,  in  1829.  Among  his  works  are, 
"The  History  of  Ireland,"  "Jura  An- 
glorum,"  "Church  and  State,"  "The 
Case  Stated,"  and  a  "Treatise  upon 
the  Law  of  Usury  and  Annuities."  — 
Charles,  a  Jesuit,  b.  in  England,  in 
174-J,  but,  educated  at  Koine,  where  he 
entered  into  the  society  in  175'.'.  On 
his  return  to  his  own  country  after  the 
suppression  of  his  order  in  1773,  he  was 
one  of  the  most  zealous  advocates  for 
their  reuniting  in  England.  He  after- 
wards became  president  of  the  Catholic 
college  of  Stonyhurst,  in  Lancashire, 
and  d.  in  1821. — Edmund,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  was  b.  in  Shropshire,  in  1517. 
and  d.  1">84.  His  "Commentaries  and 
Reports  "  are  greatly  esteemed. 

PLDTARCII,  a  celebrated  Greek  bi- 
ographer and  philosopher,  was  b.  about 
60,  at  CheroiiR'i.  in  Bceotia,  and  studied 
at  Athens  under  Aininonius,  after  which 
he  travelled  in  Greece  anil  Egypt,  sedu- 
lously acquiring  knowledge.  For  some 
years  subsequently  he  resiled  at  Rome, 
wh<?rc  his  lectures  on  philosophy  at- 
tracted in  my  illustrious  auditors.  Tra- 
jan was  one  of  his  hearers,  and,  after 
he  became  emperor,  is  said  to  have  con- 
ferred on  him  the  consular  disrnity,  but 
this  story  is  apocryphal.  Plutarch  at 
length  retired  to  Cheroiuca,  where  he 
filled  the  office  of  archon.  He  was  also 
a  priest  of  the  Delphic  Apollo.  Ho  is 
believed  to  have  d.  about  a.  d.  120.  His 
extant  works  are  his  "  Morals,"  and  his 
"  Lives  of  Illustrious  Men,"  the  last  of 
which,  though  often  erroneous  in  point 
of  fact,  must  ever  be  road  with  delight. 

POCAHONTAS,  daughter  of  an  In- 
dian chief,  and  much  celebrated  in  the 
early  history  of  Virginia,  was  b.  about 
151)5.  She  became  warmly  attached  to 
the    English,   and   rendered    them    im- 

gortant  services  on  various  occasions, 
he  married  an  Euglishmnn,  and  in 
161*5  accompanied  her  husband  to  his 
native  eoiintrv,  where  she  was  present- 
ed at  court.  She  soon  after  d.  at  Graves- 
end,  when  about  to  return  to  Virginia. 
She.  lef  one  son. 

POCOCK.  Edward,  an  eminent  ori- 
entalist, was  b.  1604,  at  Oxford,  was 
educated  at  Thame  school,  and  at  Mag- 


dalen hall  and  Corpus  Christi  college, 
Oxford,  twice  visited  the  Levant,  on 
one  of  which  occasions  he  was  chaplain 
to  the  British  factory  at  Aleppo,  was 
Hebrew  professor  at  Oxford,  rector  of 
Childrey,  and  canon  of  Christ-church, 
and  d.  1691.  Among  his  works  are, 
"Specimen  Historiae  Arabum,"  "  Abul- 
faragius  Historia  Dynastiarinm,"  and 
"Commentaries  on  the  Minor  Pro- 
phets." 

POE,  Edgar  A.,  an  eccentric  but 
brilliant  American  writer,  whose  vari- 
ous contributions  to  the  magazines  and 
newspapers  acquired  him  considerable 
reputation  as  a  poet  and  tale-wright. 
His  tales  are  marked  by  a  peculiar  in- 
genuity and  even  power,  and  his  poems, 
though  not  always  finished,  show  a 
wonderful  command  of  rhythmical  ex- 
pression. He  was  irregular,  however, 
in  the  exercise  of  his  faculties,  and 
never  attained  the  position  that  he 
might  have  done  bv  more  labor  and 
care.     B.  1812;  d.  1849. 

POGGIO  BRACCIOLTNT,  an  Italian 
writer  ot  'he  15th  century,  who  con- 
tributed powerfully  to  the  revival  of 
classical  studios,  was  b.  1380,  at  Terra- 
nova,  was  edncated  at  Florence,  was 
appointed  apostolical  secretary  by  Boni- 
face TX..  and  held  that  office  under 
seven  other  popes,  discovered  many 
ancient  manuscripts  in  monasteries,  and 
was  appointed  chancellor  of  the  Floren- 
tine republic.  Poggio  was  a  man  of 
eminent  talent,  but  of  licentious  morals, 
and  a  satirical  and  quarrelsome  dis- 
position. His  principal  works  are,  a 
"  History  of  Florence,"  "Dialogues  on 
Nobility,"  and  "Funeral  Orations." 
1).  1459. 

POISSOX,  Ratmond,  a  French  actor 
and  dramatist  of  the  17th  century,  who 
obtained  great  celebrity  in  low  comedy. 
He  wrote  a  number  of  theatrical  pieces, 
and   d.  in  1690.  —  Paul,   his  son,   was 

eminent  as  a  comic  actor.     D.  1735. 

Philip  and  Arvoult  he  Roinvii.le,  the 
two  sons  of  Paul,  were  also  distinguished 
for  their  theatrical  talents:  the  former 
was  the  author  of  ten  comedies,  and 
was  a  srood  tragic  performer;  while  the 
latter  fully  supported  the  reputation  of 
his  family  as  a  comic  actor.  D.  1753. — 
Denis  Simeon,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
mathematicians  of  the  a<rc,  b.  at  Pitb- 
iviers,  1781.  He  was  educated  by  his 
uncle  as  a  surgeon,  but  revolted,  on  ac- 
count oftho  delicacy  of  his  nerves,  from 
the  preparatory  anatomical  studies;  he 
distinguished  himself earlv  bv  the  solu- 
tion of  difficult  mathematical  problems. 


694 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[POL 


lie  was  soon  thereafter  made  assistant 
to  M.  Biot,  in  the  college  of  France,  and 
subsequently  a  counsellor  of  the  univer- 
sity. In  1337  he  was  made  a  peer  of 
France,  and  president  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences.  He  wrote  the  "  Traite  dc 
Mechanique,"  the  "  Iiecherches  ear  hi 
Probability  des  jugemens  en  matiere 
Civile  et  en  matiurc  Criminelle,  &c," 
"  Annales  de  (Aliimie  et  Physique,"  &e. 
D.  1840. 

POLE,  Cardinal  Reginald,  a  states- 
man and  ecclesiastic,  descended  from 
the  royal  family  of  England,  was  b.  ill 
1500,  at  Stourton  castle,  was  educated 
at  Sheen  monastery,  and  Magdalen  col- 
lege, Oxford,  opposed  the  divorce  of 
Henry  VIII.  from  Catharine  of  Aragon, 
was  papal  legate  to  England,  archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  and  chancellor  of  both 
universities,  during  the  reign  of  Mary, 
and  d.  1558. 

POLIGNAC,  Jules,  prince  de,  prime 
minister  of  Charles  X.  of  France,  whose 
administration  produced  the  revolution 
of  1830,  was  sprung  from  an  ancient 
family,  whose  vicissitudes  of  fortune 
were  remarkable  even  in  revolutionary 
France,  and  which  numbered  among  ils 
members  t'ie  famous  abbe  de  Polignac, 
who  d.  1741.  Driven  f  oin  Paris  by  the 
clamor  of  the  mob,  his  parents  repaired 
to  Vienna ;  but  scarcely  had  they  reached 
that  capital,  before  the  fate  of  her  mis- 
tress and  friend,  Marie  Antoinette,  was 
communicated  to  his  mother,  and  within 
a  few  days  she  fell  a  victim  to  her  grief 
and  affection.  Deprived  of  a  mother's 
care,  and,  before  reaching  manhood, 
Jules  de  Polignac  proceeded  to  Russia, 
then  a  refuge  for  the  royalists,  and 
shortly  afterwards  repaired  to  Edin- 
burgh, where  the  count  d'Artois,  after- 
wards Charles  X.,  resided.  Under  the 
mingled  influences  of  religion  and  loy- 
alty, he  embarked  with  his  brother 
Armani  in  Georges'  conspiracy  in  1S04 
against  Napoleon.  The  conspiracy  was 
detectc  1,  the  brothers  were  arrested, 
tried,  and  condemned  to  death,  but,  at 
the  intercession  of  Josephine  and  Ma- 
dame Murat,  the  emperor's  sister,  the 
sentence  of  death  was  commuted  to  im- 
prisonment, and  the  two  young  men 
were  sent  to  Vinceunes,  where  they  re- 
mained six  years.  On  the  restoration 
of  Louis  XY1II.,  Jules  de  Polignac  de- 
voted himself  heart  and  soul  to  the  so- 
called  party  of  the  Congregation,  in  the 
interest  of  the  pope,  the  church,  and  the 
count  d'Artois;  and  his  services  were 
rewarded  by  the  pope  conferring  on  him 
the  title  of  a  Roman  prince,  by  which 


he  has  since  been  known.  In  1823 
Prince  Polignac  was  sent  as  ambassador 
to  London,  where  he  remained  six 
years,  and  the  intrigues  of  the  priestly 
party  being  finally  crowned  with  sue 
cess,  he  returned  to  Paris  in  1829,  to 
assume  the  premiership  of  the  new 
ministry;  but  the  nation  was  loud  in  its 
expression  of  distrust,  till  a,  length  the 
unconstitutional  course  that  he  adopted 
towards  the  chambers  was  suddenly 
arrested  by  the  "  three  glorious  days," 
which  led  to  his  own  overthrow,  and 
the  dethronement  of  his  sovereign. 
Pursued  and  taken  at  Granville,  he  was 
tried  before  the  chamber  of  peers,  and 
condemned,  but  his  life  was  spared,  and, 
after  undergoing  a  short  imprisonment 
at  Ham,  he  was  allowed  to  go  into  exile. 
His  remaining  years  were  spent  chiefly 
at  Munich.  At  length  he  was  allowed 
to  return  to  France,  though  not  to  Paris  ; 
but  the  death  of  Charles  X.  and  the 
duke  d'Angouleine  gave  the  last  blow 
to  a  constitution  already  broken  down 
by  many  reverses,  and  he  sank  into  a 
state  of  melancholy,  from  which  ho 
never  recovered.    B.  17s.3;  d.  1S47. 

POL1Z1AXO,  or  POLITIAN,  Axgk- 
lus,  an  eminent  Italian  scholar,  whose 
family  name  was  C'inis,  was  b.  1454,  at 
Monte  Pulciano,  was  professor  of  Greek 
and  Latin  a.t  Florence,  and  tutor  to  the 
children  of  Lorenzo  the  Magnificent, 
who  gave  himacanonry  in  the  cathedral 
of  the  Florentine  capital.  Among  his 
works  arc,  ''The  History  of  the  Con- 
spiracy of  the  Pazzi,"  "Poems,"  the 
drama  of"  Orpheus,"  and  a  translation 
of  Ilerodian.     D.  1494. 

POLK,  James  Knox,  a  president  of 
the  United  States,  was  b.  in  North 
Carolina,  1795.  He  became  a  member 
of  the  bir  in  Tennessee  in  1820,  and 
soon  took  a  first  rank  among  his  col- 
leagues. He  was  elected  a  member  of 
congress  in  1825,  where  he  was  distin- 
guished for  his  firmness  and  industry, 
and  where  he  was  chosen  speaker  for 
three  several  terms.  His  opinions  co- 
incided with  those  of  the  democratic 
party,  by  which  in  1S44  he  was  chosen 
president  of  the  republic.  It  was  du- 
ring his  administration  that  the  annex- 
ation of  Texas  was  effected,  the  war 
against  Mexico  successfully  terminated, 
and  the  general  democratic  policy  main- 
tained.    D,  1849. 

POLLOK,  Robert,  a  Scotch  clergy- 
man and  writer  of  sacred  poetry,  was  b. 
1799,  at  Eaglesham,  in  Renfrewshire. 
Being  intended  for  the  church,  he  was 
sent  to   the    university  of  Glasgow  to 


pom] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


695 


study  theology;  but  his  health  became 
so  much  impaired  by  study,  that  he  had 
scarcely  entered  on  his  ministry  before 
he  found  it  necessary  to  quit  the  north 
with  a  view  to  a  residence  in  Italy,  in 
order  to  try  the  effect  of  change  of 
climate.  He  left  Scotland  in  August, 
1827,  but  he  had  only  proceeded  to 
Southampton,  when  his  malady  in- 
creased to  such  a  degree  as  precluded 
all  hope  of  recovery,  and  lie  cl.  there  in 
the  following  month.  His  principal 
production  is  entitled  "  The  Course  of 
rime,"  a  poem.  He  also  wrote  ''The 
Persecuted  Family,"  a  narrative  of  the 
sufferings  of  the  Presbyterians  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.,  and  "Ralph  Gein- 
niel,"  a  talc  for  youth. 

POLO,  Marco,  a  celebrated  Venetian 
traveller,  was  b.  about  1450,  and  accom- 
panied his  father  and  uncle,  in  1471, 
into  Tartary,  where  they  resided  for 
twenty-four  years  and  acquired  great 
riches.  Marco  was  in  high  favor  with 
Jhe  grand  khan,  was  employed  by  him 
in  missions  to  the  most  distant  parts  of 
the  empire,  and  was  for  three  years  gov- 
ernor of  Yang-ehcu-f'eu.  After  his  re- 
turn to  Venice  he  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  a  galley,  but  had  the  mis- 
fortune to  be  captured  by  the  Genoese, 
who  kept  him  four  years  a  captive.  To 
beguile  the  tedium  of  captivity,  as  well 
as  to  satisfy  the  curiosity  of  numerous 
inquirers,  he  wrote  the  narrative  of  his 
travels.  An  excellent  translation,  with 
notes,  was  published  in  1818,  by  Mr. 
Marsden.     D.  1523. 

POLYBIUS,  a  celebrated  Greek  his- 
torian, son  of  Lyeortas,  general  of  the 
Aclueans,  was  b.  about  205  b.  c,  at  Me- 
galopolis. He  was  formed  for  public 
business  by  the  precepts  and  example 
of  Philopcemen,  the  friend  of  his  father, 
and  at  the  funeral  of  that  general  he 
bore  the  urn  which  contained  his  ashes. 
He  was  one  of  the  thousand  persons 
whom  the  Romans  demanded  from  the 
Aclueans  as  hostages,  and  he  lived  at 
Pome  many  years.  There  lie  became 
the  friend  of  the  Scipios,  one  of  whom 
he  accompanied  to  the  siege  of  Carthage. 
He  d.  in  his  own  country,  at  t lie  age  of 
82.  Of  his  works  only  a  part  of  his  ex- 
cellent "  Universal  History"  has  been 
preserved. 

POTA'CARP,  St.,  a  Christian  father 
and  martyr,  who,  according  to  tradition, 
was  a  disciple  of  the  apostle  John,  and 
by  him  appointed  bishop  of  Smyrna. 
lie  made  many  converts,  and  violently 
opposed  the  heresies  of  Marcion  and 
Valcutinus;  out  during  the  persecution 


of  the  Christians  under  Marcus  Aure- 
lius,  lie  suffered  martyrdom  with  the 
most  heroic  fortitude,  169.  His  "Epis- 
tle to  the  Philippiang"  is  the  only  one 
of  his  pieces  that  has  been  preserved. 

POLYOLETUS,  a  famous  seulntor, 
was  b.  at  Sicvon,  and  flourished  about 
430  b.c.  He  is  considered  to  have 
attained  perfection  in  single  figures; 
and  a  statue  of  a  boy,  executed  by  him 
was  sold  for  190  talents,  equivalent  to 
£20,000. 

POLYGNOTUS,  a  painter  of  Thasos, 
about  422  b.  c.  He  gained  celebrity  by 
a  series  of  pictures  on  the  war  of  Troy, 
for  which  he  refused  the  presents  of- 
fered him  by  the  states  of  Greece;  he 
also  painted  the  teinple  of  Delphi,  and 
part  of  the  Pcecile  at  Athens  gratuitous- 
ly, for  which  it  was  decreed  that  he 
should  be  supported  at  the  public  ex- 
pense. 

POMBAL,  Skbastian  Josi:r-u  Cak- 
valiio  Meliio,  marquis  of,  a  Portuguese 
statesman,  was  b.  at  Soura,  1699.  After 
having  been  ambassador  to  London  and 
Vienna,  he  was,  in  1750,  appointed  sec- 
retary of  state  for  foreign  affairs,  and,  in 
1756,  prune  minister.  He  introduced 
many  reforms  and  changes  in  the  gov- 
ernment, but  as  his  "measures  were 
frequently  severe  and  arbitrary,  he 
raised  up  many  enemies,  and  on  the 
death  of  the  king,  in  1777,  he  was  dis- 
graced, and  exiled  to  Ids  estates,  where 
he  d.  1782. 

POMFRET,  John,  an  English  poet, 
was  b.  at  Luton,  1667,  was  educated  at 
Queen's  college,  Cambridge,  and  ob- 
tained the  living  of  Maiden.  He  was 
the  author  of  "The  Choice,"  a  poem 
which  has  ever  been  popular;  but  owing 
to  an  equivocal  expression  therein,  Dr. 
Coinpton,  bishop  of  London,  thought 
him  unfit  for  the  clerical  office,  and  re- 
fused to  induct  him  to  another  and  more 
considerable  benefice.  The  prelate  was, 
however,  soon  after  convinced  of  his 
mistake  ;  but  in  the  mean  time  Pomfret, 
who  had  been  detained  in  London, 
caught  the  small-pox,  and  d.  of  it,  1703. 

POMPADOUR,  Jeanne  Antoinette 
Pohson,  marchioness  de,  the  mistress 
of  Louis  XV.,  in  whose  affections  she 
succeeded  madamc  de  Chateau ronx,  "was 
the  daughter  of  a  financier,  and  b.  1720. 
At  the  age  of  21  she  was  irmrried  to  M. 
d'Etioles;  first  attracted  the  king's  no- 
j  tice  while  he  was  limiting  in  the  forest 
of  Scnart;  appeared  at  court  in  1745, 
under  the  title  of  marchioness  of  Pom- 
padour, and  d.  in  1764,  aged  44  years. 
I  She  used  her  influence  with  the  king  in 


696 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[pOR 


promoting  the  progress  of  tlie  fine  arts, 
but  her  cupidity  and  extravagance  were 
unbounded ;  and  many  of  the  evils 
which  oppressed  France  in  the  succeed- 
ing reign  have  been  attributed  to  the 
power  she  possessed  of  tilling  the  most 
important  offices  of  the  state  with  her 
favorites. 

PUMPEY,  Cneus,  surnamed  the 
Great,  a  Roman  statesman  and  warrior, 
was  b.  106  K.  c,  and  learned  the  art  of 
war  from  his  father.  In  his  23d  year 
he  joined  with  three  legions  the  party 
of  Sylla,  recovered  Sicily  and  Africa, 
and  obtained  the  honors  of  a  triumph. 
He  obtained  a  second  triumph  lor  put- 
ting an  en  1  to  the  war  in  Spain,  and  a 
third  for  his  splendid  successes  in  Asia, 
where  he  considerably  extended  the 
dominion  of  his  countrymen.  About 
60  b.  c.  he  formed  the  first  triumvirate 
with  Crassus  and  Caesar,  and  married 
the  daughter  of  the  latter.  In  the  course 
of  a  few  years,  however,  dissensions 
broke  out  between  Caesar  and  Pompcy, 
a  civil  war  ensued,  and  l'ompey  sus- 
tained a  decisive  defeat  at  Pharsalia. 
He  fled  to  Egypt,  and  was  assassinated 
there  43  u.  c. 

PONIATOWSRT,  Joseph,  an  illus- 
trious Polish  general,  who  was  jailed 
the  Polish  Bayard,  was  b.  17(53,  at  War- 
saw, distinguished  himself  in  the  cause 
of  his  country  during  the  fruitless 
struggles  of  17»2  and  17H4,  entered  the 
French  service,  and  displayed  conspicu- 
ous bravery  and  talent  in  the  campaigns 
of  ISO'!,  1809,  181-2,  1813,  and  1814,  was 
appointed  a  marshal  on  the  fleld  of  bat- 
tle at  Leipsie,  and  was  drowned  in  at- 
tempting to  cross  the  Elstcr,  on  the  19th 
of  October. 

POPE,  Alexander,  a  celebrated  poet, 
was  b.  May  22,  1638,  in  Lombard- street, 
London.  Ilis  father,  a  linen-draper,  in 
which  trade  he  amassed  a  considerable 
fortune,  retired  from  business,  and 
settled  at  Bintield,  in  Berkshire,  soon 
after  the  birth  of  his  son.  Both  parents 
were  Roman  Catholics,  and,  as  Pope 
tells  us,  ware  of  gentle  blood,  lie  him- 
self was  bom  deformed,  small  in  size, 
and  delicate  in  constitution.  The 
groundwork  of  learning  he  acquired  at 
two  private  schools,  and  from  two 
priests,  who  were  employed  as  his 
tutors ;  for  the  rest  lie  was  indebted  to 
his  own  persevering  studies.  Before- 
he  was  12  years  old  he  formed  a  play 
from  Ogilby's  Homer,  which  was  acted 
by  his  se'iool-fellows.  His  '-Pastorals" 
were  written  when  he  was  16,  and  they 
sbtaincd  him  the  friendship  of  many 


eminent  characters.  They  were  suc- 
ceeded by  "  The  Essay  on  Criticism," 
"The  Messiah,"  "The  Rape  of  the 
Lock,"  "  The  Temple  of  Fame," 
"  Windsor  Forest,"  and  "  Abelard  and 
Eloisa;"  and  his  reputation  as  a  poet 
was  thus  firmly  established.  The  trans- 
lation of  the*  "  Iliad,"  by  which  he 
gained  about  £5000,  was  completed  in 
1720.  With  the  aid  of  Broome  and 
Fenton  he  afterwards  added  a  version 
of  "The  Odyssey."  In  1721  he  under- 
took an  edition  of  Shakspeare,  a  task  in 
which  he  failed.  With  the  exception 
of  the  "  Essay  on  Man,"  which  was 
first  published  in  1733,  and  completed 
in  the  following  year,  his  pen  was  chiefly 
devoted  to  satire  during  the  remainder 
of  his  literary  career.  The  first  three 
books  of  "The  Dunciad"  appeared  in 
1723;  the  fourth,  suggested  by  War- 
burton,  was  not  written  till  1742,  and  ho 
injured  the  poem  by  substituting  Gibber 
as  the  hero  in  the  place  of  Theobald. 
D.  May  30.  1744. 

POPIIAM,  Sir  John,  an  eminent 
judge,  was  b.  in  Somersetshire,  1531. 
After  serving  the  offices  of  attorney  and 
solicitor  general,  he  was  appointed,  in 
1581,  chief  justice  of  the  King's  Bench. 
He  d.  in  1607.  His  "Reports  and 
Cases,"  show  his  abilities  to  great  ad- 
vantage. 

PORDEXOXE,  (so  called  from  his 
birthplace,  his  true  name  being  Gio- 
vanni Antonio  Licinio,)  a  painter  of  tho 
Venetian  school,  and  rival  of  Titian, 
was  b.  14S4.  He  executed  many  great 
works  for  Mantua,  Genoa,  and  Venice; 
and  d.  at  Ferrara,  1540. 

PORLIER,  Juan  Diaz,  surnamed  El 
Marqueto,  a  Spanish  patriot  and  general, 
was  b.  about  1775,  at  Garth agena,  in 
'  South  America,  where  his  father  held  a 
!  high  public  situation.  lie  first  entered 
the  navy,  and  served  as  a  midshipman 
at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar:  but  when  the 
ciy  of  independence  spread  through 
the  Peninsula  in  1S03,  he  raised  a  gue- 
rilla corps,  of  which  he  became  the 
leader,  and  distinguished  himself  in  n 
series  of  brilliant  actions,  and  effected 
the  celebrated  retreat  from  Santander, 
closely  pursued  by  a  corps  four  times 
more  numerous  than  his  own.  The 
regency  then  appointed  him  captain 
general  of  Astnrias,  in  which  station  he 
remained  till  the  restoration  of  Ferdi- 
nand VIT.  Having  unsuccessfully  at- 
tempted to  restore  the  constitution  of  tho 
cortes  in  1S15,  he  was  delivered  over  to 
the  military  authorities  at  Cor  anna, 
condemned,  and  executed. 


por] 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


G97 


PORPTIYKY,  or  PORPHYR1US.  a 
philosopher,  whose  original  name  was 
Malchus,  was  b.  233,  at  Tyre  ;  studied 
under  Origen  and  Longinus;  became  a 
disciple  of  Plotinus ;  and  d.  304,  at 
Rome.  His  works  against  the  Chris- 
tians, to  the  number  of  fifteen,  arc  lost. 
Among  his  extant  productions  are,  "  A 
Life  of  Pythagoras ;"  "A  Treatise  on 
Abstinence  from  Animal  Food;"  and 
"  Questions  on  Homer." 

PORSON,  Richard,  an  eminent  hcl- 
lenist  and  critic,  was  b.  1750,  at  East 
Ruston,  in  Norfolk;  was  educated  at 
Eton,  and  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge  ; 
was  elected  Greek  professor  in  1793  ; 
became  librarian  of  the  London  Insti- 
tution ;  and  d.  180S.  In  profound 
knowledge  of  Greek,  critical  powers, 
»nd  acuteness,  Porson  had  few  equals. 
Among  his  works  are,  "  Letters  to 
Archdeacon  Travis  ;"  editions  of  "  ^Es- 
chylns,"  and  some  of  the  plays  of 
Euripides  ;  and  Tracts  and  Miscellane- 
ous Criticisms. 

PORTA,  Baccto  della,  a  painter  of 
Florence,  who  belonged  to  the  order  of 
Dominicans,  and  is  sometimes  called 
Fra  Bartolomeo,  or  11  Frate.  He  was 
intimate  with  Raphael,  and  it  is  said, 
the  two  artists  benefited  by  reciprocal 
instruction.  D.  1517. — Giovanni  Bat- 
tista  della,  a  natural  philosopher  and 
mathematician,  was  b.  at  Naples,  in 
1540.  He  devoted  a  great  part  of  his 
life  to  the  sciences,  established  two 
academics  for  its  promotion,  and  was 
the  inventor  of  the  camera  obseura. 
He  wrote  treatises  on  natural  history, 
optics,  hydraulics,  physiognomy,  and 
agriculture,  and  also  produced  nearly 
twp.ntv  dramatic  pieces. 

PORTER,  Sir  Robert  Ker,  b.  at 
Durham,  1780,  became  a  student  of 
the  Royal  Academy,  and  soon  showed 
his  skill  by  the  production  of  several 
altar-pieces  of  considerable  merit,  be- 
sides lis  large  pictures  of  the  "Storm- 
ing of  Seringapatam,"  the  "Siege  of 
Acre,"  and  the  "  Battle  of  Agincourt," 
which  latter  was  presented  to  the  city 
of  Lor  don.  In  1804  he  was  appointed 
historical  painter  to  the  emperor  of 
Russia,  and  during  his  stay  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, he  grained  the  affections  of 
the  Princess  Mary,  daughter  of  Prince 
Theodore  von  Scherbatoff,  to  whom  he 
was  afterwards  married.  Though  he 
had  cultivated  his  talents  as  an  artist, 
lie  had  always  shown  a  decided  prefer- 
ence for  the  military  profession  ;  and  on 
leaving  Russia  lie  accompanied  Sir  John 
Moore  ta  Spain,  in  the  hardships  and 
59 


perils  of  which  unfortunate  expedition 
lie  shared  till  its  final  embarkation  at 
Cornnnu.  From  1817  to  1820  he  was 
engaged  in  travelling  throughout  the 
East.  In  1826  he  was  appointed  consul 
at  Venezuela,  in  South  America,  where 
he  continued  to  reside  till  1841,  when 
he  left  his  mission  on  leave  of  absence, 
and  visited  his  old  friends  in  Russia, 
with  an  intention  of  proceeding  thenco 
to  England  ;  but  as  he  was  on  the  eve  of 
preparing  for  the  voyage,  he  was  seized 
with  an  apoplectic  attack,  and  expired 
May  3,  1842.  His  works  consist  of 
"Travelling  Sketches  in  Russia  and 
Sweden,"  "  Letters  from  Portugal  and 
Spain,"  "  A  Narrative  of  the  late  Cam- 
paign in  Russia,"  "  Travels  in  Georgia, 
Persia,  Armenia." — Anna  Maria,  was 
a  sister  of  the  above,  and  early  distin- 
guished herself  as  a  writer  of  fiction. 
Among  her  novels  may  be  mentioned 
"The  Hungarian  Brothers,"  "Don 
Sebastian,"  "Tales  round  a  Winter's 
Hearth,"  "The  Recluse  of  Norwav," 
"The  Knight  of  St.  John,"  "The  Bar- 
ony," &e.  D.  1832.— Jane,  sister  of 
the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Durham,  1776. 
Like  her  sister,  she  soon  gave  indica- 
tions of  superior  abilities,  and  though 
she  did  not  appear  before  the  world  as 
an  author  till  she  was  in  her  27th  year, 
her  first  work,  "  Thaddcus  of  Warsaw," 
published  in  1803,  at  once  placed  her  in 
the  foremost  rank  as  a  writer  of  fiction. 
In  1809  appeared  her  "Scottish  Chiefs," 
which  was  no  less  successful  than  its 
predecessor;  and  this  was  followed,  at 
intervals  more  or  less  distant,  by  the 
"Pastor's  Fireside,"  "Duke  Christian 
of  Lunebursr,"  "Tales  round  a  AVinter's 
Hearth,"  (in  which  she  was  joined  by 
her  sister,)  "The  Field  of  Forty  Foot- 
steps," &c.  She  also  contributed  largely 
to  the  periodicals  of  the  day,  and  her 
last  separate  publication  was  "Sir  Sea- 
ward's  Dairy,"  the  forerunner  of  a  class 
of  works  lately  become  numerous,  and 
of  which  perhaps  the  best  specimen  is 
the  well-known  "  Diary  of  Lady  Wil- 
loughby."  In  1842  she  accompanied 
her  brother,  Sir  R.  K.  Porter,  to  Peters- 
burg; and  after  his  death  she  resided 
chiefly  at  Bristol,  where  it  is  said  she 
was  chiefly  engaged  in  writing  her  bro- 
ther's memoirs.     D.  1850, 

PORTEUS,  Beilby,  an  eminent  pre- 
late, was  b.  1731,  at  York,  and  entered 
as  a  sizar  at  Christ's  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  obtained  a  fellowship.  After 
having  been  chaplain  to  Archbishop 
Seeker,  he  was,  successively,  rector  of 
Ilunton,  prebendary  of  Peterborough, 


698 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHT. 


[pot 


rector  of  Lambeth,  kind's  chaplain,  and 
master  of  St.  Cross  hospital,  near  Win- 
chester. In  177(5,  through  the  queen's 
influence,  ho  obtained  the  bishopric  of 
Chester,  whence,  in  1787,  lie  was  trans- 
lated to  that  of  London.  Among  his 
works  are,  "Sermons;"  "A  Life  of 
Seeker ;"  and  a  Seatonian  prize  poem 
on  Death.     D.  1803. 

POSTEL,  William,  one  of  the  most 
learned  men  of  his  aire,  and  one  of  the 
wildest  visionaries,  was  b.  in  Normandy 
in  I'iIO.  Tn  his  youth  he  supported 
himself  at  the  college  of  St.  Barbe,  by 
waiting  upon  the  other  students.  His 
reputa'ion  for  general  learning  and  an- 
tiquarian research  in  lueed  Francis  T.  to 
send  him  to  the  East  to  collect  manu- 
scripts, which  commission  he  discharged 
bo  wed  as  to  be  appointed  professor  of 
mathematics  and  languages,  but  he  af- 
terwards fell  into  disgrace,  and  lost  his 
appointments.  Having  wandered  about 
from  place  to  place,  he  was  recalled  ; 
but  lost  his  .  itnation  again,  and  d.  in  a 
monastery  in  1581.  Among  the  wild 
and  extravagant  notions  that  he  enter- 
tained, one  was,  that  lie  had  died,  and 
risen  again  with  the  soul  of  Adam, 
whence  he  called  himself  "Postellns 
restitutus,"  he  also  maintained  that 
women  shall  have  the  dominion  over 
m?n,  an  1  that  his  writings  were  revealed 
to  him  bv  -Testis  Christ. 

POSTHUMUS,  Marcus  Cassianus 
Latinius,  a  Roman  emperor,  one  of  the 
thirty  tyrants,  was  of  obscure  birth,  but 
rose  rapidly  in  the  army,  till  he  obtained 
the  command  in  Gaul.  He  assumed  the 
imperial  title  in  257 ;  ruled  Gaul  and  a 
part  of  Spain,  and  obtained  various  suc- 
cesses against  the  Germans;  and  was 
murdered  by  his  soldiers  in  2fi7. 

POTFMKTN,  Gregory  Alexandro- 
vrrscii,  a  Russian  prince  and  field-mar- 
shal, the  minion  of  Catharine  IT.,  was 
b.  1736,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Smo- 
lensk, of  a  noble  though  poor  family, 
and  was  intended  for  the  church,  but 
obtained  a  cornetcy  in  the  horse  guards. 
Over  the  empress,  after  the  death  of 
her  husband,  he  acquired  an  unbound- 
ed influence,  and  he  retained  it  till 
nearly  the  end  of  his  life.  He  distin- 
guished himself  against  the  Turks,  par- 
ticularly in  the  war  of  1787,  when  he 
commanded  in  chief.     D.  1791. 

POTHIER,  Robert  Joseph,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  of  the  French  juriscon- 
sults, was  b.  l(5t)9,  at  Orleans  ;  was  pro- 
fessor of  law  in  his  native  city;  and  d. 
in  1772,  as  much  beloved  for  his  virtues 
as  admired  for  his  extensive  learning. 


His  great  work  is  l.is  "  Digest  of  the 
Pandects  of  Justinian."  His  treatises 
on  vamfcis  legal  questions  form  seven- 
teen volumes  octavo. 

POTOCKI,  Count  Stanislaus,  a  Polish 
writer  and  statesman,  of  a  family  which 
has  produced  several  eminent  charac- 
ters, was  b.  1 7 o 7 ,  at  Warsaw  ;  was  one 
of  those  who  contributed  most  actively 
to  establish  the  constitution  of  1791; 
was  appointed  a  palatine  senator  apd 
one  of  the  ministers  of  the  grand  duchy 
of  Warsaw  ;  was  president  of  the  senate 
in  1818  ;  and  d.  1821.  Among  his  wurks 
are,  "  A  Treatise  on  Eloquence  and 
Style;  and  "The  Journey  to  Ciemno- 
grod,"  a  satirical  romance. — Claudia, 
the  wife  of  Count  Bernard  Potoeki,  was 
b.  in  the  grand  duchy  of  Posen,  in  1S02. 
She  was  the  lineal  descendant  of  the 
Polish  ambassador,  Dzialynski,  who  was 
sent  to  England  in  Elizabeth's  reign,  to 
remonstrate  against  the  infraction  of  a 
treaty  between  that  country  and  Poland, 
and  whose  bold  and  successful  eloquence 
is  recorded  in  history.  During  the 
patriotic  struggle  for  Polish  freedom, 
from  1830  to  1833,  the  Countess  Potoeki 
not  only  became  the  munificent  bene- 
factress of  her  countrymen,  but  devoted 
her  personal  energies  to  the  sacred 
cause,  and  alleviated,  by  her  kind  atten- 
tions to  the*siek  and  wounded,  much  of 
the  misery  that  the  unequal  contest  en- 
tailed on  the  gallant  spirits  who  strove 
to  shake  off  the  oppressor's  yoke.  Sur- 
rounded by  wounded  warriors,  and  the 
victims  of  cholera  in  the  hospitals  of 
Warsaw,  neither  the  sight  of  hideous 
gashes,  nor  the  fear  of  contagion  de- 
terred her  from  her  course  of  charity : 
there,  for  seven  successive  months,  she 
was  constantly  occupied  ;  and  when  the 
day  of  adversity  came,  the  remains  of 
her  fortune,  her  influence,  her  personal 
exertions,  were  entirely  at  the  disposal 
of  the  unfortunate  refugees.  At  one 
time,  while  residing  at  Dresden,  where 
she  had  formed  a  ladies1  committee  for 
the  relief ofthese  brave  men,  she  pledged 
her  jewels,  and  most  expensive  dresses, 
for  40,000  florins,  and  the  whole  amount 
was  instantly  sent  to  its  pious  destina- 
tion. For  this,  the  Poles  assembled  at 
Dresden,  presented  to  her  a  bracelet, 
with  an  inscription  commemorative  of 
the  noble  act,  and  pointing  it  out  for  na- 
tional gratitude.  She  at  length  fixed  her 
residence  at  Geneva;  and  there,  in  the 
exercise  of  those  Christian  virtues,  which 
will  immortalize  her  name,  but  worq 
out  bv  silent  grief,  she  d.  in  183(5. 

POTTER,  Paul,  a  celebrated  Dutch 


pf.a] 


painter,  the  son  of  an  artist,  wash. 
lt>25,  at  Enkhuyscn  ;  acquired  a  perfect 
knowledge  of  his  profession  by  the  time 
that,  lie  was  fifteen;  and  d.  1634.  His 
pictures  are  held  in  high  estimation  for 
their  fidelity  to  nature,  and  the  beauty 
of  their  execution.  In  representing  ani- 
mals  he  was  unequalled. — John,  a  learn- 
ed prelate,  was  b.  about  1672,  at  Wake- 
Add;  was  educated  at  the  free  school 
there,  and  at  University  college,  Oxford  ; 
was  made  bishop  of  Oxford  in  171"',  and 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1737 ;  and  d. 
1747.  He  wrote  "  Arohseologia  Grseca." 
and  various  theological  works ;  and  ed- 
ited Clemens  Alexandrinns,  and  Ly- 
cophron's  "Alexandra." — Robert,  a 
divine  and  poet,  was  b.  1721 ;  was  ed- 
ucated at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge  ; 
and  was  tor  some  years  vicar  of  Seam- 
ing, after  which  he  obtained  the  livings 
of  Lowcstoff  and  Kessingland,  and  a 
prebend  in  the  cathedral  of  Norwich. 
His  original  poetry  consists  of  a  volume 
of  Poems,  and  two  Odes  from  Isaiah, 
and  is  much  above  mediocrity.  But  he 
is  best  known  by  his  spirited  versions 
of  iEschylns,  Sophocles,  and  Euripides. 
D.  1804.' 

POUSSIN,  Nicholas,  one  of  the  great- 
est of  the  French  painters,  was  b.  in 
15'J4,  at  Andelys,  in  Normandy,  and  re- 
ceived instructions  from  Varin,  Elle, 
and  Lallement,  but  was  more  indebt- 
ed to  nature  and  his  own  assiduity  than 
to  their  lessons.  In  10-24  he  went  to 
Rome,  where  he  improved  himself  by 
studying  the  works  of  Titian,  Domeni- 
chino,  and  Raphael,  and  of  the  ancient 
sculptors.  Louis  XIII.  invited  him  to 
France  in  1639,  and  gave  him  a  pension, 
and  apartments  in  the  Louvre;  but 
Poussin  was  soon  disgusted  with  the 
intrigues  of  Vouet,  L'e  Mercier,  and 
Fouquicrcs,  who  envied  and  dreaded 
him  for  his  superior  genius.  lie  there- 
fore returned  to  Rome  in  1642,  and  re- 
mained there  till  his  decease  in  1605. 
His  pictures  are  numerous  and  highly 
esteemed  ;  in  landscape  he  particularly 
excelled. — Gaspar,  an  eminent  painter, 
was  b.  1613,  at  Rome.  His  name  was 
Duaiu.T,  buthe  took  the  surname  of  his 
pictorial  preceptor,  Nicholas,  who  was 
his  brother-in-law.  In  landscape  he  ac- 
quired a  high  reputation.  Such  was  the 
rapidity  with  which  he  worked  that  he 
often  eompleted  a  picture  in  the  course 
of  a  day.     D.  1765. 

POWELL,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  and 
honest  lawyer,  was  b.  of  a  very  ancient 
and  wealthy  family  at  Pentrymeyrick,  in 
{he  parish  of  Llatiwrda,  Caermarthen- 


CTCLOP^DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


C99 


shire.  Ho  was  a  judge  in  the  court  of 
King's  Bench,  in  1688,  and  distin- 
guished himself  so  much  by  bis  integ- 
rity and  ability  on  the  trial  of  the  seven 
bishops,  that  James  II.,  deprived  him 
of  his  office,  but  lie  was  rcstoredto  it 
at  the  revolution,  and  sat  there  until  his 
death  in  1696. 

POWNALL,  Thomas,  a  learned  anti- 
quary and  politician,  was  b.  at  Lincoln, 
in  1722.  He  held  several  situations  un- 
der government,  and  having  greatly 
exerted  himself  in  America  to  suppress 
the  rising  spirit  of  discontent  among 
the  colonists,  he  was  in  1757,  appointed 
governor  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  and 
subsequently  of  Carolina.  On  returning 
to  England  in  1761,  he  was  made  direc- 
tor-general of  the  control  office,  with 
the  military  rank  of  colonel  ;  but  the 
latter  part  of  his  life  was  spent  at  Bath, 
in  literary  retirement.  His  principal 
works  are,  "  On  the  Administration  of 
the  Colonies,"  "  Description  of  part  of 
North  America,"  "Treatise  on  the 
Study  of  Antiquities."  "  On  the  Anti- 
quities of  the  Provincia  Komana  of 
Gaul,"  "  Descriptions  of  Roman  An- 
tiquities dug  up  at  Bath,"  "  Intellectual 
Phvsics,"  besides  many  political  tracts. 
D.'lSO.i. 

PRADT,  Abbe"  Dominique  de,  a 
French  ecclesiastic  and  a  political  writer, 
b.  at  Auvergne  in  175D.  He  was  grand 
vicar  at  the  revolution  to  the  Cardinal 
Rochefoucauld,  and  was  elected  deputy 
for  the  Norman  clergy  to  the  states- 
general,  1789.  He  opposed  the  union  of 
his  order  to  the  tiers  (tut,  protested 
against  the  new  order  of  things,  and 
was  consequently  obliged  to  emigrate, 
establishing  himself  for  a  considerable 
time  at  Hamburgh.  In  that  city  he 
published  in  1788,  the  first  of  his  volu- 
minous series  of  political  pamphlets, 
called  "  Antidote  to  the  Coiigress  of 
Radstadt."  In  another,  termed  "Prus- 
sia, and  her  Neutrality,"  he  urged  a 
coalition  of  Europe  against  the  French 
republic.  But  after  the  revolution, 
which  made  Bonaparte  first  consul,  ho 
made  interest  with  his  patron,  Dnroc, 
to  enter  Bonaparte's  service,  and  by  dint 
of  well-timed  flattery,  became  his  grand 
almoner.  On  the  coronation  of  the 
emperor,  in  1804,  at  which  he  assisted, 
he  was  invested  with  the  title  of  baron, 
received  a  gratuity  of  40,000  francs,  was 
made  bishop  of  Poitiers,  and  was  or- 
dained by  Pius  VII.  in  person,  in  1805, 
On  the  war  against  Russia  occurring  in 
1812,  he  was  sent  ambassador  to  tho 
duchy  of  Warsaw,  as  he  states,  in  hia 


700 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIT. 


[pR» 


''History  of  tlio  Polish  Embassy," 
painfully  and  violently  against  liis  wish. 
During  the  retreat  from  Moscow,  Napo- 
leon had  an  interview  with  him  at  a 
lone  cottage,  reproached  him  with 
treachery,  and  divested  him  of  his  em- 
bassy. On  his  return  to  Paris,  he  found 
nil  his  employments  taken  from  him. 
He  was  ordered  to  quit  Paris  for  his 
diocese,  and  did  not  return  till  the  fall 
of  Napoleon,  and  the  entry  of  the  Bour- 
bons into  France  in  1814.  He  wrote 
his  "Vindicatory  History"  then,  but 
did  not  publish  it  till  after  the  battle  of 
Waterloo,  and  Napoleon's  departure  for 
St.  Helena.  He  was  made  by  the  Bour- 
bons chancellor  of  the  legion  of  honor; 
but  a  new  disgrace  overtook  him,  he 
retired  from  the  scene,  and  did  not  re- 
appear till  after  the  "hundred  days." 
lie  subsequently  ceded  all  the  rights  of 
his  archbishop's  see  to  the  king  of  the 
Netherlands,  for  a  yearly  pension  of 
10,000  francs,  and,  retiring  into  private 
life,  occupied  himself  with  the  contin- 
ued publication  of  political  pamphlets. 
In  all  these,  latter  publications,  however, 
he  espoused  the  cause  of  wise  and  tem- 
perate constitutional  reform.     D.  1837. 

PRATT,  Chakles,  Earl  Camden,  a 
celebrated  lawyer,  the  son  of  Chief  Jus- 
tice Pratt,  was  b.  1713  ;  studied  at  Eton, 
King's  college,  Cambridge,  and  Lincoln's 
Inn  ;  was  chosen  member  for  Downton 
in  175-1:  was,  successively,  recorder  of 
Bath,  attorney-general,  chief  justice  of 
the  common  pleas,  lord  chancellor,  and 

E resident  of  the  council.  The  title  of 
aron  he  obtained  in  1765,  and  that  of 
earl  in  1786.  D.  1794. — Samuel  Jack- 
son, a  once  popular  novelist  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  b.  in  1749,  at  St. 
Ives,  in  Huntingdonshire,  and,  after 
having  been  an  actor,  an  itinerant  lec- 
turer, and  a  bookseller,  he  became  an 
author  by  profession.  Of  his  numerous 
works  the  principal  are,  the  poems  of 
"  Sympathy  and  Landscapes  in  Verse  ;"' 
the* tragedy  of  "The  Fair  Circassian;" 
the  novels  of  "  Liberal  Opinions,"  "Em- 
ilia Corbet,"  "  The  Pupil  of  Pleasure," 
"  Shcnstone  Green,"  and  "  Family  Se- 
crets ;"  "  Gleanings  through  Wales, 
Holland,  and  Westphalia;"  "Gleanings 
in  England,"  and  "  Harvest  Home." 
D.  1814. — Benjamin,  chief  justice  of 
New  York,  was  b.  in  Massachusetts,  in 
1713,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college.  He  studied  law,  and  entering 
on  its  practice  in  Boston  soon  became 
eminent.  Turning  his  attention  to  pub- 
lic affairs,  he  soon  rose  to  political  dis- 
iinction,  and  by  the  influence  of  Governor 


Pownell  was  appointed  chief  justice  of 
New  York.  He  had  made  collections 
for  a  history  of  New  England,  and  pos- 
sessed considerable  talent  for  poetry. 
D.  1763. 

PRAXITELES,  a,  famous  Grecian 
sculptor,  is  believed  to  have  been  a  na- 
tive of  Athens,  to  have  flourished  early 
in  the  4th  century  b.  c,  and  to  have  d. 
at  the  age  of  80.  He  was  long  attached 
to  the  celebrated  Phryue,  of  whom  he 
executed  two  statues,  one  of  which  was 
placed  in  the  temple  of  Delphi,  the  other 
in  the  temple  of  Love  at  Thespia.  His 
"Venus"  at  Cnidus  was  considered  as 
one  of  the  most  finished  productions  of 
Greece. 

PREBLE,  Edward,  a  distinguished 
naval  officer  in  the  American  service, 
was  b.  at  Falmouth,  in  Maine,  1701,  and 
entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman  in 
1779.  He  soon  rose  to  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant, and  during  the  revolutionary  war 
distinguished  himself  by  capturing  a 
British  vessel  at  Penobscot.  In  1798  he 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
brig  Pickering,  and  soon  after  to  the 
Essex.  He  commanded,  in  1803,  a  fleet 
sent  against  the  Barbary  powers,  and 
repeatedly  attacked  Tripoli  with  consid- 
erable success.  In  1804  he  returned  to 
the  United  States,  and  d.  1807. 

PRENTISS,  Saugeant  S.,  a  young 
lawyer,  b.  in  Maine,  went  to  Natches 
and  New  Orleans  to  practise  law.  In 
ls^T  he  was  elected  to  congress,  but  the 
right  to  his  seat  was  disputed,  and  he 
was  rejected.  But  the  speeches  he  made 
in  his  own  behalf,  as  well  as  his  argu- 
ments before  various  courts,  gave  him  a 
reputation  as  one  of*  the  most  eloquent 
speakers  in  the  Union.    B.1S10;  d.  1S50. 

PRESCOTT,  William,  a  distinguished 
revolutionary  officer,  was  b.  in  1726,  at 
Groton,  Mass.  At  the  capture  of  Cape 
Breton,  in  1758,  he  was  a  lieutenant  of 
the  provincial  troops,  and  attracted,  by 
his  conduct  in  that  campaign,  the  notice 
of  the  British  general,  who  offered  him 
a  commission  in  the  regular  army,  which, 
however,  he  declined ;  in  1774,  when  the 
struggle  between  the  colonies  and  the 
mother  country  was  at  hand,  ho  was 
appointed  to  command  a  regiment  of 
minute-men,  organized  by  the  provincial 
congress,  and,  on  receiving  notice  of  the 
intended  operations  of  General  G;ige 
against  Concord,  marched  with  it  to 
Lexington.  Before  he  arrived,  however, 
the  British  had  retreated,  and  he  then 
proceeded  to  Cambridge,  where  he  en- 
tered the  army  that  was  ordered  to  be 
raised,  the  greater   part  of  his  otlicers 


PR.] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


701 


and  men  volunteering  to  serve  with  him 
for  the  first  campaign.  On  the  16th  of 
June,  1775,  he  was  ordered  to  Charlcs- 
town,  with  three  regiments,  and  directed 
to  throw  up  works  on  Bunker  hill.  O.n 
reaching  the  ground,  it  was  perceived 
that  the  neighboring  elevation,  called 
Breeds'  hill,  was  a  more  suitable  station  ; 
and  on  it  the  defences  were  erected. 
The  next  day,  as  is  well  known,  General 
Howe  with  a  force  more  than  quadruple 
that  under  the  orders  of  Colonel  Pres- 
cott,  attempted  to  dislodge  him,  and, 
after  a  contest  among  the  most  memo- 
rable in  the  American  anuals,  succeeded 
in  effecting  that  object  with  immense 
loss.  Colonel  Freseott  was  one  of  the 
last  to  leave  the  intrenchments  when  he 
found  it  necessary  to  order  a  retreat, 
and  he  ottered  to  the  commander-in- 
chief  to  retake  the  position  the  same 
night,  if  he  would  give  him  two  regi- 
ments. In  1777  he  resigned  his  com- 
mand, and  returned  home;  but  in  the 
autumn  of  the  same  year,  he  went  as  a 
volunteer  to  the  northern  army  under 
General  Gates,  and  was  present  at  the 
capture  of  Burgoyne.  This  was  his  last 
military  service.  He  subsequently  sat 
in  the  legislature  of  his  native  state  for 
several  vears.     D.  1795. 

PREVOST  D'EXILES,  Anthony 
Francis,  one  of  the  most  fertile  of 
French  writers,  was  b.  1697,  at  Hesdin. 
His  early  life  was  restless  and  changeful. 
He  hesitated  between  a  monastic  and  a 
military  life,  twice  made  a  trial  of  both, 
became  at  last  a  Benedictine,  and  ended 
by  flying  from  the  convent,  taking  shel- 
ter in  Holland,  and  adopting  the  profes- 
sion of  an  author.  His  end  was  equally 
singular.  In  1763  he  was  struck  by  an 
apoplectic  fit  in  the  forest  of  Chantilly, 
and  was  found  apparently  lifeless.  As 
soon  as  the  surgeon  proceeded  to  use 
the  knife  on  his  body,  he  screamed  and 
opened  his  eyes,  but  the  incision  was 
mortal,  and  he  almost  immediately  ex- 
pired. His  works  amount  to  one  hun- 
dred and  seventy  volumes.  Of  his 
novels,  the  best  are,  "  Memoirs  of  a 
Man  of  Quality,"  the  "  Dean  of  Cole- 
leine,"  "Cleveland,"  and  "Manon  L'Es- 
eaut."  Among  his  other  productions 
are,  "A  History  of  Voyages  and  Trav- 
els," and  "The  Pro  and  Con,"  a  peri- 
odical paper. 

PRICE,  Richard,  an  eminent  dis- 
senting minister,  universally  known  and 
celebrated  for  his  great  abilities  in  arith- 
metical calculations,  and  for  very  numer- 
ous and  valuable  writings,  theological, 
aioral,  and  scientific,  was  b.  at  Llangun- 


nor,  in  1723,  ai.  1  became  pastor  of  a 
nonconformist  congregation,  of  Arian 
or  semi-Arian  principles,  at  Hackney, 
where  he  continued  as  long  as  he  lived. 
He  was  the  friend  of  man,  and  the  most 
intrepid  assert  or  of  his  rights.  During 
the  American  war,  he  printed  two 
pamphlets  against  that  measure,  ono 
entitled  "  Observations  on  Civil  Liber- 
ty," and  the  other,  "Observations  on 
Jivil  Government,"  for  which  the  corpo- 
ration of  London  voted  him  thanks  and 
a  gold  box,  and  the  university  of  Glas- 
gow conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 
In  1778  he  had  a  friendly  controversy 
with  Dr.  Priestley,  on  materialism  and 
necessity.  On  the  termination  of  the 
war,  Sir.  Pitt  consulted  Dr.  Price  re- 
specting the  best  mode  of  liquidating 
the  national  debt,  the  result  of  which,  it 
is  said,  was  the  adoption  of  the  sinking 
fund.  When  the  French  revolution 
broke  out,  he  distinguished  himself  by 
a  sermon,  "  On  the  Love  of  Country,"  :.*! 
which  he  hailed  that  event  as  the  com- 
mencement of  a  glorious  era.  This  drew 
upon  the  preacher  some  strong  animad- 
versions from  Mr.  Burke,  in  his  cele- 
brated "Reflections."     D.  1791. 

PRIDEAUX,  Humphrey,  a  learned 
divine,  was  b.  in  1648,  at  Padstow,  in 
Cornwall ;  was  educated  at  Westminster 
school,  and  at  Christ-church  college,  Ox- 
ford, and  d.  in  1724,  dean  of  Norwich. 
His  great  work  is  "The  Connection  of 
the  History  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ment." Among  his  other  productions 
are,  "A  Life  of  Mahomet,"  and  "The 
Original  Right  of  Tithes." 

PRIESTLEY,  Joseph,  an  eminent  dis- 
senting divine  and  experimental  philos- 
opher, was  b.  in  1733,  at  Field  head  ;  was 
educated  at  Daventry,  and,  after  having 
been  tutor  at  Warrington,  and  pastor  to 
various  congregations,  and  having  ac- 
quired considerable  reputation  as  an 
experimentalist  and  author,  he  became 
companion  to  the  earl  of  Shelburne.  At 
the  end  of  a  seven  years'  residence  with 
that  nobleman,  he  received  a  pension, 
and  settled,  in  1780,  at  Birmingham. 
There  he  proceeded  actively  with  his 
philosophical  and  theological  researches, 
and  was  also  appointed  pastor  to  a  dis- 
senting congregation.  In  1791,  however, 
the  scene  changed.  His  religious  prin- 
ciples, and  his  avowed  partiality  to  tho 
French  revolution,  excited  the  hatred 
of  the  high  church  and  tory  party, 
and  in  the  riots  which  took  place  in 
July,  his  house,  library,  manuscripts, 
and  apparatus,  were  committed  to  the 
flames  by  the  infuriated  mob,  and  ho 


703 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


fpRO 


was  exposed  to  great  personal  danger. 
Quitting  Birmingham,  he  succeeded  Dr. 
Price,  at  Hackney;  but,  in  1794,  con- 
aeiviug  himself  to  be  insecure  from  pop- 
ular rage,  he  embarked  for  America. 
He  took  up  his  abode  at  Northumber- 
land, I'enn.,  at  which  place  he  d.  May 
G,  1804.  As  a  philosopher  Ids  fame 
principally  rests  upon  his  pneumatic  in- 
quiries. His  worKs  extend  to  between 
seventy  and  eighty  volumes.  Among 
them  are  lectures  on  "General  His- 
tory," on  the  "Theory  and  History  of 
Language,"  and  on  the  "Principles  of 
OnUory  and  Criticism;"  "Charts  of  Bi- 
ography and  History,"  "Disquisitions 
relating  to  Matter  and  Spirit,''  "Hart- 
leiau  Theory  of  the  Human  Mind," 
"  History  of  the  Corruptions  of  Christi- 
anity," ''  Letters  to  a  Philosophical  Un- 
believer," "Institutes  of  Natural  and 
Revealed  Religion,"  "  History  of  Elec- 
tricity," "History  of  Vision,  Light,  and 
Colors,"  and  "Experiments  and  Obser- 
vations on  different  Kinds  of  Air." 

PR1NGLE,  Thomas,  a  highly  esteem- 
ed poet  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was 
b.  at  Blaiklaw,  in  Teviotdale,  in  1789. 
Soon  after  his  studies  at  the  university 
of  Edinburgh  were  completed,  he  ob- 
tained a  clerkship  in  the  register  of- 
fice; but  his  poetic  aspirations  found 
vent  even  in  the  dull  routine  of  such  an 
occupation,  and,  in  181*1,  Ins  "Scenes 
of  Teviotdale,"  which  he  contributed  to 
the  "Poetic  Mirror,"  having  attracted 
the  notice  of  Sir  W.  (then  Mr.)  Scott, 
he  was  led  to  embrace  literature  as  a 
profession.  He  was,  for  a  short  period, 
editor  of  "Blackwood's  Magazine"  in 
1817,  but  a  difference  of  politics  between 
him  and  the  publisher,  soon  led  to  his 
resignation.  He  became  secretary  of 
the  anti-slavery  society,  a  situation 
which  he  held  till  the  object  of  that 
body  was  accomplished.  Besides  being 
the  editor  of  the  well-known  annual, 
"  Friendship's  Offering,"  he  published, 
in  1828,  his  "  Ephemerides,"  a  collection 
of  songs,  sonnets,  and  other  juvenile 
pieces ;  and,  in  1834,  appeared  his  "  Af- 
rican Sketches,"  which,  together  with 
his  interesting  account  of  a  "Narrative 
if  a  Residence  in  South  Africa,"  seem 
ikclv  to  perpetuate  his  fame.     D.  1834. 

PRIOR,  Matthew,  a  celebrated  poet 
md  statesman,  was  b.  1664,  but  whether 
in  Middlesex  or  Dorsetshire  is  uncer- 
tain. Beinff  left  fatherless,  he  was  sent 
by  Ins  uncle,  a  vintner,  to  Westminster 
school :  and,  after  he  quitted  that  sem- 
.nary,  was  fortunate  enough  to  attract 
the  notice  of  the  earl  of  Doi  jet,  who 


placed  him  at  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge. While  he  was  at  the  university 
he  wrote,  in  conjunction  with  Montague, 
"The  City  Mouse  and  Country  Mouse, 
in  ridicule  of  Dryden's  "Hind  and  Pan- 
ther." The  work  was  advantageous  to 
both.  In  1691,  he  was  appointed  secre- 
tary of  the  embassy  which  was  sent  tc 
the  congress  at  the  Hague.  After  hav- 
ing been  gentleman  of  the  bed-chamber, 
and  again,  in  1697,  secretary  of  embassy, 
he  was,  in  1700,  made  under-sccretary 
of  state,  and,  shortly  after,  commissioner 
of  trade.  During  the  greatest  part  of 
the  reign  of  Anne,  he  was  chiefly  en- 
gaged in  literary  pursuits;  but,  when 
the  whigs  were  displaced,  he  was  em- 
ployed to  negotiate  the  treaty  of  Utrecht, 
and  was  subsequently  nominated  am- 
bassador at  the  French  court.  For  his 
share  in  the  treaty,  he  was  committed 
to  prison  after  the  accession  of  George 
I.,  and  was  threatened  with  impeach- 
ment, but  was  at  length  discharged.  His 
poems,  which  have  long  been  received 
into  the  collected  works  of  the  British 
p  iets,  are  often  spirited,  and  are  very 
seldom  deficient  in  melody  or  in  ele- 
gance.    D.  1721. 

PRISCIAN,  or  PRISCIANUS,  a  cel- 
ebrated grammarian,  was  b.  at  (Aesarea, 
and  was  the  master  of  a  famous  school 
at  Constantinople,  about  525.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is  a  treatise  on  grammar. 
His  rigid  attention  to  correctness  gave 
rise  to  the  saying  of  "breaking  Pris- 
cian's  head,"  which  is  applied  to  the 
violators  of  grammatical  rules. 

PROCACC1NI,  Cajiillo,  an  eminent 
painter,  b.  at  Bologna,  1546.  He  studied 
the  works  of  Parmegiano  and  Michael 
Angelo,  and  obtained  a  high  reputation 
for  the  beauty  of  his  coloring  and  the 
lightness  of  his  touch.  D.  1626. — Giulio 
Cksahe,  his  brother,  b.  in  1548,  adopted 
the  style  of  Correggio,  and  surpassed  all 
his  other  imitators.  D.  1626. — Carlo 
Antonio,  another  brother,  excelled  as  a 
fruit  and  flower  painter. 

PROCIDA,  John  of,  a  native  of  Pa- 
lermo, was  b.  of  a  noble  family,  about 
1225.  He  was  the  chief  of  the  conspir- 
acy against  Charles  of  Anjou ;  and  his 
efforts  to  accomplish  the  expulsion  of 
the  French  displayed  talents  of  a  high 
order,  and  were  finally  crowned  with 
success.     D.  1-303. 

PROCLUS,  a  Platonic  philosopher, 
was  b.  in  410,  at  Constantinople.  He 
studied  at  Alexandria,  aud  at  Athens, 
where  he  succeeded  Syriacus  in  the  Pla- 
tonic school,  and  d.  485.  Several  of  hit 
works  are  extant. 


PUlJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


703 


PRONY,  Gaspatcd  -Claiti-Francois- 
Maiuk-Riohe  de,  baron  de  Prony,  a  dis- 
tinguished French  mathematician.  He 
was  the  pupil,  and,  subsequently,  the 
assistant  of  Perronet,  and  was  much  em- 
ployed by  Napoleon,  though  the  latter 
was  deeply  offended  by  Prony's  refusal 
to  accompany  him  to  Egypt.  Independ- 
ent of  his  various  missions  as  an  engi- 
neer, and  of  his  labors  as  a  professor  at 
the  Polytechnic  school,  M.  Prony  was 
author  of  between  thirty  and  forty  vol- 
umes, chiefly  of  most  laborious  and  ex- 
tensive calculations.     B.  1775;  d.  1839. 

PROTAGORAS,  a  Grecian  sophist, 
was  b.  at  Abdera,  about  488  is.  c. ;  exer- 
cised in  his  youth  the  calling  of  a  porter; 
opened  at  Athens  a  school  of  philoso- 
phy, and  acquired  great  reputation  and 
riches;  was  banished  on  a  charge  of 
atheism,  and  perished  by  shipwreck  at 
the  age  of  seventy.  Prodicus  was  oue 
of  his  disciples. 

PROTOGENES,  an  eminent  Grecian 
painter,  a  native  of  Caunus,  in  Caria, 
nourished  about  336  b.c.  A  consider- 
able part  of  his  life  was  spent  in  ob- 
scurity, but  be  was  at  length  brought 
into  notice  by  Apelles  giving  a  large 
price  for  one  of  his  pictures.  His  mas- 
terpiece was  a  picture  of  lalysus,  the 
founder  of  Rhodes,  on  which  he  was 
employed  for  seven  years. 

PRYlsNE,  William,  a  lawyer  and 
political  writer,  was  b.  in  1600,  at  Swans- 
wick  ;  was  educated  at  Bath  grammar 
school,  and  Oriel  college,  Oxford  ;  stud- 
ied the  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn;  and  was 
successively  made  barrister,  bencher, 
and  reader.  His  "  Histrio-Mastix,"  a 
violent  attack  on  the  stage,  and  his 
''News  from  Ipswich,"  twice  brought 
on  him,  in  1633  and  1637,  the  vengeance 
of  the  infamous  star-chamber.  He  was 
branded,  deprived  of  his  cars,  pilloried, 
fined  ten  thousand  pounds,  and  doomed 
to  perpetual  imprisonment.  He  ob- 
tained his  liberty  in  1640,  was  elected 
member  for  Newport,  and  bore  a  prom- 
inent part  in  the  trial  of  Laud,  his  per- 
secutor. After  the  overthrow  of  Charles, 
however,  Prynne  endeavored  to  effect 
an  accommodation  between  him  and  his 
subjects  ;  and  lie  opposed  Cromwell 
with  such  boldness  that  the  protector 
imprisoned  him.  He  joined  in  the  res- 
toration of  Charles  II. ;  was  appointed 
keeper  of  the  records  in  the  Tower ;  and 
d.  1669. 

PSALMANAZAR,  George,  the  as- 
sumed name  of  a  singular  character, 
who  began  his  career  in  life  by  acting 
•he  part  of  an  impostor.     He  was  b.  in 


1679,  in  the  south  of  France,  and  re- 
ceived an  excellent  education.  Among 
the  many  disguises  which  he  assumed 
was  that  of  a  native  of  Formosa,  and  to 
keep  up  the  delusion  he  invented  an 
alphabet,  grammar,  and  history  of  the 
island,  which  were  considered  as  au- 
thentic by  many  eminent  men.  The 
cheat  was  not  discovered  till  after  he 
had  been  sent  to  Oxford,  He  subse- 
quently gained  a  subsistence  by  writing 
tor  the  booksellers.  A  large  portion  of 
the  ancient  part  of  the  "  Universal  His- 
tory" was  written  by  him  ;  and  he  left 
behind  him  his  own'  memoirs.    P.  1763. 

PTOLEMY,  Claudius,  an  ancient  as- 
tronomer and  geographer,  was  b.  about 
70,  in  Egypt,  but  whether  at  Pelusium, 
as  some  say,  is  doubtful.  Alexandria 
was  the  place  where  he  resided.  Be 
wrote  various  astronomical  and  geo- 
graphical works.  The  system  which 
makes  the  earth  the  centre  of  the  solar 
and  planetary  motions  takes  its  name 
from  him. 

PUFFENDORF,  Samuel,  an  eminent 
German  publicist  and  historian,  was  b. 
in  1632,  near  Chemnitz,  in  Saxony;  was 
educated  at  Leipsic  and  Jena  ;  was, 
successively,  in  the  service  of  the  elector 
palatine,  Charles  XL  of  Sweden,  and 
the  elector  of  Brandenburg;  and  d.  in 
1694.  Of  his  works  the  chief  are,  "The 
Law  of  Nature  and  Nations,"  "  The 
Elements  of  Jurisprudence,"  "  The 
State  of  the  German  Empire,"  and  an 
"  Introduction  to  the  History  of  Eu- 
rope;  "Commentaries  on  Swedish  Af- 
fairs," and  "  Lives  of  Scanderbeg, 
Charles  Gustavus  of  Sweden,  and  Fred- 
eric ITT.  of  Brandenburg." 

PUGATSCHEFF,  Jemeljan,  or  Yem- 
elka,  the  leader  of  a  predatory  band  in 
Russia,  and  a  daring  impostor,  was  a 
Don  Cossack,  and  b.  in  1726.  After 
serving  in  the  Prussian  and  Austrian 
armies,  he  returned  to  bis  own  country  ; 
and  being  possessed  of  a  striking  per- 
sonal resemblance  to  the  lately  deceased 
emperor,  Peter  III.,  he  was  in  1773  en- 
couraged to  pass  himself  for  that  mon- 
arch. At  first  he  had  but  few  followers, 
but  they  increased  to  the  number  or 
16,000  men.  He  several  times  defeated 
the  troops  of  the  empress  ;  captured 
Kasan,  the  old  capital  of  the  empire; 
and  continued  his  ravages  for  nearly 
two  years.  At  length,  just  as  Moscow 
was  threatened,  he  was  betrayed  by 
some  of  his  party,  and  executed,  to- 
gether with  tl  e  other  rebel  leaders,  at 
Moscow,  in  177o. 

PUIS  A  YE,  Co  ant  Joseph,  one  of  th<i 


704 


CYCLOPAEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[PYE 


most  able  of  the  French  royalist  chiefs, 
was  b.  about  1754,  at  Montague,  and 
was  descended  from  an  ancient  and  no- 
ble family.  He  was  intended  for  the 
church,  but  preferred  the  military  pro- 
fession. In  1789  the  nobility  of  Perche 
deputed  him  as  their  representative  to 
the  states-general.  He  sat  in  the  con- 
stituent assembly,  and  was  an  enlight- 
ened friend  of  reform.  In  1793  he  held 
n  command  in  the  departmental  army, 
nnder  Wimpfen,  and  was  consequently 
proscribed  by  the  convention.  He  took 
refuge  in  Britany,  where,  by  dint  of 
eloquence,  talent,  and  activity,  he  or- 
ganized a  formidable  force,  under  the 
name  of  Chouans.  He  visited  England 
in  1794,  obtained  a  powerful  succor,  and 
returned  with  it  to  France  in  1795  ;  but 
his  hopes  were  blasted  by  envious  in- 
trigues of  his  own  party,  who  occasioned 
the  disaster  at  Quiberon.  After  having 
continued  his  efforts  fortwo  years  longer, 
he  resigned  his  commission,  disgusted 
by  the  conduct  of  the  Bourbons,  and 
fixed  his  abode  in  Canada,  whence  he 
afterwards  removed  to  England.  D. 
1827. 

PULASKI,  Count,  a  celebrated  sol- 
dier, was  a  native  of  Poland,  and  made 
brave  though  unsuccessful  efforts  to  re- 
store his  country  to  independence.  He 
came  to  the  United  States  during  the 
revolutionary  war,  was  appointed  a 
brigadier-general  in  the  American  army, 
and  was  mortally  wounded  in  the  attack 
on  Savannah  in  1779.  Congress  voted 
to  erect  a  monument  to  his  memory. 

PULCI,  Louis,  an  Italian  poet,  was  b. 
1432,  at  Florence ;  was  the  friend  of 
Lorenzo  di  Medici,  Politian,  and  other 
eminent  men ;  was  the  inventor  of  that 
species  of  heroi-eomic  poetry  which 
bears  the  name  of  Berni;  and  d.  about 
1487.  His  great  work  is  the  "  Mor- 
gante  Maggiorc,"  a  truly  poetical  produc- 
tion, an  idea  of  which  may  be  formed 
from  specimens  translated  by  Lord 
Byron. 

PULTENEY,  WrLLiAM,  earl  of  Bath, 
the  political  antagonist  of  Sir  Robert 
Walpole,  was  b.  1682,  and  educated  at 
Westminster  school,  and  Christ-church, 
Oxford.  On  the  accession  of  George  I. 
he  was  appointed  a  privy  councillor  and 
secretary  at  war  ;  but  a  dispute  with  Sir 
Robert  Walpole  caused  his  removal  to 
the  ranks  of  the  opposition.  He  joined 
Bolingbroke  in  conducting  a  paper, 
called  the  "  Craftsman,"  the  object  of 
which  was  to  annoy  the  minister.  This 
produced  a  duel  between  Pulteney,  and 
Lord   Hcrvey;    and   the   king   was  so 


much  displeased  with  the  conduct  of 
the  former,  that  he  struck  his  name  out 
of  the  list  of  privy  councillors,  end  also 
from  the  commission  of  the  peace.  On 
the  resignation  of  Walpole,  in  1741, 
Pulteney  was  created  earl  of  Bath:  but 
from  that  time  his  popularity  and  in- 
fluence ceased.     D.  1764. 

PURCELL,  Henrv,  a  celebrated  En- 
glish composer,  was  b.  1058  ;  was  or- 
ganist of  Westminster  abbey  at  the  age 
of  18,  and  was  afterwards  appointed 
organist  of  the  chapel  royal ;  and  d. 
1695.  Among  his  works  are,  "An- 
thems," "Sonatas,"  "  Orpheus  Britau- 
nicus,"  and  the  opera  of  "  Diocle- 
tian." 

PURCHAS,  Samuel,  a  divine,  was  b. 
in  1577,  at  Thaxted,  in  Essex;  was  edu- 
cated at  St.  John's  college,  Oxford  ;  and 
d.  in  1628,  rector  of  St.  Martin's,  Lud- 
gate.  His  principal  work  is  the  well- 
known  collection  of  voyages,  which 
bears  the  title  of  "Pnrchas,  his  Pilgrim- 
ages, or  Relations  of  the  World." 

PUTNAM,  Israel,  an  officer  in  the 
army  of  the  American  revolution,  was 
b.  in  Salem,  Mass.,  1718.  He  received 
but  a  meagre  education,  and  removing 
to  Connecticut,  engaged  in  agriculture. 
In  the  French  war  he  commanded  a 
company,  and  was  engaged  in  several 
contests  with  the  enemy.  In  1756  he 
fell  into  an  ambuscade  of  savages,  and 
was  exposed  to  the  most  cruel  tortures. 
He  obtained  his  release  in  1759,  and  re- 
turned to  his  farm.  Soon  after  the  bat- 
tle at  Lexington  he  joined  the  army  at 
Cambridge,  was  appointed  major-gen- 
eral, and  distinguished  himself  at  Bunk- 
er hill.  In  1776  he  was  sent  to  com- 
plete the  fortifications  at  New  York,  and 
afterwards  to  fortify  Philadelphia.  In 
the  winter  of  1777  he  was  stationed  with 
a  small  body  at  Princeton,  and  in  the 
spring  appointed  to  a  command  in  the 
Highlands,  where  he  remained  most  of 
the  time  till  the  close  of  1779,  when  he 
was  disabled  by  an  attack  of  paralysis. 
He  was  brave,  energetic,  and  one  of  the 
most  efficient  officers  of  the  revolution. 
D.  1790. 

PYE,  Henrt  James,  a  poet  of  an 
ancient  Berkshire  family,  was  b.  in  1745, 
in  London  ;  was  educated  at  Magdalen 
college,  Oxford ;  ruined  his  fortune  by 
becoming  a  candidate  for  Berks ;  was 
appointed  poet  laureate  and  a  police  ma- 
gistrate, in  1790  and  1792;  and  d.  in 
1813.  His  principal  works  are  "  Alfred," 
an  epic;  "Translations  of  the  poetics 
of  Aristotle,"  "Six  Odes  of  Pindar," 
and  "  Homer's  Hymns ;"  "  The  Demo* 


qui] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


705 


Brat,"  "The  Aristocrat,"  and  "Com- 
ments on  the  Commentators  upon  Shak- 
Bpeare." 

PYM,  John,  a  lawyer,  was  b.  1584,  in 
Somcrsetsliire.  After  having  finished 
his  education  at  Broadgate  hall,  Oxford, 
he  studied  law  at  one  of  the  inns  of 
court,  and  was  called  to  the  bar.  Du- 
ring the  reigns  of  James  I.  and  Charles 
I.  he  had  a  seat  in  parliament,  and  was 
a  strict  Puritan,  and  a  strenuous  oppo- 
nent of  the  arbitrary  measures  of  the 
crown.  He  was  one  of  the  five  mem- 
bers wiicm  the  infatuated  Charles  de- 
manded to  be  given  up  to  him  by  the 
nouse  of  commons.  Pym  d.  in  1643, 
not  long  after  having  been  appointed 
lieutenant  of  the  ordnance. 

PYRRHO,  a  Greek  philosopher,  who 
flourished  about  340  b.  c,  was  b.  at  Elea, 
in  the  Peloponnesus,  and  was  originally 
a  painter,  but  became  a  disciple  of  Anax- 
arehus,  whom  he  accompanied  in  the 
expedition  of  Alexander.  On  his  re- 
turn his  fellow-citizens  made  him  their 


high  priest,  and  the  Athenians  gave  him 
the  rights  of  citizenship.  He  lived  to 
the  age  of  90.  Pyrrho  founded  the 
sect  of  the  Skeptics  or  Pyrrhonists. 

PYTHAGORAS,  a  celebrated  philoso- 
pher, the  founder  of  that  school  which 
is  called  the  Italic,  was  b.  about  586  b.  o. 
at,  Sam os,  or,  according  to  some,  at 
Sidon,  and  began  to  travel  at  the  age  of 
18.  He  visited  Phenieia  and  Asia  Minor, 
and  even,  it  is  said,  Persia  and  India, 
and  resided  for  25  years  in  Egypt.  On 
his  return  he  taught  geometry  at  Samoa  ; 
after  which  he  settled  at  Crotona,  in 
Magna  Grseeia,  and  established  a  school 
of  philosophy,  which  became  famous. 
Persecution  at  length  drove  him  thence, 
and  he  took  refuge  in  the  temple  of  the 
Muses  at  Metapontum,  where  he  is  said, 
but  the  truth  of  the  story  is  doubtful, 
to  have  been  starved  to  death,  about 
497  b.c.  Besides  being  an  illustrious 
metaphysical  philosopher,  Pythagoras 
was  a  great  geometrician  and  astrono- 
mer. 


Q. 


QUARLES,  Francis,  a  poet,  was  b. 
1592,  near  Romford,  in  Essex;  studied 
at  Christ's  college,  Cambridge,  and  at 
Lincoln's  Inn;  was  successively  cup- 
bearer to  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  James 
I.,  and  secretary  to  Archbishop  Usher 
in  Ireland;  suffered  greatly  for  his  at- 
tachment to  the  cause  of  Charles  I.,  and 
d.  1644.  His  principal  works  are  "  Em- 
blems," "  Argalus  and  Parthenia," 
"Divine  Fancies,"  and  "Enchiridion." 
Quarles  has  been  made  an  object  of 
satire;  but,  with  all  its  faults,  his  poetry 
is  above  contempt. 

QUESNAY,  Francis,  a  physician, 
and  the  founder  in  France  of  the  sect  of 
the  Economists,  was  b.  1694,  at  Merei. 
He  was  exceedingly  fond  of  farming  in 
his  youth,  but  was  brought  up  to  the 
profession  of  medicine,  and  became 
physician  to  Louis  XV.,  who  loved  to 
converse  with  him,  called  him  the  Think- 
er, and  ennobled  him.  Besides  his 
medical  productions,  which  are  numer- 
ous, he  wrote  "  Physioeraey,"  and  va- 
rious articles  in  the  •'  Encyclopaedia," 
and  in  periodicals,  to  promulgate  his 
doctrines  on  political  economv.  D.  1774. 

QUEVEDO  DE  VILLEGAS,  Fran- 
cis, a  Spanish  poet  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  b  1580,  at  Madrid,  studied 
at  Alcala,  was  obliged  to  quit  Spain  for 


having  killed  a  brutal  noble  in  a  duel, 
held  important  offices  under  the  duke 
of  Ossuna,  viceroy  of  Sicily;  was  exiled 
to  his  estate  on  the  disgrace  of  the  duke, 
but  was  again  received  into  favor  at 
court;  lived  for  several  years  in  retire- 
ment, devoted  to  literary  pursuits  :  was 
thrown  into  a  dungeon,  in  1641,  where 
he  remained  twenty-two  months,  on  an 
unfounded  charge  of  having  libelled 
Count  d'Olivares;  and  d.  1645.  He 
stands  high  among  Spanish  authors, 
particularly  as  a  satirist.  His  "Visions 
of  Hell,"  and  "Comic  Tales,"  have 
been  translated  into  English. 

QUIN,  James,  almost  equally  cele- 
brated as  an  actor  and  an  epicure,  was 
b.  1693,  in  Covent-garden.  His  father, 
who  was  a  barrister,  d.  1710,  at  Dublin, 
where  Quin  was  educated.  Being  left 
resourcelesa,  he  went  upon  the  stage, 
and  for  a  considerable  period  was  eon- 
fined  to  inferior  parts.  At  length  he 
rose  into  high  reputation,  and  was 
without  a  rival  till  the  appearance  of 
Garrick.  He  retired  from  the  stage  in 
1751,  and  d.  in  1766.  George  III.  was 
instructed  by  him  in  recitation.  Thom- 
son, with  whom  Quin  was  in  habits  of 
close  friendship,  has  paid,  in  "Tho 
Castle  of  Indolence,"  an  elegant  tribute 
to  his  talents. 


706 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


RAB 


QTTINAULT,    PuiLir,    a    celebrated 
French  lyrical  dramatist,  was  b.  1 0^.5,  at 

Paris,  began  to  write  for  the  theatre  at 
the  age  of  13,  became  highly  popular, 
was  attacked  by  Boileau,  with  much 
more  inveteracy  than  wit  or  justice,  and 
d.  1663.  In  the  species  of  drama  to 
which  he  devoted  his  talents  he  stands 
without  a  rival.  It  has  been  said  of  his 
verses  that,  they  were  already  music 
when  they  were  placed  in  the  hands  of 
the  composer. 

QUINCYf,  John,  an  American  citizen, 
o.  168'J.  Having  graduated  at  Harvard 
college,  in  170S,  was  early  employed  in 
nubile  life.  For  forty  years  without 
interruption  he  was  a  representative 
and  a  member  of  the  conned  ;  and  was 
long  the  speaker  of  the  house.  lie  in- 
herited an  ample  fortune,  and  discharged 
with  fidelity  the  various  oflh-es  with 
which  he  was  honored.  D.  176f,  aged 
78  years. — Edmund,  agent  for  Massachu- 
setts at  the  court  of  Great  Britain,  was 
b.  at  Braintree,  1681,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1699.  "  In  171S  he 
was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court,  and  held  a  seat  for  a  long  tunc  in 
the  house  of  representatives,  and  in  his 
majesty's  council.  In  1737  he  was  se- 
lected as  an  agent  to  the  British  court 
to  procure  a  decision  of  the  contro- 
versy respecting  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween Massachusetts  and  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  d.  while  in  London,  on  the 
23d  of  February,  1738,.  in  his  fifty- 
seventh  year. — Josiah,  a  distinguished 
lawyer  and  patriot,  was  b.  in  Boston  in 
1743,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college.  He  soon  became  eminent  in 
the  practice  of  law,  and  distinguished 
by  his  active  exertions  in  the  popular 
cause.  His  powers  of  eloquence  were 
of  a  very  high  order.  In  1774  he  took 
a  voyage  to  Europe  for  the  benefit  of 
his  health,  and  to  advance  the  interests 
of  the  colonies.    He  d.  on  his  return,  on 


the  25th  of  April,  1775,  the  day  that 
the  vessel  reached  the  harbor  of  Cape 
Ann. 

QUINTILIAN,  Marcus  Farius,  a 
celebrated  rhetorician,  was  b.  in  42,  at 
Rome,  followed  Galba  into  Spain,  and 
taught  rhetoric  there ;  returned  to  h'3 
native  city,  in  68.  and  was  long  a  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric  ;  and  d.  in  his  80th 
year.  His  "Institutes  of  the  Orator" 
have  been  translated  into  English. 
"Declamations,"  and  "A  Dialogue  on 
Oratory,"'  are  also  attributed  to  him; 
but  the  latter  is  sometimes  ascribed  to 
Tacitus. 

QU1NTINIE,  John  de  la,  a  celebrated 
French  horticulturist,  b.  at  Poictiers,  in 
1626. 

QUINTUS  CALABER,  or  QUINTUS 
SMYRNFUS,  a  Greek  poet,  who  wrote 
a  supplement  to  Homer's  Iliad.  He  is 
supposed  to  have  lived  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury, and  to  have  been  a  native  of 
Smyrna. 

QUIRINI,  Angelo  Maria,  a  cardinal, 
b.  at  Venice,  in  1634.  Benedict  XIII. 
made  him  archbishop  and  cardinal, 
which  dignities  he  filled  with  great 
reputation.     D.  1755. 

QU1ROGA,  Joseph,  a  Spanish  Jesuit, 
was  b.  at  Lugo,  in  Gallicia,  and  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  missionary  in 
America.     D.  1784. 

QU1ROS,  Pedro  Fernandez  dk,  & 
celebrated  Spanish  navigator,  of  the 
16th  century,  who  explored  many  of  the 
islands  afterwards  visited  by  Captain 
Cook.     D.  1614. 

QUITA,  Domingos  dos  Reis,  a  Portu- 
guese poet,  who  early  in  life  was  a  bar- 
ber, but  being  fond  of  learning,  and 
making  himself  master  of  Italian,  Span- 
ish, and  French,  he  wrote  verses,  and 
became  the  author  of  "  Inez  de  Castro," 
and  four  other  tragedies;  besides  many 
sonnets,  elegies,  and  pastorals.  B.  1723 ; 
d.  1770. 


R. 


RABANUS-MAURUS,  Magnentius, 
a  learned  German  prelate,  who  became 
abbot  of  the  monastery  at  Fulda,  and 
was  afterwards  archbishop  of  Mentz. 
B.  785;  d.  856. 

RABAUT  DE  ST.  ETIENNE,  John 
Paul,  one  of  the  most  worthy  of  the 
French  revolutionists,  was  b.  at  Nismes, 
in  1741,  for  which  city  he  was  chosen  a 
deputy  for  the  constituent  assembly  in 


1789.  He  attached  himself  to  the  party 
of  the  Girondists,  and  was  proscribed 
f  >r  opposing  the  Mountain  party  in  1793. 
He  was  subsequently  guillotined.  His 
wife  killed  herself;  and  all  those  who 
assisted  him  were  guillotined. 

RABELAIS,  Francois,  a  humorous 
and  satirical  writer,  whose  works  aro 
not  so  much  read  as  they  arc  talked 
about.     His   fame   has   extended  to  all 


RAC] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


707 


lands,  and  he  ranks  with  Lucan,  Cer- 
vantes, Moliere,  Swift,  &c.,  among  the 
greatest  wits  of  the  world.  lie  was  b. 
nt  Chinar,  in  Touraine,  about  the  year 
1483,  and  was  the  son  of  an  apothecary, 
or  as  some  say,  an  innkeeper.  In  early 
life  he  became  a  monk  of  the  Franciscan 
order,  and  entered  the  convent  at  Fon- 
tenay  le  Compte,  where  partly  repelled 
by  the  ignorance  and  indecorum  of  his 
companions,  and  partly  because  his  rude 
sarcastic  humor  made  them  his  enemies, 
he  was  soon  disgusted,  and  separating 
from  them  joined  the  Benedictines. 
But  the  monkish  life  not  suiting  his 
taste,  he  studied  medicine,  and  for  a 
while  practised  the  art.  Kemorse,  fear, 
or  some  other  motive,  next  induced  him 
to  procure  an  absolution  from  Paul  III. 
for  his  departure  from  his  monastic 
vows,  and  he  spent  some  time  as  a  canon 
in  the  abbey  of  St.  Maur  des  Fosses, 
where  he  wrote  a  greater  part  of  his 
famous  "Pantagruel."  He  was  after- 
wards transferred  to  Meudon  as  a  parish 
priest.  He  was  a  conscientious  teacher 
of  his  people,  and  delighted  to  instruct 
the  children  of  his  cure  in  sacred  music. 
His  house  was  a  favorite  resort  of  learned 
men,  and  he  was  noted  for  his  generosity 
to  the  needy.  It  is  not  known  when  he 
completed  his  great  work.  The  date  of 
the  earliest  existing  edition  of  the  first 
and  second  books  is  1535,  but  there 
were  previous  editions  which  have  dis- 
appeared. Whenever  published,  it  was 
attacked  on  all  sides,  and  on  opposite 
grounds.  The  champions  of  Aristotle 
and  his  enemies,  the  friends  of  the 
Catholic  and  of  the  Reformed  doctrines, 
Ramus  and  Calvin,  the  monks  and  the 
Sorbonne,  felt  aggrieved  alike  by  its  keen 
ridicule  and  cutting  satire,  and  fell  upon 
it  without  mercy.  But  as  his  subjects 
were  the  vices  of  the  popes,  the  luxury 
and  avarice  of  prelates,  the  libertinism 
and  knavery  of  the  monastic  orders,  the 
barbarous  theological  philosophy  of  the 
Sorbonne,  and  the  noless  barbarous  juris- 
prudence of  the  courts,  the  wonder  is, 
not  that  he  was  opposed,  but  that  he 
escaped  with  his  life.  Francis  the  First, 
who  pronounced  his  book  delectable, 
extended  to  him  his  protection,  and  the 
hearts  of  the  general  readers  echoed  his 
sentiments  and  sarcasm.  Rabelais 
wrote  other  works,  most  of  them  on 
medical  topics,  but  none  of  them  are 
comparable  to  the  "  Gargantuaand  Pan- 
tagruel." It  alone  has  rendered  his 
name  immortal.  He  was  the  master  of 
fourteen  languages,  and  of  all  the  sci- 
ences and  most  of  the  arts  of  his  time. 


At  the  age  of  70,  in  the  year  15.r"-,  Le  d. 
at  Paris. 

RABENER,  Gottlieb  Will  am,  ji 
German  satirist,  who  was  controller  of 
the 'taxes  for  the  circle  of  Leipsic.  His 
works  have  been  translated  into  the 
French  and  Dutch  languages,  and  re- 
published several  times  in  his  own 
country.    B.  1714;  d.  1771. 

RABUTIN,  Rogeij,  a  French  wit  and 
satirist;  he  was  dismissed  the  army  ffcr 
writing  a  lampoon,  and  afterwards  sent 
to  the  Bastille,  on  account  of  a  libel 
called  "The  Amorous  History  of  the 
Gauls."     D.  1693. 

RACAN,  Honokat  de  Benite,  a  well- 
known  French  poet,  and  one  of  the 
earliest  members  of  the  Academy.  B. 
1589;  d.  Ifi70. 

RACINE,  Jean,  one  of  the  greatest 
tragic  poets  of  France,  whose  reputation 
and  writings  have  spread  over  the  whole 
literary  world.  He  was  b.  at  Fert6 
Milon,  December  21st,  1093,  but  lost  his 
parents  when  a  child,  and  was  educated 
in  the  abbey  of  Port  Royal  des  Champs. 
He  early  discovered  a  iove  for  the  old 
Greek  dramatists,  especially  Euripides, 
and  was  a  diligent  student  of  their 
works.  His  first  production,  a  poem  on 
the  marriage  of  Louis  XIV.,  procured 
him,  through  Colbert's  mediation,  a 
pension  of  2000  livres,  and  a  present  of 
100  louis  d'ors.  The  "Thebaide,"  his 
first  tragedy,  appeared  in  1664,  and  was 
warmly  received  by  the  public.  It  was 
an  imitation  of  Corneille,  and  greatly 
inferior  to  the  works  by  which  it  was 
followed,  the  "Alexandre,"  the  "An- 
dromache," "  Les  Plaideurs,"  "  Bere- 
nice," "  Phedre,"  Ac,  most  of  which 
still  keep  possession  of  the  French 
stage.  After  a  mistaken  piety  had 
withdrawn  the  poet  from  the  theatre, 
he  wrote  "  Esther,"  at  the  request  of 
madame  de  Maintcnon,  which  was  re- 
ceived with  great  satisfaction  by  the 
court,  and  was  represented  by  the  pu- 
pils of  St.  Cyr,  in  1689.  But  after  en- 
joying court  favor  for  nearly  all  his  life, 
he  fell  into  disgrace  with  the  king,  and 
was  so  mortified,  that  he  d.  April  22d, 
1699.  A  certain  formal  stiffness  and 
coldness  marked  all  the  productions  of 
Racine  ;  yet  his  tenderness  in  the  delin- 
eation of  love  gives  him  a  place  in  the 
highest  rank  of  French  poets.  In  har- 
mony of  versification  and  grace  of  ex- 
pression he  is  without  a  rival  in  his 
native  language. — Boxaventuhe,  an  ec- 
eh  Mastic,  canon  of  the  cathedral  of 
Auxerre,  who  wrote  on  ecclesiastical 
history.    B.  1708 ;  d.  1755. 


708 


CYCLOPEDIA     OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ral 


RADCLIFFE,  Ann,  a  female  novelist 
of  London,  whose  uuiidon  name  was 
Ward.  Her  first  performance  was  a 
romance  called  the  "  Castles  of  Atlilin 
and  Dumblaine,"  and  the  next  the  "Si- 
cilian Romance."  But  her  greatest  pop- 
ularity was  achieved  by  the  "Romance 
of  the  Forest,"  and  the  "Mysteries  of 
Udolpho,"  the  latter  particularly,  which 
is  still  read  with  breathless  eagerness 
and  attention  by  young  masters  and 
mistresses,  who  initiate  themselves  by 
stealth  into  the  horrors  and  excitements 
of  mysterious  adventures.  She  also 
published  a  book  of  travels  in  Holland 
and  along  the  Rhine.     Her  descriptive 

Eowers  were  of  a  high  order,  and  have 
een  finely  appreciated  by  Scott,  in  his 
"  Lives  of  the  Novelists."  B.  17G4;  d. 
1823. — John,  a  celebrated  medical  prac- 
titioner of  Wakefield,  m  Yorkshire,  who 
afterwards  removed  to  London,  and 
became  physician  to  Princess  Anne  of 
Denmark.  '  He  was  also  consulted  by 
William  III.,  whose  favor  he  lost  by  his 
free  and  honest  speech.  In  1699  the 
king,  returning  from  Holland  with  his 
ankles  swollen,  and  his  body  emaciated, 
sent  for  Radcliffe,  and  asked,  "  What 
do  you  think  of  these  ?"  He  replied, 
"Wfiy,  truly,  I  would  not  have  your 
majesty's  two  legs  for  your  three  king- 
doms f"  He  was  never  again  sent  for. 
He  was  b.  in  1650,  and  when  he  d.  in 
1714,  he  left  £40,000  for  the  erection  of 
a  library  at  Oxford,  which  still  bears  his 
name. 

RAE,  Sir  William,  an  eminent  Scot- 
tish judge.     D.  1842. 

RAEBURN,  Sir  Henry,  an  eminent 

fortrait  painter,  knighted  by  George 
V.  He  ranked  second  only  to  Sir 
Joshua  Lawrence.  B.  at  Stockbridge, 
near  Edinburgh,  17S6.     D.  1823. 

RAFFENEL,  Claude  Denis,  a  French 
author,  who  was  killed  at  the  siege  of 
Athens,  in  1827.     B.  1797. 

RAFFLES,  Sir  Thomas  Stamford,  a 
distinguished  functionary  of  the  English 
East  India  Company,  who,  in  1811,  be- 
came lieutenant-governor  of  Java.  Du- 
ring his  administration  he  introduced 
many  judicious  reforms.  He  was  after- 
wards'at  the  head  of  the  factory  at  Ben- 
ccolen,  in  Sumatra,  where  he  continued 
his  reforms,  and  at  last  established  the 
free  port  of  Singapore.  In  the  year  1823 
he  laid  the  foundation  of  an  Anglo-Chi- 
nese college,  with  the  necessary  libraries, 
museums,  &c  When  he  embarked  to 
return  to  England,  all  his  valuable  col- 
lections and  manuscripts  were  burnt  in 
a  fire  which  consumed  the  vessel.    He 


wrote  a  "  History  of  Java,"  in  two  ve- 
nules.    B.  1781  ;  d.  1S26. 

RAGHIB  PACHA,  Mohammed,  a 
grand  vizier  of  the  Ottoman  empire, 
noted  for  his  literary  taste  and  taleut. 
B.  1702;  d.  1768. 

RAGOTSKI,  Francis,  a  patriotic 
prince  of  Transylvania,  who  entered 
into  secret  negotiations  with  Louis 
XIV.  to  bring  about  the  emancipation 
of  his  country  from  Austrian  rule ;  but 
his  schemes  having  been  detected,  he  was 
arrested  and  condemned  to  death  lot 
high  treason.  He  fortunately  managed 
to  make  his  escape,  and  then  roused  tho 
people  of  Hungary  against  the  imperial 
despotism.  For  a  time  he  was  prosper- 
ous in  his  career,  and  was  proclaimed 
protector,  but,  in  the  end,  certain  of 
the  Hungarian  states  entering  into  an 
alliance  with  Austria,  his  plans  were 
defeated,  he  renounced  his  estates,  and 
took  refuge  in  Turkey.  He  wrote  the 
memoirs  of  his  own  life  and  adventures. 
B.  1676  ;  d.  1735. 

RAGUENET,  Francis,  a  French  bi- 
ographer and  historian,  who  wrote  lives 
of  Cromwell,  Turennc,  &c.     D.  1722. 

RAGUET,  Condy,  a  vigorous  writer 
on  subjects  of  political  economy,  who 
flourished  during  the  present  cent"" 
at  Philadelphia.  His  various  essays  c 
banking,  on  tariffs,  and  the  principV 
of  taxation,  are  remarkable  for  clos« 
logic  and  force,  and  created  no  little  in- 
fluence on  the  political  discussions  of 
the  day.     B.  1784;  d.  1S42. 

EAIKES,  Robert,  a  benevolent  and 
pious  printer  of  Gloucester,  in  England, 
whose  name  will  long  continue  to  live 
as  that  of  the  first  projector  of  Sunday 
schools.     B.  1735;  d.  1811. 

RAIMOND1,  Marc  Antonio,  a  famous 
engraver  of  Bologna,  employed  by  Ra- 
phael, and  whose  school  surpassed  all 
others  of  the  same  era.  Pope  Clement 
VII.  imprisoned  him  for  some  over  free 
illustrations  of  the  Aretine  verses,  but 
was  released  on  account  of  his  "  Martyi- 
dom  of  St.  Lawrence."  B.  1748;  d, 
1540. — John  Baptlste,  an  orientalist  of 
Cremona,  whom  Ferdinand  de  Medici 
made  director  of  tnc  oriental  press, 
which  originated  the  Propaganda.  B. 
1540. 

RAINOLDS,  John,  a  learned  Puritan 
divine,  head  of  Corpus  Christi  college,  at 
Oxford;  who  was  one  of  the  translators 
of  the  Bible  into  English.  B.  1549;  d. 
1607. 

RALEIGH,  Sir  Walter,  an  illustrious 
English  navigator  and  historian,  b.  a* 
Budley,  Devonshire,  1552.     He  did  eini 


ram] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


70!) 


ncnt  services  for  Queen  Elizabeth,  par- 
ticularly in  the  discovery  of  Virginia,  and 
in  the  defeat  of  the  Spanish  armada, 
and  lived  in  happiness  and  honor  during 
her  reign  ;  but  his  sun  set  at  her  death  ; 
for,  on  the  accession  of  King  James,  he 
lost  his  interest  at  court,  was  stripped 
of  his  preferments,  and  unaccountably 
accused  of  high  treason,  tried,  and  con- 
demned to  die.  Being  reprieved,  how- 
ever, he  was  committed  prisoner  to  the 
Tower  of  London,  where  he  lay  many 
years  ;  and  during  his  confinement  de- 
voted the  greatest  part  of  his  time  to 
study.  His  writings  have  been  divided 
into  poetical  epistolary,  military,  marit- 
imal,  geographical,  political,  philosophi- 
cal, and  historical.  But  his  grand  work 
was  "The  History  of  the  World."  to  the 
end  of  the  Macedonian  empire,  323  b.  c, 
a  work  of  vast  compass  and  endless  va- 
riety. He  received  a  commission  from 
the  king  to  go  and  explore  the  golden 
mines  at  Guiana.  In  the  mean  time  his 
design,  being  betrayed  to  the  Spaniards, 
was  defeated  ;  and  his  eldest  son  Walter 
being  killed  by  the  Spaniards  at  St. 
Thome,  the  town  was  burnt  by  Captain 
Keymis.  Upon  this  the  Spanish  am- 
bassador Gondeinar,  making  complaints 
to  the  king,  a  proclamation  was  pub- 
lished immediately  against  Raleigh  and 
his  proceedings,  and  threatening  pun- 
ishment in  an  exemplary  manner.  Ra- 
leigh landed  at  Plymouth  in  July,  1618, 
and  was  arrested.  It  was  found,  how- 
ever, that  his  life  could  not  be  touched 
for  any  thing  which  had  been  done  at 
Guiana  :  therefore  a  privy  seal  was  sent 
to  the  judges,  forthwith  to  order  execu- 
tion in  consequence  of  his  former  attain- 
der; and  he  was  beheaded  in  Old  Palace- 
yard,  October  29,  suffering  his  fate  with 
great  magnanimity. 

RALPH,  James,  a  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter, b.  at  Philadelphia,  who  accompanied 
Benjamin  Franklin  to  England,  where 
his  political  connections  secured  him 
a  pension.  He  wrote  a  "  History  of 
England,"  the  "Case  of  Authors  by 
Profession,"  the  '"Use  and  Abuse  of 
Parliaments,"  and  an  "Answer  to  the 
Memoirs  of  Sarah,  Duchess  of  Marlbo- 
rough." One  of  his  works  was  a  poem 
called  "  Night,"  which  Pope  alludes  to 
in  the  "Duneiad,"  thus, 

"Silence,  ve  wolves,  while  Rulpli  lo  Cynthia  howls, 
Making  night  hideous,— answer  him,  ye  owls  !" 

His  dramatic  attempts  were  failures.  D. 
1762. 

RAM  AGE,  Adam,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
(eho  removed  to  the  United  States  early 
in  life.      His    name  is  identified   with 
60 


an  improvement  in  the  printing-press, 
which  was  among  he  first  to  enlarge 
the  utility  of  that  powerful  engine.  It 
was  generally  adopted  in  this  country, 
and  the  press  went  ever  afterwards  by 
the  name  of  the  Ramage-press.  B.  1770 ; 
d.  1850. 

RAMBERG,  John  Henry,  a  distin- 
guished engraver  and  etcher,  who  stud- 
ied under  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  and 
became  court  painter  at  Hanover.  His 
works  were  numerous,  and  particularly 
good  in  the  line  of  humorous  caricature. 
The  drawings  to  the  magnificent  edition 
of  Wieland's  works  were  from  his  pencil. 
B.  1767. 

RAMEAU,  Jean  Philippe,  an  able 
French  theorist  in  the  science  of  music. 
He  was  early  attached  to  a  strolling 
company  of  performers,  for  whom  he 
produced  a  musical  entertainment,  to 
be  represented  at  Avignon,  when  he  was 
18.  Afterwards  he  was  appointed  organ- 
ist in  the  Clermont  cathedral;  and  in 
1722  printed  his  "Traitc  de  PHarmonie." 
This  was  speedily  followed  by  the  "  Nou- 
veau  Systeme  de  Musique  Theoriqne," 
and  his  "Generation  Musique."  He 
also  wrote  a  great  many  other  works  on 
music.  He  was  50  years  of  age  when 
he  produced  his  first  opera,  "  Ilyppolyte 
et  Aria?,"  which  led  to  "Castor  et  Pol- 
lux," "Dardanus,"  "Samson,"  " Pyg 
malion"  and  "Zoroastie,"  besides  a 
large  number  of  ballets  and  minor 
pieces.  Louis  XV.  granted  him  a  pat- 
ent of  nobilitv  in  honor  of  his  merits. 
B.  1683;  d.  1764. 

RAMEL,  Jean  Pierre,  a  chief  of  bat- 
talion during  the  French  revolution, 
afterwards  appointed  commandant  of 
Toulouse,  where  he  was  assassinated  in 
1815.     B.  1770. 

RAMELLI,  AuousTrN,  an  ingenious 
engineer  of  Milan,  whe  was  distin- 
guished in  the  army  of  Charles  V.  He 
also  wrote  a  curious  book,  called  "Le 
Diverse  et  Artificiose  Machine."  B. 
1531  ;  d.  1590. 

RAM  KOMUL  SEU,  a  learned  Hin- 
doo, who  did  much  to  promote  the 
diffusion  of  knowledge  at  Calcutta.  D. 
1844. 

RAMLER,  Charles  Wilxiam,  a  Ger- 
man lyric  poet,  translator,  and  critic, 
professor  in  the  royal  military  school  at 
Berlin.  He  attached  himself  to  Frederic 
the  Great,  and  was  called  the  German 
Horace,  though  vastly  inferior  to  the 
Roman  poet  of  that  name.  His  poetical 
works  appeared  in  two  volumes  in  1800 
B.  1725;  d.  1798. 

RAMMOHUN-ROY,  Rajah,  and  by 


710 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ran 


birth  a  Braynin,  was  b.  1776,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bengal.  lie  was  educated  in 
the  faith  of  Ins  sect,  but  soon  discover- 
in?  the  diversities  of  belief  both  among 
the  Indian  and  Christian  doctors,  lie 
resolved  to  investigate  for  himself  and 
form  his  own  opinions.  In  this  view, 
he  first  went  to  Thibet  and  then  to 
Hindostan,  where  he  studied  the  San- 
scrit and  other  languages.  In  1803  he 
published  a  book  against  "  The  Idolatry 
of  all  Religions,"  which  made  him  many 
enemies  and  forced  him  to  retire  to  Cal- 
cutta, where  he  studied  English,  and 
translated  from  the  Sanscrit  into  the 
Hindoo  tongue.  He  afterwards  pub- 
lished the  "Precepts  of  Jesus,''  which 
gave  his  views  of  Christ's  teaching.  In 
1831  he  visited  England,  where  he  was 
received  with  the  highest  marks  of  at- 
tention.    D..  1833. 

RAMSAY,  Allan,  a  Scotch  poet,  was 
b.  in  1685,  at  Lcadhills ;  was  originally 
a  wig-maker,  but  became  a  bookseller; 
acquired  fame  by  his  talents,  and  for- 
tune by  his  trade;  and  d.  in  1758.  His 
poems  contain  much  that  is  worthy  of 
praise;  but  his  fame  rests  on  his  de- 
lightful pastoral  comedy  of  "  The  Centle 
Shepherd,"  which  is  one  of  the  classics 
of  Scottish  literature. — His  son  Allan, 
who  was  b.  in  1700,  and  d.  in  1784,  was 
an  eminent  portrait  painter;  and  wrote 
"The  Investigator,?'  and  "The  Present 
State  of  the  Arts." — Andrew  Michael, 
usually  called  Chevalier  Ramsay,  was  b. 
in  1686,  at  Ayr,  in  Scotland;  was  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh  and  Leyden  ;  was 
tutor  in  several  families  of  rank,  among 
which  were  those  of  the  pretender,  and 
the  duke  of  Argyle;  and  d.  iii  1743. 
His  principal  works  are,  "The  Travels 
of  Cyrus,"  "Lives  of  Turenue  and 
Fenclon."  and  a  "  Discourse  on  Epic 
Poetry." — David,  an  American  histo- 
rian, was  b.  in  Pennsylvania,  in  174'J, 
was  educated  at  Princeton  college,  and 
commenced  the  study  of  medicine. 
After  practising  a  short  time  in  Mary- 
land, he  removed  to  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  in  1773,  and  soon  rose  to  an 
extensive  practice.  He  took  an  active 
and  early  part  in  the  cause  of  the  colo- 
nies, and  was  for  some  time  a  surgeon 
in  the  revolutionary  army.  In  1782  he 
was  chosen  to  a  seat  in  congress.  He 
wrote  a  "History  of  the  Revolution  in 
South  Carolina,"  a  "  History  of  the 
American  Revolution,"  a  "Life  of 
Washington,"  a  "History  of  South 
Carolina,"  and  a  "  History  of  the  United 
States."     He  d.  in  1815. 

RAMUS,    Peter,  a  French   philoso- 


pher, was  b.  in  a  village  of  the  Ver- 
mandois,  in  1515.  When  a  boy,  he  ob 
taincd  the  place  of  servant  in  the  college 
of  Navarre,  where  he  devoted  his  lei- 
sure hours  to  study,  and  became  a  most 
consummate  scholar.  Having  ventured 
to  attack  the  doctrine  of  Aristotle,  he 
was  interdicted  from  teaching  philoso- 
phy; but  this  judgment  was  reversed 
by  Henry  II.,  and  in  1551  he  was  made 
royal  professor  of  rhetoric  and  philoso- 
phy. His  spirit  of  free  inquiry  ulti- 
mately led  him  to  become  a  Protestant; 
as  this  could  not  be  long  concealed,  he 
was  obliged  to  leave  Paris,  to  which 
city  he  returned  in  1571,  and  lost  hif 
life  in  the  massacre  on  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's day,  in  the  following  year.  His 
works  on  mathematics,  philosophy,  lo- 
gic, &c,  are  numerous. 

RANCE,  Armand  John  Le  Bovthil- 
lier  de,  the  reformer  of  La  Trappe, 
was  b.  in  1626,  at  Paris,  and  adopted 
the  ecclesiastical  profession.  He  ob- 
tained several  benefices  before  he  was 
in  orders,  acquired  great  celebrity  as  a 
preacher,  and  might  have  risen  to  the 
most  elevated  stations  in  the  church, 
had  he  not  taken  the  resolution  of  reti- 
ring from  the  world.  Various  reasons 
are  assigned  for  this  ;  the  most  probable 
of  which  appears  to  be,  that  although 
he  was  a  man  of  large  fortune,  and  in- 
dulged in  all  the  pleasures  of  tne  world, 
the  death  of  the  duchess  of  Montau- 
ban,  to  whom  he  was  attached,  pro- 
duced such  a  revulsion  in  his  feelings, 
that  he  abandoned  society,  and  retired 
to  his  abbey  of  La  Trappe,  where  he 
introduced  a  reform  of  the  most  rigid 
kind  in  the  monastic  discipline.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  theological 
works,  and  d.   1700. 

RANDOLPH,  Sir  Thomas,  an  emi- 
nent statesman,  was  b.  in  Kent,  1523, 
and  d-.  1590.  On  the  accession  of  Eliza- 
beth he  was  sent  on  embassies  to  Scot- 
land, France,  and  Russia.  His  letters  aro 
in  different  collections,  and  his  account 
of  Russia  in  "  Ilackluyt's  Voyages." 
— Thomas,  an  English  dramatic  noet,  b. 
1605;  d.  1634.  His  "  Muse's  Looking* 
Glass,"  a  comedy,  is  well  known  and 
much  admired. — Thomas,  a  learned  di- 
vine, was  the  son  of  the  recorder  of 
Canterbury,  where  he  was  b.  in  1701, 
and  educated  at  the  king's  school.  Af- 
ter studying  at  Oxford,  and  obtaining 
his  degree  of  D.D.,  he  received  church 
preferment  in  his  native  county,  and 
became,  in  1763,  archdeacon  of  Oxford, 
and  Margaret  professor  of  divinity. 
Among  his  works  are,  "The  Christian's 


bap] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


711 


Faith,"  "  A  Vindication  of  the  Doc- 
trine of  the  Trinity,"  and  "  A  View  of 
Our  Blessed  Saviour's  Ministry."  D. 
17S3. — John,  a  learned  prelate,  a  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  b.  1749  ;  studied  at 
Christ-church,  Oxford,  where  he  gradu- 
ated, and  in  1783  was  elected  to  the 
regius  professorship  of  divinity.  He 
became,  successively,  bishop  of  Oxford, 
Bangor,  and  London ;  but  he  did  not 
enjoy  the  latter  diocese  more  than  two 
fears,  having  d.  1813. — John,  an  ec- 
ientric  and  arrogant,  but  influential 
statesman,  b.  June,  1773,  in  Chester- 
field county,  Va.  and  received  his 
education  at  Princeton  college.  In  1799 
he  was  elected  to  congress,  where  he 
figured  for  nearly  thirty  years,  as  one  of 
th"e  most  sarcastic  and  eloquent  speakers 
of  the  house.  He  was  also,  for  two 
years  in  the  senate.  In  1830,  President, 
Jackson  appointed  him  minister  to  Rns- 
sia ;  but  he  had  scarcely  been  presented 
to  the  emperor  when  he  returned  to 
England.  The  latter  part  of  his  life 
•was  passed  in  ill  health.  D.  1 833.— 
Peyton,  first  president  of  the  American 
congress,  was  a  native  of  Virginia,  and 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  lawyers 
and  patriots  of  that  state.  He  was  as 
early  as  1756  appointed  king's  attorney 
for  that  colony,  and  held  the  office  for 
many  years.  In  1706  he  was  elected 
speaker  of  the  house  of  burgesses,  and 
in  1773  a  member  of  the  committee  of 
correspondence.  The  following  year  he 
was  appointed  a  delegate  to  the  congress 
which  assembled  at  Philadelphia,  and 
was  elected  its  president,  and  also  presi- 
ded in  the  congress  of  1775,  till  obliged 
to  return  to  Virginia,  when  Hancock 
was  chosen  his  successor.  He  soon  re- 
sumed his  seat  in  congress,  but  d.  sud- 
denly on  the-22d  of  October,  1775,  aged 
52.— Edmund,  governor  of  Virginia,  was 
the  son  of  John  Randolph,  attorney- 
general  of  that  colony  before  the  revolu- 
tion. He  was  an  eminent  lawyer,  and  a 
warm  friend  of  the  revolution.  After 
having  held  several  honorable  stations 
in  the  state,  he  was  in  1779  elected  to 
a  seat  in  congress,  and  held  it  till  1782. 
In  1787  he  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
vention which  formed  the  federal  con- 
stitution, but  voted  against  its  adop- 
tion. The  next  year  he  was  chosen 
governor  of  Virginia,  and  in  1789  was 
appointed  attorney-general  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  and  in  1794  secretary  of 
state,  but  engaged  in  an  intrigue  with 
Vhe  French  minister,  by  which  he  lost 
the  confidence  of  the  cabinet,  and  re- 
signed in  August,  1795.    D.  1813. 


RAPHAEL,  or  RAFFAELLO  SAN- 
ZIO,  da  Uhbino,  the  most  celebrated 
of  modern  painters,  was  b.  at  Urbino, 
14S3,  being  the  son  of  a  painter  named 
Sanzio.  At  the  age  of  13  his  father 
placed  him  under  Perugino,  where  ho 
soon  surpassed  his  numerous  compeers. 
Three  years  afterwards  he  went  with 
Pintnriechio  to  Siena,  to  assist  him  in 
painting  the  history  of  Pius  II.,  for  the 
cathedral  there :  but  Raphael  soon  left 
that  work  to  visit  Florence,  where  he 
improved  his  style  by  studying  the  de- 
signs of  Da  Vinci,  and  Michael  Angelo. 
His  favorite  artist,  however,  was  Fra 
Bartolomeo,  who  gave  him  a  more  cor- 
rect knowledge  of  coloring.  In  1508 
he  was  invited  to  Rome  by  Julius  II., 
who  employed  him  to  paint  the  ''  School 
of  Athens"  in  the  Vatican.  In  per- 
forming this  commission,  he  gave  such 
satisfaction,  that  the  pope  ordered  all 
the  pictures,  already  painted  in  the  va- 
rious rooms,  to  be  obliterated,  and  tho 
walls  prepared  for  the  productions  of 
Raphael  alone,  who,  with  difficulty,  suc- 
ceeded in  savinar  from  destruction  a 
ceiling,  painted  by  his  old  master  Peru- 
gino. On  the  accession  of  Leo  X.  he 
prosecuted  his  labors  with  increased 
spirit,  and  executed  his  "Attila"  and 
the  "Deliverance  of  St.  Peter."  The 
"Cartoons"  and  the  "Transfiguration'* 
were  among  the  last  of  his  labors.  To 
his  other  talents  he  added  that  of  being 
an  able  architect;  the  principles  of 
which  science  he  studied  under  Bra- 
mante,  who  recommended  him  for  his 
successor  in  conducting  the  great  work 
of  St.  Peter's,  the  general  plan  of  which, 
as  it  now  stands,  was  designed  by 
Raphael.  He  likewise  constructed  a 
number  of  magnificent  buildings,  par- 
ticularly the  Caffarelli  palace  at  Rome. 
As  a  sculptor  also  lie  evinced  great 
skill,  though  in  that  department  of  art 
he  was  able  to  pay  but  little  attention. 
D.  1520. 

RAPIN  DE  THOYRAS,  Paul,  an 
historian,  was  b.  in  1661,  at  Castres,  in 
Languedoc.  He  studied  law  under  hi* 
father,  who  was  an  advocate,  until  tho 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes  drove 
him  to  England,  and  subsequently  to 
Holland,  where  he  entered  a  company 
of  French  cadets.  In  1689  he  followed 
the  prince  of  Orange  into  England,  and 
distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of 
the  Boyne,  and  the  siege  of  Limerick. 
In  1707  he  settled  at'Wesel,  in  the 
duchy  of  Cleves,  and  devoted  himself 
to  the  composition  of  his  "History  of 
England,"  which  was  published  at  the 


712 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


Hague,  and  was  for  a  long  time  in  great 
repute,  being  the  only  complete  narra- 
tive of  English  events.  D.  1725. — Rena- 
tus,  a  French  Jesuit  and  critic,  famous 
for  his  skill  in  classical  learning.  B. 
1621  ;  d.  1087. 

EASTALL,  John,  a  learned  printer 
in  London,  who  wrote  a  "  Dramatic  De- 
scription of  Asia,  Africa,  and  Europe." 
"  Canonos  Astrologici,"  "  Dialogues 
concerning  Purgatory,"  "Anglorum  Re- 
gum  Chronicum,"  &c.  lie  married  a 
sister  of  Sir  Thomas  More,  and  d.  in 
1536. 

KAULIN,  John,  a  celebrated  French 
preacher,  of  the  15th  century,  whose 
sermons  and  letters  were  greatly  ad- 
mired, and  to  whom  both  Rabelais  and 
La  Fontaine  have  been  partially  in- 
debted for  their  pathos.  B.  1443  ;  d. 
1514. — Joseph,  an  ingenious  French 
physician,  was  b.  1708,  and  d.  at  Paris 
1784.  He  wrote  several  medical  trea- 
tises. 

RAVA1LLAC,  Francis,  the  murderer 
of  Henry  IV.  of  France,  was  b.  at  An- 
gouleine,  in  1578.  Having  been  ruined 
by  a  lawsuit,  and  lor  a  long  time  con- 
fined iu  prison  for  debt,  his  naturally 
gloomy  disposition  degenerated  into  a 
morbid  fanaticism,  and  he  became  accus- 
tomed to  consider  the  good  and  humane 
Henry  IV.  as  the  arch-enemy  of  the 
church,  to  destroy  whom  would  be  do- 
ing Gocl  service.  Filled  witli  this  notion, 
be  followed  the  royal  carriage  from  the 
Louvre  to  the  Rue  de  la  Ferronnierre, 
and  while  it  stopped  in  the  street,  in 
consequence  of  some  obstruction,  he 
mounted  the  coach  wheel,  and  thrusting 
his  hand  in  at  the  window,  armed  with 
a  knife,  stabbed  the  king  to  the  heart. 
He  was  instantly  seized,  interrogated, 
and  underwent  the  torture  ;  but  he  de- 
clared he  had  no  accomplice,  and  on 
May  27,  1610,  his  limbs  were  torn  asun- 
der by  horses. 

RAWLE,  William,  a  lawyer  and 
jurist  of  nute,  b.  at  Philadelphia  175'J, 
read  law  in  New  York,  London,  and 
Paris,  and  practised  in  his  native  city. 
In  178'J  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
Pensylvania  legislature,  and  afterwards 
Washington  appointed  him  district  at- 
torney for  that  state;  but  though  fre- 
quently solicited,  he  never  would  take 
office.  '  He  was  a  member  of  nearly  all  the 
literary  and  scientific  societies  of  the  day, 
and  first  president  of  the  Penn.  Histori- 
cal Society.  His  writings  were  a  "  View 
of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States'" 
and  the  new  Civil  Code,  prepared  by  a 
commission  appointed  to  revise,  collate, 


[rea 


and   digest  the  Pennsylvania  statutes. 
D.  1836. 

RAY.  John,  a  celebrated  naturalist, 
b.  at  Black  Notley,  in  Essex,  in  1628. 
He  received  his  education  at  Catharine 
hall  and  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  but 
lost  his  fellowship  by  refusing  to  comply 
with  the  act  of  uniformity.  After  this 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  na- 
ture, and  iu  1663  accompanied  Mr.  Wil- 
loughby  on  a  tour  through  Europe,  of 
which  journey  he  published  an  account 
in  1673.  Mr.  Ray  was  elected  a  fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society  in  1667,  and  the 
transactions  of  that  body  afford  ample 
proofs  of  his  attention  to  science.  Hie 
principal  of  his  works  are,  "  A  Collec- 
tion of  English  Proverbs,"  "  The  Wis-, 
dom  of  God  manifested  in  the  Works 
of  the  Creation,"  "Three  Discourses 
concerning  the  Chaos,  Deluge,  and  Dis- 
solution of  the  World,"  "Synopsis 
Methodica  Animalium  ynadrupedum," 
and  "Sylloge  Stirpium  Europearurn 
extra  Britanniam."     D.  1705. 

RAYNAL,  William  Thomas  Francis, 
an  eminent  French  historian  and  phi- 
losopher, was  b.  at  St.  Genies,  1718,  and 
after  quitting  the  Jesuits,  by  whom  he 
was  educated,  he  became  an  historical 
and  political  writer.  He  joined  the 
French  philosophical  party,  as  it  was 
called,  adopted  their  principles  to  the 
fullest  extent,  and  became  one  of  the 
writers  in  the  "Encyclopaedia."  He  also 
published  several  works  at  Paris,  the 
principal  of  which  was  his  "Political 
and  Philosophical  History  of  the  Euro- 
pean Settlements  in  the  East  and  West 
indies."  This  was  followed  by  an  essay 
on  the  "  Revolution  of  America,"  writ- 
ten in  a  style  of  declamation,  and  full 
of  enmity  to  the  English.  In  1791  the 
Abbe  Raynal  addressed  a  letter  to  the 
constituent  assembly,  in  defence  of  the 
rights  of  property,  which  greatly  irri- 
tated the  revolutionists,  and  though  ho 
escaped  the  tyranny  of  Robespierre, 
he  was  stripped  of  his  property,  and  d. 
in  great  indigence  at  Passy,  in  1796. 
Amonir  his  other  works  are,  a  "History 
of  the  Stadtholdership,"  "  History  of 
the  Parliament  of  England,"  "  Histori- 
cal Anecdotes,"  "  History  of  the  Di- 
vorce of  Henry  VIII.  of  England," 
"  The  Military  School,"  and  "  Historical 
Memoirs  of  Europe." 

READ,  George,  a  distinguished 
American  citizen,  of  Irish  descent,  b. 
in  Maryland,  1734.  He  studied  law,  and 
settled'iu  the  state  of  Delaware,  where 
he  was  attorney-general  of  the  thiee 
lower  counties  from  1763  to  1775.    In 


rkk] 


CYCLOPEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY-. 


713 


1774  he  'was  chosen  a  member  of  con- 
gress, and  was  continued  daring  the 
revolutionary  war.  He  was  president 
of  the  convention  which  formed  the  first 
constitution  of  Delaware,  a  member  of 
the  convention  which  formed  the  con- 
stitution of  the  United  States,  and  was 
s  senator  of  the  United  States.  From 
793'to  the  autumn  of  179S,  the  time  of 
•is  death,  he  was  chief  justice  of  the 
state  of  Delaware.  In  his  several  sta- 
tions of  honor  and  responsibility,  he 
had  the  reputation  for  talents  and  wis- 
dom.— John,  a  lawyer  of  Boston,  Mas- 
sachusetts, distinguished  for  genius, 
learning,  wit,  patriotism,  eloquence,  and 
integrity,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege^ in  1697.  He  studied  divinity,  and 
E  reached  for  some  time  with  popularity, 
ut  at  length  left  that  profession  for  the 
law,  and  soon  became  eminent  in  the 
practice.  He  first  reduced  the  redun- 
dant and  obscure  phraseology  of  the 
English  deeds  of  conveyance,  to  the 
simple  form  now  in  use.  He  held  a 
conspicuous  place  for  some  time  also  in 
the  house  of  representatives  and  coun- 
cil.    D.  at  an  advanced  age,  in  1749. 

REAL,  Gaspahd  de,  Seigneur  de 
Curban,  was  b.  at  Sisteron,  in  1082,  and 
d.  at  Paris,  in  1752.  He  wrote  an  able 
work  on  the  "Science  of  Government." 
REAUMUR,  Rene  Antoine  Fer- 
chault  de,  a  philosophic  naturalist,  b.  in 
1683,  at  Rochelle ;  studied  under  the 
Jesuits  at  Poitiers,  and  afterwards  went 
through  a  course  of  law  at  Bourges. 
But  his  tastes  led  him  to  the  observation 
of  nature;  and  having  made  himself 
acquainted  with  the  mathematical  sci- 
ences, he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris,  to  which 
he  had  presented  some  memoirs  on 
geometry.  He  discovered  the  art  of 
manufacturing  porcelain,  of  converting 
iron  into  steel,  of  tinning  iron  plates, 
And  of  making  artificial  pearls.  He 
ascertained,  also,  the  existence  of  mines 
of  turquoises  in  France  equal  to  those 
of  Persia ;  and  he  invented  a  method 
of  hatching  eggs  by  artificial  heat.  But 
he  is  principally  celebrated  for  being  the 
first  who  reduced  thermometers  to  a 
common  standard  ;  and  the  instruments 
constructed  upon  Ins  principles  still  go 
by  his  name.  His  chief  works  are, 
"  Memoirs  of  his  Discoveries,"  "  The 
history  of  Insects,"  and  a  "  History  of 
the  Auriferous  Rivers  of  France." 

REBOLLEDO,  Bernardin.  count  de, 
a  Spanish  soldier,  writer,  and  diploma- 
tist, was  b.  at  Leon  1596,  and  d.  at 
Madrid  in  1677. 

60* 


REDESDALE,,  John  Freeman  Mrr- 
ford,  Baron,  an  eminent  English  lawyer 
and  statesman,  was  b.  1748,  educated  at 
New  college,  Oxford,  and  having  studied 
at  Lincoln's  Inn,  was  called  to  the  bar; 
in  17S-2  he  published  "A  Treatise  on 
Pleadings  in  Suits  in  the  Court  of  Chan- 
eery."  Pie  was  afterwards  made  a 
Welsh  judge.  In  1789  he  was  chosen 
M.P.  for  Beeralston ;  in  1793  he  was 
appointed  solicitor-general,  and  in  that 
capacity  he  assisted  in  conducting  "bo 
state  trials  of  Hardy,  Home  Tooke,  and 
Thelwall.  He  succeeded  Lord  Eldon  as 
attorney-general  in  1799.  In  1S02  he 
was  raised  to  the  peerage,  and  mado 
lord  chancellor,  and  a  member  of  the 
privy  council  in  Ireland;  but  he  resign- 
ed the  seals  in  March,  1806,  in  conse- 
ouence  of  the  death  of  Mr.  Pitt.  D. 
1830. 

REDING,  Aloys,  baron  von,  lande- 
mann  and  general  of  the  Swiss,  was  b. 
1755.  On  the  invasion  of  Switzerland 
by  the  French  in  1798,  he  commanded 
the  troops  raised  to  repel  them  ;  but 
though  he  obtained  some  advantages 
over  the  enemy,  his  forces  were  inade- 
quate to  the  task  assigned  them,  and 
the  Swiss  were  compelled  to  submission. 
Having  afterwards  endeavored  to  secure 
some  degree  of  independence  for  his 
country,  Bonaparte  had  him  arrested 
and  confined  in  the  fortress  of  Arbourg, 
but  he  was  set  at  liberty  in  a  few  months. 
He  was  subsequently  at  no  pains  to  con- 
ceal his  antipathy  to  Bonaparte,  and  he 
is  believed  to  have  favored  the  passage 
of  the  allied  troops  through  the  Swiss 
territories  over  the  Rhine,  after  the 
campaign  of  1813.     D.  1818. 

REED,  Isaac,  a  critic  and  miscella- 
neous writer,  was  b.  in  London  in  1742, 
and  brought  up  to  the  conveyancing 
business,  '  which  he  relinquished  for 
literary  pursuits.  He  published  the 
poems  of  Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu, 
edited  the  Seatonian  prize  poems,  and 
revised  and  enlarged  Dodsley's  "  Old 
Plays."  He  afterwards  also  published 
the  "Biographia  Dramatica,"  and  four 
volumes  of  humorous  pieces,  under  the 
title  of  the  "  Repository  ;"  but  the  work 
by  which  he  is  most  advantageously 
known  is  an  edition  of  Shakspeare, 
embodying  in  its  pages  all  the  most  val- 
uable notes  and  elucidations  of  former 
commentators,  with  much  original  in- 
formation. D.  1807. — Joseph,  a  dra- 
matic writer,  was  b.  at  Stockton-upcn- 
Tees,  in  1743,  and  carried  on  business 
as  a  rope-maker  at  Stepney,  till  his 
death  in  1787:     He  was  the  author  of 


714 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[keg 


"Dido,"  a  tragedy,  "Tom  Jones,"  a 
comic  opera,  several  farces,  &c. — Joseph, 
a  patriot  of  the  American  revolution, 
■was  graduated  at  the  college  in  New 
Jersey,  in  1757.  While  a  member  of 
congress  in  1778,  the  British  commis- 
sioner endeavored  to  procure  his  influ- 
ence to  bring  about  a  reconciliation 
between  the  colonies  and  the  mother 
country,  he  rejected  their  offers  with 
the    reply — "That    he   was   not  worth 

Eurchasing;  but  such  as  he  was,  the 
ing  of  Great  Britain  was  not  rich 
enough  to  buy  him."  In  1778  he  was 
chosen  president  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
retained  that  office  till  his  death,  1781. 

EEES,  Abraham,  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, whose  labors  as  an  encyclopaedist 
have  gained  for  him  great  and  deserved 
celebrity,  was  b.  in  Montgomeryshire, 
1743,  was  educated  at  Hoxton,  became 
theological  and  philosophical  tutor  in 
the  new  college,  founded  at  Hackney, 
which  place  he  held  till  1795,  when  that 
establishment  also  terminated.  In  1776 
he  was  employed  as  editor  of  "  Cham- 
bers's Cyclopaedia,''  which  he  completed 
in  17S6.  After  a  lapse  of  14  years,  the 
proprietors  embarked  in  a  more  com- 
prehensive undertaking,  which  also  Dr. 
Rees  bro light  to  a  conclusion.  Besides 
these  literary  performances,  he  publish- 
ed two  volumes  of  "  Practical  Sermons," 
and  several  other  works.     D.  1825. 

REKVE,  Clara,  a  novelist,  was  b.  at 
Ipswich,  and  was  the  daughter  of  a 
clergyman  who  gave  her  an  excellent 
education.  She  possessed  great  learn- 
ing and  research,  which  she  displayed 
in  her  first  literary  essay,  a  translation 
of  Barclay's  "  Argenis."  Among  her 
subsequent  productions  are,  "The  Pro- 
gress of  Romance,"  "  Memoirs  of  Sir 
Roger  dc  Clarendon,"  "  The  School  for 
Widows,"  and  the  well-known  tale  of 
"  The  Old  Euglish  Baron."  D.  1808  — 
John,  a  celebrated  comic  actor,  b.  in 
London,  1799,  made  his  first  appearance 
on  the  boards  of  Drury-laue,  as  "  Syl- 
vester Daggerwood,"  in  1819;  was  sub- 
sequently engaged  at  the  llaymarket, 
English  Opera-house,  and  Adelphi,  and 
d.  1833.  John  Reeve  was  the  absolute 
personification  of  hilarious  jollity  and 
genuine  good-humor. — Tapping,  an 
eminent  lawyer,  was  b.  at  Brook-Haven, 
in  1744,  and'was  graduated  at  Princeton 
college.  He  established  himsolf  as  a 
lawyer  in  Litchfield,  Connecticut,  where 
he  founded  the  law  school,  of  which, 
for  nearly  thirty  years  he  was  the  prin- 
cipal instructor.  "He  was  formally  years 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  that  state, 


and  some  time  chief  justice.  His  legal 
attainments  were  of  a  high  order,  and 
as  a  man  he  possessed  the  esteem  and 
respect  of  the  community. 

RECTUS,  Urban,  or  Le  Rot,  a  learned 
poet  and  controversialist,  distinguished 
also  as  one  of  the  early  reformers,  was 
b.  at  Langenargen,  in  Germany.  He 
completed  "his  studies  at  lugol'dstadt, 
under  Eckins,  and  when  the  emperor 
Maximilian  visited  that  university,  he 
made  Regius  his  poet  laureate  and  ora- 
tor, lie  afterwards  obtained  a  profes- 
sorship, but  when  the  controversy 
arose  between  Luther  and  Eckius,  the 
reformed  doctrines  operated  so  strongly 
upon  his  conviction,  that  he  sided  with 
the  former  against  his  old  tutor  in  po- 
lemics. In  1530  he  accepted  an  invita- 
tion from  the  duke  of  Brunswick  to 
settle  as  pastor  of  the  church  of  Lunen- 
bertr,  and  d.  in  1541. 

REGNARD,  John  Francis,  a  comic 
writer,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1655.  lie 
went  to  Italy  about  1676,  and  was  re- 
turning home  with  considerable  prop- 
erty, when  he  was  captured  by  an 
Algerine  corsair,  and  sold  for  a  slave. 
During  his  captivitv,  he  obtained  the 
favor  of  his  master  by  his  skill  in  cook 
ery ;  but  being  caught  in  an  intrigue 
with  one  of  the  women,  he  was  required 
to  turn  Mahometan,  or  suffer  death. 
The  French  consul,  however,  saved  him 
by  paying  his  ransom,  and  Reynard  re- 
turned to  France  about  1631.  After  this 
he  wrote  a  number  of  successful  com- 
edies, besides  poems  and  other  works  ; 
was  made  a  treasurer  of  France,  and 
lieutenant  of  the  waters  and  forests; 
and  d.  1709. 

REGNAULT,  Michael  Louis  Ste- 
phen, a  French  advocate  and  statesman, 
was  b.  at  St.  Jean  d'Angeli,  in  1760;  d. 
1819. — Noel,  a  learned  mathematician 
and  philosopher,  was  b.  at  Arras,  1688: 
belonged  to  the  society  of  Jesuits,  and 
d.  at  Paris,  1762.  He  published  several 
scientific  and  metaphysical  works,  tha 
principal  of  which  are  his  "Philosophi- 
cal Conversations"  and  his  "  Ancient 
Origin  of  the  New  Philosophy." 

REGNIER,  Claude  Ambrose,  duke 
of  Massa,  minister  of  justice  under  the 
government  of  Napoleon,  was  b.  at  Bla- 
mont,  in  La  Meurthe,  in  1736;  prac- 
tised as  an  advocate  at  Nancy,  was  a 
member  of  the  constituent  assembly, 
retired  from  public  affairs  during  the 
reign  of  terror ;  but  after  the  fall  of 
Robespierre,  became  a  member  of  the 
council  of  ancients,  and  took  an  active 
part  in  the  senate.     He  assisted  in  the 


ren] 

elevation  ot'  Bonaparte  as  first  consul, 
and,  in  1802,  he  was  appointed  grand 
jndge,  minister  of  justice,  &c.     In  1818 

lie  became  president  of  the  legislative 
body,  and  d.  in  the  following  year. — 
Matiiurin,  a  French  poet,  and  the  first 
who  snecee  '3d  in  France  as  a  satirist, 
b.  at  Chartres,  1572.  lie  was  brought 
up  to  the  church,  which  he  disgraced 
by  his  debaucheries ;  yet  he  obtained  a 
canon  ry  in  the  cathedral  of  his  native 
place,  with  other  benefices,  and  a  pen- 
sion. I).  1618.  His  "Satires"  still  re- 
tain a  place  in  the  standard  literature  of 
his  country. 

REGULUS,  Marcus  Attilius,  a  Ro- 
man general,  celebrated  for  his  patriot- 
ism and  devotion  in  the  service  of  his 
country,  was  made  consul  a  second  time 
about  256  b.c,  and,  with  his  colleague, 
Manlius  Vulso,  commanded  in  the  first 
war  against  Carthage. 

REICH  ARDT,  John  Frederic,  a  mu- 
sical composer  and  author,  was  b.  at 
Konigsberg,  in  1751  ;  studied  under 
Kant,  was  for  a  long  time  director  of  the 
Italian  operant  Berlin,  and  subsequently 
had  the  direction  of  the  French  and 
German  theatres  at  Casscl.  Among  his 
compositions,  which  are  very  numerous, 
are  the  "Tamerlane"  of  Morel,  and  the 
"Panthea"  of  Berquin.  His  literary 
productions  are,  "  Familiar  Letters  writ- 
ten during  a  Journey  in  France  in  1792, 
and  again  in  1803  and  1804,"  "Familiar 
Letters  on  Vienna,"  &c. ;  and  "  Napo- 
leon Bonaparte  and  the  French  People 
under  his  Consulate,"  &c.    D.  1814. 

REICHENBACH,  Georse  of,  a  dis- 
tinguished mechanical  artist,  was  b.  at 
Manheim,  in  1772,  and  d.  at  Munich,  in 
1826.  He  and  his  coadjutor,  Fraunhofer, 
were  unsurpassed  in  the  manufacture 
of  optical  instruments  generally,  and 
quite  unrivalled  in  the  execution  of  tel- 
escopes, heliometers,  theodolites,  &<s. 

REID,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  Scotch 
divine  and  metaphysician,  was  b.  1700, 
at  Strachan,  in  Kincardineshire,  and 
educated  at  the  Marischal  college,  Aber- 
deen. In  1764  he  succeeded  Adam 
Smith  as  professor  of  moral  philosophy 
at  Glasgow,  and  d.  in  1798.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are,  "  An  Inquiry  into  the 
Human  Mind,"  and  "Essays  on  the  In- 
tellectual and  Active  Rowers  of  Man." 
Dr.  Reid  was  the  first  writer  in  Scotland 
who  attacked  the  skepticism  of  Hume, 
and  endeavored  to  refute  the  ideal  the- 
ory which  was  then  prevalent. 

REINHOLD,  Erasmus,  a  German  ma- 
thematician and  astronomer,  was  b.  at 
Salfcldt,  in  Thuringia,  in  1511  ;  becan.e 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


715 


professor  of  mathematics  at  "vVittemberg, 
and  d.  there  in  1533.  His  works  are, 
"Theoria  nova  l'lanetarum,"  "Ptol- 
emy's Almagest,  with  a  Latin  version," 
"  Pratenicse  Tabulae  Coelestium  Motu- 
uni,"  and  "  Primus  Liber  Tabularum 
Direetionum." 

REMBRANDT  VAN  RHYN,  Paul, 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  painters  and 
engravers  of  the  Dutch  school,  was  b. 
1606,  near  Lcydcn.  His  passionate  love 
for  art  disappointed  his  father's  desire 
of  educating  him  as  a  scholar;  but  he 
received  some  instruction  in  the  art  of 
painting  from  Peter  Lastmann,  of  Am- 
sterdam, but  soon  returned  home,  and 
pursued  his  labors  there,  taking  nature 
as  his  sole  guide.  He  came  into  notice 
by  taking  a  picture  to  the  Hague,  where 
a  dealer  gave  him  100  florins  for  it; 
which  circumstance  procured  him  em- 
ployment and  pupils.  Rembrandt  was 
master  of  all  that  relates  to  coloring, 
distribution  of  light  and  shade,  and  the 
management  of  the  pencil ;  and  though 
he  was  deficient  in  some  of  the  other 
requisites  of  a  true  artist,  it  cannot  be 
denied  that  his  pencil  is  masterly  and 
unique,  possessing  an  energy  and  effect 
belonging  to  no  other  painter.  His 
etchings  possess  a  wonderful  freedom, 
facility,  and  boldness.  Rembrandt  mar- 
ried the  handsome  daughter  of  a  peas- 
ant, who  used  to  sit  to  him  as  a  model. 
He  resided  during  the  greater  part  of  his 
life  at  Amsterdam,  and  he  soon  acquired 
a  large  fortune.  His  habits,  however, 
were  low,  anil  his  avarice  insatiable;  so 
that  he  lived  like  a  beggar,  and  descend- 
ed to  the  meanest  tricks  to  increase  his 
hoard.  D.  1674,  or,  according  to  some 
accounts,  in  168S. 

REM  US  AT,  Jean  Pierre  Abel,  an 
eminent  linguist,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1788. 
He  was  professor  of  the  Chinese  and  Tar- 
tar languages  at  the  college  de  France  ; 
was  admitted  into  the  academy  of  in 
scriptions  in  1816  ;  and,  after  Viseonti's 
death,  in  1818,  lie  was  appointed  editor 
of  the  "  Journal  des  Savans."  His  prin- 
cipal works  arc,  "  Essai  stir  la  Langue 
et  Litterature  Chinoises,"  "Plan  d'un 
Dictionnaire  Chinois,"  "Melanges  Asi- 
atiques,"  and  "  Comtes  Chinois."  D. 
1832. 

RENAU  D'ELISAGARAY,  Ber- 
nard, an  able  French  naval  architect, 
was  b.  in  Beam,  in  1652.  He  was  cm- 
ployed  at  Brest  in  the  construction  of 
large  ships  ;  and,  in  1680,  he  conceived 
the  idea  of  bomb-vessels,  which  were 
used  at  the  bombardment  of  Algiers, 
and.  the  success  of  which  led  to  his  being 


716 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF     BIOGRAPHY. 


[reu 


appointed  to  conduct  several  sieges  un- 
der Vauban.  For  these  services  he  was 
made  a  captain  in  the  navy,  honored 
with  the  cross  of  St.  Louis,  and  reward- 
ed with  a  pension  of  12,000  livres.  He 
wrote,  "Theorie  do  la  Manoeuvre  des 
Vaisseanx,"  and  d.  in  1719. 

KENNEL,  Major  John,  was  b.  at 
Chudleigh,  1742  ;  first  entered  the  naval 
service  as  a  midshipman,  and  served  in 
India,  but  quitted  it  for  the  East  India 
company's  military  service,  and  hecame 
surveyor-general  of  Bengal.  Returning 
to  England  in  17S2,  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Society  ;  and  from 
thin  period  he  held  an  extensive  corre- 
spondence with  men  of  learning  both  at 
home  and  abroad.  He  now  published 
his  celebrated  "  Memoir  and  Map  of 
Hindostan,"  and  he  assistsd  in  the  for- 
mation of  the  Asiatic  Society.  He  was 
also  the  author  of  ;'  Observations  on  the 
Topography  of  the  Plain  of  Troy,"  three 
memoirs  on  the  "Geography  of  Africa," 
the  "  Geographical  System  of  Herodotus 
explained,"  and  the  "  Marches  of  the 
British  Army  in  the  Peninsula  of  In- 
dia."    D.  1830. 

RENNIE,  John,  a  celebrated  civil 
engineer  and  mechanist,  was  b.  at  Phan- 
tassie,  in  East  Lothian,  settled  in  Lon- 
don in  1783,  and  first  became  known  by 
the  talent  he  displayed  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Albion  Mills.  His  next  con- 
cern was  in  superintending  the  new 
machinery  of  Whitbread's  brewery,  the 
execution  of  which  increased  his  fame. 
He  soon,  however,  became  eminent  in 
labors  of  a  superior  kind,  and  stood  at 
the  head  of  the  civil  engineers  of  Great 
Britain.  Among  his  public  works  may 
be  mentioned,  Ramsgate  harbor,  Water- 
loo, Southwark,  and  New  London 
bridges ;  the  Breakwater  at  Plymouth, 
the  Crinan,  Lancaster,  Kennet,  and 
Avon,  and  other  canals ;  and  several 
docks  and  harbors,  among  which  are 
those  of  London,  Hull,  and  Sheerness. 
But  the  Bell  Rock  lighthouse,  construct- 
ed on  the  same  principle  as  that  of  the 
Eddystone,  will,  perhaps,  be  deemed 
the  greatest  effort  of  his  genius.    D.  1821. 

REPTON,  Humphret,  a  private  gen- 
tleman, distinguished  by  his  skill  in 
ornamental  gardening  and  architecture, 
was  b.  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  in  1752. 
In  1783  he  accompanied  Mr.  Windham 
to  Ireland,  and  for  a  short  time  held  a 
situation  at  Dublin,  under  government. 
On  his  return  to  England,  he  adopted 
the  profession  of  landscape  gardening, 
in  which  he  soon  obtained  extensive 
celebrity.     He  published  several  works 


on  miscellaneous  subjects,  but  his  prin- 
cipal productions  are  on  the  theory  and 
practice  of  his  art.     D.  1818. 

RESTOUT,  John,  a  French  painter, 
was  b.  at  Rouen,  in  1692,  became  direc- 
tor of  the  academy  of  paintings,  and  d. 
in  1768. — His  son,  who  was  also  a  good 
painter,  and  a  member  of  the  Academy, 
d.  at  Paris  in  1797. 

RETZ,  John  Francis  Paul  de  Gondt, 
a  French  cardinal,  and  a  celebrated  po- 
litical character,  was  b.  at  Montmirail, 
in  1613;  became  coadjutor  to  his  undo, 
the  archbishop  of  Paris ;  and,  after 
many  intrigues,  and  fighting  several 
duels,  he  was  made  archbishop  of  Co- 
rinth and  a  cardinal.  He  conspired 
against  the  life  of  Cardinal  Richelieu, 
and  took  a  prominent  part  in  opposing 
Mazarin  during  the  minority  of  Louis 
XIV.  In  short,  he  was  the  Catiline  of 
the  day.  At  1<  \gth  Mazarin,  who  both 
hated  and  fear  I  him,  imprisoned  him 
in  the  castle  ct  Yincennes,  whence  he 
was  removed  to  Nantes,  from  which  he 
escaped,  and  subsequently  travelled 
through  Holland,  Flanders,  and  En- 
gland. In  1675  he  wished  to  give  up 
his  cardinal's  hat,  and  retire  from  the 
world,  but  the  pope  would  not  receive  it ; 
and  as  the  latter  years  of  his  life  made 
some  amends  for  his  former  crimes,  he 
d.  at  Paris,  in  1679. 

REUCHLIN,  John,  a  celebrated  Ger- 
man philologist,  b.  at  Pfortzheim,  in 
1455.  Having  studied  the  law,  and  ob- 
tained the  diploma  of  licentiate  in  that 
faculty  at  Poitiers,  he  was  employed 
in  several  diplomatic  missions ;  and 
while  at  Rome  with  Everard,  count  of 
Wirtemberg,  he  was  received  with  the 
distinction  due  to  his  talents,  and  was 
particularly  noticed  by  Lorenzo  de  Me- 
dici, at  Florence.  After  the  renewal  of 
the  league  of  Suabia,  in  1500,  Reuchlin 
was  appointed  judge  of  a  tribunal  at 
Tubingen,  which  office  he  held  eleven 
years.  In  his  old  age  he  was  reduced 
to  poverty,  and  was  persecuted  by  the 
ecclesiastics  for  opposing  Pfeffercorn's 
design  of  burning  all  the  Jewish  books 
except  the  Bible.  Reuchlin  was  tho 
preceptor  of  Melanchthon,  and  d.  1522. 
lie  composed  the  first  Hebrew  grammar 
and  lexicon  for  the  use  of  Chiistians, 
and  he  was  the  author  of  several  other 
works. 

REQVENS,  John  Everard,  one  of 
the  most  profound  lawyers  Holland  ever 
produced,  was  b.  at  Haerlem,  in  1753; 
studied  at  Leyden;  acquired  great  repu- 
tation at  the  Hague  as  an  advocate;  and 
was   appointed,  in   1795,  counsellor  to 


RHlJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


717 


the  court  of  justice  of  the  province  of 
Holland.  In  1801  he  became  president 
of  the  high  court  of  justice;  and  under 
the  regal  government,  in  1806,  lie  was 
nominated  counsellor  of  state  extraor- 
dinary, and  subsequently  vice-president 
of  the  council.  On  the  union  of  Hol- 
land to  France,  in  1810,  he  became  presi- 
dent of  the  court  of  appeal  at  the  Hague  ; 
but  was  soon  after  invited  to  Paris,  and 
made  counsellor  of  the  court  of  cassa- 
tion; which  office  he  relinquished, 
when,  in  1814,  the  independence  of  his 
native  country  was  secured,  and  return- 
ed to  the  presidency  he  had  quitted  at 
the  Hague.  He  went  to  Brussels  in 
1816,  on  a  legal  mission,  and  there 
perished,  the  victim  of  a  conspiracy,  the 
authors  of  which  have  never  been  dis- 
covered. 

REYNEAU,  Charles  Rene,  an  emi- 
nent French  mathematician,  was  b.  at 
Brissac,  in  1656,  and  entered  into  the 
congregation  of  the  Oratory.  Having 
become  well  acquainted  with  geometry, 
and  studied  the  Cartesian  philosophy, 
he  taught  mathematics  and  physics  at 
Toulon  and  Anders.  He  was  the  author 
of  "  Analyse  Demontree,"  and  "  Science 
du  Caleul  des  Grandeurs."     D.  1728. 

REYNER,  Euwakd,  a  nonconformist 
divine,  was  b.  in  Yorkshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge,  where  he  took  his 
degree  in  arts,  and,  about  1627,  settled 
at  Lincoln;  but  in  1662  was  ejected 
from  his  living,  and  d.  soon  after.  He 
wrote  "  Precepts  for  Christian  Prac- 
tice," "Vindication  of  Human  Learning 
and  Universities,"  &c. 

REYNOLDS,  Sir  Joshua,  an  eminent 
English  painter,  was  the  son  of  a  cler- 
gyman at  Plimpton,  in  Devonshire, 
where  he  was  b.  1723.  He  early  dis- 
covered a  predilection  for  the  art  of 
drawing,  which  induced  his  father  to 
place  him,  at  the  age  of  17,  with  Hud- 
son, the  most  famous  portrait  painter  in 
London,  with  whom  he  remained  three 
years,  and  then,  upon  some  disagree- 
ment, returned  home.  He  then  pro- 
ceeded to  Rome,  in  which  capital,  and 
other  parts  of  Italy,  he  spent  three 
years.  On  his  return  to  London,  his 
talent  placed  him  at  the  head  of  the 
English  portrait  painters;  and  being  a 
man  of  "literary  abilities  and  an  amiable 
companion,  as  well  as  a  first-rate  artist, 
he  soon  numbered  among  his  intimate 
friends,  several  of  the  most  distinguish- 
ed characters  of  the  day.  When  the 
Royal  Academy  was  instituted,  in  1768, 
he  was  unanimously  chosen  president, 
«nd  was  knighted;  and  although  it  was 


no  prescribed  part  of  his  duty  to  read 
lectures,  yet  his  zeal  for  the  advance- 
ment of  the  fine  arts  induced  hiin  to 
deliver  annual  or  biennial  discourses 
before  the  academy  on  the  principles 
and  practice  of  painting.  Of  these  he 
pronounced  fifteen,  from  1769  to  1790, 
which  were  published  in  two  sets,  and 
form  a  standard  work.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  celebrated  club  which  con- 
tained the  names  of  Johnson,  Garriek, 
Burke,  and  others  of  the  first  rank  of 
literary  eminence,  and  seems  to  have 
been  universally  beloved  and  respected 
by  his  associates.  In  1773  the  university 
of  Oxford  conferred  on  Sir  Joshua  the 
honorary  degree  of  doctor  of  laws,  and 
in  1783  he  was  appointed  principal 
painter  to  the  kins.     D.  1792. 

REYNAC,  Francis  Philip  Laurens 
de,  a  French  ecclesiastic,  was  b.  at 
Longville,  i:i  the  Limousin,  in  1734. 
He  became  canon  regular  of  Chancelade, 
prior  of  St.  Maclou,  at  Orleans,  and  an 
associate  of  the  academy  of  inscrip- 
tions. He  is  pridcipally  known  by  hib 
"  Hymns  to  the  Sun,"  in  the  florid 
prose  style  of  Fenelon.  He  also  wrote 
"Idylls  in  prose,"  "Sacred  Poems," 
&c.     D.  1782. 

RHEIFEK,  CHRisToniER,  a  German 
musical  composer,  b.  at  Memmingen, 
in  1748.  He  produced  the  operas  of 
"  Le  Nouveau  Pygmalion,"  "  Le  Fils 
Reconnaissant,"  and  "Rinaldo;"  be- 
sides the  oratorio,  "  Der  Todgesang 
Jesu,"  and  a  collection  of  songs.  D. 
1796. 

RHIGAS,  or  RIG  AS,  a  modern  Greek 
patriot,  b.  at  Velestini,  in  Thessaly, 
about  1753.  He  was  soon  distinguished 
for  his  ready  apprehension  and  exten- 
sive acquirements,  being  intimately  ac- 
quainted with  the  ancient  literature  of 
Greece,  as  well  as  with  the  Latin,  French, 
German,  and  Italian  languages.  Look- 
ing forward  for  an  opportunity  when  his 
country  might  throw  off  the  Turkish 
yoke,  he  conceived  the  project  of  a 
grand  secret  society,  and  among  the 
discontented  chiefs  who  became  asso- 
ciated with  him,  was  the  pacha  Pass- 
wan  Oglou.  He  then  proceeded  to 
Vienna,  which  place  he  made  the  focus 
of  an  extensive  correspondence  with 
persons  of  intelligence  possessing  simi- 
lar principles  with  himself  in  various 
parts  of  Europe.  He  also  commenced 
a  Greek  journal  for  the  instruction  of 
his  countrymen,  composed  a  treatise  on 
military  tactics,  drew  up  a  grand  chart 
of  all  Greece,  in  12  divisions,  and  trans- 
lated  the   travels   of  "  Anaeharsis    tha 


718 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[ric 


Younger,"  and  other  French  works. 
But  being  treacherously  denounced  to 
the  Austrian  government  by  one  of  his 
associates,  as  a  conspirator  against  the 
Btute,  he  was  arrested  at  Trieste,  and 
ordered  to  be  delivered  up  to  the  Otto- 
man l'orte.  His  conductors,  however, 
tearing  to  be  intercepted  by  Passwan 
Oglou,  drowned  him  in  the  Danube,  to- 
gether with  eight  of  his  companions, 
who  had  been  arrested  at  the  same 
time,  May,  1798. 

RIBERA,  Anastasius  Pantaleon  de, 
a  Spanish  poet,  called  the  Searron  of 
Spain,  was  b.  at  Madrid,  and  on  account 
of  his  wit  was  entertained  at  the  court 
of  Philip  IV. — Joseph,  called  Lo  Spag- 
noletto,  an  eminent  painter,  was  b.  at 
Xativa,  in  Valencia,  about  1589.  He 
was  at  first  a  pupil  of  Caravaggio,  and 
on  going,  to  Rome,  he  studied  the 
works  of  Raphael,  the  Caracci,  &c. 
with  great  advantage.  He  then  visited 
Parma  and  Modena,  and  thence  went  to 
Naples,  where  the  viceroy  named  him 
his  own  painter.  In  1648,  when  Don 
John  of  Austria  visited  Naples,  Ribera 
imprudently  boasted  to  him  of  the 
beauty  of  his  daughters,  which  led  to 
an  intrigue  with  one  of  them,  and  the 
prince  carried  her  off.  This  so  affected 
the  father,  that,  according  to  some  ac- 
counts, he  left  his  house  suddenly  one 
day,  in  1649,  and  was  never  again  heard 
of.  Others  state  that  he  d.  at  Naples, 
in  1656. 

RICARDO,  David,  celebrated  for  his 
writings  on  finance  and  statistics,  was 
b.  in  London,  of  a  Jewish  family,  in 
1772.  His  character  for  probity,  indus- 
try, and  talent,  early  procured  for  him 
the  means  of  support;  and,  becoming  a 
member  of  the  stock  exchange,  he  accu- 
mulated immense  property.  In  1810  he 
appeared  as  a  writer  in  the  "  Morning 
Chronicle,"  on  the  subject  of  the  depre- 
ciation of  the  national  currency ;  he 
advocated  the  principles  of  Mai  thus 
concerning  population;  and  published  a 
treatise  on  "Political  Economy  and 
Taxation,"  which  affords  a  luminous 
exposition  of  the  origin  and  fluctuation 
yf  national  wealth  and  expenditure.  In 
1819,  Mr.  Ricardo  was  elected  into  par- 
liament for  the  Irish  borongh  of  Portar- 
.insrton;  but  he  never  spoke,  except  on 
subjects  of  finance  and  commerce,  on 
which  occasions  he  was  always  attended 
to  with  arreat  deference.     D.  1823. 

RICAUT,  Sir  Paul,  an  English  travel- 
ler and  historical  writer,  was  the  son  of 
;i  merchant  in  London;  received  his 
sducation  atTrini'y  college,  Cambridge  ; 


and  in  1661  went  to  Constantinople,  as 
secretary  to  \}\e  embassy,  and  there 
wrote  his  "State  of  the  Ottoman  Em- 
pire." He  was  next  appointed  consul 
at  Smyrna,  where,  by  the  command  of 
Charles  II.,  he  wrote  "The  present 
State  of  the  Greek  and  Armenian 
Churches;"  and  on  his  return  home  he 
was  made  secretary  to  the  lord  lieuten- 
ant of  Ireland,  a  privy  councillor,  and  a 
judge  of  the  high  court  of  admiralty. 
William  III.  employed  him  as  the  En- 
glish resident  in  the  Hanse  Towns, 
where  ho  continued  10  years.  Besides 
the  works  before  mentioned,  he  wrote 
a  continuation  of  Knolles's  "  History  of 
the  Turks,"  a  translation  of  Platina's 
"Lives  of  the  Popes,"  and  Garcilasso 
de  la  Vega's  "History  of  Peru."  D. 
1700. 

RICCI,  Lorenzo,  the  last  general  of 
the  Jesuits  previous  to  their  suppres- 
sion by  Pope  Clement  XIII. ,  was  b.  at 
Florence,  in  1703;  entered  into  the 
order  of  St.  Ignatius  at  the  age  of  15; 
became,  successively,  spiritual  director 
at  the  Roman  college,  and  secretary  of 
his  order ;  and  succeeded,  on  ,ne  death 
of  Centurioni,  in  1758,  to  the  office  of 
general.  On  the  suppression  of  the  Je- 
suits he  was  confined  as  a  prisoner  in 
the  castle  of  St.  Angelo,  and  there  d. 
1775. — Scipio,  an  Italian  prelate,  was  a 
nephew  of  the  preceding,  and  b.  at  Flo- 
rence, in  1741.  He  was  raised  to  the 
bishopric  of  Pistoga  and  Prato,  in  1786  ; 
and  distinguished  himself  by  strenu- 
ously seconding  the  Grand-duke  Leo- 
pold In  the  attempt  to  introduce  a  re- 
form into  the  ecclesiastical  discipline  of 
the  duchy.  By  doing  this,  he  incurred 
the  displeasure  of  the  pope,  was  obliged 
to  resign  his  bishopric,  and  subsequent- 
ly underwent  much  persecution  ;  though 
he  became  reconciled  to  the  holy  see,  in 
1805,  by  signing  a  formula  of  adhesion 
to  the  bulls  which  he  had  objected  to. 
D.  1810. — Matthew,  a  Jesuit  and  mis- 
sionary in  China,  who  was  in  such  high 
favor  with  the  emperor,  that  he  gave 
him  permission  to  build  a  church  there. 
D.  1610. 

R1CCOBONI,  Lodovico,  an  eminent 
comedian  and  author,  was  b.  at  Modena, 
in  1674,  acquired  an  early  reputation  on 
the  stage,  and  was  popular  both  in  his 
own  country  and  at  Paris.  In  1720  the 
duke  of  Parma  appointed  him  inspector 
of  the  theatres  in  his  dominions  ;  but  in 
1731  he  returned  to  Paris,  where  he  de- 
voted his  last  years  to  literature,  and  d. 
1752.  He  wrofe  several  comedies  and 
poems,  besides  a  "  History  of  the  Italian 


RIC] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


710 


Thcattc,"  nnd  other  works  on  dra- 
matic subjects. — Anthon  Francis,  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Mantua,  in 

1707,  and  was  also  an  actor  and  a  dra- 
matic winter.  His  comedies  were  very 
success ful,  but  what  lie  gained  by  the 
stage  lie  spent  in  foolish  attempts  to 
discover  the  philosopher's  stone.  D. 
1772. — His  wite  was  a  celebrated  French 
novelist;  but  from  the  neglect  of  her 
husband  she  suffered  much,  and  d.  in 
1792. 

RICE,  John  Holt,  an  eminent  Pres- 
byterian clergyman  of  Virginia,  who 
was  professor  in  the  Union  theological 
school  of  that  state,  established  in  1824. 
He  was  also  for  some  years  editor  of  the 
Virginia  "  Evangelical  and  Literary 
Magazine."  And  he  published  "  Mem- 
oirs of  Samuel  Davis,"  an  "Illustra- 
tion of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
Virginiaj"  and  a  "  Discourse  before 
the  Foreign  Board  of  Missions."  B. 
1779;  d.  1831. 

KICIIARD  I.,  king  of  England,  sur- 
named  Coeur  de  Lion,  was  b.  in  1157, 
nnd  ascended  the  throne  on  the  death 
of  his  father,  Henrv  II.,  in  1180.  D. 
1100. — II.,  king  of  England,  the  son  of 
Edward,  prince  of  Wales,  commonly 
called  the  Black  Prince,  was  b.  in  1866, 
nnd  succeeded  Edward  III.,  his  <rrand- 
fathcr,  in  1377.  D.  1392.— IIL,  king  of 
England,  b.  in  1450,  was  the  brother  of 
Edward  IV.,  and  ereated'duke  of  Glou- 
cester. He  is  represented  as  having 
been  of  diminutive  stature,  deformed 
from  his  birth,  and  of  a  forbidding  as- 
pect ;  but  far  more  depraved  in  his  mind 
than  forbidding  in  his  person.  Slain  at 
Bosworth,  1485. 

RICHARDSON,  Jonathan,  a  painter 
and  author,  was  b.  about  16<i5.  He 
quitted  the  profession  of  a  scrivener  to 
become  a  pupil  of  Riley,  the  portrait 
painter,  whose  niece  lie  married.  After 
the  death  of  Kneller  and  Dahl,  he.  was 
considered  at  the  head  of  his  profession 
in  England.  He  was  the  author  of 
an  "  Essay  on  the  Art  of  Criticism  in 
Painting,"  "An  Argument  in  behalf  of 
the  Science  of  a  Connoisseur,"  "Ac- 
count of  Statues,  Bas-reliefs,  Drawings, 
and  Pictures,  in  Italy,"  "  Notes  and 
Remarks  on  Paradise  Lost,"  &c.  D. 
1745. — Joseph,  a  lawyer  and  poet,  was 
b.  at  Hexham,  in  Northumberland,  was 
entered  of  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge, 
in  1774,  became  a  student  of  the  Middle 
Temple  in  1779,  and  was  called  to  the 
bar  in  1784.  He  wrote  "Criticisms  on 
the  Rolliad"  and  "Probationary  Odes 
f«r    the    Laureateship,"    two    satirical 


works  on  public  characters,  which,  were 
very  popular  at  the  time,  and  "The 
Fugitive,"  a  successful  comedy.  D, 
1803.  —  Sami'el,  a  celebrated  novelist, 
was  b.  1689,  in  Derbyshire,  and  re- 
ceived his  education  at  a  common  day 
school.  At  the  usual  age  he  was  bound 
apprentice  to  a  London  printer,  and 
after  the  expiration  of  his  time  lie  work- 
ed as  a  compositor  and  corrector  of  the 
press  some  years.  At  length  he  took 
up  his  freedom,  and  set  up  business  for 
himself,  first  in  a  court  in  Fleet-street, 
nnd  afterwards  in  Salisbury  square.  He 
became  one  of  the  principal  in  his  pro- 
fession, and,  by  the  interest  of  Mr. 
Onslow,  speaker  of  the  house  of  com- 
mons, obtained  the  printing  of  the 
Journals.  In  1754  he  was  chosen  mas- 
ter of  the  stationers'  company,  and,  in 
1760,  he  purchased  a  moiety  of  the 
patent  of  law-printer  to  the  kincr.  In 
1740  he  published  "Pamela,"  the  pop- 
ularity of  which  was  so  great,  that  it 
ran  through  five  editions  in  one  year, 
bcinsr  recommended  even  from  the  pul- 
pit. "  In  1748  "Clarissa"  fully  estab- 
lished his  literary  reputation,"  and  its 
pathos,  its  variety  of  character,  and 
minute  development  of  the  human 
heart,  will  cause  it  ever  to  be  regarded 
as  a  work  of  real  genius.  The  "His- 
tory of  Sir  Charles  Grandison"  appeared 
in  1753,  and  was  received  with  great 
applause.  Besides  these  works,  all  of 
which  have  a  moral  tendency,  Mr. 
Richardson  published  a  volume  of 
"  Familiar  Letters  for  the  Use  of  Young 
People,"  and  an  edition  of  "  ^Esop's 
Fables,  with  Reflections."  His  "Cor- 
respondence" with  persons  of  efninenee 
was  published  in  1804,  with  his  "Life" 
by  Mrs.  Barbauld.  1).  1761. — Wtlliam, 
a  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  a 
son  of  the  minister  of  Abcrfoyle,  and 
was  educated  at  the  university  of  Glas- 
gow. He  accompanied  Lord  Cathcart, 
who  had  been  his  pupil,  to  Russia;  and 
was  for  more  than  forty  years  professor 
of  humanity  at  Glasgow.  Among  his 
works,  all  of  which  arc  marked  by  elo- 
quence and  erudition,  are  "Anecdotes 
of  the  Russian  Empire,"  "  Es*ays  on 
Shakspeare's  Dramatic  Characters," 
"  Observations  on  the  Study  of  Shak- 
speare,"  poems,  and  tales.  D.  1814. — 
John  J.,  an  eminent  judge  of  South 
Carolina,  and  a  member  of  eomrress 
elect,  from  that  state,  in  182f\  but  he 
refused  to  quit  the  bench.     D.  1850. 

RICHELIEU,  ATtMANn  John  i>u  Ples- 
sis,  a  cardinal,  and  minister  of  state  in 
France,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1585.     He  waa 


720 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[rie 


at  first  intended  for  the  arm}',  but  the 
bishopric  of  Lucon  being  opi;ii  to  hiin 
by  the  resignation  of  Ins    brother,  he 
Btndicd  theology,  and  obtained  the  mitre 
before  he   was  22.       He   was   also   ap- 
pointed   grand    almoner,  and   in   1016 
made  secretary  of  state.     When  Mary 
de  Medici  fell  into  disgrace,  Richelieu 
W.is    banished    to  Avignon,    where    he 
wrote  his    "Method   of  Controversy." 
Being  soon  after  recalled  to  court,   he 
brought  about  a  reconciliation  between 
the  Ring  and  queen,  for  which  he  was 
rewarded  with  a  cardinal's  hat,  and  ap- 
pointed prime  minister.     Being  a  man 
of  prodigious  capacity  and  of  a  restless 
and  insatiable  ambition,  he  formed  to 
himself  vast  designs,   which  made  his 
whole  life  a  series  of  agitations  and  in- 
quietudes ;    still  he  showed   himself  a 
patron  of  men  of   letters,    and    caused 
the  arts  and  sciences  to  flourish  in  the 
kingdom.        lie     abounded,     however, 
rather   with  great    qualities   than  good 
ones,  and  therefore  was  much  more  ad- 
mired than    beloved.     D.   1642,  amidst 
political  storms.  —  Louis    France   Ar- 
mani) du   Plessis,   duke   of,    a  French 
marshal,  descended  from  the  same  fam- 
ily as  the  cardinal,  was  b.  1096.     After 
the  death  of  Louis  XIV'.,  he  was  admit- 
ted into  the  court  of  the  regent,  duke 
of  Orleans,  and  he  largely  participated 
in  its  profligacy.     He  was  sent  to  the 
Bastille  in  1716,  for  lighting  a  duel  with 
the  count  de  Gace,  and  again  in  1719,  as 
an  accomplice  with  the  Spanish  ambas- 
sador, in  a  conspiracy  against  the  regent. 
He  distinguished  himself  under  Yillars, 
and  afterwards  at  Kehl,  Philipsburgh, 
Dettingen,   and   Fontenoy ;    conquered 
Minorca,  forced  the  duke  of  Cumber- 
land to  submit  to  the  capitulation   of 
Glosterseven,  and  devastated  the  elec- 
torate of  Hanover.     In  17S1  he  obtained 
the   rank  of  dean  of  the  French  mar- 
shals ;  and  he  concluded  his  long  career, 
varied  as  it  was  with  acts  of  heroism 
and  villany,  in  1788. — Armand  Emanuel 
du  Plessis,  duke  of,  grandson   of  the 
preceding,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1776,  and 
eventually   became    prime   minister   to 
Louis    XVIII.      He  emigrated   at  the 
commencement  of  the   revolution,   en- 
tered the  Russian  service,   and  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  siege  of  Ismail, 
for  which   he  was   rewarded  with   the 
rank  of  major-general.     In  1801  he  re- 
visited   France,   when    Bonap.irte    en- 
deavored to  attach  him  to  his  service; 
but  he  returned  to  Russia,  and  in  1803 
he  was  appointed  governor  of  Odessa, 
Which  city,   by   his  prudent  measures, 


he  raised  from  insignificance  to  tho 
height  of  prosperity.  On  the  restora- 
tion of  the  Bourbons,  he  took  his  seat 
iu  the  chamber  of  peers,  accompanied 
Louis  XVILI.  to  Ghent,  and,  returning 
with  him  to  Paris  after  the  battle  of 
Waterloo,  was  appointed  president  of 
the  council  of  ministers,  and  placed  at 
the  head  of  the  foreign  department. 
He  soon  resigned  his  post,  but  again 
held  the  office  of  prime  minister  in  1820, 
and  d.  1822. 

RICHMOND,  Legh,  a  clergyman,  was 
b.  at  Liverpool,  in  1772,  became  chaplain 
to  the  Lock  hospital,  London,  and  af- 
terwards rector  of  Turvey,  in  Bedford- 
shire. He  is  principally  known  as  tho 
author  of  ''Annals  of  the  Poor,"  con- 
taining the  "  Dairyman's  Daughter," 
and  other  devotional  tales,  written  with 
great  force,  originality,  and  pathos.  Ho 
also  wrote  a  work,  entitled  '*  The  Fa- 
thers of  the  English  Church,"  &c.  D. 
1827. 

RICHTER,  John  Paul  Frederic,  a 
celebrated  German  novelist,  was  b.  in 
Franconia,  in  1763,  studied  at  Leipsic, 
was  intimately  associated  with  Goethe, 
Herder,  and  the  galaxy  of  genius  that 
gave  its  celebrity  to  Weimar,  finally 
settled  at  Baireuth,  and  d.  1825.  His 
works  are  very  numerous.  They  are 
generally  in  the  form  of  romances ;  but 
many  of  them  treat  of  abstruse  questions 
in  philosophy,  mid  with  all  their  singu- 
larity of  style,  evince  the  profoimdcst 
erudition,  infinite  humor,  and  a  richness 
of  imagery  which  have  earned  for  their 
author  the  title  of  "  The  only  One." 
Among  his  most  celebrated  works  are, 
"  Titan,"  "  Hesperus,"  "  Das  Campa- 
ner  Thai,"  "Senna,"  and  "Lcvana," 
and  an  admirable  treatise  on  education. 
RIDER,  W'illiam,  an  English  divine, 
several  years  under-master  of  St.  Paul's 
school,  and  lecturer  of  St.  Vedast,  Foster- 
lane.  He  published  a  "  History  of  En- 
gland," a  ''  Commentary  on  the  Bible," 
and  other  compilations.     D.  1785. 

R1DGELY,  Charles  G.,  was  b.  in 
Baltimore,  Md.,  on  the  2d  July,  1784, 
and  entered  the  navy  on  the  17lh  of 
October,  1799.  He  was  the  first  mid- 
shipman appointed  from  the  city  of 
Baltimore.  He  was  with  Commodore 
Preble  at  the  battle  of  Tripoli,  and  when 
the  expedition  was  fitting  out  to  en- 
deavor to  cut  out  the  American  frigate 
Philadelphia,  then  lying  under  tho 
enemy's  guns,,  and  volunteers  were 
called  for,  he  was  one  of  the  first  to 
offer,  but  was  refused.  Still,  being 
most  anxious  to  participate  in  that  la- 


rik] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


721 


nicntable  expedition,  lie  concealed  him- 
self in  the  boat,  but,  being  discovered, 
returned  to  his  ship.  For  his  gallant 
conduct  in  the  Tripolitan  war  he  re- 
ceived a  gold  medal  from  congress.  D. 
1848. 

KIDLEY,  Gloster,  an  English  divine, 
nnd  a  dramatic  and  theological  writer. 
B.  1702 ;  d.  1774. — James,  his  eldest  son, 
was  aViior  of  "  The  Tales  of  the  Genii1' 
and  some  other  literary  performances. — 
Nicholas,  an  eminent  English  prelate 
and  Protestant  martyr,  was  b.  in  1500, 
at  T\  nodale,  and  educated  at  Cambridge. 
lie  travelled  on  the  Continent,  and,  du- 
ring a  three  years'  absence  from  his 
native  country,  became  acquainted  with 
several  of  the  early  reformers,  whose 
doctrines  he  afterwards  warmly  es- 
poused. Returning  to  Cambridge,  he 
tilled  the  office  of  proctor  to  the  univer- 
sity, and  as  such  protested  against  the 
claims  of  the  papal  see  to  the  supreme 
ecclesiastical  jurisdiction  in  the  realm. 
He  was  also  chosen  public  orator,  be- 
came one  of  the  king's  chaplains,  and 
was  finally  elevated  to  the  see  of  Lon- 
don, where  he  discharged  the  duties  of 
his  office  with  unwearied  diligence.  lie 
was  likewise  employed  in  all  the  most 
important  ecclesiastical  measures  of  that 
reign,  particularly  in  the  compiling  of 
the  liturgy,  and  the  framing  of  the  arti- 
cles of  religion.  But  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  acts  of  his  life  was  that 
of  inciting  King  Edward  to  endow  the 
three  great,  foundations  of  Christ's,  Bar- 
tholomew's, and  St.  Thomas's  hospitals. 
Having  unadvisedly  concurred  in  the 
proclamation  of  Lady  Jane  Grey,  he 
was,  on  the  death  of  Edward,  marked 
out  as  one  of  the  most  prominent  vic- 
tims of  papal  authority;  and  being  con- 
demned, as  a  heretic",  to  the  stake,  he 
suffered,  with  the  venerable  Latimer,  at 
Oxford,  Oct.  15,  1555. 

RIEDESEL,  Frederica  Charlotte 
Louisa,  Baroness,  wife  of  Col.  Riedesel, 
who  commanded  the  troops  at  Bruns- 
wick, employed  in  the  English  service 
in  America,  in  1777,  accompanied  her 
husband,  and  wrote  an  interesting  ac- 
count of  her  adventures,  entitled  "Voy- 
age de  Mission  en  Ainerique,"  &c. 
She  returned  to  Eurdpe  in  1783  ;  and, 
having  lost  her  husband,  fixed  her  res- 
idence at  Berlin,  where  she  d.  in  1S0S. 

RIEDINGER,  John  Elias,  a  cele- 
brated painter  of  animals,  b.  at  Ulm,  in 
Suabia,  in  1695;  d.  1707. 

RIEGO,  Rafael  del,  a  Spanish  pa- 
triot, was  b.  in  the  Asturias,  1785.  The 
enthusiasm  with  which  he  embraced 
61 


the  cause  of  independence  rendered 
him  a  zealous  patriot,  and  a  long  im- 
prisonment in  France  afforded  him 
leisure  to  contemplate  the  miseries  of 
his  countrymen.  Before  he  returned 
to  Spain,  he  visited  Germany  and  En- 
gland. Till  1820  every  effort  for  liberty 
had  been  followed  by  exile,  and  the 
horrors  of  the  inquisition  ;  nearly  all 
the  chiefs  who  favored  liberty  were  in 
confinement :  but  the  valor  "of  Ricgo 
was  at  once  triumphant;  he  delivered 
Quiroga  from  the  hands  of  his  jailers, 
and,  on  the  1st  of  January,  his 'troops 
proclaimed  the  constitution.  General 
O'Donnell  made  his  victory  difficult, 
but  he  was  victorious;  and  in  the  first 
sitting  of  the  eortes,  in  1822,  they  ap- 
pointed him  their  president.  At  the 
height  of  his  glorious  career  his  modera- 
tion was  most  conspicuous  ;  he  avoided 
parade,  and  displayed  real  magnanimity, 
prudence,  and  disinterestedness.  For- 
tune, however,  changed ;  Ferdinand 
VII.  was  reinstated.  He  was  taken 
prisoner  after  the  surrender  of  Cadiz, 
conveyed  to  Madrid,  condemned  to  an 
ignominious  death,  and  suffered,  Nov. 
7,  1823. 

R1ENZT,  Nicholas  Gabrini  de,  a 
native  of  Rome,  who  in  the  14th  century 
obtained  great  celebrity  by  his  attempts 
to  restore  the  republic'.  He  was  of  low 
origin,  but  had  received  a  liberal  edu- 
cation, and  possessed  great  eloquence 
and  lofty  views,  which  induced  his  fel- 
low-citizens to  send  him  as  one  of  their 
deputies  to  Pope  Clement  VI.,  then  at 
Avignon.  Rienzi,  on  this  occasion, 
drew  so  affecting  a  picture  of  the  dis- 
tressed state  r>f  the  city,  that  the  pope 
appointed  him  apostolic  notary,  which 
office  he  discharged  with  great  credit. 
But  while  he  appeared  actuated  by  the 
purest  principles,  he  was  secretly  form- 
ing a  conspiracy  for  the  alteration  of 
the  government,  and  he  let  no  oppor- 
tunity pass  of  exciting  the  discontent 
of  the  people,  by  haranguing  against  the 
nobility  and  the  defects  of  the  public 
administration.  By  these  means  he 
became  the.  idol  of  the  people,  who  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  title  of  tribune, 
with  the  power  of  life  and  death,  and 
all  the  other  attributes  of  sovereignty. 
What  was  more  extraordinary,  the  pope 
confirmed  the  title,  and  Rienzi  for  some 
time  governed  the  city  with  judgment 
and  moderation.  But'  the  intoxication 
of  supreme  power  betrayed  him  into 
extravagances,  and  he  was  expelled,  and 
imprisoned  for  three  years  by  Clement 
VI.     He  was  released  by  Innocent  II., 


722 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[kit 


who  sent  him  again  to  the  Roman  cap- 
ital i.s  governor.  But  Rienzi's  cruelties 
raised  him  now  enemies,  and  lie  was 
massacred  in  1354,  about  seven  years 
after  the  commencement  of  his  extra- 
ordinary career. 

RIGAUP,  IIyacinthe,  an  eminent 
portrait  painter,  was  b.  at  Perpignan,  in 
1668,  and  d.  at  Paris,  1743.  He  met 
with  distinguished  patronage,  and  has 
been  called  the  Vandyke  of  France. — 
Stephen  Peter,  Savilian  professor  of 
astronomy  in  the  university  of  Oxford, 
was  b.  at  Richmond,  in  Surrey,  and 
may  almost  be  said  to  have  been  the 
inheritor  of  scientific  pursuits,  both  his 
father  and  grandfather  having  filled  the 
office  of  observer  in  the  royal  observa- 
tory at  Kew.  His  contributions  to  the 
scientific  works  of  the  day  were  both 
numerous  and  valuable.  B.  1775;  d. 
1839. 

RILEY,  John,  an  eminent  painter,  b. 
in  London,  in  1646.  After  the  death 
of  Sir  Peter  Lely  he  was  appointed 
painter  to  the  king,  and  rose  greatly  in 
public  estimation  ;  but,  according  to  the 
opinion  of  Lord  Orford,  he  was  so  dis- 
trustful of  his  own  merit,  that  his  mod- 
esty and  humility  were  great  impedi- 
ments to  his  advancement.     D.  1691. 

RINGGLI,  Gotiiard,  a  celebrated 
Swiss  artist,  was  b.  at  Zurich,  in  1575, 
and  d.  in  1635. 

RINUCC1NI,  Octavio,  a  Florentine 
poet,  who  went  to  France  with  Mary 
de  Medici,  and  is  said  to  have  been  the 
first  who  invented  the  opera,  or  musical 
drama,  in  the  year  1600.  He  wrote 
three  pieces,  "  Daphne,"  "Eurydice," 
and  "Ariadne."     I).  1621. 

RIO  J  A,  Francisco  de,  an  eminent 
Spanish  poet,  was  b.  in  1600,  and  be- 
came librarian  and  historiographer  to 
Philip  IV.     D.  1659. 

RIPLEY,  George,  an  English  alche- 
mist and  poet,  who  d.  in  1400.  He 
wrote  a  work,  entitled  "  A  Compound 
of  Alchyinie,"  &c,  and  "  Auram  Pota- 
bile,  or  the  Universal  Medicine." 

RIPPEKDA,  John  William,  baron 
de,  a  celebrated  adventurer,  was  b.  of  a 
noble  family  in  Grouingen,  in  16S0  ; 
served  some  time  as  colonel  of  infantry 
in  the  Dutch  army;  an.l,  in  1715,  was 
sent  on  a  mission  to  Spain,  where  he 
acquired  such  an  ascendency  over  Philip 
V.,  that  the  monarch  took  him  into 
hi?  service,  made  him  prime  minister, 
and  created  him  a  duke.  At  length  ho 
fell  into  disgrace,  and  was  imprisoned 
in  the  castle  of  Segovia,  whence  he  es- 
caped in  1728,  and  went  to  England. 


Tn  1731  he  went  to  Morocco,  where  ho 
was  favorably  received  by  Mulcy  Ab- 
dalla,  and  declaring  himself  a  convert 
to  the  Mahometan  religion,  and  taking 
the  name  of  Osman,  he  obtained  the 
chief  command  of  the  Moorish  army  at 
the  siege  of  Ceuta.  But  the  Moors  being 
defeated,  he  fell  from  his  second  eleva- 
tion :  and,  retiring  to  Tctuan,  he  ihero 
d.  in'  1737. 

RIQUET,  Peter  Paul  de,  a  celebrated 
French  civil  engineer,  b.  at  Beziers,  in 
1604.  He  projected  the  noble  canal  of 
Langnedoe,  winch  opens  a  communica- 
tion between  the  Mediterranean  and rthe 
bay  of  Biscay.  It  was  commenced  in 
1666,  and  carried  on  during  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life.  After  his  death, 
which  occurred  in  16S0,  his  two  sons 
completed  it. 

RISDON,  Tristram,  an  English  to- 
pographer ;  author  of  a  "  Description  or 
Survey  of  the  County  of  Devon."  B. 
1530:  d.  1640. 

RITSON,  Isaac,  a  poet  and  miscella- 
neous writer,  was  b.  near  Penrith,  in 
Cumberland,  in  1761 ;  received  a  med- 
ical education  at  Edinburgh  ;  went  to 
London,  where  he  became  an  author  by 
profession  ;  and  d.  in  1789. — Joseph, 
an  English  lawyer  and  antiquary,  was 
b.  at  Stockton/ in  Durham,  in  1752; 
settled  in  London  as  a  conveyancer,  and 
purchased  the  office  of  high-bailiff  of 
the  Savoy  ;  and  d.  in  1803.  As  an  an- 
tiquary, particularly  in  early  English 
poetry,  he  exhibited  much  industry 
and  intelligence  ;  but  his  morbid  sin- 
gularities of  temper,  and  his  avowed 
contempt  for  religion,  more  than  coun- 
terbalanced whatever  merit  he  might 
have  otherwise  possessed.  It  would, 
however,  be  uncharitable  not  to  attrib- 
ute his  imperfections  to  a  species  of 
long  protracted  mental  derangement, 
of  which  distressing  malady  he  d.  in 
1803.  His  principal  publications  are, 
"  A  Collection  of  English  Songs,"  "The 
English  Anthology,"  "  Metrical  Ro- 
mances," "  Biographia  Poetica,"  <&e. 

RITTEXIIOUSE,  David,  a  celebrated 
American  mathematician,  was  b.  in 
Pennsylvania,  in  1732.  In  1769  the 
American  Philosophical  Society  em- 
ployed him  to  observe  the  transit  of 
Venus;  and  he  afterwards  constructed 
an  observatory,  where  he  male  some 
important  discoveries.  After  the  revo- 
lutionary war,  he  was  appointed  director 
of  the  mint  and  treasurer  of  his  native 
province.  He  also  succeeded  Franklin 
as  president  of  tho  Philosophical  so- 
ciety.   D.  1796. 


rob] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


r23 


RITTER,  John  William,  a  celebrated 
Gcrinan  philosopher,  was  b.  at  Samitz, 
in  Silesia,  in  1776.  The  study  of  elec- 
tricity occupied  his  chief  attention  ;  and 
in  1798  he  started  the  idea  that  the 
phenomena  of  animal  life  are  connected 
with  galvanic  action;  but,  though  high- 
ly scientific,  he  advocated  the  reveries 
of  animal  magnetism,  &c.  lie  wrote 
"Phvsico-Medical  Memoirs,"  and  other 
works.     D.  1810. 

RITTERSIIU  YS,  Conrad,  an  eminent 
civilian  and  philologist,  b.  at  Brunswick, 
in  15(50.  He  became  professor  of  law  at 
Altorf;  wrote  some  works  on  civil  law, 
and  notes  upon  Greek  and  Latin  au- 
thors. D.  1*518. — Nicholas,  his  son, 
became  professor  of  feudal  law  at  Al- 
torf, where  he  d.  in  1670.  He  published 
a  collection,  entitled  "G-enealogia  Im- 
peratoruin,  Regum,  Ducuin,  Comitum," 
&c. 

RIVAROI,  Anthony,  count  de,  an 
able  French  writer,  was  b.  at  Bagnois, 
in  Languedoc,  in  1757,  and  d.  at  Berlin, 
in  1801.  His  chief  works  are,  "  Dis- 
cours  sur  l'Universalite  de  la  Langnc 
Franchise,"  "  L' Enter,"  translated  from 
Dante;  "  Lettres  sur  la  Religion  et  la 
Morale,"  "  Petit  Almanach  des  grands 
Honimes,"  and  "  Lettres  a  la  Noblesse 
Framboise." 

RIVAULT,  David,  a  French  mathe- 
matician, b.  at  Laval,  about  1571,  who 
became  tutor  in  mathematics  and  mili- 
tary tactics  to  Louis  XIII. ,  and  was 
Blade  a  counsellor  of  state.     D.  1616. 

RIVAZ,  Petkr  Joseph  de,  a  skilful 
French  mechanist  and  chronologer,  b. 
in  1711.  He  made  a  watch  which  had 
the  singular  property  of  winding  up 
spontaneously,  invented  an  improved 
pendulum,  &e.  He  also  drained  the 
mines  of  Pontpeau,  in  Britany,  and 
made  many  mechanical  discoveries.  D. 
1772. 

RIVIERE,  Mercierdela,  a  celebrated 
French  political  economist,  who  obtained 
the  post  of  counsellor  of  the  parliament 
of  Paris  in  1747  ;  was  afterwards  made 
intendant  of  Martinique  :  and,  on  his 
return,  published  his  noted  work,  enti- 
tled "  L'Ordre  nature!  et  essentiel  des 
Soeietes  Politiques."  The  singularity 
of  his  schemes  and  his  high  pretensions 
were  ridiculed  by  Voltaire,  Grimm,  and 
others  ;  but  had  some  of  his  precau- 
tionary advice  been  attended  to,  it  is 
possible  that  the  revolution,  which  he 
Jived  to  witness,  would  not  have  taken 
place.  D.  1794.— The  Duke  de,  gov- 
ernor of  the  young  duke  of  Bordeaux, 
Was  a  devoted  servant  of  the  Bourbons. 


He  emigrated  with  the  French  princes 
in  17S9,  served  in  the  army  of  Gondii, 
and  became  aid-de-camp  to  the  ex-king 
of  France,  Charles  X.  Seven  times  he 
entered  France  in  disguise,  to  corre- 
spond with  the  friends  of  his  royal 
master;  but  in  1804  he  was  arrested, 
tried,  and  sentenced  to  death,  from 
which  he  escaped  through  the  interces- 
sion of  Josephine,  his  punishment  being 
mitigated  into  an  imprisonment  for  four 
years. 

RIVINUS,  Augustus  Quirinus,  an 
eminent  botanist  and  physician,  whose 
real  name  was  Bacbmann,  was  h.  at 
Leip-ie,  in  1652.     D.  172:5. 

RIZZIO,  David,  the  son  of  a  music 
and  dancing-master  at  Turin,  was  b. 
there  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury. His  musical  abilities  procured 
him  notice  at  the  court  of  Savoy,  while 
his  talents  as  a  linguist  caused  him  to 
be  selected  by  the  ambassador  from  the 
grand  duke  to  Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  as 
a  part  of  his  suite.  In  1564  he  first 
made  his  appearance  at  Holyrood  house, 
where  he  soon  became  so  great  a  favor- 
ite with  the  queen,  that  he  was  ap- 
pointed ber  secretary  for  foreign  lan- 
guages. The  distinction  with  which  he 
was  treated  by  his  royal  mistress  excited 
the  envy  of  the  nobles,  and  the  jealousy 
of  Darnley.  A  conspiracy,  with  the 
king  at  its  head,  was  accordingly  formed 
for  his  destruction  ;  and  before  he  had 
enjoyed  two  years  of  court  favor,  the 
Lord  Ruthven  and  others  of  his  party 
were  introduced  by  Darnley  himself 
into  the  queen's  apartment,  where  they 
assassinated  the  unfortunate  object  of 
their  revenge,  who  fell  at  the  feet  of  his 
royal  mistress,  having  received  no  less 
than  56  stabs  in  her  presence,  1566. 

ROBERT,  Hubert,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1732,  and  may 
be  considered  the  first  artist  of  the 
French  school  who  studied  with  effect 
the  decline  and  ruin  of  the  monuments 
of  ancient  architecture.  D.  1808. — Peter 
Francis  Joseph,  a  French  revolutionary 
statesman,  b.  near  Givet,  in  1743.  Be- 
coming secretary  to  Dan  ton,  he  was 
elected  a  deputy  to  the  convention,  in 
which  he  voted  for  the  death  of  the 
king.  Having  married  Mademoiselle 
Keralio,  he  adopted  the  literary  profes- 
sion, and  wrote  several  political  works. 
— Louise  Felicite  de  Keralio,  his  wife, 
was  b.  at  Paris,  1758,  and  d.  at  Brussels, 
1821.  Among  her  works  were,  "His- 
toire  d' Elizabeth.  Reine  d'Angletcrre," 
"  Amelie  et  Caroline,"  besides  several 
translations  from  English  authors. 


724 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[rob 


ROBERTS,  Emma,  a  lady  of  distin- 
guished literary  talent,  and  an  early 
friend  of  the  ill-fated  Miss  Landon. 
She  was  the  author  of  "  Memoirs  of  the 
Rival  Houses  of  York  and  Lancaster, 
Historical  and  Biographical,"  "  Oriental 
Scenes,  Sketches,  ami  Tales,"  &c.  D. 
at  1'oonah,  in  India,  1840;  the  object  of 
her  mission  thither  having  been  the  fur- 
ther illustration  of  life  and  manners  in 
the  East. 

ROBERTSON,  William,  a  celebrated 
historian,  was  b.  in  1721,  at  Borthwiek, 
where  his  father  was  minister.  Having 
completed  his  theological  studies  at  Ed- 
inburgh, he  obtained  a  license  to  preach, 
and  in  1 7 -"» 3  was  presented  to  the  living 
of  Gladsmtiir,  in  East  Lothian.  He  soon 
became  distinguished  by  his  eloquence 
O'ld.  good  taste  as  a  preacher ;  but  it  was 
not  till  1759  that,  by  his  "History  of 
Scotland,"  he  acquired  a  place  among 
British  classical  writers.  The  distinc- 
tion and  patronage  acquired  by  this 
work,  which  reached  a  fourteenth  edi- 
tion before  his  death,  appeared  in  his 
successive  preferments.  He  became 
chaplain  of  Stirling  castle  in  1759,  king's 
chaplain  in  1761,  principal  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh  in  17(32,  and  his- 
toriographer-royal  of  Scotland  in  1764. 
Notwithstanding  his  numerous  pursuits 
and  official  avocations,  he  found  time  to 
employ  himself  in  his  celebrated  "His- 
tory of  Charles  V.,"  which,  in  1777,  was 
followed  by  the  "History  of  America;" 
and  his  last  publication  was  "An  His- 
torical Disquisition  concerning  the 
Knowledge  which  the  Ancients  had  of 
India."     D.  1793. 

ROBES  PIERRE,  Francis  Maximilian 
Joseph  Isidore,  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated and  most  violent  leaders  of  the 
French  revolution,  was  b.  in  1759,  at 
Arras,  where  his  father  was  a  lawyer. 
He  was  left  an  orphan  at  the  age  of  nine 
years,  but  was  protected  by  the  bishop 
of  Arras,  who  placed  him  at  the  college 
of  Louis  XVI.,  at  Paris.  Returning  to 
his  native  place,  he  became  an  advocate 
in  respectable  practice.  His  political 
career  began  in  178H,  when  he  was  sent 
a  deputy  "from  the  bailiwick  of  Arras  to 
the  states-general.  He  held  a  seat  in  all 
the  subsequent  legislative  bodies,  and 
gradually  acquired  influence  in  them, 
<ind  unbounded  popularity  among  the 
people,  from  whom  he  obtained  tho  title 
of  'the  incorruptible."  It  was  in  the 
convention,  however,  that  he  rose  to 
his  greatest  eminence.  He  was  the  ac- 
knowledged head  of  the  Jacobins,  and, 
after  the"  defeat  of  the  Girondists  and 


Dantonists,  was,  in  a  manner,  the  roier 
of  France.  He  would,  perhaps,  have 
established  his  authority  had  not  some 
of  his  accomplices  discovered  that  ho 
had  devoted  them  to  the  scaffold.  A 
struggle  ensued,  in  which  he  was  de- 
feated, and,  with  many  of  his  partisans, 
he  was  guillotined,  July  9,  1794. 

ROBIN,  Jean,  a  celebrated  French 
botanist,  to  whose  care  the  Jardin  des 
Plantes,  at  Paris,  was  first  confided.  B. 
1550;  d.  1597. 

ROBINS,  Benjamin,  an  English  math- 
ematician of  great  genius  and  eminence, 
was  b.  at  Bath,  1707,  was  a  teacher  of 
mathematics,  became  engineer-general 
to  the  East  India  Company,  wrote 
"New  Principles  of  Gunnery,"  and  was 
the  real  narrator  of  Lord  Anson's 
"Voyage  round  the  World,"  though  it 
was  published  under  the  name  of  Wal- 
ter.    D.  1751. 

ROBINSON,  Anastasia,  a  public  sing- 
er of  some  eminence  in  the  early  part  of 
the  last  century,  who  quitted  the  stage 
in  consequence  of  her  marriage  with  the 
earl  of  Peterborough.  D.  1750.— Mary,  a 
poetess  and  miscellaneous  writer,  whose 
maiden  name  was  Darby,  was  b.  1758, 
at  Bristol.  At  the  age  of  15  she  was 
married  to  an  attorney  of  the  name  of 
Robinson,  which  precipitate  step  appears 
to  have  hnbittered  the  rest  of  her  life. 
Being  reduced  in  circumstances,  she  had 
recourse  to  the  stage,  and  made  her  first 
appearance  at  Drury-lane,  in  the  charac- 
ter of  Juliet,  in  which  she  was  instructed 
by  Mr.  Garriek.  Her  reception  was  very 
flattering,  and  she  continued  to  perform 
in  various  characters  till  her  represen- 
tation of  Perdita,  in  the  "  Winter's 
Talc,"  when  her  beauty  attracted  the 
admiration  of  the  prince  of  Wales,  (af- 
terwards George  IV.,)  in  consequence 
of  which  she  quitted  the  stage,  and  be- 
came his  mistress.  This  connection, 
however,  was  but  of  short  duration.  In 
1784  she  had  the  misfortune  to  be  at- 
tacked by  a  violent  rheumatism,  which 
progressively  deprived  her  of  the  use  of 
her  limbs,  and  she  was  partly  depend- 
ent on  her  pen  for  the  means  of  living. 
She  wrote  a  number  of  poetical  pieces 
under  the  name  of  Laura  Maria;  be- 
sides which  she  was  the  author  of  "  Van- 
eenza,"  a  romance;  "Poems,"  "  Wal- 
singham,"  a  novel;  her  "Memoirs," 
&e.  D.  1800.— Richard,  archbishop  of 
Armagh  and  Baron  Rokeby,  was  b.  in 
Yorkshire,  in  1709,  and  d.  in  1794.  The 
archbishop,  besides  building  a  palace  at 
Armagh,  with  an  observatory,  founded 
a  school   and   a   public    library    there. 


roc] 


CYCLOP/EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


725 


which  last  he  furnished  with  a  large  col- 
lection of  books,  and  left  a  liberal  en- 
dowment for  its  support.  lie  also 
erected  four  new  churches  in  his  dio- 
cese.— John,  minister  of  the  church  in 
Holland,  to  which  the  first  settlers  of 
New  England  belonged,  was  b.  in  Great 
Britain  in  1575,  and  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge. In  lii02  he  became  pastor  of  a 
dissenting  congregation  in  the  north  of 
England,  and  removed  with  them  to 
Holland  in  1008.  It  was  his  intention  to 
follow  his  congregation  to  the  new  world, 
but  his  sudden  death  in  1(525  prevented. 
ROB  KOY,  which  signifies  Robert  the 
Red,  was  a  celebrated  Highland  free- 
booter, whose  true  name  was  Robert 
Macgregor,  but  who  assumed  that  of 
Campbell,  on  account  of  the  outlawry  of 
the  elan  Macgregor  by  the  Scotch  par- 
liament, in  11362.  He  was  b.  about  1(360, 
and  was  the  younger  son  of  Donald 
Macgregor  of  Glengyle,  said  to  have 
been  a  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  service 
of  James  II.,  by  his  wife,  a  daughter  of 
Campbell  of  Glenfalloch.  Like  other 
Highland  gentlemen,  Rob  Roy  was  a 
trader  in  cattle  previous  to  the  rebellion 
of  1715,  in  which  he  joined  the  adhe- 
rents of  the  Pretender.  On  the  sup- 
pression of  the  rebellion,  the  duke  of 
Montrose,  with  whom  Rob  Roy  had 
previously  had  a  quarrel,  took  the  op- 
portunity to  deprive  him  of  his  estates  ; 
and  the  latter  began  to  indemnity  him- 
self by  a  war  of  reprisals  upon  the  prop- 
erty of  the  duke.  An  English  garrison 
was  stationed  at  Inversnaird,  near  Aber- 
foyle,  the  residence  of  Rob  Roy  ;  but  his 
activity  and  courage  saved  him  from  the 
hands  of  his  enemies,  from  whom  he 
continued  for  some  time  to  levy  black 
mail.  The  time  of  his  death  is  uncer- 
tain, but  he  is  known  to  have  survived 
the  year  1733,  and  d.at  a  very  advanced 
age. 

ROBSON,  George  Fennel,  an  emi- 
nent draughtsman  and  landscape  paint- 
er in  water-colors,  was  b.  at  Durham, 
and  d.  1833. 

ROCIIAMBEAU,  Jean  Baptists  Do- 
vatien  »K  Vimelr,  count  de,  marshal 
»f  France,  was  b.  at  Vendome,  in  1725, 
and  entered  the  army  at  the  age  of  16. 
In  1746  he  became  aid-de-camp  to  Louis 
Philippe,  duke  of  Orleans;  and  after- 
wards obtaining  the  command  of  the 
regiment  of  La  Marche,  distinguished 
aimself  at  the  battle  of  Lafeldt,  where 
he  was  wounded:  obtained  fresh  laurels 
a.t  Creveldt,  Minden,  Corbach,  and  Clos- 
tercamp  ;  and,  having  been  made  lieu- 
tenant-general, was,  in  1780,  sent  with 
61* 


an  army  of  0000  men  to  the  assistance  of 
the  United  States  of  America.  Having 
disembarked  in  Rhode  Island,  he  acted 
in  concert  with  Washington,  first  against 
Clinton,  in  New  York,  and  then  against 
Cornwallis,  Rochambcau  was  raised  to 
the  rank  of  marshal  by  Louis  XVI., 
and,  after  the  revolution  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  the  army  of 
the  north  ;  but  he  was  superseded  by 
more  active  officers,  and,  being  calum- 
niated by  the  popular  journalists,  ho 
addressed  to  the  legislative  assembly  a 
vindication  of  his  conduct.  A  decree 
of  approbation  was  consequently  passed 
in  May,  1792,  and  he  retired  to  his 
estate,  near  Vendome,  with  a  determi- 
nation to  interfere  no  more  with  public 
affairs.  He  was  subsequently  arrested, 
and  narrowly  escaped  suffering  death 
under  the  tyranny  of  Robespierre.  In 
1803  he  was  presented  to  Bonaparte, 
who  granted  him  a  pension,  and  the 
cross  of  grand  officer  of  the  legion  of 
honor.     D.  1807. 

ROCHE,  Rkgina  Maria,  a  novelist, 
whose  productions  were  very  popular 
in  their  day,  was  b.  1765.  Among  her 
fictions  were  "  The  Children  of  the  Ab- 
bey," a  great  favorite  also;  "The  Noc- 
turnal Visit,"  "The  Monastery  of  St 
Columb,"  and  many  others.  But  they 
have  almost  faded  from  the  memory,  or 
been  overwhelmed  by  the  myriad  vol- 
umes which  have  succeeded  them.  D. 
1845. 

ROCHESTER,  John  Wilmot,  earl  of, 
a  witty  and  profligate  nobleman  of  the 
court  of  Charles  II.,  was  b.  1648,  and, 
on  the  death  of  his  father,  succeeded  to 
his  titles  and  estates,  the  latter  of  which, 
by  extravagance,  he  soon  dissipated. 
He  became  the  personal  friend  and  fa- 
vorite of  his  sovereign,  who  is  said  to 
have  encouraged  and  shared  many  of 
his  exploits.  The  levity  of  his  disposi- 
tion frequently  brought  him  into  dis- 
grace, and  he  was  more  than  oneo 
forbidden  the  royal  presence  :  his  com- 
panionable qualities,  however,  which 
made  him  necessary  to  the  amusement 
of  his  master,  prevented  his  occasional 
exile  from  being  ever  of  long  continu- 
ance. His  constitution  at  length  gavo 
way  under  such  excesses ;  and,  at  the 
age  of  80,  he  was  visited  with  all  the  de- 
bility of  old  age.  He  lingered  for  some 
time  in  this  condition,  and  d.,  professing 
great  penitence  for  his  misspent  life,  ir 
1680.  His  satirical  poems  are  keen,  bu 
their  obscenity  and  impiety  render  then 
alike  dangerous  and  disgusting. 

ROCKINGHAM,    Charles    Watsoh 


726 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[rou 


Wentwortu,  marquis  of,  a  British 
statesman,  b.  1730,  succeeded  his  father 
in  his  titles  ;ind  estates  in  1750,  and  in 
1765  became  first  lord  of  the  treasury. 
American  affairs  formed  at  that  time  a 
leading  subject  of  discussion;  and  Rock- 
ingham took  the  middle  way,  by  repeal- 
ing the  stamp  act,  and  declaring  the 
right  of  Great  Britain  to  tax  the  colonies. 
He  was,  therefore,  deserted  by  some  of 
his  supporters,  and  retired  from  the 
ministry  in  1766.  He  afterwards  acted 
in  concert  with  Chatham,  in  opposition 
to  the  ministry  of  Lord  North ;  on  the 
fall  of  which,  in  1782,  he  was  again 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  administration, 
but  d.  in  the  same  year,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Lord  Shelbnrne. 

RODGERS,  Joiix,  a  commodore  of 
the  United  States  navy,  was  b.  in  Mary- 
land, 1771  ;  served  in  the  merchant 
service  for  several  years,  and  entered 
the  navy  in  1797.  He  first  distinguish- 
ed himselfin  bringing  the  French  frigate 
L'lnsurgente,  captured  by  the  Constel- 
lation, safely  into  port  in  her  dismantled 
condition.  At  St.  Domingo  he  was  of 
great  service  in  savin?  the  white  popu- 
lation from  the  vindictive  fury  of  the 
blacks.  In  1802  ho  was  successful  in  an 
engagement  with  the  largest  frigate  of 
Tripoli.  During  the  late  war  with  En- 
gland his  exploits  were  of  the  most  bril- 
liant kind,  and  useful  to  his  country. 
T>.  1838. 

RODNEY,  George  Bridges,  Lord,  a 
gallant  English  admiral,  was  the  son  of 
Captain  Henry  Rodney,  a  naval  officer. 
He  entered  the  navy  early  in  life,  and 
obtained  the  command  of  a  ship  in  1742. 
In  1749  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
Newfoundland  ;  and  on  his  return,  in 
1753,  married  the  sister  of  the  earl  of 
Northampton.  In  1759  he  was  made 
admiral  of  the  blue;  and  in  the  same 
year  he  destroyed  the  stores  prepared  at 
Havre  de  Grace  for  an  invasion  of  En- 

fland.  In  1761  he  served  on  the  West 
udia  station  with  such  activity  that,  at 
the  conclusion  of  the  war,  he  was  mule 
a  baronet.  In  1768  he  was  elected  into 
parliament  for  Northampton  ;  but  the 
contest  ruined  his  estate,  and  he  found 
it  necessary  to  retire  to  the  Continent. 
The  French  government  made  some 
overtures  to  him,  which  would  have  re- 
cruited his  fortune.  These  he  rejected  ; 
and,  the  fact  having  transpired,  lie  was 
placed  in  command  of  a  squadron,  des- 
tined for  the  Mediterranean.  In  1780 
he  fell  iii  with  Langir  a's  fleet,  off  Cape 
St.  Vincent,  and  completely  defeated  it : 
»ud  on  the  12th  of  April,  1782,  obtained 


a  decisive  victory  over  the  French  fleet 
under  De  Grasse,  capturing  five  and 
sinking  one  of  his  largest  vessels.  A 
barony  and  a  pension  of  £2000  were 
bestowed  upon  him  for  his  services ; 
and  on  his  decease,  in  1792,  a  monu- 
ment was  voted  to  his  memory,  at  the 
national  expense,  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral. 
— Caesar,  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of 
American  independence,  was  b.  at  Dover, 
Maryland,  in  1730.  He  was  sett  as  a 
delegate  to  the  congress  of  1774,  and  re- 
mained in  that  body  till  the  autumn  of 
1776.  He  was  afterwards  president  ol 
his  native  state  for  about  four  years.  D. 
1783. 

RUDOLPH  L,  emperor  of  Germany, 
and  founder  of  the  imperial  house  of 
Austria,  was  b.  in  1218,  being  the  eldest 
son  of  Albert  IV.,  count  of  Ilapsburg 
and  landgrave  of  Alsace.     D.  1291. 

ROEMER,  Olaus,  a  Danish  astrono- 
mer, was  b.  at  Arhusen,  in  Jutland,  in 
1644.  He  studied  at  the  university  of 
Copenhagen,  where  he  applied  so  dili- 
gently to  the  mathematics,  that  he  was 
appointed  tutor  to  the  dauphin  of 
France.  In  1681  he  returned  to  his 
native  place,  and  held  several  consider- 
able offiees  previous  to  his  decease, 
which  took  place  in  1710.  He  made 
many  scientific  discoveries,  the  most 
important  of  which  was  that  of  tho 
velocity  of  light,  from  the  observation 
of  the  eclipses  of  Jupiter's  satellites. 
D.  1710. 

ROGERS,  John,  an  eminent  English 
divine  of  the  16th  century,  was  educated 
at  Cambridge,  and  became  chaplain  tc 
the  factory  at  Antwerp,  where  he  as- 
sisted Tin  lal  and  Coverdale  in  transla- 
ting the  Bible  into  English.  In  the 
reign  of  Edward  VI.  he  returned  to  En- 
gland, and  obtained  a  prebend  in  St. 
Paul's  cathedral.  He  was  the  first  per- 
son executed  in  the  succeeding  reign  on 
the  score  of  his  religion,  being  burnt  at 
Smithrield,  in  1555. 

ROHAN,  Henry-,  duke  of,  a  very  dis- 
tinguished peer  of  France,  b.  in  1579. 
After  the  death  of  Henry  IV.,  in  1610, 
he  became  the  chief  of  the  Huguenots; 
and  having  ably  maintained  three  wars 
against  Louis  XIII.,  procured  a  peace 
upon  advantageous  terms,  1629.  He 
distinguished  himself  also  as  a  political 
writer,  but  at  length  d.  of  wounds  re- 
ceived at  the  battle  of  Rhinfiel  1,  in  1633. 
Anions  his  works  are,  "Memoirs  on 
French  Affairs,"  "The  Perfect  Captain,*' 
and  "  Memoirs  relative  to  the  War  of  the 
Valteline." — His  widow,  Margaret  de 
Betiiune,  daughter  of  the  great  Sully, 


bom] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


72"} 


was- a  courageous  woman,  and  defended 
Castres  against  the  marechal  de  Themi 
lies.  D.  16(50.— Anna  Rohan,  sister  of 
the  duke,  was  distinguished  by  her 
spirit,  learning,  and  piety.  At  the  ta- 
king of  Rochelle,  she  and  her  mother 
refused  to  be  included  in  the  capitula- 
tion, and  were  made  prisoners  of  war. 
D.  1646. 

ROLAND  DE  LA  PLATIERE,  Jean 
Mm:ik,  a  French  statesman,  was  b.  at 
Lyons,  in  1732,  and  held  the  office  of 
inspector-general  of  manufactures  after 
the  commencement  of  the  revolution, 
lie  espoused  the  popular  cause,  and 
becoming  closely  connected  with  the 
Girondist  party,  he  was  made  minister 
of  the  interior  in  1792.  The  downfall 
of  his  party,  in  1793,  exposed  him  to 
proscription,  but  he  found  a  secret  asy- 
lum at  Rouen.  On  hearing,  however, 
of  the  condemnation  and  death  of  his 
wife,  lie  deliberately  slabbed  himself, 
Nov.  15,  1793. — Manon  Jean  Piiilipon, 
wife  of  the  preceding,  b.  at  Paris,  in 
1754,  was  remarkable  for  her  beauty, 
and  received  an  excellent  education. 
After  her  marriage,  in  1779,  Madame 
Roland  took  part  in  the  studies  and 
tasks  of  her  husband,  and  the  revolution 
found  in  her  a  ready  convert  to  its  prin- 
ciples. On  the  appointment  of  her  hus- 
band to  the  ministry,  she  participated 
in  his  official  duties,  writing  and  pre- 
paring many  papers,  and  taking  a  share 
in  the  political  councils  of  the  Girondist 
leaders.  She  was  arrested  on  the  fall 
of  the  party,  and,  when  condemned  to 
death,  conducted  herself  with  great 
firmness,  exclaiming  at  the  time  of  her 
execution,  "O  Liberty,  what  crimes  are 
committed  in  thy  name !"  Her  death 
took  place  Nov.  8,  17J3.  She  wrote 
"An  Appeal  to  Impartial  Posterity," 
and  "  Miscellaneous  Works." 

ROLANDINO,  an  old  Italian  histo- 
rian, was  b.  at  Padua,  in  1200,  and  d.  in 
1278. 

ROLLE,  Dennis,  a  native  of  Devon- 
shire, who  traced  his  descent  from  Rollo, 
first  duke  of  Normandy.  In  1766,  he 
purchased  a  whole  district  in  Florida, 
whither  he  proceeded  with  a  thousand 
persons  to  people  his  new  possessions  ; 
but  through  the  unhealthiness  of  the 
climate,  and  the  desertion  of  those  who 
escaped  disease,  he  soon  found  himself 
without  colonists  and  without  money ; 
so  that,  in  order  to  revisit  England,  he 
was  compelled  to  work  his  passage  back 
in  an  American  vessel.  Ho  was  then 
satisfied  to  live  on  his  paternal  estate, 
had  a  seat  in  the  house  of  commons,  and 


filled  the  office  of  sheriff  for  the  county. 
He  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  the  im- 
provement of  the  condition  of  the  lower 
classes.  D.  1797. — Henky,  an  eminent 
lawyer  and  judge,  was  b.  at  Ilcanton,  in 
Devonshire,  in  1589,  and  educated  at 
Exeter  college,  Oxford;  after  which  he 
became  a  student  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
and  was  called  to  the  bar.  In  1640  he 
was  made  a  scrgeant-at-law,  and  in  1648 
he  accepted  the  office  of  chief  justice  of 
the  court  of  King's  Bench.  He  wrote 
"Reports,"  ami  "An  Abridgment  of 
Cases  and  Resolutions  of  the  Law,' 
which  was  published  by  Sir  Matthew 
Hale.  ' 

ROLLTN,  Charles,  an  eminent  his- 
torian, b.  at  Paris,  in  1R61.  He  was  in- 
tended for  business,  but  his  talents 
obtained  the  notice  of  a  learned  Bene- 
dictine, by  which  he  was  enabled  to 
gratify  his  inclination  for  learning. 
After  sroincr  through  a  course  of  theology 
at  the  Sorbonne,  he  received  the  tonsure, 
and  was  twice  chosen  rector  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Paris.  When  elected  a  third 
time,  he  was  deprived  of  his  situation 
by  the  intrigues  of  the  Jesuits;  but  lie 
employed  his  leisure  in  composing  his 
excellent  work,  "On  the  Manner  of 
Studying  and  Teaching  the  Belles  Let- 
tres."  This  was  followed  by  his  "An- 
cient History,"  and  nine  volumes  of  the 
"Roman  History."     D.  1741. 

ROMILLY,  Sir  Samuel,  a  celebrated 
English  advocate,  and  M.P.  for  West- 
minster, (descended  from  a  Protestant 
family,  who  left  France  after  the  edict 
of  Nantes,)  was  b.  in  London,  in  1757, 
and  placed  in  the  office  of  a  solicitor, 
which  he  quitted  to  study  for  the  bar. 
Called  in  1783,  for  some  years  his  prac- 
tice was  chiefly  confined  to  draughts  in 
equity;  but  he  gradually  rose  to  dis- 
tinction in  the  court  of  chancery,  and 
ultimately  took  the  lead,  beinsr  equally 
distinguished  by  profound  information 
and  forcible  eloquence.  His  general 
politics  agreeing  with  those  of  the 
Whigs,  he  was,  during  the  short  ad- 
ministration of  Mr.  Fox  in  1S06,  ap- 
pointed to  the  office  of  solicitor-general, 
and  knighted.  He  was  particularly  dis- 
tinguished by  the  eloquence  with  which 
he  pleaded  the  necessity  of  a  revision 
of  the  criminal  code;  or  which  subject 
he  also  composed  a  very  able  pamphlet, 
entitled  "Observations  on  the  Criminal 
Law  of  England."  His  knowledge  of 
the  law,  his  great  talents,  and  his  known 
integrity,  rendered  him  the  highest  au- 
thority of  his  time.  This  good  and  use- 
ful man  was,  by  the  death  of  his  b«- 


728 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


"[ros 


loved  wife,  afflicted  with  a  brain  fever, 
and,  during  a  paroxysm,  he  put  an  cud 
to  his  valuable  lite,  November,  1818. 

ROMNElf,  G-eorge,  an  excellentpaint- 
er,  was  b.  at  Dalton,  in  Lancashire,  in 
1734.  Having  served  his  time  to  an 
artist  named  Steele,  whom  he  soon  sur- 
passed, he  came  to  London  with  a  pic- 
ture of  the  "  Death  of  General  Wolfe," 
which  obtained  the  second  prize  in  the 
exhibition,  and  sold  for  a  considerable 
sum.  After  visiting  Italy  he  returned 
to  London,  where  he  obtained  great 
reputation.     D.  1802. 

ROMULUS,  the  founder  of  Rome, 
and  brother  of  Remus,  was  the  son  of 
Rhea  Sylvia,  daughter  of  Numitor,  king 
of  Alba.     D.  715  B.C. 

RONSARD,  Peter  de,  a  French  ele- 
giac and  epigrammatic  poet,  of  a  noble 
family.     B.  io'24;  d.  1586. 

ROOKE,  Sir  George,  a  gallant  British 
admiral,  was  a  native  of  Kent,  and  b.  in 
1650.  lie  destroyed  the  French  and 
Spanish  fleets  in  Vigo  bay,  in  1702,  and 
captured  several  men  of  war,  and  gal- 
leons; he  also  bore  a  part  in  the  reduc- 
tion of  Gibraltar,  in  1704.  Admiral 
Rooke  was  not  less  distinguished  for 
disinterestedness  than  for  skill  and  in- 
trepidity. He  d.  in  170.",  declaring,  in 
allusion"  to  the  contracted  fortune  he 
left  behind  him,  that,  "though  small, 
it  was  honestly  acquired,  and  had  never 
cost  a  sailor  a  tear,  or  the  nation  a 
farthing." — Laurence,  an  eminent  ge- 
ometrician and  astronomer,  b.  at  Dept- 
ford,  in  Kent,  in  1763  ;  became  astro- 
nomical professor  of  Grcshain  college, 
and  was  o:ie  of  the  original  members  of 
the  Royal  Society.     D.  1662. 

ROSA,  Salvator,  a  celebrated  paint- 
er, poet,  an  1  musician,  was  b.  at  Naples, 
in  1615.  After  studying  under  Frau- 
canzani,  he  became  a  disciple  of  Ribera, 
with  whom  he  went  to  Rome.  But  his 
taste  was  formed  more  from  the  study 
of  nature  among  the  wilds  of  the  Apen- 
nines, than  from  the  lessons  of  other 
artists;  and  he  delighted  in  delineating 
scenes  of  gloomy  grandeur  and  magnifi- 
cence. He  also  wrote  plays,  and  per- 
formed parts  in  thein  ;  besides  which 
he  composed  many  cantatas.  He  was 
liberally  patronized  by  the  grand-duke 
of  Florence  while  residing  in  that  city  ; 
the  Maffei  family  also  proved  great 
friends  to  him,  and  it  was  at  their  scat 
that  he  wrote  his  celebrated  satires.  On 
his  return  to  Koine,  he  executed  many 
pictures  for  churches.  His  principal  merit 
lay  in  the  representation  of  the  wild 
ecenery  of  nature,  storms,  &c.    D.  1673. 


ROSAMOND,  usually  called  Fair 
Rosamond,  was  the  daughter  of  Walter 
de  Clifford,  baron  of  Hereford,  and  the 
favorite  mistress  of  Henry  II.  She  bad 
two  sons  by  Henry  :  William,  called 
Long-sword,  and  Jetfery,  who  became 
archbishop  of  York. 

ROSCIUS,  Quintcs,  a  Roman  actor, 
b.  at  Lanuvium,  was  so  celebrated  for 
his  powers  of  representation,  that  his 
name  has  ever  since  been  the  character- 
istic distinction  of  performers  of  pro- 
eminent  merit.     D.  61  r.c. 

ROSCOE,  William,  an  eminent  biog- 
rapher and  miscellaneous  writer,  whose 
life  affords  a  memorable   instance  of 
what   may  be  effected   by  persevering 
efforts.     Placed  very  early  in  a  lawyer's 
office,  be  found  leisure,  without  neglect- 
ing any  of  the  duties  of  a  clerk,  to  make 
himself  master  of  the  Latin  language, 
so  as  to  translate  the  classics,  and  also 
to  study  other  ancient  languages;  and 
he  then  went  through  the  same  course 
with  the  modern  languages,  reading  the 
best  authors  in  each.    "At  the  ago  of 
16  he  published  "  Mount  Pleasant,"  a 
poem   that  was  well    received.     When 
the    projected    abolition    of   the    slave 
trade  became  a  subject  of  public  discus- 
sion he  warmly  interested  himself  inits 
success;  and  his  "Scriptural  Refutation 
of  a  Pamphlet  on  the  Licitness  of  the 
Slave   Trade,"    and   his   "  Wronsrs   of 
Africn,"  appeared  in  1788.     In  1795  he 
brought  out  that  great  work  on  which 
his   fame   chiefly  rests,  entit'ed    "  The 
Life  of  Lorenzo*  de  Medici."     In  1798 
he   published   "The   Muse,"    a  poem, 
from  the  Italian;  and  in  1805  appeared 
bis  second  great  work,  "The  Life  and 
Pontificate  of  Leo  X.,  the  Son  of  Lo- 
renzo   de    Medici."       He    also    subse- 
quently   wrote    several    political    pam- 
phlets,   and    scientific    treatises.      Mr. 
Roscoe    being    attached    to   the   Whig 
party,  they  supported  him  as  a  candi- 
date to  represent  Liverpool,  and  after  a 
severe  contest  with  General  Tarleton,  in 
1806,  lie  was  returned.    Some  time  pre- 
vious to  this,  he  had  become  a  banker 
at  Liverpool  :  but  the  house,  to  which 
be  belonged  ultimately  failed,  and  his 
private  property  was  wrecked.    D.  1881. 
— Henry,  youngest   son   of  the  prece- 
ding, was  b.  in  1800,   studied  the  law, 
an  1  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1826.    In- 
dependent of  many  "  Digests"  of  dif- 
ferent branches  of  the  law,  he  was  the 
author   of  "  Lives   of  eminent  British 
Lawvers,"  in  Lardner's  Cyclopaedia ;  a 
"  Life  of  his  Father  "  and  the  editor  Oi 
"  North's  Lives."     D.  1836. 


rot] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHf. 


729 


ROSELLTNT,  Tppoltto,  one  of  tlio 
most  celebrated  archaeologists  of  modern 
times,  was  b.  iit  Pisa,  1300;  completed 
his  studies  at  the  university  of  hi.s  native 
town,  in  1821 ;  three  years  later  obtained 
■«he  chair  of  oriental  languages,  which 
he  had  prosecuted  at  Bologna  mean- 
while with  great  zeal  under  the  cele- 
brated Cardinal  Mczzofante.  Having 
made  Egyptian  antiquities  his  peculiar 
study,  he  followed  eagerly  in  the  steps 
of  the  illustrious  Champollion,  whom 
ne  accompanied  first  to  Paris  and  then 
to  Egypt  in  the  prosecution  of  his  re- 
searches; and  on  whose  death  he  un- 
dertook the  publication  of  the  splendid 
work,  the  result  of  their  united  efforts, 
entitled  the  "  Monuments  of  Egvpt  and 
Nubia."  <fcc.     D.  1843. 

ROSENMULLER,  John  George,  a 
celebrated  German  theologian,  was  pro- 
cessor of  theology  at  Erlangen  and 
Leip.-ic,  and  distinguished  himself  as  a 
preacher,  and  by  Ids  activity  in  the 
cause  of  education.  B.  1736  ;  d.  1815. 
— Ervest  Frederic  Charles,  his  son, 
a  distinguished  orientalist,  was  b.  at 
Leipsl.;,  in  176S  ;  in  which  university 
he  became  professor  of  Arabic,  &c,  and 
rendered  important  services  to  oriental 
literature  by  various  learned  works. — 
Another  son,  John  Christian,  celebrated 
as  an  anatomist,  was  b.  at  Hessberg,  in 
1771 ;  became  professor  of  anatomy  and 
surgery  at  Leipsic,  and  d.  in  1820.  He 
was  the  author  of"  Anatomico-Surgical 
Delineations,"  a  "  Manual  of  Anatomy," 
&c. 

ROSS,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Aber- 
deen, was  master  of  the  grammar  school 
at  Southampton,  and  chaplain  to  Charles 
I.  His  works  are  very  numerous ;  the 
most  known  of  which  is,  a  "View  of 
all  Religions."  He  was  also  the  author 
of  a  curious  performance,  called  "  Vir- 
gilius  Evangelizans,"  which  is  a  cento 
on  the  life  of  Christ,  taken  wholly  from 
Virgil.  D.  1654. — Alexander,  a  Scotch 
poet,  b.  in  Aberdeenshire,  in  1699.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Marisehal  college, 
Aberdeen,  and  spent  his  life  in  dis- 
charging the  duties  of  a  parish  school- 
master at  Lochlee,  in  Angusshire.  It 
was  not  till  he  was  nearly  70  years  of 
age  that  he  first  appeared  as  an  author, 
when  he  published  "  Helenore,  or  the 
Fortunate  Shepherdess,"  a  poem  which 
in  the  north  of  Scotland  is  nearly  as 
popular  as  the  writings  of  Ramsay  and 
Burns.  He  was  also  the  author  of  some 
favorite  songs,  and  d.  1784. — -David,  a 
theatrical  perfc*  Tier  at  Drury-lane,  co- 
tomporary  with  Garrick.     Ho  was  edu- 


cated at  "Westminster  school ;  and  hav- 
ing the  advantages  of  a  good  figure  and 
a  classical  education  he  acquired  repu- 
tation both  as  a  tragic  and  a  comic  actor. 
D.  1790. 

ROSSLYN,  Alexander  Wedder- 
hurne,  earl  of,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
statesman,  was  b.  in  Scotland,  in  1733. 
He  received  his  education  at  Edinburgh, 
and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1757.  In 
1771  he  was  appointed  solicitor-general ; 
in  1778,  attorney-general ;  and,  in  1780. 
chief  justice  of  the  common  picas,  wit- 
the  title  of  Lord  Loughborough.  He 
adhered  to  the  party  of  Mr.  Fox  when 
Mr.  Pitt  first  came  into  power  ;  but 
joined  the  administration,  with  many 
others,  under  the  alarm  produced  by 
the  French  revolution  in  1793,  when  he 
succeeded  Lord  Thurlow  as  chancellor, 
which  office  he  held  till  1801,  when  he 
retired  with  the  title  of  the  earl  of  Ross- 
lyn,  and  d.  in  1805. 

"  ROTHSCHILD,  Nathan  Mater,  the 
richest  man  of  the  age,  was  one  of  five 
brothers,  who  by  their  wealth,  connec- 
tions, and  financial  skill  have  for  years 
exercised  a  great  control  over  the  mon- 
eyed, commercial,  and  political  interests 
of  Europe.  Mayer  Anselm,  their  father, 
and  the  founder  of  the  house  of  Roth- 
schild, was  born  at  Frankfort.  Though 
educated  for  the  priesthood,  he  turned 
his  attention  to  commerce,  became  emi- 
nent as  a  banker,  and  being  trusted  with 
the  most  important  affairs  by  the  land- 
grave of  Hesse  during  the  dominion  of 
Napoleon  in  Germany,  he  executed  his 
trusts  so  faithfully  and  successfully,  that 
his  house  ranked  among  the  most  cele- 
brated on  the  Continent.  Mayer  Anselm 
died  in  1812,  leaving  for  inheritance  to 
his  sons  the  example  of  his  life  and  wise 
counsels,  an  immense  fortune,  and  un- 
bounded credit ;  and  they,  by  combining 
their  operations,  and  always  acting  in 
concert,  formed  among  themselves  an 
invincible  phalanx,  whose  power  at 
one  time  was  sufficient  to  influence  the 
counsels  of  a  mighty  empire,  and  to 
regulate  its  financial  operations.  Their 
names  and  residences  were  as  follow : 
Anselm,  at  Frankfort;  Solomon,  at 
Berlin  and  Vienna;  Nathan  Mayer, 
at  London ;  Charles,  at  Naples  ;  and 
James,  at  Paris.  N.  M.  Rothschild  went 
to  England  in  1S00,  where  he  acted  as 
acrent  for  his  father  in  the  purchase  of 
Manchester  goods  for  the  Continent. 
Shortly  afterwards  through  the  agency 
of  his  father,  for  the  elector  of  Hesso 
Cassel  and  other  German  princes,  ha 
had  large  sums  placed  at  his  disposal 


700 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHT. 


[noo 


which  lie  employed  with  such  extraor- 
dinary judgment,  that  his  means  went 
on  at  a.  rapid  rate  of  accumulation.  Be- 
sides the  essential  co-operation  of  his 
brothers,  he  had  agencies  in  almost 
every  city  in  the  world,  with  hosts  of 
minor  dependent  capitalists  who  parti- 
cipated in  his  loans,  who  placed  implicit 
confidence  in  the  family,  and  were  ready 
at  all  times  to  embark  with  them  in  any 
operation  that  was  proposed.  D.  183(5. 
ROTTECK,  Chaiiles  von,  a  celebrated 
modern  historian,  was  born  at  Freiburg, 
in  Baden,  in  1775.  Carefully  educated 
under  the  care  of  his  father,  who  had 
been  ennobled  for  his  medical  skill,  he 
joined  the  university  of  his  native  town 
in  1790  as  a  law  student;  and  eight 
years  later  he  obtained  the  chair  of  his- 
tory, where  his  lectures  laid  the  found- 
ation of  the  great  historical  work  which 
has  secured  him  so  high  a  place  among 
the  historians  of  Europe.  In  1818  he 
exchanged  the  chair  of  history  for  that 
of  politics  and  the  law  of  nations  ;  in 
1819  he  was  chosen  member  for  the  uni- 
versity in  the  first  chamber  of  the  states 
of  Baden  ;  and  the  liberal  tenor  of  his 
lectures  and  speeches  was  well  seconded 
by  numerous  able  works  which  flowed 
from  his  pen  on  various  constitutional 
questions.  The  outbreak  of  the  French 
revolution  in  1830  having  given  fresh 
vigor  to  his  liberal  views,  he  founded 
several  journals  to  enunciate  and  propa- 
gate his  opinions ;  but  his  zcai  was 
viewed  with  a  jealous  eye  by  the  govern- 
ment, which  not  only  deprived  him  of 
his  chair  in  1832,  but  interdicted  him 
from  editing  any  political  journal  for 
five  years,  and  sought  in  various  other 
ways  to  thwart  his  designs;  Henceforth 
he  was  regarded  as  a  martyr  to  the  liber- 
al cause  ;  his  name  became  a  watchword 
to  the  opposition  ;  and  though  in  1848 
he  was  restored  triumphantly  to  the 
enjoyment  of  his  previous  rights,  the 
redress  came  too  late,  for  he  d.  the  same 
year.  His  fame  chiefly  rests  upon  bis 
"  Allgcmeine  Welt-Geschiehte,"  which 
has  been  translated  into  nearly  every 
European  language. 

ROUBILLIAC,  Louis  Francis,  an 
eminent  sculptor,  was  a  native  of  Ly- 
ons, but  came  to  England  in  the  reign  of 
George  I.,  and  was  employed  on  several 
great  works ;  among  which  are,  the 
monument  of  the  duke  of  Argyle,  in 
Westminster  abbey;  the  statue  of 
Handel,  at  Vanxhall ;  that  of  Sir  Isaac 
Newton,  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge  ; 
and  many  other  statues  and  monuments 
in  various   parts  of  the  kingdom.    He 


long  stood  at  the  head  of  his  profession, 
and  had  also  a  talent  for  poetry.  D.  1762. 

ROUELLE,  William  Francis,  one  of 
the  earliest  of  the  modern  chemists  in 
France,  was  born  at  Caen,  in  1703. 
Having  devoted  great  attention  to  chem- 
ical science,  botany,  and  pharmacy,  he 
settled  at  Paris  as  an  apothecary,  and 
afterwards  became  professor  of  chemist- 
ry, at  the  royal  botanic  garden.  He 
also  held  the  office  of  inspector-general 
of  pharmacy  at  the  Hotel  Dieu,  and  was 
a  popular  lecturer.  D.  1770. — Hilary 
Marinu9,  his  brother,  who  was  a  clever 
experimental  philosopher,  assisted  him 
in  his  lectures,  and  succeeded  him  as 
professor  at  the  royal  garden.  B.  171S; 
d.  1779. 

ROUSSEAU,  Jacques,  a  French  paint- 
er, b.  at  Paris,  in  1630.  He  studied  in 
Italy,  where  he  acquired  great  skill  in 
his  art;  and,  returning  to  France,  was  • 
employed  by  Louis  XIV.  He  afterwards 
went  to  England,  and  painted  many  ex- 
cellent pictures.  D.  1694. — Jean  Bap- 
tiste,  a  distinguished  lyric  poet,  was  b. 
at  Paris,  in  1669.  His 'father,  though  a 
shoemaker,  gave  him  a  liberal  education, 
ami  at  an  early  period  he  displayed  a 
decided  taste  for  poetry.  In  1688  he 
became  page  to  the  French  minister  at 
the  court  of  Denmark ;  after  which  he 
was  secretary  to  Marshal  Tallard,  in  his 
embassy  to  England.  In  1701  he  was 
admitted  into  the  academy  of  inscrip- 
tions ;  but,  in  1712,  he  was  banished 
from  France,  on  the  charge  of  writing 
some  grossly  libellous  verses,  which, 
during  the  remainder  of  his  life,  and 
even  in  his  last  moments,  he  solemnly 
declared  were  forgeries,  devised  for  his 
ruin. — Jean  Jacques,  one  of  the  most 
eloquent  writers  and  singular  charac- 
ters of  the  age,  was  the  son  of  a  watch- 
maker at  Geneva,  where  he  was  b.  in 
1712.  Leaving  school  he  was  first  placed 
with  an  attorney,  who  soon  dismissed 
him  for  negligence;  he  was  then  ap- 
prenticed to  an  engraver,  from  whom 
lie  ran  away  before  he  was  16,  and  wan- 
dered about  for  some  time  in  Savoy, 
where  he  was  saved  from  starving  by  a 
priest,  and  placed  in  a  monastery.  It 
was  not  long,  however,  before  he  found 
means  to  escape  from  this  restraint,  and 
a  new  scene  awaited  him.  The  noted 
madame  de  Warcns,  a  recent  convert  to 
the  Catholic  church,  who  had  left  her 
husband  at  Lausanne  for  the  pious  work 
of  proselytism,  took  him  under  her  es- 
pecial protection,  caused  him  to  be 
instructed  in  science  and  music,  and 
continued  to  live  with  him,  at  intervals, 


rot] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


r3i 


on  terms  of  more  intimacy  than  deli- 
cacy, lor  about  eight  years.  At  length 
he  left  his  once  agreeable  benefactress  ; 
but  was  so  fortunate  as  to  obtain  the 
place  of  secretary  to  the  French  ambas- 
sador in  Venice,  in  1742.  But  it  was 
not  till  1750  that  lie  manifested  his 
splendid  literary  talents.  In  that  year 
'ie  gained  the  prize  ottered  by  the  acad- 
emy of  Dijon,  on  the  question,  "  Whether 
the  revival  of  learning  lias  contributed 
to  the  improvement  of  morals," — taking 
the  negative  side  of  the  question,  it  is 
said,  at  the  suggestion  of  Diderot.  From 
this  period  his  pen  became  fertile  and 

Eoptilar.  He  soon  after  brought  out 
is  "  Devin  du  Village,?'  a  comic  opera, 
of  which  he  had  himself  composed  the 
music.  This  piece  was  received  with 
general  favor,  and  the  author  was  almost 
worshipped  by  the  French  ;  but  the  ap- 
pearance of  his  celebrated  "Letter  on 
French  Music,"  1753,  in  which  he 
pointed  out  its  defects,  excited  a  general 
storm.  Singers  and  connoisseurs,  who 
could  not  wield  the  pen,  contributed  to 
spread  calumnies,  pasquinades,  and 
caricatures  against  the  author,  who  re- 
tired to  Geneva.  By  his  change  of  re- 
ligion he  had  lost  the  rights  of  a  citizen. 
He  now  again  embraced  Protestantism, 
and  was  formally  reinstated  in  the  privi- 
leges of  a  free  citizen  of  Geneva.  From 
Geneva,  Rousseau  went  to  Chamberry, 
where  he  wrote  his  essay,  "Sur  l'lnega- 
lite  parmi  les  Homines, "  which  excited 
still  more  sensation  than  his  prize  essay. 
In  1760  he  published  "Julie,  ou  la  Nou- 
velle  Heloise,"  a  romance,  of  the  most 
seductive  description.  His  next  work, 
entitled  "  Du  Contrat  Social,"  was  pro- 
hibited, both  in  France  and  Switzerland. 
This  treatise  was  followed,  in  1762,  by 
"Emile,  ou  de  l'Education  ;"  which  was 
anathematized  by  the  archbishop  of 
Paris,  and  ordered  to  be  burnt  by  the 
parliament  of  Paris  and  the  authorities 
of  Geneva.  Obliged  to  flee  from  France 
and  Switzerland,  the  author  took  shelter 
in  the  principality  of  Neufchatel,  where 
he  published  his  "  Letter  to  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Paris,"  and  "  Lettres  de  la 
Montague, "  a  remonstrance  against  the 
proceedings  of  the  Genevese  republic, 
the  citizenship  of  which  he  renounced. 
Thenceforth  his  existence  was  passed 
in  frequent  changes  of  place,  to  escape 
real  or  fancied  persecution,  and  in  sus- 
pecting all  his  friends  of  insulting  and 
conspiring  against  him.     D.  1778. 

ROWAN,  John,  an  eminent  jurist 
and  statesman,  b.  in  Virginia,  1773, 
but   early    went  to    Kentucky,    where 


he  immediately  attained  the  highest 
rank  at  the  Western  bar.  In  1799  he 
was  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
framed  the  constitution  of  the  state, 
in  1804  was  made  secretary  of  state, 
in  1806  was  elected  to  congress,  and 
in  1819  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals, 
and  in  1824  senator  of  the  United  States. 
In  all  these  positions  he  took  a  leading 
part.     D.  1843. 

ROWE,  Elizabeth,  a  lady  distin- 
guished for  her  piety  and  learning,  was 
the  daughter  of  a  dissenting  minister 
named  Singer,  and  was  b.  at  Ilchester, 
1674.  Her  principal  works  are,  "Friend- 
ship in  Death,"  "  Letters,  Moral  and 
Entertaining,  in  Prose  and  Verse,"  the 
"  History  of  Joseph,"  a  poem,  and 
"  Devout  Exercises  of  the  Heart."  D. 
1737. — Nicholas,  a  poet  and  dramatist, 
whose  father  was  a  sertreant-at-law,  was 
b.  in  1673,  at  Little  Bcrkford,  in  Bed- 
fordshire; was  educated  at  Westmin- 
ster school,  and  was  intended  for  the 
bar;  but  on  the  death  of  his  father  lie 
gave  up  all  thoughts  of  the  profession, 
and  devoted  himself  to  the  cultivation 
of  literature.  His  first  tragedy,  which 
he.  published  when  he  was  24,  was 
"The  Ambitious  Stepmother,"  and  its 
success  gave  him  encouragement  to  pro- 
ceed. It  was  followed  bv  "  Tamerlane," 
"The  Fair  Penitent,"  "Ulysses,"  "The 
Royal  Convert,"  "Jane  Shore,"  "Lady 
Jane  Grey,"  and  a  comedy  called  "The 
Biter."      He   also   wrote  "miscellaneous 

Eoems,  and  the  "Life  of  Shakspeare ;" 
ut  his  principal  performance  is  a  trans- 
lation of  Lucan's  "  Pharsalia."  On  the 
accession  of  George  1.  he  was  made 
poet  laureate,  and  he  also  obtained 
some  government  situations.     D.  1718. 

ROWLANDSON,  Thomas,  an  artist 
celebrated  for  his  skill  in  caricature,  was 
b.  in  London,  1756.  He  studied  draw- 
ing at  Paris,  and,  on  his  return,  availed 
himself  of  the  advantages  which  an 
attendance  at  the  Royal  Academy  af- 
forded him ;  rose  to  some  degree  of 
eminence  in  his  profession,  and  d.  1827. 
Among  his  works  are  the  plates  to  "  Dr. 
Syntax,"  "The  Dance  of  Life,"  and 
"'The  Dance  of  Death." 

ROWLEY,  William,  a  dramatic  wri- 
ter in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth. — ■ 
There  was  also  a  Samuel  Rowley  of  the 
same  period,  who  wrote  two  historical 
plays. — William,  an  eminent  physician, 
b.  in  London,  in  1743.  He  wrote 
"Schola  Medicinse  universalis  nova," 
and  several  tracts  on  medical  subjects. 
D.  1806. 

ROY,  Julian  le,  a  celebrated  clock 


732 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[rud 


and  watch  maker,  -was  b.  at  Tours,  in 
1686.  When  very  young,  he  showed  a 
decided  partiality  tor  mechanical  pur- 
suits, and  acquired  the  reputation  of 
being  a  first-rate  horologist.  D.  1759. 
— Peter  le  Roy,  his  son,  was  watch- 
maker to  the  king,  and  d.  in  178").  He 
published  "Memoires  pour  les  Horolo- 
gers  de  Paris,"  "  Etrennes  Chronome- 
triques,"  &c. — Julian  David,  another 
son,  became  a  member  of  the  National 
Institute,  and  attached  himself  to  archi- 
tecture. He  wrote  "On  the  Ruins  of 
the  finest  Monuments  of  Greece,"  "  On 
the  Construction  of  Christian  Temples," 
&c. — Peter  Charles,  a  French  satirist 
and  dramatic  poet,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in 
1683.  His  principal  pieces  adapted  for 
theatrical  representation  arc,  the  operas 
of  "Ca'ilirhoe"  and  "  Semiramis,"  the 
ballets  of  "  The  Elements,"  and  "The 
Senses."  and  the  comedy  of  "  The 
Captives,"  imitated  from  Plautus.  D. 
1764. 

ROYER-COLLARD,  Pierre  Paul,  a 
distinguished  French  statesman  and 
philosopher,  was  b.  at  Sommepuis, 
176-3.  Not  long  after  his  admission  to 
the  bar  at  Paris,  he  embraced  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  revolution  in  178'J;  but  he 
soon  became  disgusted  with  the  scenes 
of  violence  that  prevailed,  and  after  an 
abortive  attempt  to  aid  the  cause  of  the 
royalists,  he  bade  adieu  for  a  time  to 
politics,  and  gave  himself  up  wholly  to 
literary  pursuits.  In  1810  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  a  chair  of  literature  and  phi- 
losophy. After  the  restoration  he  once 
more  entered  upon  a  political  career, 
and  gradually  rose  in  public  favor  by  his 
sagacity,  moderation,  and  honesty,  till 
in  1828  he  was  nominated  president  of 
the  chamber  of  deputies,  of  which  he 
had  long  been  a  member,  but  retired 
from  this  office  in  1830.  He  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  school  of  politicians 
in  France  known  by  the  name  of  Doc- 
trinaires; and  as  a  philosopher  he  lias 
well-founded  claims  to  esteem  for  hav- 
ing introduced  in  France  that  system 
of"  philosophy  so  clearly  illustrated  by 
Cousin,  Joutfroy,  and  Damiron.  and 
which  bears  so  close  an  analogy  to  that 
of  Reid  and  the  other  Scotch  philoso- 
phers.    D.  184). 

ROZEE,  Mademoiselle,  an  ingenious 
artist,  was  b.  at  Leyden,  in  1632.  She 
neither  used  oil  nor  water  colors  in  her 
pictures,  but  silk  floss  on  the  ground, 
disposed  according  to  the  different  de- 
grees of  the  bright  and  dark  tints, 
which  she  applied  with  great  judgment 
and  taste.     In  this  manner  she  executed 


historical  subjects,  landscapes,  and  por- 
traits.    D.  1682. 

RUBENS,    Peter    Paul,    the    most 
distinguished   painter   ot    the   Flemish 
school,  was  b.  at  Antwerp,  in  1577.    Ha 
received   an  excellent  education  ;  and, 
after  studying  in  his  own  country,  he 
went  to  Italy,  where  he  greatly  improv- 
ed himself  after  the  works  of  the  best 
masters,  but  chiefly  Titian.     While  in 
Italy,  he  was  employed  by  the  duke  of 
Mantua,  not  only  as  an  artist,  bnt  on  an 
embassy   to   Madrid.     In    1620  he  was 
employed    by    the    Princess    Mary   do 
Medici  to  adorn  the  gallery  of  the  Lux- 
embourg with  a  series  of  paintings,  illus- 
trative  of  the  principal   scenes   of  her 
life.     While  thus  engaged,   he  became 
known   to   the   duke'  of  Buckingham, 
who  purchased  his  museum  for  £10,000. 
He   was    afterwards   employed   by   the 
Infanta  Isabella  and  the  king  of  Spain, 
in  some  important  negotiations,  which 
he  executed  with  such  credit  as  to  be 
appointed  secretary  of  the  privy  council. 
On  going  to  England  with  a  commission 
from  the  king  of  Spain,  he  obtained  the 
favor    of  Charles    I.     While    there   he 
painted  the  Apotheosis  of  James  1.  and 
the  picture  of  Charles  I.  as  St.  George; 
for  which  he  was  knighted,  and  received 
a  chain  of  gold.     D.'at  Antwerp,  1640. 
Rubens,    beyond   all    comparison,    was 
the  most  rapid  of  the  great  masters ; 
and,  according  to  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds, 
he  was  the  greatest  master  of  the  me- 
chanical part  of  his  art  that  ever  existed. 
— Albert,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  b. 
at  Antwerp,  in  1614.     He  succeeded  his 
father  as  secretary  to  the  council,  and 
was  greatly  esteemed  by  the  Archduke 
Leopold,  governor  of  the   Low  Conn- 
tries.      D.  1657.      He  wrote    "  De    Ro 
Vcstiaria  Veternm,"  "  Regum  et  Impe- 
ratornm  Romanorum  Numismata,"  "De 
Vita  Flavii  Manlii  Theodori,"  &e. 

RUD  DIM  AN,  Thomas,  a  distinguish- 
ed grammarian  and  critic,  was  b.  1674, 
at  Boyndic,  in  Banffshire;  was  educated 
at  King's  college,  Aberdeen;  became  as- 
sistant-keeper" of  the  advocates'  library 
at  Edinburgh;  set  up  a  printinsr-offico 
in  conjunction  with  his  brother;  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  earliest  library 
societv  in  Scotland,  in  1718,  and  d.  1757. 
His  "Rudiments  of  the  Latin  Tongue," 
long  used  as  an  elementary  book  in 
schools,  is  the  most  popular  of  his  pro- 
ductions; but  he  wrote  other  grammat- 
ical works,  and  was  the  editor  of  the 
works  of  George  Buchanan,  in  Latin. 
He  also  established  the  "Caledonian 
Mercury." 


ausj 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


733 


RUFFIIEAD,  Owen,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  b.  in  London,  about  1723; 
sntcred  at  the  Middle  Temple,  and  was 
called  to  the  bar;  published  an  edition 
of  the  statutes,  and  conducted  a  period- 
ical paper,  called  the  "Contest."  He 
also  wrote  the  "  Life  of  Pope,"  &c.  D. 
1769. 

RUFINUS,  by  some  called  Toranius, 
a  priest  of  Aquileia,  in  the  4th  century. 
He  became  so  attached  to  St.  Jerome, 
that  he  accompanied  him  to  the  East; 
out  being  persecuted  by  the  Arians 
ander  Valens,  he  was  banished  into 
Palestine,  where  he  founded  a  monas- 
tery on  Mount  Olivet,  and  employed 
himself  in  translating  Greek  authors 
into  Latin.  His  version  of  Origen  gave 
such  offence  to  his  old  acquaintance,  Je- 
rome, that  he  wrote  bitterly  against  him, 
and  Rnfinns  was  cited  to  Rome  by  Pope 
Anastasius,  who  condemned  his  trans- 
lation, upon  which  he  retired  to  Sicily, 
where  he  d.  about  410. 

RUMFORD,  Benjamin  Thompson, 
Count,  was  b.  1753,  at  Rumford,  N.  II., 
and  was  educated  at  Harvard  college. 
During  the  American  war  he  espoused 
the  royal  cause,  obtained  the  rank  of 
colonel,  and  was  knighted.  At  the  close 
of  the  contest  he  entered  the  Bavarian 
service  as  lieutenant-o-eneral,  and  was 
created  a  count,  and  received  the  order 
of  the  white  eagle,  for  the  reforms  which 
he  introduced  into  the  army  and  the  po- 
lice. In  179S  he  visited  England,  where 
he  remained  for  four  years,  and  took  a 
prominent  part  in  founding  the  royal 
institution.  On  his  return  to  the  Con- 
tinent he  married  the  widow  of  Lavoi- 
sier. He  settled  near  Paris,  and  d.  there 
August  21,  1814.  His  experiments  and 
discoveries  are  recorded  in  his  Essays. 

RUMPH,  George  Everaro,  a  botan- 
ist, was  b.  at  Ilanau,  1637.  He  took  his 
doctor's  degree  in  physic,  after  which 
lie  went  as  consul  and  senior  merchant 
to  Amboyna,  where  he  made  valuable 
botanical  collections,  the  results  of  which 
were  published  by  Burmau,  in  1751, 
under  the  title  of  "Herbarium  Amboi- 
nense." 

RUNCTMAN,  Alexander,  a  Scotch 

Eainter,  was  the  son  of  an  architect,  and 
.  at  Edinburgh,  in  1736.  After  serving 
bis  time  to  a  portrait  painter,  he  went 
to  Rome  with  his  brother  John,  a  most 
promising  artist,  who  died  in  Italy. 
Alexander  continued  his  studies  with 
diligence,  and,  on  his  return  home,  was 
employed  by  Sir  James  Clerk,  to  deco- 
rate his  house  with  scenes  from  Ossian. 
His  best  pictures  are,  an  "  Ascension," 
62 


in  the  Episcopal  chapel  at  Edinburgh; 
his  "King  Lear,"  "Andromeda,"  and 
"  Aarrippina."     I).  1785. 

RUPERT,  or  Robert  of  Bavaria, 
Prince,  the  third  son  of  Frederic,  king 
of  Bohemia,  by  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
James  I.,  was  b.  in  1619,  and  received 
a  military  education.  He  commanded 
the  cavalry  of  Charles  I.  during  the  civil 
war,  and  on  various  occasions  manifest- 
ed the  most  daring  valor;  but  his  im- 
petuosity and  imprudence  more  than 
counterbalanced  the  effects  of  his  brave- 
ry ;  and,  at  length,  having  surrendered 
Bristol  to  General  Fairfax,  by  whom  it 
was  besieged,  the  king  dismissed  him 
from  his  service.  The  prince,  however, 
was  more  successful  as  a  naval  com- 
mander, particularly  after  the  restora- 
tion, in  the  great  Dutch  war;  on  the 
conclusion  of  which  he  led  a  retired  life, 
occupied  wholly  in  scientific  pursuits. 
He  was  the  inventor  of  a  composition, 
called  the  "prince's  metal,"  improved 
the  strength  of  gunpowder,  found  out  a 
method  of  fusing  black-lead,  and  dis- 
covered the  art  of  engraving  in  mezzo- 
tinto.  He  was  an  active  member  of  the 
board  of  trade;  and  to  his  influence  is 
ascribed  the  establishment  of  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  Company,  of  which  he  was 
governor.     D.  1682. 

RUSH,  Benjamin,  a  celebrated  phy- 
sician, was  b.  in  1741,  at  Bristol,  Penn. , 
was  educated  at  Princeton  college;  took 
his  degree  at  Edinburgh,  in  1768;  was 
chosen  a  member  of  congress  for  Penn- 
sylvania, in  1776  ;  was  appointed  a  pro- 
fessor of  medicine  and  clinical  practice 
at  the -university,  and  d.  1813.  During 
the  devastation  caused  bv  the  vellow 
fever  in  1793,  Dr.  Rush  highly  distin- 
guished himself,  and  his  history  of  that 
epidemic  is  a  work  of  great  value.  He 
also  wrote  "Medical  Inquiries  and  Ob- 
servations," and  "Essays,  Literary,  Mo- 
ral, and  Philosophical." 

RUSHWORTH,  John,  an  historian, 
was  b.  in  Northumberland,  1607,  studied 
at  Oxford,  and  became  a  barrister.  In 
1640  he  was  appointed  assistant  clerk  of 
the  house  of  commons,  was  much  em- 
ployed in  negotiations  during  the  civil 
wars,  and  after  the  restoration  he  became 
secretary  to  the  lord-keeper,  Bridgman. 
His  "  Historical  Collections"  is  a  labori- 
ous and  highly  useful  compilation. 

RUSSELL,' William,  fifth  earl,  and 
first  duke  of  Bedford,  was  b.  in  1614; 
received  his  education  at  Magdalen  col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  was  a  member  of  the  long 
parliament  in  1640,  and  commanded  the 
reserve  of  horse  at  the  battle  of  Edgo- 


734 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[rc* 


hill ;  but,  in  1643,  he  joined  tlie  royal 
■tandard,  and  fought  with  great  bravery 
at  the  battle  of  Newbury.  He  was  not, 
however,  in  favor  with  the  royal  party, 
and  he  retired  to  private  life  till  the  res- 
toration, 'when  he  assisted  at  the  coro- 
nation, and  was  elected  a  knight  pf  the 
garter.  He  also  attended  the  coronation 
of  William  and  Mary,  who,  in  1694,  ex- 
alte 1  him  to  the  rank  of  marquis  of  Tav- 
istock and  duke  of  Bedford.  D.  1700. 
— William,  Lord,  third  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  a  distinguished  supporter 
of  constitutional  liberty,  and  was  b. 
about  1641.  In  1679,  when  Charles  II. 
found  it  necessary  to  ingratiate  himself 
with  the  whigs,  Lord  Russell  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  members  of  the  privy 
council.  He  soon,  however,  found  that 
his  party  was  not  in  the  king's  con- 
fidence, and  the  recall  of  the  duke  of 
York,  without  their  concurrence,  in- 
duced him  to  resign.  Although  his 
temper  was  mild  and  moderate,  his  fear 
f  a  Catholic  succession  induced  him  to 
take  decisive  steps  in  the  promotion  of 
[he  exclusion  of  the  duke  of  York.  In 
June,  1680,  he  went  publicly  to  West- 
minster hall,  and,  at  the  court  of  King's 
Bench,  presented  the  duke  as  a  recu- 
sant, and,  on  the  November  following, 
carried  up  the  exclusion  bill  to  the  house 
of  lords,  at  the  head  of  200  members  of 
parliament.  The  king  dissolved  the 
parliament,  evidently  resolved  to  govern 
thenceforward  without  one ;  and  arbi- 
trary principles  were  openly  avowed  by 
the  partisans  of  the  court.  Alarmed  at 
the  state  of  things,  many  of  the  Whig 
leaders  favored  strong  expedients  in  the 
way  of  counteraction,  and  a  plan  of  in- 
surrection was  formed  for  a  simultane- 
ous rising  in  England  and  Scotland. 
Among  these  leaders,  including  the 
dukes  of  Monmouth  and  Argyie,  the 
lords  Russell,  Essex,  and  Howard,  Al- 
gernon Sidney,  and  Hampden,  different 
views  prevailed;  but  Lord  Russell  look- 
ed only  to  the  exclusion  of  the  duke  of 
York.  He  was,  however,  accused  of 
having  engaged  in  "  the  Rye-house 
Plot,"  which  had  for  its  object  the  as- 
sassination of  the  king  on  his  return 
fro  xi  Newmarket;  and  on  this  pretext 
he  was  committed  to  the  Tower, 
tried,  condemned,  and  executed  in 
July,  1633,  being  then  in  the  42d  year 
of  his  age.  After  the  revolution,  the 
proceedings  against  him  were  annulled. 
—Lady  Rachel,  wife  of  the  preceding, 
was  daughter  of  the  earl  of  Southampton. 
and  widow  of  Lord  Vaughan.  In  1667 
dho  was  married  to  Lord  William  Rus- 


sell, and  the  affect ionate  zeal  with  which 
she  assisted  him  when  in  trouble,  anc 
the  magnanimity  of  her  behavior  after 
his  death,  have  excited  for  her  a  general 
feeling  of  respect  and  sympathy.  Being 
refused  counsel  upon  his  trial,  and  al- 
lowed only  an  amanuensis,  she  stood 
forth  in  that  capacity,  and  took  down 
the  notes.  She  survived  his  lordship  40 
years,  which  period  she  occupied  in  the 
exercise  of  pious  and  social  duties.  Her 
"  Letters,"  which  do  equal  credit  to  he* 
understanding  and  heart,  have  been 
often  reprinted.  D.  1723. — William,  an 
historical  writer,  was  b.  in  the  county  of 
Mid-Lothian,  1746.  He  was  brought  up 
as  a  printer,  which  business  he  for  a 
time  followed,  and  then  became  an  au- 
thor by  profession.  His  works  are,  "  A 
History  of  America,"  "  A  History  of 
Modern  Europe,"  and  "  A  History  of 
Ancient  Europe,"  which  was  completed 
by  Dr.  Coote.     D.  1793. 

RUST,  George,  a  learned  pvv.are,  was 
b.  at  Cambridge.  He  became  fellow  of 
Christ's  college,  but  at  the  restoration 
he  went  over  to  Ireland,  and  was  pre- 
ferred to  the  deanery  of  Connor  and  the 
rectory  of  Magec.  He  was  afterwards 
made  bishop  of  Dromore,  where  he  d. 
in  1670. 

RUTHERFORD,  Daniel,  a  natural 
philosopher  and  physician,  was  b.  at 
Edinburgh,  in  1749;  studied  in  that 
university;  succeeded  Dr.  John  IIopo 
as  professor  of  botany  and  keener  of  tho 
botanic  garden,  in  17S6 ;  and  d.  1819. 
He  was  the  discoverer  of  nitrogen,  and 
was  the  first  who  represented  oxygen 
gas  (then  called  vital  air)  as  the  neces- 
sary constituent  of  all  acids. — Thomas, 
an  English  divine,  was  b.  at  Papworth 
Everard,  in  Cambridgeshire,  1712  ;  was 
educated  at  St.  John's  college,  Cam 
bridge;  where,  in  1745,  he  was  appoint- 
ed professor  of  divinity  ;  and  d.  rector 
of  Barley  in  Hertfordshire,  with  the 
archdeaconry  of  Essex,  in  1771.  His 
most  important  works  are,  "  A  System 
of  Natural  Philosophy,"  "  An  E-say  on 
the  Nature  and  Obligations  of  Virtue," 
"  A  Discourse  on  Miracles,"  "  Institutes 
of  Natural  Law,"  and  "Sermons." — . 
John,  a  senator  of  the  Unite  1  States 
from  New  Jersey,  during  Washington's 
administration.     D.  1840. 

RUTLEDGE,  Edward,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  and  a  signer  of  the  declaration 
of  American  independence,  was  b.  in 
Charleston,  S.  C,  in  1749.  His  legs.] 
education  was  completed  in  England, 
and  in  1773  he  returned  to  his  native 
country,  and  entered  upon  the  duties  of 


JlYs] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


735 


his  profession.  In  1774  lie  was  appoint- 
ed a  delegate  to  the  congress  at  Phil- 
adelphia and  took  an  active  part  in  the 
discussions  of  the  day.  After  a  suc- 
cessful practice  of  his  profession  for 
seventeen  years,  in  1798  lie  relinquished 
his  station  at  the  bar,  and  was  elected 
chief  magistrate  of  South  Carolina.  D. 
1800. — John,  an  eminent  patriot  of  South 
Carolina,  who  early  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  cause  of  the  American  revo- 
lution, lie  was  a  member  of  the  first 
congress  in  1774.  When  the  temporary 
constitution  of  South  Carolina  was  estab- 
lished in  March,  1776,  he  was  appointed 
the  president,  and  commander-in-chief 
of  the  colony.  He  continued  in  this 
station  till  the  adoption  of  the  new  con- 
stitution in  1778.  In  1779  he  was  chosen 
governor  In  1784  he  was  a  judge  of 
the  court  of  chancery;  in  1789  a  .fudge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United 
States  ;  in  1791  chief  justice  of  South 
Carolina;  and  in  1796  chief  justice  of  the 
United  States.  He  was  a  man  of  emi- 
nent talents,  patriotism,  energy,  and 
firmness.  Judge  Rutledgc  was  a  native 
of  Ireland,  but  came  to  America  about 
the  year  1735.     D.  1800. 

RUYSCH,  Frederic,  an  eminent 
anatomist,  was  b.  in  1638,  at  the  Hague, 
and  d.  in  1731. — Henry,  his  son,  pub- 
lished "Theatrum  Animalium." — Ra- 
chel, one  of  the  most  celebrated  painters 
of  fruit  and  flower  pieces,  was  b.  at  Am- 
sterdam, in  1664,  and  d.  in  1750.  Her 
pictures  are  distinguished  for  truth  and 
splendor  of  coloring,  united  with  great 
finish. 

RUYSDAAL,  Jacob,  a  celebrated 
Dutch  painter,  was  b.  at  Haerlem,  in 
1636.  He  stood  unrivalled  in  the  repre- 
sentation of  woods,  groves,  and  pieces 
of  water,  particularly  cataracts  ;  and  d. 
in  1681. 

RUYTER,  Michael  Adrian,  a  gallant 
Hutch  admiral,  was  b.  in  1607,  at  Flush- 
ing. He  entered  the  naval  service  when 
he  was  only  11  years  old,  and,  by  dint 
of  bravery  and  skill,  rose  to  the  summit 
of  his  profession.  On  many  occasions 
he  nobly  distinguished  himself  when 
engaged  against  the  English,  especially 
in  the  terrible  battle  fought  in  February, 
1653,  near  the  mouth  of  the  channel, 
when  Blake  commanded  the  English, 
and  Van  Tromp  and  Ruyter  the  Dutch. 
In  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  Ruyter  gain- 
id  an  advantage  over  Prince  Rupert  and 


Monk ;  but,  two  months  afterwards, 
another  battle  was  fought,  in  which  tho 
Dutch  were  defeated.  The  following 
year,  however,  he  avenged  himself,  by 
riding  triumphantly  in  the  Thames,  and 
destroying  several  English  men-of-war 
at  Shecruess.  lie  d.  in  the  port  of 
Syracuse,  in  consequence  of  a  wound 
received  a  fiiw  days  before,  when  en- 
gaging with  the  French  fleet  off  Mes- 
sina. 

RYDER,  Sir  Dudley,  an  eminent 
English  lawyer,  was  descended  from  an 
ancient  Yorkshire  family,  and  b.  in  1691. 
He  held  the  office  of  attorney -general 
from  1736  to  1754,  was  made  lord  chief 
justice,  and  d.  1756. 

RYLAND.  John,  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, who  kept  an  academy,  and  officiated 
many  years  to  a  Baptist  congregation  at 
Northampton.  He  published  "The 
Christian  Student  and  Pastor,"  "  Ele- 
ments of  Mechanics,"  "  The  Preceptor,'' 
and  several  tracts  and  sermons.  D. 
1792. — William  Wynne,  an  engraver, 
was  b.  in  London,  in  1732.  He  attained 
great  excellence  in  his  art;  but  his  end 
was  truly  melancholy,  for,  in  order  to 
extricate  himself  from  some  embarrass- 
ments, he,  in  1782,  committed  a  forgery 
on  the  East  India  Company,  and  was 
tried  and  executed  the  year  following. 

RYMER,  Thomas,  a 'critic  and  anti- 
quary, was  a  native  of  Yorkshire; 
studied  at  Cambridge  and  at  Gray's  Inn  ;, 
and,  succeeding  Shadwell,  in  1692,  as 
royal  historiographer,  employed  the  op- 
portunities afforded  him  by  his  office  to 
make  a  valuable  collection  of  public 
treatises,  which  he  began  to  publish  in 
1704,  under  the  title  of  ''Fceclcra,  Con- 
ventiones,  et  eujuscunque  Generis  Acta 
pnbliea,  inter  Reges  Anglia\  et  alios 
Principes,"  15  vols,  folio,  five  more  be- 
ing added  by  Robert  Sanderson.  He 
also  wrote  some  poetical  pieces,  and  left 
an  unpublished  collection  relating  to 
English  history,  in  58  vols.,  now  in  the 
British  Museum.     D.  1713. 

RYSBRACH,  John  Michael,  an  em- 
inent statuary,  was  b.  at  Antwerp,  in 
1694.  He  went  to  England  early  in  life, 
and  derived  considerable  reputation  and 
profit  from  the  exercise  of  his  art. 
Westminster  abbey,  and  other  cathedral 
churches,  contain  specimens  of  his  abil- 
ities, among  which  sho.ild  be  noticed 
the  monuments  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton  and 
the  duke  of  Marlborough.     D.  1"70. 


736 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[8AD 


s. 


SAAVEDRA  FAXARDO,  Diego  de, 
b  Spanish  writer  and  diplomatist,  \yps  b. 
at  Algezarcs,  in  Murcia,  in  1584.  He 
became  secretary  to  the  embassy  at 
Rome,  and  afterwards  was  appointed 
sole  agent  for  Spain  at  the  papal  court. 
He  also  assisted  at  some  diets  in  Swit- 
zerland, and  enjoyed  for  his  reward  the 
collar  of  St.  Jago,  a  canonry  of  the 
church,  and  a  sent  in  the  council-board 
for  the  Indies.     He  d.  in  1648. 

SABATIER,  Antoine,  or  SABATIER 
de  Castrks,  was  b.  at  Castres,  in  1742. 
He  was  a  celebrated  French  writer,  and 
was  early  connected  with  Hehetius  and 
the  philosophical  party  of  the  literati ; 
but  lie  soon  left  these",  and  showed  his 
opposition  to  them  in  his  work,  "  Les 
Trois  Siecles  de  la  Litterature  Fran- 
chise," which  procured  him  many  ene- 
mies, but  brought  him  into  notice. 
Among  his  numerous  works  are,  "  Les 
Siecles  Pai'ens,  on  Dictionnaire  Mytho- 
logique,  Hcro'ique,  Politique,  Litteraire, 
et°Geographique  de  l'Antiquite  Pa'ie- 
nere,"  and  "  Les  Caprices  de  la  For- 
tune," &c.     T).  1817. 

SABELLIUS,  a  heretic,  b.  at  Ptole- 
mais,  in  Libya,  in  the  3d  century,  was 
a  disciple  of  Noetus  of  Smyrna.  He 
advanced  the  doctrine  of  unity  in  the 
Deity,  declaring  the  Son  and  the  Holy 
Ghost  to  be  mere  qualities.  These  ten- 
ets obtained  many  proselytes,  and  met 
with  great  success  till  the  opposition  of 
St.  Denya  caused  them  to  be  formally 
condemned. 

SACCHINI,  Antonio  Maria  Gaspard, 
a  celebrated  Italian  composer,  was  b.  at 
Naples,  in  1735.     D.  1786. 

SACHEVERELL,  Henry,  an  English 
divine,  was  educated  at  Oxford.  In 
1705  he  was  appointed  preacher  of  St. 
Saviour's,  Southwark,  during  which  pe- 
riod he  preached  two  famous  sermons, 
'.lie  objects  of  which  were  to  create  alarm 
for  the  safety  of  the  church,  and  to  ex- 
cite hostility  against  the  dissenters. 
Being  impeached  in  the  house  of  com- 
mnns,  he  was  sentenced  to  be  suspended 
from  preaching  for  three  years.  This 
persecution,  however,  established  the 
fortune  of  Sacheverell,  who  was  collated 
to  a  living  near  Shrewsbury;  and  the 
same  month  that  his  suspension  termi- 
nated, was  appointed  to  the  valuable 
rectory  of  St.  Andiew.  Hoi  born.  D. 
1724. 


SA.CKVILLE,  George,  Viscount,  a 
soldier  and  statesman,  was  the  third  son 
of  the  first  duke  of  Dorset,  and  was  b. 
1716.  He  distinguished  himself  at  the 
battles  of  Dettingen  and  Fontenoy;  and 
in  1758  was  made  a  lieutenant-general; 
but  the  year  following  he  fell  into  dis- 
grace for  his  conduct  at  the  battle  of 
Minden.  He  was  tried  by  a  court-mar- 
tial, and  sentenced  to  be  dismissed  from 
the  service.  Under  the  administration 
of  Lord  Bute,  however,  he  was  restored 
to  favor,  and  in  1775  he  was  appointed 
colonial  secretary  of  state,  which  he  held 
during  the  American  war.  On  quitting 
office,  in  1782,  he  was  created  viscount. 
D.  1785. 

SACY,  Baron  Silvestre  de,  a  pro- 
found and  various  scholar,  but  especi- 
ally eminent  as  an  orientalist,  was  b. 
1753.  During  the  stormy  times  of  the 
revolution,  and  the  sway  of  Napoleon, 
as  well  as  under  Louis  XVIII.,  Charles 
X.,  and  Louis  Philippe,  his  splendid 
talents  obtained  for  him  the  highest  and 
most  valuable  literary  appointments. 
His  "Arabic  Grammar,"  "Antholigie 
Grammaticale  Arabe,"  and  other  Arabic 
works,  are  especially  valuable  to  stu- 
dents.   D.  1839. 

SADI,  Sheik  Moslehedin,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  poets  of  Persia,  was  b. 
at  Shiraz,  in  1175,  and  d.  in  the  120th 
year  of  his  age.  He  studied  at  Bagdad, 
and  pursued  a  religious  course  of  life 
under  the  direction  of  the  famous  Sophi 
Abd  al  Kadir  Ghilani,  whom  he  accom- 
panied on  a  pilgrimage  to  Mecca.  Ho 
fought  against  the  iuridcls,  and  carried 
his  arms  into  India  and  Asia  Minor. 
Being,  however,  taken  prisoner  by  tho 
Turks,  l«e  was  put  to  work  on  the  forti- 
fications of  Tripoli;  but  was  redeemed 
by  a  merchant  of  Aleppo,  who  gave  him 
his  daughter  in  marriage  with  a  dowry. 
Towards  the  close  of  his  life  he  built  a 
hermitage  near  the  walls  of  Shiraz, 
where  he  passed  his  time  in  exercises 
of  piety ;  and  his  tomb,  on  the  spot 
where  he  had  lived,  was  long  visited  by 
•the  admirers  of  his  genius  and  devotion. 
He  wrote  ■"Gulistun,  or  the  Garden  of 
Roses,"  and  other  works. 

SADLER,  Michael  Thomas,  was  b. 
at  Snelston,  in  Derbyshire,  in  17S0.  In 
1825  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  parlia- 
ment. Mr.  Sadler  wrote  two  works. 
"  Ireland,  its  Evils,  and  their  Remedies,'* 


bal] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHT. 


737 


and  his  "Law  of  Population,"  in  which 
the  Malthusian  doctrines  were  impugned 
and  refuted.     D.  1835. 

SAEMUND,  Siqfusson,  a  celebrated 
Icelandic  priest,  poet,  legislator,  and 
historian  in  the  11th  century.  He  had 
a  share  in  forming  the  ecclesiastical  code, 
wrote  a  '■  History  of  Norway,"  and  was 
the  compiler  of  that  Scandinavian  col- 
lection of  poetry,  termed  "Edda."  L). 
1185. 

ST.  BEUVE,  Jacques  de,  a  celebrated 
theologian,  b.  at  Paris,  in  1613.  He  was 
famous  for  his  controversies  relative  to 
the  doctrines  of  grace  and  predestination, 
which  agitated  the  French  church  in  the 
middle  of  the  17th  century.     D.  1677. 

ST.  GLAIR,  Arthur,  a  general  in  the 
American  army,  was  b.  at  Edinburgh, 
was  a  lieutenant  under  General  Wolfe, 
and  afterwards  settled  in  Pennsylvania, 
and  became  a  naturalized  citizen.  On 
the  commencement  of  the  revolution,  he 
embraced  the  cause  of  the  American 
army,  and  in  February,  1777,  was  ap- 
pointed major-general.  He  served  with 
distinction,  and  in  1783  was  elected 
president  of  the  Cincinnati  society  of 
liis  adopted  state.  In  1785  iie  was 
elected  a  delegate  to  congress,  and  in 
1787  was  chosen  president  of  that  body. 
He  was  afterwards  governor  of  the  North- 
west Territory,  and  in  1700  commanded 
an  army  against  the  Miami  Indians.  He 
resigned  his  commission  of  major-gen- 
eral in  1792.  His  latter  years  were 
passed  in  poverty.     D.  1818. 

ST.  JUST,  Anthony,  a  political  agent 
and  associate  of  Kobespierre,  was  b.  in 
1763,  and  was  educated  for  the  legal 
profession.  He  voted  for  the  death  of 
Louis  XVI.,  materially  assisted  in  the 
destruction  of  the  Girondists,  acted  as 
a  commissioner  of  the  national  conven- 
tion to  the  army  in  Alsace,  where  he 
was  distinguished  for  his  severity;  and, 
on  his  return  to  Paris,  becoming  in- 
volved in  the  ruin  of  Robespierre,  was 
guillotined,  in  July,  1794. 

ST.  LAMBER'fj  Charles  Frances  de, 
a  member  of  the  national  institute  of 
France,  was  b.  at  Nancy,  in  1717.  He 
entered  the  army,  which  he  left  at  the 
peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  and  obtained 
an  office  in  the  court  of  Stanislaus  of 
Poland  ;  became  a  devoted  adherent  of 
Voltaire's,  and  a  favored  admirer  of 
madame  de  Chatclet;  again  entered  the 
army,  and  d.  in  1805.  Among  his  works 
are,  "The Seasons,"  a  poem;  "Oriental 
Tales,"  and  a  philosophical  work,  en- 
titled "Catechisme  Universel." 
ST.  MARC,  Charles  Hugh  Lefebvee 
62* 


de,  a  French  author,  b.  at  Paris,  in  1698. 
His  most  important  work  is,  "  A  Chro- 
nological Abridgment  of  the  History  of 
Italy,  from  the  Downfall  of  the  Western 
Empire." — Jean  Paul  Andre  des  Rai- 
sins, marquis  de,  a  French  lyric  poet, 
author  of  "Adele  de  Pouthleu."  &c. 
B.  1728;  d.  1818. 

ST.  PIERRE,  Jacques  Beunardin 
Henri  de,  a  most  ingenious  and  philo- 
sophical French  author,  was  b.  at  Havre, 
in  1737,  was  educated  in  the  engineer 
school  at  Paris,  for  a  time  followed  the 
military  profession  in  the  service  cf 
Russia,  afterwards  obtained  a  commis- 
sion in  the  engineer  corps  of  France; 
and,  retiring  from  a  military  life,  he 
devoted  the  remainder  of  his  days  to 
literature.  In  178-1  appeared  his  "  Etudes 
de  la  Nature,"  and,  in  1788,  his  "  Paul  et 
Virginia,"  which,  after  passing  through 
fifty  impressions  in  one  year,  has  been 
translated  into  almost  all' the  languages 
of  Europe.  He  was  also  the  author  of 
"La  Chaumiere  Indienne,"  and  several 
other  works.     D.  1814. 

ST.  REAL,  Cesar  Vichard  de,  an  able 
French  author,  was  b.  at  Chamberri,  in 
Savoy,  where  he  d.  in  1692.  lie  wrote 
'JDel'Usage  de  l'Histoire,"  "Conjura- 
tion des  Espugnols  eontrela  Republ'ique 
de  Venise  en  1618,"  and  several  other 
treatises  on  morals,  politics,  and  philos- 
ophy. 

ST.  SIMON,  Claudius  Henry,  count 
de,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1760.  He  was  the 
founder  of  a  politico-philosophical  sect, 
whose  leading  dogma  is,  that  industry 
is  the  definitive  purpose  of  life,  and  that, 
those  engaged  in  it  constitute  the  su- 
perior class  of  society.  He  published  a 
variety  of  works  to  give  currency  to  his 
doctrines;  among  which  are,  an  "In- 
troduction to  the  Scientific  Labors  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century,"  and  "Political, 
Moral,  and  Philosophical  Discussions." 
D.  1825. — Louis  de  Rouvroi,  duke  of, 
was  b.  1675.  In  1721  he  was  appointed 
ambassador  extraordinary  to  the  court 
of  Spain,  to  negotiate  a  marriage  be- 
tween the  Infanta  and  Louis  XV. ;  and 
d.  in  1757.  His  "  Memoirs  of  the  Reign 
of  Louis  XIV.  and  the  Regency,"  con- 
taining a  vast  mass  of  anecdotal  inform- 
ation, form  13  vols. 

SALADIN,  a  famous  sultan  of  Egypt, 
equally  renowned  as  a  warrior  and  legis- 
lator. He  was  b.  in  1137,  raised  himself 
from  the  station  of  an  officer  to  that  of 
a  sovereign,  and  supported  himself  by 
his  valor  and  the  influence  of  his  amia- 
ble character,  against  the  united  efforts 
of  the  chief  Christian  potentates  of  En- 


738 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHT. 


[sxx 


rope,  who  carried  on  the  most  unjust 
wars  against  him,  under  the  false  appel- 
lation of  crusades,  lie  obtained  various 
successes  over  the  Christians,  but  was 
defeated  by  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion,  and 
d.  in  tli)3. 

SALE,  George,  an  English  writer, 
wno  was  well  versed  in  the  oriental 
languages.  His  greatest  work  is  an  ex- 
cellent translation  of  the  Koran,  to  which 
he  prefixed  a  curious  dissertation.  lie 
was  also  one  of  the  principal  authors  of 
the  "Ancient  Universal  History."  B. 
Lfi8  ';  d.  1736. 

SALLUST,  Caius  Crhpus,  a  Roman 
historian,  distinguished  equally  for  his 
talents  and  profligacy,  was  b.  at  Ami- 
ternum,  85  b.c.  He  was  expunged  from 
the  list  of  senators,  in  consequence  of 
his  extravagance  ami  shameless  de- 
baucheries ;  but  being  restored  by 
Julius  Cajsar,  and  made  governor  of 
Numidia,  lie  tiiere  amassed  an  enor- 
mous fortune  by  acts  of  rapine.  He  d. 
85  b.  c.  His  "  History  of  the  Jugnr- 
thine  War"  and  '•  Tlie  Conspiracy  of 
Catiline,"  bear  ample  testimony  to  his 
genius;  but  the  rigid  morality  displayed 
in  his  writings  forms  a  curious  contrast 
to  the  vices  of*  the  author. 

SALMAS1US,  or  Saumaise,  Claude, 
an  eminent  French  scholar,  was  b.  at 
Saumur,  in  15S3,  and  succeeded  Sealiger 
as  professor  of  history  at  Leyden.  In 
1649  lie  wrote  a  defence  of  Charles  I., 
king  of  England,  which  was  forcibly 
and  conclusively  replied  to  by  Milton. 
The  year  following  he  went  to  Sweden, 
on  an  invitation  from  Queen  Christina; 
and  d.  in  1053.  His  principal  works 
are,  "  Historic  August*  Seriptores 
Sex,"  "  De  Modo  Usurarum,"  "  De  Re 
Militari  Romuiornm,"  "  Ilellenistica," 
and  several  editions  of  ancient  authors. 

SALVI  ATI,  Francesco  Rossi,  an  emi- 
nent Italian  painter,  whose  style  of  de- 
signing  approached  that  of  Raphael, 
though  greatly  inferior  in  sublimity  and 
grandeur  of  composition.  13.  in  Flor- 
ence, 1510  ;  d.  1563. 

SANCIIO,  Ignatius,  a  negro,  whose 
literary  abilities  attracted  much  notice, 
was  b.  1729,  on  board  a  slave-ship,  and 
carried  to  Carthagcna.  While  a  boy  he 
was  taken  to  England  by  his  master, 
and  given  to  three  maiden  ladies,  sisters, 
living  at  Greenwich,  who  named  him 
Sancho.  The  duke  of  Montague  after- 
wards took  him  into  his  service,  and 
£ncouiaged  his  love  of  learning;  and 
the  d  ichess  left  him  an  annuity  at  her 
death.  He  numbered  among  his  friends, 
Sterne,  Garrick,  ar.i  ;ther  literary  char- 


acters ;  and  was  the  author  of  letters, 
poems,  &c.     D.  1780. 

SANCROFT,  William,  archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  was  b.  at  Fresintield,  in 
1616.  He  was  one  of  the  seven  bishops 
sent  to  the  Tower  by  James  II.;  but 
at  the  revolution  he  refused  to  take  the 
oaths,  for  which  he  was  deprived  of  his 
see.  D.  1693.  He  wrote  "The  Predes- 
tinated Thief,"  "  Modern  Politics,  taken 
from  Machiavel,"  &c. 

SANDEM  AN,  Robert,  a  Scotch  min- 
ister, was  b.  at  Perth,  in  1723,  and  edu- 
cated at  St.  Andrew's.  He  formed  a 
sect  which  still  goes  by  his  name.  In 
1765  he  came  to  New  England,  made 
many  proselytes,  and  d.  in  1772. 

SANDERSON,  John,  distinguished 
as  a  scholar  and  a  writer,  was  b.  at  Car- 
lisle, Pa.,  in  1785.  He  was  a  teacher 
at  Clermont  seminary  for  some  time, 
and  a  contributor  to  "  Dennie's  Port 
Folio,"  and  other  periodicals.  In  1820 
he  published  two  volumes  of  "  Lives 
of  tiic  Signers  of  the  Declaration."  In 
1833  he  went  to  Europe,  and  on  his 
return  wrote  the  "  American  in  Paris," 
a  vivacious  sketch  of  his  impressions 
while  abroad.  He  was  then  elected  pro 
fessor  of  Greek  and  Latin  in  the  High 
school  of  Philadelphia.     D.  1844. 

SANDS,  Robert  C,  was  b.  in  tho 
city  of  New  York,  1799,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Columbia  college.  In  1820  he 
commenced  the  practice  of  the  law,  but 
his  first  attempt  as  an  advocate  was  un- 
successful, so  he  turned  his  attention  to 
literature.  His  attainments  in  the  mod- 
ern as  well  as  ancient  languages,  were 
solid  and  extensive,  and  his  mastery  of 
his  own  language  complete.  He  becamo 
an  editor  of  tiie  "Commercial  Adver- 
tiser;" but  his  labors  in  this  sphere  did 
not  interfere  with  his  cultivation  of  gen- 
eral literature.  He  wrote  an  ''  Historical 
Notice  of  Cortes,"  which  was  translated 
into  Spanish,  besides  essays  on  "  Do- 
mestic Literature,"  the  '•  Caio-Grajco 
of  Monti,"  "Isaac,  a  type  of  the  Re- 
deemer," the  "•Garden  of  Venus,"  &c, 
the  "Simple  Story,"  "Salem  Witch- 
craft," "  Monsieur  de  Viellecour,"  and, 
in  conjunction  with  Mr.  East  burn,  the 
poem  of  "  Yainoyden."  He  was  also 
engaged  with  Mr.  William  C.  Bryant 
and  Mr.  Gulian  C.  Verplanck,  in  the 
editorship  of  the  "Talisman."  Mr. 
Sands  was  a  gentleman  of  the  finest  wit, 
and  noble  character.  His  last  poem  was 
"The  Dead  of  '32,"  which  appeared 
about  a  week  before  his  own  death. 

SANDYS.  Edwin,  an  eminent  English 
prelate,  was  b.  1519,  at  Hawkshead,  in 


BAU] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    P.IOGRAPIJ  V. 


733 


Lancashire.  At  the  accession  of  Mary 
lie  was  vice-chancellor,  and  on  refusing 
to  proclaim  her,  he  was  deprived  of  his 
office,  and  sent  first  to  the  Tower,  and 
afterwards  to  the  Marshalsea.  When 
Elizabeth  came  to  the  throne  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  commissioners  for 
revising  t he  liturgy,  lie  was  also  made 
bishop  of  Worcester,  and  had  a  share 
in  the  translation  of  the  Scriptures, 
commonly  called  the  "Bishop's  Bible." 
In  1570  he  was  translated  to  London, 
and  in  1576  to  York,  where  a  conspiracy 
was  laid  by  Sir  Robert  Staplcton,  to 
ruin  him  by  the  imputation  of  adultery; 
xn.t  it  was  discovered,  and  the  parties 
concerned  in  it  were  punished.  D.  1588. 

SANSEVERO,  Raymond  di  Sangro, 
eminent  for  his  mechanical  inventions 
and  scientific  discoveries,  was  b.  at  Na- 
ples, in  1710,  and  d.  1771.  Among  the 
multifarious  and  extraordinary  machines 
invented  by  himself  was  a  four-wheeled 
vehicle,  to  pass  over  the  surface  of  the 
water,  which  he  exhibited  on  the  bay  of 
Naples. 

SANSON,  Nicholas,  a  celebrated  ge- 
ographer and  engineer,  was  b.  at  Abbe- 
ville, in  1600;  and  constructed,  even 
while  a  youth,  a  map  of  ancient  Gaul, 
remarkable  for  its  excellence  and  accu- 
racy. He  subsequently  produced  up- 
wards of  three  hundred  maps,  all  on  a 
large  scale,  with  several  volumes  to  illus- 
trate them ;  reached  the  head  of  his 
profession,  and  was  appointed  geogra- 
pher and  engineer  to  the  king.  D. 
16(17. — Nicholas,  William,  and  Adrian, 
his  three  sons,  who  also  were  excellent 
geographers,  collected  and  published 
the  works  of  their  father,  as  well  as  sev- 
eral of  their  own. 

SANSOV1NO,  Giacomo  Fatti,  an 
eminent  sculptor  and  architect,  was  b. 
at  Florence,  in  1479.     D.  1570. 

SANTERRE,  Jean  Baptiste,  a  French 
painter,  was  b.  at  Magny,  near  Pontoise, 
in  1651.  lie  painted  historical  subjects, 
on  a  small  size,  and  with  great  delicacy. 
D.  1717. 

SAPPHO,  a  celebrated  Greek  poetess, 
b.  at  Mitylene,  in  the  island  of  Lesbos, 
about  GoO  b.  c.  Her  writings  were 
highly  esteemed  by  the  ancients,  and 
she  is  regarded  as  the  inventress  of  the 
metre  which  bears  her  name;  but  of 
her  works  there  at  present  exist  only  a 
"Hymn  to  Venus,''  an  ode,  and  a  few 
trifling  fragments. —Another  Sapimio,  of 
.1  later  date,  who  is  usually  confounded 
with  the  foregoing,  from' being  also  a 
native  of  Lesbos,  was  no  less  distin- 
guished for  amorous  propensities  than 


for  the  warmth  of  her  lyrical  effusions, 
and  is  said  to  have  thrown  herself  into 
the  sea,  from  the  promontory  of  Leu- 
cate,  in  consequence  of  the  neglect  she 
experienced  from  Phaon,  her  lover. 

SARGENT,  W'inthrop,  governor  of 
Mississippi,  was  a  native  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1771.  He  entered  the  revolutionary 
army  in  1775,  and  served  in  various 
capacities  with  reputation  to  the  close 
of  the  war.  In  17S6  he  was  appointed 
by  congress  surveyor  of  the  northwest- 
ern territory,  and  in  1787  secretary  of 
the  government  established  there.  He 
attended  General  St.  Clair  as  adjutant- 
general  in  his  unfortunate  expedition 
against  the  Indians,  and  was  also  adju- 
tant-general and  inspector  under  Gen- 
eral Wayne.     1).  1820. 

SARPI,  Peter,  better  known  under 
the  name  of  Father  Paul,  or  Fra  Paolo, 
was  b.  in  1552,  at  Venice.  So  preco- 
cious were  his  talents,  that,  at  the  age 
of  17,  he  publicly  maintained  theologi- 
cal and  philosophical  theses,  consisting 
of  309  articles.  His  eloquence  was 
equal  to  his  learning.  He  did  not  con- 
fine his  studies  to  theology  ;  for  anatomy 
and  astronomy  also  engaged  much  of 
his  attention.  He  was  of  the  order  of 
the  Servitcs,  and  became  provincial  of 
the  order.  The  Venetian  government 
appointed  him  its  consulting  theologian, 
and  reposed  unbounded  confidence  in 
him  ;  which  he  justified  and  repaid,  by 
defending  the  ecclesiastical  liberties  of 
his  country  against  the  encroachments 
of  the  Roman  pontiff.  His  patriotism 
roused  the  vengeance  of  Rome  against 
him,  and  in  1607,  five  ruffians  made  an 
attempt  to  assassinate  him.  They  failed, 
however,  in  their  purpose,  though  they 
gave  him  fifteen  wounds.  He  d.  in 
1628.  His  greatest  work  is,  "A  His- 
tory of  the  Council  of  Trent." 

SAUMAREZ,  James,  Lord  dc,  a  dis- 
tinguished officer  in  the  British  navy, 
was  b.  in  the  island  of  Guernsey,  in 
1757,  and  was  descended  from  a  French 
family,  whose  ancestor  accompanied 
William  the  Conqueror  to  England.  D. 
1836. 

SAURIN,  James,  an  eminent  French 
Protestant  preacher,  was  b.  at  Nisines, 
in  1677;  was  the  author  of  12  vols,  of 
"Sermons,"  "The  State  of  Christianity 
in  France,"  "  Discourses,  Historical, 
Critical,  and  Moral,  on  the  most  remark- 
able Events  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ments," &e.  D.  1730. — Joseph,  brother 
of  the  precoding,  was  b.  1659,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  mathematician. 


740 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[say 


He  was  originally  a  Protestant  minister; 
but.  in  lGuu,  be  embraced  the  Catholic 
faith,  and  was  pensioned  by  Louis  XIV. 
He  contributed  for  some  years  to  the 
"Journal  des  Savans,"  and  d.  1730. — ■ 
Bernard  Joseph,  son  of  the  last  men- 
tioned, was  b.  1706,  at  Paris;  and 
quitted  the  bar  to  become  a  dramatic 
writer,  lie  was  the  author  of  "  Sparta- 
cus,"  a  tragedy  ;  "  Mueurs  des  Temps," 
a  spirited  comedy ;  and  a  variety  of 
other  dramas.     D.  1781. 

SAUSSUKE,  Horace  Benedict  de,  a 
celebrated  naturalist,  was  b.  at  Geneva, 
in  174i» ;  attained  an  early  proficiency  in 
the  mathematical  and  physical  sciences, 
and  was  for  several  years  professor  of 
philosophy  at  Geneva.  He  travelled  in 
France,  England,  Italy,  &c. ;  and  by 
the  valuable  observations  which  he 
made,  particularly  among  the  glaciers  of 
the  Alps,  he  contributed  much  to  the 
advancement  of  geology  and  meteorolo- 
gy, lie  also  showed  great  ingenuity  in 
the  construction  of  improved  instru- 
ments adapted  to  scientific  uses,  viz., 
n  thermometer,  an  hygrometer,  a  eudi- 
ometer, and  electrometer,  &c.    D.  1799. 

SAVAGE,  Richard,  an  English  poet, 
celebrated  for  his  genius,  irregularities, 
and  misfortunes,  was  b.  in  London, 
about  161)8.  He  was  the  natural  son  of 
the  countess  of  Macclesfield  by  Earl 
Rivers.  No  sooner  did  he  see  the  light, 
than  a  most  unnatural  hatred  took  com- 
plete possession  of  his  mother,  who 
placed  him  with  an  old  woman  in  the 
lowest  state  ■  of  indigence,  with  direc- 
tions that  he  should  be  brought  up  in 
utter  ignorance  of  his  birth,  and  in  the 
meanest  condition.  He  was  an  appren  - 
tice  to  a  shoemaker,  when  this  womait 
dying  suddenly,  some  of  Lady  Mason's 
(the  mother  of  the  countess)  letters, 
which  he  found  among  her  papers,  dis- 
covered to  him  the  secret  of  his  birth. 
From  this  moment  his  attempts  to  ob- 
tain the  notice  of  his  mother  were 
incessant,  but  all  his  assiduities  and 
applications  were  unavailing;  and  in 
justice  to  the  countess  of  Macclesfield  it 
must  be  observed,  that  she  always 
asserted  that  her  child  d.  while  quite 
young,  and  that  Savage  was  an  impos- 
tor, lie  now  became  an  author,  and,  in 
1723,  produced  the  tragedy  of  "Sir 
Thomas  Overbury,"  the  profits  of  which 
produced  him  £200:  and  lie  was  rising 
in  reputation,  when,  in  1721,  he  acci- 
dentally killed  a  Mr.  Sinclair,  at  a  house 
of  ill-fame,  in  a  drunken  quarrel.  For 
this  he  was  tried,  and  found  guilty ; 
but  obuuuod  the  royal  pardon,  through 


the  intercession  of  Lady  Hertford.  Soon 
after,  Lord  Tyiionnel  became  Ins 
patron,  received  him  into  his  house, 
and  allowed  him  £200  a  year;  but  the 
bard  and  the  peer  quarrelled,  and  he 
was  again  turned  adrift  upon  the  world. 
A  "Birth-day  Ode,"  addressed  to  the 
queen,  procured  him  a  pension  of  £50., 
but  on  her  majesty's  death  this  was  dis- 
continued, and  he  subsequently  endured 
much  misery  and  privatiou ;  till  at 
length,  in  1743,  he  d.  in  the  debtors' 
prison,  at  Bristol. 

SAV1LLE,  Sir  Henry,  one  of  the 
most  profound  and  elegant  scholars  of 
his  age,  was  b.  in  1549,  and  after  grad- 
uating at  Brazennose  college,  Oxford, 
removed  on  a  fellowship  to  Merton 
college,  in  the  same  university.  In  his 
2 '. » 1 1 1  year  lie  made  a  tour  on  the  Conti- 
nent for  the  purpose  of  perfecting  him- 
self in  elegant  literature,  and  on  his  re- 
turn was  appointed  tutor  in  Greek  and 
mathematics  to  Queen  Elizabeth.  D. 
1622. 

SAVONAROLA,  Jerome,  a  Domini- 
can, was  b.  at  Ferrara,  in  1452.  He 
was  regarded  by  some  as  an  enthusiast, 
and  by  others  as  an  impostor;  but  lie 
preached  with  great  zeal  against  the 
corruptions  of  the  Roman  church,  for 
which  he  was  condemned  to  the  flames 
in  1498.  He  wrote  "Sermons,"  a  trea- 
tise entitled  "The  Triumph  of  the 
Cross,"  and  other  works. 

SAXE,  Maurice,*  count  de,  marshal- 
general  of  the  French  armies,  was  b.  at 
Dresden,  in  1696.  lie  was  the  natural 
son  of  Frederic  Augustus  II.,  king  of 
Poland,  by  the  Countess  of  KOnigsinark, 
and  d.  in  1750. 

SAXO,  Okammaticus,  a  Danish  his- 
torian, who  flourished  in  the  12th 
century. 

SAY,  Jean  Baptiste,  an  eminent 
French  writer  on  political  economy,  b. 
in  1767.  lie  concerted  with  Chainfort 
(who  was  guillotined)  the  "  Decade 
PhiloBophique,"  during  the  revolution. 
Bonaparte,  on  going  to  Egypt,  made  him 
his  librarian  extraordinary,  and  after- 
wards appointed  him  a  member  of  tho 
tribunate,  from  which  post  he  was  dis- 
missed by  his  patron,  for  having  the 
consistent  honesty  to  vote  against  the 
creation  of  an  emperor  and  empire.  His 
"Traite  d'Economie  Publiqno"  is  n 
most  valuable  work,  and  has  been  com- 
pared to  Adam  Smith's  "  Wealth  of 
Nations."  Among  his  other  works  are, 
"Observations  sur  l'Angleterre  et  les 
Anglais,"  "Cours  complet  d'Economie 
Politique."     D.  1832. 


bch] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


(41 


SCALIGER,  Julius  Cesar,  generally 
known  us  the  elder  Scaliger,  a  celebrated 

Bcholar,  was  b.  14S4,  at  the  castle  of 
Biva,  on  lake  Garcia,  and  became  a  page 
of  the  Emperor  Maximilian,  whom  he 
Berved  in  war  and  peace  for  17  years. 
When  he  was  about  40,  lie  quitted  the 
army,  and  applied  himself  to  the  study 
of  natural  law,  medicine,  and  the  learned 
languages.  In  1525  he  accompanied  the 
bishop  of  Agen  to  his  diocese  in  France, 
where  he  d.  1558.— Joseph  Justus,  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Agen,  in 
1540  ;  was  made  professor  of  polite  liter- 
ature at  Leyden,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  master  of  no  less  than  13  languages. 
D.  L609. 

SCANDERBEG,  (which  means  the 
Bey  Alexander,)  whose  proper  name 
was  George  Castriot,  was  the  son  of 
John,  prince  of  Albania,  and  wash.  1404. 
Being:  given  by  his  father  as  a  hostage 
to  Sultan  Am  a  rath  II.,  he  was  educated 
in  the  Mahometan  religion,  and  at  the 
age  of  IS  was  placed  at  the  head  of  a 
body  of  troops,  with  the  title  of  sangiac. 
After  the  death  of  his  father  in  1432,  he 
formed  the  design  of  possessing  himself 
of  his  principality  ;  and  having  accom- 
panied the  Turkish  army  to  Hungary, 
lie  entered  into  an  agreement  with  Hun- 
niades  to  desert  to  the  Christians.  This 
design  he  put  into  execution  ;  and,  hav- 
ing ascended  the  throne  of  his  fathers, 
he  renounced  the  Mahometan  religion. 
A  long  warfare  followed  ;  but  although 
frequently  obliged  to  retire  to  the  fast- 
nesses of  mountains,  he  always  renewed 
his  assaults  upon  the  first  favorable  oc- 
casion, until  the  sultan  proposed  terms 
of  peace  to  him,  which  were  accepted. 
He,  however,  renounced  his  treaty  with 
the  sultan,  obtained  repeated  victories 
over  the  Turkish  armies,  completely 
established  his  power,  and  d.  1407. 

SCARLATTI,  Alessandro,  b.  at  Na- 
ples, in  1658,  was  educated  at  Rome 
under  Carissimi,  and  d.  1728.  The  Ital- 
ians called  him  the  "glory  of  the  art,'' 
and  the  first  of  composers.  He  com- 
posed about  100  operas,  a  great  num- 
ber of  motets,  and  nearly  200  masses. — 
Domenico,  his  son,  b.  1883,  resided  for 
a  time  at  Rome  and  Naples,  but  finally 
settled  at  Madrid,  where  he  obtained 
the  appointment  of  chapel-master  to  the 
queen  of  Spain.  He  produced  several 
operas  and  some  good  church  music, 
uid  was  on  terms  of  friendship  with 
Handel. 

SCARPA,  Antonio,  a  celebrated  Ital- 
ian anatomist,  was  b.  1746,  at  FriuH; 
and  d.  at  Pavia,  in  1826.     lie  enjoyed 


an  extensive  reputation  throughout  Eu- 
rope, by  his  admirable  description  of  the 
nerves  in  his  "  Tabula  Necrologite." 

SCABBON,  Paul,  a  comic  poet  and 
satirist,  was  b.  at  Paris,  Kilo,  and  was 
intended  for  the  church,  to  which  ho 
was  averse,  and  for  which  his  habits 
were  decidedly  unfit.  At  the  age  of  24 
he  travelled  into  Italy,  where  he  gave 
himself  up  without  restraint  to  indul- 
gences of  every  kind,  and  continued  his 
excesses  after  his  return  to  Paris.  At 
the  aire  of  27,  having  appeared  during 
the  carnival  at  Mans  as  a  savage,  he  was 
pursued  by  the  populace,  and  being 
obliged  to  hide  himself  in  a  marsh,  he 
lost  the  use  of  his  limbs.  Notwithstand- 
ing his  sufferings,  he  never  lost  his 
gayety ;  and,  settlinir  at  Paris,  his  wit 
and  social  powers  gained  him  a  wide 
circle  of  acquaintance,  among  whom 
was  the  beautiful  mademoiselle  d'Au- 
bignd,  who  after  his  death  was  known 
as  the  widow  Scarron,  and  who  was 
eventually  rendered  still  more  famous  as 
madame  de  Maintcnon.  His  principle 
writings  are,  his  "Comic  Romance" 
and  his  "  Virgilie  Travestie."     D.  1660. 

8CHADOW,  Johann  Geoffkoy,  a 
distinguished  modern  sculptor,  was  b. 
at  Berlin,  1764.  Having  evinced  an 
early  predilection  for  the  fine  arts,  he 
repaired  to  Rome  in  17S5  for  the  culti- 
vation of  his  taste,  and  after  initiating 
himself  in  the  school  of  the  best  Italian 
masters,  he  returned  to  Berlin  in  17S3, 
where  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
sculpture  in  the  university  of  that  city, 
and  subsequently  director-in-chief  of 
the  academy  of  the  fine  arts.  Here  ho 
lived  and  labored  for  the  Ions  period  of 
02  years.  D.  18-50. — Zono  Ridolfo,  an 
Italian  sculptor,  was  b.  at  Rome,  1786; 
and  was  instructed  by  Canova  and. 
Thorwaldsen.  He  executed  many  ad- 
mired sculptures  and  bass-reliefs,  and  d. 
1822. 

SCHEELE,  Charles  William,  an 
eminent  chemist,  was  b.  in  1742,  at 
Stralsund,  in  Swedis  i  Pomerania ;  was 
brought  up  as  an  apothecary  at  Stras- 
bnrg,  became  proprietor  of  a  pharma- 
ceutical establishment  at  Koeping,  and 
d.  in  1786.  He  wrote  "Chemical  p]s- 
says,M  and  was  the  discoverer  of  the 
oxalic,  fluoric,  malic,  and  lactic  acids. 

SCHILLER,  Jonx  Christopher  Fked- 
eric  von,  one  of  the  most  illustrious 
names  in  German  literature,  was  b.  at 
Marbach,  in  Wirtemberg,  in  1759.  Af- 
ter having  studied  medicine,  and  be- 
come surgeon  in  a  regiment,  he,  in  his 
22d  year,   wrote  his  tragedy  of  "  Tho 


742 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[sen 


Robbers,"  which  at  once  raised  him  to 
the  foremost  rank  among  the  dramatists 

ot  his  country.  It  was  performed  at 
Manlu'iin,  in  1782.  But  some  passages 
of  a  revolutionary  tendency  having  in- 
curred the  displeasure  of  the  duke  of 
Wirtemberg,  lie  left  Stutftgard  by 
Stealth,  and  made  his  way  to  Manheim, 
where,  after  various  wanderings  and 
many  hardships,  he  got  his  tragedy  of 
"  Fieseo"  brought  out  on  the  stage. 
The  tragedies  of  "Cabal  and  Love"  and 
"  Don  Carlos"  were  his  next  produc- 
tions. In  1785  he  repaired  to  Leipsic 
and  Dresden,  where  he  found  many  ad- 
mirers. Here  he  wrote  his  singular 
romance  called  the  "  Geistcrseher,"  and 
Ins  •'  Philosophical  Letters,"  and  col- 
lected materials  for  a  "  History  of  the 
Revolt  of  the  Netherlands,  under  Philip 
11."  In  1787  he  repaired  to  Weimar, 
where  he  was  welcomed  with  great 
warmth  by  Wieland  and  Herder,  under- 
took the  management  of  a  periodical 
called  the  '•German  Mercury,"  anil  not 
long  afterwards  made  the  acquaintance 
of  Goethe,  which  soon  ripened  into  a 
friendship  only  dissolved  by  death.  In 
1789  he  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of 
history  in  the  university  of  Jena,  and 
besides  lecturing  to  crowded  audiences, 
he  published  his  celebrated  "  History 
of  the  Thirty  Years'  War,"  and  engaged 
in  various  literary  enterprises,  which 
have  more  or  less  had  ureat  influence 
on  the  literature  of  Germany.  "  Hie 
Horen"  and  "  Der  Mnsen-Ahnanach," 
to  which  the  most  eminent  men  in  Ger- 
many contributed,  belong  to  this  cat- 
egory, lie  soon  after  settled  at  Weimar, 
in  order  to  direct  the  theatre  in  con- 
junction with  Goethe,  in  accordance 
with  their  mutual  tastes  and  opinions: 
and  here  he  at  intervals  published  the 
works  which,  together  with  those  above 
mentioned,  have  immortalised  his  name. 
Among  these  are,  '•  Joan  of  Arc," 
'•  Mary  Stuart,"  "  Wallenstein,"  "  Wil- 
liam Tell,  '  "History -of  the  Remarkable 
Conspiracies  and  Revolutions  in  the 
Middle  and  Later  Aires."  (fee.  D,.  1805. 
SCHLliGEL,  August  Wiliieim  von, 
a  celebrated  critic,  poet,  and  philologist, 
wash,  at  Hanover,  17(S7.  After  finish- 
ing his  studies  at  GOttingen,  he  became 
professor  at  Jciia,  where  he  lectured  on 
.he  theory  of  art,  and  joined  his  brother 
Friederieh  in  the  editorship  of  the 
"  Atheiueum."  In  1802  he  repaired  to 
Berlin,  as  a  wider  field  for  his  literary 
predilections  ;  accompanied  madame  de 
Staid,  in  ls0">,  on  a  tour  through  Italy, 
France,  Germany,  and  Sweden;  deliv- 


ered  lectures   in  Vienna,   in   1808,  on 
dramatic  art;  became  secretary  to  Bcr- 
nadotte,  the  crown  prince  of  Sweden, 
in  1813;  and,  after  studying  Sanscrit  in 
Paris,  obtained  in  1818  tiie  professorship 
of  history  at  Bonn,  which  he  held  till 
his  death',  184r>. — Friedehich  von,  a  cel- 
ebrated German  critic  and  philologist, 
and  a  younger  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  b.'in  1772,  and  studied  at  GLttingen 
and    Leipsic.     His   first   production  of 
any  importance  was  the  "  History  of  the 
Poetry   of  the   Greeks   and    Romans." 
He  then  joined  his  brother  in  conduct- 
ing a  periodical  called  the  "  Athenaeum," 
and   after  publishing  the  philosophical 
romance  of  '•  Lucinda,"  he  visited  Paris, 
where  he  delivered  lectures  on  philos- 
ophy,  and    occupied    himself  with  the 
tine  arts.    In  18"4  he  published  a  "Col- 
lection of  the  Romantic  Poetry  of  the 
Middle  Ages."     After  this  he  repaired 
to  Vienna,  and,  in  1809,  received  an  ap- 
pointment at  the  head-quarters  of  lbs 
Archduke  Charles,  where  he  drew  np 
several  powerful  proclamations.     When 
peace  was   concluded,   he  delivered  in 
Vienna   the   lectures   known    as    "The 
History  of  Ancient  and  Modern  Litera- 
ture."'  In  1812  he  edited  the  "German 
Museum,"    and   gained  the   confidence 
of  Prince  Mettemieh  by  the  composition 
of  various  diplomatic  papers;  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  was  appointed  Aus- 
trian counsellor  of  legation  at  the  Ger- 
manic diet,  which  he  held  from  1814  to 
1818.     He  then  returned  to  Vienna,  and 
resumed   his  literary  occupations  with 
great  zest,  contributing  to  various  jour- 
nals,  and   producing  his   " Philosophy 
of  Life,"   and  his  "Philosophy  of  His- 
tory," which  rank  among  his  best  liter- 
ary efforts.  Like  his  brother,  Friederieh 
Schlegel  became  a  Roman  Catholic;  and 
his    strong  devotional   tendencies   may 
be  seen  in  his  interesting  "  Letters  on 
Christian  Art."     D.  1829. 

SCHLEIERMACHER,  Frede™  Ek- 
nest  Daniel,  equally  distinguished  as  a 
theologian,  a  philologist,  a  critic,  an 
orator,  anil  a  translator,  was  b.  at  Bres- 
lan  in  1708;  studied  at  Halle  in  17si  ; 
and,  after  holding  various  ecclesiastical 
appointments  in  different  parts  of  Ger- 
many, was  called  to  Berlin  in  1809  as 
preacher,  and  about  the  same  time  re- 
ceived the  chair  of  theology  in  the  uni- 
versity of  that  city.  The  influence  of 
his  writings  on  the  German  mind  was 
and  still  is  very  great:  but  it  was  far 
surpassed  by  that  which  his  oral  in- 
structions, and  the  purity  and  piety 
which  his  personal  character  exercised 


SCIl] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


743 


over  those  who  lived  within  his  sphere. 
D.  1884. 

SCIIOEFFER,  Peter,  one  of  the  in- 
rentors  of  printing,  was  b.  sit  Gernsheim, 
in  the  territory  of  Darmstadt,  was  a 
partner  with  Guttemberg  and  Faust, 
ami  having  married  the  daughter  of  the 
latter,  became  sole  possessor  of  the 
printing  establishment.     D.  about  1502. 

SCIIOMBERG,  Henry  de,  marshal 
of  France,  was  descended  from  a  Ger- 
man family.  He  served  in  1(517,  in 
Piedmont,  under  marshal  d'Estrees,  and 
afterwards  against  the  Huguenots  in 
the  civil  wars.  In  102")  he  was  made 
field- marshal,  and  two  years  afterwards 
defeated  the  English  at  the  isle  of 
Rhe.  In  1629  lie  forced  the  passage  of 
Snsa,  on  which  occasion  he  was  severely 
wounded.  The  next  year  he  took  Pi<r- 
nerol,  and  relieved  Casal.  In  1632  he 
defeated  the  rebels  in  Lunguedoe  at  the 
famous  battle  of  Castelnandari,  for  which 
he  was  made  governor  of  that  province. 
He  wrote  a  "Narrative  of  the  War  of 
Italy,"  andd.  1633. — Frederic  Armani), 
1  duke  of,  was  b.  of  an  illustrious  family, 
but  different  from  the  preceding.  lie 
began  his  military  career  under  Frederic 
Henry,  prince  of  Orange,  and  his  son 
William  ;  but  in  1650  he  passed  into  the 
French  service,  became  acquainted  with 
Conde  and  Turenne,  and  obtained  the 
government  of  Gravelines  and  Furnes. 
He  accompanied  the  prince  of  Orange 
to  England  at  the  revolution,  was  cre- 
ated a  peer,  made  knight  of  the  garter, 
and  obtained  a  errant  of  £100,000.  In 
1689  lie  went  with  William  to  Ireland, 
»nd  was  accidentally  shot  as  he  was 
crossing  the  Boyne,  by  the  French  ref- 
ugees of  his  own  regiment. 

"SCHOPENHAUER,  Johawna,  a  Ger- 
man authoress  of  great  celebrity,  was  b. 
at  Dantzic,  1770.  Her  chief  works  are, 
"  Ferno\v"s  Leben,"  "  Ausflucht  an  den 
Rliein,"  "Jugendleben  und  Wander- 
bilder,"  an  English  translation  of  which 
was  published  in  1847,  "Sidonia," 
"  Die  Tantc,"  and  above  all  "  Gabriele," 
which  presents  a  charming  picture  of 
female  character.     D.  1838. 

SCHREVELIUS,  Cornelius,  a  learned 
fritic,  was  b.  at  Haerletn,  about  1614. 
His  father  was  rector  of  the  school  at 
Leyden,  in  which  office  he  succeeded 
him.  His  name  is  now  principally 
known  by  his  "  Greek  and  Latin  Lex- 
icon."    D.  1667. 

SCHUBERT,  Francis,  an  eminent 
musical  composer,  was  b.  at  Vienna, 
17'J6.  His  melodies,  known  by  their 
German  name,  "  Lieder,"  have  attained 


great  celebrity  throughout  Germany, 
France,  ar.d  England  ;  anion?  the  best 
known  arc  the  "  Eil  Konig,"  "Ave 
Maria,''  "  Dcr  Wanderer,"  and  "Die 
Erw-artnng,"  &e.     D.  1830. 

SCHUMACHER,  Heinuich  Christian, 
a  distinguished  astronomer,  was  b.  in 
Holstein,  1780,  was  successively  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy  at  the  university  of 
Copenhagen,  director  at  the  observatory 
of  Mannheim,  in  the  grand  duchy  of 
Baden,  and  for  many  years  astronomer 
in  the  observatory  at  Altona,  and  editor 
of  the  "  Astrononiische  NachrichteB,1" 
He  was  a  diligent  and  accurate  observer, 
one  of  his  latest  labors  being  connected 
with  Eneke's  planet  Astra?:).     D.  1850. 

SCHURMANN,  Anna  Maria  dk,  b. 
at  Cologne,  in  1607,  whose  acquirements 
in  the  learned  languages,  the  fine  arts, 
and  polite  literature  were  so  great,  that 
she  obtained  the  appellation  of  the 
modern  Sappho.  This  erudite  and  ac- 
complished lady,  who  understood  the 
Hebrew,  Greek,  Latin,  Chaldec,  and 
several  modern  languages,  and  who  was 
mistress  of  painting,  engraving,  sculp- 
ture, and  music,  at  length  became  the 
victim  of  fanatical  delusion.  In  1650 
she  appeared  as  a  zealous  disciple  of  the 
enthusiast  Labadie,  to  whom,  it  is  said, 
she  was  secretly  married  ;  and,  after  his 
death,  she  retired  to  Weivart,  in  Fries- 
land,  where  she  d.  in  1678.  Her 
"Opuscula,  or  Pieces  in  Latin,  Greek, 
and  Hebrew,"  were  printed  in  1652. 
She  also  wrote  "  Latin  Poems"  and  a 
"  Defence  of  Female  Studv.'' 

SCHUYLER,  Philip,  an  officer  in  the 
American  army,  was  appointed  major- 
general  in  1775,  and  was  dispatched  to 
the  fortifications  in  the  north  of  New 
York,  to  prepare  for  the  invasion  of 
Canada.  lie  afterwards  fell  under  some 
suspicion,  and  was  superseded  in  the 
chief  command  by  General  Gates.  He 
was  a  member  of  congress  before  the 
adoption  of  the  present  constitution, 
and  afterwards  twice  a  senator.  D. 
1804. 

SCITWANTHALER,  Lunwro  ton, 
an  eminent  sculptor,  descended  from  a 
family  that  for  generations  had  been 
distinguished  in  the  art,  was  b.  at  Mu- 
nich, 1802.  At  the  as-c  of  16  he  entered 
the  academy  of  Munich,  where  lie  soon 
attracted  the  attention  of  Cornelius,  by 
whose  advice  he  repaired  to  Rome  ;  and 
after  enjoying  there  the  friendship  and 
instructions  of  Thorwaldsen,  he  return- 
ed to  his  native  city  in  1827.  where  ho 
found  ample  scope  for  the  development 
of  his  genius  in  the  numerous  commis- 


744 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[sec 


eions  iiitru*tccl  to  him  by  the  royal 
family  of  Bavaria.    It  would  be  difficult 

with  our  limits  to  point  out  even  a  tithe 
of  his  prod  lie.  ions  ;  suffice  it  to  say,  that 
rich  as  Munich  has  become  in  works  of 
art,  it  owes  no  small  portion  of  its  ce- 
lebrity to  this  artist,  whose  marvellous 
power  of  composition  and  versatility  of 
genius  showed  themselves  no  less  in  his 
admirable  statues  and  reliefs,  than  in 
his  frescoes  and  cartoons.     1).  1S4S. 

SCHWARTZ,  Berthold,  a  monk  of 
the  order  of  Cordeliers,  at  the  end  of 
the  13th  century,  was  a  native  of  Fri- 
bourg  in  Germany,  and  an  able  chemist. 
It  is  said,  that  as  he  was  making  some 
exp  triments  with  nitre,  it  led  to  his  in- 
vention of  gunpowder,  which  was  first 
applied  to  "warlike  purposes  by  the 
Venetians  in  1300.  There  is,  however, 
much  discrepancy  in  the  accounts  of 
this  discovery ;  and  it  is  certain  that 
Roger  Bacon,  who  died  in  1292,  was 
acquainted  with  an  inflammable  com- 
position similar  to  gunpowder,  the 
knowledge  of  which  Europeans  appear 
to  have  derived  front  the  Orientals.— 
Christian  Frederic,  a  German  mis- 
sionary to  the  East  Indies.  In  1767,  he 
was  employed  by  the  English  society 
for  the  promotion  of  Christian  knowl- 
edge, and  he  continued  throughout  his 
life  to  labor  in  the  sacred  cause  with 
unceasing  zeal.  He  was  held  in  high 
esteem  for  his  character  by  the  Hindoos, 
and  the  rajah  of  Tanjore  made  him  tutor 
to  his  son.'     I).  1798. 

SCIIWARTZENBERG,  Charles  Phi: 
lip,  Prince,  an  Austrian  field-marshal, 
was  b.  of  an  ancient  and  illustrious 
family  at  Vienna,  in  1771.  He  entered 
into  "the  army  early,  and  rapidly  pro- 
ceeded through  all  the  grades  of  mili- 
tary rank  until  he  became  a  general 
officer.     D.  18-20. 

SCOTT,  John,  a  Quaker  poet,  b.  at 
Bennondsey,  in  1739.  He  resided,  du- 
ring the  greater  part  of  his  life  at  Am- 
wefi,  and  (1.  in  1782.  He  was  the  author 
of  "Amwell,"  and  other  poems,  a 
"  Digest  of  the  Highway  Laws,"  "Crit- 
ical Essays." — John,  the  original  editor, 
of  the  "London  Magazine,"  and  the 
author  of  "A  Visit  to  Paris  in  1814," 
&c.  His  remarks  on  some  articles  in 
''Blackwood's  Edinburgh  Magazine" 
having  given  offence  to  the  editor  of 
that  work,  a  quarrel  ensued,  which 
ended  in  a  duel  between  a  friend  of  the 
editor  and  Mr.  Scott,  wdio,  a  few  days 
after,  d.  of  the  wound  he  had  received 
from  his  adversary. — Michael,  a  cele- 
brated Scottish  philosopher  of  the  13th 


century,  whose  knowledge  of  the  occult 
sciences  caused  him  to  pass  i.mong  the 
unlettered  for  a  magician,  was  b.  at 
Balwirie,  in  Fifeshirc.  He  travelled  in 
France,  Germany,  and  England,  and 
was  received  with  great  distinction  by 
the  respective  s  >vereigns  ;  received  the 
honor  of  knighthood  from  the  Scottish 
monarch,  Alexander  III.,  and  d.  125)3 
— Michael,  the  author  of  "Tom  Crin 
gle's  Log,"  was  b.  in  Glasgow,  1789 ; 
received  his  education  at  the  high  school 
and  university  of  that  city,  repaired  to 
Jamaica  in  1800,  where  he  remained  till 
1822,  and  finally  settled  in  Scotland, 
where  he  embarked  in  commercial  spec- 
ulations. D.  1835. — Reginald,  or  Rey- 
nold, was  a  native  of  Kent,  and  received 
his  education  at  Hart  hall,  Cambridge. 
He  had  both  the  good  sense  and  courage 
to  oppose  the  absurd  opinion,  at  that 
time  prevalent,  of  the  existence  of 
witches,  by  publishing  his  "Discoveries 
of  Witchcraft."  D.  1599. — Samuel,  an 
eminent  painter  of  scenery,  who  took 
Vandervelde  for  his  model,  and  often 
excelled  him.  D.  1772. — Sir  Walter,  • 
who  is  generally  placed  at  the  head  of 
English"  novelists  in  the  19th  century, 
was  b.  at  Edinburgh,  in  1771.  He  passed 
the  years  of  his  youth  between  the 
pleasures  of  hunting,  the  study  of  the 
law,  and  an  indulgence  of  his  taste  in 
reading  old  plays,  romances,  travels,  and 
marvellous  adventures.  The  antiquities 
and  ancient  poetry  of  Scotland  seem  to 
have  early  inflamed  his  imagination  ;  ho 
read  the  old  chronicles,  and  made  him- 
self acquainted  with  the  customs,  obso- 
lete laws,  and  even  the  traditions  of 
individual  families,  and  was  versed  in 
the  localities  and  the  superstitious  belief 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Scottish  moun- 
tains. He  made  his  debut  as  an  original 
author  in  "  Specimens  of  Ancient  Scot- 
tish Poetry,"  which  had  great  success. 
Ilis  next  work,  the  "  Lay  of  the  Last 
Minstrel,"  was  received  with  still  greater 
favor.  "  Marmion  "  and  "  Rokeby  " 
followed,  and  gave  a  climax  to  his  poet- 
ical reputation  ;  but  it  was  soon  after- 
wards eclipsed  by  the  rise  of  Lord 
Byron's  poetical  star,  his  vigorous  and 
impassioned  verses  diverting  the  public 
poetical  taste  into  an  entirely  new  chan- 
nel. Subsequently  appeared  "  Paul's 
Letters  to  his  Kinsfolk"  and  the  "  Bat- 
tle of  Waterloo,"  the  first  successful, 
the  latter  a  failure.  Ilis  novels,  how- 
ever, are  his  great  passport  to  fame. 
Those  masterly  productions,  on  which 
criticism  would  be  out  of  place,  need 
hardly   be   enumerated :    "  Wu-verley," 


skl] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


745 


"Talcs  of  my  Landlord,"  "Ivanhoe," 
"The  Monastery,"  "The  Abbot," 
"Quentin  Dnrward,"  "Pevcril  of  the 
Peak,"  "  Woodstock,"  "  Rob  Koy," 
"The  Heart  of  Mid  Lothian,"  "Chron- 
icles of  the  Canongate,"  &e.  Sir  Walter 
Scott  was  made  a  baronet  by  George 
IV.,  in  1821.  Though  from  the  time 
of  the  publication  of  "  Waverley,"  Sir 
Walter  had  been  generally  considered 
the  author  of  the  "Scotch  Novels,"  yet 
lie  had  managed  to' preserve  his  incog- 
nito by  various  modes  of  evasion  and 
half-denials  whenever  the  subject  was 
publicly  mooted;  and  the  author,  who- 
ever he  might  prove  to  be,  was  fanci- 
fully styled  the  "  Great  Unknown."  At 
length,  the  mystery  was  solved.  At  the 
annual  dinner  of  the  Theatrical  Fund 
Association  in  1827,  Sir  Walter,  in  re- 
turning thanks  for  the  honor  which  the 
company  had  done  him  by  drinking  bis 
health,  unreservedly  declared  that  they 
were  wholly  and  solely  his  own  compo- 
sitions. His  emoluments  were  very 
large,  but  pecuniary  difficulties  with  his 
publishers  involved  him  in  the  common 
failure.  His  debts  he  nobly  determined 
to  reduce  by  new  efforts,  many  of  which, 
though  they  answered  the  end  which 
the  author  had  in  view,  added  little  to 
his  fame,  and  utterly  destroyed  a  robust 
constitution  in  writing  them.  D.  1832. 
—  John,  a  distinguished  lawyer  and 
judge  of  Virginia."  B.  1782;  cLlSSO. 

SECKER,'  Thomas,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  an  eminent  and  pious  pre- 
late, was  b.  at  Sibthorpe,  in  Notting- 
hamshire, in  1693,  and  was  educated 
with  a  view  of  becoming  a  dissenting 
minister.  He,  however,  declared  that 
he  could  not  conscientiously  assent  to 
the  tenets  held  by  his  family,  and  he 
therefore  conformed  to  the  church  of 
England,  took  orders,  and  obtained  pre- 
ferment.    D.  1768. 

SEDGWICK,  Theodore,  a  judge  of 
the  supreme  court  of  Massachusetts, 
was  b.  at  Hartford,  Ct.,  in  1748.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  college,  and  in  1768 
bewail  the  practice  of  the  law  in  Berk- 
shire county,  Mass.  In  1776  he  served 
as  aid  to  General  Thomas  in  the  expedi- 
tion against  Canada.  In  1785  he  was  a 
member  of  congress  under  the  old  con- 
federation. His  exertions  during  1787 
to  suppress  the  insurrectionary  spirit  of 
the  state,  in  what  is  known  as  Shay's 
rebellion,  were  efficient  and  honorable. 
In  1789  he  was  again  in  congress;  and 
in  1796  a  member  of  the  U.  S.  senate. 
In  1802  he  was  appointed  judge.  D. 
1813. — Theodore,   a  son    of  the    pre- 


ceding, was  b.  at  Sheffield,  Mass.,  1780  ; 
was  educated  at  Yale  college,  and  prac- 
tised law  in  Albany.  He  was  twice  a 
member  of  the  legislature  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  twice  the  democratic  candi- 
date for  congress.  But  his  life  was 
mainly  devoted  to  literary  and  agricul- 
tural pursuits.  Ho  wrote  "  Hints  to  my 
Countrymen,"  and  "Public  and  Private 
Economv."     D.  1839. 

SEDLEY,  Sir  Charles,  a  celebrated 
wit,  courtier,  and  poet,  of  the  age  of 
Charles  II.,  was  b.  at  Aylesford,  in  Kent, 
in  1639:  d.  1701. 

SEGUR,  Joseph  Alexander,  viscount 
de,  second  son  of  the  marshal  de  Segur, 
engaged  when  young  in  the  military 
service,  but  having  attained  the  post  of 
inareschal  de  camp  in  1790,  lie  gave  up 
his  time  entirely  to  the  cultivation  of 
literature,  and  published  several  ro- 
mances. D.  ISO"). — Louis,  count  de,  a 
French  diplomatist  and  historical  wri- 
ter, was  the  eldest  son  of  the  marshal 
de  Segur,  and  b.  in  1753.  He  served 
during  two  campaigns  in  the  American 
war,  and  was  afterwards  ambassador  to 
St.  Petersburg  and  Berlin.  On  the 
overthrow  of  the  French  monarchy  he 
relinquished  his  connection  with  affairs 
of  state  ;  he  was,  notwithstanding,  ar- 
rested by  order  of  the  committee  of  pub- 
lic safety;  but  being  liberated  shortly 
after,  he  quitted  France,  and  did  not  re- 
turn till  after  the  fall  of  Robespierre, 
when  he  was  made  a  peer.     I).  1830. 

SELDEN,  John,  an  English  antiquary, 
law  writer,  and  historian,  of  most  exten- 
sive acquirements,  was  a  native  of  Sus- 
sex, and  b.  1584.  So  early  as  1607  he 
drew  up  a  work,  entitled  "  Analectum 
Anglo-Britannicum,"  which  was  quick- 
ly succeeded  by  several  others  ;  and  in 
1614  appeared  his  "Titles  of  Honor." 
Next  followed  his  "  De  Diis  Syriis"  and 
"  Mare  Clausum."  He  now  entered  the 
field  of  politics,  and  in  1640  was  elected 
member  of  parliament  for  Oxford.  At 
the  commencement  of  the  disputes  be- 
tween Charles  and  the  parliament,  ho 
acted  with  great  moderation,  and  uni- 
formly endeavored  to  prevent  an  ulti- 
mate appeal  to  the  sword.  In  1643,  the 
house  of  commons  appointed  him  keep- 
er of  the  records  of  the  Tower,  and,  the 
following  year,  one  of  the  commission- 
ers of  the  admiralty,  voting  him  £5000 
as  a  reward  for  his  services.  He  em- 
ployed all  his  influence  for  the  protection 
of  learning,  and  was  universally  esteem- 
ed for  his  urbanity  of  manners  and  good- 
ness of  heart.     D.  1654. 

SELKIRK,  Alexander,  a  sailor,  was 


746 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIY. 


[sevt 


b.  at  Largo,  in  Scotland,  about  16S0.  He 
was  a  good  navigator,  and  made  several 
voyages  to  the  South  Sea,  in.  one  of 
which,  having  a  quarrel  with  his  com- 
mander, lie  was  put  ashore  on  the  island 
of  Juan  Fernandez,  with  a  few  neces- 
saries, a  fbwiing-piece,  gunpowder,  and 
shot.  Here  he  remained  iu  solitude 
nearly  three  years,  till  he  was  taken 
away  by  Captain  Woods  Rogers,  in  170'J. 
On  his  return  to  England,  he  is  said  to 
have  employed  Daniel  Defoe  in  drawing 
up  a  narrative  of  his  adventures  for  the 
press,  from  which  source  originated  the 
popular  and  interesting  ''Adventures 
of  Robinson  Crusoe." 

SENECA,  Lucres  Ann-eus,  a  cele- 
brated Roman  philosopher,  moralist, 
and  statesman,  the  sou  of  Marcus  An- 
nams,  an  eminent  orator,  was  b.  at  Cor- 
duba,  in  Spain,  during  the  first  year  of 
the  Christian  era.  His  reputation  soon 
extended  to  the  imperial  court  ;  and  his 
various  learning  and  practical  wisdom 
caused  him  to  be  appointed  tutor  to 
Nero,  and  procured  hmi  several  import- 
ant places.  After  his  accession  to  the 
throne,  his  imperial  pupil  for  a  while 
loaded  him  with  favors;  but  at  length 
resolving  to  rid  himself  of  his  old  pre- 
ceptor, the  tyrant  charged  him  with 
being  ah  accomplice  in  the  conspiracy 
of  Piso,  and  he  was  condemned  to  death. 
The  method  of  his  execution  was,  how- 
ever, left  to  his  own  choice.  He  conse- 
quently, with  the  characteristic  osten- 
tation of  a  stoic,  finished  his  life  in  the 
midst  of  his  friends,  conversing  on 
philosophical  topics  while  the  blood  was 
flowing  from  his  veius,  which  he  had 
caused  to  be  opened  for  that  purpose. 
D.  65. 

SERVETUS,  Michael,  a  teamed  Span- 
iard, memorable  as  the  victim  of  religi- 
ous intolerance,  was  b.  at  Villanuevu,  in 
1509  :  was  educated  at  Toulouse,  studied 
medicine  at  Paris,  and  was  in  constant 
correspondence  with  Calvin,  whom  he 
consulted  in  respect  to  his  Arian  notions. 
He  published  several  anti-trinitarian 
works,  which  excited  against  him  the 
violent  hatred  of  both  Catholics  and 
Protestants;  and  though  he  was  so  for- 
tunate as  to  escape  from  the  persecu- 
tions of  the  former,  he  could  not  elude 
the  vengeance  of  the  latter,  headed  and 
incited  as  they  were  by  Ids  implacable 
enemy,  the  stern  and  unforgiving  re- 
former of  Geneva,  lie  was  seized  as  he 
was  passing  through  that  city,  tried  for 
"  blasphemy  and  heresy,"  and  con- 
demned to  the  flames,  which  sentence 
wits  carried  into  execution,  October  27, 


1553.  Servetus  is  supposed  by  many  to 
have  anticipated  Harvey  in  the  discov- 
ery" of  the  circulation  of  the  blood. 

SERVTUS  TULLIUS,  king  of  Rome, 
was  the  son  of  a  female  slave.  He  mar- 
ried the  daughter  of  Tarquin  the  elder, 
whom  he  succeeded,  577  B.C.,  and  was 
murdered  by  his  son-in-law,  Tarquin 
Superbus,  584  b.  c. 

SETTLE,  Elkaxaii,  an  English  poet, 
was  b.  at  Dunstable,  1618;  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Oxford ;  was  much  en- 
gaged in  the  political  squabbles  of  the 
age,  and  wrote  some  smart  pieces  both 
in  prose  and  verse.  He  was  al>o  an  in- 
defatigable writer  for  the  stage,  but  none 
of  his  dramas  are  now  acted.     D.  1724. 

SEV1GNE,  Mart  de  Rabutin,  mar- 
chioness de,  daughter  of  the  baron  de 
Chantal,  was  b.  iu  1626.  At  the  age  of 
18  she  married  the  marquis  de  Sevigue, 
who  was  killed  in  a  duel  seven  yean* 
afterwards.  Being  thus  left  a  widow, 
with  two  children,  she  paid  great  atten- 
tion to  their  education;  and  when  her 
daughter  married  the  count  de  Grignan, 
she  kept  up  a  correspondence  with  her; 
to  which  circumstance  the  world  is  in- 
debted  for  those  letters  which  are 
regarded  as  mo  dels  of  epistolary  com- 
position.    D.  1696. 

SEWARD,  Anna,  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  Tnomas  Seward,  himself  a  poet 
and  the  author  of  an  edition  of  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher,  was  b.  at  Eyam,  in 
Derbyshire,  in  1747.  She  evinced  a 
poetical  taste  in  early  life.  In  1782  she 
published  her  poetical  romance  of 
"  Louisa  ;"  and  she  subsequently  print- 
ed a  collection  of  sonnets,  and  a  "  Life 
of  Dr.  Darwin,"  in  which  she  asserted 
her  claim  to  the  first  fifty  lines  of  that 
author's  "Botanic  Garde'u."  D.  1809. 
— William,  a  biographical  writer,  was  b. 
in  London.  1747.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Charter  house  and  at  Oxford  ;  was 
intimate  with  Dr.  Johnson,  an  1  other 
eminent  literary  characters  ;  and  was 
the  author  of  "Anecdotes  of  Distin- 
guished Persons,"  "  Biographiana,"  &c 
D.  in  179'J. 

SEW  ELL,  George,  a  poet  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  was  b.  at  Windsor 
and  after  completing  his  education  at 
Pcter-hou-c,  Cambridge,  studied  med- 
icine in  Holland  under  the  celebrated 
Boerhaave,  and  settled  at  Hampstead  as 
a  physician.  His  chief  literary  produc- 
tions are,  "  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,'  a  tra- 
gedy ;  "A  Vindication  of  the  English 
Stage;"  translations  of  parts  of  Lucan, 
Ovid,  and  Tibullus;  and  "Epistles  to 
Mr.  Addison."     D.  1726. 


biia] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


747 


SFORZA,  James,  called  the  Great, 
was  b.  of  humble  parentage,  at  Cotig- 
nola,  in  1639.  A  company  of  soldiers 
happening  to  pass  through  his  village, 
young  Storza  joined  them,  and,  after 
passing  through  the  inferior  military 
ranks,  became  a  general.  lie  obliged 
Alphonsus,  king  of  Aragon,  to  raise 
tlie  siege  of  Naples,  and  he  retook  sev- 
eral important  places  which  had  revolt- 
ed ;  but  being  too  eager  in  pursuing  the 
flying  enemy,  he  was  drowned  in  the 
river  near  Pescara,  in  1424.— Francis, 
natural  son  of  the  preceding,  command- 
ad  with  distinction  in  the  service  of 
Naples ;  after  which  lie  married  the 
daughter  of  the  duke  of  Milan,  on  whose 
death  he  was  chosen  general  of  the 
duchy ;  but  he  abused  that  trust,  and 
usurped  the  sovereignty.    D.  1466. 

SIIADWELL,  Sir  Lancelot,  vice- 
chancellor  of  England,  was  b.  1799 ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge,  where 
he  took  his  degree  of  B.A.  in  1600.  He 
was  called  to  the  bar  by  the  honorable 
society  of  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1803,  was 
appointed  a  king's  counsel  in  1821,  sat 
for  Ripon  as  M.  P.  in  1826,  and  was 
elevated  to  the  vice-chancellorship  of 
England  in  1827.  D.  1850.— Thomas,  a 
dramatic  poet,  was  b.  1640,  at  Stanton 
Hall,  Norfolk,  and  was  educated  at 
Cambridge.  When  Dryden  was  re- 
moved from  the  offices  of  laureate  and 
historiographer  royal,  Shadwell  was  ap- 
pointed his  successor,  which  exposed 
him  to  the  severity  of  that  poet's  satire, 
who  ridiculed  him  under  the  appellation 
of  Macneeknoe.  D.  1692.  His  princi- 
pal plays  are,  "  Epsom  Wells,"  "  Tiinon 
the  Misanthrope,"  the  "Virtuoso,"  the 
"  Gentleman  of  Alsace,"  and  the  "  Lan- 
cashire Witches." — Charles,  supposed 
to  have  been  the  son  or  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  wrote  some  plays,  the  best 
of  which  is  entitled  the  "  Pair  Quaker 
of  Deal."     D.  1726. 

SHAKSPEARE,  William,  the  most 
illustrious  dramatic  poet  of  England, 
was  b.  at  Stratford-upon-Avon,  April 
23,  1564,  and  was  the  son  of  a  dealer  in 
wool,  who  appears  also  to  have  carried 
on  the  business  of  a  butcher.  His  edu- 
cation was  eonf.  ned  to  what  he  eould 
attain  at  the  free-school  of  his  native 
place  ;  and  being  taken  from  it  early,  he 
made  no  further  progress  than  the  rudi- 
ments of  Latin.  In  his  18th  year  he 
married  Ann  Hathaway,  a  farmer's 
daughter,  who  was  considerably  older 
thr.n  himself.  Of  his  occupation  at  this 
period,  nothing  determinate  is  recorded ; 
but  it  appears  that  h }  was  wild  and  ir- 


regular, and  that  he  was  more  than  onco 
concerned  with  others  in  stealing  deer 
from  the  park  of  Sir  Thomas  Lucy,  of 
Charlecote,  near  Stratford.  For  this  he 
was  prosecuted  by  that  gentleman  ;  but 
he  retaliated  by  a  severe  lampoon  on 
him,  and  then  fled  to  London,  in  order 
to  escape  another  prosecution.  Here  he 
formed  an  acquaintance  with  the  players, 
and  was  enrolled  among  them,  though 
what  sort  of  characters  he  performed 
does  not  appear.  Mr.  Rowe  observes, 
that  he  could  never  meet  with  any  fur- 
ther account  of  him  as  an  actor,  than 
that  his  highest  part  was  the  Ghost  in 
his  own  "  Hamlet."  Queen  Elizabeth 
had  several  of  his  plays  acted  before  her, 
and,  without  doubt,  gave  him  many 
marks  of  her  favor.  She  was  so  pleased 
with  the  character  of  Falstatf  in  the  two 
parts  of  Henry  IV.,  that  she  commanded 
liiin  to  exhibit  him  in  love,  on  which 
occasion  Shakspearc  wrote  his  rich  and 
admirable  comedy  of  the  "Merry  Wives 
of  Windsor."  The  earl  of  Southampton 
is  said  on  one  occasion  to  have  presented 
him  with  £1000;  and  he  enjoyed  the 
friendship  of  his  most  eminent  literary 
eotemporaries.  Having  become  propri- 
etor and  manager  of  the  Globe  theatre, 
he  realized  a  handsome  fortune,  which 
enabled  him  to  spend  the  close  of  his 
life  at  his  native  town,  where  he  pur- 
chased a  house  and  estate,  to  winch 
he  gave  the  name  of  New  Place.  The 
house  and  lands  continued  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  poet's  descendants  till  the 
restoration,  when  they  were  repurchased 
by  the  Clopton  family.  Here  Shakspeare 
planted  the  famous  mulberry  tree,  which 
remained  an  object  of  profit  to  the  people 
of  Stratford,  and  of  veneration  to  visitors, 
till  about  1759,  when  the  possessor,  out 
of  hatred  to  the  inhabitants,  cut  it  down. 
Shakspeare  died  on  his  52d  birthday,  in 
1616,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  of 
Stratford,  where  his  monument  still  re- 
mains. In  1741,  a  monument  was 
erected  to  him  in  Westminster  abbey, 
and  paid  for  by  the  proceeds  of  benefits 
at  the  two  great  theatres.  In  1769,  by 
the  efforts  of  Garrick,  a  festival  was  cel- 
ebrated in  honor  of  the  poet  in  his  na- 
tive town.  The  only  notice  recorded  of 
the  person  of  Shakspeare  is  to  be  found 
in  Aubrey,  who  says  that  "he  was  a 
handsome,  well-shaped  man,"  and  adds, 
that  he  was  "  verie  good  company,  and 
of  a  verie  ready,  pleasant,  and  smooth 
witt."  Besides  his  immortal  plays, 
Shakspeare  was  the  author  of  two  poems 
"  Venus  and  Adonis,"  and  "  Lucreee," 
which,  although  lost  in  the  blaze  of  hig 


748 


CYCLOP/EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[she 


dramatic  genius,  exhibit  much  of  poetry 
that  is  worthv  of  admiration. 

SHAKP,  James,  archbishop  of  St.  An- 
drew's, a  distinguished  prelate  of  the 
17th  century,  was  b.  in  Banffshire,  161S, 
and  obtained  a  professorship  in  the  uni- 
versity of  St.  Andrew's.  The  presbytery 
being  overturned  by  parliament,  under 
Charles  II.,  Sharp,  who  had  treacherous- 
ly promoted  that  measure,  was  rewarded 
with  the  primacy,  and  appointed  arch- 
bishop of  St.  Andrew's.  The  wanton 
cruelties  which  followed,  confirmed  the 
horror  entertained  against  him,  and 
raised  the  fury  of  some  of  his  more  big- 
oted opponents  to  take  his  life.  D.  1679. 
— Granville,  distinguished  for  his  phi- 
lanthropy and  learning,  was  b.  at  Dur- 
ham, 1734.  He  obtained  a  place  in  the 
ordnance  office,  which  he  resigned  at 
the  commencement  of  the  American  war, 
because  he  disapproved  of  its  principles  ; 
after  which  he  devoted  his  life  to  private 
study,  and  the  active  exercise  of  a  be- 
nevolent mind.  He  established  the 
right  of  negroes  to  their  freedom  while 
in  England,  instituted  the  society  for 
the  abolition  of  the  slave  trade,  advo- 
cated the  principles  of  parliamentary 
reform,  and  distinguished  himself  with 
equal  zeal  in  other  patriotic  and  benev- 
olent objects ;  the  last  of  which  was  the 
gromotion  of  the  distribution  of  the 
criptures.  He  was  critically  skilled  in 
the  Hebrew  and  Greek  languages,  and 
was  the  author  of  various  works,  the 
principal  of  which  are,  "Remarks  on 
the  Uses  of  the  Definite  Article  in  the 
Greek  Testament,"  a  "Short  Treatise 
on  the  English  Tongue,"  "  Remarks  on 
the  Prophecies,"  "  Treatises  on  the 
Slave  Trade,"  on  "Duelling,"  "The 
People's  Right  to  a  share  in  the  Legis- 
lature," the  "  Law  of  Nature,  and  Prin- 
ciples of  Action  in  Man,"  &c.  D.  1813. 
SHARPE,  Gregory,  an  eminent  ori- 
ental scholar  and  able  divine,  was  b.  in 
Yorkshire,  1713,  was  educated  at  West- 
minster and  Aberdeen,  and  eventually 
became  master  of  the  Temple.  Among 
his  writings  are,  "A  Review  of  the  Con- 
troversy on  the  Demoniacs,"  "  Defence 
of  Dr.  Clarke  against  the  Attacks  of 
Leibnitz,"  "Dissertations  on  the  Origin 
of  Languages,  and  the  Powers  of  Letters, 
with  a  Hebrew  Lexicon,"  "  Disserta- 
tions on  the  Latin  and  Greek  Tongues," 
"Three  Discourses  in  Defence  of  Chris- 
tianity," an  "Introduction  to  Universal 
History,"  and  "  The  Rise  and  Pall  of 
the  City  and  Temple  of  Jerusalem." 
D.  1771. 
SHEE,  Sir  Martin  Archer,  president 


and  senior  memher  of  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy, was  b.  in  Dublin,  17(59.  On  his 
first  arrival  from  Ireland  in  the  British 
metropolis,  he  was  introduced  to  the 
notice  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  and  to 
some  other  distinguished  persons,  by 
his  illustrious  friend  and  countryman, 
Edmund  Burke.  He  became  an  exhib- 
itor at  the  Royal  Academy  for  the  first 
time  in  the  year  17S9.  In  1791  he  sent 
four  portraits  to  the  exhibition  ;  in  1792 
he  exhibited  seven  works  ;  and,  in  1796, 
he  reached  what  is  now  the  full  academ- 
ical number  of  eight  portraits.  He  con- 
tinued equally  industrious  for  many  suc- 
cessive years;  and  was  in  such  favor 
with  his  fellow-artists,  that  he  was  elect- 
ed an  associate  of  the  Royal  Academy 
in  1798.  In  1800  he  was  elected  a  full 
royal  academician  ;  and  of  his  thirty- 
nine  brethren  by  whom  he  was  chosen, 
he  was  the  last  survivor.     D.  1S50. 

SHELDON,  Gilbert,  an  eminent  pre- 
late, was  b.  at  Stanton,  in  Staffordshire, 
1598.  On  the  death  of  Archbishop 
Jnxon,  he  was  raised  to  the  primacy, 
and  expended  above  £66,000  in  charita- 
ble uses.  But  the  greatest  of  his  works 
was  building  the  theatre  at  Oxford.  D. 
1677. 

SHELLEY,  Percy  Bysshe,  an  emi- 
nent modern  poet,  eldest  son  of  Sir 
Timothy  Shelley,  Sussex,  was  b.  at  Field 
Place,  in  that  county,  1792.  He  was 
sent  to  Eton,  whence,  owing  to  his  ec- 
centricity of  character,  he  was  removed 
to  Oxford,  much  before  the  usual  period. 
Here  a  repetition  of  youthful  irregulari- 
ties occasioned  his  expulsion  ;  and  his 
family  were  estranged  by  an  ill-assorted 
marriage.  After  the  birth  of  a  boy  and 
a  girl,  he  separated  from  his  wife,  who 
died  shortly  after.  Mr.  Shelley  then 
married  Miss  Godwin,  daughter  of  the 
author  of  "  Political  Justice"  and  the 
famed  "  Mary  Wolstoncroft,"  and  soon 
after  retired  to  Marlow,  in  Buckingham- 
shire, where  he  wrote  his  "Revolt  of 
Islam."  About  this  time  the  guardian- 
ship of  his  children  was  taken  from 
him,  by  an  infamous  order  of  the  chan- 
cellor, on  the  ground  of  alleged  atheisti- 
cal and  skeptical  notions,  and  of  certain 
avowed  opinions  regarding  the  inter- 
course of  the  sexes,  which  were  deemed 
immoral  and  dangerous.  He  now  re- 
paired to  Italy,  with  his  second  wife  and 
a  new  family,  and  renewed  an  acquaint- 
ance with  Lord  Byron,  to  whom  he  had 
been  known  during  a  former  visit  to  the 
Continent.  There,  in  conjunction  with 
his  lordship  and  Mr.  Leigh  Hint,  he 
contributed  to  "The  Liberal,"  a  1«riod 


she] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIT. 


74& 


ical  miscellany,  which  contained  the 
"Vision  of  Judgment,"  by  Lord  Byron, 
and  other  original  productions;  but 
which,  partly  owing  to  Shelley's  un- 
timely death,  was  very  soon  discontin- 
ued. He  was  drowned  by  the  wreck  of 
his  own  small  sailing-boat  in  a  violent 
storm,  on  his  return  from  Leghorn  to 
his  house,  on  the  gulf  of  Leriei,  July  8, 
1822.  Fifteen  days  afterwards  his  body 
was  discovered,  and,  agreeably  to  his 
own  desire,  often  expressed  to  his  friend 
Byron,  it  was  burnt  on  the  sea-shore, 
and  the  ashes  conveyed  to  Koine,  where 
they  are  interred  in  the  burial-ground 
near  the  pyramid  of  Cains  Cestus.  The 
poetical  works  of  this  writer  are,  "Pro- 
metheus Chained,"  "  Alastor,  or  the 
Spirit  of  Solitude,"  "  Queen  Mab," 
and  "Cenci;"  the  whole  of  which  dis- 
play a  poetical  genius  of  the  highest 
order,  and  a  character  of  the  utmost  pu- 
rity and  benevolence. — His  wife,  above 
alluded  to,  b.  1797,  gained  great  dis- 
tinction by  her  "Frankenstein,"  pub- 
lished in  1817.  She  was  also  the  author- 
ess of  the  "Lives  of  Eminent  Literary 
Frenchmen,"  published  in  "  Lar.lner's 
Cabinet  Cyclopasdia;"  and,  among  other 
literary  performances  of  merit,  she  ed- 
ited with  notes  her  husband's  poems. 
D.  1851. 

SHENSTONE,  William,  an  English 
poet,  b.  1714,  at  Hales  Owen,  in  Shrop- 
shire, was  the  son  of  a  gentleman  farmer, 
residing  on  his  own  estate,  called  the 
Leasowes.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
and,  on  coming  into  possession  of  his 
paternal  property,  he  relinquished  all 
views  of  an  active  life,  and  occupied 
himself  with,  rural  embellishments,  and 
the  cultivation  of  poetry.  His  great  de- 
sire to  render  the  Leasowes  famous  for 
picturesque  beauty  and  elegance,  led  to 
expenses  which  he  could  but.  ill  support, 
and  he  was  by  no  means  a  happy  inhab- 
itant of  the  Eden  which  he  had  created. 
His  works  consist  of  songs,  elegies,  pas- 
torals, and  miscellaneous  cssavs.  D. 
1763. 

SHERBURNE,  Sir  Edward,  an  in- 
genious writer,  was  b.  in  London,  1618. 
He  held  the  office  of  clerk  of  the  ord- 
nance under  Charles  I.,  and  suffered 
greatly  during  the  civil  war;  but  was 
restored  to  his  office,  and  knighted  bv 
Charles  TI.  D.  1702.  He  translated 
"  Seneca's  Tragedies,"  the  "  Sphere  of 
Marcus  Manilius,"  and  other  works, 
•uto  English,  and  wrote  poems. 

SHERI  DAN,  Thomas,  (the  well-known 

friend  of  Dean  Swift,)  was  b.  in  1684, 

ami.  d.  in  1738.    He  was  eminent  as  a 

63* 


teacher,  but,  being  singularly  thought- 
less and  extravagant,  he  closed  his  life 
in  great  poverty.  He  was  the  author  of 
some  sermons,  and  a  translation  of  the 
satires  of  Persius. — Thomas,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  b.  in  1721,  at  Quilca,  in 
Ireland,  and  was  educated  at  Westmin- 
ster school,  and  at  Trinity  college,  Dub- 
lin. In  1742  he  went  upon  the  stage, 
and  gained  much  celebrity  as  a  trage- 
dian, both  in  his  native  country  and  in 
England.  He  next  became  manager  of 
the  Dublin  company,  but  being  ruined 
by  the  opposition  of  a  rival  theatre  and 
by  riots  in  his  own,  he  relinquished  tho 
profession,  and  commenced  as  a  lecturer 
on  elocution,  which  for  a  time  was  very 
successful.  During  the  ministry  of 
Lord  Bute,  he  obtained  a  pension  of 
£200  a  year.  He  subsequently  became 
manager  of  Drirry-lane  theatre ;  but 
some  disputes  taking  place,  he  retired 
from  the  situation,  and  resumed  his  at- 
tention to  oratory.  His  principal  works 
are,  an  "Orthcepical  Dictionary  of  the 
English  Language,"  and  a  "Life  of 
Swift."  D.  17s8.— Frances,  wife  of  the 
preceding,  was  the  writer  of  "Sidney 
Biddulph,"  a  novel;  "  Nourjahad,"  an 
Eastern  tale;  and  the  comedies  of  "The 
Discovery"  and  "The  Dupe."  B.  1724; 
d.  1767. — Richard  Brinsley,  third  sou 
of  the  preceding,  distinguished  as  a 
statesman,  wit,  and  dramatist,  was  b.  at 
Dublin,  1751.  He  was  educated  at  Har- 
row school,  and  became  a  student  of  the 
Middle  Temple,  but  was  not  called  to 
the  bar.  His  first  dramatic  attempt  was 
"The  Rivals,"  which  was  acted  at  Cov- 
ent-garden  in  1775,  with  moderate,  suc- 
cess; but  the  "Duenna,"  a  musical 
entertainment,  which  followed,  was  re- 
ceived with  general  admiration;  and  his 
"School  for  Scandal"  gained  him  the 
highest  reputation  as  a  comic  writer. 
On  the  retirement  of  Garrick  from  Dru- 
ry-lane  theatre,  he  purchased  a  share  in 
that  property,  which  qualified  him  for  a 
seat  in  parliament;  and,  in  1780,  he  was 
chosen  memoer  for  the  borough  of  Staf- 
ford. He  attained  distinguished  celeb- 
rity as  an  orator,  and  made  the  grandest 
display  of  eloquence  during  the  progress 
of  the  impeachment  of  Warren  Hastings. 
The  political  changes  consequent  on  the 
death  of  Pitt,  in  1806,  occasioned  the 
exaltation  of  the  party  with  which  Sher- 
idan was  connected,  and  he  obtained 
the  lucrative  post  of  treasurer  of  the 
navy,  and  the  rank  of  a  privy  councillor. 
This  administration  being  weakened  by 
the  loss  of  Mr.  Fox,  who  survived  his 
celebrated  rival  only  a  few  months,  new 


rs) 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF     BIOGRAPHY. 


[SHI 


alterations  took  place,  and  he  was  de- 
prived of  office,  to  which  he  never  re- 
turned. At  the  general  election  in  1806, 
he  obtained  a  seat  for  Westminster,  the 
great  object  of  his  ambition  ;  but  lie  was 
afterwards  nominated  for  the  borough 
of  lleiiester,  which  he  continued  to  rep- 
resent during  the  remainder  of  his  par- 
liamentary career.  The  latter  part  of 
the  life  of  this  highly  talented  individual 
was  imbittered  by  misfortunes,  princi- 
pally arising  from  his  own  improvidence, 
ilis  profuse  habits  involved  him  deeply 
in  debt;  his  failure  of  a  seat  in  parlia- 
ment deprived  him  of  protection  from 
arrest ;  intemperance  had  undermined 
his  constitution;  mental  anxiety  com- 
pleted the  destruction  of  his  health  ; 
and  his  death  took  place  amidst  a  com- 
plication of  difficulties,  fears,  and  sor- 
rows, July  7,  1816.  Besides  the  pieces 
already  noticed,  he  was  the  author  of 
part  of  "  A  Translation  of  Aristasnetus,'' 
the  farces  of  "The  Critic,"  a  "Trip  to 
Scarborough,"  and  "St.  Patrick's  Day," 
a  "  Letter  to  Henry  Dundas,"  "  Pizorro," 
a  drama  altered  from  Kotzebue,  and 
poems.  Mr.  Sheridan  was  twice  raar- 
r  ed,  first  to  Miss  Linley,  a  celebra  el 
singer;  and  the  second  time  to  Miss 
Ogle,  daughter  of  the  dean  of  Winches- 
ter. 

SHERLOCK,  William,  an  eminent 
English  divine,  b.  1641.  He  became 
dean  of  St.  Paul's,  and  wrote  numerous 
books  and  pamphlets,  the  greater  part 
of  which  were  of  the  controversial  kind. 
His  "Practical  Treatise  on  Death," 
however,  has  been  highly  valued  and 
very  much  read.  D.  1770. — Thomas,  an 
eminent  prelate,  son  of  the  preceding, 
b.  in  1678,  was  distinguished  as  a  warm 
and  spirited  controversial  writer.  His 
works  are  very  numerous,  and  his  ser- 
mons particularly  to  be  admired  for 
their  ingenuity  and  elegance.  He  was, 
successively,  dean  of  Chichester,  and 
bishop  of  Bangor,  Salisbury,  and  Lou- 
don.    D.  1761. 

SHERMAN,  Roger,  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  American  independence, 
was  b.  at  Newton,  Mass.,  in  1721,  and 
with  only  a  common-school  education, 
mse  to  distinction  as  a  lawyer  and 
statesman.  His  early  life  was  passed  in 
liie  occupation  of  a  shoemaker.  Re- 
moving to  Connecticut  in  1743,  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1754,  and  soon 
became  distinguished  as  a  counsellor. 
In  1761  he  removed  to  New  Haven, 
four  years  after  was  appointed  a  judge 
of  the  county  court,  and  in  1776  ad- 
vanced to  the  bench    of  the   superior 


court.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  cele- 
brated congress  of  1774,  and  was  a 
member  of  that  body  for  the  space  of 
nineteen  years.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  convention  that  formed  the  consti- 
tution of  the  United  States.     D.  1793. 

SHIEL,  Richard  Lalor,  was  b.  in 
Dublin,  1794,  was  educated  at  Trinity 
college,  and  studied  law  at  Liucohfs- 
Inn.  To  defray  the  expenses  of  his 
education,  he  betook  himself  to  writing 
tragedies.  "  Adelaide"  to  which  the 
passionate  acting  of  Miss  O'Neil  lent 
a  charm,  was  followed  by  the  "  Apos- 
tate," "  Bellamira,"  and  "  Evadne." 
In  1831  he  entered  parliament,  where 
his  success  as  a  speaker  was  very  great. 
He  took  a  deep  interest  in  Catholic 
emancipation,  and  was  the  right  hand 
of  O'Counell.  He  was  ultimately  pre- 
ferred to  the  eommissioncrship  of 
Greenwich  hospital,  and  shortly  after- 
wards made  vice-president  of  the  board 
of  trade,  with  a  seat  in  the  privy  council. 
Mr.  Shiel  was  the  first  Catholic  com- 
moner upon  whom  this  dignity  was  be- 
stowed. From  the  general  election  in 
1841,  to  the  time  of  his  departure  for 
Florence,  in  1850,  he  represented  Dun- 
garvon.  On  the  return  of  the  Whigs  to 
office,  in  1846,  after  the  repeal  of  the 
corn-laws,  Mr.  Shiel  succeeded  to  the 
mastership  of  the  mint,  which  place 
being  abolished  last  session,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  Florence  as  British  minister 
at  the  Tuscan  court.     D.  1851. 

SHIPl'EN,  William,  an  eminent 
physician,  was  b.  in  Pennsylvania,  and 
was  graduated  at  Princeton  college  in 
1754.  His  medical  studies  were  com- 
pleted at  Edinburgh,  and  on  his  return 
in  1764,  he  began  at  Philadelphia  the 
first  course  of  lectures  on  anatomy  ever 
delivered  in  the  country.  He  assisted 
in  establishing  the  medical  school  of 
that  city,  and  was  appointed  one  of  its 
professors.     D.  1808. 

SHIRLEY,  James,  an  eminent  En- 
glish dramatic  writer  and  poet  of  the 
Elizabethan  age,  was  b.  in  London, 
about  1594.  He  became  a  fertile  writer 
for  the  stage  ;  and  having  obtained  con- 
siderable celebrity,  was  taken  into  the 
service  of  Queen  Henrietta  Maria.  He 
afterwards  accompanied  the  earl  of  Kil- 
dare  to  Ireland,  but  returned  on  the 
breaking  out  of  the  rebellion,  and  re- 
sumed his  scholastic  employment  in  the 
Whitcfriars.  Ar  the  restoration  many 
of  his  plays  were  again  acted,  and  ha 
appears  to  have  been  comparatively 
prosperous;  but  having  lost  all  hi* 
property    by   the    fire    of   London,  in 


bid] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


751 


1C6G,  both  he  and  his  wife  were  so  af- 
fected by  the  calamitous  event,  that 
they  died  of  grief  and  terror  within  24 
hours  of  each  other. 

SHORE,  Jane,  the  beautiful  and  un- 
fortunate mistress  of  Edward  IV.,  was 
the  daughter  of  a  London  citizen,  and 
the  wife  of  a  rich  jeweller  in  Loiubard- 
Btreet.  Her  personal  charms  are  rep- 
resented as  being  transcendent:  her 
connubial  state,  infelicitous;  and  the 
monarch's  admiration  of  her,  unbound- 
ed. Her  virtue  was  not  sufficiently 
strong  to  resist  her  royal  lover,  and  she 
nn reluctantly  yielded  to  his  desires. 
After  the  king's  death  she  became  at- 
tached to  Lord  Hastings,  and  their 
known  partiality  to  the  young  princes 
rendered  them  obnoxious  to  the  duke 
of  Gloucester,  who  accused  them  of 
witchcraft.  On  this  charge  Hastings 
was  beheaded,  and  his  pretended  ac- 
complice committed,  by  the  tyrant's 
order,  to  the  Tower.  After  undergoing 
the  form  of  a  mock  trial,  she  was  or- 
dered to  do  penance  in  St.  Paul's,  in  a 
white  sheet,  and  was  paraded  through 
the  public  streets,  the  bishop  of  Lon- 
don heading  the  procession.  Ilcr  house 
and  fortune  was  seized  by  the  protector, 
and  the  unfortunate  woman  was  reduced 
to  the  greatest  distress  ;  but  her  perish- 
ing in  a  ditch,  which  is  said  to  have 
given  rise  to  Shoreditch,  does  not  ap- 
pear to  be  founded  upon  fact.  Where 
or  when  she  died  is  not  known;  but  it 
is  certain  she  was  living  in  the  reign  of 
Henrv  VIII. 

SHORT,  William,  a  native*  of  Vir- 
ginia, who  was  secretary  of  legation  to 
France  when  Jefferson  was  minister, 
and  afterwards  charge  to  France,  and 
minister  to  Spain,  by  the  appointment 
of  Washington.  His  state  papers  were 
marked  bv  great  cleverness  and  abilitv. 
B.  1750  ;  d.  1850. 

SHRAPNEL,  Licut.-gcncral  Henry, 
the  inventor  of  the  case-shot  known  as 
Shrapnel-shells,  received  his  commis- 
sion as  second  lieutenant  in  the  royal 
nrtil.jry  in  1779,  and  attained  the  rank 
of  lieutenant-general  in  1837.  Shortly 
after  the  siege  of  Gibraltar,  he  invented 
the  spherical  ease-shot.  On  the  adop- 
tion of  these  shells  by  the  artillery,  lie 
was  granted  a  pension  of  £1200  per 
annum  in  addition  to  his  regular  pay. 
D.  1842. 

SHUCKFORD,  Samuel,  a  learned 
divine,  who  was  educated  at  Cains  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  became  prebend- 
ary of  Canterbury,  and  rector  of  All- 
ballows,  iu  Lombard-street.    He  wrote. 


two  works,  "On  the  Creation  and  Fall 
of  Man,"  and  "  The  History  of  the 
World,  Sacred  and  Profane."     D.  1754. 

SHUTER,  Edward,  a  celebrated  comio 
actor,  whose  talents  in  the  delineation 
of  humorous  characters  rendered  him  a 
public  favorite.     D.  1776. 

SHUTTLEWOOD,  the  Right  Rev. 
Philip  Nicholas,  bishop  of  Chichester, 
was  li.  in  1782,  atKirkham,  Lancashire. 
He  received  his  education  at  Winches- 
ter, and  New  college,  Oxford,  and  was 
distinguished  at  both  these  learned 
seminaries  by  his  superior  attainments. 
For  some  considerable  time  he  resided 
in  Oxford,  and  filled  the  situation  of 
tutor  to  his  college  ;  and  when,  in  1822, 
the  wardenship  of  New  college  became 
vacant,  he  was  unanimously  elected  to 
that  honorable  station.  In  1840,  Dr. 
Shuttle  worth  was  promoted  to  the  see 
of  Chichester;  but  his  episcopal  dignity 
was  of  brief  duration,  this  able  prelate 
dying  in  January,  1842.  His  principal 
works  are,  a  "  Discourse  on  the  Con 
sistency  of  the  whole  Scheme  of  Reve- 
lation with  itself  and  with  Human 
Reason,"  "Scripture  not  Tradition,"  in 
which  his  objections  to  Puseyisin  are 
stated  with  great  force  and  learning  ;  a 
volume  of  excellent  sermons,  &c. 

SICARD,  Rocii-Ambrose  Cuci-rron, 
an  eminent  teacher  of  the  deaf  and 
dumb,  was  b.  in  1742,  at  Fousseret, 
near  Toulonse.  On  the  death  of  l'Ep^e, 
in  1789,  the  Abbe  Sicard  was  called  to 
Paris,  to  succeed  him  in  the  direction 
of  the  establishment  there.  In  1792  he 
was  arrested  amidst  the  scholars,  sent 
to  prison,  and  was  in  imminent  danger 
of  becoming  a  victim  in  the  ensuing 
massacres.  He,  however,  obtained  his 
liberty,  and  in  1796  took  part  in  com- 
piling the  "  Religious,  Political,  and 
Literary  Annals  of  France,"  for  which 
he  was  sentenced  to  transportation,  but 
escaped.  When  this  storm  had  passed 
away,  he  resumed  his  situation  as  a 
teacher  of  the  deaf  and  dumb,  which 
office  he  held  for  many  years  with  great 
credit  to  himself  and  advantage  to  his 
pupils.  He  wrote  several  valuable  works 
relating  to  tuition,  &c. ;  and  d.  1S22. 

SIDDONS,  Sarah,  the  most  cele- 
brated of  English  tragic  actresses,  was 
a  daughter  of  Roger  Kemble,  manager 
of  an  itinerant  "company,  and  b.  "at 
Brecknock,  in  1775.  She  commenced 
her  theatrical  career  as  a  singer.  br.t 
soon  relinquished  that  line,  and  at- 
tempted tragedy.  In  her  18th  year  she 
was  married  to  Mr.  Siddons ;  when  she 
and  her  husband  played  at  Liverpool 


752 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[SIK 


and  otlicr  places,  gaining  both  reputa- 
tion anil  profit.  In  1775  she  tried  her 
powers  on  the  London  boards,  but  was 
unsuccessful*  She  then  obtained  an 
ongagement  at  Bath,  where  she  im- 
proved rapidly,  and  became  a  general 
favorite.  Time,  with  study  and  practice, 
mature  1  ber  powers  ;  and  when  she  re- 
appeared at  Drury-lane,  in  October, 
17&2,  as  Isabella,  her  success  was  com- 
plete;  and,  from  that  time  forward,  her 
theatrical  career  was  one  continued  tri- 
umph. She  possessed  every  requisite, 
personal  and  acquired,  for  tbe  high 
dramatic  walk  she  had  aspired  to  ;  and 
those  who  witnessed  her  in  the  meridian 
of  her  splendid  career,  never  forgot  her 
surpassing  intellectual  powers,  or  her 
unparalleled' dignity  of  deportment.  D. 
1831. 

SIDMOUTII,  Henry,  Viscount,  &c, 
was  the  eldest  son  of  Dr.  Addington, 
an  eminent  physician;  was  educated  at 
"Winchester,  and  Brazennose  college, 
Oxfora ;  and  was  intended  for  the  pro- 
fession of  the  law,  which,  however,  he 
abandoned  almost  as  soon  as  he  was 
called  to  the  bar,  in  order  to  follow  the 
political  fortunes  of  his  boyhood's  friend, 
the  second  William  Pitt.  Entering  par- 
liament for  Devizes,  in  1784,  he  in  1789 
succeeded  Lord  Grenville  as  speaker  of 
the  house  of  commons.  In  180")  he  ac- 
cepted the  office  of  president  of  the 
council,  under  Mr.  Pitt's  government, 
and  was  elected  to  the  peerage.  This 
office  he  more  than  once  resigned,  and 
reacccpted  the  office  of  president  of 
tbe  council ;  but,  on  the  formation  of 
the  Liverpool  administration,  he  ac- 
cepted office  as  home  secretary.  B. 
17 57;  d.  1844. 

SIDNEY,  Sir  Philip,  one  of  the  most 
accomplished  men  of  the  reign  of  Eliza- 
beth, was  the  son  of  Sir  Henry  Sidney; 
was  b.  in  1554,  at  Pensluirst,  in  Kent; 
was  educated  at  Shrewsbury  school, 
Christ-church,  Oxford,  and  Trinity  col- 
lege, Cambridge ;  and  subsequently  trav- 
elled in  Fiance,  Germany,  and  Italy. 
On  his  return  he  became  a  favorite  of 
the  queen,  and  was  sent  by  her,  in 
1576,  on  an  embassy  to  the  Emperor 
Rodolph.  He  was  knighted  in  1583. 
When  his  maternal  uncle,  tbe  earl  of 
Leicester,  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  tbe  auxiliary  forces  in  the 
Netherlands,  Sidney  was  nominated 
general  of  cavalry.  Be  was,  however, 
mortally  wounded,  in  September,  in  a 
victorious  action  near  Zutphen,  and  d. 
on  the  17th  of  October,  15S6.  Sidney 
mas  universally  beloved  and  admired. 


So  high  did  his  character  stand  that,  in 
1585,  he  was  named  as  a  candidate  for 
the  crown  of  Poland.  He  wrote  "  The 
Arcadia,"  "  The  Defence  of  Poetry," 
and  various  poems.—  Algernon,  the 
second  son  of  the  earl  of  Leicester,  was 
b.  about  1620,  and  received  an  excellent 
education  under  the  eye  of  his  father. 
In  1043  he  returned  from  Ireland,  whero 
he  had  served  during  the  rebellion.  Ho 
joined  the  standard  of  the  parliament, 
and  was  appointed  a  colonel,  and  sub- 
sequently lieutenant-general  of  horse. 
He  was  nominated  a  member  of  the 
court  instituted  to  try  Charles  I.,  but  ho 
took  no  part  in  the  proceedings,  though 
he  did  not  disapprove  of  them.  To  tbe 
usurpation  of  Cromwell  he  was  decidedly 
hostile.  At  the  restoration  he  became 
a  voluntary  exile,  and  he  continued 
abroad  for  seventeen  years,  till  his  fa- 
ther obtained  for  him  a  special  pardon. 
Sidney,  however,  was  too  firm  a  friend 
of  liberty  to  be  tolerated  by  the  minions 
of  despotism.  He  was  involved  in  the 
Rye-house  plot,  and  was  brought  to 
trial  after  Lord  William  Russell.  Tho 
most  infamous  perversion  of  justice  was 
resorted  to,  in  order  to  convict  him ; 
and  be  met  death  with  heroic  fortitude, 
Dee.  7,  1683.  Sidney  is  the  author  of 
"  Discourses  on  Government." — Mart, 
countess  of  Pembroke,  was  the  sister  of 
Philip,  and  possessed  kindred  talents, 
which  she  assiduously  cultivated.  She 
wrote  an  "Elegy"  on  her  lamented  bro- 
ther, a  "  Pastoral  Dialogue  in  praise  of 
Queen  Elizabeth,"  a  "  Discourse  of  Life 
and  Death,"  &c.     D.  1601. 

SIEYES,  Count  Emanuel,  usually 
called  the  Abbe  Sieves,  was  b.  1748,  at 
Frejus.  He  was,  in  1787,  named  a 
member  of  the  provincial  assembly 
which  Necker  had  established  at  Or- 
leans, lie  advocated  the  necessity  and 
expediency  of  calling  the  states  in  1787, 
and  in  1789  published  his  pamphlet, 
"Qu'est  ce  que  le  Tiers  Etat?"  which 
gained  immense  reputation,  and  un- 
doubtedly hastened  the  crisis  of  the 
revolution.  Soon  after  he  became  one 
of  the  members  for  Paris  in  the  states- 
general  ;  and  it  was  at  his  instigation 
that  they  assumed  the  name  of  national 
assembly.  In  1790  he  brought  forward 
a  project  for  repressing  the  licentious- 
ness of  the  press,  and  voted  for  the 
establishment  of  civil  and  criminal 
juries.  When  the  Mountain  ruled,  in 
1795,  he  declined  sitting  in  the  conven- 
tion, but  went  to  Berlin  as  ambassador. 
After  the  18th  he  was  ramed  one  of  tho 
three  consuls ;  and  from  that  time  he 


bke] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


753 


remained  steady  to  the  constitutional 
principles  he  first  asserted,  opposing 
the  Jacobins,  declining  union  with  Bo- 
naparte, though  he  remained  a  tacit 
member  of  the  senate.  In  1816  he  was 
obliged  to  retire  from  France,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  decree  against  the  mem- 
bers of  the  convention  who  voted  for 
the  death  of  the  king  in  1793,  and  he 
took  up  his  abode  in  Brussels.  After 
the  revolution  of  1830,  he,  like  the  other 
French  exiles,  returned  to  his  native 
country;  hut  he  never  reappeared  on 
the  political  scene.     D.  1836. 

S1LSBEE,  Nathaniel,  a  distinguish- 
ed merchant  of  Massachusetts,  who 
served  in  the  senate  of  the  United 
States  from  1826  to  1835.     D.  1850. 

SIMEON,  Charles,  an  eminent  En- 
glish divine  and  theological  writer,  was 
b.  at  Reading,  in  1759.  D.  1836.— The 
Stylites,  a  ridiculous  fanatic,  b.  about 
892,  at  Sison,  on  the  borders  of  Syria. 
In  the  plentitudc  of  ascetic  extrava- 
gance, he  adopted  the  strange  fancy  of 
fixing  his  habitation  on  the  tops  of  pil- 
lars, (whence  his  Greek  appellation,) 
and  with  the  notion  of  climbing  higher 
and  higher  towards  heaven,  removed 
by  degrees  from  a  pillar  of  six  cubits 
high  to  one  of  40  cubits;  and,  what  is 
truly  wonderful,  he  was  enabled  to  pass 
47  years  of  his  wretched  existence  upon 
his  pillars.  Such  was  the  extraordinary 
folly  of  the  age,  that  this  madness  was 
regarded  as  a  proof  of  holiness;  and 
when  he  died,  at  the  age  of  69,  his  body 
was  taken  down  from  his  last  pillar  by 
is).e  hands  of  bishops,  and  conveyed  to 
Antioch  by  an  escort  of  6000  soldiers, 
mid  buried  with  almost  imperial  honors. 

SIMONIDES,  a  Grecian  philosopher 
and  poet,  was  b.  558  b.c,  in  the  island  of 
Ceos,  and  d.,  aged  88,  at  the  court  of 
flicro,  king  of  Syracuse.  He  excelled 
in  lyric  poetry  and  elegy. 

SIMPSON,  Thomas,  an  eminent  math- 
ematician, was  b.  1710,  at  Market  Bos- 
worth,  in  Leicestershire,  and  was  the 
son  of  a  weaver,  who  brought  him  up  to 
his  own  trade,  and,  perceiving  his  in- 
clination for  reading,  took  away  his 
books.  He  in  consequence  left  his 
father,  and  after  many  vicissitudes,  one 
of  which  was  his  becoming  a  fortune- 
teller, he  acquired  a  perfect  knowledge 
of  mathematics,  and  rose,  to  be.  a  mathe- 
matical professor  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
Woolwich,  and  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Society.  He  wrote  "Treatises  on  Flux- 
ions, Annuities,  and  Algebra,"  "  Ele- 
ments of  Geometrv,"  and  other  scien- 
tific works.     D.  1761. 


SINCLAIR,  orSINCLAIRE,  George, 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Glasgow  du- 
ring theperiod  of  the  commonwealth.  Ho 
was  distinguished  for  his  researches  in 
philosophical  science;  was  an  able  engi- 
neer, and  published  treatises  on  hydro- 
statics and  other  branches  of  the  mathe- 
matics. Ho  was  also  the  author  of  a 
book,  entitled  "Satan's  Invisible  World 
Discovered,"  which  was  for  a  long  time 
popular  among  the  Scottish  peasantry. 
D.  in  1696. —  Sir  John,  an  active  and 
enlightened  philanthropist,  was  b.  at 
Thurso  castle,  in  the  county  of  Caith- 
ness, in  1754.     D.  1835. 

SISMONDI,  Charles  Simonde  i>e, 
one  of  the  most  eminent  of  modern 
historians  and  political  economists,  was 
b.  at  Ceneva,  in  1773.  In  1794  the 
hon^e  of  his  father,  who  had  been  an 
eminent  member  of  the  government 
of  Geneva,  was  pillaged,  two  fifths  of 
his  property  confiscated,  and  both  fa- 
ther and  son  condemned  to  12  months' 
imprisonment.  The  future  historian, 
as  soon  as  he  obtained  his  release, 
sought  safety  and  peace  in  Tuscany ; 
but  here  he  was  even  more  unfortunate 
than  in  his  native  country,  for  the 
French  imprisoned  him  as  being  an 
aristocrat,  and  the  Italian  insurgents 
imprisoned  him  as  being  a  Frenchman. 
In  1800  he  returned  to  Geneva,  where 
in  the  following  year  he  commenced  his 
career  as  an  author,  by  the  publication 
of  "  A  View  of  the  Agriculture  of  Tus- 
cany." His  subsequent  works  have 
been  numerous  and  varied,  including 
history,  political  economy,  criticism,  and 
biography.  But  the  works  by  which  he 
is  the  most  widely  known,  and  which 
in  fact  have  gained  him  a  European 
celebrity,  are  his  "  History  of  the  Italian 
Republics  during  the  Middle  Ages." 
"  History  of  the  Fall  of  the  Roman  Em- 
pire," and  his  elaborate  "History  of 
the  French."  In  1838  he  was  elected 
one  of  the  five  foreign  members  of  the 
institute  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  moral  and  political  sciences.    P.  1842. 

SIX,  John,  a  Dutch  dramatic  poet, 
was  b.  in  1618,  and  d.  1700.  The  works 
of  Six  are  remarkable  for  purity  of  style 
He  was  the  friend  and  patron  of  Rem 
brandt,  and  his  portrait  was  engraved 
bv  that  artist. 

'SKELTON,  John,  an  old  English 
poet,  was  b.  towards  the  close  of  tlu 
15th  century,  in  Cumberland  ;  was  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  was  made  poet  laureate, 
and  obtained  the  living  of  Diss,  in  Nor- 
folk. He  was  a  coarse  and  caustic  satir- 
ist, and  was  obliged  to  take  refuge  in 


754 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[SMI 


the  sanctuary  of  Westminster,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  satires  on  Wolsey  and  the 
mendicant  friars.     D.  1529. 

SKINNER,  Stephen,  a  philologist, 
Was  1).  in  London,  about  1622  ;  was  edu- 
cate 1  .-it  Ohrist-chnrch,  Oxford;  settled 
as  a  physician  at  Lincoln,  and  d.  1667. 
He  was  author  of  "  Etymologicon  Lin- 
gua; Anglicanse." 

SLOANE,  Sir  Hans,  a  distinguished 
physician  and  naturalist,  was  b.  at  Kili- 
feocrh,  Treland,  in  1660.  He  was  the 
first  in  England  who  introduced  into 
general  practice  the  use  of  bark,  not 
only  in  fevers,  but  in  a  variety  of  other 
disorders.  He  also  formed  a  valuable 
museum  of  the  rarest  productions  of 
nature  and  art,  which  together  with  his 
library,  consisting  of  upwards  of  50,000 
volumes  and  3,566  manuscripts,  were 
purchased  of  his  executors  for  £20, 000 
by  act  of  parliament,  and  made  part  of 
the  collection  of  the  British  Museum. 
D.  1652. 

SMART,  Christopher,  an  English 
poet,  b.  1722,  at  Shipbonrne,  in  Kent, 
was  educate  1  at  Pembroke  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  obtained  a  fellow- 
ship, but  vacated  it  by  marriage,  and 
having  settled  in  London  commenced 
author.  The  gayety  of  his  disposition 
and  the  buoyancy  of  his  spirits  render- 
ed him  an  acceptable  companion  to  the 
wits  and  public  writers  of  the  day, 
with  many  of  whom,  particularly  Pope, 
Johnson,  Garrick,  and  Ilawkesworth, 
ne  became  intimate.  He  translated 
Pope's  "  Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day,"  and 
the  "  Essay  on  Criticism."  into  elesrant 
Latin  verse  ;  wrote  a  poetical  version  of 
the  "Psalms;"  a  volume  of  original 
poems,  "  Hannah,"  an  oratorio,  with 
several  odes,  fables,  Szc.  He  also  gave 
to  the  world  translations  of  the  works 
of  Horace,  botli  in  prose  and  verse. 
Poverty,  however,  overtook  him,  and 
his  distresses,  aided  by  intemperance, 
so  unsettled  his  intellects,  that  he  was 
placed  for  awhile  under  personal  re- 
straint.    D. 1771. 

SMEATON,  John,  an  eminent  civil 
engineer,  was  h.  in  1724,  at  Austhorpe, 
near  Leeds.  His  father,  who  was  an 
attorney,  was  desirous  of  bringing  up 
his  son  to  the  same  profession  ;  but  he 
became  a  mathematical  instrument  ma- 
ker. In  1759  he  received  the  "old  medal 
of  the  Royal  Society,  of  which  he  was  a 
member,  for  a  paper  on  the  power  of 
wind  and  water  to  turn  mills,  and  as  an 
engineer  he  gradually  rose  to  the  sum- 
mit of  his  profession.  In  1755  the 
Eddystone  lighthouse  was  burnt  down, 


and  Mr.  Smcaton  being  recommended 
to  the  proprietors  of  that  building  as  an 
engineer  every  way  calculated  to  rebuild 
it,  he  undertook  the  work,  and  executed 
it  in  such  :i  manner,  as  almost  to  bid 
defiance  to  the  power  of  time  or  acci- 
dent. His  last  public  employment  was 
that  of  engineer  for  the  improvement  of 
Ramsgate  harbor.     D.  1792. 

SMELLIE,  William,  a  printer  at 
Edinburgh,  distinguished  also  as  a  man 
of  science  and  learning,  was  b.  1740. 
He  was  the  translator  of  Buflbn's  "  Nat- 
ural History,"  and  author  of  the  "Phi- 
losophy of  Natural  History,"  and  of 
many  other  ingenious  works.  He  was 
a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  was  much  esteemed  among 
the  literati  of  his  native  city,  wheie  ho 
d.  in  1795. 

SMITH,  Adam,  a  celebrated  writer  on 
morals  and  political  economy,  was  b.  at 
Kirkaldy,  in  Scotland,  in  1723.  He  re- 
ceived his  education  first  at  Kirkaldy 
school,  and  afterwards  at  the  university 
of  Glasgow,  where  he  became  professor 
of  logic  and  moral  philosophy,  and  took 
his  degree  of  doctor  of  laws".  In  1759, 
by  the  publication  of  his  "Theory  of 
Moral  Sentiments,"  he  acquired  a  repu- 
tation which  was  greatly  heightened  and 
extended  by  his  "  Inquiry  into  the  Na- 
ture and  Causes  of  the  Wealth  of  Na- 
tions," which  soon  became  a  standard 
work  in  Europe,  and  may  be  considered 
the  precursor  of  the  modern  science  of 
political  economy.  Dr.  Smith  was  the 
intimate  friend  of  Hume,  and  published 
an  "Apology  for  his  Life,"  which  was 
severely  animadverted  on  by  Dr.  Homo 
for  advocating  sentiments  and  opinions 
that,  in  a  religions  point  of  view,  wero 
wholly  indefensible.  D.  1790. — Char- 
lotte, a  novelist  and  poet,  whose  maiden 
name  was  Turner,  was  b.  in  Sussex,  in 
1749.  At.  the  aire  of  16  she  married  a 
West  India  merchant,  who  was  subse- 
quently ruined  ;  and  her  pen,  which  sho 
had  used  before  merely  for  her  amuse- 
ment, now  became  the  support  of  her 
hnsband  and  family.  Her  first  produc- 
tion was  entitled  "  Elegiac  Sonnets  and 
other  Essays."  After  this,  she  pub- 
lished "The  Romance  of  real  Life,"  the 
novels  of  "Emmeline,"  "  Marchmont," 
"Desmond,"  "Ethelinda,"  "Celestine," 
and  "The  Old  Manor  House;"  besides 
several  poems,  and  tales  for  youth ;  all 
of  which  were  well  received.  D.  1S06. 
—Elizabeth,  a  young  lady  of  extraordi- 
nary accomplishments,  the  daughter  of 
a  gentleman  residing  at  Burnhall,  near 
Durham,  was  b.  in  1776.    According  to 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


755 


Miss  Bcwdler's  memoir  of  her,  she  pos- 
sessed a  knowledge  of  the  mathematics, 
and  an  exquisite  taste  for  drawing  Dud 
poetry;  understood  the  French,  Italian, 
Spanish,  and  German  languages ;  made 
herself  acquainted  with  the  Latin.  Greek, 
Hebrew,  Syriac,  Arabic,  and  Persian  ; 
and  was  thoroughly  versed  in  biblical 
literature.  She  d.  of  consumption,  in 
1806.  Her  translations  of  the  book  of 
Job,  and  the  "  Life  of  Klopstoek,"  have 
been  published. — Sir. James  Edward,  an 
eminent  English  physician  and  natural- 
ist, was  b.  at  Norwich,  in  1759:  studied 
medicine  at  Edinburgh,  and  took  his 
degree  at  Leyden,  in  1786  ;  visited 
France  and  Italy;  and,  on  his  return  to 
England,  published  "A  Sketch  of  a 
Tour  on  the  Continent."  Ho  established 
the  Linnsean  society,  and  was  its  first 
president;  received  the  honor  of  knight- 
hood from  George  IV.,  and  d.  1S28. — 
James  and  Horace,  were  the  sons  of 
Robert  Smith,  solicitor  to  the  board  of 
ordnance,  and  b.  respectively  in  London, 
Feb.  10,  1775,  and  Dec.  31,  1779.  James 
was  articled  to  his  father,  was  subse- 
quently taken  into  partnership,  and 
eventually  succeeded  to  his  business  as 
well  as  to  his  official  appointment.  Hor- 
ace became  a  member  of  the  stock 
exchange.  Their  first  effusions  were 
contributed  to  the  "  Pic  Nic"  newspaper, 
established  by  Colonel  Greville,  in  180-2. 
T''ey  also  wrote  largely  for  the  "  Monthly 
Mirror11  and  the  "  London  Review.11  and 
some  of  their  best  vers  de  societe  ap- 
peared in  the  "  New  Monthly  Maga- 
zine," while  under  Thomas  Campbell's 
editorship.  But  the  work  by  which  the 
brothers  are  best  known,  and  by  which 
they  will  be  longest  remembered,  is  the. 
"Rejected  Addresses,"  which  appeared 
on  the  opening  of  Drury-Iane  theatre  in 
1812,  and  of  which  twenty-two  editions 
have  been  sold.  The  popularity  of  this 
work  appears  to  have  satisfied  the  am- 
bition of  the  elder  brother.  But  soon 
afterwards  Horace  became  an  indefati- 
gable novel  writer.  He  commenced  bis 
novels  with  "  Gayetics  and  Gravities," 
in  1825,  and  ended  them  with  "Love 
and  Mesmerism,"  in  1845;  and  within 
these  twenty  years  he  also  gave  to  the 
public  "Brambletve  House,"  "Tor 
hill,"  "Reuben  Apsley,"  "Zillab," 
"The  New  Forest,"  "Adam  Brown," 
etc.,  all  of  which  were  well  received. 
James  d.  in  1839  ;  Horace,  1849.— James, 
a  signer  of  the  declaration  of  American 
independence,  was  a  native  of  Ireland, 
removed  with  his  father  to  this  country 
at  an  early  age,  and  established  himself 


in  the  practice  of  law  at  York,  in  Penn- 
sylvania. He  was  a  delegate  from  York 
county  to  the  continental  congress.  I). 
1806. — John,  an  adventurer,  was  b. 
;>t  Willonghby,  in  Lincolnshire.  In  the 
wars  of  Hungary,  about  1602,  he  served 
against  the  Turks  with  such  valor,  that 
Sigismund,  duke  of  Transylvania,  gave 
him  his  picture  set  in  gold,  and  a  pension. 
After  this  he  came  to  America,  and  con- 
tributed to  the  settlement  of  New  En- 
gland and  Virginia.  D.  1631.  He  wrote 
"  A  History  of  Virginia,  New  England, 
and  the  Summer  Isles,"  "Travels  in 
Europe,"  &c. — Ioiin  Pye,  an  eminent 
nonconformist  divine,  was  b.  at  Shef- 
field, 1775.  1).  1851. — Miles,  a  learned 
bishop,  was  b.  at  Hereford,  in  1568. 
He  was  well  acquainted  with  the  oriental 
languages,  and  was  one  of  the  principal 
persons  engaged  in  the  translation  of 
the  Bible,  to  which  he  wrote  the  preface. 
D.  1624. — Robei:t,  a  divine  and  mathe- 
matician, b.  in  1689,  was  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  of  which  lie 
became  master  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Bent- 
ley  ;  and  was  mathematical  preceptor  of 
the  duke  of  Cumberland.  He  wrote  "A 
System  of  Optics,"  anil  "  Harmonics,  or 
the  Philosophy  of  Musical  Sounds." 
D.  1768. — Sir  William  Sidney,  a  chival- 
ric  and  far-famed  British  admiral,  was 
the  son  of  a  captain  in  the  army,  John 
Spencer  Smith,  esq.,  of  Midgham,  Sus- 
sex, where  he  was  b.  1764.  D.  1840. 
— Sydney,  canon  residentiary  of  St. 
Paul's,  rector  of  Combe  Florev,  Somer- 
setshire ;  who,  for  half  a  century,  ren- 
dered himself  conspicuous  as  a  political 
writer  and  critic,  was  b.  at  Woodford, 
in  Essex;  received  his  education  at 
Winchester  college,  and  was  thence 
elected  to  New  college,  Oxford,  in  1780. 
Ho  commenced  his  ministry  as  curate 
of  Netheravon,  Wilts  ;  but  soon  removed 
to  Edinburgh,  where  he  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  "  Edinburgh  Review." 
His  contributions  to  that  periodical, 
and  various  other  productions  of  his 
fertile  and  witty  pen,  have  been  col- 
lected, and  have  gone  through  nu- 
merous editions ;  and,  more  recently, 
his  "Sketches  of  Moral  Philosophy!" 
or  lectures  upon  that  subject,  delivered 
at  the  royal  institution,  have  been  pub- 
lished. '  D.  1845. — Thomas,  a  learned 
English  divine,  historian,  biographer, 
and  critic;  b.  in  London,  in  1638,  d 
1710.  He  wrote  numerous  works, 
among  which  is  one  "On  the  Credi- 
bility of  the  Mysteries  of  the  Christian 
Religion." 
SMOLLETT,  Tobias,  was  b.  at  Dal- 


75G 


CV'LOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGlXAPHT. 


[sob 


quhurn,  iu  Dumbartonshire,  in  1721  ; 
was  apprenticed  to  a  surgeon  at  Glas- 
gow, and  became  surgeon's  mate  in  a 
man-of-war,  but  quitted  the  service  in 
1746,  ainl.  settling  in  London,  com- 
menced Iiib  career  as  an  author.  The 
tragedy  ot'  "  The  Regicide,"  the  "  Tears 
of  Scotland,"  a  spirited  poem,  and  "Ad- 
vice-" and  •■  Reproof,"  two  satires,  were 
his  first  productions.  In  1743  his  novel 
of"  Roderick  Random''  appeared,  which 
at  once  rendered  him  popular;  and  it 
was  followed,  at  intervals,  by  "Pere- 
grine Pickle,"  "Count  Fathom,"  a 
translation  of  "Don  Quixote,"  "Sir 
Launcelot  Greaves,"  the  "Adventures 
of  an  Atom."  " Humphrey  Clinker,"  a 
"Continuation  of  Hume's  History  of 
England,"  and  "  Travels  through  France 
and  Italy."'  In  1756  he  established 
"The  Critical  Review,"  for  a  libel  in 
which,  upon  Admiral  Knowles,  he  suf- 
fered fine  and  imprisonment.  When 
Lord  Bute  came  into  power,  Smollett 
was  engaged  to  support  him  in  a  weekly 
paper,  called  "The  Briton,"  which 
soon  had  a  formidable  opponent  in  the 
'■North  Briton"  of  Wilkes,  and  was 
unable  long  to  maintain  its  ground.  As 
a  novelist,  Dr.  Smollett  exhibits  con- 
siderable originality,  with  much  knowl- 
edge of  life  and  manners,  and  an  ex- 
uberance of  humor,  but  he  is  open  to 
the  charge  of  indelicacy.  As  a  poet,  he 
appears  to  considerable  advantage  in 
his  "Tears  of  Scotland"  and  the  "Ode 
to  Independence;"  but  as  a  satirist  he 
is  coarse  and  virulent.  D.  while  on  his 
travels,  near  Leghorn,  in  1771. 

SMYTH,  William,  professor  of  mod- 
ern history  in  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridge, was  b.  1764.  In  1807  ho  was 
appointed  to  the  chair  of  modern  history, 
wliich  he  held  for  forty-two  years.  In 
1806  he  published  "English  Lyrics,"  a 
volume  of  poetry,  which  was  very  fa- 
vorably received ;  but  his  chief  title  to 
fame  are  his  "  Leetnres  on  Mo  lern 
History,"  and  "On  the  French  Revolu- 
tion," and  his  "Evidences  of  Christian- 
ity."    1).  1849. 

SNELL,  RonoLpri,  an  eminent  math- 
ematician and  philological  writer,  was 
b.  at  Oudewarde,  in  Holland,  in  1547. 
He  became  professor  of  mathematics, 
and  afterwards  of  Hebrew,  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Leyden,  where  he  d.  in  1613. 
He.  published  "  Apollonins  B.itavius," 
and  several  treatises  on  the  works  of 
Ramus. — Willebrod,  his  son,  b.  at 
Leyden,  in  1591,  succeeded  his  father 
in  the  mathematical  chair,  and  d.  in 
1626.      He  discovered  the   law  of  the 


refraction  of  the  rays  of  lig..t;  and  un- 
dertook the  measurement  of  the  earth, 
or  a  degree  of  the  meridian,  which  Mus- 
schenbroek  afterwards  corrected.  Ho 
published  some  of  the  works  of  t ho 
ancient  mathematicians,  and  a  few 
learned  treatises  of  his  own  on  math 
ematical  subjects. 

SNORRO-STURLESON,  an  historian 
and  antiquary,  was  b.  iu  1178,  at  Dale- 
Syssel,  in  the  west  of  Iceland,  was  gov- 
ernor of  his  native  island,  and  was 
assassinated  in  1241.  He  compiled  the 
"Edda"  which  bears  his  name,  and 
collected  the  "  Sagas,"  or  traditions, 
relative  to  the  Norwegian  monarchs. 

SNYDERS,  Franks,  a  celebrated 
painter  of  the  Flemish  school,  b.  at 
Antwerp,  in  1579.  He  stu  lied  under 
Henry  Van  Balcn,  and,  after  visiting 
Italy  for  improvement,  settled  at  Brim 
sels,  under  the  patronage  of  the  Arch 
duke  Ferdinand.  His  battles  and 
hunting  pieces  are  admirable,  and  in 
the  representation  of  animals  none  havt> 
ever  surpassed  him.     D.  1657. 

SO  AXE,  Sir  Johx,  an  eminent  archi- 
tect, was  b.  at  Reading,  in  Berkshire,  in 
1752,  went  to  London  at  an  early  age 
with  his  father,  who  was  a  builder,  was 
placed  with  Mr.  Dance,  the  celebrated 
architect,  when  about  15,  and  afterwards 
acquired  more  practical  experience  in 
the  art  under  Mr.  Holland.  In  1772, 
being  a  student  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
he  was  awarded  the  silver  medal  for  the 
best  drawing  of  the  Banqneting-house, 
Whitehall.  Four  years  afterwards  he 
obtained  the  gold  medal  for  the  best 
design  for  a  triumphal  bridge.  Soon 
after  this  he  was  introduced  to  George 
III.,  by  Sir  W.  Chambers,  and  was  sent 
to  pursue  his  studies  at  Rome.  On  his 
return  to  England  he  was  employed  on 
many  public  works,  as  well  as  private 
buildings;  and  on  the  death  of  Sir 
Robert  Taylor,  in  1788,  he  was  appoint- 
architect  and  surveyor  to  the  Bank 
ie  public  hi 
i.     D.  1837. 

SOBIESKI,  Jons-  III.,  king  of  Poland, 
snrnamed  the  Great  for  his  military 
genius  and  warlike  exploits,  was  b. 
1629,  of  an  illustrious  family,  at  the 
castle  of  Olesko,  in  Roland.  In  spite 
of  the  enormous  disparity  of  numbers 
with  which  he  had  to  contend  in  the 
Polish  wars,  from  1643  to  1874,  he  was 
often  eminently  successful.  After  com- 
ing to  the  throne,  hi  1674,  he  led  his 
troops  to  fresh  victories;  overrunning 
Mol  lavia  and  Wallachia,  and  crowning 
all  his  former  brilliant  exploits  by  rais- 


of  Englan  1.     Most  of  the  public  build- 
ings of  London  were  his. 


bop] 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


757 


ing  tho  f.ege  of  Vienna,  in  1683 ; 
Whereby  Europe  was  saved  from  the 
dreadful  calamities  to  be  apprehended 
from  an  irruption  of  the  Ottoman  forces. 
D.  16!>S. 

SOCINUS,  L.ei.ius,  an  Italian  sectary, 
was  b.  at  Sienna,  in  1525,  studied  at 
Bologna,  and  in  1546  become  member 
of  a  secret  society  formed  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Venice,  on  the  principle  of  free 
inquiry.  This  institution  being  soon 
broken  up,  Socinus  quitted  Italy  to  join 
the  reformers  in  Switzerland,  and  d.  at 
Zurich,  in  1562. — Faubtus,  nephew  of 
the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Sienna,  in  1539. 
Having  imbibed  the  opinions  of  his 
uncle,  he  propagated  them  with  such 
zeal,  as  to  become  the  founder  of  a  sect 
called  by  his  name.  He  resided  some 
years  at  the  court  of  Florence,  where  he 
held  a  civil  employment;  but  in  1574  he 
went  to  Germany,  and  next  to  Poland, 
where  he  strenuously  labored  to  recon- 
cile the  differences  existing  between  the 
Unitarian  churches.  The  tenets  of  So- 
cinus differed  but  little  from  Arianism, 
by  rejecting  the  divine  nature  of  Christ 
altogether,  and  regarding  his  mission  as 
merely  designed  to  introduce  a  new 
moral  law.     D.  1604. 

SOCRATES,  the  most  eminent  of  the 
Grecian  philosophers,  and  the  only  one 
who  is  handed  down  to  us  as  a  model 
of  wisdom  and  virtue,  was  b.  in  Attica, 
470  B.C.  His  father  was  a  statuary,  in 
which  employment  Socrates  was  brought 
up,  but  the  cultivation  of  his  mind  was 
the  object  nearest  his  heart,  and  to  that 
his  attention  was  unremittingly  de- 
voted, lie  attended  the  lectures  of  the 
most  celebrated  philosophers  of  his 
time;  and  studied  the  principles  of  elo- 
quence, poetry,  music,  and  the  mathe- 
matical sciences.  But  the  moral  im- 
provement of  his  fellow-men  was  the 
end  and  aim  of  all  his  studies  and  all 
his  exertions.  His  method  of  teaching 
was  by  proposing  to  his  hearers  a  series 
of'questions  in  such  a  manner  as  to  pro- 
duce in  their  minds  a  conviction  of  the 
truth  of  the  proposition  originally  ad- 
vanced ;  a  mode  of  argument  ever  since 
termed  Socratie.  As  a  citizen  he  dis- 
charged, with  exemplary  faithfulness, 
all  his  public  duties.  Three  times  he 
served  in  the  army  of  his  country,  ex- 
celling his  fellow-soldiers  in  the  ease 
with  which  he  endured  the  hardships 
of  their  campaigns.  The  last  part  of  his 
life  occurred  during  that  unhappy  period 
when  Athens  had  sunk  into  anarchy  and 
despotism,  in  consequence  of  the  un- 
fortunate result  of  the  Peloponnesiau 
64 


war.  Amid  the  general  immorality, 
hatred,  envy,  and  malice  of  such  an 
epoch,  Socrates  was  charged,  by  the 
infamous  Mel  it  us  and  Anytus,  with  in- 
troducing new  gods,  of  denying  the 
ancient  divinities  of  the  state,  and  of 
corrupting  youth,  <£c.  Ho  defended 
himself  with  the  calm  confidence  of 
innocence;  but  was  condemned  by  a 
majority  of  three  voices,  and  sentenced 
to  drink  poison.  When  the  cup  of 
hemlock  was  presented  to  him,  he  re- 
ceived it  with  a  steady  hand;  and  after 
a  prayer  to  the  trods  for  a  favorable  pas- 
sage t<>  the  invisible  world,  he  serene!) 
swallowed  the  fatal  draught. 

SOLON,  one  of  the  seven  sasres  of 
Greece,  and  the  celebrated  legislator  of 
Athens,  was  b.  at  Salamis,  in  the  6th 
century  b.c.  Inheriting  but  a  small 
patrimony,  he  had  recourse  to  com- 
merce :  but  at  the  same  time  he  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  moral  and  polit- 
ical wisdom,  and  soon  became  distin- 
guished by  his  superior  knowledge  in 
state  affairs.  After  having  enhanced 
the  glory  of  his  country  by  recovering 
Salamis,  he  refused  the  sovereignty  of 
Athens;  but  beinsr  chosen  archon  by 
acclamation,  594  b.  c,  he  set  himself 
down  to  the  task  of  improving  the  con- 
dition of  his  countrymen.  He  abolished 
most  of  the  cruel  laws  of  Draco,  and 
formed  a  new  constitution,  founded  on 
the  principle  that  the  supreme  power 
resided  in  the  people.  When  Solon  had 
completed  his  laws,  lie  caused  them  to 
be  engraved  on  wooden  cylinders,  and 
bound  the  Athenians  by  an  oath  not  to 
make  any  changes  in  ids  code  for  ten 
years.  He  then  left  the  country,  to 
avoid  beinir  obliged  to  make  any  altera- 
tions in  them;  and  visited  Egypt,  Cy- 
prus, and  Lydia.  On  his  return,  after 
an  absence  of  ten  years,  he  found  the 
state  torn  by  party  violence,  and,  bis 
kinsman  Pisistratus  aiming  at  the  sov- 
ereignty. He  then  withdrew  from  Ath- 
ens, .and  is  supposed  to  have  d.  at 
Cvprns.  aeed  SO. 

'SOMEPvVILLE,  WrLLTAir,  the  author 
of  "The  Chase1'  and  other  poems,  was 
b.  at  Edston,  in  Warwickshire,  in  1692, 
where  he  inherited  a  considerable  pa- 
ternal estate,  on  which  he  chiefly  lived, 
mingling  an  ardent  attachment  to  tho 
sports  of  the  field  with  the  studies  of  a 
man  of  letters.     D.  1742. 

SOPHOCLES,  a  celebrated  tragic  poet, 
who  carried  the  Greek  drama  to  perfec- 
tion, was  b.  at  Athens,  ahout  406  b.  o, 
In  his  95th  year  he  is  said  to  have  ex- 
pired from  excessive  joy,  in  consequence 


758 


CYCLOPAEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[sou 


of  the  unexpected  success  of  one  of  his 
dramas  at  the  Olympic  games.  Of  liis 
numerous  plays,  only  seven  have  reach- 
ed modern  times,  but  they  are  sufli- 
cientlv  meritorious  to  establish  his  fame. 

SORBONNE,  Kobkkt  ok,  founder  of 
the  college  of  that  name  at  Paris,  was  b. 
in  1201.  He  was  confessor  and  chaplain 
to  St.  Louis,  who  gave  him  the  canoury 
ofCumbray.     D.  1274. 

SOUTH,  Robkbt,  an  eminent  divine, 
was  b.  at  Hackney,  in  10)3,  and  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  school,  and  Christ- 
church,  Oxford.  Tn  1060  he  was  chosen 
public  orator  of  the  university,  and  suc- 
cessively became  chaplain  to  the  earl  of 
Clarendon,  prebendary  of  Westminster, 
canon  of  Christ-church,  and  rector  of 
Islip,  in  Oxfordshire.  In  1698 he  carried 
on  a  controversy  with  Sherlock,  on  the 
doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  when  both  dis- 
putants were  charged  with  heresy,  for 
attempting  to  explain  an  indefinable 
mystery.  He  was  a  man  of  great  wit, 
and  did  not  spare  to  display  it  even  on 
perions  occasions.  His  "Sermons*'  pos- 
sess the  merit  of  earnestness  and  ori- 
ginality.    D.  1716. 

SOUTIICOTE,  Joanna,  was  b.  in  the 
west  of  England,  of  parents  in  humble 
life,  in  1750.  When  about  40  years  of 
age,  she  assumed  the  airs  of  a  pro- 
phetess; and  her  numerous  converts, 
who  are  said  at  one  time  to  have 
amounted  to  at  least  100,000,  put  im- 

E licit  faith  in  her  rhapsodies.  After 
aving  passed  her  grand  climacteric, 
she  was  attacked  with  a  disease  which 
had  the  outward  appearance  of  preg- 
nancy, and  she  boldly  announced  to  the 
world  that  she  was  destined  to  be  the 
mother  of  the  promised  Shiloh.  So 
fully  persuaded,  indeed,  were  her  fol- 
lowers of  its  truth,  that  they  made  the 
most  splendid  preparations  for  the  re- 
ception of  the  miraculous  babe  when, 
about  the  close  of  1814,  her  death  put 
an  end  to  their  expectations. 

SOUTHERN,  Thomas,  an  eminent 
dramatic  poet  of  the  age  of  Charles  II., 
was  1).  in  Dublin,  in  1660,  became  a 
servitor  in  Pembroke  college,  Oxford, 
ami  then  settled  in  London.  He  wrote 
the  "  Persian  Prince,"  "  Isabella,  or 
the  Fatal  Marriage,"  and  "  Oroonoko," 
tragedies;  the  "Disappointment,'"  the 
"Rambling  Lady,"'  and  the  "Wife's 
Excuse,"  comedies.  His  tragedy  of 
"  Isabella"  is  one  of  the  most  pathetic 
and  effective  dramas  in  the  language. 
He  held  a  commission  in  the  army, 
which  with  hi<  writings  produced  him 
a  handsome  competency.    D.  1746. 


SOUTIIEY,  Robert,  was  the  son  of 
a  respectable  linendraper,  and  was  b.  at 
Bristol,  in  1774.      Atter  receiving  the 
rudiments  of  education  at  the  hands  of 
country  schoolmasters,  he  was  sent  to 
Westminster  school,  and  thence  to  Ba- 
liol    college,  Oxford,    his  early  display 
of  more   than   ordinary   talents  and   a 
corresponding   steadiness   of   character 
having   led   his    friend*   to  choose  the 
church  as  his  destination.     At  Oxford, 
however,  he  remained   but  two  years, 
the  then  unsettled  state  of  his  opinions 
as  to  both  church  and  state  causing  him 
to  quit  the  university,  and  wholly  re- 
nounce the  idea  of  taking  orders,  in  the 
year  17'J4.     After  travelling  in  Spain  and 
Portugal,  and  residing  in  Ireland  as  sec- 
retary to  Mr.  Corry,  he  having  for  some 
time  been  married,  he  at  length  settled 
at   Keswick,   in   Cumberland,   in    1803. 
He  was  already  pretty  extensively  known 
as  the  author  of  "  Joan  of  Are,"  "  Wat 
Tyler,"  "  Lines  on  Bradshaw  the  Regi- 
cide."   and  other  pieces,  which   indi- 
cated   more    political   and   poetical   tire 
than    political    judgment    or    personal 
prudence,   and   in  settling  at  Keswick 
he  commenced  an  almost  unexampled 
career  of  industry  on  literary  composi- 
tion of  every  description  :  his  overflow- 
ing mind  and  ready  pen  being  equal  to 
whatever  could  be  demanded  of  thein, 
a  mere  list  of  his  separate  publications 
would  form  a  long  article,  not  to  speak 
of  his  numerous  and  elaborate  contribu- 
tions to  the  "Quarterly  Review."     But 
though    he   wrote   so    much,    he   wroto 
every  thing  both  carefully  and  well.   His* 
biographies    especially    are    admirable; 
that  ot  the  great  Nelson  is,  perhaps,  the 
most  perfect  biography  in  our  language  ; 
while  that  of  Wesley  is  highly  appre- 
ciated for  its  candor  and  impartiality. 
The    intense   labors    of  a   long   life   at 
length  overpowered  even  his  fine  mind, 
and  he  remained  in  a  state  of  mental 
darkness    to    the    day    of    his    death. 
He  had   received  the   appointment  of 
poet  laureate  in   1813,  and  in   1835  he 
received  a  pension  of  £300  per  annum. 

SOUTHWELL,  Robert,  an  English 
Jesuit  and  poet,  was  b.  1560,  studied  at 
Rome,  and  afterwards  returned  to  En- 
gland as  a  missionary.  In  1592  he  was 
sent  to  prison,  where  he  remained  three 
years  before  he  was  brought  to  trial, 
when,  owning  that  he  came  to  England 
in  order  to  propagate  the  Catholic  reli- 
gion, he  was  condemned  and  executed, 
in  1595.  He  was  the  author  of  several 
poems  possessing  considerable  merit. 
SOUTHWICK,  Solomon,  a  somewhat 


sfe] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


759 


noted  New  York  politicinn,  who  was 
originally  a  baker  in  his  native  state  of 
Rhode  Island,  but  afterwards  a  printer 
at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  where  lie  published 
the  "Albany  Register,"  the  leading 
democratic  paper  of  the  state.  He  took 
an  active  part  in  the  anti-mason  excite- 
ment, and  was  onee  a  candidate  for 
governor.  His  writings  have  not  sur- 
vived him.     D.  1339. 

SOUZA,  John  de,  a  Portuguese  his- 
torian, b.  at  Damascus,  in  Syria,  about 
1780,  and  d.  at  Lisbon,  in  1812. 

SPALLANZANI,  Lazarus,  an  emi- 
nent naturalist,  was  b.  at  Seandiano,  in 
Italy,  in  1720.  lie  studied  at  Modena, 
and  next  at  Bologna,  where  his  cousin, 
Laura  Bassi,  was  at  that  time  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  professors  in 
Italy.  After  having  held  professorships 
at  Reggio  and  Modena,  he  became  pro- 
fessot  of  natural  history,  and  director 
of  the  museum  at  l'avia,  where  he  de- 
voted himself  to  experimental  researches 
into  nature,  and  published  many  valua- 
ble works  on  physiology.  He  travelled 
over  a  great  part  of  Europe  and  Asia, 
and  was  enrolled  among  the  associates 
of  numerous  societies.  D.  1708.  His 
principal  works  are,  "Experiments  on 
the  Reproduction  of  Animals,"  an  "Es- 
say upon  Animalcula  in  Fluids,''  "  Mi- 
croscopical Experiments,"  "Travels  in 
the  Two  Sicilies  and  the  Appenines," 
and  an  elaborate  "Correspondence" 
witli  the  most  celebrated  naturalists  of 
the  age. 

SPARROW,  Anthony,  bishop  of 
Norwich,  in  the  time  of  Charles  II., 
was  a  prelate  distinguished  for  his 
learning,  piety,  and  benevolence;  and 
is  known  as  a  writer  by  his  "Rationale 
of  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer."  D. 
1685. 

SPARTACUS,  a  Thracian  general, 
who  had  been  taken  by  the  Romans, 
and  made  a  gladiator :  but  escaping  with 
a  few  of  his  companions  from  his  ty- 
rants, he  rallied  round  his  standard  a 
formidable  army,  and  repeatedly  de- 
feated the  Roman  forces.  He  was  at 
length  slain,  71  b.c. 

SPEED,  John,  a  well-known  English 
ehronologist,  historian,  and  antiquary, 
b.  1555.  He  is  the  author  of  "The 
Theatre  of  the  Empire  of  Great  Britain," 
"A  Cloud  of  Witnesses,"  and  "The 
History  of  Great  Britain,  from  Julius 
Caesar  to  James  I."    D.  1620. 

SPELMAN,  Sir  Henry,  an  eminent 
English  historian  and  antiquary,  was  b. 
atCongham,  in  Norfolk,  in  1561.  James 
L  frequently  employed  him  on  public 


business,  and  he  received  the  honor  of 
knighthood  for  his  services.  He  d.  in 
1641,  leaving  many  valuable  works, 
among  which  his  "  Glossarium  Archae- 
ologicnm"  and  "  Yillare  Anglicanum" 
arc  still  highly  esteemed. — Sir  John,  his 
son,  inherited  his  lather's  taste  for  ar- 
chaeological inquiries,  and  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  "Life  of  Alfred  the  Great." 
He  was  knighted  by  Charles  I.,  and  d. 
at  Oxford,  in  164;?. 

SPENCE,  Joseph,  a  divine  and  critic, 
was  b.  1698,  and  received  his  education 
at  Oxford,  where  he  obtained  a  fellow- 
ship, and  was  elected  professor  of  poe- 
try. He  afterwards  held  the  living  of 
Great  Horwood,  and  a  prebend  in  Dur- 
ham cathedral.  He  wrote  an  "Essay 
on  Pope's  Odyssey,"  but  his  principal 
work  is  entitled  "  Polymetis ;  or,  an 
Inquiry  into  the  Agreement  between 
the  Works  of  the  Roman  Poets  and  the 
Remains  of  Ancient  Artists."  The 
"  Anecdotes  collected  by  him,  concern- 
ing eminent  Literary  Characters,"  have 
been  published.  His  death,  which  hap- 
pened in  1768,  was  occasioned  by  his 
having  accidentally  fallen  into  a  pond. 

SPENCER,  John,  an  ingenious  and 
learned  English  divine  and  critic,  was 
b.  in  1630,  at  Boughton.  in  Kent;  be- 
came master  of  Corpus  Christi  college, 
archdeacon  of  Sndburv,  and  dean  of 
Ely;  and  d.  in  1605.  His  principal  and 
most  erudite  work  is,  "  De  Legibus 
Ilebraeorum  Ritualibus  et  enrum  Ra- 
tionibus." — John  Charles,  Earl  (better 
known  as  Viscount  Althokp),  was  b.  in 
1782,  and  was  educated  at  Harrow,  and 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge.  He  first 
entered  tie  house  of  commons  as  mem- 
ber for  Northampton ;  but  from  the 
year  1806  to  1834,  when  he  succeeded 
to  the  peerage,  he  represented  the 
county  of  Northampton,  generally  sup- 
porting all  the  important  measures  ad- 
vocated by  the  Whig  party.  Shortly 
after  the  accession  of  William  IV.,  he 
was  made  chancellor  of  the  exchequer. 
D.  1845. — William  Eouert,  the  best 
writer  of  vers  de  aociUe  in  his  time,  was 
the  younger  son  of  Lord  Charles  Spen- 
cer, and  was  b.  in  1770.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Harrow  and  Oxford :  and  in 
1706  published  a  translation  of  Burger'3 
"  Lcnore,"  beautifully  illustrated  by 
Lady  Diana  Beauclerc.  In  proof  of  his 
astonishing  power  of  memory,  it  is 
gravely  asserted  that  he  undertook,  for 
a  wager,  to  get  the  whole  contents  of  a 
newspaper  by  rote,  which  he  won,  by 
repeating  it  without  the  omission  of  a 
single  word.     He  held  the  situation  of 


760 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[spi 


a  co'Titnissionet  jf  stamps.  D.  1834. — 
Ambkose,  late  chief  justice  of  the  state 
of  New  York,  was  b.  1765,  in  Salisbury, 
Conn.  lie  devoted  himself  to  the  law. 
In  17-0  he  was  appointed  clerk  of  Bud- 
son,  an  1  in  1793  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  assembly  of  the  state 
from  Columbia  county.  In  1795  he  was 
elected  to  the  senate  for  three  years, 
an  1  in  1798  was  re-elected  for  four  years. 
In  1 7 'J (i  he  was  appointed  assistant  at- 
torney-general for  the  counties  of  Co- 
lumbia and  Rensselaer.  In  February, 
1802,  he  was  appointed  attorney-general 
of  the  state:  and  in  1S:>4  he  received 
the  appointment  of  a  justice  of  the 
supreme  court,  of  which  he  was  made 
chief  justice  in  1819.  For  many  years 
Judge  Spencer  exercised  a  very  power- 
ful influence  in  the  affairs  of  the  state 
of  New  York.  In  1812  he  united 
heartily  with  Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  then 
governor,  in  the  memorable  struggle 
that  preceded  the  declaration  of  war 
against  Britain,  to  prevent  tli£  charter 
of  the  six-million  bank.  In  1823  Judge 
Spencer  retire!  from  the  bench,  and 
resumed  for  a  while  the  practice  of  his 
profession,  and  was  subsequently  em- 
ployed in  various  public  duties,  particu- 
larly that  of  mayor  of  the  city  of  Albany, 
and  for  one  term,  that  of  representa- 
tive in  congress.     D.  1848. 

SPENSER,  Edmund,  one  of  the  most 
illustrious  among  our  early  poets,  was 
b.  in  London,  about  1553;  was  educated 
at  Pembroke  hall,  Cambridge,  and,  on 
leaving  the  university,  took  up  his  resi- 
dence, with  some  relations  in  the  north 
of  England,  probably  as  a  tutor.  In 
1580  he  accompanied  Lord  Grey  de 
Wilton,  viceroy  of  Ireland,  as  his  sec- 
retary, and  procured  a  grant  of  3028 
acres'  in  the  county  of  Cork,  out  of  the 
forfeited  lands  of  the  earl  of  Desmond  ; 
on  which,  however,  by  the  terms  of  the 
gift,  he  was  obliged  to  become  resident. 
He  accordingly  fixed  his  residence  at 
Kilcolm  an,  in  the  county  of  Cork,  where 
he  was  visited  by  Sir' Walter  Raleigh, 
who  became  his  patron  in  lieu  of  Sir 
Philip  Sidney,  then  deceased,  and  whom 
he  celebrates  under  the  title  of  the 
"  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean."  Sir  Walter 
persuaded  him  to  write  the  "Faerie 
Queen,"  the  first  edition  of  which  was 
printed  in  1590,  and  presented  to  Eliza- 
beth, who  granted  the  poet  a  pension 
of  £50  per  annum.  In  1595  he  pub- 
lished his  pastoral  of  "Colin  Clout's 
come  home  again  :"  and,  the  year  fol- 
lowing, the  second  part  of  his  "Faerie 
Queen ;"    but  the   poem,  according  to 


the  original  plan,  was  never  completed. 
About  this  time  Spenser  presented  to 
the  queen  his  "View  of  the  State  of 
Ireland."  being  the  clerk  of  the  council 
of  the  province  of  Minister. "  In  159? 
he  returned  to  Ireland  ;  but  when  the 
rebellion  of  Tyrone  broke  out,  he  was 
obliged  to  fly  with  such  precipitancy, 
as  to  leave  behind  his  infant  child, 
whom  the  merciless  cruelty  of  the  in- 
surgents burnt  with  the  house.  The 
unfortunate  poet  carne  to  England  with 
a  heart  broken  by  these  misfortunes, 
and  d.  at  Westminster,  Jan.  16,  1598-9. 
His  remains  were  interred  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  earl  of  Essex,  in  Westmin- 
ster abbey,  where  the  countess  of  Dor- 
set raised  a  monument  to  his  memory. 

SFINOLA,  Ambrose,  Marquis,  a  cel- 
ebrated Spanish  general,  was  b.  in  1569. 
He  commanded  an  «rmy  in  Flanders, 
and  in  1604  he  took  Ostend,  for  which 
he  was  made  general  of  all  the  Spanish 
troops  in  the  Low  Countries,  where  ho 
was  opposed  by  Maurice  of  Nassau.  In 
the  war  occasioned  by  the  disputed 
succession  to  the  duchy  of  Cleves  and 
Juliers,  Spinola  took  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
Wesel,  and  Breda.  He  was  subse- 
quently employed  in  Italy,  where  he 
made  himself  master  of  the  city  of  Casal; 
but  not  being  able  to  subdue  the  citadel, 
owing  to  the  imprudent  orders  sent  to 
him  from  Madrid,  lie  exclaimed,  "They 
have  robbed  me  of  my  honor,"  and  fell 
a  prey  to  chagrin,  in  1630. 

SPINOZA,  Benedict,  one  of  the  most 
profound  thinkers  of  the  17th  century, 
and  the  founder  of  modern  pantheism, 
was  b.  at  Amsterdam,  in  1633.  His  pa- 
rents were  Portuguese  Jews,  who  gave 
him  the  name  of  Baruch,  which,  on  re- 
nouncing his  religion,  he  altered  to  Ben- 
edict, lie  resided  chiefly  at  the  Hague  ; 
and  strenuously  refused  to  accept  of 
any  of  the  numerous  proposals  he  re- 
ceived to  enter  upon  a  career  that  might 
have  led  to  his  worldly  advancement. 
He  was  for  some  time  a  Calvinist,  and 
afterwards  a  Mennonist,  but  at  last 
adopted  the  views,  religious  and  polit- 
ical, with  which  his  name  is  now  con- 
nected, and  in  support  of  which  he 
published  numerous  works.  His  "  Trae- 
tatus-lheologieo-politicus"  was  reprinted 
in  London  in  1765,  by  Hume,  though 
without  his  name  or  that  of  the  author. 
D.  1677. 

SPIZELIUS,  Tiieopiiilus.  a  learned 
German  ecclesiastic,  author  of  an  elabo- 
rate "  Commentary  on  the  State  of  Lit- 
erature among  the  Chinese,"  and  othei 
works.     D.  1691. 


sta] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


761 


SPONTINI,  Gasparo,  a  distinguished 
musical  composer,  was  b.  at  Majolntti, 
iicar  Jcsi,  in  tlic  Roman  states,  1778. 
lie  was  educated  at  the  Couservatorio 
de  la  Pieta  of  Naples,  and  began  liis 
career  when  17  years  of  age,  as  the  com- 
poser of  an  opera,  "  I  Puntigli  dclle 
Donne."  In  1807  he  was  appointed 
mnsic-director  to  the  empress  Joseph- 
ine; and  in  1808  he  produced  his  most 
famous  work,  "  La  Vestale,"  with  bril- 
liant and  decisive  success.  His  "Fer- 
nando Cortez"  appeared  in  1809  ;  and 
the  next  year  witnessed  his  appoint- 
ment to  the  directorship  of  the  Italian 
opera  in  Paris,  which  he  held  for  ten 
years.  In  1820  the  magnificent  appoint- 
ments offered  by  the  court  of  Prussia 
tempted  him  to  leave  Paris  for  Berlin, 
in  which  capital  his  last  three  grand 
operas,  "  Nourmahal,"  (founded  on 
"  Lalla  Rookh,")  "  Alcidor,"  and  "  Ag- 
nes Von  Hohenstauffen,"  were  produced 
with  great  splendor,  but  with  little  com- 
parative success.     D.  1851. 

SPOTSWOOD,  or  SPOTISWOOT), 
John,  archbishop  of  St.  Andrew's,  in 
Scotland,  was  b.  in  1565,  educated  at 
Glasgow,  and  in  1601  went  as  chaplain 
to  the  duke  of  Lennox  in  his  embassy 
to  France.  On  the  accession  of  James 
VI.  to  the  throne  of  England,  he  accom- 
panied him  ;  and  the  same  year  was 
raised  to  the  archbishopric  of  Glasgow, 
and  made  one  of  the  privy  council  in 
Scotland.  In  1615  he  was  translated  to 
St.  Andrew's.  He  crowned  Charles  I. 
at  Holyrood  house,  in  1633;  .and,  two 
years  afterwards,  was  made  chancellor 
of  Scotland  ;  but,  on  the  breaking  out 
of  the  rebellion,  he  retired  to  London, 
where  he  d.  in  1639,  and  was  buried  in 
Westminster  abbey.  He  wrote  the 
"  History  of  the  Church  of  Scotland." 

SPRANGHER,  Bartholomew,  an 
eminent  painter  of  Antwerp,  was  b.  in 
1546,  and  d.  in  1623. 

SPRAT,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Roches- 
f.er,  an  historian  and  poet,  was  b.  in 
1636,  and  d.  in  1713.  He  wrote  the 
"  History  of  the  Royal  Society,"  the 
"  History  of  the  Rye-house  Plot,"  "  The 
Life  of  Cowley,"  a  volume  of  sermons, 
and  a  few  poems. 

SPURZIIEIM,  Gaspard,  a  celebrated 
physiologist,  was  b.  near  Treves,  in 
1776,  and  received  his  medical  education 
at  Vienna,  where  he  became  acquainted 
with  Dr.  Gall,  the  founder  of  the  science 
of  phrenology.  To  this  science  Spurz- 
heim  became  exceedingly  partial ;  and 
he  soon  joined  Gall  in  making  inquiries 
Irto  the  anatomy  of  the  brain.  They 
64* 


quitted  Vienna  in  1805,  to  travel ;  visited 
Paris ;  and  lectured  in  England,  Scot- 
land, and  Ireland,  and  then  Spurzheim 
came  to  the  United  States,  where  he  d. 
1832.  He  was  a  man  of  rare  bcnevolenco 
and  integrity. 

STACKHOUSE,  Thomas,  a  divine, 
was  b.  in  1680,  but  the  place  of  his  birth 
is  not  known;  became,  in  1733,  after 
many  vicissitudes,  vicar  of  Benham,  in 
Berkshire ;  and  d.  there  in  1752.  Ho 
wrote  several  works,  of  which  the  n.ost 
important  is,  "A  History  of  the  Bible." 

STAEL-HOLSTEIN,"  Anne  Louisa 
Germaine,  baroness  de,  a  celebrated  fe- 
male writer,  the  daughter  of  M.  Ncekcr, 
the  French  financier,  was  b.  in  1766,  at 
Paris.  Her  talents  were  so  early  dis- 
played that  she  was  said  never  to  have 
been  a  child,  and  the  utmost  care  was 
taken  to  cultivate  them.  In  her  20th 
year  she  married  the  Baron  de  Stafil,  the 
Swedish  ambassador.  From  that  period 
she  took  an  active  part  in  literature,  and 
an  almost  equally  active  one  in  politics. 
It  was  through  her  influence  with  Barras 
that  Talleyrand  was  appointed  minister 
of  the  foreign  department.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  Bonaparte's  career  she 
was  one  of  his  admirers,  but  she  after- 
wards became  hostile  to  him  :  and,  in 
1801,  in  consequence  of  her  attempting 
to  thwart  his  government,  she  was  or- 
dered to  quit  Paris.  After  having  visit- 
ed Germany,  Prussia,  and  Italy,  she  re- 
turned to  France,  whence,  however,  she 
was  again  expelled.  Her  peregrinations 
were  next  extended  to  Moscow,  Stock- 
holm, and  London  :  nor  did  she  again 
behold  her  favorite  abode  of  Paris  till 
after  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons. 
In  1811  she  married  M.  de  Rocca,  but 
their  union  was  kept  secret.  D.  1817. 
Of  her  works,  which  form  seventeen 
volumes,  the  principal  are,  the  ro- 
mances of  "Delphine"  and  "Corinne," 
"Considerations  on  the  French  Revo- 
lution," "  Dramatic  Essays,"  "Consid- 
erations on  Literature,"  "  Germany,'' 
and  "Ten  Years  of  Exile." 

STAHL,  George  Ernest,  an  eminent 
German  physician  and  chemist,  was  b. 
in  1660,  at'Anspach;  studied  at  Jena; 
became  physician  to  the  king  of  Prus- 
sia :  and  d.  1734,  at  Berlin.  Stahl  in- 
vented the  theory  of  phlogiston,  which 
was  long  prevalent,  his  chemical  and 
medicakworks  are  numerous. 

STANDISH,  Miles,  the  first  captain 
at  Plymouth,  New  England,  was  b.  in 
Lancashire,  in  15S4,  and  accompanied 
Mr.  Robinson's  congregation  to  Ply- 
mouth  in   1620.     His   services   in  the 


7G2 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    PJOGRAPHY-. 


[STB 


wars  with  the  Indians  were  highly  use- 
ful, and  many  of  his  exploits  were  da- 
ring and  extraordinary.     D.  1656. 

STANHOPE,  Charles,  Earl,  a  politi- 
cian and  man  of  science,  was  b.  in  1753; 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  Geneva;  was 
member  for  Wycombe  till  he  took  his 
Beat  in  the  house  of  peers,  in  1786,  on 
the  death  of  his  f.ither  ;  was  a  strenuous 
republican,  and  enemy  to  Mr.  Pitt's  ad- 
ministration ;  and  d.  1816.  Anion?  his 
many  inventions  are,  an  improved 
printing-press,  a  monoehord,  an  arith- 
metical" machine,  a  mode  of  securing 
buildings  from  fire,  and  a  double  in- 
clined plane.  He  wrote  several  political 
and  scientific  pamphlets  and  papers. — 
Lady  Hester,  a  very  highly  accom- 
plished, but  no.  less  eccentric,  Enjlish 
lacly,  niece  of  the  celebrated  William 
Pitt.  Soon  after  the  death  of  that  great 
statesman,  with  whom  she  was  domes- 
ticated, and  with  whose  pursuits  she  so 
much  sympathize  1,  as  to  act  upon  some 
occasions  as  his  private  secretary,  she 
went  to  Syria,  assumed  the  dress  of  a 
male  native  of  that  country,  and  devoted 
herself  to  astrology,  in  which  vain  sci- 
ence she  was  a  most  implicit  believer. 
She  had  a  large  pension  from  the  En- 
glish government,  and  for  many  years 
was  possessed  of  considerable  influence 
over  the  Turkish  pachas,  which,  how- 
ever, when  habitual  carelessness  in 
money  matters  had  deprived  her  of  the 
means  of  bribing  them,  she  lost.  B. 
176ii ;  d.  1839. 

STANSBUKY,  Tobias  E.,  a  distin- 
guished citizen  of  Maryland,  who  from 
the  beginning  of  the  revolutionary  war 
till  the  time  of  his  death,  participated 
actively  in  national  and  state  affairs, 
and  was  repeatedlv  speaker  of  the  house 
of  delegates.     D.  1850. 

STARIC,  John,  a  general  in  the  army 
of  the  American  revolution,  was  b.  in 
Londonderry,  New  Hampshire,  in  1728. 
During  the  French  war,  he  was  captain 
of  a  company  of  rangers  in  the  provin- 
cial service,  in  1755,  and  was  with  Lord 
Howe  when  that  general  was  killed,  in 
storming  the  French  lines  at  Ticonde- 
roga,  in  1758.  On  receiving  the  report 
of  the  battle  of  Lexington,  he  was  en- 
gaged at  work  in  his  saw-mill  ;  and, 
fired  with  indignation,  seized  his  musket 
and  immediately  proceeded  to  Cam- 
bridge. He  was  nt  the  battles  of  Bun- 
ker's hill  and  of  Trenton,  and  achieved 
a  glorious  victory  at  Bennington.  He 
rose  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general, 
and  was  distinguished  throughout  the 
•war  for  enterprise  and  courage.   D.  1822. 


STEELE,  Sir  Richard,  was  b.  in  1671, 
or,  according  to  some  accounts,  in  1675, 
at  Dublin  ;  was  educated  at  the  Charter 
house  and  at  Merton  college,  Oxford; 
and  entered  the  military  service,  in 
which  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  captain. 
The  "  Christian  Hero,"  which  was  print- 
e  1  in  1701,  was  his  first  production.  It 
was  followed  by  the  comedies  of  "The 
Funeral,"  "  Tlic  Tender  Husband,"  and 
"  The  Lying  Lover."  In  the  beginning 
of  Queen  Anne's  reign  he  obtained  the 
office  of  gazetteer,  and,  in  1710,  he  was 
made  a  commissioner  of  stamp.  The 
"Tatler"  he  began  in  1709,  and  he  sub- 
sequently was,  in  part  or  in  whole,  the 
author  of  "  The  Spectator,"  "  Guar- 
dian," "  Englishman,"  "  Spinster," 
"  Lover,"  "  Reader,"  and  "  Theatre." 
In  1713  he  was  elected  M.  P.  for  Stock- 
bridge,  but  was  expelled  for  what  the 
house  was  pleased  to  consider  as  libels. 
He  afterwards  sat  for  Boroughbridge. 
During  the  reign  of  George  I.  he  was 
knighted,  made  surveyor  of  the  royal 
stables,  manager  of  the  king's  company 
of  comedians,  and  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners of  forfeited  estates,  and  gained  a 
large  sum  by  "  The  Conscious  Lovers  ;" 
but  his  benevolence  and  his  lavish  habits 
kept  him  in  a  state  of  constant  embar- 
rassment. A  paralytic  attack  at  length 
rendered  him  incapable  of  literary  ex- 
ertion, and  he  retired  to  Llangunnor, 
in  Caermarthenshire,  where  he  d.  1729. 

STEEX,  Jan,  an  eminent  painter,  was 
b.  at  Leyden,  in  1636.  One  of  his  mas- 
ters was'  Van  Goyen,  whose  daughter  ho 
married  ;  but  Steen  proved  a  dissipated 
character,  and  totally  neglected  his  fam- 
ily.    D.  1689. 

*STEENWICK,  Henry,  a  Flemish 
painter,  was  b.  1550,  and  d.  1603. 

STEEVENS,  George,  a  commentator, 
was  b.  in  1736,  at  Stepney ;  was  edu- 
cated at  King's  college,  Cambridge;  and 
d.  in  1800.  He  was  a  man  of  talent  and 
extensive  reading,  but  his  disposition 
was  not  amiable.  His  first  work,  pub- 
lished in  1766,  was  an  edition  of  twenty 
of  Shakspeare's  plays  ;  the  notes  to 
which,  and  additions,  were  afterwards 
incorporated  with  those  of  Johnson. 

STEPHENS,  Alexander,  a  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  b.  in  1757,  at  Elgin; 
studied  at  Aberdeen;  was  designed  tor 
the  law,  but  gave  himself  up  to  litera- 
ture ;  and  d.  in  1821.  He  wrote  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  War  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion," and  "  Memoirs  of  John  Home 
Tookc ;"  and  contributed  to  the  "  Month- 
lv  Magazine,"  "  Public  Characters,"  and 
"  The  Annual  Obituary." 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY-. 


7G3 


STERNE,  Laukence,  a  miscellaneous 

writer,  was  b.  in  171-3,  at  Clonmcl,  in 
Ireland ;  and  was  educated  at  a  school 
near  Halifax,  and  at  Jesus  college,  Gam- 
bridge.  He  successively  obtained  the 
living  of  Sutton,  a  prebend  at  York,  the 
rectory  of  Stillington,  and  the  curacy  of 
Coxwokl.  In  1760  lie  published  the 
first  two  volumes  of"  Tristram  Shandy;" 
the  remainder  appeared  in  1761,  1762, 
1765,  and  1767.  Some  of  his  latter  years 
were  spent  in  travelling  on  the  Conti- 
nent, and  his  travels  gave  birth  to  "The 
Sentimental  Journey."     D.  1768. 

STEPHENSON,  Georoe,  whose  name 
will  be  for  ever  identified  with  the  great- 
est mechanical  revolution  effected  since 
the  days  of  Watt — the  application  of 
steam  to  railroads — was  b.  near  New- 
castle, in  1781.  Hi*  father  was  an  en- 
gine-tender at  a  colliery  ;  and  he  himself 
began  life  as  a  pit-engine  boy  at  2il.  a 
day's  wages.  A  lucky  accident  having 
given  him  an  opportunity  of  showing 
pome  skill,  he  was  advanced  to  the  office 
of  engineman.  He  was  afterwards  em- 
ployed in  forming  railway  planes  and 
engines  underground,  and  all  his  leisure 
time  was  spent  in  working  out  the  great 
problem,  which  he  at  last  so  happily 
solved.  His  first  attempt  to  carry  out 
his  design  was  at  Hetten  ;  he  subse- 
quently planned  the  line  between  Stock- 
ton and  Darlington:  but  his  crowning 
achievement  was  the  great  Manchester 
and  Liverpool  line.  Heat  once  took  the 
lead  in  railway  engineering,  became  an 
extensive  locomotive  manufacturer  at 
Newcastle,  a  railway  contractor,  and  a 
great  colliery  and  iron-work  owner;  but 
he  always  retained  the  manly  simplicity 
of  character  which  had  marked  his  early 
career. 

STERLING,  John,  an  accomplished 
critic  and  essayist,  whose  promising 
career  was  broken  by  long-continued 
illness,  and  at  last  prematurely  closed, 
was  b.  at  Karnes  castle,  in  tl  «-.  isle  of 
Bute,  1806.  His  father,  who  was  a  dis- 
tinguished political  writer,  had  him  ed- 
ucated chiefly  at  borne.  In  1821:  he  went 
to  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  where  he 
had  Archdeacon  Hare  for  his  classical 
tutor;  aud  a  year  later  he  entered  Trin- 
ity hall  with  the  intention  of  graduating 
iii  law ;  but  he  left  Cambridge  in  1827 
without  taking  a  degree,  and  during  the 
next  few  years  he  resided  chiefly  in 
London,  employing  himself  actively  in 
literature,  contributing  to  the  "  Athe- 
nasum"  and  other  literary  journals,  and 
preparing  himself,  in  familiar  intercourse 
with  Coleiidge,  Wordsworth,  aud  many 


other  distinguished  persons,  for  tho 
peculiar  career  he  had  marked  out  for 
his  exertions.  Soon  after  his  marriage 
in  1830,  he  was  forced  by  threatening 
pulmonary  symptoms  to  seek  a  tempo- 
rary home  in  St.  Vincent,  where  his 
family  held  some  property.  He  return- 
ed to'Europe  in  1832.     D.  1844. 

STERN  HOLD,  Thomas,  a  poet,  was 
b.  in  Hampshire,  and  educated  at  Ox- 
ford ;  after  which  he  became  groom  of 
the  robes  to  Henry  VIII.  and  Edward 
VI.  He  d.  in  1549.  Sternhold  versified 
51  of  the  psalms;  the  remainder  were 
the  productions  of  Hopkins,  Norton, 
and  others. 

STEUBEN,  Frederic  William  Au- 
gustus, baron  de,  was  a  Prussian  officer, 
aid-de-camp  to  Frederic  the  Great,  and 
lieutenant-general  in  the  army  of  that 
distinguished  commander.  He  arrived 
in  America  in  1777,  and  immediately 
offered  his  serviees  to  the  continental 
congress.  In  1778  he  was  appointed 
inspector-general,  with  the  rank  of 
major-general,  and  rendered  the  most 
efficient  services  in  the  establishment 
of  a  regular  system  of  discipline.  Du- 
ring the  war  he  was  exceedingly  active 
and  useful,  and  after  the  peace  be  re 
tired  to  a  farm  in  the  vicinity  of  New 
York,  where,  with  the  assistance  of 
books  and  friends,  he  passed  his  time  as 
agreeably  as  a  frequent  want  of  funds 
would  permit.  The  state  of  New  York 
afterwards  gave  him  a  tract  of  16,000 
acres  in  the  county  of  Oneida,  and  the 
general  government  made  him  a  grant 
of  $2,500  per  annum.     D.  1795. 

STEWART,  Duoald,  an  eminent 
philosopher  and  writer,  was  b.  in  1753, 
at  Edinburgh,  and  was  the  son  of  the 
professor  of  mathematics;  was  edu- 
cated at  the  high  school  and  university 
of  his  native  city :  and  attended  the 
lectures  of  Dr.  Reid  at  Glasgow.  From 
Glasgow  he  was  recalled,  in  his  19th 
year,  to  assist  his  father ;  on  whose  de- 
cease, in  17S5,  he  succeeded  to  the  pro- 
fessorship. He,  however,  exchanged  it 
for  the  chair  of  moral  philosophy,  which 
lie  had  filled  in  1778,  during  the  absence 
of  Dr.  Ferguson  in  America.  In  1780 
he  began  to  receive  pupils  into  his  house, 
and  many  young  noblemen  and  gentle- 
men, who  afterwards  became  celebrate  1, 
imbibed  their  knowledge  under  his  roof. 
It  was  not  till  1792  that  he  came  forward 
as  an  author  ;  he  then  published  the  first 
volume  of  the  "  Philosophy  of  the  Hu- 
man Mind."  Among  his  works  are, 
"  Outlines  of  Moml  Philosophy,"  "  Phil- 
osophical Essays,"  "  Memoirs  of  Adam 


764 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[STO 


Smith,  atvl  Drs.  Robertson  and  Reid  ;". 
and  "  Prefatory  Dissertations  in  the 
Supplement  to'  the  Encyclopaedia  Bri- 
tannica."     D.  1828. 

STILLING,  Heinrich,  a  pseudonymc 
adopted  by  Ilienrich  Jang  in  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  autobiographies  ever 
written,  was  b.  at  Florevburg,  in  Nas- 
sau, 1740.  Ilis  father  was  a  tailor,  and 
his  son  at  first  followed  the  same  trade ; 
but  his  great  natural  abilities  soon  burst 
through  the  trammels  of  his  lowly  posi- 
tion, and  after  acquiring  by  his  own  ex- 
ertions considerable  knowledge  of  Greek 
and  of  medicine,  he  found  means  to  pro- 
ceed to  the  university  of  Strasburg, 
where  he  prosecuted  his  studies  with 
such  ardor  and  success  that  he  was  soon 
appointed  to  a  professor's  chair,  and 
raised  himself  to  eminence  both  by  his 
ability  as  a  lecturer  and  as  an  operator. 
He  wrote  several  novels,  the  best  of 
which  are,  "  Theobald,"  "  Hcrr  von 
Morgenthau,"  "Das  Heimweh,"  &c, 
besides  several  medical  and  mineralogi- 
cal  treatises ;  but  his  name  is  chiefly 
connected  with  his  autobiography,  en- 
titled " Jugend-Jungling-jahre,  Wan- 
derschaft  und  Alter  von  Heinrich  Stil- 
ling," which,  it  may  safelybe  said,  has 
never  been  surpassed  in  interest  and 
Bdelity.     D.  1817. 

STILLTNGFLEPrr,  Edward,  a  pre- 
late, was  b.  in  1635,  at  Cranbourne,  in 
Dorsetshire  ;  was  educated  at  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge;  obtained  various 
preferments,  among  which  were,  in  1077 
and  1678,  the  archdeaconry  of  London 
and  the  deanery  of  St.  Paul's  ;  and  was 
promoted  to  the  see  of  Worcester  at  the 
revolution.  Among  his  works  are, 
"  Orisines  Sacras,"  and  "  Origines  Bri- 
tannicaj."  Among  his  latest  literary  ef- 
forts was  a  controversy  with  Locke,  on 
some  points  in  the  "  Essay  on  Human 
Understanding."    D.  1699. 

STOCKTON,  Richard,  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  American  independence, 
was  graduated  at  Princeton  college  in 
174S,  and  entering  on  the  practice  of  the 
law  soon  rose  to  eminence.  He  settled 
in  New  Jersey,  was  appointed  to  the 
office  of  judge,  and  was  a  delegate  to 
the  congress  "of  1776.     D.  1781. 

STOLBERG-STOLBERG,  Frederic 
Leopold,  Count,  a  German  writer,  was 
b.  in  1750,  at  Bramstedt,  in  Holstein ; 
was  educated  at  Halle  and  Gottingen  ; 
and  was  employed  in  negotiations  by  the 
duke  of  Oldenburg  and  the  prince  re- 
gent of  Denmark.  He  translated  the 
Iliad,  and  the  tragedies  of  Esehylns; 
ind  wrote  "  A  History  of  the  Christian 


Religion;"  "Travels  in  Germany,  Swit- 
zerland, and  Italy  ;"  poems,  and  dramas. 
D.  1819. 

STONE,  Edmund,  an  eminent  math- 
ematician, the  son  of  the  duke  of  Ar- 
gyle's  gardener,  was  b.  in  Scotland, 
towards  the  close  of  the  17th  century. 
Before  he  was  nineteen  he  taught  him- 
self arithmetic,  geometry,  Latin,  and 
French,  without  any  assistance.  He 
wrote  "  A  Treatise  on  Fluxions,"  and  a 
"  Mathematical  Dictionary  ;"  translated 
"  Bion  on  Mathematical  Instruments;" 
and  published  an  edition  of  Euclid, 
with  a  Life.  D.  1767. — Thomas,  a  sign- 
er of  the  declaration  of  American  inde- 
pendence, was  b.  in  Charles  county, 
Maryland,  in  1743,  and  was  educated  to 
the  profession  of  the  law.  He  was  a 
delegate  to  the  continental  congress  of 
1776,  and  was  again  a  member  of  that 
bo  ly  when  Washington  resigned  the 
office  of  commander-in-chief.  D.  1787. 
STORCH,  Heinrich  Frederic  von,  an 
eminent  political  economist,  was  b.  at 
Riga,  1766,  studied  at  Jena  and  Heido— 
berg,  and  on  the  advice  of  Count  Rou- 
mantzof  repaired  to  St.  Petersburg, 
where  he  entered  on  a  brilliant  career 
as  a  statist  and  political  economist, 
which  procured  for  him  at  once  the 
confidence  of  the  czar,  and  the  highest 
literary  honors  in  his  gift.  His  chief 
works  are,  his  "Conrs  d'Economie  Po- 
litique," and  his  "Tableau  Historique 
ct  Statistique  de  l'Empire  de  Russie  a 
la  fin  du  I8me  Siecle."     D.  1835. 

STORY,  Joseph,  a  distinguished 
jud^e  and  juridical  writer,  was  b.  at 
Marblehead,'  Mass.,  1779;  studied  at 
Harvard  university,,  where  he  took  his 
decree  in  1798;  was  called  to  the  bar  in 
1801,  and  soon  acquired  a  distinguished 
reputation  as  a  pleader.  After  repre- 
senting Salem  in  the  slate  legislature 
for  four  years,  he  was  sent  to  congress 
in  1809,  where  his  talents  as  a  forensic 
debater  were  so  well  appreciated,  that  ia 
1811  he  was  appointed  associate  justice 
in  the  supreme  court  of  the  United 
States.  In  this  capacity  he  displayed  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  most  intri- 
cate questions  relating  to  international 
law,  and  earned  such  distinction  as  a 
jurist,  that  his  name  has  been  carried 
far  beyond  the  limits  of  his  native  land. 
His  "Commentaries  on  the  Conflict  of 
Laws"  is  looked  upon  as  an  authority 
in  everv  state  in  Europe.     D.  1845. 

STOTlIARD,  Thomas,  an  eminent 
English  artist,  was  b.  in  London  in 
1755;  received  his  education  at  a  school 
in  Yorkshire;  and  was  apprenticed  to  a 


btr] 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY". 


705 


calico-pri  /or.  in  Spitalfields.  During 
his  apprenticeship  lie  showed  a  decided 
taste  for  the  painter's  art;  and,  having 
been  once  introduced,  soon  found  am- 
ple employment  in  making  designs  for 
the  booksellers.  The  designs  made 
by  Mr.  S tot-hard  exceed  5000  in  number; 
it  is  difficult,  therefore,  to  select  from 
among  so  vast  a  stock;  but  perhaps 
those  which  particularly  claim  our  at- 
tention are,  "The  Pilgrimage  to  ranter- 
bury,"  "The  Wellington  Shield,"  etch- 
ed by  the  artist  himself;  "The  Four 
Periods  of  a  Sailor's  Life,"  and  "The 
Flitch  of  Bacon."  D.  1834.— Charles 
Alfred,  a  painter  and  antiquary,  son  of 
the  eminent  artist  of  the  same  name, 
was  b.  in  1787,  and  early  displayed  a 
talent  for  drawing.  lie  became  a  mem- 
ber and  historical  draughtsman  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  was  deputed 
by  that  body  to  take  drawings  from  the 
famous  tapestry  at  Bayenx,  in  Nor- 
mandy. Tic  was  killed  by  a  fall  in 
1S21.  He  published  "  .Monumental  Effi- 
gies of  Great  Britain." 

STOW,  John,  an  antiquary,  was  b. 
about  1525,  in  Cornbill.  By  trade  he 
was  a  tailor,  but  applied  himself  to  the 
study  of  British  antiquities  under  the 
patronage  of  Archbishop  Parker  and 
the  earl  of  Leicester.  In  his  old  age  he 
was  reduced  to  such  indigence  as  to 
solicit  charity  by  means  of  a  brief.  He 
wrote  "  A  Survey  of  London,"  and 
"  Annals  of  this  Kingdom."     D.  1605. 

STOW  ELL,  William  Scott.  Lord, 
son  of  W.  Scott,  a  merchant  of  Newcas- 
tle, and  elder  brother  of  Lord  Eldon, 
was  b.  at  Ilelworth,  Durham,  in  1745  ; 
was  educated  nt  Oxford,  and  began  to 
practise  law  in  1779.  He  was  knighted 
in  i.788,  and  in  179S  became  judge  of 
the  high  court  of  admiralty  and  a  privy 
councillor.  In  1790  he  entered  parlia- 
ment as  the  representative  of  Downton. 
and  in  the  following  year  had  the  honor 
of  being  unanimously  elected  as  mem- 
ber for  the  university  of  Oxford  ;  which 
he  retained  till  the  coronation  of  George 
IV.,  when  he  was  created  a  peer.  He 
was  the  profoundest  jurist  of  his  day. 
D.  18:30. 

STRAFFORD,  Thomas  Wentworth. 
earl  of,  an  eminent  statesman  and  minis- 
ter, the  eldest  son  of  Sir  William  Went- 
worth, was  b.  in  1593,  in  London,  was 
educated  at  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  after  having  travelled,  was 
knighted,  and  made  eustos  rotulorum 
of  the  west  riding  of  Yorkshire.  In 
1621  he  was  chosen  one  of  the  represent- 
atives of  the   county  of  York.     For  a 


few  years  he  was  one  of  the  most  active 
friends  of  the  popular  cause;  stood  prom- 
inently forward  as  an  advocate  for  the 
petition  of  rii/lit ;  and  was  even  impris- 
oned for  refusing  to  contribute  to  a 
forced  loan.  But  his  seeming  patriotism 
sprang  rather  from  hatred  of  Bucking- 
ham than  from  principle,  and  was  no( 
proof  against  corruption.  In  1628  ho 
was  gained  over  to  the  court.  His  apos- 
tasy was  paid  for  by  the  titles  of  baron 
and  viscount,  and  the  offices  of  privy 
councillor  and  president  of  the  North 
In  the  latter  capacity  he  acted  with  the 
most  arbitrary  rigor.  In  1632  he  was 
sent  to  Ireland  as  lord  deputy.  His 
conduct  there,  during  a  government  of 
seven  years,  was  that  of  a  despot.  It 
would,  however,  be  unjust  to  deny  that 
Ireland  derived  some  benefits  from  his 
administration.  In  1639,  on  visiting 
England,  he  obtained  the  garter,  tlio 
title  of  earl  of  Strafford,  and  the  dignity 
of  lord-lieutenant.  lie  demonstrated 
his  gratitude  by  violent  counsels  to  the 
infatuated  diaries.  But  his  downfall 
was  at  hand.  In  1640  he  was  impeached 
by  the  commons,  and  was  brought  to 
trial,  March  22,  1641.  He  defended  him- 
self with  an  eloquence  and  dignity  wor- 
thy of  a  better  cause.  No  moral  doubt 
could  exist  of  his  crimes,  but  the  legal 
proof  was  defective.  In  order  to  secure 
their  victim,  the  commons  themselves 
lost  sight  of  justice,  and  resorted  to  a 
bill  of  attainder.  It  was  passed,  and 
Strafford,  deserted  by  his  sovereign,  was 
brought  to  the  block,  on  the  12th  of 
Mav,  1641. 

STRONG,  Caleb,  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts, was  b.  at  Northampton  in 
1744,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college. 
He  pursued  the  profession  of  the  law, 
and  established  himself  in  his  native 
town.  Taking  an  early  and  active  part 
in  the  revolutionary  movements,  he  was 
appointed  in  1775  one  of  the  committee 
of  safety,  and  in  the  following  year  a 
member  of  the  state  legislature.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
formed  the  constitution  of  the  state,  and 
of  that  which  formed  the  constitution  of 
the  United  States.  Subsequently  he 
was  senator  to  congress,  and  for  11 
years  at  different  periods,  chief  magis- 
trate of  Massachusetts.     D.  1820. 

STRUTT,  Joseph,  an  engraver,  anti- 
quary, and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b. 
in  1749,  at  Springfield,  in  Sussex;  was 
a  pupil  of  Ryland,  and  a  man  of  con- 
siderable talent,  produced  "  A  Diction- 
ary of  Engravers,"  "Sports  and  Pas- 
times   of    the     Pec  pie    of    England,'" 


7GG 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[SUL 


''  Drossea  and  Habits  of  the  People  of 
England,"  "  Regal  and  Ecclesiastical 
Antiquities  of  England,"  "Chronicle  of 
England,"  "Manners,  Customs,  &c,  of 
the  Inhabitants  of  England,"  "Queen 
Hoo  Hall,"  "Ancient  Time,  and  "The 
Test  of  Guilt."     D.  1802. 

STUART,  Gilbert,  an  historian  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  in  1742,  at 
Edinburgh,  where  also  he  was  educated, 
lie  studied  jurisprudence,  but  became 
nn  author  by  profession;  sometimes 
residing  in  London,  and  sometimes  in 
his  native  city.  Stuart  was  a  man  of 
genius,  but  of  a  most  unamiable  dispo- 
siti  >n.  lie  wrote  "  The  History  of  Scot- 
la!!  I."  "  History  of  the  Reformation  in 
Scotland, "  and  other  works ;  contributed 
to  the  "Monthly  Review;"  and  was 
editor  of  the  "Edinburgh  Magazine  and 
Review."  D.  1780. — Gilbert,  a  cele- 
brated painter,  was  b.  in  Newport, 
Rhode  Island,  in  1755.  Soon  after  be- 
coming of  age,  he  went  to  England, 
where  he  became  the  pupil  of  Mr.  West. 
He  soon  rose  to  eminence  as  a  portrait 
painter,  and  obtained  a  high  reputation 
both  in  England  and  Ireland.  In  17'.»4 
he  returned  to  his  native  country,  chiefly 
residing  in  Philadelphia  and  Washing- 
ton, in  the  practice  of  his  profession, 
till  about  the  year  1801,  when  he  re- 
moved to  Boston.  Mr.  Stuart  was  not 
only  one  of  the  first  painters  of  his 
time,  but  was  also  a  very  extraordinary 
man  out  of"his  profession.     D.  182S. 

SUCKLING,  Sir  John,  a  poet  and 
courtier,  was  b.  in  1609,  at  Wnitton,  in 
Middlesex;  served  in  Germany,  under 
Gustavus  Adolphus;  acquired  reputa- 
;ion  as  a  wit  and  dramatist  after  his 
return  to  England;  raised  a  regiment 
to  serve  against  the  Scotch,  in  1639; 
was  obliged  to  retire  to  France,  in  con- 
sequence of  having  participated  in  a 
project  to  liberate  the  earl  of  Stratford  ; 
and  d.  there,  in  1641.  His  poems  have 
obtained  a  place  in  the  standard  collec- 
tions. 

SULLIVAN,  Johx,  an  officer  in  the 
army  of  the  American  revolution,  was 
b.  in  Maine,  and  established  himself  in 
the  profession  of  law  in  New  Hamp- 
shire. Turning  his  attention  to  military 
affairs,  he  received,  in  1772,  the  com- 
mission of  major,  and  in  1775  that  of 
brigadier-general.  The  next  year  he 
was  sent  to  Canada,  and  on  the  death  >>i' 
General  Thomas,  the  command  of  the 
army  devolved  on  him.  In  this  year  he 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major- 
general,  and_was  soon  after  capture  I  by 
the  British  in  the  battle  on  Long  Island. 


lie  commanded  a  division  of  the  army 
at  the  battles  of  Trenton,  Brandy  wine, 
and  Gcrmantown;  and  was  the  sole 
commander  of  an  expedition  to  the 
island  of  Newport,  which  failed  through 
want  of  co-operation  from  the  French 
fleet.  In  1779  he  commanded  an  expe- 
dition against  the  Indians.  He  was 
afterwards  a  member  of  congress,  and 
for  three  years  president  of  New  Hamp- 
shire. In  17S9  he  was  appointed  a 
judge  of  the  district  court,  and  con- 
tinued in  that  office  till  his  death,  in 
1795. — -James,  was  b.  at  Berwick,  Me., 
in  1744,  and  after  passine  the  early  part 
of  his  life  in  agricultural  pursuits, 
adopted  the  profession  of  the  law.  He 
took  an  early  part  in  the  revolutionary 
struggle,  and  in  1775  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  provincial  congress.  In 
1776  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the 
superior  court.  He  was  subsequently  a 
member  of  congress,  a  member  of  the 
executive  council,  judge  of  probate,  and 
in  1790  was  appointed  attorney-general. 
In  1807  he  was  elected  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  ami  again  in  the  follow- 
ing year,  in  the  December  of  which  he 
died.  He  was  the  author  of  a  "  History 
of  Land  Titles,"  a  "History  of  the  Dis- 
trict of  Maine,"  and  an  "  Essay  on 
Binks."  His  rank  at  the  bar  was  in 
the  very  first  class,  and  in  his  private 
character  he  was  distinguished  for  piety, 
patriotism,  and  integrity. 

SULLY,  Maximilian  db  Bktiiune, 
duke  of,  a  French  warrior  and  states- 
man, equally  brave  in  the  field  and  wise 
in  the  council,  was  b.  in  1560,  at  the 
castle  of  Rosny.  At  an  early  age  he 
was  placed  about  the  person  of  the  king 
of  Navarre,  afterwards  Henry  IV.,  to 
whom  he  ever  continued  to  be  strongly 
attached.  He  narrowly  escaped  being 
one  of  the  victims  of  the  massacre  of 
St.  Bartholomew.  In  the  majority  of 
the  battles  and  sieges  which  occurred 
during  the  strucrirle  between  Henry  and 
his  enemies,  Sully  bore  a  conspicuous 
part.  He  commanded  the  artillery  at 
the  battle  of  Contras,  and  had  two  hor- 
ses killed  under  him,  and  was  danger- 
ously wounded  at  the  batllo  of  Ivry. 
Though  himself  a  zealous  Calvinist,  it 
was  he  wdio  advised  the  king  to  secure 
the  crown  by  conformins:  to  the  Catho- 
lic religion.  In  1597  he  was  placed  at 
the  head  of  the  finances,  which  were 
then  in  the  most  dilapidated  state;  and 
by  his  prudent  administration  he  at 
once  increased  the  revenue  and  light- 
ened the  burdens  of  the  people.  After 
the   death   of  Henry  IV.  Sully  retired 


byd] 


CYCLO?.KDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


767 


from  public  affairs',  and  d.  1(U1.  His 
'"Memoirs,"  written  by  himself,  are 
highlv  interesting. 

SUPsREY,  Henry  Howard,  earl  of, 
eldest  son  of  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  was 
b.  about  1513  ;  studied  at  Christ-church, 
Oxford  ;  travelled  in  France,  Germany, 
nnd  Italy,  in  the  last  of  which  countries 
j.c  fell  in  love  with  the  Geraldine  whom 
he  celebrates  in  his  verses;  waseaptaiu- 
igeneral  of  the  army  at  Boulogne  in  1546; 
and  fell  a  victim,  on  the  scaffold,  to  the 
tyranny  of  Henry  VIII.,  in  l-">47.  "  He 
was,"  says  Raleigh,  "no  less  valiant 
than  learned,  and  of  excellent  hopes  ;" 
and  Warton  considers  him  as  "the  first 
English  classical  poet." 

SUVAROFF,  or  SUW  ARROW, 
Prince  Alexander,  a  celebrated  Rus- 
sian field-marshal,  was  b.  in  1730,  at 
Suskoi.  in  the  Ukraine,  and  was  educa- 
ted at  the  cadet  school  of  St.  Petersburg. 
He  distinguished  himself  during  the 
seven  years'  war;  in  Poland,  in  1768, 
against  the  Confederates  ;  in  1773, 
against  the  Turks;  and  in  17^2,  against 
the  Nogay  Tartars.  For  these  services 
he  was  rewarded  with  the  rank  of  gen- 
eral-in-chief,  the  government  of  the 
Crimea,  the  portrait  of  the  empress  set 
in  diamonds,  and  several  Russian  or- 
ders. In  the  war  against  the  Turks, 
from  17S7  to  1790,  he  gained  the  battle 
of  Rvmnik,  took  Ismail  by  storm,  and 
obtained  other  important  advantages. 
In  17H4  he  defeated  the  Poles  who  were 
Struggling  for  freedom,  and  carried 
Praga  by  assault.  When  Russia  joined 
the  continental  coalition,  in  1799,  he  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  combined  army 
m  Paly,  and,  after  several  sanguinary 
battles,  he  succeeded  in  wresting  that 
country  from  the  French.  He  was  less 
successful  in  Switzerland,  whence  he 
was  obliged  to  retreat.     D.  1800. 

SWEDENBORG,  Emanuel,  was  the 
son  of  the  bishop  of  Skara,  and  was  b. 
1689,  at  Stockholm.  He  was  not  twenty 
when  he  published  a  volume  of  Latin 
poems.  On  returning  from  his  travels 
lie  was  appointed  assessor  extraordinary 
to  the  college  of  Mines,  and,  in  1719, 
was  ennobled.  Of  his  many  works  on 
mining,  the  principal  is  his  "Opera 
Philosophica  ct  Mineralogica."  In  1743 
he  imbibed  a  belief  that  he  was  admit- 
ted to  an  intercourse  with  the  invisible 
world,  and  this  belief  he  retained  till  his 
decease,  1772.  On  this  subject  he  pub- 
lished several  works,  among  which  are 
''Arcana  Ccelestis,"  "  Heaven  an  1  Hell," 
"Divine  Providence,"  "True  Christian 
Religion,"  "Divine  Love  and  Wisdom," 


&Cl  Swcdenborg  was  no  impostor,  but 
a  learned  and  pious  man,  and  his  books 
richly  repay  the  most  careful  study. 

SWIFT,  Jonathan,  a  celebrated  wri- 
ter, was  b.  in  lfii!7,  at  Dublin,  and  was 
educated  at  Kilkenny  school.  Trinity 
college,  Dublin,  and  Hertford  college, 
Oxford.  For  some  years  he  "lived  with 
Sir  William  Temple  as  a  companion,  and 
when  that  statesman  died  he  left  him  a 
legacy  and  his  posthumous  works. 
From  King  William  he  entertained  ex- 
pectations of  preferment,  which  were 
disappointed.  Having  accompanied 
Lord  Berkeley,  one  of  the  lord  justices 
of  Ireland,  as  chaplain,  he  obtained 
from  him  the  livings  of  Laracor  and 
Lathbegsran,  on  which  he  went  to  re- 
side, and  to  which  he  invited  the  lady 
whom  he  had  celebrated  under  the 
name  of  Stella.  He  eventually  married 
her,  but  would  never  acknowledge  her 
as  his  wife.  His  conduct  to  two  other 
ladies,  Miss  Waring  and  Miss  Van- 
homrigh,  with  whom  he  coquetted,  was 
equally  devoid  of  proper  feeling.  In 
1701  he  took  his  doctor's  degree,  and 
on  the  accession  of  Queen  Anne  he 
visited  England.  In  the  course  of  the 
nine  ensuing  years  he  published  several 
works,  but  it  was  not  till  1710  that  he 
became  active  as  a  political  writer.  Hay- 
ing irone  over  to  the  tories,  and  become 
intimate  with  Harley  and  Bolingbroke, 
he  exerted  himself  strenuously  in  he- 
half  of  his  new  allies.  Among  his 
labors  in  this  cause  were,  "The  Exam- 
iner," and  "The  Conduct  of  the  Allies." 
It  was  not,  however,  till  1713  that  he 
obtained  preferment,  and  even  then  he 
was  frustrated  in  his  hope  of  an  En- 
glish mitre,  and  received  only  the  dean- 
ery of  St.  Patrick.  When  he  returned 
to  Ireland  he  was  exceedingly  unpopu- 
lar, but  he  lived  to  be  the  idol  of  the 
Irish.  Of  the  writings  by  which  this 
change  was  produced,  "The  Drapier's 
Letters,"  published  in  1724,  stand  fore- 
most. In  172G  he  gave  "Gulliver's 
Travels"  to  the  world.  As  he  advanced 
in  years  he  suffered  from  deafness  and 
fits  of  giddiness  ;  in  173d  his  intellect 
gave  way,  and  he  expired  in  October, 
1745. — Zephaniau,  a  learned  lawyer,  was 
graduated  at  Yale  cohere,  and  establish- 
ed himself  in  the  legal  profession,  hi 
Windham,  Conn.  He  was  for  18  years 
a  judge  of  the  superior  court  of  that 
state.  He  published  a  "Digest  of  the 
Laws  of  Connecticut,"  on  the  model  of 
Blackstone.     D.  1823. 

SYDENHAM,  Thomas,  an  eminent 
physician,  was  b.  in  1624,  at  Winford 


768 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


Eagle,  in  Dorsetshire ;  was  educated  at 
'Wadham  college,  Oxford,  studied  medi- 
cine at  Montpellier;  and  settled  in 
Westminster,  where  he  deservedly  at- 
tained a  high  reputation.  D.  1689.— 
Floyer,  an  eminent  Greek  scholar,  was 
b.  in  1701,  and  was  educated  at  Wad- 
ham  college,  Oxford.  In  1759  he  began 
a  translation  of  the  works  of  Plato,  a 
part  of  winch  he  published ;  but  the 
want  of  patronage  involved  him  in  em- 
barrassments; he  was  thrown  into  pris- 
on for  a  small  debt  which  he  had  con- 
tracted for  his  frugal  meals;  and  there 
he  perished  in  178S.  His  fate  gave  rise 
to  the  establishment  of  the  literary  fund. 
— Charles  William  Poulett,  Lord, 
governor-general  of  Canada,  was  the 
son  of  Mr.  J.  Poulett  Thompson,  a 
London  merchant,  and  b.  1 7 VS.  When 
about  20,  he  became  resident  in  St. 
Petersburg  as  the  correspondent  of 
his  father's  firm;  and,  until  his  acces- 
sion to  public  office  in  1830,  he  con- 
tinued to  be  connected  with  the  mer- 
cantile business.  His  political  life 
commenced  in  1826,  as  member  for 
Dover;  but  in  1830  being  returned  for 
botli  Dover  and  Manchester,  he  gave 
preference  to  the  latter.  On  the  forma- 
tion of  the  reform  cabinet,  he  was 
appointed  vice-president  of  the  board 
of  trade  and  treasurer  of  the  navy  ;  he 


[tal 


became  president  of  the  board  of  trade 
in  1834:  and,  in  1839,  succeeded  Lord 
Durham  as  governor-general  in  Canada. 
Whilst  riding  near  Kingston,  Lord 
Sydenham  met  with  an  accident  by  tho 
tailing  of  his  horse,  and  d.  September 
19,  1841. 

SYLLA,  Lucius  Cornelius,  a  cele- 
brated Roman,  was  b.  137  u.  c.  After 
having  spent  a  part  of  his  youth  in 
licentious  pleasures,  he  distinguished 
himself  in  Africa,  under  Manns;  in 
Pontns,  as  commander-in-chief,  and  on 
various  other  occasions.  He  rose  to  the 
consulship  in  the  forty-ninth  year  of 
his  age.  He  subsequently  reduced 
Greece,  and  vanquished  Mithridates; 
and,  returning  to  Italy,  overcame  the 
Marian  party,  and  assumed  the  dicta- 
torship. By  his  merciless  edicts  of 
proscription  he  deluged  Rome  with 
blood  ;  but,  at  the  very  moment  when 
no  one  dared  to  dispute  his  power,  he 
retired  into  private  life.     D.  78  b.c. 

SZALKAT,'  Anthony,  an  Hungarian 
poet,  who  is  considered  as  the  founder 
of  the  dramatic  literature  of  his  coun- 
try. He  held  an  office  in  the  house  of 
the  archduke  palatine,  Alexander  Leo- 
pold, and  d.  1804,  at  Buda.  His  "  Pikko 
Ilertzog"  was  the  first  regular  drama 
composed  in  the  Hungarian  iangnage. 
He  also  wrote  a  travesty  on  the  >£neid. 


TACTTUSr  Caius  Cornelius,  a  Latin 
historian,  was  b.  about  56,  and  was  of 
on  equestrian  family.  The  place  of  his 
birth  is  not  known.  He  early  culti- 
vated poetry;  he  became  an  advocate, 
and  he  is  supposed  also  to  have  borne 
arms.  He  was  successively  quaestor, 
Bedile,  and  praetor,  and  in  97  attained  the 
rank  of  consul.  Pliny  the  Younger  was 
his  bosom  friend,  and  Agricola  was  his 
father-in-law.  He  is  believed  to  have 
d.  about  135. 

TALBOT,  John,  Lord,  a  famous  war- 
rior, was  b.  in  1373,  at  Blechmore,  in 
Shropshire  ;  obtained  various  successes 
against  the  Irish,  distinguished  him- 
self in  France  by  his  skill  and  valor 
during  the  reigns  of  Henry  V.  and  VI., 
for  which  he  was  rewarded  by  the  earl- 
doms of  Shrewsbury,  Wexford,  and 
Waterford  ;  and  was  killed  at  the  battle 
of  Castillon.  in  1453. 

T ALLIEN,  John  Lambert,  one  of 
the  most  prominent  characters   in  the 


French  revolution,  was  the  son  of  a  no- 
bleman's porter;  was  b.  1769,  at  Paris, 
received  a  good  education,  and  early  in 
life  was  successively  clerk  to  an  attor- 
ney, and  in  a  public  office,  and  foreman 
to  a  printing  establishment.  On  the 
breaking  out  of  the  revolution,  he  took 
a  violent  part  against  the  court,  and  he 
gradually  acquired  considerable  influ- 
ence. As  a  member  of  the  convention, 
he  voted  for  the  death  of  the  king,  and 
for  a  while  he  participated  in  all  tiie 
enormities  of  the  Jacobins.  At  length, 
however,  he  became  more  moderate, 
and  it  was  mainly  to  his  conrasre  and 
eloquence  that  France  was  indebted  for 
the  downfall  of  Robespierre.  He  con- 
tinued to  be  an  active  member  of  the 
legislature  till  1798,  when  he  accom- 
panied Bonaparte  to  Egypt.  He  enjoyed 
a  place  under  the  consular  and  impe- 
rial governments ;  remained  unmolested 
after  the  accession  of  Louis  XVI1L,  and 
d.  1820. 


tat] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


769 


TALMA,  Francis  Joseph,  the  great- 
est of  French  actors,  was  b.  1763,  at 
Paris,  and  spent  his  childhood  in  Flan- 
ders and  England,  where  his  father  was 
a  dentist.  At  the  age  of  nine  years  he 
was  sent  to  France  to  be  educated, 
whence  he  returned  to  England.  The 
stage  was  early  his  delight,  and  he  was 
at  one  time  on  the  point  of  appearing  at 
Drurv-lane.  On  his  settling  in  France, 
he  for  eighteen  months  followed  the 
profession  of  his  father;  but  in  1787  he 
came  out  upon  the  French  theatre,  in 
the  character  of  Seidc.  For  some  time, 
however,  he  was  kept  in  the  back- 
ground; but  at  length  he  attained  the 
highest  rank  as  a  tragedian.  Talma  also 
accomplished  in  France  a  complete  ref- 
ormation of  theatrical  costume.    D.  1826. 

TAMERLANE,  TIMUR  LENO,  or 
TIMUR  BEG,  was  b.  1336  a.  d.,  in  the 
province  of  Kersch,  the  ancient  Sog- 
diana,  where  his  father  was  the  chief  of 
a  tribe.  He  attained  the  sovereign  au- 
thority at  Samarcand,  1370.  He  sub- 
sequently conquered  Persia,  India, 
Syria,  and  many  other  countries;  made 
prisoner  Bajazet,  the  Turkish  sultan  ; 
and  was  on  the  point  of  invading  China, 
when  lie  d.  in  1405. 

TANNAHILL,  Robert,  a  Scottish 
poet,  was  b.  at  Paisley,  in  1774,  and 
ored  a  weaver.  He  read  the  works  of 
Burns  with  enthusiasm,  and,  like  many 
more  of  his  countrymen,  he,  burned  to 
emulate  him,  and  though  he  fell  immea- 
surably short  of  his  model,  he  pro- 
duced some  very  delightful  songs,  and 
other  lyric  effusions.     D.  1810. 

TASSIE,  James,  a  modeller,  was  b. 
in  the  first  half  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury, near  Glasgow,  and  was  originally 
a  stone  mason,  but  acquired,  from  Dr. 
Quin,  the  art  of  imitating  gems  in  col- 
lored  paste*,  and  was  so  successful  that 
lie  gained  both  reputation  and  fortune. 
He  likewise  modelled  in  way.     D.  1799. 

TASSO,  Bernardo,  an  Italian  poet, 
was  b.  in  1493,  at  Bergamo;  was  suc- 
cessively in  the  service  of  the  prince  of 
Salerno  and  the  dukes  of  Urbino  and 
Mantua;  and  d.  1569.  Of  his  poems 
the  principal  is  "  Amadis  de  Gaul,''  in 
a  hundred  cantos. — Torquato,  one  of 
the  greatest  of  the  Italian  poets,  was 
the  son  of  Bernardo,  and  was  b.  1544, 
at  Sorrento.  He  may  almost  be  said  to 
have  "lisped  in  numbers;"  and  at 
twelve  years  of  age  he  had  acquired  ex- 
tensive knowledge.  After  having  been 
educated  at  Rome,  he  went  to  Padua,  to 
study  law,  in  compliance  with  the  wishes 
of  his  father.  It.  was  while  he  was 
65 


there,  and  in  his  eighteenth  year,  that 
he  published  the  poem  of  "  Rinaldo." 
In  1565  Duke  Alpnonso  of  Ferrara  in- 
vited him  to  his  court,  and  with  the 
exception  of  the  time  occupied  by  a 
journey  to  France,  Tasso  resided  thero 
till  1577.  During  this  period,  besides 
many  minor  pieces,  he  produced  his 
"  Aminta,"  and  completed  the  "Jeru- 
salem Delivered."  In  1577  lie  secretly 
quitted  Ferrara;  having,  it  has  been 
supposed,  incurred  the  anger  of  the 
duke  by  his  passion  for  the  Princess 
Leonora  of  Este,  his  patron's  sister. 
He  returned,  however,  but  his  intellects 
being  now  in  some  degree  affected,  he 
was  ungenerously  shut  \\\.  in  a  mad- 
house by  Alphonso,  where  for  seven 
years  he  experienced  the  most  unwor- 
thy treatment.  The  remonstrances  of 
several  Italian  princes  at  length  pro- 
cured his  release.  In  1592  he  settled 
at  Naples,  and  began  to  write  a  new 
poem  on  the  subject  of  his  "Jerusalem." 
This  poem  he  finished  to  his  own  satis- 
faction, but  posterity  has  not  ratified  his 
partiality  for  it.     D.  1595. 

TASSONI,  Alexander,  an  Italian 
poet,  was  b.  1565,  at  Modena;  was  suc- 
cessively in  the  service  of  several  prin- 
ces; and  d.  in  1635,  counsellor  to  the 
duke  of  Modena.  He  was  a  man  of  ex- 
tensive literary  and  scientific  knowledge, 
and  wrote  various  works ;  but  it  is  to 
"The  Rape  of  the  Bucket,"  a  heroi- 
comic  poem,  that  he  owes  his  reputation. 

TATE,  Nafium,  a  poet,  was  b.  in  Dub- 
lin, 1652,  and  was  educated  in  the  college 
of  his  native  city.  On  going  to  London 
he  assisted  Dryden  in  some  of  his  works  ; 
and  succeeded  Shad  well  as  poet  laureate. 
He  altered  Shakspeare's  play  of  Lear, 
and  wrote  several  poems  ;  but  he  is  best 
known  by  the  "  Version  of  the  Psalms," 
which  he  executed  in  conjunction  with 
Brady. 

TAYLOR,  Jeremy,  a  prelate  and  elo- 
quent writer,  the  son  of  a  barber;  was 
b.  1613,  at  Cambridge;  and  was  edu- 
cated at  the  grammar  school  of  his  na- 
tive place,  and  at  Caius  college.  Ho 
became  chaplain  to  Archbishop  Laud, 
and  subsequently  to  Charles  1.,  and 
obtained  the  rectory  of  Uppingham. 
During  the  civil  war  he  gained  a  sub- 
sistence by  keeping  a  school,  till  he  was 
interdicted  from  teaching.  Lord  Car- 
bery  then  appointed  him  his  chaplain, 
and  it  was  while  he  resided  with  that 
nobleman  that  he  wrote  most  of  his 
pieces.  He  was  twice  imprisoned  by 
the  republican  government.  At  tho 
restoration  he  was  made  bishop  of  Down 


770 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[tay 


and  Connor;  alonfc  with  which  see  he 
held  that  of  Dromore,  ami  the  vice- 
chaneeilorship  of  Trinity  college,  Dub- 
lin. D.  1667. — Pit  >ok,  an  eminent 
mathematician,  was  b.  ItiS ">,  at  Edmon- 
ton, in  Middlesex;  was  educated  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge;  became  a 
fellow  and  secretary  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, to  the  " Transactions*1  of'  which 
1m>  iv  he  largely  contributed;  and  d. 
1781.  Among  his  works  are  "  Met  hod  us 
inerementorum,"  "New  Principles  of 
Linear  Perspective,"  and  "  Con:emplatio 
Philosopliica."  Taylor  invented  the 
an-dvtic.d  formula  which  hears  his  name; 
and  which  Lagrange  has  made  the  basis 
of  his  theory  of  analtt.cal  functions. — 
Glouge,  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of 
American  indepeuden  e,  was  b.  in  Ire- 
land, 17 1(5.  Emigrating  to  America,  he 
became  the  proprietor  of  extensive  iron 
works  at  Durham,  on  the  river  Dela- 
ware. He  w  :s  for  some  years  a  rep- 
resentative for  Northampton  county  to 
the  provincial  assembly,  an  1  in  1776 
was  elected  to  the  continental  congress. 
D.  1781. — J  axe,  the  daughter  of  an 
artist  in  London,  was  b.  in  1783,  and 
very  early  in  life  gave  evident  indica- 
tions of  poetic  talent.  Her  first  publica- 
tion, "The  Beggar  Boy,"  appeared  in 
1604;  an  1  from  that  time  forward  she  con- 
tinued to  publish,  occasionally,  miscel- 
laneous pieces  in  verse.  The  principal 
Of  these  are,  "Original  Poems  for  Infant 
Minds,"  and  "Essays  in  Rhyme  on 
Morals  and  Manners."  She  also  wrote 
a  prose  tale,  entitled  "Display,"  which 
met  with  much  success.  D.  1823. — 
Joux,  usually  called  the  Water  Poet, 
from  his  being  a  waterman,  was  b.  in 
Gloucestershire,  about  158o.  In  1596  he 
served  in  the  fleet  under  the  earl  of  Es- 
sex, and  wa*  present  at  the  attack  upon 
Cadiz.  After  his  return  he  plied  on  the 
Thames,  and  was  for  many  years  col- 
lector for  the  lieutenant  of  the  Tower, 
of  his  fees  on  the  wines  imported  into 
London.  He  also  styled  himself  the 
kind's  water  poet,  and  the  queen's 
waterman.  When  the  civil  wars  began 
he  retired  to  Oxford,  where  he  kept  a 
public  house,  as  he  af  erwards  did  near 
Long  Acre.  At  this  place  he  manifested 
his  loyalty  by  assuming  for  a  sign,  the 
"Crown  in  Mourning,  which  proving 
offensive,  he  substituted  his  own  por- 
trait. D.  16)4. — Thomas,  a  learned  Gre- 
eiaii,  commonly  termed  the  Platonist, 
was  b.  in  1758,  and  placed,  at  lJ  years 
of  age,  at  St.  Paul's  school,  with  a  view 
to  orders ;  but  ho  changed  his  mind 
wlven   15,    and   went  to  a  relation,   an 


officer  at  tiie  port  of  S  lieernessi  Thero 
a  celebrated  dissenter  mstrnctotl  him  in 
the  rudimeuts  of  Latin  and  Greek,  and 
he   applied    himself  with    indefatigable 

ardor  to  the  study  of  Greek,  especially 
the  works  of  the  Platonic  sophist,  llav- 
ing  contracted  an  early  lose  marriage, 
he  was  compelled  to  become  un  ler- 
usher  in  a  school,  and,  subsequently, 
clerk  to  a  banker,  for  subsistence;  but 
he  still  fimn  1  time  to  pursue  his  taily 
stu  lies.  He  afterwards  gave  public  lec- 
tures in  Greek  an  1  on  the  Platonic  wri- 
ters, which  intro  I  need  him  to  the  favor 
of  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  who  furnished 
the  funds  for  his  great  work,  the  excel 
lent  translation  of  Plato.  His  transla- 
tions are  very  voluminous;  the  most 
important  are  the  works  of  Aristotle, 
Plato,  and  Pausanias.  D.  1835. — Wil- 
liam, a  distinguished  critic,  translator, 
and  litterateur,  was  the  only  son  of  an 
eminent  merchant  of  Norwich,  where 
lie  was  b.  1765.  He  was  origin  illy  des- 
tined for  his  father's  business:  but  his 
early  bias  for  literary  pursuits  proved 
so  strong,  that  his  father  gave  way  to 
his  inclinations,  and  after  one  or  two 
somewhat  lengthened  sojourns  in  Franco 
and  Germany,  he  gave  himself  up  almost 
entirely  to  the  "cultivation  of  the  Muses" 
and  of  politics.  He  first  became  known 
by  a  translation  of  Burger's  "  Lenore  ;'* 
and  stimulated  by  the  success  which 
followed  his  first  attempt,  he  made 
various  other  translations  from  the  same 
author,  and  from  time  to  time  contribu- 
ted specimens  of  other  German  poets  to 
different  magazines  and  periodicals.  In 
1798  he  formed  an  acquaintance  with 
Southey,  which  soon  ripened  into  the 
warmest  friendship;  and  in  180:2  he  bo- 
came  the  editor  of  the  "Norwich  Iris," 
which  he  made  the  organ  of  his  peculiar 
political  and  religious  opinions;  but  he1 
soon  abandoned  this  speculation,  and 
henceforth  engaged  in  the  business  of 
"  reviewing,"  for  which  he  found  a  main 
vent  in  the  "Monthly  Review,"  then 
nnder  the  editorship  of  Dr.  Griffiths. 
Among  his  works  should  be  mentioned 
his  "  English  Synonymes;"  an  1  in  1830 
he  published  a  "Survey  of  German  Po- 
etry," consisting  chiefly  of  his  collected 
translations,  with  explanatory  notes. 
D.  1836. — William  Cooke,  an  eminent 
writer  on  miscellaneous  subject*,  was  b. 
at  Youirhal,  1801).  After  prosecuting 
his  studies  at  the  university  of  Dublin 
with  great  distinction,  he  repaired  to 
the  metropolis,  and  entered  upon  a  lit- 
erary career,  which,  for  constancy  of  ap- 
plication,   and    variety   of  subject,   has 


ten] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


"71 


had  few  equals  in  modern  times.  He 
wns  employed  in  1846,  by  the  British 
government,  to  inquire  into  the  system 
of  education  on  the  Continent;  and  he 
was  just  on  the  eve  of  being  placed  in  a 

f>osition  on  the  establishment  of  the 
orcl-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  to  carry  out 
his  views,  when  he  was  cut  olf  by  the 
pestilence  that  ravaged  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland  in  1S49.  Among  his  chief 
works  are,  his  '•  Manuals  of  Ancient 
and  Modern  History,"  "Life  and  Times 
cf  Sir  Robert  Peel,"  "  History  of  Ma- 
hommedanism,"  "  Revolutions  and  Re- 
markable Conspiracies  of  Europe;"  and 
his  last,  and  perhaps  his  most  important 
work.  "The  History  of  the  House  of 
Orleans,"  published  only  a  few  weeks 
before  his  death.  D.  1849. — Zachary, 
president  of  the  United  States,  was  b. 
in  Virginia,  17St5.  His  father,  who  had 
fought  at  the  side  of  Washington  during 
all  the  war  of  independence,  at  its  con- 
clusion settled  in  Kentucky,  and  con- 
ducted his  family  to  their  forest-home, 
where  his  son,  amid  the  perils  of  savage 
life,  had  ample  opportunities  of  develop- 
ing those  military  qualities  of  which  he 
afterwards  gave  so  signal  a  proof.  At 
the  outbreak  of  the  war  with  England, 
in  1S07,  he  hastened  to  join  the  army, 
and  was  appointed  to  guard  the  banks 
of  the  Wabash.  In  1812,  while  in  com- 
mand of  the  garrison  of  Fort  Henderson, 
consisting  only  of  fifty-two  men,  he  was 
suddenly  attacked  at  midnight  by  a  hos- 
tile party,  who  succeeded  in  setting  fire 
to  the  fort.  But  Taylor,  with  his  hand- 
ful of  men,  extinguished  the  flames, 
and  forced  the  enemy  to  retreat.  For 
this  exploit  he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
major.  In  the  war  against  the  Indians, 
both  in  Florida  and  Arkansas,  he  passed 
successively  through  all  the  grades  of 
his  profession,  till  he  reached  the  rank 
of  general.  Nominated  in  1S46  to  the 
command  of  a  corps  of  observation  on 
the  frontiers  of  Mexico,  an  attack  of  the 
Mexicans  gave  him  an  opportunity  of 
crossing  the  Rio  Grande,  and  of  gaining 
his  first  battle  at  Palo- Alto.  The  victo- 
ries of  Kesaca  de  la  Palma,  Monterey,  and 
Buena-Vista  proved  him  at  once  a  val- 
iant soldier  and  an  able  general,  and 
marked  him  out  to  tK  ;  suffrages  of  his 
countrymen  for  the  presidency.  Chosen 
in  Nov.  1848,  he  entered  on  his  high 
Dffice  in  March,  1849  :  but  he  had  only 
filled  the  chair  of  Washington  and  Jef- 
ferson for  sixteen  months,  when  he  was 
Suddenly  attacked  by  cholera,  and  d. 
Julv,  1850. 
TELL,  William,  one  of  the  champions 


of  Swiss  liberty,  was  b.  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  13th  century,  at  Burglen,  in  the 
canton  of  Uri.  Some  doubt  exists  as  to 
the  truth  of  the  story,  that  he  was  com- 
pelled to  shoot  at  an  apple  OU  the  head 
of  his  child,  and  that  he  shot  the  Aus- 
trian governor  Gessler;  but  there  is  no 
doubt  that  he  contributed  to  emancipate 
his  country,  and  that  he  fought  at  the 
battle  of  Morgarten.     D.  1304. 

TEMPLE,  Sir  William,  an  eminent 
statesman  and  writer,  was  b.  16-28,  in 
London,  and  was  educated  at  Bishop 
Stortford  grammar  school,  and  at  Eman- 
uel collesre,  Cambridge;  Cudworth  was 
his  college  tutor.  In  his  19th  year  ho 
began  his  travels,  in  the  course  of  which 
he  resided  for  two  years  in  France,  and 
visited  Flanders,  Holland,  and  Germany. 
On  his  return  he  obtained  a  seat  in  the 
Irish  parliament.  Charles  II.  employed 
him  as  a  diplomatist,  in  which  capacity 
Temple  displayed  abilities  of  no  common 
kind.  He  was  twice  dispatched  on  a 
secret  mission  to  the  bishop  of  Minister; 
as  envoy  extraordinary  to  the  Hague  he 
concluded  within  the  short  space  of  five 
days  the  treaty  of  triple  alliance  ;  he  was 
one  of  the  negotiators  at  the  congress  of 
Aix  la  Chapelle;  he  signed  the  peace  of 
1673  ;  was  appointed  ambassador  to  the 
Hague  in  1074,  and  contributed  to  bring 
about  the  marriage  of  the  prince  of 
Orange  with  the  Princess  Mary;  and 
lastly,  was  one  of  the  negotiators  at 
Nimegnen.  In  1679  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  king's  new  council,  but  was 
soon  displaced  for  his  freedom  of  speech. 
After  this  he  retired  into  private  life, 
and  never  again  took  part  in  public 
affairs.     D.  1698. 

TENCIN,  Claudin-e  Alexandria 
Guerin  de,  a  French  writer,  was  b.  in 
16S1,  at  Grenoble,  and  d.  in  1749.  She 
was  early  bound  by  monastic  vows,  from 
which  she  succeeded  in  obtaining  her 
release,  and  she  subsequently  spent 
many  years  in  political,  and  especially 
in  love  intrigues  ;  in  the  course  of  which 
she  was  imprisoned,  unjustly,  however, 
on  a  charge  of  having  murdered  one  of 
her  lovers,  D'Alembert  was  her  son. 
At  length  she  adopted  a  more  regulai 
mode  of  living,  and  her  house  became 
the  resort  of  wits  and  men  of  letters. 
Of  her  novels,  "  The  Count  de  Commin- 
ges"  is  that  which  is  most  esteemed; 
but  thev  all  have  great  merit. 

TEN1ERS,  David,  the  elder,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  was  b.  in  1582,  at  Ant- 
werp; studied  under  Rubens,  and  at 
Pome  under  Elsheimer;  and  d.  1649. 
His  pictures  of  rural  festivities,  conver- 


772 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[thb 


Bations,  fairs,  foi  tune-tellers,  and  similar 
subjects,  are  usually  of  a  small  size,  and 
are  much  valued. — David,  the  younger, 
a  sou  of  the  foregoing,  was  b.  in  1610,  at 
Brussels,  and  was  instructed  in  punting 
by  his  father,  and  by  Adam  Brouwer 
and  Rubens.  In  his  youth  such  was  his 
facility  of  imitating  the  styles  of  various 
masters  that  he  was  called  the  Proteus 
and  the  Ape  of  Fainting.  He  soon, 
however,  had  the  good  sense  to  choose 
nature  as  his  model,  and  he  rose  into 
high  reputation.  He  was  patronized  by 
the  Archduke  Leopold  William,  the  king 
of  Spain,  Christina  of  Sweden,  and  other 
distmguis'ie  I  personages.     I>.  16SJ4. 

TERENCE,  or  TERENT1US,  Pub- 
lius,  a  Latin  comic  writer,  is  believed 
to  have  been  a  native  of  Carthage,  and 
to  have  been  b.  about  192  B.C.  Being 
taken  a  captive  to  Rome,  lie  was  sold  to 
Terentius  Lucanus,  who  gave  him  a  good 
education,  and  enfranchised  him.  He 
was  in  his  25th  year  when  he  brought 
out  his  first  play.  His  talents  acquired 
for  him  illustrious  friends,  among  whom 
were  Scipio  and  Ladius.  He  quitted 
Rome  when  he  was  35,  and  is  supposed 
to  have  perished  at  sea  in  a  storm.  Of 
his  admirable  comedies  only  six  are  ex- 
tant. 

TERTULLIAN,  Quintus  Septimus 
Florens,  one  of  the  most  learned  men 
of  the  primitive  church,  was  b.  about  160, 
at  Carthage.  Originally  a  bitter  enemy 
of  the  Christian  faith,  he  was  converted 
by  witnessing  the  firmness  of  the  mar- 
tyrs, became  a  priest,  and  was  thence- 
forth one  of  the  most  eloquent  defenders 
of  the  doctrines  which  he  had  despised. 
Lata  in  life  he  adopted  the  opinions  of 
the  Moutanists,  and  afterwards  formed 
a  sect  of  his  own.  He  d.  about  245. 
Among  his  works  are,  "  An  Apology  for 
the  Christians,"  a  "Treatise  against  the 
Jews,"  and  the  five  books  against  Mar- 
cion. 

TETZEL,  John,  a  Dominican  monk  of 
the  16th  century,  was  b.  at  Picrn.  Being 
appointed,  in  1517,  to  vend  the  indul- 
gences issued  by  Pope  Leo  X.,  for  the 
completion  of  St.  Peter's  church  at 
Rome,  he  represented  them  as  possess- 
ing the  virtue  of  pardoning  all  sins, 
past,  present,  and  future.  This  first 
roused  the  indignation  of  Luther,  and 
may  truly  be  said  to  have  been  the  pri- 
mary cause  of  the  reformation.  The 
f>apal  government,  seeing  the  mischief 
ikely  to  accrue  from  the  indiscreet  zeal 
and  bigotry  of  Tctzel,  so  severely  re- 
buked him,  that  he  is  said  to  have  died 
of  a  broken  heart,  in  1519. 


THALES,  one  of  the  seven  sages  of 
Greece,  was  b.  639  b.  o.,  at  Miletus,  in 
Ionia,  or,  as  some  affirm,  was  a  native 
of  Phenieia.  He  travelled  in  Eg\  pt  and 
other  countries,  and  d.  in  the  U6tll  year 
of  his  age.  Thalcs  was  the  founder  of 
the  Ionian  school  of  philosophy,  and 
was  an  admirable  astronomer  and  ge- 
ometrician. He  was  the  first  who  accu- 
rately calculated  a  solar  eclipse. 

TilEMlSTOOLES,  an  illustrious  Athe- 
nian, was  b.  535  b.  c,  at  Phreas.  Licen- 
tious in  his  youth,  he  was  reclaimed 
from  his  follies  by  the  love  of  glory.  He 
bore  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  battle  of 
Marathon,  and  the  trophies  gained  there 
by  Miltiades  were  a  stimulus  to  the  am- 
bition of  Themistocles.  When,  after 
the  banishment  of  his  rival  Aristides, 
he  acquired  the  management  of  the 
Athenian  affairs,  he  displayed  splendid 
talents.  It  was  by  his  persuasion  that 
his  countrymen  were  induced  to  confide 
their  safety  to  their  navy,  and  to  him 
were  the  Greeks  indebted  for  the  glori- 
ous victory  of  Salamis.  He  rebuilt  the 
walls  of  Athens,  fortified  the  Piraeus, 
and  prevented  the  Spartans  from  gain- 
ing an  ascendency  in  the  Amphictyonic 
council.  The  popular  favor,  however, 
was  at  length  withdrawn  from  him,  and 
he  was  banished  for  five  years.  Further 
proceedings  being  meditated  against 
him,  he  sought  an  asylum  at  the  court 
of  Artaxerxes,  and  was  hospitably  re- 
ceived. He  d.  470  b.  c.  Some  attribute 
his  death  to  poison  taken  by  himself, 
rather  than  assist  the  Persian  monarch 
against  Athens,  while  others  affirm  that 
he  died  a  natural  death. 

THEOBALD,  Lewis,  a  dramatist  and 
commentator,  was  b.  at  Sittingbourne. 
in  Kent,  and  was  brought  up  to  Irs 
father's  profession,  that  of  a  lawyer,  but 
quitted  it  for  literature.  Having  offend- 
ed Pope,  by  editing  a  rival  edition  of 
Shakspeare,  that  poet  made  him  the 
hero  of  the  "  Duneiad."  Yet,  in  spito 
of  the  wit  of  the  satirist,  Theobald  is 
not  despicable  as  a  commentator  on  the 
bard  of  Avon.     D.  1744. 

THEOCRITUS,  a  celebrated  Greek 
pastoral  poet,  was  b.  at  Syracuse,  and 
flourished  in  the  3d  century  b.  c.  Ptol- 
emy Philadelphia  invited  him  to  his 
court,  and  treated  him  munificently.  It 
is  said  that  he  was  strangled  by  llicro, 
tyrant  of  Syracuse,  for  having  written 
satires  upon  him,  but  there  is  little  oi 
rather  no  evidence  in  support  of  the 
assertion. 

THEODOSIUS,  Flavhts,  snrnamed 
the  Great,  a  Roman  emperor,  was  b.  in 


THOJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


rcs 


846,  in  Spain.  Tn  liia  13th  year  he  de- 
feated the  barbarians,  and  drove  them 
across  the  Danube.  Gratian  rewarded 
him  with  the  purple,  and  the  sway  over 
tne  eastern  provinces.  In  the  course  of 
his  reign  Theo  lositis  triumphed  over 
the  Goths,  and  various  other  enemies 
of  the  empire.  He  vanquished  Arbo- 
gaste,  in  894,  and  added  tlie  western 

Frovinces  to  his  dominions.  I).  395. — 
I.,  surnanicd  tlie  Younger,  emperor  of 
the  East,  grandson  of  the  great  Thco- 
dosius,  was  b.  400,  and  succeeded  to  the 
throne  at  the  age  of  eight  years.  The 
early  part  of  his  reign  was  marke  1  by 
some  success  against  the  Persians;  the 
remainder  of  it  was  not  fortunate.  The 
code  which  bears  his  name  was  formed 
by  his  order,  and  was  the  work  of  seven 
lawyers.     I).  4.">n. 

THEOPHRASTUS,  acelebrated  Greek 
philosoplicr,  was  b.  371  b.  c,  at  Eresus, 
in  Lesbos.  He  was  a  disciple  of  Plato 
and  of  Aristotle,  the  latter  of  whom  he 
succeeded,  and  with  splendid  success, 
in  the  Lyceum.  Twice  he  was  persecu- 
ted by  his  enemies,  but  in  both  in- 
stances lie  eventually  triumphed.  Of 
all  his  numerous  works  time  has  spared 
only  a  "Treatise  on  Stones,*'  parts  of 
his  "  Characters,"  and  of  a  "  History  of 
Animals,''  and  some  fragments  quoted 
by  other  authors. 

THESPIS,  a  Greek  poet,  b.  at  Icaria, 
in  Attica,  flourished  576  b.  c.  He  is 
considered  as  the  inventor  of  tragedy, 
from  his  having  introduced  actors  in 
addition  to  the  chorus.  His  stage  is 
said  to  have  been  a  cart,  and  the  faces 
of  the  performers  were  smeared  with 
wine  lees,  or,  according  to  Suidas,  with 
white  lead  and  vermilion. 

THEVENOT,  John,  a  French  travel- 
ler, was  b.  in  1033,  at  Paris.  His  for- 
tune enabling  him  to  gratify  his  love 
of  travelling,  he  visited  several  parts  of 
Europe,  and  afterwards  explored  many 
countries  of  the  East.  He  d.  in  Persia, 
in  1057,  as  he  was  returning  from  Hin- 
dostan.  His  '•  Voyages  and  Travels" 
have  been  often  reprinted. 

THOMPSON,  William,  a  poet  and 
divine,  was  b.  at  Brough,  in  Westmore- 
land ;  was  educated  at  Queen's  college. 
Oxford,  and  d.  about  1766,  dean  of 
Raphoc,  in  Ireland.  His  poems  have 
been  deservedly  admitted  among  the 
collected  works  of  the  British  poets. 
His  poem  on  "Sickness"  contains  m  my 
line  passages,  and  his  "Hymn  to  May" 
breathes  more  of  the  spirit  of  Spenser 
than  mo<t  modern  imitations  of*  him. 
U.Q  also  wrote  "  Gondibeit  and  Bertha," 


a  tracrc  lv,  and  published  an  edition  of 
"Bishop  [bill's  Satires." 

THOMSON,  James,  one  of  the  most 
popular  of  English  poets,  was  the  son 
of  a  Seotch  clergyman ;  was  b.  1700, 
at  E  In  am,  in  Roxburghshire;  and  was 
<■  In  sated  at  Jedburgh  and  at  Edin- 
burgh. Relinquishing  his  views  in 
the  church,  he  removed  to  Loudon, 
where,  in  1726,  he  published  his  "Win- 
ter." The  three  other  seasons  appeared 
in  17-J-s.  17-'.',  and  1730.  During  the 
same  period  he  also  produced  the  tra- 
gedy of  "Sophonisba,"  the  poem  of 
"Britannia,"  and  a  poem  on  Sir  Isaac 
Newton.  Among  the  friends  whom  he 
gained  by  these  splendid  proofs  of  his 
genius,  was  Lord  Chancellor  Talbot, 
who  chose  him  as  a  proper  compan- 
ion to  accompany  his  son  on  the  grand 
tour.  Thomson  was  thus  occupied  for 
three  years,  in  the  course  of  which  he 
visited  most  of  the  European  courts. 
After  his  return  he  was  made  secretary 
of  briefs  by  the  chancellor,  but  the 
death  of  his  patron  soon  deprived  him 
of  that  place.  For  this  loss,  however, 
he  was  indemnified  by  the  office  of  sur- 
veyor-general of  the  Leeward  Islands, 
an  I  a  pension  from  the  prince  of  Wales. 
His  pen,  meanwhile,  was  not  idle.  Ho 
wrote  the  tragedies  of  "  Agamemnon," 
"  Edward  and  Eleouora,"  "  Tancred  and 
Sigismunda,"  and  " Coriolanus ;"  the 
masque  of  "Alfred,"  in  conjunction 
witii  Mallet;  and  the  poems  of  "Lib- 
ertv,"  and  "  The  Castle  of  Indolence." 
D.'l74s\ 

THORNHILL,  Sir  James,  a  painter, 
was  b.  1676.  in  Dorsetshire,  and  after 
his  return  from  his  travels  in  Holland, 
Flanders,  ami  France,  rose  into  consid- 
erable reputation  as  an  artist.  He  was 
employed  to  paint  the  dome  of  St. 
Paul's,  the  refectory  and  saloon  at 
Greenwich  hospital,  and  some  of  the 
apartments  at  Hampton-court.    D.  1734. 

THORNTON,  Bonnee,  a  witty  mis- 
cellaneous writer  and  poet,  was  b.  17'24, 
in  London;  was  educated  at  Westmin- 
ster school,  and  at  Christ-church,  Ox- 
ford ;  took  the  degree  of  bachelor  of 
me  Heine,  but  never  practised  ;  was  in 
habits  of  friendship  with  many  of  the 
wits  of  that  period;  and  d.  176?.  The 
"Connoisseur"  was  the  joint  produc- 
tion of  him  and  Column.  He  translated 
a  part  of  Plantus,  and  wrote  a  "Bur- 
lesque Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day,"  "The 
Battle  of  the  Wigs,"  and  a  variety  of 
humorous  pieces. — Mvttiiew,  was  b.  in 
I  Ireland,  in  1714,  and  when  about  two  or 
|  three  years  old  his  father  emigrated  to 


774 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[tic 


America,  and  finally  settled  in  "Worces- 
ter, Mass.  He  pursued  the  study  of 
medicine,  and  commenced  the  practice 
of  his  profession  in  Londonderry,  N, 
H.  In  1 770  he  was  chosen  a  delegate  to 
the  continental  congress,  and  affixed  his 
name  to  the  declaration  of  independ- 
ence. He  was  afterwards  chief  justice 
of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  and  judge 
of  the  superior  court  of  his  adopted 
state.     I).  1803. 

THOEWALDSEN,  Albert,  the  great 
Danish  sculptor,  was  the  sou  of  a  carver 
on  wood,  but  though  the  circumstances 
of  the  parent  were  narrow,  the  boy, 
having  early  shown  great  talent  for 
drawing,  was  gratuitously  and  well  ed- 
ucated at  the  Copenhagen  aea  lemy  of 
arts.  Here  he  studied  so  effectually  that 
he  obtained  two  irohl  medals  and  a  trav- 
elling stu  lentship,  which  entities  the 
fortunate  competitor  to  a  salary  for  three 
years.  Thus  far  fortunate.  Thorwaldsen 
proceeded  to  Home,  where  he  worked 
with  zeal  and  energy,  bit  where  he  is 
said  to  have  been  for  some  time  so  over- 
whelmed by  the  magnificence  of  ancient 
art,  by  which  he  saw  himsclfsurronndcd, 
as  to  have  broken  up  not  a  few  of  his 
earlier  works  as  soon  as  they  were  com- 
plete 1.  His  Jason  once  finished,  his 
fortune  was  virtually  mile;  orders  at 
vast  prices  poured  in  upon  him  from  all 
parts,  and  the  splendid  works  completed 
by  him  from  the  commencement  of  1800 
to  the  close  of  1837,  place  him  in  the  first 
rank  of  mo  iern  sculptors.  His  coun- 
trymen were  justly  proud  of  him,  and 
honored  him  with  a  public  funeral.  D. 
1844.  age  1  73. 

TIIUCYDIDES,  a  Greek  historian, 
descended  from  the  kings  of  Thrice, 
was  b.  409  B.C.,  at  Athens.  Having 
failed  to  relieve  Ampbipolis,  which  was 
besiege  1  by  the  Lacedemonians,  he  was 
banished  by  his  countrymen,  and  he 
retired  into  Thrace,  where  he  had  large 
possessions.  Nothing  certain  is  known 
of  the  remainder  of  his  life,  but  he  is 
supposed  to  have  d.  about  400  b.  c.  As 
an  historian  he  ranks  high  among  the 
writers  of  ancient  times. 

TIIURLOE,  John,  a  statesman  and 
political  writer,  was  a  native  of  Essex, 
and  b.  in  1016.  He  was  secretary  of 
state  during  the  protectorate  ;  and 
though  immediately  after  the  restora- 
tion he  was  arrested  on  a  charge  of  high 
treason,  yet  such  was  Charles  II.'s  opin- 
ion of  his  talent  and  integrity,  that  he 
afterwards  of  en  invite  1  him  to  take 
part  ill  his  administration,  which  he 
thought   proper  to   decline.      D.   1668. 


His  state  papers  have  been  published, 
and  form  a  very  valuable  collection. 

TUUKLOW,"  Edward,  lord  high  chan- 
cellor of  Great  Britain,  was  b.  in  1782, 
and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  175S.  He 
filled  the  offices  of  solicitor-general  and 
attorney-general,  was  chosen  M.P.  for 
Tamworth,  and  became  a  warm  and 
powerful  supporter  of  the  ministry  in 
the  house  of  commons,  lie  retired  from 
office  in  1783,  but  resumed  it  again  on 
the  dissolution  of  the  coalition  ministry, 
and  continued  to  hold  the  seals  under 
the  premiership  of  Mr.  Pitt,  till  1792. 
D.  1806. 

TIBERIUS,  Claudius  Diutsus  Nero, 
a  Roman  emperor,  was  b.  84  b.  c.  at 
Koine.  During  the  reign  of  Augustus, 
he  was  successful  at  the  head  of  the  ar- 
mies in  Spain,  Armenia,  Germany,  and 
other  provinces,  but,  falling  into  dis 
grace,  he  resided  for  some  years,  as  an 
exile,  at  Rhodes.'  He  was,  however, 
restored  to  favor,  and  he  was  again  vic- 
torious as  the  leader  of  the  legions  in 
Germany.  On  his  accession  to  the 
throne,  his  acts  gave  promise  of  a  be- 
neficent sovereign  ;  but  he  soon  became 
licentious  and  sanguinary,  and,  after  a 
reign  of  nearly  twenty-three  years,  he 
d.  universally  hated,  at  Misneum,  37. 

TLBULLUS,  Aulus  Albtus,  a  Latin 
poet  of  an  equestrian  family,  was  b.  at 
Rome,  he  was  the  friend" of  Horace, 
and  of  many  other  eminent  coteinpora- 
ries,  and  is  believed  to  have  d.  shortly 
after  Virgil.  His  four  books  of  "  Ele- 
gies'' have  placed  him  at  tho  head  of 
the  elegiac  poets. 

TICKELL,  Thomas,  a  poet,  was  b.  in 
1636,  at  Bridekirk,  in  Cumberland ;  was 
educated  at  Queen's  college,  Oxford ; 
was  the  friend  of  Addison,  who  made 
hiin  under  secretary  of  state;  was  ap- 
pointed, in  1724,  secretary  to  the  lords 
justices  in  Ireland,  and  held  that  office 
till  his  death,  in  1740.  Ills  poems, 
which  have  much  sweetness  and  ele- 
gance, form  a  part  of  the  collected  works 
of  the  British  poets.  His  translation  of 
the  first  book  of  the  Iliad  occasioned  the 
rupture  between  Pope  and  Addison. — 
Richard,  a  grandson  of  the  foregoing, 
was  b.  at  Bath;  obtained  a  pension  and 
a  place  in  the  stamp  office,  and  was 
killed,  in  1793,  by  throwing  himself,  in 
a  fit  of  frenzy,  from  the  window  of  his 
apartments  in  Hampton-court  palace. 
lie  wrote  two  poem-,  "The  Project," 
and  "The  Wreath  of  Fashion  ;"  "An- 
ticipation," and  other  political  pam- 
phlets* and  the  "Carnival  of  Veuiee," 
a  comic  opera. 


tin] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIV. 


775 


TIEDEMANN",  Dietrich,  an  eminent 
writer,  was  b.  174S,  at  Bremervorde,  in 
the  duchy  of  Bremen,  and  d.  1803.  Ilis 
principal  works  arc,  "An  Essay  on  the 
Origin  of  Languages,"  "System  of  the 
Stoic  Philosophy,"  an  "  investigation 
of  Man,"  "The  first  Philosophers  of 
Greece,"  and  "The  Spirit  of  Speculative 
Philosophy." 

TIEDGE,  Christopher  Augustus,  a 
German  elegiac  poet,  b.  17-">2  ;  his  chief 
works  arc,  "  Urania,"  "The  Echo,  or 
Alexis  and  Ida,"  "  Denkmale  der  Zeit," 
«fee.  His  latter  years  were  passed  at 
Dresden.     D.  1841. 

TIERNEY,  George,  a  distinguished 
statesman  and  political  writer,  was  b.  in 
London,  1756,  and,  in  171)6,  ho  was 
elected  M.P.  for  Southwark.  He  soon 
proved  himself  an  able  debater,  and  was 
one  of  the  most  formidable  opponents 
of  Mr.  Pitt.  During  a  debate  in  the 
year  1798,  some  words  spoken  ill  the 
house  were  the  cause  of  a  duel  between 
him  and  Mr.  Pitt.  When  Mr.  Adding- 
ton  became  minister,  in  1802,  he  made 
Mr.  Tierney  treasurer  of  the  navy.  In 
1801),  under  the  Grenville  administra- 
tion, he  became  president  of  the  board 
of  control,  but  went  out  of  office  early  in 
the  following  year,  on  the  resignation 
of  the  ministry.  On  the  formation  of 
the  Canning  ministry,  he  was  appointed 
to  the  mastership  of  the  mint;  from 
which  he  retired,  with  Lord  Goderich, 
In  1828.  and  d.  1830. 

TILGIIAM,  William,  an  eminent 
jurist,  was  b.  1756,  in  Talbot  county,  on 
the  eastern  shore  of  Maryland.  In  1772 
he  began  the  study  of  law  in  Philadel- 
phia, but  was  not  admitted  to  the  prac- 
tice of  the  profession  till  1783.  In  178S, 
and  for  some  successive  years,  he  was 
elected  a  representative  to  the  legislature 
of  Maryland.  In  1793  he  returned  to 
Philadelphia,  and  pursued  the  practice 
of  the  law  in  that  city  till  1801,  when  he 
was  appointed  chief  judge  of  the  circuit 
court,  of  the  United  'States  for  the  third 
circuit.  After  the  abolition  of  this  court, 
he  resumed  his  profession,  and  contin- 
ued it  till  1805,  when  he  was  appointed 
president  of  the  courts  of  common  pleas 
in  the  first  district  of  Pennsylvania.  In 
the  following  year  he  was  commissioned 
as  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of 
that  state.     D.  1827. 

T1LLI.  John  Tzerclaes,  count  de,  a 
celebrated  German  general,  was  b.  at 
Brussels,  of  an  illustrious  family,  to- 
wards the  close  of  the  16th  century. 
Originally  he  was  a  Jesuit,  but  he  quit- 
ted that' order  to  take  arms.    He  first 


signalized  himself  in  Hungary  against 
the  Turks.  Subsequently  he  rose  to 
high  command  in  the  Bavarian  service, 
and  next  in  the  Imperial,  and  gained 
several  victories  between  1620  and  1631  : 
in  which  last  year  lie  eternally  disgraced 
himself  by  his  cruelty  at  the  storming 
of  Magdeburgh.  Gustavus  Adolphus 
defeated  him  at  Lutzen,  in  1631,  and 
again  at  the  passing  of  the  Lech,  in 
1632,  in  which  action  Tilli  was  mortally 
wounded. 

TILLOCII,  Alexander,  was  b.  1757, 
at  Glasgow,  where  he  received  a  liberal 
education.  While  resident  at  his  native- 
place  he  invented  stereotype  printing; 
but,  after  having  joined  with  Mr.  Foulis 
to  carry  it  on,  and  taken  out  a  patent,, 
he  had  the  mortification  to  find  that  the 
process  had  been  previously  discovered 
ray  Gcd.  Settling  in  London,  he  became 
editor  and  one  of  the  proprietors  of  the 
"Star"  newspaper,  and,  in  1707,  he  es- 
tablished the  "  Philosophical  Magazine."' 
D.  Jan.  26,  1825.  Tilloch  made  some 
improvements  on  the  steam-engine. 

TILLOTSON,  John,  an  eminent  pre- 
late, was  b.  1630,  at  Sowcrby,  in  York- 
shire, and  was  educated  at  Clare  hall, 
Cambridge.  He  was  of  a  Puritan  family, 
and  was  brought  up  in  their  religious, 
principles,  but  he  conformed  to  the 
church  in  1662.  Between  that  period 
and  1669,  he  was,  successively,  curate 
of  Cheshunt,  rector  of  Keddington, 
preacher  in  Lincoln's  Inn,  lecturer  at 
St.  Lawrence  Jewry,  and  gained  repu- 
tation both  as  a  preacher  and  a  con- 
troversialist. In  1670  he  was  made  a 
prebendary,  and,  two  years  afterwards, 
clean  of  Canterbury.  In  1683  he  attend- 
ed Lord  Russell  on  the  scaffold,  and  la- 
bored, but,  of  course,  in  vain,  to  draw 
from  him  a  declaration  in  favor  of  pas- 
sive obedience.  This  blot  in  his  charac- 
ter is  to  be  regretted.  At  the  revolution, 
he  was  appointed  clerk  of  the  closet  to 
his  majesty,  and,  in  the  following  year, 
he  exchanged  his  deanery  for  that  of  St. 
Paul's.  In  1691,  after  fruitless  attempts 
to  avoid  the  honor,  he  accepted,  with 
unfeigned  reluctance,  the  see  of  Canter- 
bury, which  was  become  vacant  by  the 
deprivation  of  Sane-reft.  This  promo- 
tion, however,  he  did  not  long  survive, 
as  his  decease  took  place  in  16'J4.  He 
died  poor,  the  copyright  of  his  "  Post- 
humous Sermons,"  which  sold  for  0500 
guineas,  being  all  that  his  family  inherit- 
ed.   His  works  form  three  folio  volumes. 

TINDAL,  Matthew,  a  deistical  writer, 
was  b.  about  1057,  at  Beer  Ferrers,  in 
Devonshire;   was  educated  at  Lincoln 


770 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[tom 


college,  Oxford,  and  obtained  a  tellow- 
Bbip  in  All  Souls,  and  d.  1733.  Among 
his  works  are,  "  Tiie  Rights  of  the  Chris- 
tian Church  Asserted,"  and  "Christian- 
ity as  old  as  the  Creation." — Nicholas, 
nephew  of  the  foregoing,  was  b.  1087,  in 
Devonshire;  was  educated  at  Oxford; 
obtained  various  livings,  and  the  chap- 
lainship  of  Greenwich  hospital;  and  d. 
177-t.  lie  wrote  a  continuation  of  Kapin, 
translated  Calmet  and  Cantemir,  and 
abridged  Spence'a  "Polvmetis." 

TINTORETTO,  a  celebrated  painter, 
whose  real  name  was  James  Robusti, 
■was  the  son  of  a  dyer,  from  which  cir- 
cumstance he  derived  his  pictorial  ap- 
pellation, lie  was  b.  1512,  at  Venice, 
and  was  a  pupil  of  Titian,  who  became 
jealous  of  his  talents,  and  dismissed 
him  from  his  school.  lie  rose  to  high 
reputation,  and  was  employed  by  the 
Venetian  government  to  paint  a  picture 
of  the  victory  gained  over  the  Turks  in 
1571.  Most  of  his  finest  compositions 
are  at  Venice,  where  he  d.  1594. 

TIPvABOSCIII,  Jebome,  an  Italian 
writer,  was  b.  1731,  at  Bergamo,  and  d. 
1794,  counsellor  and  librarian  to  the 
duke  of  Modena.  Among  his  works 
are,  "  Memoirs  of  Modencse  Writers," 
and  "  Notices  of  Painters,  Sculptors," 
<fec,  but  his  ffreat  production  is  "The 
History  of  Italian  Literature." 

TISSOT,  Simon  Andrew,  an  eminent 
Swiss  physician,  was  b.  1728,  at  Grancy, 
in  the  Pays  de  V'aud;  studied  medicine 
a'  Montpe'lier;  and  settled  at  Lausanne, 
where  lie  became  celebrated,  particularly 
for  his  new  method  of  treating  the 
sma'1-pox;  was  for  three  years  medical 
professor  at  Pavia;  and  d.  17'J7,  at  Lau- 
sanne. 

TITIAN,  whose  name  was  Tiziano 
Vecelli,  the  greatest  painter  of  the  Ve- 
netian school,  was  b.  1477  or  1480,  at 
Pieve  dc  Cadore,  in  Friuli;  was  a  pupil 
of  Zuccati  and  Bellini  ;  and  improved 
his  original  style  by  observing  the  works 
of  Giorgione.  He  was  patronized  and 
highly  honored  by  Charles  V.,  Philip  II., 
and  other  princes.  His  powers  contin- 
ued undiminished  till  almost  the  latest 
period  of  his  existence,  and,  as  he  was 
indefatigable  in  his  art,  and  lived  to  the 
age  of  nearly  a  hundred,  his  works  are 
numerous.  They  still  retain  their  rank 
among  the  highest  efforts  of  pictorial 
skill.     I),  of  the  pla<rne,  157(5. 

TITUS  SAB1NUS  VESPASIANUS, 
Fi.Avirs,  a  Roman  emperor,  the  son  of 
Vespasian,  was  b.40.  After havfng dis- 
tinguished himself  in  arms,  particularly 
at  the  siege  of  Jerusalem,  he  ascended 


the  throne  a.  d.  79.  His  early  licen- 
tiousness inspired  feais  as  to  his  future 
conduct,  but  he  discarded  his  vices,  and 
acted  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  denom- 
inated the  delight  of  the  human  race. 
He  was  the  father  of  his  people.  On 
one  occasion,  having  within  the  twenty- 
four  hours  performed  no  act  of  kind- 
ness, he  exclaimed,  "  My  friends,  I  have 
lost  a  day  1"  He  reigued  little  more 
than  two  years. 

TOBIN,  John,  a  dramatic  writer,  was 
b.  1770,  at  Salisbury;  was  educated  at 
private  schools  at  Southampton  and 
Bristol  ;  and  was  brought  up  as  a  solici- 
tor. He  had  an  irresistible  propensity 
to  dramatic  composition,  and  at  the  ago 
of  twenty-four  had  written  several  plays ; 
and  he  continued  his  labors  till  the  close 
of  his  existence.  In  his  applications  to 
theatrical  managers,  liowevei,  Ke  was 
uniformly  unsuccessful ;  little  to  the 
credit  of  their  judgment.  It  was  not 
till  he  was  sinking  into  the  grave  from 
consumption  that  his  "  Honey  Moon" 
was  accepted,  and  he  did  not  live  to  wit- 
ness its  success.     D.  1804. 

TOLAND,  John,  a  deislieal  writer, 
was  b.  in  1699,  near  Londonderry;  was 
originally  a  Catholic,  but  became  a  dis- 
senter, and,  lastly,  a  skeptic ;  was  ed- 
ucated at  Glasgow,  Edinburgh,  and 
Leyden ;  was  employed  in  secret  mis- 
sions to  the  German  courts ;  and  d. 
1722.  Among  his  works  are,  "Christi- 
anity not  Mysterious,"  "  Nazarenus," 
"  Pantheisticon,"  "  Amyntor,"  "  Tetra- 
dvmus,"  and  "  A  Life  of  Milton." 

'TOMLINE,  George,  whose  family 
name  was  Prettyman,  a  prelate  and 
writer,  was  b.  about  1750,  at  Bury  St. 
Edmund's,  where  his  father  was  a 
tradesman.  He  was  educated  at  Bury 
school,  and  at  Pembroke  hall,  Cam- 
bridge, and  was  senior  wrangler  in  1772. 
Mr.  Pitt,  to  whom  he  had  been  academ- 
ical tutor,  made  him  his  private  secre- 
tary, gave  him  the  living  of  Sudbury, 
and  a  prebend  of  Westminster,  and,  in 
1787,  raised  him  to  the  sec  of  Lincoln, 
whence,  in  1820,  Dr.  Tomline  was  trans- 
lated to  that  of  Winchester.     D.  1827. 

TOMPKINS,  Daniel  D.,  was  the  son 
of  Jonathan  G.Tompkins,  a  revolution- 
ary patriot,  and  was  b.  June  21st,  1774. 
lb-  received  his  education  at  Columbia 
colletre,  in  the  city  of  New  York,  and 
graduated  in  1795.  He  commenced  tho 
practice  of  law  in  New  York,  and  took 
a  prominent  part  in  the  great  party 
struo-trle  which  resulted  in  the  elevation 
of  Mr.  Jetferson  to  the  presidency  of  the 
United  States.     In  1803  Mr.  Tomf  kins 


tor] 


CYClOP.'EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


777 


was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  su- 
perior court  of  New  York,  which  office 
tic  filled  with  reputation  to  himself,  and 
to  the  approbation  of  the  public.  He 
was  elected  governor  of  the  state  in 
1807,  and  during  a  period  of  great  polit- 
ical excitement,  was  an  active  and  up- 
right chief  magistrate.  In  1317  he  was 
elected  to  the  vice-presidency  of  the 
United  States,  James  Monroe  at  the 
same  time  having  been  raised  to  the 
presidency.  In  this  honorable  station 
he  served  his  country  for  two  terms ; 
and  finally  retired  from  public  life,  in 
March,  1825.  He  d.  suddenly,  at  his 
residence,  in  Richmond  county,  Staten 
Island,  June  11th,  1S25. 

TONE,  Theobald  Wolfe,  an  Irish 
revolutionary  politician,  and  founder  of 
the  "Society  of  United  Irishmen,"  was 
b.  in  Dublin,  in  1763,  and  was  bred  to 
the  bar.  In  1790  he  published  a  pam- 
phlet, the  object  of  which  was  to  expose 
the  mismanagement  of  the  English  gov- 
ernment regarding  Ireland ;\  and,  in 
1793,  he  established  the  society  above 
mentioned,  lie  afterwards  became  in- 
volved in  a  treasonable  correspondence 
with  France,  but  made  a  sort  of  com- 
promise with  the  British  government, 
and  was  allowed  to  withdraw  himself. 
He  accordingly  came  to  America  in 
1795,  from  whence  he  proceeded  to 
France  in  the  following  year.  By  his 
persuasions,  the  French  directory  fitted 
out  an  expedition,  consisting:  of  17  sail 
of  the  line,  13  frigates,  &c,  with  14,000 
troops  on  board,  and  upwards  of  40,000 
stand  of  arms,  besides  artillery  and  war- 
like stores.  Tone  was  appointed  chef 
de  brigade,  under  General  Hoehe,  the 
commander-in-chief.  They  set  sail  Dec. 
15,  1796  ;  but,  before  they  had  all  reach- 
ed their  destination,  (Bantry  bay,)  a 
hurricane  arose,  in  consequence  of  which 
three  ships  of  the  line  and  a  frigate  only 
remained  together.  This  bold  attempt 
being  thus  frustrated  by  the  elements, 
the  scattered  ships  made  the  best  of 
their  way  back  to  France,  and  Tone  was 
foiled  in  all  his  future  endeavors  to  per- 
suade the  French  government  to  under- 
take another  expedition  on  a  large  scale. 
But  he  still  persevered  in  those  plans 
which  he  conceived  would  lead  to  a  sep- 
aration of  Ireland  from  Great  Britain  ; 
and  he  at  length  embarked  in  one  of 
those  petty  armaments,  the  inefficiency 
of  vhich,'he  thought,  perhaps,  might 
be  remedied  by  his  own  courage  and  ex- 
perience. He  was  taken  prisoner  in  the 
Hoehe,  after  fighting  bravely  in  a  des- 
perate action,  was   tried  by  a  military 


commission,  and  sentenced  to  be  hanged. 
The  execution  of  his  sentence,  however, 
he  avoided,  by  cutting  his  own  throat  in 
prison,  November  19,  1798. 

TOOKE,  John  Horne,  a  politician 
and  philologist,  who  for  many  years  was 
known  by  his  family  name  of  Home, 
was  b.  1736,  in  Westminster;  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  and  Eton  schools, 
and  at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge ; 
and  in  1760  was  inducted  to  the  ehapelry 
of  New  Brentford.  The  clerical  profes- 
sion, however,  was  little  suited  to  his 
habits  and  feelings,  and  he  took  an  ac- 
tive part  in  politics.  The  cause  of 
Wilkes  he  warmly  espoused  for  a  con- 
siderable time,  but  at  length  they  be- 
came enemies.  In  1771  he  was  attacked 
by  Junius,  but  be  defended  himself 
with  spirit,  and  success  against  that  for- 
midable writer.  Resigning  his  living  at 
Brentford,  he  studied  law  at  the  Temple, 
but  his  ecclesiastical  character  proved 
an  obstacle  to  his  being  admitted  to  the 
bar.  In  1775  he  was  sentenced  to  im- 
prisonment on  a  charge  of  having  libelled 
the  king's  troops  in  America.  Out  of 
this  circumstance  arose  his  Letter  to 
Dunning,  which  formed  the  basis  of  his 
subsequent  philological  work,  "The 
Diversions  of  Purlev,"  published  in 
1786.  In  1790,  and  1796,  he  stood,  in- 
effectually, as  candidate  for  Westmin- 
ster; and  in  1794  he  was  one  of  the 
persons  who  were  tried  at  the  Old  Bailey, 
and  acquitted,  on  a  charge  of  treason. 
In  1S01  he  was  returned  to  parliament 
for  Old  Sarum  ;  but  he  sat  only  during 
that  session,  a  bill  being  passed  to  pre- 
vent individuals  in  orders  from  sitting 
in  future.     D.  1812. 

TOPLADY,  Augustus  Montague,  an 
eminent  Calvinistie  divine,  was  b.  in 
1740,  at  Farnham,  in  Surrey;  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  school,  and  at 
Trinity  college,  Dublin;  and  d.  1778, 
vicar  of  Broad  Hemburv,  in  Devonshire. 
Toplady  was  a  strenuous  opponent  of 
Weslev. 

TORQUEMADA,  Thomas  de,  the 
first  inquisitor-general  of  Spain,  a  man 
infamous  for  his  barbarity,  was  b.  in 
1420  ;  was  a  monk  of  the  order  of  St. 
Dominic;  became  inquisitor-general  in 
1483 ;  and  d.  in  1498.  In  the  course  of 
sixteen  years  he  gave  to  the  flames  no 
less  than  8,800  victims,  besides  execu- 
ting nearly  as  many  in  effigy,  condemn- 
ing 90,000  to  perpetual  imprisonment 
and  other  severe  punishments,  and  ex- 
pell'insr  from  Spain  above  800,000  Jews. 

TORRICELLI,  Evangelista,  a  cel- 
ebrated Italian  geometrician,  was  b.  in 


778 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[trb 


1608,  at  Modigliana,  or,  as  some  assert, 
at  Pianc  ildoli ;  bewail  bis  education  un- 
der the  Jesuits  at  Faenza,  and  completed 
it  at  Komc  ;  was  invited  to  Florence  by 
Galileo;  and  succeeded  that  eminent 
man  as  professor  of  mathematics.  The 
grand-duke  also  appointed  biin  his 
mathematician.    D.  1647. 

T/ORRINGTON,  Gkorge  Byno,  Vis- 
count, a  British  admiral,  was  b.  1688,  in 
Kent;  became  a  rear-admiral  in  1703; 
and,  during  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne, 
distinguished  himself  at  the  taking  of 
Gibraltar,  the  battle  of  Malaga,  and  the 
relieving  of  Barcelona.  In  1718  he  de- 
feated the  Spanish  fleet  of  Sicily;  in 
1721  he  was  created  a  viscount;  and 
was  at*  envarda  appointed  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty.     D.  1733. 

TOUSSAINT  L'OUVERTURE,  a 
negro  of  great  talents,  was  b.  in  1743,  in 
St.  Domingo.  His  early  years  were 
spent  in  slavery  on  the  estate  of  Count 
Noe.  When  the  blacks  threw  off  the 
yoke,  the  abilities  and  courage  of  Tons- 
saint  scum  raised  hitn  to  the  highest 
rank  among  them.  By  his  wise  meas- 
ures he  succeeded  ill  expelling  the  En- 
glish, reducing  the  Spanish  part  of  the 
islan  1,  and  restoring  peace  and  order  in 
the  colony  ;  for  which  the  central  as- 
sembly of  St.  Domingo  raised  him  the 
dignity  of  governor  and  president  for 
life.  Anxious  to  recover  so  valuable  a 
possession,  Bonaparte,  in  1801,  dis- 
patched General  Leclerc  with  a  large 
army.  A  desperate  contest  ensued,  in 
which  Tonssaint  was  overcome.  He 
was  sent  a  prisoner  to  France,  and  d.  in 
the  fort  of  Joux,  1803. 

TRADESCANT,  John,  a  Dutch  nat- 
uralist, who,  after  visiting  various  parts 
of  Europe,  settled  in  England,  estab- 
lished at  Lambeth  a  garden  of  exotics, 
and  was  appointed  gardener  to  Charles 
I.  He  d.  about  1652. — John,  his  son, 
Who  d.  in  1662,  published,  with  the 
title  of  "  Museum  Tradescantiiim,"  a 
description  of  his  fathers  collection  of 
curiosities.  The  flower  called  Trades- 
cantia  'was  brought  from  Virginia  by 
the  latter. 

TRAJAN,  Marcus  Ulpics  Cnrorrus, 
u  Roman  emperor,  surnamed  Optimos, 
was  b.  a.  i>.  52,  at  Italica,  in  Spain. 
After  having  distinguished  himself  at 
the  head  of  the  legions  in  Lower  Ger- 
man v,  he  was,  at  the  age  of  42,  adopted 
by  Nerva.  On  the  death  of  that  monarch, 
K.  t).  98,  Trajan  was  invested  with  the 
imperial  purple.  The  adoption  of  Nerva 
and  the  choice  of  the  senate  were  justi- 
fied bj  the  conduct  of  the  emperor.     Tu 


his  civil  capacity  he  ruled  for  the  wel- 
fare of  his  people ;  in  his  military  char- 
acter lie  sustained  the  glory  of  Rome 
by  defeating  the  Dacians,  Parthians, 
Arabians,  Armenians,  and  Persians. 
The  column  which  bears  his  name  was 
raised  in  the  Roman  capital  to  com- 
memorate his  victories.     D.  117. 

TREXCK,  Frederic,  baron  de,  a 
Prussian  officer,  celebrated  for  his  ad- 
ventures, was  b.  1726,  at  Koenigsberg, 
and  made  such  rapid  progress  in  his 
studies,  that,  at  the  age  of  17,  he  was 
presented  to  the  king,  as  the  most  re- 
markable student  in  the  university. 
Frederic  rapidly  advanced  him  in  the 
army,  and  manifested  much  regard  for 
him  ;  but  the  personal  and  mental  ac- 
complishments of  Trenck  having  won 
the  heart  of  the  Princess  Amelia,  the 
monarch,  her  brother,  resolved  to  punish 
him.  Trenck  was  con  lined  at  Glatz,  but 
contrived  to  escape.  He  then  visited 
the  north  of  Europe,  Austria,  and  Italy. 
In  175S  he  was  seized  at  Dantzic,  and 
was  conveyed  to  Magdeburgh,  where, 
loaded  with  irons,  he  was  incarcerated 
for  nearly  ten  years  in  a  horrible  dun- 
geon. After  his  liberation  he  withdrew 
to  Vienna.  He  was  subsequently  a  wine 
merchant  at  Aix-Ia-Chapelle,  and  a  cul- 
tivator of  his  estate  in  Hungary.  In 
17'.)1  he  settled  in  France,  and  in  1794 
he  closed  his  eventful  career  under  the 
axe  of  the  guillotine.  He  wrote  his  own 
"  Memoirs,"  and  some  other  works  of 
considerable  merit. 

TKESHAM,  Henry,  a  painter  and 
poet,  was  h.  in  Ireland,  and  imbibe  1  the 
principles  of  art  from  West,  of  Dublin, 
lie  accompanied  Lord  Cawdor  to  Italy, 
and  resided  for  fourteen  years  in  that 
country.  On  his  return  to  England  he 
became  a  royal  academician,  lie  wrote 
three  poems,  "  The  Seasick  Minstrel," 
"Rome  at  the  close  of  the  Eighteenth 
Century,"  and  "  Britanuicus  to  Bona- 
parte."'    D.  1S14. 

TREVETT,  Samuel  R.,  a  surgeon  in 
the  army  of  the  United  States,  was  b.  at 
Marblehead,  Massachusetts,  in  1733.  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college.  After 
studying  the  profession  of  medicine,  he 
commenced  practice  in  Boston,  but  being 
naturally  of  a  chivalrous  cast  of  char 
acter,  he  sought  and  obtained  an  ap- 
pointment in  the  medical  department 
of  the  navy.  He  was  in  the  Constitutioa 
during  her  cruise  before  the  last  war, 
on  board  the  United  States  when  she 
captured  the  Macedonian,  and  was  in 
tin'.  President  when  she  was  captured 
by  the  British  fleet.     He  distinguished 


Tit  IT] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


779 


himself  very  much  by  his  intrepid  con- 
duct when  a  passenger  in  the  steamboat 
Phoeniw  which  was  burned  on  Lake 
Champlain,  in  September,  1819.  After 
the  war  lie  had  been  appointed  surgeon 
of  the  Navy  Yard  at  CharlestoVn,  and 
in  1822  he  was  stationed  as  surgeon  on 
board  the  sloop  of  war  Peacock,  bound 
on  a  summer  cruise  to  the  West  Indies. 
He  was  seized  with  the  yellow  fever, 
and  d.  at  Norfolk  in  November  of  that 
year. 

TRIBONIAN,  a  celebrated  juriscon- 
sult, was  b.  about  the  beginning  of  the 
sixth  century,  at  Sida,  in  Pamphylia; 
obtained  reputation  at  the  bar,  and  rose, 
through  a  succession  of  state  offices,  to 
those  of  praetorian  prefect  and  consul. 
Justinian  intrusted  to  him  the  superin- 
tendence of  the  compiling  of  his  new 
code  of  laws.  This  task  was  begun  in 
530  and  completed  in  534.  Trihonian, 
whose  rapacity  and  venality  were  at 
least  equal  to  his  talents,  d.  about  ~>47. 

TRIMMER,  Sarah,  an  active  and  in- 
telligent female,  the  daughter  of  Kirby, 
who  wrote  on  Perspective,  was  b.  in 
1741,  at  Ipswich,  and  d.  1810. 

TRISSINO,  John  George,  an  Italian 
poet,  was  b.  in  1 4 T s ,  at  YMcenza ;  was 
educated  at  Rome  and  Milan,  and  had 
Chalcondyles  for  one  of  his  tutors  ;  was 
employed  by  Leo  X.  and  his  successor 
Clement  on  various  diplomatic  missions  ; 
and  d.  in  1550.  Among  his  works  are, 
"The  Deliverance  of  Italy  from  the 
Goths,"  an  epic  poem ;  and  the  tragedy 
of  "Sophonislw." 

TROMP,  Martin  1 1 erbertson,  a  cel- 
ebrated Dutch  admiral,  was  b.  1597,  at 
Brill ;  began  his  naval  career  at  an  early 
age  ;  defeated  the  Spaniards  in  1637  and 
and  1639;  fought  with  great  gallantry 
against  the  English,  during  the  war 
which  besran  in  1052;  and  was  killed  in 
an  engagement  in  1653. — Nicholas,  his 
son,  who  was  b.  1629,  and  d.  1697,  emu- 
lated the  fame  of  his  father,  particularly 
in  the  four  days'  action  in  the  Downs, 
in  11566. 

TROWBRIDGE,  Edmund,  a  learned 
jurist,  was  b.  at  Newton,  in  1709,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college.  He 
pursued  the  profession  of  the  law,  rose 
to  distinction,  in  1749  was  appointed 
attorney-general,  and  a. judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  Massachusetts  in  1767. 
In  1772  he  resigned  his  seat  on  the 
bench,  and  d.  in  retirement,  in  1793. 

TRUMBULL,  John,  the  author  of 
"  McFingal,"  was  b.  in  Connecticut,  in 
1750,  and  was  educated  at  Yale  college, 
•'here  bo  entered  at  a  very  early  age. 


In  1772  he  published  the  first  part  of 
his  poem,  "The  Progress  of  Dulness." 
In  flic  following  year  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  Connecticut,  and,  removing 
to  Boston,  continued  his  legal  studies  in 
the  office  of  John  Adams.  He  returned 
to  his  native  state  in  1774,  and  com- 
menced practice  at  New  Haven.  The 
first  part  of  "  McFingal"  was  published 
at  Philadelphia,  in  1775:  the  poem  was 
completed  and  published  in  1782,  at 
Hartford,  where  the  author  at  that  time 
lived.  More  than  thirty  editions  of  this 
work  have  been  printed.  In  1739  he 
was  appointed  state-attorney  for  the 
county  of  Hartford,  and  in  1801  was  ap- 
pointed a  judge  of  the  superior  court  of 
errors,  and  held  this  appointment  till 
1819.  In  1825  he  removed  to  Detroit, 
where  he  d.  1831. — Jonathan,  governor 
of  Connecticut,  was  b.  at  Lebanon,  in 
1710,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
at  the  early  age  of  17.  He  early  engaged 
in  public  affairs,  and  served  his  native 
colony  in  many  important  offices.  In 
1769  he  was  elected  governor,  which 
office  he  discharged  with  great  skill  and 
prudence  for  fourteen  years,  embracing 
the  whole  period  of  the  revolution.  In 
his  official  station  he  enjoyed  the  confi- 
dence of  Washington,  and  the  other 
sages  and  patriots  of  that  eventful  pe- 
riod. D.  1785. — Jonathan,  a  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  b.  at  Lebanon,  1740,  and 
was  educated  at  Harvard  college,  where 
he  graduated  in  1759.  For  several  suc- 
ceeding years  he  resided  in  his  native 
town  ;  but  when  the  revolution  com- 
menced, he  was  found  anions  the  fore- 
most in  defence  of  his  country's  rights. 
In  1775  he  was  appointed  paymaster  to 
the  northern  department  of  the  army, 
and  continued  in  that  office  until  the 
close  of  the  campaign  of  1783.  He  was 
soon  afterwards  attached  to  the  family 
of  Washington,  in  the  capacity  of  secre- 
tary and  first  aid.  lie  enjoyed,  in  an 
eminent  degree,  the  confidence  and 
friendship  of  the  commander-in-chief, 
with  whom  he  continued  until  the  close 
of  the  war.  In  17S9  he  was  a  member 
of  congress,  and  for  ten  years  repre- 
sented his  native  state  in  that  body,  in 
the  house  of  representatives,  of  which 
he  was  some  years  speaker,  and  in  the 
senate.  In  1798  he  was  elected  governor 
of  Connecticut,  and  filled  that  office 
until  his  death,  1809.— John,  a  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Lebanon,  1756, 
and  early  in  life  served  as  an  aid  to  Gen. 
Washington,  lie  was  rapidly  promoted, 
but  quitted  the  army  in  1777.  when  he 
applied  himself  to  painting   visited  Eu- 


780 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[tur 


rope  tn  get  (lie  instructions  of  West,  and 
rose  to  the  highest  rank  in  his  profes- 
sion. His  great  national  pictures,  some 
of  which  adorn  the  Capitol  at  Washing- 
ton, and  others  are  at  Vale  college,  are 
valuable  historical  monumcn:s.  D.  in 
1843. 

TRUXTON,  Thomas,  an  officer  in  the 
American  navy,  was  b.  on  Long  Island, 
in  1755.  In  1775  he  commanded  a  ves- 
sel, and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
depredations  on  British  commerce  du- 
ring the  revolution.  He  subsequently 
engaged  in  commerce,  till  the  year  1794, 
when  lie  was  appointed  to  the  frigate 
Constitution.  In  17'J9  lie  captured  the 
French  frigate  L'Insurgente  ;  and  in 
the  following  year  he  obtained  a  victory 
over  the  La  Vengeance.  On  the  close 
of  the  French  war  he  retired  from  the 
navy,  and  d.  at  Philadelphia,  in  1822. 

TUCKER,  Abraham,  a  metaphysical 
writer,  b.  in  1705,  in  London,  was  the 
son  of  a  merchant,  and  was  educated  at 
Bishop  Stortford  school,  and  Merton 
college,  Oxford.  He  studied  for  a  while 
at  the  Inner  Temple,  but  was  not  called 
to  the  bar.  D.  1774.  His  great  work 
is,  "The  Light  of  Nature  pursued,"  in 
seven  volumes  octavo,  of  which  the  first 
half  was  published  by  himself,  under 
the  fictitious  name  of  El  ward  Search. — 
St.  Geouge,  an  American  lawyer  and 
statesman,  distinguished  by  the  title  of 
"  The  American  Blackstone,"  was  a 
zealous  promoter  of  the  independence 
of  the  United  States,  and  bore  a  part  in 
its  accomplishment,  not  only  with  his 
pen,  but  his  sword.     D.  1828. 

TUCKERMAN,  Joseph,  an  eminent 
philanthropist  of  Boston,  who  devoted 
his  life  to  the  ministry  of  the  poor,  in 
which  he  displayed  equal  benevolence 
and  judgment.    "b.  1840. 

TUDOR,  William,  a  man  of  letters, 
was  b.  in  the  state  of  Massachusetts, 
and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1796.  He  soon  after  visited  Europe 
and  passed  several  years  there.  After 
having  been  some  time  a  member  of  the 
legislature  of  his  native  state,  he  was 
appointed,  in  1823,  consul  at  Lima,  and 
for  the  ports  of  Peru.  In  1827  he  was 
appointed  charge-d'arfaircs  of  the  United 
State*  at  the  court  of  Brazil.  I),  at  Rio 
dc  Janeiro,  1830.  Mr.  Tudor  was  the 
founder,  and  for  two  years  the  sole 
editor  of  the  "North  American  Re  view." 
He  was  the  author  of  "  Letters  on  the 
Eastern  States,"  and  a  "  Life  of  James 
Otis,"  and  left  a  number  of  volumes  in 
manuscript,  nearly  prepared  for  the 
press. 


TULL,  Jethro,  an  agricultural  writer- 
was  b.  about  1680;  studied  at  one  or 
the  universities  and  the  Temple,  and 
was  admitted  a  barrister ;  but,  on  re- 
turning from  his  travels,  he  settled  on 
his  estate,  and  devoted  himself  to  agri- 
culture.    D.  1740. 

TURENNE,  Henry  de  la  Toun 
D'Auvergne,  viscount  dc,  a  consum- 
mate general,  second  son  of  the  duko 
of  Bouillon,  was  b.  in  1611,  at  Sedan ; 
had  from  his  childhood  an  irresistible 
propensity  to  a  military  life ;  and  was 
initiated  in  the  art  of  war  by  five  years' 
hard  service  under  his  uncles,  Maurico 
of  Nassau  and  Prince  Frederic  Henry. 
On  his  returning  to  France  a  regiment 
was  given  to  him.  He  displayed  such 
talent  in  Lorraine,  Germany,  Italy,  and 
Roussillon,  that,  anxious  to  fix  him  in 
his  interests,  Mazarin  gave  him  the 
marshal's  staff  in  1644.  In  1645  he  was 
defeated  at  Mariendahl,  but  was  soon 
amply  avenged  by  the  victory  of  Nord- 
lingen.  During  the  war  of  the  Fronde, 
he  at  first  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
princes,  and  was  beaten  at  Rhetel ; 
but,  having  rejoined  the  royal  party,  ho 
was  more  successful  in  the  battles  of 
Gien  and  the  suburb  of  St.  Antoine. 
In  the  war  against  the  Spaniards,  from 
1654  to  1659,"he  gained  the  battle  of  the 
Downs,  and  a  variety  of  other  advan- 
tages. He  now  enjoyed  some  years  of 
repose,  during  which  he  abandoned  the 
faith  of  his  fathers,  and  became  a  Cath- 
olic. In  the  campaign  of  1672  all  the 
other  marshals  employed  were  placed 
under  his  orders.  Between  that  period 
and  1675  he  compelled  the  elector  of 
Brandenburg  to  sign  a  peace,  gained  the 
battle  of  Sintzheim,  and,  by  a  movement 
of  the  most  masterly  kind,  expelled  the 
Imperialists  from  Alsace,  and  drove 
them  over  the  Rhine.  He  sullied  his 
glory,  however,  by  his  barbarous  con- 
duct in  the  Palatinate,  which  country 
he  utterly  devastated  by  fire  and  sword. 
In  1675  he  was  opposed  to  Montecuculi, 
and  the  game  of  war  was  never  played 
with  greater  skill  than  by  the  two  gen- 
erals. Turenne  believed  that  he  had  at 
length  found  a  favorable  opportunity  of 
attacking  his  enemy,  when  he  was 
killed,  July  27,  1675,' by  a  cannon-ball, 
and  the  consequence  of  his  death  was 
the  immediate  retreat  of  the  French. 

TURGOT,  Anne  Robert  James,^ 
French  statesman,  was  b.  1727,  at  Paris. 
He  studied  at  the  Sorbonnc,  and  was 
intended  for  the  church,  but  relinquish- 
ed the  clerical  profession,  and  was  mado 
master  of  requests.     In  1761  he  was  ap- 


tyt] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    P.IOGRAPHY. 


781 


pointed  intondnnt  of  Limoges,  which 
office  ho  held  for  twelve  years,  greatly 

to  the  advantage  of  the  inhabitants  of 
the  Limousin.  In  1774  he  was  made 
comptroller-general  of  the  finances;  but 
his  benevolent  views  were  thwarted  by 
intrigues,  and  he  was  removed  in  1776. 
Ho  d.  in  1781.  His  works  form  nine 
volumes  octavo. 

TURNER,  William,  an  English  nat- 
uralist of  the  16th  century,  was  b.  at 
Morphet,  in  Northumberland  ;  was  edu- 
cated at  Pembroke  hall,  Cambridge  :  and 
d.  in  15(58,  dean  of  Wells.  Tie  wrote, 
among  other  things,  "  A  History  of 
Plants,"  which  is  the  earliest  English 
herbal. — Sharon,  the  well-known  his- 
torian of  the  Anfflo-Saxons,  was  b.  in 
London,  1768.  ITe  was  principally  edu- 
cated at  Pentonville,  and  having  chosen 
the  law  for  his  profession,  he  was  arti- 
cled to  an  attorney  in  the  Temple  at  the 
age  of  15.  The  death  of  his  master  be- 
fore his  articles  of  clerkship  were  ex- 
pired left  him  free  to  decide  on  his 
future  career;  but  at  the  suggestion  of 
an  old  client,  who  promised  him  sup- 
port, he  took  up  the  business,  and  not- 
withstanding the  great  amount  of  time 
occupied  by  his  literary  pursuits,  he 
continued  to  conduct  a  large  profes- 
sional business,  which  he  transmitted 
to  his  family.  His  chief  works,  or  rather 
series  of  works,  (for  they  were  published 
separately,)  are,  the  "  History  of  Kn- 
gland  from  the  earliest  Period  to  the 
Death  of  Elizabeth,"  and  the  "  Sacred 
History  of  the  World  ;"  they  have  been 
repeatedly  reprinted,  and  may  be  now 
said  to  form  part  of  the  standard  litera- 
ture of  the  country.  Shortly  before  his 
death  he  published  a  poem,  entitled 
"Richard  III."  D.  1847.— Daniel,  a 
commodore  in  the  U.  S.  navy,  who  gave 
gallant  aid  to  Perry  in  the  battle  of  Lake 
Erie.  The  state  of  New  York  presented 
him  a  sword  in  testimony  of  honor  for 
his  services.     D.  1850. 

TWISS,  Richard,  an  English  trav- 
eller, was  b.  in  1747,  at  Rotterdam.  He 
was  a  man  of  fortune,  and  spent  several 
years  in  visiting  various  parts  of  the 
Continent.  He  d.  in  1821,  at  an  advanced 
aire.  Anon?  his  works  are,  "Travels 
through  Spain  and  Portugal,"  "A Tour 
in  Ireland,"  "  A  Trip  to  Paris  in  1792," 
"Anecdotes  of  Chess,"  and  "Miscel- 
lanies." His  illiberal  attack  on  the  na- 
tives of  Ireland  drew  on  him  a  severe 
literary  chastisement  from  the  Irish 
66 


poet  Preston. — Horace,  a  distinguished 
member  of  the  British  parliament,  and 

n  prolific  writer,  who  held  several  polit- 
ical appointments,  and  wrote  the  life  of 
Lord  Eldon.  He  was  vice-chancellor  in 
1844.     D.  1849. 

TYLER,  Royall,  a  lawyer  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  was  b.  in  Boston,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1776. 
In  1790  he  removed  his  residence  to 
Vermont,  and  soon  distinguished  him- 
self in  his  profession  of  law.  For  six 
years  he  was  an  associate  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  that  state,  and  for  six 
years  more  chief  justice.  He  was  the 
author  of  several  dramatic  pieces  ot 
considerable  merit;  a  novel  called  "The 
Algerine  Captive,"  and  numerous  pieces 
in  prose  and  verse  published  in  the 
"Farmer's  Museum,"  when  edited  by 
Dennie.  In  addition  to  these  he  pub- 
lished two  volumes,  entitled  "Vermont 
Reports."     D.  1825. 

TYRT^US,  a  Greek  poet,  who  flour- 
ished about  684  i?.  c,  is  said  to  have 
been  a  native  of  Miletus,  and  to  havo 
settled  at  Athens.  He  was  lame,  and 
blind  of  one  eye.  Defeated  by  the  Mes- 
senians.  the  Spartans  applied  for  a  gen- 
eral to  the  Athenians,  who,  in  derision, 
sent  Tyrtreus,  to  them.  The  bard,  how- 
ever, so  inspired  the  Spartans  by  his 
warlike  songs  that  they  were  victorious. 
Some  fragments  of  his  battle  strains  are 
extant. 

TYTLER,  William,  an  historical  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  in  1711,  at 
Edinburgh,  was  educated  at  the  gram- 
mar school  and  university  of  his  native 
city,  followed  the  profession  of  a  soli- 
citor, and  d.  1792.  His  principal  work 
is  "  An  Historical  and  Critical  Inquiry 
into  the  Evidence  produced  against 
Mary,  Queen  of  Scots."  —  Alexander 
Frasf.u,  son  of  the  foregoing,  was  b.  in 
1747,  at  Edinburgh,  in  which  city  he 
was  educated.  After  having  been  pro- 
fessor of  universal  history,  at  the  uni- 
versity, and  deputy  judge  advocate  for 
Scotland,  he  was  appointed  a  senator  of 
the  college  of  justice  in  1802,  on  which 
occasion  he  took  the  title  of  Lord  Wood- 
honsclee.  In  1811  he  was  appointed  a 
commissioner  of  judiciary.  Among  his 
works  are,  "  Decisions  of  the  Court  of 
Sessions,"  "A  Treatise  on  Military 
Law,"  "  Elements  of  General  History," 
"  An  Essay  on  Translation,"  "An  Es- 
say on  the  Life  of  Petrarch,"  and 
"  Memoirs  of  Lord  Karnes."     D.  1813. 


782 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    JlIOGftAPHY. 


[VAI 


V. 


UELOA,  Don  Anthony  de,  an  able 
Spanish  naval  officer  and  mathematician, 

was  b.  1716,  at  Seville,  entered  the  navy 
in  1733,  and  at  the  age  of  only  1,9  was 
chosen  as  one  of  the  scientific  characters 
who  were  appointed  to  measure  a  de- 
gree of  the  meridian  of  Peru.  He  was 
ten  years  a  resident  in  South  America. 
After  his  return  he  rose  to  high  rank  in 
rue  navy,  and  was  employed  in  various 
important  offices  by  the  government. 
Spain  is  indebted  to  him  for  many  im- 
portant improvements.  D.  17'J5.  He 
published  his  "Travels,"  and  aphysico- 
historical  work  on  South  America. 

ULPHILAS,  or  WUULF1LAS,  a 
Gothic  bishop,  who  flourished  about 
the  middle  of  the  4th  century.  He 
was  deputed  by  the  Goths,  in  377,  to 
obtain  leave  from  the  Emperor  Valens 
to  settle  in  one  of  the  Roman  provinces. 
His  decease  is  supposed  to  have  taken 
place  in  the  following  year.  He  trans- 
lated the  "  Gospels/'  and  some  other 
parts  of  the  Scriptures,  into  the  Gothic 
Language. 

ULP1AN,  Domitius,  an  eminent  Ro- 
man civilian,  was  tutor  to  the  Emperor 
Alexander  Scverus,  who  made  him  his 
secretary,  and  afterwards  praetorian  pre- 
fect. Having  disobliged  the  soldiery  by 
his  reforms,  Dlpian  was  murdered  by 
them  in  228.  Some  fragments  of  his 
works  are  extant. 

UNDEK111LL,  John,  one  of  the  ear- 
liest settlers  of  Massachusetts,  was  sent 


by  Sir  Henry  Vane  to  command  the 
troops  at  Saybrook  in  1637.  He  was 
engaged  in  the  expedition  against  tho 
PequotS,  and  displayed  great  valor  and 
enterprise.  In  1641  he  was  elected  gov- 
ernor of  Exeter  Dover.  Removing  to 
New  York,  lie  d.  at  Medford. 

URFE,  Honokius  i)',  a  French  writer, 
was  1>.  1557,  at  Marseilles,  distinguished 
himself  as  a  soldier  during  the  wars  of 
the  league,  and  as  a  negotiator  at  Turin 
and  Venice,  and  d.  in  1625.  He  is  the 
author  of  the  romance  of  "  Astrca," 
which  was  once  exceedingly  popular  in 
France,  but  is  now  completely  forgotten. 
— His  brother,  the  count  de  Lyon,  wrote 
a  volume  of  sonnets,  with  the  title  of 
"  Diana." 

USHER,  James,  a  divine  and  histo- 
rian, was  b.  1580,  at  Dublin,  and  was 
educated  at  Trinity  college,  in  that  city. 
In  1601,  he  took  orders,  in  1620  he  was 
made  bishop  of  Mcatfi,  and,  in  1624,  was 
raised  to  the  archbishopric  of  Armagh. 
The  rebellion  in  Ireland  drove  him  from 
his  see,  and  deprived  him  of  every  thing 
but  his  library.  To  the  cause  of  Charles 
I.  he  was  warmly  attached.  He  d.  in 
1656,  at  Ryegate,  in  Surrey.  Usher  is 
the  author  of  many  learned  works, 
among  which  may  be  mentioned,  "  De 
Ecelesiarum  Christianarum  Successione 
et  Statu,"  "  Britannicarum  Ecelesiarum 
Antiquitates,"  "  Annals  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testament,"  and  "Chronologia 
Sacra. 


VADE,  John  Josr.pn,  a  French  writer 
of  broad  farces  and  songs,  was  b.  1720, 
at  Ham,  in  Picardy.  His  career  was  cut 
short,  in  1757,  by  the  consequences  of 
the  dissipation  in  which  he  had  spent 
iiis  early  youth.  He  was  the  first  who 
introduced  on  the  stage  the  coarse  but 
emphatic  slang  language  of  the  Parisian 
mob. 

VAILLANT,  John  Foi,  a  celebrated 
French  numismatist,  was  b.  1632,  at 
Beauvais,  and  was  brought  up  as  a  phy- 
sician. To  the  study  of  medals  he  was 
first  led  by  a  farmer  bringing  him  some 
which  he  had  found ;  and  lie  pursued  it 
eagerly  and  successfully.     Employed  by 


Colbert  to  collect  medals  for  the  kind's 
cabinet,  Vaillant  made  numerous  visits 
to  Italy,  Sicily,  and  Greece.  In  one  of 
his  voyages,  being  pursued  by  an  Al- 
gerine  pirate,  he  swallowed  twenty 
scarce  gold  medals,  to  save  them  from 
the  pursuers.  D.  1706.—  Sebastian,  an 
eminent  botanist,  b.  1669,  at  Vigny,  near 
Poutoise.  Under  his  father,  who  was 
an  organist,  he  when  a  child  acquire  1  a 
proficiency  in  music;  but  he  quitted 
music  for  the  study  of  surgery.  The 
lectures  of  Tournefort,  at  Paris,  revived 
Vaillant's  early  predilection  for  botany, 
and  to  that  science  he  devoted  himself. 
D.  1722. 


val] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


78S 


VALCKENAER.  Louis  Caspar,  one 
of  the  must  able  of  modern  philologists 
and  critics,  was  b.  171"),  at  Leenwttrden, 
in  Fricsland,  and  studied  at  Franeker 
and  Leyden,  ut  which  latter  university 
he  d.  in  1785,  professor  of  natural  his- 
tory, and  of  the  Greek  language  and 
antiquities.  Among  his  works  are  edi- 
tions of  various  classical  productions. 
His  "Opuscula"  were  published  in 
1809. 

VALDO,  Peteu,  the  founder  of  the 
sect  called  the  Vaudois,  or  Waldeuses, 
was  b.  iu  the  12th  century,  at  Vaux,  in 
Dauphiliy,  and  acquired  a  considerable 
fortune  as  a  merchant  at  Lyons.  The 
sudden  death  of  a  friend  produced  such 
an  etfect  upon  his  mind,  that  he  dis- 
tributed all  his  property  to  the  poor,  and 
begun  to  translate  the  Bible,  and  explain 
it  to  them.  He  also  taught  that  the  laity 
had  the  same  right  as  the  clergy  to 
preach  and  administer  the  sacraments. 
The  general  council  of  Latcran,  in  L179, 
condemned  his  doctrines,  and  he  and 
his  followers  were  obliged  to  take  refuge 
in  the  mountains  of  Dauphiliy  and  Pied- 
mont, where,  for  a  long  period,  they 
were  brutally  persecuted.  A  remnant 
of  them  still  exists  in  Piedmont. 

VALEXS,  Flavius,  a  Roman  em- 
peror, the  son  of  Gratian,  count  of  Af- 
rica, was  b.  about  328,  in  Pamionia.  Iu 
364  he  was  admitted  by  his  brother  Va- 
lentinian  to  a  share  in  the  imperial 
authority,  and  he  took  the  government 
of  the  East.  After  having  defeated  the 
Persians  and  Goths,  he  suffered  the 
latter  to  settle  in  Lower  Moesia.  They, 
however,  revolted,  and  Valens  was  de- 
feated by  them,  in  378,  near  Adrianople. 
A  house,  to  which  the  wounded  emperor 
was  conveyed,  was  set  on  lire  by  the 
victors,  and  he  perished  in  the  flames. 

VALENTINE,  Basil,  an  alchemist 
End  chemist,  of  whose  life  little  is  re- 
corded, is  said  to  have  been  b.  1394,  at 
Erfurth,  and  to  have  been  a  Benedictine 
nonk.  The  properties  of  antimony  were 
discovered  by  him.  His  "  Currus  Tri- 
un.phalis  Antimouii"  has  been  trans- 
lated into  English. 

VALENTINIAN  I.,  Flavuts,  a  Ro- 
man emperor,  the  eldest  son  of  Count 
Gratian,  was  b.  in  321,  iu  Pannonin; 
was  chosen  successor  to  Jovian,  in  364: 
was  victorious  over  the  Alemani  and  the 
Quadi,  and  d.  375. — II.  Flavius,  the 
son  of  the  foregoing,  was  b.  in  371, 
succeeded  to  the  empire  in  375,  with 
his  brother  Gratian.  and  had  Italv  for 
Uis  portion  ;  was  dispossessed  by  Maxi- 
nus,  but  was  restored  in  388,  and  was 


found  dead  in  his  palace  in  392,  sup 
posed  to  have  been  strangled  by  some 
of  his  domestics. — III.,  Flavius  Plagi- 
Dis,  emperor  of  the  West,  was  b.  in 
41*,  at  Ravenna,  and  was  assassinated 
in  455,  in  revenge  for  his  having  dis- 
honored the  patrician  Muximus,  by  in- 
triguing with  his  wife. 

VALERIAN,  PuhliusLicinius,  a  Ro- 
man emperor,  was  raised  to  the  imperial 
dignity  in  2  4.  After  having  reigned 
seven  years,  he  was  defeated  and  taken 
prisoner,  near  Edessa,  by  Sapor,  king 
of  Persia.  The  imperial  captive  is  said 
to  have  been  treated  with  the  utmost 
indignity  by  the  victor,  and  to  have 
been  at  length  flayed  alive. 

VALERIUS  MAXLMUS,  a  Roman 
historian,  was  b.  in  the  reign  of  Augus- 
tus. After  having  served  in  Asia,  un- 
der Se.vtus  Pompey,  he  settled  at  Rome, 
and  withdrew  from  public  affairs  that 
he  might  devote  himself  to  literature. 
lie  is  the  author  of  a  valuable  work, 
"  Dc  Dictis  Factisque  Memorabilibus," 
which  he  dedicated  to  Tiberius;  and 
which  was  one  of  the  first  books  that 
was  published  after  the  invention  of 
printing. 

VALLA,  Laurence,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  philologists  of  the  15th  century, 
who  contributed  greatly  to  the  diffusion 
of  classical  literature,  was  b.  in  1406,  at 
Rome;  was  a  celebrated  professor  at 
several  Italian  universities;  was  liber- 
ally patronized  by  Alphonso,  king  of  . 
Aragou  and  Naples;  and  d.  in  1457. 
Valla  was  of  a  contentious  disposition, 
and  had  several  violent  literary  disputes 
with  Poggio  and  others.  His  attack  on 
the  pretensions  of  the  holy  see  exposed 
him  to  danger  from  the  Inquisition. 
One  of  his  principal  works  is  "  A  Trea- 
tise on  the  Elegancies  of  the  Latin  Lan- 
guage." 

VALLISNIERI,  Anthony,  an  Italian 
naturalist,  was  b.  1661,  at  Tresilieo,  in 
the  duchy  of  Modena;  was  appointed 
professor  of  practical  medicine  at  Padua, 
in  1700;  and  d.  in  that  city  in  1730. 

VALMIKI,  the  oldest  and  most  cele- 
brated of  the  epic  poets  of  India,  is  the 
author  of  "  Raymayana,"  which  narrates 
the  exploits  of  Rama  against  the  "riant 
Ravanna.  He  is  said  to  have  existed  at 
a  very  remote  period,  and  the  stories 
which  are  told  of  him  are  manifestly 
fabulous.  Two  books  of  the  Sanscrit 
text  of  the  Ramayana,  with  a  literal  ver- 
siou,  have  been  published  by  Carey  and 
Marshman. 

V  ALP  ERG  A  DI  CALUSO,  Thomas 
Descomtes  M.vsino,  an  Italian  mathema' 


784 


CiCI.OP.KDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[van 


tici.in  and  author,  was  b.  in  1737,  at 
Turin;  was  tor  a  while  in  tlic  Maltese 
naval  service,  and  afterwards  entered 
the  church.  Settling  at  Turin,  he _ be- 
came professor  of  Greek  and  the  orien- 
tal languages  in  the  university,  and 
president  and  director  of  one  of  the 
classes  of  the  academy  of  sciences  and 
literature.     D.  1815. 

VALPY,  Richard,  an  eminent  clas- 
sical scholar,  was  a  native  of  Jersey, 
and  b.  1745,  and  completed  his  studies 
at  Oxford,  having  been  appointed  to 
one  of  ihe  scholarships  founded  in 
Pembroke  college  for  the  natives  of 
Jersey  and  Guernsey.  From  Oxford 
he  removed  first  to  Bury  St.  Edmund's, 
and  afterwards  to  Beading,  where  he 
had  been  unanimously  elected  head- 
master of  the  school  founded  by  Henry 
VII.  D.  1836. — Edward,  nn  eminent 
scholar,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was 
educated  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
and  after  having  been  assistant,  several 
years  in  the  school  at  Reading,  obtained 
the  mastership  of  the  grammar  school 
at  Norwich.  He  was  rector  of  All 
Saints,  Thwaite,  and  vicar  of  St.  Mary, 
Walsham,  Norfolk.  He  published 
"Elegantioe  Latince"  and  other  classical 
works.     D.  1*32. 

VALSALVA,  Anthony  Maria,  a 
celebrated  Italian  anatomist,  was_  b.  in 
1660,  at  Iinola,  was  professor  of  anat- 
omy in  the  university  of  Bologna,  and 
surgeon  of  the  hospital  of  Incurables ; 
and  d.  in  1723.  Among  the  services 
which  he  rendered  to  surgery  arc  the 
simplifying  of  many  instruments,  and 
the  abolition  of  the  practice  of  cauteri- 
zing the  arteries  of  an  amputated  limb. 
He  had  several  eminent  pupils,  amoi  g 
whom  was  Morgagni.  His  princip  ,1 
work  is  the  "  Anatomy  of  the  Ear," 
which  was  the  result  of  sixteen  years' 
labor. 

VALVASONE,  Erasmus  di,  nn  Ital- 
ian poet,  was  b.  1523,  in  Friuli  ;  resided 
upon  the  lordship  which  belonged  to 
him  and  bore  his  name;  spent  his  time 
in,  literature  and  in  hunting,  and  d. 
1593. 

VANBRUGH,  Sir  John,  a  dramatist 
and  architect,  of  whom  it  was  said  that, 
though  he  wanted  grace  he  never 
wanted  wit,  was  b.  about  1672,  in  Lon- 
don, lie  was  early  in  the  army,  but 
does  not  appear  to  have  remained  in  it 
long.  His  first  comedy  "The  Relapse," 
was  produced  in  1697.  It  was  followed 
bv  the  "  Provoked  Wife"  and  "  J5sop." 
In  1707  he  joined  Bctterton  and  Con- 
greve    in   est  iblishing    the    Haymarket 


theatre,  on  which  occasion  he  brought 
out  "The  Confederacy."  In  1704  he 
was  appointed  elarencieux  king-at-arms, 
in  1714  he  was  knighted;  and  soon  af- 
ter, was  made  comptroller  of  the  board 
of  works  and  surveyor  of  Greenwich 
hospital.  Though  his  licentiousness  ns 
a  dramatist  must  be  condemned,  his 
talent  is  undeniable.  As  an  architect 
much  ridicule  has  been  cast  on  him  by 
ignorant  or  tasteless  critics,  but  against 
such  puny  attacks  the  splendid  piles  of 
Blenheim  and  Castle  Howard  are  alone 
sufficient  to  defend  his  fame.     1).  1720. 

VANCOUVER,  George,  a  British 
navigator,  was  b.  about  1750  ;  entered 
early  into  the  naval  service;  and  served 
as  midshipman  under  Captain  Cook,  in 
his  second  and  third  voyages.  In  1790, 
he  was  appointed  to  command  an  expe- 
dition to  explore  the  western  coast  of 
North  America,  to  ascertain  whether 
any  communication  by  water  exists  be- 
tween the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific,  on 
this  service,  which  he  performed  skil- 
fully, he  was  five  years  employed.  Ho 
d.  i'n  1798,  when  he  had  nearly  com- 
pleted for  the  press  the  account  of 
his  voyage. 

VANDERVELDE,  William,  called 
the  Old,  a  celebrated  painter,  was  b.  in 
1(510,  at  Leyden,  and  was  bred  to  the 
sea,  but  quitted  it  for  painting.  Ho 
was  invited  to  England,  with  his  son, 
by  Charles  II. ;  lived  there  many  years, 
and  d.  in  London  in  1693.  He  excelled 
in  marine  subjects  and  battles  ;  and 
was  so  anxious  to  be  correct  in  his  rep- 
resentations that  he  would  sail,  in  a 
light  vessel,  close  to  the  fleets  while 
they  were  hotly  engaged. — William, 
called  the  Young,  the  son  of  the  fore- 
going, was  b.  in"  16)3,  at  Amsterdam; 
accompanied  his  father  to  England, 
where  his  works  became  exceedingly 
popular,  and  d.  in  1707.  He  surpassed 
even  the  elder  Vandervcldc  in  marine 
painting.  Walpole  denominates  him 
the  Raphael  of  this  branch  of  art.— 
Adrian,  an  admirable  landscape  paint- 
er, was  b.  in  1639,  at  Amsterdam;  was 
a  pupil  of  Wynants ;  and  d.  1672. 
Though  landscape  was  the  peculiar 
department  of  Adrian,  yet  he  was  no 
mean  historical  painter,  and  lie  drew 
figures  with  such  excellence  that  his 
assistance  was  often  sought  for  by  his 
own  master,  and  by  Ruysdael,  Hob- 
bema  and  others. 

VANDERWERF,  Adrian,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  was  b.  1659,  at  Ambacht, 
near  Rotterdam ;  was  a  pupil  of  Picolet 
and  Vandermeer ;  was  patronized  by  the 


varJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


785 


Elector  Palatine,  for  whom  he  executed 
many  of  his  hest  works;  and  d.  in  1718. 
His  small  history  pieces  are  much  es- 
teemed.— His  brother,  Peter,  who  was 
b.  at  Rotterdam,  in  1665,  and  d.  in  1718, 
acquired  fame  as  a  painter  of  portraits 
and  conversation  pieces. 

VANDYKE,  Sir  Anthony,  one  of  the 
greatest  of  portrait  painters,  was  b. 
March  22,  1598-9,  at  Antwerp,  and  was 
the  son  of  a  merchant.  His  mother  dis- 
tinguished herself  as  a  flower  painter. 
Henry  Van  Balens  and  Rubens  were  his 
tutors  in  the  pictorial  art;  the  latter, 
with  whom  he  was  a  favorite,  cultivated 
his  talents  with  great  care,  and  advised 
him  to  visit  Italy.  After  having  resided 
for  some  time  at  Rome,  and  other  Italian 
cities,  Vandyke  returned  to  Antwerp, 
whence  he  passed  over  to  England. 
Charles  I.  was  a  liberal  patron  to  him. 
He  knighted  and  pensioned  him,  and 
obtained  for  him  in  marriage  the  daugh- 
ter of  Lord  Gowric.  D.%641.  His  works 
are  numerous,  and  are  deservedly  held 
in  the  highest  estimation. 

VANE,  Sir  Henry,  the  younger,  the 
Bon  of  Sir  Henry  Vane,  was  b.  1612,  and 
was  educated  at  Westminster  school  and 
Magdalen  hall,  Oxford.  Having  imbibed 
the  principles  of  the  Puritans,  he  emi- 
grated to  America,  and  was  elected  gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts.  Returning  to 
England,  he  was  chosen  member  for 
Hull,  and,  during  the  struggle  between 
the  king  and  the  parliament,  he  took  an 
active  part  on  the  side  of  the  latter.  He 
had,  however,  no  part  in  the  trial  or 
death  of  Charles.  To  the  authority  of 
Cromwell  he  was  steadily  hostile,  and 
after  the  death  of  the  protector,  he  la- 
bored strenuously  to  establish  a  repub- 
lican government.  He  was  executed  for 
high  treason,  in  June,  1662,  in  violation 
of  justice,  and  of  the  king's  plighted 
word.  Vane  was  a  man  of  talent,  and, 
though  he  was  an  enthusiast  in  religion 
and  politics,  there  seems  to  be  no  valid 
reason  to  doubt  his  sincerity. 

VANINI,  Lucilius,  a  philosopher, 
was  b.  1585,  at  Tunrosano,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Naples;  studied  philosophy  and 
theology  at  Rome :  entered  into  the  eccle- 
siastical state;  travelled  in  various  parts 
of  Europe  ;  and  was  at  last  burnt,  in  1 619, 
at  Toulouse,  on  a  charge  of  atheism, 
which  appears  to  have  been  unfounded. 
He  is  the  author  of  "  Amphitheatrum 
/Eternrc  Providcntise,"  "  De  Admirandis 
Naturaj,"  "Dialogues,"  and  other  works. 

VANLOO,  John,  a  great  painter,  was 
b  at  Aix,  in  Provence,  in  1684.  He  be- 
came painter  to  the  king  of  Sardinia,  and 
66* 


realized  a  good  fortune,  which  he  lost  in 
the  Mississippi  scheme.  He  then  went 
to  England,  and  was  the  fashionable 
portrait  painter  of  the  day.  D.  1746.— 
Charles  Andrew,  his  brother,  whose 
performances  are  to  be  found  in  the 
churches  of  Paris,  was  also  a  celebrated 
painter.     D.  1765. 

VAN  SWIETEN,  Gerard,  an  emi- 
nent physician,  was  b.  1700,  at  Leyden; 
studied  at  the  university  of  that  city, 
and  of  Louvain,  and  was  a  pupil  of  Boer- 
haave;  became  medical  professor  at  Ley- 
den, but  lost  his  office  in  consequence 
of  being  a  Catholic;  and  was  invited  to 
Vienna,  in  1745,  by  the  empress,  who 
made  him  her  principal  physician,  di- 
rector-general of  medicine  in  Austria, 
imperial  librarian,  a  professor,  and  a 
baron.     D.  1772. 

VAN  VITELLT,  or  VAN  VITE, 
Louis,  a  celebrated  architect,  the  son  of 
a  painter,  was  b.  1700,  at  Naples,  and  d. 
at  Caserta,  in  1773.  Among  his  great 
and  numerous  works  are,  the  palace  of 
Caserta,  the  public  buildings  at  the  port 
of  Ancona,  and  the  churches  of  St. 
Francis  and  St.  Dominic,  at  Urbino. 

VAREN,  or  VARENIUS,  Bernard, 
a  geographer,  was  b.  about  the  begin- 
ning of  the  17th  century,  at  Amsterdam  ; 
followed  the  profession  of  a  physician  ; 
and  d.  about  1680.  He  is  the  author  of 
a  well-executed  "  System  of  Geography, " 
on  which  Newton  did  not  disdain  to 
comment ;  and  "  A  Description  of  Japan 
and  Siam." 

VARGAS  Y  PONCE,  Don  Joseph,  a 
Spanish  geographer  and  navigator,  was 
b.  about  1755,  at  Cadiz  or  Seville;  as- 
sisted Tofino  in  forming  the  "Atlas  of 
the  Spanish  Coast;"  and  d.  in  1821,  at 
Madrid,  a  member  of  the  cortes.  He 
wrote,  among  other  works,  "A  Descrip- 
tion of  the  Pityusse  and  Balearic  Isles," 
and  "  A  Relation  of  the  last  Voyage  in 
the  Straits  of  Magellan." 

VARRO,  Marcos  Terentius,  who  is 
regarded  as  the  most  learned  of  the  an- 
cient Romans,  was  b.  116  b.  c.  ;  studied 
philosophy  under  Stilo  and  Antiochus 
of  Ascalon;  filled  the  offices  of  triumvir 
and  tribune  of  the  people;  espoused  the 
cause  of  Pompey,  but  afterwards  became 
the  friend  of  Cujsar,  who  confided  to  him 
the  formation  of  a  public  library :  nar- 
rowly escaped  proscription  by  the  tu 
umvirate;  and  d.  27  B.C.  He  is  said  to 
have  written  between  four  and  five  hun- 
dred volumes,  of  which  only  a  "Treatise 
on  Agriculture,"  part  of  a"  Treatise  on 
the  Latin  Language,"  and  some  frag- 
ments, are  extant. 


780 


CVCLOP.fcDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[VAU 


Y.ASAPJ,  George;  n  Florentine  nrtist 
and  author,  was  b.  1512,  at  Aivzzo  ;  stud- 
ieil  miller  Michael  Angelw  and  other 
treat  masters;  acquired  a  profound 
Knowledge  of  architect  nre  as  well  as  of 
painting;  was  employed  by  Cosmo  I.  to 
superintend  the  public  bnil  (lings  which 
lie  erected;  and  d.  1574.  Asa  painter 
he  lias  merit,  but  be  is  best  known  by 
his  valuable  work,  "The  Lives  of  the 
most  excellent  Painters,  Sculptors,  and 
Architects." 

VATER,  John  Severinus,  an  eminent 
philologist,  was  b.  1771,  at  Altenbnrg, 
in  Saxony;  and  d.  1826,  professor  of  the 
oriental  languages  at  11  .lie,  after  having 
filled  the  theological  chair  at  Koenigs- 
berg.  He  is  the  author  of  various  works 
on  the  Eastern  tongues;  the  "Continu- 
ation of  Adelung's  Mithridates,"  ''Syn- 
chronistic Tables  of  Ecclesiastical  His- 
tory," and  a  "Universal  an  1  Chrnno- 
lo_i  al  History  of  the  Christian  Church." 

VATTEL,  Emmerich,  a  celebrated 
Swiss  publicist,  was  b.  1714,  at  Couret, 
in  the  principality  of  Nenfchate! ;  be- 
came envoy  from  Saxony  to  Berne,  and 
afterwards  privy  councillor  to  Augustus 
III.  of  Saxony  ;"  and  d.  1767.  T.ie  work 
on  which  his  fame  rests  is,  "The  Law 
of  Nations,  or  Principles  of  Natural  Law 
applied  to  the  Conduct  and  Affairs  of 
Nations  and  Sovereigns." 

VAUBAN,  Sebastian  le  Piiestre  de, 
a  French  marshal,  the  greatest  of  military 
engineers,  was  b.  I633",  at  Saint  Leger 
de  Foucberet,  in  Burguudy.  He  first 
served  in  the  Spanish  army,  nn  ler 
Coude,  but,  beine  taken  prisoner  by  the 
French  troops,  Mazarin  gave  him  a  lieu- 
tenancy. Tue  sieges  of  Ypres,  Grave- 
lines,  and  Oudcnarde,  in  1653,  were  bis 
first  essays  in  the  science  of  attack'. 
From  that  period  till  the  peace  of  Kys- 
wiek  he  was  incessantly  employed,  ei  her 
in  erecting  fortresses  for  the  defence  of 
France,  or  in  reducing  those  which  be- 
longed  to  her  enemies:  and  in  both 
cases  his  matchless  skill  was  equally 
displayed.  In  170-">  he  reluctantly  ac- 
cepted the  marshal's  stiff.  The  siege 
rf  Brisach  was  his  last  operation.  D. 
1707. 

VAUCANSON,  James  de,  nn  eminent 
Cieehanist,  was  b.  1709,  at  Grenoble,  and 
r..  17s2.  Among  his  automatical  per- 
formances were  a  flute  player,  and  a 
pipe  and  tabor  player.  But  even  these 
•were  surpassed  by  two  ducks,  which 
dabbled  with  their  beaks,  ate  grain,  and 
voided  it,  after  it  had  undergone  a  sort 
of  difffcstfve  process. 

YAUGHAN,  Henry,  a  poet,  b.  1621, 


at  Newton,  in  Brecknockshire.  Tie 
adopted  the  appellation  of  the  Silurist, 
wrote  a  variety  ot'  poems,  chiefly  devo- 
tional, and  d.  1695. — Thomas,  his  brother, 
was  an  alchemist,  on  which  occult  sub- 
jects he  wrote  some  extravagant  books, 
under  the  name  of  Eugcnius  Philalcthes. 
D.  1666. — Sir  .Ioiin,  a  celebrated  lawyer, 
was  l>.  in  Cardiganshire,  1608.  From 
Christ-chnreh  college,  Oxford,  he  re- 
moved to  the  Inner  Temple,  where  he 
contract o  I  an  in  imacy  with  Selden.  who 
made  liim  one  of  his  executors.  During 
the  civil  war  he  lived  in  retirement,  but, 
in  166-i,  lie  was  made  chief  justice  of 
the  common  pleas.  D.  1674. — Sir.JoHN, 
one  of  the  judges  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas.  lie  was  called  to  the  bar  in  his 
twenty-fourth  year,  and  in  seven  years 
more  had  so  greatly  distinguished  him- 
self that  he  was  made  a  sergeant.  He 
gained  this  rank  at  this  unusually  early 
aire,  it  must  be  remembere  I,  while  tshep 
perd,  Best,  andft,cns  were  in  the  zenith 
of  their  powers  and  reputation  ;  and  he 
maint  line  I  his  position  subsequently 
with  such  opponents  as  Copley,  (after- 
wards Lord  Lyn  Ihursf.)  Wilde,  and 
Denman.  He  was  made  a  baron  of  the 
exchequer  in  1827,  and,  in  ISM,  be  bc- 
came  judge  of  the  common  pleas  and  a 
privy  councillor.  In  private  he  was  as 
amiable  as  in  public  he  was  able.  B. 
177-':  d.  1839. — William,  an  ingenious 
Welsh  poet,  was  b.  in  Caerinartbeiishire, 
1577;  and  was  the  author  of  a  variety 
of  miscellaneous  poems,  the  principal  of 
which  are,  "  De  Spbserarnm  Online," 
"The  Gol  len  Grove  Moralized,"  "The 
Golden  Fleece,"  Ac.  D.  1640. — George, 
a  graduate  of  Harvard  college  in  16U6, 
was  the  son  of  Major  William  Vanghan, 
a  wealthy  merchant  of  Portsmouth,  N. 
II.,  who  was  noted  for  his  public  spirit, 
and  for  the  firmness  with  which  he  re- 
sisted the  claims  of  the  proprietors  of 
that  territory.  After  leaving  college  ho 
became  the  agent  of  the  colony  in  En- 
gland, and,  in  1715,  he  succeeded  Usher, 
as  lieutenant-governor  of  it.  Bat  giving 
offence  to  the  g  vernor,  the  council,  and 
the  assembly,  1  e  was  removed  from  of- 
fice in  1717.*  D.  1724. 

VAUYENARGUES,  LtntE  de  Cla- 
piers,  marquis  of,  an  eminent  French 
writer  on  moral  philosophy,  was  b.  1715, 
at  Aix,  in  Provence,  and  entered  the 
army  at  the  age  of  seventeen.  The  fa- 
tigne  which  he  endured  in  the  retreat 
from  Prague,  undermined  his  constitu- 
tion, and  the  small-pox  completed  the 
ruin  of  his  health.  To  soothe  his  eon 
tiuuul  sufferings  he  resorted  to  medita- 


VER 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


r87 


tion  and  composition.  Voltaire  was  one 
of  his  wannest  friends.  The  works  of 
Vauvcnargues  form  three  volumes,  and 
consist  of  Thoughts,  Reflections,  and 
Maxims,  Dialogues,  Characters,  &e.  D. 
1747. 

VAUVILLIERS,  John  Francis,  an 
eminent  hellenist,  was  b.  1737,  at  Paris; 
succeeded  his  father  as  Greek  professor 
at  the  university  of  that  city,  and  d.  in 
1801,  in  Russia,  in  which  country  he 
had  taken  refuge,  after  being  condemned 
to  transpntation,  as  a  royalist,  in  1797. 

VEGA,  Lopez  de  la,  a  celebrated 
Spanish  poet,  was  b.  at  Madrid,  in  15(52. 
After  studying  at  Alcala,  he  entered 
ii  to  the  service  of  the  duke  of  Alva,  at 
whose  instance  he  wrote  the  heroic  pas- 
toral of  "  Arcadia."  Soon  after  this  he 
married;  but,  on  the  loss  of  his  wile, 
he  embarked  in  the  Armada,  prepared 
for  the  invasion  of  England.  In  this 
voyage  he  wrote  a  poem,  called  "  Her- 
inosura  de  Angelica,"  to  which,  when 
published,  he  added  the  "Dragontca," 
an  invective  against  Drake  and  Queen 
Elizabeth.  In  1590  he  married  a  second 
time,  and  again  became  a  widower,  on 
which  he  entered  the  order  of  St.  Fran- 
cis, lie  still,  however,  cultivated  poetry, 
and  scarcely  a  week  passed  without  see- 
ing a  drama  from  his  prolific  muse. 
Honors  and  wealth  flowed  in  upon  him, 
and  he  was  absolutely  idolized  by  the 
whole  nation.  At  his  death,  which 
happened  in  1635,  the  highest  honors 
were  paid  to  his  remains,  and  all  the 
poets  of  the  age  vied  in  encomiastic 
tributes  to  his  memory. 

VELASQUEZ,  James  Roderick  de 
Silva  v,  a  celebrated  Spanish  painter, 
was  b.  1599,  at  Seville;  was  a  pupil  of 
Herrera  the  Elder  and  Pacheco;  was 
patronized  and  highly  esteemed  by 
Philip  III.  and  IV.;  'and  d.  in  16fi('>. 
Among  his  greatest  works  are,  "The 
Expulsion  of  the  Moors,"  "The  Cruci- 
fixion," "Joseph's  Coat,"  and  several 
portraits. 

VELDE,  Ciiahles  Francis,  van  der, 
a  romance  writer,  who  has  been  called 
the  German  Sir  Walter  Scott,  was  b.  at 
B res] an,  1799.  He  began  his  career  in 
1809,  by  writing  short  pieces  for  the 
journals ;  was  afterwards  a  dramatist, 
in  which  he  was  not  successful,  and, 
lastly,  became  a  popular  novelist.  His 
works  form  eighteen  volumes.  Among 
them  are,  "  Arwed  Gvllenstierna,"  "The 
Patricians,"  "The  Anabaptists,"  "  The 
Hussites,"  "Christina  and  her  Court," 
and  Tales  and  Legends.     D.  1824. 

VENDOME,  Louis  Joseph,  duke  of 


a  great  general,  and  a  profligate  man, 
the.  grandson  of  Henry  IV.,  was  l>.  1654, 
and  made  his  first  campaign  in  1072,  at 
the  invasion  of  Holland.  After  having 
distinguished  himself  in  Flanders  and 
Italy,  he  was,  in  1695,  appointed  to  com- 
mand the  army  in  Catalonia,  where  ho 
reduced  Barcelona  with  extraordinary 
celerity.  From  Italy,  where,  in  the  war 
of  the  succession,  he  was  opposed  to 
Prince  Eugene,  he  was  recalled,  in  170S,. 
to  remedy  the  disasters  which  the  inca- 
pacity of  Villeroi  had  occasioned  in  the 
Netherlands.  lie  failed,  however,  to 
accomplish  this,  and  was  defeated  at 
Oudenarde.  In  1709  he  was  sent  to 
Spain,  where  he  gained  the  decisive  vic- 
tory of  Villa  Viciosa,  and  established 
Philip  on  the  throne.  He  d.  suddenly 
in  1712.  Vendome  possessed  abilities, 
but  he  was  dirty  in  ins  habits,  and  de- 
praved in  his  morals. 

VENTURI,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian 
natural  philosopher,  was  b.  174(5,  at  Bi- 
biano,  in  the  duchy  of  Rcgsrio;  was  suc- 
cessively professor  of  metaphysics  and 
geometry  at  Reggio,  engineer  and  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Modena,  member 
of  the  legislative  body  of  the  Cisalpine 
republic,  professor  of  physics  at  Pavia, 
and  envoy  from  the  kingdom  of  Italy  to 
Berne.  Napoleon  gave  him  the  cross 
of  the  lesrion  of  honor  and  of  the  iron 
crown.  Among  his  works  are,  "Com- 
mentaries on  the  History  and  Theory  of 
Optics,"  "On  the  Origin  and  Progress 
of  Artillery,"  and  "An  Essay  on  the 
Phvsieo-Mathcmatical  Works  of  Leon- 
ardo da  Vinci."     D.  1822. 

VERNET,  Claudius  Joseph,  an  em- 
inent French  painter,  was  b.  in  1714,  at 
Avitrnon,  and  at  the  age  of  eighteen  he 
visited  Rome,  where  he  studied  unccr 
Fergioni.  His  voyage  to  Italy  turned 
his  genius  to  marine  painting,  in  which 
he  acquired  almost  unrivalled  reputa- 
tion. After  an  absence  of  twenty-two 
years  he  returned  to  France.  On  his 
homeward  passage  a  storm  arose,  during 
which  he  ordered  himself  to  be  tied  to 
the  mast,  that  he  might  make  a  faithful 
sketch  of  the  scene.  On  his  return  he 
was  employed  by  Louis  XV.  to  delin- 
eate the  principal  ports,  a  task  which 
occupied  him  for  ten  years.  His  de- 
scendants have  inherited  his  talents  as 
an  artist.     D.  1789. 

VERNON,  Edward,  a  British  admi- 
ral, descended  from  a  Staffordshire  fam- 
ily, was  b.  in  1084,  at  Westminster,  and 
chose  the  naval  profession,  in  opposition 
to  the  wishes  of  his  father,  who  was  sec- 
retary of  state   to  William   III.     Aftei 


788 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[vie 


having  served  und(  r  Hopson,  Kooke, 
and  other  commanders,  lie  rose,  in  1739, 
to  the  rank  of  vice-admiral  of  the  blue. 
In  that  year  lie  took  the  town  of  Porto 
Bello,  and  destroyed  the  fortifications. 
He  was  less  fortunate  in  1741,  when,  in 
conjunction  with  Wentworth,  he  failed 
at  Carthagena.     D.  1759. 

VERROCHIO,  Andrew,  a  sculptor, 
was  b.  1422,  at  Florence,  and  d.  in  1488. 
In  bronze  works  he  surpassed  all  his 
cotemporaries.  Among  his  chief  pro- 
ductions are,  a  "Christ  and  St.  Thomas," 
and  an  equestrian  statue  of  Bartholo- 
mew Colleoni.  He  was  also  an  able 
painter,  and  one  of  the  best  musicians 
of  his  period.  He  invented  the  method 
of  taking  the  features  in  a  plaster  mould. 

VERTUE,  George,  an  able  engraver, 
was  b.  1684,  in  Westminster;  was  ap- 
prenticed to  a  plate  engraver,  and  after- 
wards worked  for  seven  years  under 
Vandergueht.  In  1709  he  betran  busi- 
ness for  himself.  He  was  patronized  by 
Sir  Godfrey  Kneller,  the  earls  of  Ox- 
ford and  Burlington,  and  the  prince  of 
Wales.  Among  his  engravings,  which 
amount  to  five  hundred,  are  the  heads 
for  Rapin's  "England,"  twelve  heads 
of  distinguished  poets,  and  portraits  of 
Archbishop  Tillotson  and  George  I.  It, 
was  principally  from  the  materials  col- 
lected by  Vertue,  that  Horace  Walpole 
drew  his  "Anecdotes  of  Painting."  D. 
1756. 

VESALIUS,  Andrew,  an  eminent 
anatomist,  was  b.  in  1514,  at  Brussels; 
was  educated  at  Louvain  and  Paris,  was 
professor  of  anatomy  at  various  Italian 
universities;  and  afterwards  chief  phy- 
sician to  Charles  V.  and  Philip  II. ;  and 
d.  of  hunger  and  fatigue,  in  1563,  in 
Zante,  on  which  island  he  had  been 
shipwrecked  as  he  was  returning  from 
a  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem.  Vesalius 
displayed  an  extraordinary  predilection 
for  the  science  of  anatomy  at  a  very 
early  period,  and  his  treatise  on  "  The 
Formation  of  the  Human  Body"  was 
composed  when  he  was  onlv  eighteen. 

VESPASIAN,  Titcs  Flavius,  a  Ro- 
man emperor,  was  b.  at  Rieti,  towards 
the  close  of  the  reign  of  Augustus; 
and,  after  having  been  sedile,  praetor, 
commander  of  a  legion,  consul,  and  pro- 
consul of  Africa,  and  having  distin- 
guished himself  in  Germany,  Britain, 
and  Palestine,  was  raised  to  the  empire, 
69.     He  reigned  10  years,  and  d.  79. 

VESPUCCI,  or  VESPUCIUS,  Ame- 
rigo, an  eminent  navigator,  was  b.  in 
1451,  at  Florence;  was  liberally  edu- 
cated, and  was  brought  up  to  commerce. 


In  1490  he  was  sent  by  his  father  to 
conduct  his  commercial  affairs  in  Spain. 
Stimulated,  however,  by  the  honor 
which  Columbus  had  acquired,  Vespucci 
quitted  traffic,  about  1499,  to  enter  on 
the  career  of  discovery.  He  subse- 
quently made  several  voyages  in  the 
Spanish  and  Portuguese  services,  and 
explored  a  considerable  extent  of  the 
South  American  coast.  He  d.  in  1516. 
By  an  act  of  flagrant  injustice  to  Colum- 
bus, the  name  of  one  who  was  only  his 
imitator  was  given  to  the  new  woivd. 

VICCARS,  John,  a  fanatical  writer 
during  the  commonwealth,  was  b.  in 
London,  in  1582,  and  educated  at  Ox- 
ford. His  tirades  against  church  ana 
king  have  the  following  quaint  titles: 
"God's  Ark  overtopping  the  World's 
Waves,"  "The  Burning  Bush  not  con- 
sumed," and  "God  in  the  Mount," 
which  were  afterwards  published  to- 
gether, under  the  general  title  of  the 
"Parliamentary  Chronicle."  His  rhap- 
sodies were  satirically  alluded  to  by  the 
author  of  "  Hudibras." 

VICENTE,  Gil,  the  earliest  and  most 
eminent  of  the  Portuguese  comic  poets, 
was  b.  about  1480,  at  Gnimaraens,  or  at 
Barcellos;  studied  jurisprudence  at  the 
university  of  Lisbon  ;  became  a  popular 
dramatist,  and  brought  the  drama  of  his 
country  to  a  much  more  perfect  state, 
and  d.  in  1577.  His  works  were  pub- 
lished by  his  son  ;  but  complete  copies 
of  them  are  now  unattainable. 

VICQ  D'AZYR,  Felix,  an  able  French 
anatomist  and  physician,  was  b.  1748, 
at  Valogne,  and  lectured  at  Paris  with 
great  success  upon  anatomy ;  became 
principal  physician  tothe  queen.  Among 
his  works  are  "  A  Treatise  on  Anatomy 
and  Physiology,"  "An  Anatomical 
System  of  Quadrupeds,"  and  "A  Trea- 
tise on  the  Curing  of  Horned  Cattle." 
The  whole  of  his  productions  have  been 
collected  in  six  volumes.     D.  1794. 

VI DA,  Mark  Jerome,  one  of  the 
:  most  eminent  of  modern  Latin  p:-ets. 
|  was  b.  1490,  at  Cremona;  studied  at 
!  Padua,  Bologna,  and  Mantua;  was 
raised  to  the  bishopric  of  Alba  by  Clem- 
ent VII.  as  a  reward  for  having  written 
"The  Christiad,"  and  d.  1566.  His 
works  form  two  quarto  volumes.  Among 
them  are  "The  Art  of  Poetry," 
"Chess,"  "The  Christiad,"  "The  Silk- 
worm," "Hymns,"  and  other  poems. 

VI EN,  Joseph  Mary,  an  eminent 
French  painter,  was  b.  1716,  at  Mont- 
pellier;  studied  at  Paris,  under  Natoire, 
and  at  Rome;  was  received  a  member 
of  the  Academy,  in  1745,  and  became 


vin] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


789 


successively  professor,  rector,  and  di- 
rector; and  d.  in  ISO.).  Auioiiir  his  best 
works  are,  ''St.  Denis  preaching:,"  a 
"Sleeping  Hermit,"  "The  Parting  of 
Hector  and  Andromache,"  and  "Hector 
exhorting  Paris  to  arm  himself."  David 
and  Vincent  were  pupils  ot'Yien. — Ma- 
ria, his  wife,  who  d.  1805,  aired  seventy- 
seven,  was  an  excellent  painter  of  birds, 
shells,  and  flowers. 

VIGEE,  Louis  William  Bernard 
Stephen,  a  French  poet  and  dramatist, 
was  b.  1755,  at  Paris,  and  d.  in  1820, 
reader  to  Louis  XV11I.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  many  poems,  a  "Course  of 
Literature,"  delivered  at  the  Athenaeum, 
three  comedies,  and  the  "  Pro  and  Con," 
a  religious,  moral,  political,  and  literary 
dialogue. 

VIGNOLA,  James,  whose  real  name 
was  Barozzio,  a  celebrated  architect, 
was  b.  1507,  at  Vignola,  in  the  Modenesc 
territory,  and  relinquished  painting  for 
architecture.  He  constructed  various 
magnificent  edifices  at  Bologna,  Parma, 
Perugia,  and  Koine:  but  his  master- 
piece is  tiie  Caprarola  palace,  and  he 
was  intrusted  with  the  management  of 
the  works  at  St.  Peter's  after  the  death 
of  Michael  Angclo.  For  the  king  of 
Spain  he  drew  the  designs  of  the  Escu- 
rial ;  and  in  this  instance  his  plans  were 
preferred  to  those  of  twenty-two  other 
artists.     D.  1573. 

VILLANI,  John,  a  celebrated  Italian 
historian,  was  b.  before  the  close  of  the 
13th  century,  at  Florence,  travelled  on 
various  parts  r?f  the  Continent;  filled 
several  important  offices  in  lfis  native 
country,  and  d.  of  the  plague  in  13-18. 
His  "History  of  Florence"  was  con- 
tinued by  his  brother  Matthew  and  his 
nephew  PniLir,  the  latter  of  whom  is 
also  the  author  of  "Lives  of  Illustrious 
Florentines." 

VILLARET,  Claudits,  a  French  his- 
torian, was  b.  about  1715,  at  Paris,  and 
was  brought  up  to  the  bar,  but  quitted 
it  for  literature,  and  then  went  upon  the 
Stage,  on  which  he  remained  till  1756. 
He  subsequently  obtained  a  place  in  the 
chamber  of  accounts,  and  was  intrusted 
with  the  arrangement  of  the  archives  of 
that  otti.'e — a  task  which  led  him  to 
examine  into  the  sources  of  French  his- 
tory. In  consequence  of  this,  he  was 
employed  to  continue  the  work  of 
Velly,  and  he  is  allowed  to  have  sur- 
passed his  predecessor.  His  portion  of 
the  "History"  extends  from  1329  to 
14G9.  His  other  productions  are  for- 
gotten.    D.  1706. 

VILLARS,  Louis   Hector,   marshal, 


duke  of,  one  of  the  most  cmi.icnt  of  the 
French  generals,  was  b.  in  1653,  at 
Moulins.  He  served  his  apprenticeship 
to  the  art  of  war  under  Turenne,  Condc, 
Luxembourg,  and  Crcqui.  Poon  after 
the  peace  of  Nimegucn,  lie  was  sent 
ambassador  to  Vienna.  In  the  war 
which  was  terminated  by  the  treaty  of 
Ryswick,  he  distinguished  himself,  and 
particularly  at  the  combat  of  Leuze.  In 
1698  he  was  again  appointed  ambassa- 
dor at  Vienna,  and  in  this  situation  be 
displayed  infinite  diplomatic  skill.  Pu- 
ring  the  war  of  the  succession  he  was 
commander-in-chief  in  various  quarters, 
and  by  numerous  splendid  achieve- 
ments acquired  a  right  to  be  considered 
as  one  of  the  greatest  generals  of  tho 
aire.  He  closed,  in  1782,  his  military 
career,  by  the  conquest  of  the  Milanese 
and  the  Mantuan.  D.  1734.— Monti  au- 
con  de,  a  French  abbe,  was  b.  1635,  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Toulouse;  and 
acquired  great  reputation  at  Paris  as  a 
preacher,  but  was  prohibited  from 
preaching  in  consequence  of  his  pub- 
lishing "The  Count  de  Gabalis,"  which 
his  enemies  pretended  to  be  an  irreli- 
gious work.  He  was  assassinated  in 
1675.  The  idea  of  the  sylphid  machin- 
ery of  the  "  Rape  of  the  Lock"  is  bor- 
rowed from  the  "Count  de  Gabalis." 

Y1LLEIIARDOU1N.  Gfoffhey  de, 
a  French  chronicler,  was  b.  in  1167,  near 
Areis  sur  Aube  ;  held  the  office  of  mar- 
shal of  Champagne:  took  a  part  in  the 
crusade  of  1198,  and  was  present  at  the 
capture  of  Constantinople  ;  was  appoint- 
ed marshal  of  Romania,  and  d.  about 
1213.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  tho 
Events  from  1198  to  1207." 

Y1LLERS,  Charles  Francis  Do- 
minic, a  French  writer,  was  b.  in  1767, 
at  Boulay,  in  Lorraine;  served  as  a  cap- 
tain of  artillery,  but  emigrated  in  1702, 
and  joined  the  army  of  Conde;  subse- 
quently abandoned  military  for  literary 
pursuits,  settled  in  Germany,  and  be- 
came professor  of  French  literature  at 
Gottinsren  ;  and  d.  1815.  His  principal 
work  is  "An  Essav  on  the  Spirit  and 
Influence  of  the  Reformation  brought 
about  by  Luther." 

VINCENT,  William,  an  able  critic 
and  divine,  was  b.  17?9,  in  London, 
was  educated  at  Westminster  school, 
and  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  was 
successively  usher,  second  master,  and 
head  master,  of  the  former  seminary, 
and  prebend  and  dean  of  Westminster, 
and  d.  in  1815.  His  principal  works 
are,  "The Commerce  and  Navigation  of 
the  Ancients  in  the    Indian    Ocean,' 


?90 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[voi 


"Sermons,"  "The  Conjugation  of  the 
Greek  Verb,1'  and  "  A  Defence  of  Pub- 
lic Education." 

VINCI,  Leonardo  da,  a  celebrated 
Italian  painter,  the  natural  son  of  a 
notary,  was  b.  in  1452,  at  a  castle  near 
Florence,  whence  he  derived  his  name. 
To  the  personal  gifts  which  he  received 
from  nature  were  joined  the  advantages 
of  an  excellent  education,  and  he  early 
acquired  an  extensive  knowledge  of 
mathematics  and  other  branches  of 
science.  Veroechio  was  his  preceptor 
in  painting,  and  Da  Vinci  soon  surpass- 
ed him.  In  14S9  he  was  invited  to 
Milan,  by  Duke  Louis  Stbrza,  and  he 
resided  there  for  many  years,  acting  at 
once  as  engineer,  mechanist,  sculptor, 
architect,    and    painter.       During    the 

Eeriod  of  his  abode  there  he  executed 
is  great  work,  the  "  Last  Supper," 
and  formed  the  canal  of  Martcsana.  lie 
was  subsequently  employed  at  Florence 
and  at  Rome.  In  1515  he  accepted  an 
invitation  from  Francis  I.  to  visit  France,  I 
and  lie  (I.  in  that  country  in  1519.  The 
sTory  that  he  expired  in  the  arms  of 
Francis  appears  to  be  a  fiction.  Da 
Vinci  is  the  author  of  a  "Treatise  on 
Painting,"  and  of  some  unpublished 
works. 

VINER,  Charles,  an  English  law 
writer,  was  b.  about  16S0,  at  Aldershot, 
in  Hampshire,  spent  a  considerable  part 
of  his  life  in  compiling  the  well-known 
"General  Abridgment  of  Law  and 
Equity,"  endowed  several  fellowships 
and  scholarships,  and  founded  the  law 
professorship,  at  Oxford.     D.  1756. 

VIRGIL,  or  Pubj.ius  Viroilids  Maro, 
the  greatest  of  the  Roman  poets,  was  b. 
70  ii.  c,  at  Ancles,  near  Mantua,  and 
studied  at  Cremona,  Milan,  and  Naples. 
It  appears  to  have  been  in  his  30th  year 
that  lie  first  visited  Rome.  His  object 
was,  to  obtain  restitution  of  his  lauds, 
of  which  the  soldiers  of  Octavius  had 
taken  possession  after  the  battle  of  Phi- 
lippi.  Through  the  interest  of  Varus 
and  Pollio  he  obtained  from  Augustus 
the  desired  order;  but;  when  he  re- 
turned with  it,  the  military  usurper 
compelled  him  to  save  his  life  by  swim- 
ming over  the  Mineio.  A  second  man- 
date, however,  had  the  wished-for  etl'ect. 
The  rest  of  \\.i  life  was  devoted  to  liter- 
ature, and  was  cheered  by  the  friendship 
\f  Augustus,  Maecenas,  and  aJl  the  other 
iVinint  men  of  the  age.  The  fame 
which  he  acquired  by  his  "Eclogues," 
and  "The  Georgies,"  he  crowned  by 
'The  jEneid,"  to  which  last  work, 
however,  he  did  not  live   to   put   the 


finishing  touches.  On  nis  return  from 
meeting  Augustus,  at  Athens,  he  d.  at 
Brundusium,  19  is.  c. 

VISCONTI,  John  Baptist  Anthony, 
a  learned  Italian  antiquary,  was  b.  17'22, 
at  Vernazza,  in  the  Genoese  territory, 
was  educated  at  Rome,  succeeded 
Winckelman  as  commissary  of  antiqui- 
ties there,  had  a  large  share  in  the  for- 
mation of  the  Pio-Clementine  museum, 
and  d.  in  1784.—  Ennius  Quirinus,  the 
eldest  son  of  the  foregoing,  and  n.oro 
than  his  equal  in  archaeological  knowl- 
edge, was  b.  1751,  ai  Rome,  displayed 
uncommon  precocity  of  talent,  was  ap- 
pointed conservator  of  the  museum  of 
the  capitol  by  Pius  VI.,  was  minister  of 
the  home  department,  and  subsequently 
one  of  the  consuls,  of  the  short-lived 
Roman  republic,  was  in  consequence 
compelled  to  seek  an  asylum  in  France, 
and  became  there  a  member  of  the  in- 
stitute, professor  of  archaeology,  and 
administrator  of  the  museum.  Among 
his  numerous  works  are,  "The  De- 
scription of  the  Pio-Clementine  Mu- 
seum," "Grecian  Iconography,"  and 
"Roman  Iconography."     D.  ISIS. 

VITELLIUS,  Aulus,  one  of  the  most 
contemptible  of  the  Roman  emperors, 
was  b.  15,  :it  Rome,  rose  to  greatness  by 
being  subservient  to  the  vices  of  his 
imperial  masters,  was  at  the  head  of  the 
legions  in  Lower  Germany  when  Galba 
died,  was  raised  to  the  throne  by  his 
soldiers,  and  obtained  full  possession 
of  it  on  the  fall  of  Otho ;  and  was  put 
to  death,  A.D.  69,  after  a  disgraceful 
reign  of  T>nly  eight  months.  His  inor- 
dinate gluttonv  was  his  least  vice. 

VITRUVIUS  POLLIO,  Marcus,  a  cel- 
ebrated Roman  writer  on  architecture, 
is  suppose!  to  have  been  b.  at  Formal, 
in  Campania,  to  have  flourished  under 
Julius  Caesar  and  Augustus,  and  to 
have  lived  to  a  very  advanced  aire.  lie 
wrote  an  able  work',  on  "Architecture." 
VOITURE,  Vincent,  a  French  wit 
and  poet,  was  the  son  of  a  wine  mer- 
chant, and  was  b.  in  1598,  at  Amiens. 
His  manners  and  talents  conciliated  to 
him  the  kindness  of  the  great,  and  ho 
became  a  favorite  at  the  hotel  de  Rain 
bonillet  and  at  court.  Gaston,  duke  of 
Orleans,  was  much  attached  to  him,  and 
made  him  his  master  of  the  ceremonies. 
Under  the  administration  of  Cardinal 
Mazarin,  Voitnre  was  in  the  zenith  of 
his  reputation,  and  enjoyed  largo  pen- 
sions, but  women  and  gambling  kept 
him  poor.  In  private  life  his  character 
was  amiable.  His  best  poem  is  an 
"  Epistle  to  the  Prince  of  Coude."     Hi* 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


roi 


"Letters,"  which  were  once  considered 
es  inimitable,  are  now  almost  wholly 
neglected. 

VOLNEY,         CoNSTAXTENE         Fk  ANCIS 

CiiAssF.HCErF,  count  de,  an  eminent 
Frcncli  writer,  was  b.  in  1757,  at  Craon, 
iu  Britany.  lie  was  educated  at  An- 
gers, and  for  three  years  studied  medi- 
cine at  Paris,  but  coming  into  possession 
of  a  small  estate  he  was  enabled  to  in- 
dulge his  ardent  desire  of  travelling'. 
lie  spent  three  years  in  Syria  and  Egypt, 
and  on  his  return  published,  in  i787, 
his  "Travels,"  which  established  his 
reputation.  He  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  states-general,  was  confined  for 
ten  months  during  the  reign  of  terror, 
was  appointed  professor  of  history  at 
the  Normal  school  in  17'.<4,  and  in  1795 
made  a  voyage  to  the  Unite  1  States, 
whence  he  did  not  return  till  17PS.  Na- 
poleon created  him  a  senator  and  a 
count.  In  all  circumstances,  however, 
Volney  was  a  friend  of  freedom.  Anions 
his  principal  works  are,  "The  Ruins," 
"Lectures  on  History,"  and  "New 
Researches  on  Ancient  History."  D. 
1820. 

V<  )LTA.  Alexander,  a  celebrated  ex- 
perimental philosopher,  wdio  contributed 
largely  to  the  progress  of  science,  was  of 
a  noble  family,  and  was  b.  174.">,  at  Como  ; 
was  for  30  years  professor  of  natural  phi- 
losophy at  Pavia;  was  made  an  Italian 
count  and  senator  by  Napoleon;  and 
was  a  member,  of  many  learned  bodies. 
Electricity  was  the  first  object  to  which 
Vblta  turned  his  attention;  and  he  in- 
vented the  perpetual  electrophorns  and 
the  condenser.  But  the  great  invention 
which  immortalizes  his  name  is  the  Vol- 
taic pile,  to  which  we  are  indebted  for 
so  many  important  philosophical  and 
Chemical  discoveries.    D.  1S26. 

VOLTAIRE,  Marie  Francis  Arouet 
de,  the  most  universal  of  French  wri- 
ters, was  b.  Feb.  20,  1694,  at  Chatenay, 
near  Sceanx,  and  was  educated  with 
great  care  at  the  Jesuits'  college,  Paris. 
One  of  his  tutors  predicted  that  he 
would  be  the  Coryphaeus  of  deism  in 
France  :  and  the  society  which  the 
youthful  poet  frequented — elegant,  but 
irreligious— did  not  tend  to  falsify  the 
prediction.  His  father  destined  him  for 
the  magistracy,  but  the  literary  propen- 
sity of  the  son  was  unconquerable.  In 
his  22d  year  he  was  sent  to  the  Bastille. 
by  the  resent,  on  the  nnfoun  led  sus- 
picion of  his  being  the  author  of  a  libel, 
and  while  he  was  in  prison  he  formed 
the  plan  of  "  The  Henriade,"  and  com- 
pleted the  tragedy  cf  "  CEJipus."    The 


tragedy  was  represented  in  1713  with 
distinguished  success.  Two  others,  by 
which  it  was  succeeded,  were  less  for- 
tunate. A  second  unjust  confinement 
in  the  Bastille  induced  him  to  take  up 
his  residence  iu  England  for  three 
years,  where  he  was  favorably  received 
by  many  illustrious  characters,  and  ob- 
tained a  large  subscription  for  "The 
Henriade."  In  1728  he  returned  to 
France,  and  between  that  year  and  1749 
he  produced  his  tragedies  of  "  Zara," 
"  Alzira."  "Mahomet,"  "Merope,"  and 
many  other  works;  was  admitted  into 
the  French.  Academy;  and  was  appoint- 
ed gentleman  of  the  king's  chamber  in 
ordinar. ,  and  historiographer  of  France. 
In  1750  he  accepted  the  invitation  of  tl  e 
kins  of  Prussia  to  Berlin.  For  a  while 
the  sovereign  and  the  poet  were  on  the 
most  amicable  terms;  but  in  1753  their 
friendship  was  broken,  an  1  Voltaire 
quitted  the  Prussian  dominions.  Paris, 
in  consequence  of  the  intrigues  of  his 
enemies,  being  no  longer  an  eligible 
abode  for  him,  he  lived  for  short  peri- 
ods at  Geneva  and  other  places,  and  at 
length  purchased  an  estate  at  Ferney,  in 
the  Pays  de  Gex,  on  which  he  finally 
settled.  There,  in  possession  of  a  large 
fortune,  and  surrounded  by  friends,  he 
g-ave  free  scope  to  his  indefatigable  pen. 
In  April.  177S,  he  went  once  more  to 
Paris,  after  an  absence  of  nearly  30 
years.  He  was  received  with  enthusi- 
asm, his  bust  was  crowned  on  the  stage, 
and  was  placed  by  the  Academicians 
next  to  that  of  Corneille;  but  he  did  not 
long  enjoy  these  honors,  for  he  expired 
on  the  80th  of  May,  and  his  death  is 
supposed  to  have  been  hastened  by  an 
overdose  of  laudanum,  which  he  took  to 
calm  the  pain  occasioned  by  strangury, 
and  to  procure  sleep,  of  which  he  had 
Ions  been  deprived.  His  collected  works, 
in  the  edition  of  Beanmarchais,  form 
70  volumes.  "He  was,"  says  a  French 
author  "one  of  our  greatest  poets;  the 
most  brilliant,  the  most  elegant,  the 
most  fertile,  of  our  prose  writers.  There 
is  not,  in  the  literature  of  any  country, 
either  iu  verse  or  in  prose,  an  author 
who  has  written  on  so  many  opposite 
kinds  of  subjects,  and  has  so  constantly 
displayed  h  superiority  in  all  of  them." 
VONDEL,  Justus  Vandk.v,  a  Dutch 
poet,  was  b.  15S7,  at  Cologne,  but  his 
parents  settled  in  Holland  while  he  was 
a  child.  He  was  by  trade  a  hosier,  but 
he  left  business  almost  wholly  to  his 
wife,  that  he  might  cultivate  poetry, 
and  at  length  he  obtained  an  office  un- 
der government.    D.  1697. 


'92 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[WAK 


VOSS,  John  ITENfKT,  a  German  poet 
and  critic,  was  b.  in  1751,  at  Sommers- 
dorf,  and  was  educated  at  Gottingen. 
In  1775  he  began  to  edit  tlic  "Almanac 
of  the  Muses,"  and  he  conducted  it  till 
1800.  lie  was  appointed  rector  of  the 
college  of  Ottendorf,  in  1778,  whence  he 
was  removed  to  fill  the  same  office  at 
Eutin.  At  the  latter  place  he  remained 
for  23  years.  The  grand-duke  of  Baden 
invited  him,  in  1705,  to  Heidelberg. 
Voss  wrote  "Louisa,"  a  poem,  "Idylls," 
"  Miscellaneous  Poems,"  "  Letters  on 
Mythology,"  and  other  works;  and 
translate  (  Homer,  llesiod,  Theocritus, 
Virgil,  Horace,  and  several  other  Greek 
and  Roman  poets.     D.  1826. 

VOSS  I  US,  Gerard  John,  an  eminent 
critic  an  I  philologist,  was  b.  in  1577, 
near  Heidelberg;  studied  at  Dort  and 
Leyden;  was  removed  from  the  profes- 
sorship of  rhetoric  and  chronology  at 
Leyden,  in  consequence  of  his  favoring 
the  remonstrants  ;  obtained  a  prebend 


in  Canterbury  cathedral,  through  the 
influence  of  Land,  with  a  dispensation 
from  residence  in  England  ;  and  d.  1633, 
professor  of  history"  at  Amsterdam.— 
Isaac,  son  of  the  foregoing,  was  b.  1618, 
at  Leyden,  and  acquired  reputation  by 
publishing,  at  the  age  of  21,  an  edition 
of  the  "Periplus  of  Scylax,"  with  a 
Latin  version  and  notes.  After  having 
remained  some  time  at  Stockholm,  to 
which  capital  he  was  invited  by  Chris- 
tina, and  subsequently  in  his  own  coun- 
try, he  settled  in  England,  in  1670,  and 
was  made  canon  of  Windsor.  D.  in 
16S8. 

VOUET,  Simon,  a  French  painter,  was 
b.  15S2.  at  Paris  :  learned  the  rudiments 
of  art  from  his  father,  who  was  alsoa 
painter;  resided  for  several  years  in 
Italy  ;  was  recalled  by  Louis  XII I.,  who 
employed  him  in  the  Louvre  and  Lux- 
embourg palaces;  and  d.  1649.  Lebrun, 
Le  Sueur,  Milliard,  and  other  eminent 
artists,  were  his  pupils. 


w. 


"WADTTAM,  Nicholas,  the  founder 
of  the  college  which  bears  his  name  at 
Oxford,  was  l>.  about  1536,  in  Somerset- 
shire, and  was  educated  at  Christ-church 
cohere.     D.  1610. 

WAGIIORN,  Thomas,  whose  name 
will  be  for  ever  associated  with  the 
achievement  of  steam  communication 
between  England  and  India,  was  b.  at 
Chatham,  1800.  At  12  years  of  age  he 
was  appointed  a  midshipman,  and  be- 
fore he  had  completed  his  Nth  year  he 
passed  in  navigation  for  lieutenant. 
After  a  short  cruise  he  volunteered  for 
the  Arracan  war,  and  having  received 
the  command  of  the  East  Tndia  Compa- 
ny's cutter,  Matchless,  and  seen  much 
service  by  land  and  sea,  he  returned  to 
Calcutta  in  1827.  From  this  period  he 
turne  1  his  attention  to  the  great  project 
he  had  had  long  secretly  at  heart — a 
steam  communication  between  England 
and  India;  and  the  ardor,  perseverance, 
and  firmness  with  which  he  worked  it 
to  completion,  have  gained  him  a  name 
among  the  benefactors  of  his  race.  D. 
1850. 

WATLLY,  Charles  de,  an  eminent 
architect,  was  b.  1729,  at  Paris;  studied 
his  art  'under  Blondel,  Lcjay,  and  Ser- 
vandoni,  an  1  at  Rome  ;  w  is  a  member 
of  the  Institute,  and  the  founder  of  the 
society  of  the  Friends  of  the  Arts.    His 


principal  works  are,  the  Spinola  palace 
at  Genoa,  the  mansion  of  Ormes  in 
Touraine,  and  the  hotel  of  Argenson, 
and  the  Odeon,  at  Paris.  The  Odeon 
was  the  joint  production  of  Wailly  and 
Peyre.     D.  179S. 

WAKE,  William,  a  learned  and  pious 
prelate,  was  b.  1627,  at  Blanford,  in  Dor- 
setshire, and  was  educated  at  Christ- 
church,  Oxford.  After  leaving  college, 
he  was  successively  chaplain  to  the 
British  embassy  at  Paris,  preacher  at 
Gray's  Inn,  kind's  chaplain  to  William 
III.,  and  deputy  clerk  of  the  closet, 
rector  of  St.  James's,  Westminster,  ancl 
dean  of  Exeter.  He  also  distinguished 
himself  as  a  eontroversalist  against  tho 
Catholics,  particularly  in  reply  to  Bos- 
suet,  and  had  the  rare  merit  of  contro- 
verting without  acrimony.  In  1705  ho 
was  raised  to  the  see  of  Lincoln,  whence 
in  1716  he  was  translated  to  Canterbury. 
D.  1737. 

WAKEFIELD,  Gilbert,  a  scholar 
and  critic,  was  b.  1756,  at  Nottingham, 
and  was  educated  at  Jesus  college,  Ox- 
ford. After  having  been  a  curate  at 
Stockport,  and  also  near  Liverpool,  he 
quitted  the  church,  and  became  classi- 
cal tutor  at  the  Warrington  dissenting 
academy.  In  1790  he  was  appointed  to 
the  same  office  in  Hackney  college,  but 
held  it  only  a  year.    Being  a  warm  friend 


wal] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY 


793 


to  Hie  French  revolution,  and  as  warmly 
hostile  to  the  war  against  the  republic, 
he  took  a  decided  part  in  the  angry 
politics  of  that  disturbed  period.  In 
1798  he  was  prosecuted  for  a  "  Reply  to 
the  Bishop  of  Llandaff's  Address  to  the 
People  of  Great  Britain,"  and  was  sen- 
tenced to  an  imprisonment  of  two  years 
in  Dorchester  jail.  During  his  captivity 
a  subscription  amounting  to  £5000  was 
raised  for  him.  D.  1801,  soon  after  his 
liberation.  Among  his  works  are,  his 
own  "  Memoirs,"  a  translation  of  the 
"New  Testament,"  "Silva  Critiea,"  a 
"Reply  to  Paine's  Age  of  Reason,"  and 
editions  of  various  classics,  and  of  Pope's 
Homer. — Priscilla,  well  known  by  the 
many  ingenious  works  which  she  wrote 
to  promote  juvenile  improvement.  She 
was  the  original  promoter  of  banks  for 
the  savings  of  the  poor,  which  are  now 
become  so  general.  She  resided  for 
many  years  at  Tottenham,  in  Middlesex. 
D.  at  Ipswich,  1832. 

WALKER,  Clement,  a  political  wri- 
ter of  the  17th  century,  was  b.  at  Cliffe, 
in  Dorsetshire;  was  educated  at  Christ- 
church,  Oxford;  and  became  M.  P.  for 
Wells.  Being  a  zealous  Presbyterian, 
he  was  violently  hostile  to  the  Indepen- 
dents, against  whom  he  published^  in 
1648,  "  A  History  of  Independency."  He 
also  attacked  the  protector  in  a  treatise 
called  "  Cromwell  s  Slaughter  House." 
He  was  committed  to  the  Tower,  and  d. 
there  in  1651. — Adam,  an  astronomical 
lecturer  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was 
b.  1731,  in  Westmoreland,  and  very 
early  displayed  a  turn  for  mechanics. 
While  following  his  father's  business 
of  a  woollen  manufacturer,  he  used  to 
amuse  liitnself  with  making  models  of 
mills.  He  was,  in  succession,  an  usher, 
a  mathematical  teacher,  a  tradesman, 
and  the  master  of  an  academy ;  and  at 
last  became,  and  continued  through  life, 
a  highly  popular  lecturer  on  astronomy. 
Among  his  works  are,  "  A  System  of 
Familiar  Philosophy,"  "  Lectures  on 
Experimental  Philosophy,"  "  A  Trea- 
tise on  Geography,"  and  two  "Tours." 
D.  1821. — John,  a  lexicographer,  was  b. 
in  1732,  at  Friern  Barnet,  in  Hertford- 
shire ;  was,  at  first,  master  of  an  acad- 
emy, and,  subsequently,  a  lecturer  on 
elocution  ;  and  d.  1807.  His  principal 
workrt  are,  "A  Pronouncing  Dictionary," 
a  "  Rhyming  Dictionary,"  "  Elements 
of  Elocution,"  and  a  "Rhetorical  Gram- 
mar."— John,  a  physician  and  geograph- 
ical writer,  was  b.  1759,  at  Cockcrmouth, 
and  d.  1830.  This  singular  character 
passed  through  the  various  occupations 


of  engraver,  smith,  one  of  the  crew  of  a 
privateer,  schoolmaster,  and  medical 
practitioner.  In  the  latter  capacity  he 
contributed  greatly  to  diffuse  vaccina- 
tion, and  at  the  time  of  his  decease  he 
was  at  the  head  of  the  Vaccine  institu- 
tion. He  published  a  "  Gazetteer"  and 
"Atlas." 

WALLACE,  Sir  William,  a  Scottish 
patriot  and  hero,  the  vonnger  son  of  Sir 
Malcolm  Wallace  of 'Ellerslie,  in  Ren- 
frewshire, was  b.  1270.  Indignant  at 
seeing  his  country  enslaved  by  Edward 
I.  he  resolved  to'  undertake  its  libera- 
tion. His  success  at  the  head  of  a  small 
band  of  followers  induced  many  of  the 
barons  to  join  him,  and  he  gained  a 
splendid  victory  over  Earl  Warenne,  at 
Cambuskennetii.  He  was  appointed 
regent,  but  his  elevation  having  excited 
jealousy  among  the  nobles,  he  resigned 
the  office.  The  defeat  of  the  Scots,  at 
Falkirk,  compelled  Wallace  to  resort  to 
his  original  system  of  predatory  warfare, 
and  for  seven  years  he  continued  to 
harass  the  invaders;  but,  in  1305,  ho 
was  betrayed  into  the  hands  of  Edward 
by  Sir  John  Montcith,  and  the  monarch 
stained  his  character  by  executing  his 
captive  as  a  traitor. 

WALLENSTEIN,  Albert  Vences- 
laus  Eusebius,  duke  of  Fricdland,  a 
celebrated  German  general,  was  b.  1583, 
in  Bohemia,  and  began  life  as  page  to 
the  margrave  of  Burgau,  son  of  tho 
Archduke  Ferdinand.  After  having 
travelled  over  nearly  the  whole  of  En- 
rope,  he  married  a  widow  possessed  of 
immense  riches,  who  left  him  a  widower 
at  the  end  of  four  years.  At  the  head 
of  a  formidable  army  raised  by  him  for 
the  service  of  the  emperor,  and  paid 
from  his  own  resources  and  from  un- 
limited plunder,  he,  for  several  years, 
distinguished  himself  by  his  successes 
in  Moravia,  Bohemia,  'and  Northern 
Germany,  and  was  rewarded  with  the 
dukedoms  of  Mecklenburgh  and  Fried- 
land.  His  enemies  at  length  succeeded 
in  procuring  his  dismission,  and  he  re- 
tired to  Prague,  where  he  lived  with  all 
the  state  of  a  sovereign.  The  progress 
of  Gustavus  Adolphus  compelled  the 
emperor,  in  1632,  to  place  Wallenstcin 
again  in  command  of  his  forces,  with 
almost  regal  authority.  He  foiled  Gus- 
tavus at  Nuremberg^  but  was  defeated 
at  Leipsic.  At  length  he  was  accused 
of  treason,  and  his  commission  was  re- 
voked ;  and,  while  he  was  meditating 
projects  of  revenge,  he  was  assassinated, 
in  1634,  by  sonic  of  his  own  officers. 
WALLER,  Sir  William,  an  eminent 


791 


CYCLOPAEDIA  Of   BIOGRAPHY. 


[* 


parliamentary  general,  was  b.  in  1597 
iii  Kent,  and  was  educated  at  Magdalen 

college  and  Hart  hall,  Oxford.     On  his 
returning  from  serving  as  a  volunteer  in 
Germany,  against  the"  emperor,  he  was 
elected  for  Andover  as  a  member  of  the 
lomr  parliament.   He  opposed  the  court, 
and,  on   the   breaking  out  of  the  war, 
was   made  second   in  command   under 
the  earl  of  Essex.     He  fought  chiefly  in 
the  west  of  England,  and  with  varied 
fortune.      The    self-denying   ordinance 
excluded  him  from  service,  and  he  be- 
came so  much  an  object  of  suspicion  to 
the  republicans,  that  he  was  twice  im- 
prfeoliad.     D.   16S8. — Edmund,    an  ele- 
gant poet,  was  b.  in  1608.  at  Coleshill, 
in  Warwickshire,  and  was  educated  at 
Eton,  and  at  King's  college,  Cambridge. 
In  his  16th  or  17th  year  he  sat  in  parlia- 
ment, and  in  his  18th  he  begun  to  dis- 
play  his  poetical  talents.     His  already 
targe  fortune  lie  increased  by  a  marriage 
with  a  rich  heiress,  who  soon  left  him  a 
widower,   and   he   then    unsuccessfully 
paid   court    to  Lady   Dorothea  Sidney, 
the   Sacharissa   of  "his    verses.     In  the 
long  parliament  he  was  a  moderate  op- 
ponent of  the  court,  and  lie  was  one  of 
the   commissioners   appointed  to  treat 
with  the  king  at  Oxford.    He  was  either 
already  a  secret  royalist,  or  was  con- 
verted   by    his     intercourse    with    the 
monarch  ;   for,    soon   afier   his  visit  to 
Oxford,    lie   entered    into   a  conspiracy 
against  the  house  of  commons.     It  was 
discovered;  but  Waller  saved  his  life, 
though  at  the  expense  of  such  eowardj  e, 
treachery,  and  cunning,  as  thoroughly 
disgraced  him.     He  was  fined  ten  thou- 
sand pounds,  and  banished.    Cromwell, 
however,  permitted  him  to  return,  and 
treated  him  with  favor;  and  the  grati- 
tude of  the   poet  was  displayed   by  a 
splendid  panegyric,  and,  subsequently, 
bv  the  less  questionable  tribute  of  an 
elegy   on    the   death   of  the    protector. 
During  the  reigns  of  Charles  II.  and 
James  II.  he  was  highly  distinguished 
at  court,  and  was  generally  a  1  mi  red  for 
his  abilities  and  his  wit.     D.  1687. 

WALLIS,  Joiix,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician and  divine,  was  b.  in  1616,  at 
Ashford,  in  Kent  ;  was  educated  at 
Emanuel  college,  Cambridge:  obtained, 
in  16  t",  the  living  of  St.  Gabriel,  Fen- 
ehurch-stivet ;  was  chosen,  in  1649,  8a- 
vilian  professor  of  geometry  at  Oxford  ; 
was  ma  le  keeper  of  the  archives  there, 
in  16)8;  retained  his  offices  at  the  res- 
toration, and  was  appointed  one  of  the 
royal  chaplains:  was  one  of  the  earliest 
members  of  the  Royal  Society ;  and  d. 


1703.  Wallis  baa  consummate  skill  in 
the  art  of  deciphering,  and  his  talents 
were  much  called  into  use  by  the  repub- 
lican and  succeeding  regal  goverinents. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  first  who  gave 
the  power  of  speech  to  the  deaf  and 
dumb.  As  a  mathematician  his  fame 
stands  high  both  in  England  and  on 
the  Continent.  His  mathematical  works 
form  three  volumes,  and  his  theological 
a  fourth. 

WALN,  Robert,  a  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter, was  b.  in  Philadelphia,  and  was 
liberally  educated,  but  adopted  no  pro- 
fession. He  was  the  author  of  "The 
Hermit  in  Philadelphia,"  asatire;  "The 
American  Bards,"  a  satire;  "Sisyphi 
Onus,  or  Touches  at  the  Times,"  a 
'■History  of  China,"  some  of  the  lives 
in  the  "Biography  of  the  Signers  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,"  a  "  Life 
of  Lafayette,"  and  an  account  of  the 
"Quaker  Hospital,  at  Frankfort,  near 
Philadelphia."     D.  1824. 

WALPOLE,  Robert,  earl  of  Orford, 
a  statesman,  was  b.  1676,  at  Houghton, 
his  father's  seat,  in  Norfolk,  and  was 
educated  at  Eton,  and  at  King's  college, 
Cambridge.  He  first  sat  in  parliament, 
in  1701,  as  member  for  Castle  Rising: 
but  in  the  following  year  he  was  elected 
for  Lynn,  which  he  thenceforth  contin- 
ued to  represent.  As  a  senator  he  soon 
distinguished  himself  among  the  Whiga. 
In  17US  he  was  appointed  secretary  at 
war;  in  170')  treasurer  of  the  navy;  and 
in  1710  one  of  the  managers  of  Sach- 
everell's  trial ;  but,  on  the  triumph  of 
the  Tories,  he  lost  his  offices,  and  was 
expelled  the  house,  and  committed  to 
the  Tower,  on  an  unproved  charge  of 
breach  of  trust  and  corruption.  The 
accession  of  George  I.  restored  the  as- 
cendency of  Walpole's  party,  and  he 
was  made  paymaster  of  the  forces,  and, 
subsequently,  prime  minister.  Disputes 
with  his  colleagues,  however,  induced 
him  to  resign,  in  1717,  and  he  remained 
in  opposition  till  1720,  when  he  once 
more  became  paymaster  of  the  forces. 
On  the  retirement  of  Lord  Sunderland, 
Walpole  was  again  raised  to  the  high 
situation  of  premier,  and  that  situation 
he  retained  for  two  and  twenty  years,  in 
spite  of  incessant  attacks  from  political 
enemies  of  splendid  talents.  To  main- 
tain peace  was  one  of  the  main  objects 
of  his  administration.  In  1742  he  re- 
signed, and  was  creitcl  earl  of  Orford. 
D.  174o. — Horatio,  Lord,  brother  of  the 
foregoing,  was  b.  in  167S;  held  various 
offices  under  the  government:  was  em- 
ployed  as   ambassador   to   Franco  and 


war] 


CYCI.OP/EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY-. 


»95 


Holland;  was  created  a  peer  In  17."fi  ; 
and  d.  in  1757.  He  wrote  an  answer  to 
41  Bolingbroke's  Letters  on  History;" 
and  some  political  pamphlets. — Horace, 
earl  of  Ort'ord,  the  youngest  son'of  Sir 
Robert,  a  man  of  varied  and  brilliant 
talents,  was  1).  171S.  and  was  educated 
at  Eton,  and  at  King's  college,  Gain- 
bridge.  In  1741  lie  entered  parliament 
as  member  for  Callington,  and  lie  after- 
wards represented  Castle  Rising  and 
Lynn.  lie  was  a  steady  Whig  and  an 
independent  senator,  bin  took  no  active 
part  in  the  business  of  the  legislature  ; 
and  in  1768  retired  wholly  from  it.  Lit- 
erature and  virtu  were  the  great  occu- 
pations of  his  life  ;  and  much  of  his  ex- 
istence was  dedicated  to  embellishing 
his  villa  at  Strawberry  hill,  near  Twick- 
enham, and  forming  a  collection  there. 
At  that  place  he  also  established  a  pri- 
vate press,  and  printed  several  works. 
In  1791  he  succeeded  to  the  earldom  ; 
an  accession  of  dignity  which  he  would 
have  been  glad  to  have  avoided.  D.  1797. 

WALSINGHAM,  Sir  Francis,  an  em- 
inent statesman,  was  b.  1538,  at  Chisel- 
hurst,  in  Kent.  After  having  been 
ambassador  to  France,  he  was,  in  1573, 
appointed  one  of  the  secretaries  of  state, 
and  was  knighted.  In  1581  he  was  a 
second  time  sent  to  France,  and  in  15S3 
to  Scotland.  In  the  final  proceedings 
against  Mary  queen  of  Scots  he  acted  a 
conspicuous  part.     D.  1590. 

WALTER,  John,  whose  name  is  in- 
separably connected  with  the  gigantic 
achievements  of  the  press  in  modern 
times,  was  the  son  of  Mr.  John  Walter, 
printer  to  the.  customs,  and  for  many 
years  chief  proprietor  of  the  "Times" 
newspaper.  He  was  b.  in  1773,  and 
having,  on  the  completion  of  his  educa- 
tion, made  himself  acquainted  with  ail 
the  technicalities  and  routine  of  a  large 
printing  establishment,  he,  in  1803,  he- 
came  a  joint  proprietor  and  exclusive 
manager  of  the  "  Times  ;"  and  from  this 
period,  during  the  Ion?  course  of  44 
yeais.  lie  devoted  himself  to  the  moral 
and  material  improvement  of  what  has 
been  so  justly  termed  "  the  fourth 
estate"  of  the  realm.     D.  1847. 

WALTON,  Izaak,  was  b.  1593,  in 
Stafford,  and  kept  a  linen-draper's  shop 
in  London,  first  in  the  Royal  Exchange, 
find  lastly  in  Fleet-street,  at  the  corner 
of  Chancery-lane.  About  1843  he  quit- 
ted the  metropolis,  and  he  d.  at  Win- 
chester in  1683.  His  "Complete  Angler" 
has  long  afforded  delight  not  only  to 
those  who  are  fond  of  angling,  but  to 
general  readers  of  taste,  and  has  passed 


through  numerous  editions.  His  Lives 
of  Hooker,  Sanderson.  Wotton,  Donne, 
and  Herbert  exhibit  him  in  a  highly  fa- 
vorable light  as  a  biographer.  Words- 
worth says  of  them, 

"  The  fruitier  whence  the  prn 
Wn*  shaped  thai  traced  the  1  v.  5  nf  ihecegooil  men 
Droppi  'I  from  an  angel's  wing.'* 

At  a  very  advanced  age  Walton  publish- 
ed, under  t lie  name  ofChalkhill,  "  The- 
almaandClcnrciir.s,  a  Pastoral  History." 
—George,  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of 
independence,  was  b.  in  Frederic  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  about  the  year  1740.  I7e 
was  early  apprenticed  to  a  carpenter,  but 
at  the  expiration  of  his  apprenticeship 
he  removed  to  Georgia,  and  entered  the 
office  of  an  attorney  at  law.  In  1770  he 
was  elected  to  the  continental  congress. 
At  the  siege  of  Savannah  he  was  wound- 
ed and  taken  prisoner,  but  was  ex- 
changed in  September,  1779.  In  the 
following  month  he  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  the  state,  and  in  the  succeeding 
January  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
congress  for  two  rears. 

WARBECK,  Fetfr,  or  Pebxtn,  an 
individual  whose  real  history  has  been 
the  subject  of  much  speculation,  made 
his  appearance  in  England,  in  the  reign 
of  henry  VIL,  and  assumed  the  char- 
acter and  title  of  Richard  duke  of  York, 
the  younger  son  of  Edward  IV.,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  murdered  in  the 
Tower,  together  with  Ids  brother,  by 
order  of  Richard  TIL  having  been  ac- 
knowledged by  Margaret,  duchess  of 
Burgundy,  as  her  nephew,  he  proceeded 
to  claim  the  crown  of  England,  and, 
landing  in  Cornwall,  was  joined  by  some 
thousands  of  insurgents.'  He  laid  siege 
to  Exeter;  but.  on  the  approach  of  the 
royal  army,  he  fled  to  Beaulieu  abbey, 
in  Hamp'shire,  which  sanctuary  lie  was 
induced  to  quit,  under  the  promise  of  a 
pardon,  and  he  was  sent  in  custody  to 
the  Tower  of  London.  He  was  there 
treated  as  an  impostor,  and  eventually, 
in  1499,  was  hanged,  drawn,  and  quar- 
tered. Henry  VIL  published  an  alleged 
confession  of  the  captive,  purporting 
that  he  was  the  son  of  one  Warheck  or 
Osbeck.  a  converted  Jew  of  Tonrn.iv ; 
but  many  have  asserted  that  he  was  an 
illegitimate  son  of  Edward  IV. 

W  ARBURTON,  Wiij.iam,  an  eminent 
prelate  and  writer,  was  b.  1G9«,  at  New- 
ark. After  having  been  educated  at 
Oakham  and  Newark  schools,  lie  served 
his  clerkship  to  an  attorney,  and  was 
admitted  to  practice.  Tiring,  however, 
of  the  law,  he  turned  to  the  church,  and 
took  deacon's  orders  in  1723.     In  1726 


796 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[war 


he  obtained  the  vicarage  of  Groaslcy, 
unci  in  1729  the  rectory  of  Brant  Brough- 
ton.  Between  1723  and  1729  lie  pub- 
lished "  Miscellaneous  Translations," 
"An  Inquiry  into  the  Causes  of  Prod- 
igies and  Miracles,"  and  "  A  Treatise 
on  the  Legal  Judicature  of  Chancery." 
These  were  preludes  to  his  great  works, 
"  The  Alliance  between  Church  and 
State,"  which  appeared  in  1738,  and  the 
first  volume  of  his  "Divine  Legation," 
which  was  given  to  the  world  in  1738. 
His  "  Vindication  of  Pope's  Essay  on 
Man"  acquired  for  him  the  friendship 
of  that  poet.  He  rose  successively  to  be 
king's  chaplain,  prebend  of  Durham, 
dean  of  Bristol,  and  bishop  of  Glouces- 
ter ;  to  the  last  of  these  dignities  he  at- 
tained in  1759.     D.  1779. 

WARD,  Robert  Plumer,  the  well- 
known  author  of  "Tremaine,"  was  b. 
in  Loudon,  1765.  He  was  called  to  the 
bar  by  the  society  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
in  1790.  For  some  years  he  went  the 
western  circuit,  spending  his  long  vaca- 
tions at  the  house  of  his  elder  and  only 
surviving  brother  in  the  Isle  of  Wight; 
and  there  he  wrote  his  "  Inquiry  into  the 
Foundation  and  History  of  the  Law  of 
Nations  in  Europe,"  &c.,  which  was 
published  in  '795,  and  proved  suceess- 
tid  both  as  work  of  literature  and  as  a 
profession.^  speculation.  He  was  now 
frequently  employed  in  cases  before  the 
privy  council;  and  afterwards  entered 
parliament,  and  held  office  under  Pitt. 
On  the  death  of  Mr.  Pitt,  1806,  he  re- 
tired into  the  country,  and  occupied 
himself  in  rural  pursuits  ;  but  on  the 
formation  of  the  Portland  ministry,  in 
1807,  he  was  made  one  of  the  lords  of 
the  admiralty,  exchanging  this  office  in 
1811  for  the  clerkship  of  the  ordnance, 
which  he  held  till  1823.  He  then 
retired  from  parliament,  and  wrote 
"  Tremaine,"  which,  though  published 
anonymously,  produced  a  great  sensa- 
tion in  literary  circles,  and  became  ex- 
ceedingly popular.  This  was  followed, 
in  1827^  by  "De  Vere,"  which  was 
hardly  less  successful;  and  after  some 
years  spent  in  retirement  and  on  the 
Continent,  he  returned  to  his  literary 
labors,  and  published  successively  his 
"Illustrations  of  Human  Life,"  "  Pic- 
.ures  of  the  World,"  "  Historical  Essay 
on  the  Revolution  of  168S,"  and  "  Dc 
Clifford."     I).  1846. 

WARREN,  Joseph,  a  patriot  of  the 
revolution,  was  b.  :n  Roxbnry,  near 
Boston,  1741,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1759.  He  pur- 
sued the  profession  of  medicine,  and 


soon  after  commencing  tin  practice- 
distinguished  himself  by  his  successful 
treatment  of  the  small  pox.  Early  en- 
gaging in  politics,  he  obtained  great  in- 
fluence, and  rendered  efficient  service 
by  his  writings  and  addresses.  He  was 
twice  elected  to  deliver  the  oration  in 
commemoration  of  the  massacre  on 
the  fifth  of  March.  In  June,  1775,  tho 
provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts, 
of  which  he  was  at  this  time  president, 
made  him  a  major-general  of  their 
forces.  At  the  battle  of  Bunker  hill  ho 
fought  as  a  volunteer,  and  was  slain 
within  a  few  yards  of  the  breastwork 
as  he  was  among  the  last  slowly  retiring 
from  it.  He  was  a  man  of  the  most 
generous  and  intrepid  spirit,  much  ele- 
gance of  manners,  and  of  commanding 
eloquence.  His  loss  was  deeply  felt 
and  regretted.  In  1776  his  remains 
were  removed  from  the  battle-ground, 
and  interred  in  Boston. — James,  was  b. 
at  Plymouth  in  172G,  and  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college,  in  1745.  He  took 
an  early  and  active  part  in  the  cause  of 
the  coionies  against  the  aggressions  of 
the  mother  country,  was  a  member  of 
the  general  court,  proposed  the  estab- 
lishment of  committees  of  correspond- 
ence, and  after  the  death  of  General 
Warren,  was  appointed  president  of  the 
provincial  congress.  He  was  afterwards 
appointed  a  major-general  of  the  militia. 
On  the  adoption  of  the  constitution  of 
Masssachusetts,  he  was  for  many  years 
speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives. 
D.  1808. — Mercy,  the  wife  of  General 
James,  was  the  author  of  a  valuable 
"  History  of  the  American  Revolution," 
"The  Adulator,"  and  "The  Group," 
two  political  pieces  before  the  revolu- 
tion, and  a  volume  of  poems.  D.  1814. 
— John,  a  celebrated  physician,  was  b. 
in  1763,  at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college.  He  de- 
livered the  first  course  of  lectures  on 
anatomy,  ever  given  in  New  England, 
and  was  appointed  professor  on  the 
foundation  of  Dr.  Hersey.  Through 
life,  he  enjoyed  a  very  high  reputation, 
as  a  phvsician  and  anatomist.  He  d.  in 
1815. 

WARTON,  Joseph,  a  poet  and  critic 
was  b.  in  1722,  at  Duusfold,  in  Surrey; 
was  educated  at  Winchester  school,  and 
at  Oriel  college,  Oxford  ;  held  at  vari- 
ous periods,  the  livings  of  Winslade, 
Tamworth,  Tliorley,  Easton,  and  Wick- 
ham,  and  prebends  of  St.  Paul's  and 
Winchester,  and  was  head-master  of 
Winchester  school  from  1766  to  1793. 
D.  1800.    Ho  wroto   poems,  and  "  An 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


was] 


Essay  on  Popo,"  contributed  to  the 
"Adventurer,  translated  the  "Eclogues 
ami  Georgics  ;"  and  edited  the  works  of 
Dryden  and  Pope. — Thomas,  a  poet. 
critic,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  brother 
of  the  foregoing,  was  b.  in  1728,  at  Bas- 
Bingstoke ;  and  was  educated  at  Win- 
chester school,  and  at  Trinity  college, 
Oxford.  His  first  poetical  work  was 
"The Triumph  of  Isis,"  the  next,  "The 
Progress  of  Discontent."  As  a  poet  lie 
was  much  superior  to  his  brother.  In 
1757  lie  was  chosen  poetry  professor  at 
Oxford,  in  1771  obtained  the  living  of 
Kiddington,  in  1781  that  of  Hill  Far- 
rance ;  and  in  1785  was  appointed 
Camden  professor  of  history  and  poet 
laureate.  His  principal  works  are, 
poems,  "  Observations  on  the  Faerie 
Queen,'' and  "The  History  of  English 
Poetry."  Of  the  last  work  an  elegant 
and  enlarged  edition  was  published  a 
few  years  since  bv  Mr.  Price.  D.  1700. 
WASHINGTON,  Geouge,  the  illus- 
trious founder  of  American  independ- 
ence, was  b.  1732,  in  the  county  of 
Fairfax,  in  Virginia,  where  his  father 
was  possessed  of  great  landed  property. 
He  was  educated  under  the  care  of 
a  private  tutor,  and  paid  much  atten- 
tion to  the  study  of  mathematics  and 
engineering.  He  was  first  employed 
officially  by  General  Dinwiddie,  in  1735, 
in  remonstrating  to  the  French  com- 
mander on  the  Ohio  for  the  infraction 
of  the  treaty  between  the  two  nations. 
He  subsequently  negotiated  a  treaty  of 
amity  with  the  Indians  on  the  back  set- 
tlements, and  for  his  honorable  services 
received  the  thanks  of  the  British  gov- 
ernment- In  the  unfortunate  expedition 
of  General  Braddoek  lie  served  as  aid- 
de-camp,  and  on  the  fall  of  that  brave 
but  rash  commander,  he  conducted  the 
retreat  to  the  corps  under  Colonel  Dun- 
bar in  a  manner  that  displayed  great 
military  talent.  He  retired  from  the 
service  with  the  rank  of  colonel ;  but 
while  engaged  in  agriculture  at  his  fa- 
vorite seat  of  Mount  Vernon,  he  was 
elected  senator  in  the  national  council 
for  Frederic  county,  and  afterwards  for 
Fairfax.  At  the  commencement  of  the 
I  evolutionary  war,  he  was  selected  as 
the  most  proper  person  to  take  the 
chief  command  of  the  provincial  troops. 
From  the  moment  of  taking  upon  him- 
self this  important  office,  in  June,  1775, 
he  employed  the  great  powers  of  his 
mind  to  his  favorite  object,  and  by  his 
prudence,  his  valor,  and  presence  of 
mind  he  deserved  and  obtained  the 
confidence  and  gratitude  of  his  country, 
67* 


797 


and  finally  triumphed  ovei  all  opposition. 
The  record  of  his  services  is  the  history 
of  the  whole  war.  He  joined  the  army 
at  Cambridge  in  July,  1755.  On  the 
evacuation  of  Boston  in  March,  1776,  ho 
proceeded  to  New  York.  The  battle  of 
Long  Island  was  fought  on  the  27th  of 
August,  and  the  battle  of  White-plains 
on  the  2Sth  of  October.  On  the  25th 
of  December  he  crossed  the  Delaware, 
and  soon  trained  the  victories  at  Tren- 
ton and  Princeton.  The  battle  of  Bran- 
dywinc  was  fought  on  September  11th, 
1777;  of  Germantown,  October  4th;  ot 
Monmouth,  February  28th,  1778.  In 
17*9  and  1780  he  continued  in  the 
vicinity  of  New  York,  and  closed  the 
important  military  operations  of  the 
war  by  the  capture  of  Cornwallis,  at 
Yorktown,  in  17S1.  When  the  inde- 
pendence of  bis  country  was  establish- 
ed by  the  treaty  of  peace,  Washington 
resigned  his  high  office  to  the  congress, 
and  followed  by  the  applause  and  the 
grateful  admiration  of  his  fellow-citi- 
zens, retired  into  private  life.  His  high 
character  and  services  naturally  entitled 
hiin  to  the  highest  gifts  his  country 
could  bestow,  and  on  the  organization 
of  the  government  he  was  called  upon 
to  he  the  first  president  of  the  states 
which  he  had  preserved  and  establish- 
ed. It  was  a  period  of  great  difficulty 
and  danger.  The  unsubdued  spirit  of 
liberty  had  been  roused  and  kindled  by 
the  revolution  of  France,  and  many 
Americans  were  eager  that  the  freedom 
and  equality  which  they  themselves 
enjoyed  should  be  extended  to  the  sub- 
jects of  the  French  monarch.  Wash- 
ington anticipated  the  plans  of  tho 
factious,  and  by  prudence  and  firmness 
subdued  insurrection,  and  silenced  dis- 
content, till  the  parties,  which  the  in- 
trigues of  Genet,  the  French  envoy,  had 
roused  to  rebellion,  were  convinced  of 
the  wildness  of  their  measures  ar.d  of 
the  wisdom  of  their  governor.  The 
president  completed,  in  1795,  the  busi- 
ness of  his  office  by  signing  a  commer^ 
cial  treaty  with  Great  Britain,  and  then 
voluntarily  resigned  his  power  at  a  mo- 
ment wha"  all  hands  and  all  hearts  were 
united  again  1o  confer  upon  him  tho 
sovereignty  of  the  country.  Restored 
to  the  peaceful  retirement  of  Mount 
Vernon,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  pur,-: 
suits  of  agriculture  :  and  though  ho 
accepted  the  command  of  the  army  in 
1798,  it  was  merely  to  unite  the  affec- 
tions of  his  fellow-citizens  to  the  gen- 
eral good,  and  was  one  more  sacrifice  to 
his   high   seuse   of   duty.      D.   after  s 


79S 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[WAT 


short  illness  on  the  14th  of  December, 
1799.— Busnuon,  an  eminent  judge,  was 
b.  in  Westmoreland  county,  Virginia, 
and  was  educated  at  William  and  Siary's 
college.  lie  pursued  the  study  of  the 
law  in  the  office  of  Mr.  Wilson,  of  Phil- 
adelphia, and  commenced  its  practice 
with  great  success  in  his  native  county. 
In  1781  he  was  a  member  of  the  house 
of  delegates  of  Virginia.  He  after- 
wards removed  to  Alexandria,  and 
thence  to  Richmond,  where  he  pub- 
lished two  volumes  of  the  decisions  of 
the  supreme  court  of  Virginia.  In  1798 
he  was  appointed  an  associate  justice  of 
the  supreme  court  of  the  United  italics, 
and  continued  to  hold  this  situation  till 
his  death  in  November,  1829.  He  was 
the  favorite  nephew  of  President  Wash- 
ington, and  was  the  devisee  of  Mount 
Vernon. 

WATERLAND,  Daniel,  a  learned 
divine  and  controversialist,  was  b.  16S3, 
at  Wascly,  in  Lincolnshire,  and  was 
educated  at  Lincoln  free  school,  and  at 
Magdalen  college,  Cambridge,  of  the 
last  of  which  seminaries  lie  became 
master.  He  was  also  chancellor  of 
York,  archdeacon  of  Mi  Idlesex,  canon 
of  Windsor,  and  vicar  of  Twickenham. 
Among  Ids  works  are,  "  A  History  of 
the  Athanasian  Creed,"  "  Scripture 
Vindicated,"  "A  Defence  of  Christ's 
Divinity,"  "A  Review  of  the  Doctrine 
of  the  Eucharist,"  and  "  Remarks  on 
Dr.  Clarke's  Exposition  of  the  Church 
Catechism."     D.  1740. 

WATSON,  Henby,  a  celebrated  en- 
gineer, the  son  of  a  grazier,  was  b.  about 
1737,  at  Hoi  beach,  in  Lincolnshire;  was 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  mathematical 
contributors  to  the  "  Lady's  Diary"  at 
the  age  of  16;  completed  his  education 
lit  the  royal  academy  at  Woolwich  ;  and 
obtained  a  commission  in  the  corps  of 
engineers.  He  so  much  distinguished 
himself  at  the  sieges  of  Belleisle  and  the 
Havanna,  that  Lord  Give  took  him  to 
Bengal,  as  chief  engineer.  Among  the 
works  which  Watson  executed  are  the 
fortifications  of  Fort  William,  and  those 
at  Budge  Budge  and  Melancholy  Point. 
I).  1786. — -Richard,  an  eminent  prelate 
and  writer,  was  b.  1737,  at  ilaversham, 
in  Westmoreland.  He  commenced  his 
education  under  his  father,  who  was 
master  of  the  free  grammar  school  at  his 
native  place,  and  he  completed  it  at 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  where  he 
studied  with  unremitting  application. 
In  17ii4  he  was  chosen  professor  of  chem- 
;stry,  and,  in  1771,  regius  professor  of 
divinity.     In  politics  he  was  of  the  lib- 


eral school,  and  he  made  a  frll  avowal  of 
his  opinions  in  a  sermon,  called  "The 
Principles  of  the  Revolution  vindicated," 
which  he  preached  before  the  university 
in  1770,  and  which  excited  much  com- 
ment. In  the  same  year  he  published 
his  "  Apology  for  Christianity,"  in  an- 
swer to  Gibbon.  In  1782  lie  was  made 
bishop  of  Llaudarf;  but  George  III. 
having  imbibed  a  prejudice  against  him, 
he  obtained  no'  further  promotion. 
Among  his  other  works  arc,  "Chemical 
Essays,"  "  Apology  for  the  Bible,"  and 
his  own  "Memoirs."     D.  1810. 

WATT,  James,  «  celebrated  natural 
philosopher  and  engineer,  the  son  of  a 
tradesman,  was  b.  1730,  at  Greenock,  in 
Scotland,  and  began  life  as  a  mathemati- 
cal instrument  maker.  In  that,  capacity 
he  was  employed  by  the  university  of 
his  native  place  from  1757  to  1703.  It 
was,  in  1704,  while  lie  was  engaged  in 
repairing  the  model  of  a  steam-engine, 
that  the  idea  of  improving  the  construc- 
tion arose  in  his  mind.  His  first  dis- 
covery was  that  of  the  mode  of  avoiding 
the  enormous  loss  of  power  occasioned 
by  cooling:  the  cylinder;  his  next  was 
the  substitution  of  the  expansive  power 
of  steam  instead  of  the  atmospheric  pres- 
sure. To  these  he  subsequently  added 
many  others,  which  brought  the  steam 
engine  to  its  present  state  of  perfection. 
In  1774  he  entered  into  partnership  with 
Mr.  Bolton,  of  Birmingham.  His  sub- 
sequent life  was  cheered  by  extensive 
fame  and  ample  fortune.  Among  his 
other  inventions  are  a  micrometer,  a 
copying  machine,  and  a  machine  for 
making  drawings  in  perspective.  Watt 
possessed  an  extraordinary  memory,  a 
more  than  superficial  acquaintance  with 
many  sciences  and  arts,  and  a  knowl- 
edge of  several  modern  languages.  Sowo 
of  his  chemical  papers  are  printed  in  the 
"Philosophical  Transactions."  D.  1819. 
W  ATTEAIT,  Anthony,  a  French  art? 
ist,  was  b.  1084,  at  Valenciennes.  He 
received  little  instruction,  and  bearan  by 
being  a  scene-painter  at  Paris,  but  his 
admirable  genius  soon  raised  him  above 
that  humble  occupation.  He  gained  the 
prize  of  the  Academy  for  a  picture,  and 
thenceforth  continued  to  increase  in 
fame.  The  engravings  from  his  eompo- 
sitions,  to  the  number  of  563,  form  three 
volumes.  Comic  conversations,  move- 
ments of  armies,  landscapes,  and  gro- 
tesques, are  his  principal  subiects.  D. 
1721. 

WATTS,  Isaac,  a  nonconformist  di- 
vine, 1).  1074,  at  Southampton,  and  was 
educated  at  the  free  school  there,  ard 


WEU] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


799 


nl3o  at  a  dissenting  academy  in  London. 
In  his  22d  year  he  became  tutor  to  the 
pun  of  Sir  John  Hartopp,  and  in  1702  lie 
Succeeded  Dr.  Chauneey  as  minister  of 
a  congregation  in  the  metropolis.  Nearly 
the  last  forty  years  of  his  blameless  life 
were  spent  in  the  family  of  his  friend. 
Sir  Thomas  Abney,  at  Stoke  Newing- 
ton.  His  theological  and  miscellaneous 
works  form  six  quarto  volumes,  and 
many  of  them  arc  still  popular. — Ianic, 
an  accomplished  female,  whose  maiden 
name  was  Waldic,  was  li.  1792,  at.  Ilcn- 
dersyde  Park,  in  Roxburghshire;  dis- 
played precocious  talents ;  acquired  mu- 
sic, French,  Italian,  Spanish,  and  Latin, 
without  assistance,  and  painting  with 
very  little;  gave  proof  of  superior  lit- 
erary powers  in  her  "  Sketches  of  Italy," 
"Journal  of  a  Tour  in  Flanders,"  and 
many  smaller  pieces;  and  d.  1S2R. 

WAYNE,  Anthony,  major-general  in 
the  army  of  the  United  States,  was  b. 
174."),  in  Chester  county,  Pennsylvania. 
He  entered  the  army  as  colonel,  in  1775, 
served  under  Gates,  at  Ticonderoga,  and 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general.  He  was  engaged  in  the  battles 
of  Brandy  wine,  Germ  an  town,  and  Mon- 
mouth, in  1779  captured  the  fortress  at 
Stony  Point,  and  rendered  other  im- 
portant services  during  the  war.  In 
1787  he  was  a  member  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania convention  which  ratified  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States.  In 
17'J2  iie  succeeded  St.  Clair  in  the  com- 
mand of  the  western  army,  and  gained 
a  complete  victorv  at  the  battle  of  the 
Miamis.  in  1794.  '  D.  1796. 

WF2BBE,  Samuel,  an  eminent  musi- 
cian, particularly  celebrated  for  his  glees, 
was  b.  1740.  His  mother  being  left  des- 
titute, he  was  bound  apprentice  to  a 
cabinet-maker,  but,  when  his  term  of 
servitude  expired,  he  abandoned  his 
trade,  and  gained  a  subsistence  by  copy- 
ing music.  By  dint  of  incessant  study 
he  became  an  excellent  composor,  and 
also  acquired  several  languages  and  ele- 

fant    accomplishments.       He   d.    1816. 
[is   glees   and  part  songs   form   three 
volumes. 

WEBBER,  Samuel,  president  of  Har- 
vard college,  was  b.  in  Byfield,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  was  educated  at  the 
college  of  which  he  afterwards  became 
the  head.  He  displayed  an  early  fond- 
ness for  mathematics,  and  in  1789  be- 
came professor  of  mathematics  and 
natural  history.  Inl80>hcwas  raised 
to  the  presidency  of  Harvard  college, 
»nd  discharged  the  duties  of  this  office 
till  his  death,  in  1810.     He  published. 


in  1801,   a  system  of  mathematics,  in- 
tended as  a  text-book  for  the  university. 

WEBER,  Henry  William,  an  archae- 
ologist and  editor,  was  b.  1783,  at  St. 
Petersburg,  of  German  parents;  stud- 
ied medicine  at  Edinburgh  ami  at  Jena; 
settled  in  Scotland,  ami  devoted  himself 
to  literary  pursuits;  and  d.  in  1818,  after 
having  for  some  time  been  disordered 
in  his  intellect.  Among  his  publica- 
tions are,  "  Metrical  Romances  of  the 
Thirteenth,  Fourteenth,  and  Fifteenth 
Centuries,"  "The  Battle  of  Flodden 
Field,"  a  poem  of  the.  Kith  century; 
and  editions  of  Ford  and  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  of  which  the  last  two  sub- 
jected him  to  severe  criticism. — Cart. 
Maria  von,  one  of  the  most  eminent  of 
modern  composers,  was  1>.  in  178(5,  at 
Eutin,  in  Holstein,  and  was  liberally 
educated.  To  music  he  displayed  the 
warmest  attachment  at  an  early  aire. 
His  instructors  in  the  science  were.  Heu- 
schel,  Michael  Haydn,  Valcsi,  Kalcher, 
and  the  Abbe  Vogler,  For  a  while, 
however,  he  abandoned  his  favorite  art 
to  practise  that  of  lithography,  but  he 
soon  returned  to  it.  His  first  operas 
were  "  Das  Waldmunchen,"  and  "  Peter 
Sehmoll,"  the  first  of  which  was  pro- 
duced in  1800.  He  made  professional 
tours  through  various  parts  of  Germany, 
and  was,  successively,  chapel-master  at 
Breslau  and  at  Carlsruhe,  and  conduc- 
tor of  the  opera  of  Prague.  In  1816  ho 
was  invited  to  Dresden  by  the  elector 
of  Saxony,  to  form  a  national  opera,  and 
was  appointed  director  of  music  to  the 
court.  His  "  Freischutz"  was  brought 
out  in  1S21,  at  Berlin,  and  rapidly  be- 
came popular  throughout  Europe.  In 
1826  he  visited  London,  and  brought 
out  the  opera  of  "  Oberon  ;"  but  his 
health  was  now  completely  broken,  and 
he  d.  suddenly,  on  the  3d  of  June. 
Weber  left  a  prose  work  in  manuscript, 
called  "Lives  of  Artists,"  which  pos- 
sesses considerable  merit. 

WEBSTER,  Noah,  was  b.  in  West 
Hartford,  1758.  His  ancestor,  John 
Webster,  was  one  of  the  earliest  En- 
glish settlers  in  Hartford,  and  was 
subsequently  governor  of  Connecticut. 
Noah,  his  father,  and  two  more  Web 
srers,  were  in  the  army  on  the  occasion 
of  Buryoyne's  expedition  to  Canada. 
Restored  to  more  peaceful  pursuits,  he 
continued  his  studies,  and  in  1781  was 
called  to  the  bar.  Though  he  bad  con- 
siderable professional  employment,  ids 
active  mind  could  not  be  satisfied  with- 
out diffusing  some  portion  of  its  ener- 
gies through  the  medium  of  the  press, 


600 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


and  he  puoisned  the  "First  Part  of  a 
Grammatical  Institute,"  "Sketches  of 
American  Policy,"  and  several  other 
.works,  and  also  established  and  con- 
ducted a  daily  paper  in  New  York.  But 
nil  these  labors  are  comparatively  insig- 
nificant when  contrasted  with  his  elab- 
orate "  English  Dictionary,"  which, 
^notwithstanding  it  contains  some  very 
serious  mistakes  on  the  subjects  of  ety- 
mology and  the  analogy  of  languages,  is 
h  stupendous  monument  of  industry. 
'D.  1843. 

WEDGEWOOD,  Josiah,  an  eminent 
manufacturer  of  pottery,  was  b.  1780. 
He-  succeeded  to  the  business  of  his 
father,  and,  in  1760,  began  his  improve- 
ments in  porcelain  and  earthenware, 
'which  have  changed  the  current  of  trade 
in  those  articles,  and  rendered  England 
nn  extensive  exporting  instead  of  an  im- 
porting country.  He  invented  the  ware 
which  bears  the  name  of  the  queen,  and 
various  other  kinds.  Wedgewood  was 
also  the  inventor  of  the  pyrometer,  and 
the  projector  of  the  Grand  Trunk  canal. 
D.  1795. 

•  WEISSE,  Christian  Felix,  a  German 
.poet  and  dramatist,  was  b.  1726,  at  An- 
naberg,  in  Saxony;  was  educated  at 
lAltenberg  and  Leipsie;  established  and 
.conducted  two  periodicals  named  the 
"Library  of  Elegant  Literature,"  and 
"The  Children's  Friend,"  from  which 
latter  work  Berquin  borrowed  his  plan 
and  part  of  his  materials ;  succeeded  in 
'1790  to  a  good  estate  ;  and  d.  1804. 

WELLS,  William  Charles,  a  physi- 
"cian,  was  b.  1753,  at  Charleston,  in  South 
Carolina.  His  parents  were  Scotch,  and 
die  was  educated  at  Dumfries  and  Edin- 
burgh, after  which  he  returned  to  his 
native  province.  Being  a  loyalist,  he 
iquitted  America  at  the  close  of  the  war, 
and  settled  in  London,  where  he  d.  in 
1817.  He  is  the  author  of  "  An  Essay 
•on  Single  Vision  with  Two  Eyes,"  and 
of  some  valuable  papers  on  the  forma- 
tion of  dew,  for  which  he  received  the 
;gold  and  silver  medals  of  the  Royal 
Societv. 

WERNER,  Abraham  Gottleib,  one 
of  the  most  eminent  of  modern  miner- 
alogists, was  b.  in  1750,  at  Wehlau,  in 
dipper  Lusatia.  He  studied  at  the  miu- 
cralogical  school  of  Freyberg,  in  Saxony, 
and  at  Leipsie;  and,  in  his  24th  year, 
•he  published  an  excellent  treatise  on 
the  "Characters  of  Minerals."  In  1775 
he  was  appointed  lecturer  on  mineralogy 
at  Freyberg,  and  inspector  of  the  cabi- 
net of  mines.  His  lec'ures  soon  extend- 
ed his  reputation  throughout    Europe. 


[WES 


Among  his  works  att,  "  A  New  Theory 
of  Veins,"  with  its  application  to  the 
art  of  working  mines;  "Classification 
and  Distribution  of  Mountains,"  and  a 
translation  of  "  Cronstadt's  Mineralo- 
gy."  His  system  is  now  very  generally 
received.  1).  1817.— Fredkkio  Lotus 
Zaoijariah,  a  German  poet  and  drama- 
tist, was  b.  1863,  at  Kuenigsbcrg,  in 
Prussia;  held  for  some  years  an  em- 
ployment under  the  Prussian  govern- 
ment; abjured  Protestantism,  and  went 
to  Vienna,  where  he  became  a  popular 
preacher,  and  d.  1823.  Among  his 
works  are,  Confessions,  Poems,  and 
Tragedies. 

WESLEY,  Samuel,  a  divine  and  poet, 
was  b.  1662,  at  Whitchurch,  in  Dorset 
shire  ;  was  educated  at  Exeter  college, 
Oxford;  obtained  the  living  of  South 
Ormesby,  and  subsequently  the  rectories 
of  Epworth  and  Wioot.  He  wrote  a 
volume  of  poems,  with  the  title  of 
"Maggots;"  "The  Life  of  Christ,"  in 
verse ;  "  The  Histories  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testament,"  in  verse ;  "  Elegies 
on  Queen  Mary  and  Archbishop  Tillot- 
son ;"  and  "  Dissertations  on  the  Book 
of  Job."  D.  1735. — John,  second  son 
of  the  foregoing,  the  founder  of  the  sect 
of  the  Methodists,  was  b.  June  17,  1703, 
at  Epworth.  lie  was  educated  at  the 
Charter  house,  and  Christ-church,  Ox- 
ford, and  was  ordained  in  1725.  Natu- 
rally of  a  serious  disposition,  he  was 
rendered  still  more  so  by  the  reading  of 
devotional  treatises  ;  and,  in  conjunction 
with  his  brother  Charles  ami  some 
friends,  he  formed  a  religious  society; 
to  the  members  of  which,  with  reference 
to  a  sect  of  Roman  physicians,  his  gay 
fellow-collegians  gave  the  name  of 
Methodists."  In  173'),  with  Charles  Wes- 
ley and  other  missionaries,  he  went  to 
Georgia  to  convert  the  Indians;  hut, 
after  a  residence  of  less  than  two  years 
in  the  colony,  during  which  he  was  ex- 
tremely unpopular,  he  returned  to  En- 
gland. In  1738  he  began  those  public 
labors  which  ultimately  produced  such 
a  mighty  effect,  and  in  1739  the  first 
meeting-house  was  built  at  Bristol.  For 
some  time  he  acted  in  conjunction  with 
Whitefield,  but  the  radical  difference  in 
their  tenets  at  length  produced  a  sepa- 
ration. Over  the  sect  which  he  had 
founded,  Wesley  obtained  an  unbound- 
ed influence;  and  it  must  he  owned  that 
he  earned  it  by  his  zeal  and  his  unwea- 
ried and  astonishing  exertions.  Twj 
sermons  he  usually  preached  every  day, 
and  often  four  or  five.  In  the  course  of 
his   peregrinations  he  is   said  to   havo 


WetJ 


CYCLOP/EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


801 


preached  moro  than  forty  thousand  ser- 
mons, and  to  have  travelled  three  hun- 
dred thousand  miles,  or  nearly  fifteen 
times  the  circumference  of  the  globe  ! 
On  the  17th  of  February,  1791,  he  took 
cold,  after  preaching  at  Lambeth.  For 
some  days  he  struggled  against  an  in- 
creasing fever,  and  continued  to  preach 
uuti!  the  Wednesday  following,  when 
he  delivered  his  last  sermon.  From 
that  time  he  became  daily  weaker  and 
more  lethargic,  lie  d.  on  the  2d  of 
March,  1791,  being  in  the  88th  year  of 
his  age,  and  the  65th  of  his  ministry. 
He  published  the  "Christian  Library  ; 
or,  Extracts  and  Abridgments,  &e.,  from 
various  Writers;"  "The  Arminian 
Magazine  ;"  a  monthly  publication,  now 
continued  under  the  title  of  "  The  Meth- 
odist Magazine,"  &•?.,  &e. — Charles,  his 
brother  and  fellow-laborer,  was  b.  in 
1708,  at  Epuorth  ;  was  educated  at  West- 
minster school  and  at  Christ-church  ; 
and  d.  178S.  He  wrote  hymns,  poems, 
and  sermons. — Samuel,  a  son  of  the  lat- 
ter, was  a  distinguished  musician.  D. 
1837. 

WEST,  Gilbert,  a  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  b.  in  170(5;  was  ed- 
ucated at  Eton  and  at  Christ-church, 
Oxford  ;  obtained,  through  the  influence 
of  his  friend  Mr.  Pitt,  the  offices  of  clerk 
to  the  privy  council,  and  treasurer  of 
Chelsea  college;  and  d.  17-">6.     He  wrote 

i)oems ;  and  "  Observations  on  the 
Resurrection;"  and  translated  Pindar. 
— Benjamin,  an  eminent  painter,  was  b. 
in  1738,  at  Springfield,  near  Philadel- 
phia, of  Quaker  parents.  At  the  age  of 
seven  years  he  began  to  manifest  his 
pictorial  talents  by  sketching  with  pen 
and  ink  an  infant  sleeping  in  a  cradle. 
From  some  Indians  he  obtained  red  and 
yellow,  and  his  mother  gave  him  apiece 
of  indigo;  and  as  camel's-hair  pencils 
were  wanting,  he  supplied  the  want  by 
clipping  the  fur  of  the  eat.  Improving, 
as  he  advanced  in  years,  he  became  a 
portrait  painter  of  considerable  repute, 
and  produced  some  meritorious  histori- 
ea"  pictures.  In  his  22d  year  he  visited 
Italy,  where  he  remained  for  sometime. 
In  1763  he  settled  in  England,  where  he 
soon  acquired  reputation.  Among  his 
patrons  was  Archbishop  Druminond  of 
York,  by  whose  means  he  was  intro- 
duced to  Georye  111.,  who  immediately 
gave  him  a  commission  to  paint  "The 
Death  of  Resrulus,"  and  continued  ever 
afterwards  to  employ  him.  In  17V*1  he 
Was  chosen  president  of  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy. Among  his  last,  and  perhaps  his 
best  works,   are,  "  Death    on  the  Pale 


Horse,"  and  "  Christ  healing  the  Sick." 
He  d.  March  18,  1820. 

WTESTALL,  Richard,  a  draughtsman 
and  designer,  b.  1765,  was  apprenticed 
to  an  engraver  in  heraldry  on  silver, 
&c. ;  but  his  genius  soared  higher  thai) 
this  humble  department  of  the  arts,  and 
having  studied  at  the  Royal  Academy,  in 
1786  he  commenced  his  splendid  career, 
imparting  to  his  water-color  paintings  a 
brilliance  and  vigor  before  unknown. 
About  this  time  he  formed  a  friendly 
intercourse  with  Sir  Thomas  Lawrencej 
which  continued  through  life.  Mr. 
Westall  produced  many  excellent  his- 
torical paintings  ;  but  he  is  best  known 
as  the  designer  of  Boydell's  superb  edi- 
tions of  Milton  and  Shakspeare,  and  as 
the  illustrator  of  numerous  other  works. 
D.  1836. — William,  a  younger  brother 
of  the  preceding,  and  like  him  an  emi- 
nent artist,  was  b.  1782.  In  early  life  ho 
accompanied  Captain  Flinders  in  his 
voyage  round  the  world,  on  his  return 
from  which  he  illustrated  Captain  Flin- 
ders' work,  and  opened  an  exhibition 
iu  Brook-street,  consisting  of  represent- 
ations of  the  chief  objects  he  had  wit- 
nessed when  abroad.  In  1813  he  was 
elected  an  associate  of  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy. Among  many  works  which  he 
published  may  be  mentioned.  "  A  Series 
of  Views  of  Picturesque  and  Romantic 
Scenery  in  Madeira,  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,"  &c,  "  Views  of  the  Caves  near 
Ingleton,  &c.,  iu  Yorkshire,"  "Britan- 
nia delineata,"  "  Views  in  London  and 
its  Environs;"  "Picturesque  Tour  of 
the  Thames,"  &u.     D.  1850. 

WETSTEIN,  John  James,  a  learned 
Swiss,  was  b.  in  1693,  at  Basle;  was  a 
pupil  of  the  younger  Bernouilli  ;  enter- 
ed the  church,  but  was  compelled  by 
persecution  to  quit  his  country;  settled 
in  Holland,  where  he  became  professor 
of  theology  and  ecclesiastical  history  at 
Amsterdam ;  and  d.  there  in  1754. 
Among  his  works  is  an  edition  of  the 
New  Testament,  with  the  various  read- 
ings which  he  collected  from  numerous 
manuscripts. 

_  WETIIERELL,  Sir  Charles,  a  dis- 
tinguished chancery  lawyer,  was  the  son 
of  the  learned  dean  of  Hereford,  who 
for  more  than  half  a  century  was  master 
of  University  college,  Oxford.  He  was 
b.  1770,  received  his  education  at  Mag- 
dalen college,  and  in  1794  was  called  to 
the  bar.  In  1818  he  obtained  a  seat  in 
parliament  as  member  for  Shaftesbury; 
and  though  he  displayed  much  talent 
and  energy  in  debate,  "his  slovenly 
attire,    uncouth    gestures,     patchwork 


302 


CYCLOP.E'JIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


phraseology,  fanciful  illustrations,  odd 
theories,  recondite  allusions,  and  old- 
fiishio  icd  ji.kcs,  tempted  men  to  call 
him  a  buffoon  when  they  ought  to  have 
admired  his  ingenuity,  reverenced  his 
teaming,  and  honored  his  consistency.?' 
From  1820  to  1826  he  represented  the 
city  of  Oxford  ;  subsequently  he  sat  for 
Plympton  ;  and  in  1830  lie  was  elected 
for  Bore  ugh  bridge,  which  was  disfran- 
chised by  the  reform  act.  In  1S24  his 
just  ambition  was  gratified  in  being  ap- 
pointed solicitor-general,  and  receiving 
the  honor  of  fenignthuo  1.  Three  years 
afterwards  he  succeeded  Sir  John  Cop- 
ley as  attorney-general,  but  on  Mr.  Can- 
ning  assuming  t!>.a  reins  of  government 
lie  resigned.  He  again,  however,  came 
into  office  in  1828,  under  the  duke  of 
Wellington.  In  1831  he  was  mobbed 
for  his  anti-catholic  bigotrv.     D.  1S46. 

WHARTON,  Philip,  duke  of,  whom 
Pope  has  so  admirably  characterized  in 
his  "Epistle  on  the  Knowledge  and 
Characters  of  Men,"  was  b.  166'.*,  and 
very  early  gave  signs  of  tho-e  talents 
which  lie  afterwards  displayed  and  dis- 
graced. Af.er  having,  during  his  trav- 
els, accepted  the  title  of  duke  from  the 
Eretender,  he  returned  to  England,  and 
ccame  a  warm  champion  of,  the  exist- 
ing government.  Having  dissipate  I  his 
fortune,  he  changed  his  politics  again, 
retired  to  the  Continent,  intrigued  with 
the  Stuarts,  entered  into  the  Spanish 
service,  and  d.  in  indigence,  in  Spain,  in 
1731. 

WIIEATON,  Henry,  was  b.  in  Prov- 
idence, 1785.  He  entered  Brown  uni- 
versity in  1798,  ami  graduated  in  1802. 
He  studied,  law  in  the  office  of  Nathaniel 
Searle,  and  in  1804,  while  yet  a  student 
of  law,  he  went  to  France,  where  he  re- 
Bided  a  year  and  a  half,  engaged  in  the 
study  of  the  French  language  and  lit- 
erature ;  and  on  his  return  to  Rhode 
Island  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  In 
1812  he  removed  to  New  York,  and  be- 
came the  editor  of  the  "  National 
Advocate."  In  New  York  he  was  ap- 
pointed judge  of  the  marine  court, 
continuing  in  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession as  it  chamber  counsellor.  He 
was  also  elected  a  member  of  the  legis- 
lature, and  was  a  prominent  member  of 
the  eons  itutional  convention  of  1820. 
In  1815  he  was  appointed  reporter  of 
the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States. 
In  1827  he  was  appointed  charge-d'af- 
f a  ires  to  Copenhagen.  In  183')  he  was 
transferred  to  Berlin,  and  the  year  after 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  minister  pleni- 
potentiary.   In  Prussia  his  services  were 


{wni 


long  and  eminent.  On  his  return  nome, 
he  accepted  the  chair  of  professor  of 

international  law  in  Harvard  university, 
and  was  about  to  commence  the  duties 
of  the  appointment  when  ho  was  at- 
tacked with  the  illness  which  resulted 
in  his  death.  Mr.  Wheaton's  principal 
works  are  a  •'Treatise  upon  the  Law  of 
Captures',"  "Elements  of  International 
Law,"  "Sketch  of  the  Law  of  Nations 
from  the  Peace  of  Westphalia,"  an 
"  Essay  on  the  Right  of  Search,"  twelve 
volumes  of  "Reports,"  and  a  "  Digest 
of  the  Reports,"  the  "Life  of  William 
Pinckney,"  and  a  "  History  of  the 
Northmen."     1).  1848. 

WHEELOCK,  John,  was  b.  at  Leba- 
non, Connecticut,  in  1754.  During  the 
revolution  he  held  the  commission  of 
lieutenant-colonel,  and  obtained  soma 
military  reputation.  In  1779  he  became 
president  of  Dartmouth  college,  New 
Hampshire,  and  in  1782  visited  Europe 
to  obtain  contributions  for  that  semi- 
nary. He  remained  in  that  office  for  36 
vears.     D.  1^17. 

WHIPPLE.  William,  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  American  indepen  lence. 
was  b.  in  Maine,  1730,  and  engaged  in 
commercial  pursuits.  He  took  an  early 
part  in  the  controversy  with  Great 
Britain,  and  in  1776  was  sent  as  a  dele- 
gate from  New  Hampshire  to  the  con- 
tinental congress.  He  was  afterwards 
brigalier-general  of  the  troop-  of  that 
state,  and  held  several  civil  offices  of 
importance.     D.  1785. 

WIUSTON,  William,  an  eminent 
divine  and  mathematician',  was  b.  in 
1667,  at  Norton,  in  Leicestershire,  and 
was  educated  at  Tarn  worth  school,  and 
at  Clare  hall,  Cambridge.  In  1698  ho 
obtained  the  living  of  Lowestotf,  in  Suf- 
folk, which  he  resigned,  in  1703,  when 
he  succeeded  Sir  Isaac  Newton  in  the 
mathematical  professorship  at  Cam- 
bridge. At  length  he  adopted  Ario.n 
principles,  in  consequence  of  which  ho 
was  expelled  from  the  university  in  1710, 
lost  his  offices  of  professor  and  cate- 
chetical lecturer,  and  was  even  pros- 
ecuted as  a  heretic.  Late  in  life  he 
became  a  Baptist.  Among  his  works 
are,  "A  Theory  of  the  Earth."  "Ser- 
mons," "Primitive  Christianity  Re- 
vived," and  a  translation  of  Josephus. 
D.  1752. 

WHITAKER,  John,  a  divine,  critic, 
antiquary,  and  historian,  was  b.  1735,  at 
Manchester;  was  educated  at  the  free 
school  of  that  place,  and  at  Corpus 
Christi  college,  Oxford,  and  d.  in  isos, 
rector  of  Ruaii  Lanyhorne,  in  Corn  vvall. 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BDGRAPIIY". 


803 


His  principal  work » arc,  "  The  History  of 
Manchester,"  "A  Vindication  of  Mary, 
Queen  of  Scots,"'  "The  Course  of  Han- 
nibal over  the  Alps,"  "Criticisms  on 
Gibbon's  History,"  "The  Ancient  Ca- 
thedral of  Cornwall,"  and  "The  Origin 
of  Government."  tie  also  contributed 
largely  to  "The  British  Critic,"  and  the 
English  and  Antijacobiu  reviews. 

WHITBY,  Daniel,  a  learned  divine, 
was  b.  1638,  at  Enshden,  in  Northamp- 
tonshire, and  was  educated  at  Trinity 
college,  Oxford.  His  controversial  zeal 
against  the  Catholics  gained  for  him  the 
patronage  of  Bishop  Ward,  who  gave 
him  a  prebend  of  Salisbury,  and  the 
rectory  of  St.  Edmund  in  that  city,  with 
the  precentorship.  In  his  latter  days 
he  became  an  Arian.  His  greatest  work 
is  a  "Paraphrase  and  Commentary  on 
the  New  Testament."     D.  1726. 

WHITE,  Sir  Thomas,  a  native  of 
Beading,  was  b.  1492:  acquired  a  for- 
tune by  trade  in  London,  and  served 
the  office  of  lord  mayor;  was  knighted 
for  his  conduct  in  Wyatt's  rebellion, 
and  d.  in  1506.  He  was  the  founder  of 
St.  John's  college,  Oxford,  the  patent 
for  which  he  obtained  in  1557. — Thomas, 
a  divine,  was  b.  in  the  16th  century,  at 
Bristol,  and  was  educated  at  Magdalen 
hall,  Oxford.  He  obtained  considerable 
church  preferment,  among  which  were. 
a  prebend  of  St.  Paul's,  and  eanonries 
of  Christ-church  and  Windsor;  and  d. 
in  1620.  He  founded  Sion  college,  in 
the  metropolis,  and  an  hospital  at  Bris- 
tol, and  was  a  benefactor  to  Magdalen 
college,  Oxford. — Gilbert,  a  naturalist 
and  antiquary,  was  b.  1720,  at  Selborne, 
in  Hampshire  ;  and  was  educated  at 
Basingstoke  school,  and  at  Oriel  col- 
lege, Oxford.  After  having  taken  a 
master's  degree,  and  been  senior  proctor 
of  the  university,  he  retired  to  reside  on 
his  property  in  his  native  village ;  nor 
could  he  be  tempted  to  quit  it  by  the 
otfer  of  valuable  church  preferment. 
He  wrote  the  "  Natural  History  and 
Antiquities  of  Selborne,''  one  of  the 
most  amusing  of  books  ;  "  The  Natural- 
ist's Calendar  ;"  and  "  Miscellaneous 
Observations."  D.  1793. — Joseph,  an 
eminent  divine  ami  oriental  scholar,  the 
son  of  a  weaver,  was  b.  1746,  at  Stroud, 
in  Gloucestershire,  and  received  his 
education  at  Gloucester  school,  and 
Wadham  college,  Oxford.  In  1755  he 
was  appointed  Laudian  professor  of 
Arabic,  and  in  1783  he  delivered  the 
Bampton  lecture.  In  the  composition 
of  the  lectures  he  was  assisted  by  Dr. 
Parr  and  Mr.  Bad:oek.     He  obtained  a 


prebend  of  Gloucester,  and  the  rectory 
of  Melton,  in  Suffolk;  and  d.  in  1814. 
Among  his  works  are,  " -dSgy ptiaca," 
"  Diatcssaron,"  and  editions  of  the 
Philoxenic  Syrian  versions  of  the  four 
Gospels,  and  of  Griesbach's  Greek  Tes- 
tament.— Henp.y  Kii:ke,  a  poet,  was  b. 
1785j  at  Nottingham,  and  was  the  son 
of  a  butcher.  His  delicate  health  pro- 
tected him  from  being  brought  up  to 
his  father's  trade,  and  he  was  placed 
with  a  stocking  weaver,  but  was  subse- 
quently removed  to  an  attorney's  office. 
He  produced  several  prose  and  verso 
compositions  at  an  early  age,  and  de- 
voted his  leisure  hours  to  reading,  and 
to  the  study  of  Greek  and  Latin.  To 
obtain  a  university  education,  for  the 
purpose  of  entering  into  the  church, 
was  the  main  object  of  his  wishes.  Bj 
the  generosity  of  Mr.  Wilberforce  and 
some  other  friends,  he  was  at  length 
enabled  to  become  a  student  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge.  His  pro- 
gress was  rapid,  but  his  intense  appli- 
cation destroyed  the  vital  powers,  and 
he  d.  in  1806.  He  published  "Clifton 
Grove,"  with  other  poems  ;  and  his 
"  Remains"  were  edited  by  Southey. — 
Blanco,  a  miscellaneous  writer,  b.  in 
Spain,  but  the  greater  part  of  whose  life 
was  passed  in  England.  He  was  a  sin- 
gularly sincere  and  earnest  religious 
inquirer,  the  friend  of  Channmg,  Cole- 
ridge. Arnold,  etc.,  and  whose  memoirs, 
in  which  the  struggles  of  his  mind  are 
unfolded,  are  of  the  deepest  interest. 
—  William,  b.  at  Philadelphia,  in  1717, 
was  the  first  bishop  of  the  Protest- 
ant Episcopal  church,  who  lived  to  a 
venerable  aire.  He  was  chaplain  to  the 
congress  of  1777,  was  mainly  instru- 
mental in  framing  the  constitution  of 
the  American  church,  compiled  tho 
liturgy  and  the  canons,  and  wrote  sev- 
eral able  works,  ehieflvon  religious  top- 
ics.    D.  1836. 

WHITEFIELD,  George,  a  celebrated 
divine,  the  founder  of  the  Calvinistip 
Methodists,  was  b.  1714,  at  Gloucester, 
where  his  father  kept  the  Bell  inn.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Crypt  school  of  his 
native  city,  and  at  Pembroke  college, 
Oxford.  At  the  university  he  was  ono 
of  the  members  of  the  society  formed 
by  Wesley,  and  inflicted  on  himself 
many  ascetic  privations.  He  was  or- 
dained a  deacon  in  1786,  and  his  pulpit 
eloquence  soon  became  highly  popular. 
In  1737  he  sailed  to  Georgia,  and  he  re- 
mained in  the  colony  for  nearly  two 
years.  He  returned  to  America  in  1739, 
made  a  tour    through  several   of   the 


804 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[wio 


provinces,  and  resided  In  Georgia  till 
1741  ;  and  he  subsequently  made  live 
visits  to  that  quarter  of  the  globe.  The 
foundation  of  the  orphan  house  was  one 
of  the  benefits  which  Whitefield  con- 
ferred on  Georgia.  In  England  he  first 
introduced,  in  1730,  the  practice  of 
preaching  in  the  open  air,  and  the  effect 
of  his  oratory  was  astonishing.  The 
tabernacles  in  Moorfields  and  Totten- 
ham-court road  were  erected  by  his  fol- 
lowers, and  among  his  converts  was  the 
countess  of  Huntingdon.  In  1741  the 
breach  took  place  between  him  and 
"Wesley.  I).  Sept.  30,  1770,  at  Newbury- 
port,  in  New  England. 

WHITEHEAD,  George,  one  of  the 
early  preachers  among  the  Quakers,  was 
b.  1636,  at  Orton,  in  Westmoreland,  and 
was  educated  at  Blenclow  free  school, 
in  Cumberland.  At  the  age  of  18  he 
began  to  propagate  those  religious  doc- 
trines which  he  had  embraced,  and  he 
continued  his  labors  in  various  parts  of 
England,  in  spite  of  the  severest  perse- 
cution. After  the  revolution,  his  exer- 
tions procured  from  the  legislature  the 
admission  of  a  Quaker's  affirmation  in- 
stead of  an  oath.  He  d.  generally  re- 
spected, in  1722-3.  He  wrote  his  own 
Memoirs,  and  some  other  works. — 
Paul,  a  poet,  was  b.  1710,  in  Holborn; 
was  apprenticed  to  a  mercer,  but  quitted 
trade  to  study  law  in  the  Temple;  ac- 
quired considerable  popularity  as  a  sat- 
irist ;  was  appointed  deputy-treasurer 
of  the  exchequer;  and  d.  in  1774.  He 
wrote  the  "State  Dunces,"  "Manners," 
"Honor,"  "The.  Gymnasiad,"  and  other 
poems. — William,  a  poet  and  dramatist, 
was  b.  1715,  at  Cam  bridge,  and  was  the 
Bon  of  a  baker.  He  was  educated  at 
Winchester  school,  and  at  Clare  hall, 
Cambridge;  became  travelling  tutor  to 
Lord  Nuneham  and  the  earl  of  Jersey's 
eon;  obtained  the  registrarship  to  the 
order  of  the  Bath  ;  and,  on  the  death  of 
Gibber,  was  appointed  poet  laureate.  He 
d.  in  178").  Among  his  works  are  the 
tragedies  of  the  "  Roman  Father"  and 
"Crcusa;"  "The  School  of  Lovers,"  a 
comedy;  "Poems,"  and  some  miscel- 
laneous pieces. 

'  WIIITEIIURST,  John,  an  eminent 
engineer,  was  b.  1713,  at  Congleton ; 
was  brought  up  to  his  father's  business 
of  a  watchmaker;  followed  that  business 
at  Derby,  and  also  became  celebrated 
for  constructing  philosophical  instru- 
ments and  hydraulic  machines;  was  ap- 
pointed, in  1775,  stamper  of  the  money 
weights  in  the  mint;  and  d.  1788.  He 
wrote   an   "  Inquiry  into   the   Original 


State  and  Formation  of  the  Earth,"  "  A 
Treatise  on  Chimneys,''  "An  Attempt 
towards  obtaining  invariable  Measures 
of  Length,  Capacity,  and  Weight,  from 
the  Mensuration  of  Time,"  and  some 
papers  in  the  "Philosophical  Transac- 
tions." 

WIIITELOCKE,  Bulstrode,  was  b. 
1605,  in  London,  and  studied  at  Mer- 
chant Tailors'  school,  St.  John's  col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  the  Middle  Temple. 
lie  was  a  member  of  the  long  parlia- 
ment, and  espoused  the  popular  cause, 
but  was  moderate  in  his  conduct.  In 
1648  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  couu- 
cil  of  state,  and  in  1653  was  sent  on  an 
embassy  to  Sweden.  He  wrote  "  Me- 
morials of  English  Affairs,"  "Notes  on 
the  King's  Writ,"  "  An  Account  of  his 
Swedish  Embassy,"  and  "  Labors  re- 
membered in  the  Annals  of  Life."  D. 
1676.  . 

WIIITGIFT,  John,  a  prelate,  was  b. 
1530,  at  Great  Grimsby,  in  Lincolnshire  ; 
was  educated  at  Queen's  college,  and 
Pembroke  hall,  Cambridge;  was,  suc- 
cessively, made  Margaret  professor  of 
divinity,  queen's  chaplain,  master  of 
Pembroke  hall  and  of  Trinity  college, 
and  dean  of  Lincoln.  In  1577  he  be- 
came bishop  of  Worcester,  and  vice- 
president  of  the  Welsh  marches,  and, 
in  1583,  was  translated  into  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Canterbury.  As  primate, 
he  distinguished  himself  by  persecuting 
the  Catholics  and  Puritans.     D.  1603. 

WII1TT1NGTON,  Sir  Richard,  a 
citizen  and  mercer,  and  "thrice  lord 
mayor  of  London,"  was  an  extensive 
benefactor  to  the  metropolis,  though  the 
marvellous  stories  connected  with  his 
name  are  groundless  notions.  His  alms- 
houses for  thirteen  poor  men  form  an 
interesting  object  on  llighgate  hill,  and 
near  them  stani  Is  the  famous  stone  which 
commemorates  his  return  to  London  at 
the  time  the  church  bells  so  invitingly 
recalled  him,  in  tones  which  he  was  lain 
to  believe  assured  him  of  future  civic 
honors.    His  last  mayoralty  was  in  1410. 

WICKLIFF,  WYOLIFFE,  or  W1C- 
LEF,  John,  a  divine  and  ecclesiastical 
reformer,  who  has  been  called  "the 
morning  star  of  the  reformation,"  was 
b.  in  1324,  at  a  village  of  the  same  name 
in  Yorkshire.  He  studied  at  Queen's 
and  Mertou  colleges,  Oxford,  and  early 
distinguished  himself  by  opposing  the 
mendicant  friars,  and  by  his  proficiency 
in  school  divinity  and  the  works  of 
Aristotle.  His  exertions  against  tho 
friars  were  rewarded  by  the  mastership 
of  Baliol  college,  and  the  wardenship  of 


wil] 


Trinity.  Of  the  latter  he  was  deprived 
by  Archbishop  Langham,  and  the  sen- 
tence war  ratified  by  tho  pope.  Having 
gained  the  fiivor  of  John  of  Gaunt, 
Wicklitf  was  made  king's  chaplain,  and 
rector  of  Lutterworth.  He  now  begun 
vigorously  to  attack  papal  usurpation 
and  the  abuses  of  the  church;  nor  did 
he  slacken  his  efforts  till  he  ceased  to 
exist.  The  pope  insisted  on  his  being 
brought  to  trial  as  a  heretic,  but  he  was 
effectually  protected  by  his  patron,  the 
duke  of  Lancaster.  His  works  are  very 
numerous.  Among  them  are,  "  Tri- 
aloirus,"  •'  Wicklitf 's  Wicket,''  and  a 
version  of  the  old  and  New  Testament. 
D.  1384. 

W1ELAND,  Christopher  Martin,  a 
German  writer,  who  rivals  Voltaire  in 
universality  of  talent  and  literary  fer- 
tility, was  b.  in  17:30,  at  Holtzheim,  near 
Biberacli,  in  Suabia.  He  was  educated 
by  his  father,  a  clergyman,  and  comple- 
ted his  studies  at  Rlosterbergen  and 
Tubingen.  In  his  loth  year  he  began 
to  compose  Latin  and  German  verses. 
His  first  published  work  was  "The  Na- 
ture of  Things,"  in  six  cantos,  which 
appeared  in  1751.  In  the  following  year 
he  went  to  reside  in  Switzerland,  whence 
in  17 tiO  he  returned  to  Biberacli,  where 
he  was  appointed  to  a  municipal  office. 
His  productions  in  prose  and  verse, 
which  rapidly  succeeded  each  other, 
raised  him  to  the  summit  of  literary 
reputation.  The  elector  of  Mentz  nomi- 
nated him  professor  of  philosophy  and 
belles  lettrcs  at  Erfurt;  and,  in  1772, 
the  duchess  dowager  of  Saxe  Weimar 
gave  him  the  tuition  of  her  two  sons. 
his  original  works  form  42  volumes 
quarto  ;  and  he  translated  Lucian,  Shak- 
6peare,  Cicero's  "  Epistles,"  and  Hor- 
ace's •■Satires."     D.  1813. 

WIFFEN,  Jeremiah  Holme,  a  cele- 
brated Quaker  poet,  was  b.  1792,  and 
brought  up  to  the  profession  of  a  school- 
master, in  which  he  was  for  sonic  years 
engaged.  The  work  on  which  his  po- 
etical fame  mainly  rests  is  a  transla- 
tion of  Tasso,  in  which  he  adopted  the 
Spenserian  stanza.  Anions  his  other 
productions  we  must  name  '' Aonian 
lloars,  and  other  Poems,"  also  a  trans- 
lation of  poems  from  the  Spanish  of  De 
la  Vega,  a  series  of  stanzas  illustrative 
of  the  portraits  at  Woburn  abbey,  enti- 
tled "The  Russells,"  and  his  able  prose 
tvork,  li  The  History  of  the  Uusseil  Fam- 
ily," which  he  traces  up  to  the  heathen 
chiefs  three  centuries  before  the  time  of 
the  conquering  Hollo.     D.  1836. 

WILBEUPOECE,  William,  a  distin- 
63 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


805 


finished  philanthropist,  was  b.  1759,  at 
II nil.  He  completed  his  education  at 
Cambridge,  and  there  obtained  tho 
friendship  of  Mr.  Pitt.  He  was  elected 
M.  I',  for  Hull,  and  the  next  year,  1787, 
distinguished  himself  by  his  exertions 
for  the  abolition  of  the  slave  trade, 
which,  afier  a  long  warfare  and  many 
struggles,  was  finally  decreed  by  tho 
British  legislature,  in  1*07.  lie  ap- 
proved the  principles  of  the  French 
revolution,  as  they  exhibited  themselves 
at  its  commencement;  and,  on  the  mo- 
tion of  M.  Brissot,  in  August,  1792,  was 
voted  the  right  of  French  citizenship. 
But,  in  1801,  he  denounced  the  designs 
of  Bonaparte,  and  supported  all  the 
ministerial  measures  of  vigorous  oppo- 
sition to  France.  In  his  exertions  to 
emancipate  the  hapless  African  from 
the  chains  of  slavery,  Mr.  Wilhcrlbrce 
never  relaxed,  and  he  lived  to  see  the 
second  reading  of  the  "  Emancipation 
Act"  carried  by  the  house  of  commons. 
He  published  a  "  Practical  View  of  tho 
prevailing  Eelicrious  Systems  of  Pro- 
fessed Christians,"  and  an  "Apology 
for  the  Christian  Sabhith."     D.  is-}.'* 

WILDE,  Richard  Henry,  was  b.  in 
Baltimore,  but  removed  at  an  early  ago 
to  Augusta,  Ga.,  in  which  state  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar.  The  latter  part  of 
his  life  was  spent  in  New  Orleans.  He 
was  once  attorney-general  of  Georgia, 
and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  pro- 
fessor of  law  in  the  university  of  Lonis- 
-iana.  He  was  also  distinguished  in 
public  life.  In  1815,  when  barely  above 
the  constitutional  age,  he  was  elected  to 
comrress.  At  the  end  of  two  years  ho 
returned  to  his  profession,  but  he  was 
again  a  member  of  congress  in  1S25, 
and  from  1S27  to  1S35.  Mr.  Wilde  was 
more  generally  known  as  an  accom- 
plished scholar.  He  published  several 
poetical  effusions,  which  gained  him 
credit :  and  his  researches  in  Italian 
literature,  especially  the  work  on  the 
"  Love,  Madness,  and  Imprisonment  of 
Tasso,"  have  gained  him  a  high  place 
among  men  of  letters.     D.  1847. 

WiLFORD,  Francis,  an  eminent  ori- 
entalist, was  b.  abont  17fi0,  at  Hanover; 
was  for  many  years  in  the  service  of  the 
East  India  Company  in  Hindostan;  and 
d.  1822.  Many  of  his  papers  are  print- 
ed in  the  "  Asiatic  Researches." 

WILKES,  John,  a  celebrated  political 
character,  was  b.  1717.  in  Clcrkenwell, 
and  was  the  son  of  a  rich  distiller.  He 
besan  his  public  career  as  member  for 
Aylesbury,  and  lieutenant-colonel  of  tho 
Buckinghamshire  militia.  By  some  paia* 


ROG 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[vrn 


plilets  which  he  wrote  against  the  Bute 
administration,  in  1702,  lie  gained  repu- 
tation; but  it  was  to  his  periodica!  pa- 
per, "The  North  Briton,11  and  especially 
to  No.  45  of  it,  that  he  was  indebted  for 
his  popularity.  That  number  the  gov- 
ernment  determined  to  prosecute,  and, 
accordingly,  a  general  warrant  was  is- 
sued against  the  author,  printer,  and 
publisher.  Wilkes  contended  that  the 
warrant  was  illegal;  obtained  a  decision 
to  that  effect  from  the  court  of  common 
pleas,  and  large  damages  from  the  sec- 
retary of  state  and  his  subordinate  myr- 
midons. Still  bent  on  his  ruin,  the 
ministry  renewed  the  prosecution  in  a 
regular  manner,  and  commenced  anoth- 
er for  an  obscene  poem,  lie  was  also 
dangerously  wounded  in  a  duel  with 
Mr.  Martin,  one  of  their  partisans.  Giv- 
ing way  to  the  storm,  lie  retired  to 
France,  upon  which  he  was  outlawed, 
and  expelled  from  his  scat.  In  1703, 
being  elected  for  Middlesex,  he  return- 
ed, and  was  condemned  to  a  flue  of 
£1(100,  and  22  months  imprisonment, 
and  was  subsequently  expelled  a  second 
time  foi"  a  libel.  Again  he  was  chosen, 
but,  in  utter  contempt  of  all  right,  the 
house  declare  1  him  ineligible  to  sit  in 
that  parliament,  and  seated  Colonel 
Luttrell,  who  had  but  a  small  number 
of  votes.  This  infamous  vote  was  after- 
wards expunged  from  the  journals.  In 
1770  be  was  chosen  an  alderman  of  Lon- 
don, in  which  capacity  he  set  at  defiance 
the  man  laics  of  the  house.  In  1772  he 
was  sheriff;  in  1774,  lord  mayor;  and 
in  177'J  lie  became  chamberlain  of  the 
city.  In  1775  lie  was  once  more  sent  to 
parliament  by  Middlesex,  and  he  was  a 
steady  opponent  to  the  American  war. 
D.  17v>7.  Two  collections  of  Iks  corre- 
spondence have  been  published. 

WILKIE,  Sir  David,  a  painter  of  dis- 
tinguished merit,  was  b.  near  Cupar,  in 
Fifeshire,  in  17S~>,  his  father  beintr  a 
minister  of  the  Scotch  church.  In  1805 
he  went  to  London,  and  soon  attracted 
notice  by  the  excellence  of  his  earliest 
efforts,  his  career  of  fame  commencing 
with  his  "Villa-ire  Politicians,"  "Blind 
Fiddler,11  "Rent  Day,11  &c.  His  repu- 
tation was  now  established,  and  in  1  si l 
he  was  made  a  royal  academician,  from 
which  period  be  regularly  produced,  and 
us  regularly  sold  at  increasing  prices,  his 
most  celebrated  pictures,  of  which  we 
shall  merely  mention  a  i'ow,  as  "  Dis- 
training for  Kent,"  "The  Pcnnv  Wed- 
ding," "  Blind  Man's  Buff,11  "The  Vil- 
lage Festival,11  "The  Heading  of  the 
Will,1'  and  "Chelsea  Pensioners  Read- 


ing the  Gazette  of  the  Battle  .if  Watrr- 
loo.11     D.  1841. 

WILKINS,  John,  a  prelate  ai.d  math- 
ematician, was  b.  in  1614.  at  Fawsley,  in 
Northamptonshire,  and  was  educated  at 
New  Inn  hall,  and  Magdalen  hall,  Ox- 
furd.  Having  espoused  the  popular 
cause,  and  being  married  to  Cromwell's 
sister,  he  was  made  warden  of  Wadham 
college,  and,  by  Richard  Cromwell,  was 
appointed  master  of  Trinity  college. 
The  restoration  deprived  him  of  these 
preferments,  but  he  soon  obtained  oth- 
ers, and,  in  16!!8,  was  raised  to  the  bish- 
opric of  Chester.  He  d.  in  1072.  lie 
was  the  founder  of  that  association 
which  afterwards  became  the  Royal  So- 
ciety. Besides  his  mathematical  works, 
reprinted  in  two  volumes,  he  wrote  an 
"  Essay  towards  a  real  Character  and 
Philosophical  Language,11  and  various 
theological  pieces. 

WILKINSON,  Jemima,  a  bold  and 
artful  religious  impostor,  was  b.  in  Cum- 
berland, R.  I.,  about  the  year  1753.  Re- 
covering suddenly  from  an  apparent 
suspension  of  lite,  in  1773,  she  gave  out 
that  she  had  been  raise  1  from  the  dead, 
and  laid  claim  to  supernatural  power  and 
authority.  Making  a  tew  proselytes,  sho 
remove  i  with  them  to  the  neighborhood 
of  Crooked  Lake,  N.  Y.,  where  she  d.  in 
1819. 

WILLARD,  Samuel,  an  eminent  di- 
vine, was  b.  in  Massachusetts,  and  re- 
ceive! bis  education  at  Harvard  college, 
where  he  was  graduate  1  in  1050.  He 
was  settled  over  the  old  south  church 
in  Boston,  and  became  the  most  cele- 
brated anion!,'  his  coteniporaries  in  the 
ministry.  In  1701  he  was  made  vice- 
president  of  Harvard  college,  and  con- 
tinued in  this  office  till  his  death,  in 
17o7.  He  published  a  large  number  of 
sei.nons,  and  a  folio  volume  of  divinitv. 

WILLIAMS,  John,  a  divine  and 
statesman,  was  b.  in  15S2,  at  Abercon- 
way,  in  Wales,  and  was  educate  1  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge.  After  hav- 
imr  held  several  minor  but  valuable 
preferments,  he  was  m  tde  bishop  of 
Lincoln,  and  keeper  of  the  grant  seal,  in 
1021.  Of  the  office  of  lord  keeper  he 
was  deprived  by  Charles  I.,  on  his  ae- 
cession.  He  was  subsequently  prosecu- 
ted in  the  star-chamber,  and  sentenced 
to  a  fine  of  £10, i)  >o,  and  imprisc  mnenS 
in  the  Tower.  The  piocccdings  were, 
however,  rescinded  in  / 640,  and  in  the 
following  year  he  was  translated  to  the 
see  of  York.  During  the  civil  war  he 
made  an  ineffectual  attempt  to  hold  oat 
Conway  castle  against  the   parliament, 


wil] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


807 


D.  1050.  Williams  was  a  strenuous  op- 
ponent to  Land.  —  Sir  Chaju.es  IIan- 
BUKY,  a  poet  and  diplomatist,  was  b.  in 
1709;  was  edueated  at  Eton  ;  was  for  a 
considerable  period  one  of  the  members 
for  the  comity  of  Monmouth ;  held  the 
paymustership  of  the  marines  ;  was  cm- 
ployed  as  ambassador  to  Dresden  and 
St.  Petersburg;  and  d.  insane,  in  1 7 -"> 9 . 
His  poems  arc  spirited  and  witty,  but 
licentious. — David,  a  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter, was  b.  in  1738,  in  Cardiganshire; 
was  educated  at  a  dissenting. academy ; 
and  became  a  dissenting  minister. 
Changing  to  a  deist,  he  opened  a  chapel 
to  diffuse  his  newly  adopted  opinions, 
ai.d  for  some  time  his  hearers  were  nu- 
merous. The  subsequent  part  of  his 
life  was  dedicated  to  literary  pursuits 
and  to  private  teaching.  The  Literary 
Fund  was  founded  by  him.  Among  his 
chief  works  are,  "Lectures  on  the  Prin- 
ciples and  Duties  af  Religion  and  Moral- 
ity,'' "Lectures  on  Education,"  "Lec- 
tures on  Political  Principles,"  and  a 
"History  of  Monmouthshire.'''  D.  1816. 
— Helen  Maria,  a  poet  and  miscellane- 
ous writer,  was  b.  in  L762,  in  the  north 
of  England,  and  was  ushered  into  pub- 
lic notice  when  she  was  18,  bv  Dr. 
Kippis.  Between  1782  and  1788  she 
published  "  Edwin  and  Eltruda,"  a  po- 
em. "Peru,"  a  poem,  and  other  pieces, 
which  were  afterwards  collected  in  two 
volumes.  In  1790  she  settled  in  Paris. 
There  she  became  intimate  with  the 
most  eminent  of  the  Girondists,  and,  in 
1794,  was  imprisoned,  and  nearly  shared 
their  fate.  She  escaped,  and  took  ref- 
use in  Switzerland,  but  returned  to  the 
French  capital  in  1796,  where  she  con- 
tinued to  reside  till  her  decease,  L827. — 
jBog-kk,  one  of  the  founders  of  Rhode 
Island,  was  b.  in  Wales,  in  1599,  and 
received  his  education  at.  Oxford.  He 
was  for  some  time  a  minister  of  the  es- 
tablished church,  but.  dissenting,  he  re- 
moved, in  1631,  to  New  England,  and 
preached  till  1636  at  Salem"  and  Ply- 
mouth. Being  banished  from  the  colo- 
ny t  n  account  of  his  religious  opinions, 
lie  removed  with  several  others  to  Rhode 
Island,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  Provi- 
dence-. They  there  established  the  first 
society  in  which  was  enjoyed  perfect 
liberty  of  conscience.  For  several  years 
Williams  was  president  of  the  colony. 
D.  1683. — Ohio  Holland,  an  officer  in 
the  American  army,  was  b.  in  Maryland, 
in  1748,  served  in  various  capacities  du- 
ring the  revolutionary-  war,  and  fought 
at  the  battles  of  Guilford.  Hobkirk'a 
Uiii,  and  the  Eutaws.    Before  the  dis- 


banding of  tho  army  lie  was  made 
brigadier-general.  For  several  years  he 
was  collector  at  Baltimore.  D.  17i)4. — ■ 
William,  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of 
American  independence,  was  b.  at  Leb- 
anon, Conn.,  in  1731,  and  was  educated 
at  Harvard  college.  From  the  univer- 
sity he  returned  home,  and  for  some 
time  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of 
theology.  At  an  early  period  of  the 
revolution  be  embarked  in  the  cause 
of  his  country,  and  was  a  delegate  from 
his  native  state  to  the  continental  con- 
gress.    D.  1811. 

WILLIAMSON,  Hugh,  an  American 
physician,  was  b.  in  Pennsylvania,  in 
173-"),  and  received  his  education  at  the 
college  of  Philadelphia;  but  relinquish- 
ed the  clerical  profession,  for  which  ho 
had  been  intended,  and  turned  his  at- 
tention first  to  mathematics,  and  subse- 
quently to  medicine.  After  visiting 
Edinburgh  and  Lcyden,  at  which  latter 
university  he  obtained  the  degree  of 
M.  D.,  he  returned  and  practised  in 
Philadelphia.  He  was  one  of  the  com- 
mittee appointed  by  the  American  Phil- 
osophical Society,  1769,  to  observe  the 
transit  of  Venus  over  the  solar  disc; 
and  he  attracted  considerable  attention 
by  bis  observations  on  the  remarkable 
comet  which  then  made  its  appearance, 
as  he  came  to  the  conclusion  that  comets, 
instead  of  being  ignited  masses,  are  in- 
habited planets.  He  was  appointed  to 
the  medical  staff  of  the  revolutionary 
army,  and,  at  the  restoration  of  peace, 
he  became  a  member  of  congress. 
Among  Ids  chief  works  are,  "The  His- 
tory of  North  Carolina,"  and  "Obser- 
vations on  the  Climate  of  America." 
D.  1819: 

WILLIS,  Buowne,  an  eminent  anti- 
quary, was  b.  in  1682,  at  Blnndforcl,  in 
Dorsetshire,  studied  at  Westminster 
school,  and  at  Christ-church,  Oxford; 
was  elected  M.  P.  for  Buckinghamshire 
in  17o.5;  became  a  member  of  the  society 
of  antiquaries  in  1717,  and  d.  in  1760. 
Willis  was  a  man  of  an  eccentric  char- 
acter. Miss  Talbot,  who  gives  a  ludic- 
rous description  of  him,  declares,  that 
"with  one  of  the  lionestest  hearts  in 
the  world  be  has  one  o'  the  oddest 
beads  that  ever  dropt  out  of  the  moon." 
His  principal  works  are,  "  Notitia  Par- 
liamentarian' "  A  Snrvev  of  the  Cathe- 
drals of  England,"  "History  of  the 
Mitred  Parliamentary  Abbeys."  and  "a 
History  of  Buckingham." — Fkancib,  a 
physician,  celebrated  for  bis  skill  in 
cases  of  insanity,  was  b.  about  1718,  in 
Lincolnshire,     and    wa»    educated   at 


808 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[win 


Brazennose  ollege,  Oxford.  He  was 
brought  up  to  the  church,  and  obtained 
a  college  living  in  the  metropolis;  but 
subsequently  took  the  degree  of  M.  D., 
and  practised  as  a  physician.  He  re- 
stored George  III.  to  sanity,  and  was 
amply  rewarded  by  a  parliamentary 
grant.     D.  1807. 

WILLUGUBY,  Francis,  an  eminent 
naturalist,  was  b.  1635,  in  Lincolnshire, 
and  was  educated  at  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge.  Ray  was  his  tutor,  and 
■was  subsequently  his  fellow-traveller 
on  the  Continent,  his  frequent  guest, 
and  his  executor.  In  16(52  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Society,  lie  d.  in 
1674.  lie  wrote  a  Latin  treatise  on  or- 
nithology, another  on  ichthyology,  and 
some  papers  in  the  "  Philosophical 
Transactions."  The  treatises  were  edit- 
ed, after  Willughby's  death,  by  Ray. 

W I  LSI  )N,  Alexander,  the  celebrated 
ornithologist,  was  b.  at  Paisley,  Scot- 
land, and  eaine  to  Delaware  in  1794. 
Removing  to  Philadelphia  lie  became 
acquainted  with  Mr.  Bartrain,  the  nat- 
uralist, and  devoted  himself  to  the  cul- 
tivation of  natural  history.  His  great 
work  is  the  "  American  Ornithology," 
splendidly  executed,  and  very  accurate 
and  comprehensive.  He  possessed  con- 
siderable taste  for  literature,  and  pub- 
lished several  small  poems  of  much 
beauty.  1).  1-S13. — James,  a  signer  of 
the  declaration  of  independence,  was  b. 
in  Scotland,  about  1742.  He  was  well 
educated,  and  after  completing  his  stud- 
ies emigrated  to  America.  Settling  at 
Philadelphia,  he  received  an  offer  to 
enter  the  office  of  Mr.  John  Dickinson 
and  pursue  the  study  of  the  law.  He 
soon  distinguished  himself,  and  was 
appointed  a  delegate  to  the  continental 
congress,  where  lie  continued  from  1775 
to  1777.  lie  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
ventions which  framed  the  constitution 
of  Pennsylvania  and  that  of  the  United 
States,  and  in  1789  was  appointed  one 
of  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court  of 
the  United  States.  In  1797  lie  was  made 
professor  of  law  in  the  university  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  in  this  capacity  de- 
livered a  course  of  lectures,  afterwards 
published.  D.  1798.— Thomas,  a  prelate 
eminent  for  piety,  was  b.  1663,  at  Bir- 
ton,  in  Cheshire."  He  was  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Dublin.  The  earl  of 
Derby,  to  whom  he  was  chaplain,  and 
whose  son  he  accompanied  to  the  Con- 
tinent as  tutor,  nominated  him  in  1697, 
bishop  of  the  Isle  of  Man.  He  held 
the  see  during  fifty-eight  years,  and 
though  his  annual "  income    was  only 


three  hundred  pounds,  he  refused  to 
accept  an  English  bishopric.  Scanty  as 
were  his  means,  he  was  benevolent  to 
the  poor,  built  a  new  chapel  at  Castle- 
ton,  founded  parochial  libraries,  and 
introduced  important  improvements  in 
the  agriculture  of  the  island.  D.  1755. 
— Richard,  a  celebrated  painter,  was  b. 
1714,  at  Pencgos,  in  Montgomeryshire. 
He  received  a  liberal  education,  and, 
having  manifested  a  genius  for  painting 
he  was  placed  under  an  obscure  por- 
trait painter  named  Wright.  He  him- 
self began  his  career  in  the  same  branch 
of  art.  On  his  visiting  Italy,  however, 
he  was  advised  by  Zuecarelli  to  devoto 
himself  to  ..  ndseapc,  and  fortunately,  ho 
followed  that  advice.  His  picture  of 
"  Niobe"  was  exhibited  in  1760.  Ho 
attained  great  reputation,  but  neverthe- 
less, the  latter  part  of  his  life  was  cloud- 
ed by  poverty.  He  d.  in  178-2.  Fuseli 
declares  that  "  Wilson's  taste  was  so 
exquisite,  and  his  eye  so  chaste,  that 
whatever  came  from  his  easel  bore  the 
stamp  of  elegance  and  truth." 

WINCHESTER,  Elhaxan,  an  Amer- 
ican divine,  who  visited  England  about 
178S,  attempted  to  found  a  Philadel- 
phian  society,  and  disseminated  his 
peculiar  tenets  by  means  of  preaching, 
and  of  a  Philadelphia!!  magazine.  He 
succeeded  in  establishing  a  sect  called 
Winchestarians,  or  Universalists,  which 
is  still  in  existence.  His  distinguished 
tenet  was  the  ultimate  redemption  of  all 
mankind,  and  even  of  the  devils.  Ho 
returned  in  1792  to  his  native  country. 
Among  his  works  arc,  "  Lectures  on 
the  Prophecies,"  "  The  Universal  Res- 
storation,"  and  an  heroic  poem  on 
Christ. 

WINCKELMAN,  John  Joachim,  a 
celebrated  German  antiquary,  was  b.  in 
1717,  at  Stelndall,  in  Bradenburgh. 
After  having  been  professor  of  tho 
belles  lettres  at  Seehausen,  and  libra- 
rian to  Count  Bunan,  he  became  a  Cath- 
olic, and  went  to  Rome,  where  the  pope 
appointed  him  president  of  antiquities, 
and  librarian  of  the  Vatican.  lie  was 
murdered  in  1768,  at  Trieste,  while  on 
his  return  fro::-.  Germany  to  Italy.  His 
principal  works  are,  "  A  History  of  Art 
among  the  Ancients,"  "  Ancient  ined- 
ited  Monuments,"  '-Reflections  on  the 
Imitation  of  the  Productions  of  tho 
Greeks  in  Painting  and  Sculpture." 
On  "  Allegory,"  and  "  Letters  on  Iler- 
culaneum." 

WINDER,  William  IL,  an  ofnVer  in 
the  American  army,  was  b.  in  Mary- 
land in  1775,  was  educated  for  the  bar 


win] 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


809 


and  punned  liia  profession  in  Baltimore 
with  great  success.  In  1S12  he  received 
n  colonel's  commission,  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  and 
nerved  with  reputation  during  the  war 
with  Great  Britain.  He  commanded  the 
trocps  at  the  battle  of  Bladcnsburg.  On 
the  declaration  of  peace  he  resumed  the 
practice  of  his  profession.     D.  1824. 

WINDHAM,  William,  a  statesman, 
was  b.  in  1750,  at  Felbrig,  in  Norfolk, 
and  was  educated  at  Eton,  Glasgow, 
and  University  college,  Oxford.  In 
17S2  he  was  elected  M.P.  for  Norwich, 
and  for  a  short  time  secretary  to  the 
viceroy  of  Ireland.  He  continued  to 
act  with  the  Whigs  till  1793,  when  lie 
adopted  the  sentiments  of  Burke;  and 
in  the  following  year,  he  was  appointed 
secretary  at  war,  with  a  seat  in  the 
cabinet.  In  1801  he  resigned.  To  the 
peace  of  Amiens  he  was  strenuously 
hostile.  During  the  brief  possession 
of  power  by  the  Whigs  in  1S06,  he  held 
his  former*office.     D.  1810. 

WING  ATE,  Edward,  a  lawyer  and 
mathematician,  was  b.  in  1593,  in  York- 
shire, studied  at  Queen's  college,  Ox- 
ford, and  at  Gray's  Inn  ;  was  sent  to 
France  to  instruct  Henrietta  Maria  in 
the  English  language;  took  the  popular 
side  in  the  civil  war,  and  d.  in  1656. 
Among  his  works  arc,  "  Natural  and 
Artificial  Arithmetic,"  "The  Exact 
Surveyor,"  "  Ludus  Mathematieus," 
"  Maxims  of  Reason,"  and  "  an  Abridg- 
ment of  the  Statutes." 

WINSLOW,  Edward,  was  b.  in 
Worcestershire,  in  1594.  He  was  among 
the  first  settlers  of  New  England,  in 
1620,  and  was  repeatedly  elected  govern- 
or of  the  colony  they  founded  at  Ply- 
mouth. He  went  several  times  as  an 
agent  to  England,  and  in  1655  was  ap- 
pointed a  commissioner  to  superintend 
the  expedition  against  the  Spaniards  in 
the  West  Indies.  D.  near  Jamaica  in 
the  May  of  that  year. — James  Benig.nus, 
a  celebrated  Danish  anatomist,  was  b. 
in  1669,  at  Odensec  ;  settled  in  France, 
and  in  1699  became  a  Catholic.  In  1743 
he  succeeded  Mr.  Ilunald  as  professor 
of  anatomy  and  physiology  at  the  Royal 
Botanic  Garden.  lie  d.  in  1760.  Win- 
slow  was  a  member  of  several  learned 
bodies.  His  principal  work,  which  still 
preserves  its  reputation  undiminished, 
is  "An  Anatomical  Exposition  of  the 
Structure  of  the  Human  Body." 

WINSOR,  Frederic  Albert,  an  en- 
terprising projector,  to  whom  the  pub- 
lic is  indebted  for  the  beautiful  gas- 
ight  which  now  illuminates  the  streets, 
68* 


&e. ;  made  his  first  public  experiments 
at  the  Lyceum,  in  the  Strand,  in  1803. 
He  afterwards  lighted  with  gas  the 
walls  of  Carlton  palace  gardens,  on  the 
king's  birthday  in  1S07  ;  and  during 
1809  and  181 0J  lie  lighted  one  side  of 
Fall  Mall,  from  the  house  which  he  then 
occupied  in  that  street.  He  followed 
up  his  object  with  great  perseverance, 
and  at  length  obtained  a  charter  of  in- 
corporation for  a  gas-light  and  coko 
company.  In  consequence,  however, 
of  some  misunderstanding  with  the 
parties  with  whom  lie  was  associated  he 
did  not  obtain  his  expected  remunera- 
tion. In  1815  he  went  to  Paris,  where 
he  also  erected  gas-works,  and  estab- 
lished a  company.     D.  1830. 

WINSTANLEY,  William,  a  literary 
barber  who  wrote  the  "  Lives  of  the 
Poets,"  "Select  Lives  of  England's 
Worthies,"  "Historical  Rarities,"  &c. 
D.  about  1690. 

WINTER,  John  William  de,  a 
Dutch  admiral,  was  b.  in  1750.  Having 
been  an  active  partisan  in  the  revolution 
which  broke  out  in  1787,  he  was  obliged 
to  take  refuge  in  France,  when  the  party 
of  the  stadthohler  prevailed.  In  France 
lie  entered  the  army,  served  under  Du- 
mouriez  and  Pichegru,  and  in  a  short 
time  rose  to  the  rank  of  general  of 
brigade.  Tn  1795,  when  Pichegru  in- 
vaded Holland,  De  Winter  returned  to 
his  country,  where  the  states-general 
made  him  vice-admiral  and  commander 
of  the  naval  forces  at  Texel.  Here, 
with  29  vessels,  of  which  16  were  ships 
of  the  line,  he  was  completely  defeated 
by  Duncan,  Oct.  7,  1797.  D.  1812.-. 
Peter  von,  an  eminent  German  musi- 
cian, b.  at  Manhciin,  in  1754.  and  at  tho 
age  of  10  years  was  appointed  a  mem- 
ber of  the  orchestra  of  the  elector.  He 
composed  a  variety  of  operas,  oratorios, 
and  other  pieces  of  vocal  and  instru- 
mental music,  many  of  which  possess 
verv  considerable  merit.     D.  1S25.     « 

WINTHROP,  John,  first  governor 
of  Massachusetts,  was  b.  at  Groton, 
England,  in  1587.  He  arrived  with  the 
colonists  in  Salem  in  1630,  having  a 
commission  as  their  governor,  and  held 
this  office,  with  the  exception  of  six  or 
seven  years,  till  his  death  in  164''.  Ho 
kept  a  minute  journal  of  the  affairs  of 
the  colony,  which  has  been  published, 
and  possesses  much  value. — John,  son 
of  the  foregoing,  was  b.  in  England, 
1605,  and  received  his  education  at 
Cambridge.  He  came  to  Massachusetts 
in  1633,  and  subsequently  visiting  En- 
gland, returned  and  established  a  colo- 


810 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


ny  at  Say'bi  ;ok,  Conn.  In  16">7  he  was 
chosen  governor  of'  that  colony,  and 
remained  so  till  his  death  in  16*6.  lie 
Was  distinguished  for  his  love  of  natural 
philosophy,  and  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  Royal  Society  of  Loridon. — • 
James,  a  man  of  letters,  was  1).  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  in  1752,  and  was  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college.  He  was  for 
twenty  years  librarian  of  that  institu- 
tion. His  acquirements  in  the  exact 
sciences,  the  ancient  and  mo  lern  lan- 
guages, and  in  biblical  and  polite  litera- 
ture were  extensive.     D.  182'.. 

WIRT,  William,  an  eminent  advocate 
and  essayist,  b.  at  Bladensburg,  Md., 
1772,  an  i  studied  law  in  Leesburg,  Va., 
where  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  in 
1792.  He  was  appointed  chancellor  of 
the  eastern  district  of  Virginia  in  18  12, 
and  district  attorney  in  1816.  The  part 
he  took  in  the  famous  trial  of  Aaron 
Burr  gave  him  his  greatest  distinction 
as  an  eloquent  pleader.  His  '•  Letters 
of  the  British  Spy,"  first  published  in  a 
Richmond  paper;  the  "Old  Bachelor," 
and  a  "Life  of  Patrick  Henry;"  the 
latter,  written  in  a  highly  florid  style, 
enjoved  great  popularity  in  their  day. 
D.  1835. 

WIS  HART,  George,  a  Scotcli  martyr, 
was  b.  at  the  commencement  of  the  16th 
century.  Little  is  known  of  his  early 
life;  but  he  is  said  to  have  embraced 
the  Protestant  faith  while  travelling  in 
Germany;  to  have  resided  for  some 
years  at  Cambridge;  and  to  have  taught 
at  Benet  college.  In  1544  he  returned 
to  his  native  land,  and  exerted  himself 
zealously  in  preaching  the  doctrines  of 
the  Reformation.  In  1546  he  was  seized 
by  Cardinal  Beaton,  was  brought  to  trial, 
and  was  mercilessly  condemned  to  the 
flames. 

WISTAR,  Caspar,  a  celebrated  physi- 
cian, was  b.  in  Philadelphia.  1761.  He 
studied  medicine  under  Dr.  John  Red- 
man, and  completed  his  professional 
course  at  the  schools  in  London  and 
Edinburgh.  Returning  in  17S7  to  his 
native  city,  he  soon  distinguished  him- 
self in  his  profession,  and  in  1789  was 
elected  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  col- 
lege of  Philadelphia.  In  1782  he  became 
adjunct  professor  of  anatomy,  midwifery, 
and  surgery,  with  Dr.  Shippen  ;  and  on 
the  decease  of  that  gentleman,  in  1808, 
sole  professor.  His  acquirements  in 
professional  knowledge  were  very  ex- 
tensive, and  he  obtained  much  pop- 
ularity as  a  lecturer.     D.  1818. 

WITHER,  Gkoroe,  a  poet,  was  b. 
15S8,  at  Bcutworth   in  Ilamoshire,  and 


[WOL 


was  educated  at  Magdalen  college,  Ox- 
ford. He  studied  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
but  did  not  practise.  In  161:3  he  was 
committed  to  prison  for  his  satires, 
called  "  Abuses  Stript  and  Whipt."  In 
the  civil  war  he  espoused  the  popular 
cause,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  iniijotf- 
gcneral.  Af  cr  the  restoration  he  was 
again  incarcerated  for  his  writings,  and 
remained  for  more  than  three  year;  in 
durance.  He  d.  in  1667.  Of  bis  numer- 
ous works  many  are  hasty  and  incorrect. 
but  in  his  "Shepherds  Hunting,"  and 
some  of  his  other  pieces,  there  is  much 
of  genuine  poetry. 

WITIIEKSPObN,  John-,  a  signer  of 
the  declaration  of  independence,  was  b. 
in  Scotland,  1722,  an  1  was  educated  at 
the  university  of  Edinburgh.  He  stud- 
ied divinity,  and  became  one  of  the  most 
influential  and  distinguished  of  the  Scot- 
tish clergy.  Being  induced  to  accept  the 
presidency  of  the  college  at  Princeton, 
he  removed  to  New  Jersey  with  his 
family  in  1768.  In  1776  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  delegate  to  the  continental 
congress,  and  retained  a  seat  there  du- 
ring the  war.  On  the  return  of  peace 
he  resumed  his  duties  at  the  codege. 
D.  1794. 

WODHULL,  Michael,  a  poet,  was  b. 
1740,  atTlienfor  1,  in  Northamptonshire; 
was  educated  at  Winchester  school,  and 
at  Brazcnnose  college,  Oxford  ;  lived  on 
his  paternal  estate,  and  amuse  1  his  lei- 
sure hours  with  literature;  and  d.  in 
1816.  Ho  wrote  poems,  which  have  a 
considerable  portion  of  merit ;  and  trans- 
lated t'le  tragedies  of  Euripides. 

WOLCOTT,  John,  a  poet,  better 
known  by  the  name  of  Peter  Pindar, 
was  b.  1708,  at  Dodbrook,  in  Devon- 
shire; was  educated  at  private  semi- 
naries; and  was  apprenticed  to  his 
uncle,  an  apothecary  at  Truro,  who  ulti- 
mately left  him  the  bulk  of  his  property. 
Hiving  taken  a  degree,  he  accompanied 
Sir  William  Trelawney  to  the  govern- 
ment of  Jamaica,  as  physician.  While 
residing  in  that  island  he  took  orders, 
and  was  presented  to  a  living.  On 
his  return  to  England  he  settle  1  at 
Truro,  whence  he  removed  to  Ilelstone 
It  was  while  he  was  living  in  Cornwal. 
that  he  drew  from  obscurity  the  painter 
Opie;  and  in  1780  he  went  with  him  to 
settle  in  London.  Woleott's first  publi- 
cation, "  An  Epistle  to  the  Reviewers," 
appeared  in  1778.  After  his  arrival  in 
the  metropolis,  his  productions  rapidly 
succeeded  each  other,  and  were  highly 
popular.  Among  his  most  f.nished 
works  are,   "Lyric  Odes  to  the  Royal 


wol] 


CYCLOP^O'A    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


811 


Academicians,'"  and  "The  L<"usiad." 
In  the  decline  of  life  lie  bccar.io  blind, 
and  he  d.  January  14,  ISl'.i. — Oliver, 
governor  of  Connecticut,  WA3  b.  1727, 
and  received  his  education  at  Yale  col- 
lege, lie  served  as  captain  i.i  the  French 
war,  and  studied  medicine  though  he 
never  practised.  He  was  a  delegate  to 
the  congress  of  1776,  rigned  the  declara- 
tion of  independence  and  the  articles  of 
confederation,  and  remained  a  member 
till  178.1.  In  173")  he  was  elected  deputy 
governor,  ami  was  re-elected  till  1796, 
when  he  was  made  governor.     D.  1 7 '. 1 7 . 

WOLF,  Frederic  Augustus,  an  emi- 
nent German  philologist,  was  b.  1759, 
at  Haynrode,  in  Ilolstein  ;  was  educated 
at  Gottingen  ;  was  appointed  professor, 
in  1733,  at  the  university  of  Halle,  where 
he  remained  for  twenty-three  years;  had 
a  considerable  share  in  founding  and 
organizing  the  new  university  at  Berlin, 
in  1808,  and  became  professor  of  it;  and 
d.  in  182-4.  He  edited,  and  added  notes 
and  dissertations  to,  many  Greek  and 
Roman  classics;  and  wrote  "A  History 
of  Roman  Literature,"  and  other  works. 

WOLFE,  James,  a  celebrated  gen- 
eral, the  son  of  a  lieutenant-general,  was 
b.  1726,  at  Westerham,  in  Kent,  and 
distinguished  himself,  before  he  was  20, 
at  the  battle  of  Laffeldt.  lie  increased 
his  reputation  so  much  by  his  conduct 
at  Minden  and  Louisburgh,  that  Pitt 
selected  him  to  command  the  expedition 
against  Quebec.  Wolfe  overcame  all 
obstacles,  scaled  the  heights  of  Abra- 
ham, and  compelled  the  enemy  to  risk 
the  province  on  the  issue  of  a  battle.  In 
the  moment  of  victory  he  fell,  mortally 
wounded.  Cries  of  "They  run  !"  struck 
his  car.  Rousing  himself  from  the  faint- 
ness  of  death,  he  inquired,  "  Who  run  ?" 
and  beinir  told  that  it  was  the  French, 
he  exclaimed,  "Thank  God,  then  I  die 
contented  !"  and  immediately  expired. 
D.  1759. — Charles,  an  Irish  divine  and 
poet,  was  h.  1791,  at  Dublin;  was  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  college,  Dublin;  ob- 
tained the  curacy  of  Ballvclo^.  which  he 
exchanged  for  that  of  Castle  Caulfield; 
and  d.  of  consumption,  in  February, 
lt:23.  He  wrote  the  well-known  "Ode 
o  the  Death  of  Sir  John  Moore,"  be- 
ginning with,  "  Not  a  drum  was  heard  ;" 
and  the  praise  which,  after  his  decease, 
was  bestowed  upon  that  piece,  induced 
his  friends  to  publish  a  volume  of  his 
"Remains." 

WOLFIUS,  Christian,  an  eminent 
German  mathematician  and  philosopher, 
who  filled  the  professor's  chair  in  the 
Uiiversny  of  Halle,  and  was  eventually 


created  a  baron  of  the  empire.  Ilia 
principal  works  are,  "Elementa  Mathe- 
scos  Univcrsie,"  "A  System  of  Philos- 
ophy," and  a  "Treatise  on  the  Law  of 
Nature  and  Nations."— John  Christo- 
pher, a  divine  and  philologist,  b.  in 
1683.  He  was  author  of  many  works 
on  Hebrew  and  Greek  literature,  and 
bequeathed  a  vast  collection  of  rabbini- 
cal and  oriental  books  to  the  public 
library  at  Hamburgh,  where  he  d.  in 
1789. — Jerome,  an  eminent  critic  and 
classical  scholar,  who  d.  at  Augsburg, 
in  1580. — John,  an  historical  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  who  was  employed  as 
a  diplomatist,  and  at  his  death,  in  1600, 
was  trovcrnor  of  Mindelsheim. 

WOLLASTON,  William,  an  ethical 
and  theological  writer,  was  !>.  1659,  nt 
Cotton  Clanford,  in  Staffordshire;  was 
educated  at  Sidney  college.  Cambridge; 
took  orders ;  but  obtained  an  indepen- 
dence which  turned  his  views  from 
church  preferment;  and  d.  1724.  His 
principal  work  is,  "The  Religion  of  Na- 
ture Delineated." — William  Hyde,  a 
physician  and  experimental  philosopher, 
the  great-grandson  of  the  foregoing,  was 
b.  17(56,  and  was  educated  at  Cains  col- 
lege, Cambridge.  Fortunately  for  the 
interests  of  science,  his  want  of  patron- 
age as  a  physician,  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds 
and  London,  induced  him  to  give  uptho 
medical  profession  in  disgust,  and  de- 
vote himself  to  scientific  pursuits.  The 
result  was  that  he  became  one  of  the 
most  eminent  chemists  and  experimen- 
talists of  modern  times.  Among  his 
discoveries  arc  the  two  metals,  palladium 
and  rhodium,  and  the  method  of  render- 
ing platina  malleable,  by  the  last  of 
which  he  is  said  to  have  gained  thirty 
thousand  pounds.  Among  his  inven- 
tions arc,  a  sliding  scale  of  chemical 
equivalents,  a  goniometer,  and  the  cam- 
era lncida.  His  papers  in  the  "  Philo- 
sophical Transactions"  are  numerous. 
D.  1828. 

WOLSEY,  Thomas,  Cardinal,  an  emi- 
nent prelate  and  statesman,  the  son  of  a 
butcher,  was  b.  1471,  at  Ipswich.  He 
was  educated  at  Magdalen  colleore,  Ox- 
ford. His  first  preferment  of  import- 
ance was  that  of  chaplain  to  Henry  VII., 
who  gave  him  the  deanery  of  Lincoln,  as 
a  reward  for  his  expeditious  execution 
of  some  diplomatic  business.  Being 
introduced  to  Henry  VIIT.  by  Fox. 
bishop  of  Winchester,  he  made  a  rapid 
progress  in  the  royal  favor,  till  at  length 
he  reached  the  highest  pitch  of  power  to 
j  which  a  subject  can  aspire.  He  lived  in 
,  princely  state ;  and  his  train  consisted 


812 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[wod 


of  eight  hundred  persons,  of  whom 
ninny  were  knights  and  gentlemen. 
Charles  V.  and  Francis  I.  were  suitors 
for  his  influence  witli  his  master,  and 
bought,  it  by  pensions  and  professions 
of  respect.  Ilis  great  ambition  was,  to 
fill  the  papal  chair,  but  in  this  he  was 
disappointed.  At  length  his  capricious 
sovereign  became  his  enemy.  The  con- 
duct of  Wolsey  relative  to  the  divorce 
from  Catharine  of  Aragon  was  the  first 
cause  of  offence.  In  1529  he  was  de- 
prived of  the  se  ils,  a  part  of  his  property 
was  seize  1,  and  he  was  impeached.  A 
full  pardon,  however  was  granted  to 
him,  and  in  1530  he  retired  to  Cawwood 
castle.  There,  in  the  autumn  of  that 
year,  he  was  again  arrested,  on  a  charge 
of  high  treason,  and  he  d.  at  Leicester, 
on  his  way  to  London,  on  the  '28th  of 
November.  lie  founded  a  collegiate 
school  at  Ipswich,  and  the  college  of 
Christ-church,  and  several  lectureships, 
at  Oxford. 

WOOD,  Anthony,  a  biographer  and 
antiquary,  was  b.  1632  at  Oxford,  and 
was  ed  icated  at  Merton  college.  The 
perusal  of  some  works  on  heraldry,  and 
of  Dugditle'.-i  '"  Warwickshire,"  inspired 
in  him  a  taste  for  antiquarian  lore.  His 
"History  and  Antiquities  of  Oxford," 
which  was  translated  into  Latin  by  Dr. 
Fell,  appeared  in  1774,  and  his  "  Athe- 
nae  Oxonienses"  was  published  in  1691. 
An  attack  upon  Lord  Clarendon,  in  the 
last  of  these  works,  subjected  him  to  a 
Bentence  of  expulsion,  and  his  Jacobili- 
cal  prejudices  rendered  him  an  object 
of  hatred  to  the  Whig  party.  D.  1695. 
— Robert,  a  scholar  and  a  man  of  taste, 
was  b.  in  1716,  at  Eiverstown,  in  the 
Irish  county  of  Meath  ;  made  the  tour 
of  Greece,  Egypt,  and  Palestine,  in 
1751  ;  was  appointed  under-secretary  of 
state  in  1759;  and  d.  1771.  He  wrote  a 
"Description  of  the  Ruins  of  Balbec," 
"The  Ruins  of  Palmyra,"  and  an  "  Es- 
say on  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Ho- 
mer." 

WOODBURY,  Levi,  was  b.  at  Fran- 
cestown,  N.  II.,  about  the  year  1790, 
was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college  in 
1809,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1812.  In  1816  he  was  appointed  secre- 
tary of  state,  and  at  the  commencement 
of  the  next  year  a  judge  of  the  superior 
court.  In  1819  he  removed  to  Ports- 
mouth ;  he  was  elected  governor  in 
1832.  He  was  elected  to  the  United 
States  senate,  in  which  bodv  he  served 
from  1824  to  1831.  In  the  spring  of 
1831  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  the 
navy  by  General  Jackson.     After  hold- 


ing that  office  for  several  years,  ne  was 
nominated  to  the  post  of  secretary  of 
the  treasury,  by  General  Jackson,  aftet 
the  rejection  of  Mr.  Taney,  by  the  sen- 
ate, lie  left  the  cabinet  at  the  end  of 
Mr.  Van  Buren's  administration,  in 
1841,  after  having  belonged  to  it  about 
10  years.  He  was  immediately  elected 
to  the  United  States  senate,  by  the  e- 
gislature  of  New  Hampshire,  and  re- 
mained there  until  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  justices  of  the  supreme 
court,  by  President  Polk,  who  had  pre- 
viously offered  him  the  office  of  minis- 
ter to  England.  D.  1851. 
_  WOODDESON,  Richard,  an  eminent 
civilian,  was  b.  in  1745,  at  Kingston,  in 
Surrey  ;  was  educated  at  Kingston  gram- 
mar school,  and  at  Pembroke  and  Mag- 
dalen colleges,  Oxford ;  was  chosen 
Vinerian  professor,  on  the  resignation 
of  Sir  Robert  Chambers;  and  d.  1822. 
He  wrote  "  Elements  of  Jurisprudence," 
"  A  Systematic  View  of  the  Laws  of  En- 
gland," ami  a  "  Brief  Vindication  of  the 
Rights  of  the  British  Legislature,'.'  in 
reply  to  Mr.  Reeves. 

WOO DF ALL,  a  printer  and  parlia- 
mentary reporter,  was  b.  about  1745, 
and  was  the  son  of  a  printer  who  was 
proprietor  of  "The  Daily  Advertiser." 
lie  was  brought  up  to  his  father's  occu- 
pation, but  was  so  fond  of  the  stage 
that  for  a  short  time  he  was  an  actor, 
and,  to  the  close  of  his  life,  never  missed 
being  present  at  the  coming  out  of  a 
new  piece,  lie  was  successively  editor 
of  "The  London  Packet,"  and  "The 
Morning  Chronicle,"  and  editor  and 
owner  of  the  "Diary."  Woodfall  had 
an  astonishingly  retentive  memory,  and 
was  the  first  who  gave  a  full  and  imme- 
diate detail  of  the  proceedings  of  tho 
legislature.     D.  18o3. 

WOODHOUSE,  Robert,  an  eminent 
mathematician;  was  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge ;  was  Plumian  professor  in  1822, 
and  keeper  of  the  observatory  in  1824. 
He  wrote  "The  Principles  of  Analytical 
Calculation,"  a  "  Treatise  on  Trigonom- 
etry," a  "  Treatise  on  Isoperimetrical 
Problems,"  an  "  Elementary  Treatise 
on  Plane  Astronomy,"  and  several  pa- 
pers in  the  "Philosophical  Transac- 
tions."    D.  1757. 

WOOLSTON,  Thomas,  a  deistical 
writer,  was  b.  1669,  at  Northampton, 
and  was  educated  at  Sidney  college, 
Cambridge.  The  perusal  of  the  wri- 
tings of  Origen  gave  him  a  fondness  for 
allegorizing,  and  his  first  work,  "The 
Old  Apology  for  the  Truth  of  the  Chris- 
tian  Religion  ie»'ved,"   was  meant  to 


wot] 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


813 


prove  that  the  actions  of  Moses  were 
typical  of  Christ  and  the  church.  He 
gradually  became  a  deist,  and  at  length 

his ''Six  Discourses  on  Miracles,"  and 
his  "  Defence  of  the  Discourses," 
brought  upon  him  a  prosecution  for 
blasphemy,  and  he  was  fined  and  im- 
prisoned. D.  within  the  rules  of  the 
Kind's  Bench,  in  1732. 

WORCESTER,  Edward  Somerset, 
marquis  of,  a  man  of  highly  inventive 
talents,  was  b.  about  1697  ;  was  employ- 
ed, when  earl  of  Glamorgan,  by  Charles 
T.  to  negotiate  with  the  Irish  Catholics; 
and  d.  in  1667.  In  16153  he  published 
his  curious  pamphlet  called  "  The  Scant- 
lings of  One  Hundred  Inventions.'" 
Among  those  inventions  is  the  steam- 
engine,  though  described,  like  all  the 
rest  of  the  articles,  in  a  somewhat  enig- 
matical manner.  He  afterwards  put 
forth  a  tract,  which  he  called  "  An  Ex- 
act and  True  Definition  of  the  most 
stupendous  Water-commanding  En- 
gine." Walpolc,  who  was  ignorant 
upon  the  subject,  calls  him  "a  fantastic 
mechanic,"  and  some  later  writers  have 
endeavored  to  depreciate  his  merit; 
but  the  feasibility  of  many  of  his  pro- 
jects has  been  amply  proved. —  Noah, 
an  eminent  divine  of  Massachusetts, 
whose  devotion  to  the  cause  of  peace 
acquired  for  him  the  name  of  the  Apos- 
tle of  Peace.  He  was  the  secretary  of 
the  first  peace  society,  and  by  his 
"Calm  Review  of  the  Custom  of  War," 
and  other  works,  he  succeeded  in  at- 
tracting a  large  share  of  public  atten- 
tion to  the  subject.  Dr.  Channing,  in 
his  ''  Sermon  on  the  Philanthropist," 
makes  a  beautiful  allusion  to  his  life. 
D.  1837. 

WORDSWORTH,  William,  was  b. 
at  Cockennouth,  in  Cumberland,  April 
7th,  1770.  He  received  the  rudiments 
of  his  mental  culture  at  Hawkshead 
school,  and  in  the  year  1787  was  entered 
at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge.  Hav- 
ing completed  his  studies  and  taken  his 
academical  degree,  he  made  the  tour  of 
France  and  Switzerland,  at  a  period 
when  the  revolution  in  France  had  at- 
tained its  grand  crisis  ;  and  its  influence 
Upon  the  fiery  imagination  and  sensitive 
mind  of  Wordsworth  was  no  less  forci- 
ble than  that  produced  upon  those  of 
his  friends  and  frequent  companions, 
Coleridge,  Southey,  and  Lloyd.  The 
earnest  thoughts  that  had  been  genera- 
ted by  his  continued  meditations  upon 
this  theme,  found  an  utterance  in  his 
"'Descriptive  Sketches"  and  "  Evening 
Walk,"  both  of  which  made  their  ap- 


pearance in  1793.  In  1797  he  had  con- 
ceived a  plan  for  the  regeneration  of 
English  poetry.  In  1798  he  published, 
in  conjunction  with  Coleridge,  a  collec- 
tion of  "  Lyrical  Ballads."  The  majori- 
ty of  these  productions  were  from  his 
own  pen.  This  book,  so  far  from  ma- 
king converts  to  Wordsworth's  peculiar 
way  of  thinking,  met  everywhere  with 
the  bitterest  contempt  and  ridicule. 
Still  many  of  his  readers  sympathized 
with  his  views,  and  through  tlicir  en- 
couragement he  was  induced  to  publish 
two -other  volumes  of  poetry  in  1807. 
In  1814  appeared  his  great  work,  "The 
Excursion."  Several  works  followed 
this?  air.ong  which  may  be  mentioned 
"  The  White  Doe  of  Rylstone  ;"  and  in 
1842  appeared  a  volume  containing  sev- 
eral poems  written  in  the  poet's  early 
youth,  accompanied  by  others  written 
in  his  old  age.  In  1843  he  succeeded 
his  friend  Southey  as  poet-laureate. 
For  many  years  Wordsworth  enjoyed 
the  privilege  of  receiving  that  guerdon 
of  love  and  admiration,  while  living, 
which  are  too  frequently  only  scattered 
like  garlands  upon  the  tomb  of  genius. 
Thousands  of  his  admirers  made  a  pil- 
grimage to  the  poet's  sanctuary,  Rydal 
Mount;  and  not  a  few  crossed  over  from 
other  lands  to  catch  a  glimpse  of  that 
great  man  who  has  filled  the  world  with 
his  fame.  D.  1850.  His  noble  autobio- 
graphical poem,  "The  Prelude,  or  the 
Growth  of  a  Poet's  Mind,"  was  a  post- 
humous publication. 

WORMIUS,  Olaus,  an  able  Danish 
physician  and  antiquary,  was  b.  in  1588, 
at  Aarhusen,  in  Jutland;  studied  ^1 
Marpurg,  Strasburgh,  and  Basle ;  was 
successively  professor  of  belles  lettres, 
Greek  literature,  and  physic,  at  Copen- 
hagen, and  was  made  a  canon  of  the 
cathedral  of  Lunden  by  Christiern  IV., 
as  a  reward  for  ins  medical  services. 
D.  1654. 

WOTTON,  Sir  Henry,  a  diplomatist 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  in 
1568,  at  Broughton  hall,  in  Kent,  and 
was  educated  at  Winchester  school,  and 
at  New  college  and  Queen's  college,  Ox- 
ford. After  having  visited  France, 
Germany,  and  Italy,  he  was  appointed 
secretary  to  the  carl  of  Essex,  whom  he 
accompanied  on  his  expedition  against 
the  Spaniards,  and  into  Ireland,  On  the 
fall  of  that  nobleman,  Wotton  went  to 
reside  at  Florence.  James  I.  employed 
him  as  ambassador  at  Venice,  and  ou 
various  missions  to  Italian  and  German 
princes.  He  was  made  provost  of  Eton 
college  in  1624.     He  wrote  "Elements 


814 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


WR1 


of  Architecture,"  "The  State  of  Chris- 
tendom," and  "  Reliquiae  Wottonianse." 
Some  of  his  poeins  are  spirited  and  ele- 
gant.    D.  1639. 

WOULFE,  Peter,  an  eminent  chem- 
ist, who  d.  1805.  His  character  was 
marked  by  great  eccentricity.  He  was 
a  firm  believer  in  alchemy.  His  apart- 
ments were  so  filled  with  furnaces,  and 
the  articles  of  a  laboratory  that  his  fire- 
side was  not  easily  reached.  He  break- 
fasted at  four  in  the  morning;  and  his 
mode  of  curing  any  serious  indisposi- 
tion was  to  take  a  place  in  the  mail  to 
Edinburgh,  and  immediately  return 
from  that  city.  He  invented  an  appa- 
ratus for  experiments  on  gases ;  and 
contributed  several  papers  to  the  "  Phil- 
osophical Transactions." 

WOUVERMANS,  Philip,  an  eminent 
artist,  the  son  of  an  indifferent  histori- 
cal painter,  was  b.  in  1620,  at  Haerlem, 
and  was  a  pupil  of  Wynants  ;  but  much 
improved  himself  by  an  indefatigable 
study  of  nature.  Great  as  was  his 
merit,  he  was  so  poorly  patronized  as  to 
be  always  in  narrow  circumstances ; 
nnd,  before  his  death,  he  ordered  a  box 
filled  with  his  designs  to  be  .burned, 
that  his  son  might  not  be  allured  to 
embrace  "so  uncertain  and  miserable  a 
profession."     D.  1668. 

WRAGG,  William,  was  b.  in  South 
Carolina,  in  1714,  aud  was  educated  in 
England,  where  he  studied  law  and  en- 
tered upon  its  practice.  Not  long  after- 
wards lie  returned  to  his  native  coun- 
try, in  1573  was  made  one  of  the  king's 
council  for  the  province,  and  in  1769 
was  offered  the  seat  of  chief  justice, 
which  he  declined.  When  the  revolu- 
tion commenced  he  maintained  a  con- 
scientious opposition  to  the  measures  of 
the  colonies,  and  determined  to  return 
to  England.  He  embarked  for  that 
country  aud  was  wrecked  in  a  violent 
storm  on  the  coast  of  Holland,  in  Sep- 
tember, 1777.  A  monument  is  erected 
to  his  memory  in  Westminster  abbey. 

WRAXALL,  Sir  Nathaniel  William, 
baronet,  an  eminent  traveller  and  his- 
torical writer,  was  b.  at  Bristol,  in  1751. 
lie  entered  into  the  civil  service  of  the 
East  India  Company,  and  in  1771  acted 
as  judge-advocate  and  paymaster  of  the 
forces  for  the  presidency  of  Bombay. 
Next  year  he  returned  to  England,  and 
then  travelled  on  the  Continent,  visiting 
almost  every  country  from  Naples  to 
Lapland.  He  published  several  "Tours," 
the  "  History  of  the  House  of  Valois," 
"  Memoirs  of  the  Courts  of  Berlin,  Dres- 
den, Warsaw,  and  Vienna,"  "  The  His- 


tory of  France,"  &c.  Tn  1813  he  was 
created  a  baronet  ;  and,  in  1815,  ho 
published  his  last  work,  "  Historical 
Memoirs  of  his  Own  Time."  In  theso 
memoirs,  which  contain  a  fund  of  anec- 
dote, was  a  libel  on  Count  Woronzow, 
the  Russian  ambassador,  for  which  Sir 
Nathaniel  was  sentenced  to  a  fine  and 
six  months'  imprisonment.  D.  at  Dover, 
while  on  his  way  to  Naples,  in  1831. 

WREN,  Sir  Christopher,  a  celebrated 
architect  and  mathematician,  son  of  the 
dean  of  Windsor,  was  b.  1632,  a*  East 
Knoyle,  in  Wiltshire,  and  was  educated 
at  Wadham  college,  Oxford.  His  math- 
ematical talents  were  precociously  mani- 
fested ;  in  his  13th  year  he  invented  an 
astronomical  instrument  and  a  pneu- 
matic machine;  and  at  15  he  wrote  "A 
New  System  of  Spherical  Trigonom- 
etry." He  was  one  of  the  earliest  mem- 
bers of  the  philosophical  society  at  Ox- 
ford, which  afterwards  ripened  into  the 
Royal  Society.  In  1657  he  was  chosen 
Grcsham  professor  of  astronomy,  and 
in  1661  Savilian  professor  at  Oxford. 
During  this  period  he  made  many  curi- 
ous discoveries  in  astronomy,  natural 
philosophy,  and  other  sciences.  It  was 
in  1663  that  his  architectural  talents 
were  first  called  into  action,  when  ho 
was  commissioned  to  prepare  designs 
for  the  restoration  of  St.  Paul's  cathe- 
dral. The  fire  of  London,  howevei, 
soon  opened  to  him  a  wider  sphere. 
Between  1668  and  1718,  he  built  St. 
Paul's,  (which  was  begun  in  1675,)  the 
Monument,  the  hospitals  of  Chelsea  and 
Greenwich,  various  edifices  at  Oxford 
and  Cambridge,  Winchester  castle,  the 
new  part  of  Hampton  court,  and  nearly 
sixty  churches.  In  1680  he  was  chosen 
president  of  the  Royal  Society.  In  1718 
political  intrigue  unworthily  deprived 
him  of  the  surveyor-ofeneralship  of  his 
majesty's  works,  which  he  had  held 
daring  half  a  century.     D.  1723. 

WRIGHT,  Edward,  a  mathematician, 
was  b.  at  Garveston,  in  Norfolk,  in  the 
latter  end  of  the  16th  century;  was  edu- 
cated at  Caius  college,  Cambridge  ;  ac- 
companied the  carl  of  Cumberland  in 
his  voyages;  and  was  appointed  mathe- 
matical lecturer  to  the  East  India  Com- 
pany. The  true  method  of  dividing  the 
meridian  line  was  first  discovered  by 
him.  He  wrote  "  The  Correction  of 
certain  Errors  in  Navigation,"  and 
"  The  Haven  finding  Art."  D.  1615.— 
Joseph,  an  eminent  painter,  commonly 
known  as  Wright  of  Derby,  was  b.  in 
that  town,  in  1734,  and  was  a  pupil  of 
Hudson,  after  which  he  studied  in  Italy. 


wtn] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


815 


On  returning  to  England  lie  resided  for 
two  years  at  Bath,  and  then  settled  at 
Derby,  where  he  d.  1797.  He  displayed 
no  common  talents  in  portrait,  land- 
scape, and  historical  painting.     Anions 


s  principal  works  are,  "  The  Eruption 

"Vesuvius,"  "The  Head  of  Ulleswatcr 
Lake,"  "The  Dead  Soldier,"  "The  De- 
struction of  the  Floating  Batteries  at 
Gibraltar,"  "Belshazzar's  Feast,"  "Hero 
and  Leander,"  and  "-The  Lady  in  Co- 
mas."—Silas,  was  b.  at  Amherst,  Mass., 
on  the  24th  of  May,  1795,  was  graduated 
at  Middlebury  college,  1815,  and  a  few 
Years  afterwards  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  the  state  of  New  York.  In  1^25 
he  was  elected  to  the  senate  of  the  state, 
where  he  soon  distinguished  himself 
for  sagacity  and  talent.  The  next  year 
he  was  chosen  a  member  of  congress. 
Iii  1829  lie  was  made  comptroller  of  the 
state  ;  and,  in  1833,  a  senator  of  the 
United  States.  His  position  there  was 
early  assumed,  and  long  maintained 
with  the  utmost  integrity  and  power. 
D.  1347. 

WYATj  Sir  Thomas,  a  statesman  and 
poet,  was  b.  in  1503,  at  Allington,  in 
Kent ;  was  educated  at  St.  John's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  at  Oxford  ;  was  a 
favorite  of  Henry  VIII. :  was  employed 
on  various  diplomatic  missions  ;  and  d. 
in  1541.  His  poems  have  very  consid- 
erable merit,  and  were  printed  with 
those  of  his  friend,  the  accomplished 
earl  of  Surrey. 

WVATT.  James,  an  eminent  architect, 
was  b.  about  1743,  at  Burton,  in  Stafford- 
shire ;  studied  architecture  and  painting 
at  Rome  ;  succeeded  Sir  William  Cham- 
bers as  surveyor  of  the  board  of  works; 
was  for  a  while  president  of  the  Royal 
Academy ;  and  was  killed,  September 
5,  1813,  by  the  overturning  of  a  carriage. 
Among  his  works  arc,  the  Pantheon, 
Kew  palace,  Fonthill  abbey,  various 
improvements  at  Windsor,  Westmin- 
ster, and  Salisbury,  and  the  wings 
to  the  duke  of  Devonshire's  villa 
at  Chiswiek. — R.  J.,  an  accomplished 
sculptor,  was  b.  in  1795,  in  Oxford- 
street,  London,  where  his  father,  Ed- 
ward Wyatt,  was  then  settled.  At  an 
early  age  he  was  articled  to  Charles 
Rossi,  for  the  term  of  seven  years  ;  and 
during  that  term  his  services  at  the 
Royal  Academy  were  so  successfully 
prosecuted,  as  to  entitle  him  to  the 
award  of  two  medals  upon  different  oc- 
casion*. At  the  time  Wyatt  was  under 
the  tuition  of  Rossi,  he  executed  a  mon- 
ument in  the  church  of  Esher,  in  mem- 
ory of  Mrs.  Hughes,  and  another  in  the 


chapel  at  St.  John's  Wood.  When 
Canova  visited  England,  he  became  so 
far  interested  in  Wyatt,  as  at  once  to 
promise  him  his  protection  and  the  per- 
mission to  work  in  his  studio  at  Rome. 
Thither  he  proceeded  in  the  early  part 
of  the  year  1821,  after  having  spent 
some  time  in  Paris  under  the  celebrated 
Italian  sculptor  Bozio;  and  so  devotedly 
did  he  prosecute  the  labors  of  his  pro- 
fession, that  only  once  in  this  lengthened 
term  of  nearly  30  years  did  he  revisit 
his  native  country,  and  that  occasion 
was  in  the  year  1841,  when  he  was 
honored  by  the  queen  with  a  commis- 
sion for  his  statue  of  Penelope,  which 
in  Rome  was  considered  the  best  of  his 
works.  His  group  of  "  Ino  and  the  In- 
fant Bacchus,"  a  statue  of  "  Glyeera," 
"  Musidora,"  a  statue;' two  statues  of 
Nymphs,  and  "Penelope,"  a  charming 
statue,  the  property  of  her  majesty,  are 
all  works  of  high  merit.     D.  1850. 

WYCHERLEY,  William,  a  wit  and 
dramatist,  was  b.  about  1640,  at  Cleve 
in  Shropshire.  He  studied  at  Queen's 
college,  Oxford,  and  the  Middle  Temple, 
but  paid  little  attention  to  law.  His 
"  Love  in  a  Wood,"  which  was  acted 
in  1672,  gave  him  popularity,  and  he 
became  a  favorite  of  Charles  II.  and  the 
duke  of  Buckingham.  His  marriage 
with  the  countess  of  Drogheda,  how- 
ever, deprived  him  of  the  smiles  of  the 
sovereign,  and  her  jealousy  iinbittered 
his  existence.  After  her  death,  the  suc- 
cession to  her  property  involved  him  in 
lawsuits,  and  he  spent  several  years  in 
prison,  till  he  was  released  by  .lames  II. 
He  d.  in  1715.  He  wrote,  besides  the 
comedy  already  mentioned,  "The  Gen- 
tleman Dancing  Master,"  "The  Country 
Wife,"  "The  Plain  Dealer,"  "Poem*,'' 
and  some  pieces  which  were  published 
after  his  decease. 

WYNDHAM,  Sir  William,  a  cele- 
brated statesman,  was  a  native  of  Somer- 
setshire, and  b.  in  1687.  Having  been 
elected  M.  P.  for  the  county,  he  soon 
became  conspicuous  as  one  of  the  ablest 
senators  in  the  house.  He  was  appointed 
secretary  of  war,  and  afterwards  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer:  but  being  dis- 
placed on  the  death  of  Queen  Anne,  ho 
took  a  leading  part  in  opposition,  and 
signalized  himself  by  his  defence  of  the 
duke  of  Ormond  and  the  earls  of  Ox- 
ford and  Stratford,  when  impeached  by 
the  commons.  He  was  committed  to 
the  Tower  in  1715,  on  the  charge  of 
being  concerned  in  the  rebellion  of  the 
earl  of  Mar,  but  was  never  brought  to 
trial.     D.    1740. — Chahles,    his    eldest 


816 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[xYL 


eon,  became  earl  of  Egremont,  and  d.  in 
1763.  „    , 

WYTHE,  George,  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  American  independence, 
was  b.  in  Virginia,  in  1726.  His  early 
course  was  dissipated,  but  at  the  age  of 
80  he  reformed,  turned  his  attention  to 
literature,  studied  law  and  commenced 
its  practice.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the 
revolution  he  was  a  distinguished  leader 
of  the  popular  party.  Ho  was  for  some 
time  speaker  of  the  house  of  burgesses, 
and  in  1775  was  elected  a  member  of 
congress.  He  was  one  of  the  committee 
to  revise  the  laws  of  Virginia  in  1776, 
and  had  a  principal  share  in  preparing 
the  code  aclopted  in  1779.  Soon  after 
he  was  appointed  one  of  the  three  judges 


of  the  high  court  of  chancery,  and  sub- 
sequently sole  counsellor.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  of  Virginia 
to  consider  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States.  His  death,  which  was  attributed 
to  poison,  took  place  in  1806. 

WYTTENBACH,  Daniel,  a  learned 
philologist,  was  b.  1746,  at  Berne ;  stud- 
ied at  Marburg,  and  atGottingen,  under 
Heyne  ;  and  became  professor  of  phi- 
losophy and  literature  at  the  Remon- 
strants'' college  at  Amsterdam.  He  was 
subsequently  appointed  philosophical 
professor  at  the  institution  called  the 
Illustrious  Athenaeum,  in  the  same  city; 
and,  iu  1799,  he  succeeded  Rulmken  at 
Leyden.  D.  1820.  He  published  an 
edition  of  the  moral  works  of  Plutarch. 


XAV1ER,  St.  Francis,  denominated 
the  Apostle  of  the  Indies,  was  b.  1506, 
at  the  castle  of  Xavier,  in  Navarre ; 
studied  at  Paris  ;  became  one  of  the 
first  and  most  zealous  disciples  of  Igna- 
tius Loyola;  was  sent  to  the  East  by 
John  III.  of  Portugal,  to  propagate  the 
gospel ;  performed  his  mission  in  Hin- 
dostan,  the  Moluccas,  and  Japan;  and 
was  on  the  point  of  landing  in  China, 
when  he  d.  1552. 

XENOCR  ATES,  a  Greek  philosopher, 
was  b.  406  b.  c,  at  Ohalcedon  ;  was  a 
disciple  of  Plato  ;  succeeded  Spensippus 
in  the  Platonic  school ;  and  d.  about  314 
b.  c.  Such  was  his  command  over  his 
passions,  that  the  beautiful  Phyrne  in 
vain  endeavored  to  rouse  them,  though 
»he  had  confidently  wagered  upon  her 
success.  His  works  are  lost,  with  the 
exception  of  a  "Treatise  ou  Death." 

XENOPHANES,  a  Greek  philosopher, 
was  b.  in  the  7th  century  b.  c,  at  Colo- 
phon, in  Asia  Minor:  settled  at  Elea  in 
his  18th  year;  and  d.  there  at  the  age 
of  more 'than  100.  He  founded  the 
Eleatic  sect,  and  his  doctrines  were  de- 
livered in  verse. 

XENOPHON,  a  celebrated  philos- 
opher, historian,  and  general,  a  native 
of  Athens,  was  b.  about  445  b.  c,  and 
was  a  disciple  of  Socrates.  After  having 
borne  arms  at  the  battle  of  Delium,  and 
in  the  Peloponnesian  war,  he  became 
ane  of  the  body  of  Greek  auxiliaries, 
who  fought  on  the  side  of  the  younger 


Cyrus  against  Artaxcrxes.  When  the 
Grecian  leaders  were  treacherously  slain, 
after  the  battle  of  Cnnaxa,  tho  arduous 
task  of  conducting  the  retreat  was  in- 
trusted to  Xenophon,  and  he  performed 
it  with  consummate  skill.  Subsequently 
he  served  under  the  banners  of  Thrace 
and  of  Lacedsemon.     D.  at  Corinth,  360 

'  'TMENES  DE  CISNEROS,  Cardinal 
Fr-.^cis,  an  eminent  Spanish  statesman, 
was  b.  m  1437,  at  Turrelagnna,  in  Old 
Castile,  and  was  educated  at  Alcala  and 
Salamanca.  After  having  filled  various 
benefices,  he  became  a  monk  of  the 
Franciscan  order,  and  obtained  great 
reputation  as  a  preacher.  In  his  56th 
year,  Queen  Isabella  made  hi  in  her  con- 
fessor, and,  two  years  afterwards,  he 
was  raised  to  the  archbishopric  of  Toledo. 
It  was  not,  however,  till  he  received  the 
express  injunction  of  the  pope  that  he 
would  accept  the  archiepiscopal  dignity, 
and  he  continued  to  preserve  the  austere 
habits  of  a  Franciscan.  He  subsequently 
became  prime  minister,  and  a  cardinal, 
and  Ferdinand,  on  his  death-bed,  ap- 
pointed him  regent  till  the  arrival  of 
Charles  V.     D.  1517. 

XYLAN DER,  William,  a  learned 
critic,  whose  real  name  was  Holtze- 
mann,  was  b.  1532,  at  Angsbnrgh;  dis- 
played a  profound  knowledge  of  the 
classics  at  an  early  age  ;  was  chosen 
Greek  professor  at  Heidelberg,  in  1558 ; 
and  d.  1 576. 


you] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


81T 


YALDEN,  Thomas,  a  divine  and 
poet  was  b.  1671,  at  Exeter;  was  edu- 
cated at  Magdalen  college,  Oxford ; 
obtained,  successively,  the  livings  of 
Willoughby,  Chalton,  and  Clanfield, 
and  the  preachership  of  Bridewell  hos- 
pital ;  was  implicated  with  Bishop  At- 
terbury,  but  was  soon  released,  and  d. 
in  1736.  His  poems  have  been  admitted 
into  the  collected  works  of  the  British 
poets. 

YATES,  Frederic  Henrt,  a  popu- 
lar and  versatile  aclor,  first  made  his 
appearance  on  the  stage  in  a  piece  called 
"  The  Actor  of  All  Work,"  in  1817.  In 
the  following  year  he  was  engaged  at 
Covent-garden,  subsequently  may  be 
said  to  have  performed  in  every  line  of 
character  from  Shakspeare's  tragedy  to 
tho  broadest  farce,  and  it  was  not  easy 
to  decide  whether  his  pathos  or  his 
humor  were  most  admirable.  As 
manager  of  the  Adelphi  theatre  his 
taste  and  skill  were  also  universally  al- 
lowed. D.  1842. — Richard,  a  comic  ac- 
tor, who  for  many  years  was  a  public 
favorite  in  Fondlewife,  in  the  "Old 
Bachelor,"  and  similar  characters.  D. 
1796. — Anna  Maria,  his  wife,  was  a 
tragic  actress  of  great  ability  ;  and  on 
the  death  of  Mrs".  Gibber,  in  1765,  she 
for  a  time  became  the  unrivalled  heroine 
of  the  stage.     D.  1787. 

YEARSLEY,  Anne,  a  writer  of 
poems,  novels,  and  dramas,  was  b. 
about  1756,  at  Bristol,  and  was  origin- 
ally a  milkwoman.  Some  of  her  verses 
obtained  for  her  the  patronage  of  Miss 
Hannah  More,  under  whose  auspices  a 
volume  of  her  productions  was  pub- 
lished by  subscription  in  17S5.  The 
profits  enabled  her  to  open  a  circulating 
ibrary  at  the  Hot  Wells.  Among  her 
works  are,  "  Poems,"  "  Earl  Godwyn," 
a  tragedy,  and  "  The  Royal  Captives," 
a  romance.     D.  1806. 

YORK,  Frederic,  duke  of,  second 
sou  of  George  III.,  was  b.  in  1763,  at 
Buckinghamdiouse,  Westminster.  In 
1784  he  received  the  title  which  he  bore 
till  the  end  of  his  life,  and  in  1787  he 
took  his  seat  in  the  upper  house.  He 
narrowly  escaped  death  in  1789,  in  a 
duel  with  Colonel  Lenox.  In  1791  he 
married  the  eldest  daughter  of  the  king 
of  Prussia.  He  was  placed  at  the  bead 
of  the  British  army  in  Flanders  in  1793, 
and,  after  alternate  success,  was  expelled 
00 


E 


from  that  country  by  the  Fiench.  Nor 
was  he  more  fortunate  in  1799,  when  he 
was  employed  in  Holland,  he  being  un- 
der the  necessity  of  signing  a  disad- 
vantageous convention.  His  office  of 
commander-in-chief,  to  which  he  was 
appointed  in  1795,  he  resigned  in  1S09, 
in  consequence  of  the  charges  which 
were  brought  against  him  by  Colonel 
VVardle.  He  was,  however,  reinstated 
by  the  prince-regent,  and  held  it  till  his 
decease,  on  the  5th  of  January,  1827. 
It  is  but  justice  to  say  that  he  adminis- 
tered it  in  a  manner  which  was  highly 
beneficial  to  the  army. 

YOUNG,  Edward,  a  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  b.  1681,  or,  accord- 
ing to  some,  in  1679,  at  Uphatn,  in 
Hants,  and  was  educated  at  "W  inchester 
school,  and  at  New  college,  Oxford.  He 
was  designed  for  the  law,  and  took  his 
degree  of  doctor,  but  he  at  length  chose 
the  clerical  profession,  and,  in  1728, 
was  ordained,  and  appointed  chaplain 
to  the  king.  His  poetical  reputation  he 
had  already  established  by  the  poems 
of  "  The  Last  Day,"  "  The  Force  of  Re- 
"ligion,"  and  "The  Love  of  Fame,"  and 
the  tragedies  of  "  The  Revenge,"  and 
"  Basins."  In  1730  he  obtained  the 
living  of  Welwyn,  and  though  for  sev- 
eral years  he  (to  use  his  own  words) 
"  besieged  court  favor,"  he  received  no 
further  church  promotion.  His  "Night 
Thoughts"  are  supposed  to  have  been 
prompted  by  the  death  of  his  wife 
whom  he  lost  in  1741.  He  d.  in  1755. 
His  poetical  and  prose  works  form  four 
vols. — Arthur,  an  eminent  agricultural 
writer,  was  b.  1741,  at  Bradfield,  in 
Sutf;>lk.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a  wine 
merchant,  at  Lynn,  in  Norfolk;  but 
quitted  that  business  to  engage  in  fann- 
ing. In  furtherance  of  his  wish  to 
improve  the  husbandry  of  his  country, 
he  not  only  made  innumerable  experi- 
ments on  his  own  laud,  but  also  trav- 
elled over  the  greatest  part  of  the' 
British  islands,  and  in  France,  Spain, 
and  Italy.  In  1770  he  published  his 
"  Farmer's  Calendar,"  which  became  a 
popular  work ;  and  in  1774  he  estab- 
lished "  The  Annals  of  Agriculture." 
On  the  establishment  of  the  board  of 
agriculture  he  was  appointed  secretary, 
an  office  which  he  held  till  his  decease 
in  1820.  Among  his  principal  works, 
besides   those   already   mentioned,   are 


818 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ZKN 


his  "Tours  in  England,  Ireland,  and 
France." — Matthew,  a  mathematician 
and  divine,  was  b.  1750,  in  the  county 
of  Roscommon  ;  was  educated  at  Trin- 
ity college,  Dublin,  at  which,  in  1786, 
he  became  professor  of  philosophy ; 
was  raised  to  the  see  of  Clonfert  by 
Marquis  Cornwallis,  and  d.  in  1800.  He 
wrote  "  An  Essay  on  Sounds,"  ■'  An 
Analysis  of  the  Principles  of  Natural 
Philosophy,"  and  "The  Method  of 
prime,  ar.d  ultimate  Ratios." — Sir  Wil- 
liam, a  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  in 
1750,  at  Charlton-housc,  near  Canter- 
bury, was  educated  at  Eton,  Clare-hall, 
Cambridge,  and  University  college,  Ox- 
ford ;  was  M.  P.  for  St.  Mawes,  in  178-5, 
and  d.  1815,  governor  of  Tobago.  His 
principal  works  are,  "The  History  of 
Athens,"  and  "  The  West  India  Com- 
mon Place  Book." — Thomas,  an  eminent 
philosopher  and  physician,  a  nephew  of 
Dr.  Brocklcsby,  was  b.  1774,  was  edu- 
cated at  Gotlingen  and  Edinburgh,  and 
was  physician  to  St.  George's  hospital, 
and  foreign  secretary  to  the  Royal  So- 
ciety. Besides  contributing  a  great 
number  of  valuable  papers  to  the  sup- 
plement to  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Briten- 
nica,"  and  to  many  scientific  periodicals, 
he  wrote  several  works,  of  which  the 
chief  are,  "  A  Course  of  Lectures  on 
Natural  Philosophy,"    "An   Introduc- 


tion to  Medical  Literature,"  a  "  Practical 
and  Historical  Treatise  on  Consumptive 
Disease,"  and  "Elementary  Illustration 
of  the  Celestial  Mechanics  of  La  Plact." 
To  Dr.  Young  belongs  the  merit,  which 
has  been  claimed  for  M.  Champollion, 
of  having  discovered  the  means  of  de- 
ciphering the  Egyptian  hieroglyphics. 
D.  1827. 

YPS1LANTI,  Prince  Alexander,  son 
of  Demetrius,  hospodar  of  Wallachia,  in 
1S02,  accompanied  his  father  when  ho 
took  refuge  in  Russia,  lie  entered  into 
the  Russian  army,  attained  the  rank  of 
major-general,  and  was  made  aid-de- 
camp to  the  emperor.  When  the  Greek 
revolution  broke  out  he  was  chosen  to 
hoist  the  standard  of  freedom  in  Walla- 
chia  and  Moldavia.  lie  was,  however, 
routed  by  the  Turks,  and  was  forced  to 
fly  into  Austria,  where  he  was  long  held 
captive  in  the  fortress  of  Mongatz.  D. 
at  Vienna,  1821. 

YRIARTE,  Don  Thomas  de,  an  emi- 
nent Spanish  poet,  was  b.  about  1760,  at 
TeneritFc  ;  studied  at  Madrid  ;  held  office 
under  government,  and  was  made  edi- 
tor of  the  "  Madrid  Mercury."  Of  his 
works,  which  form  eight  volumes,  the 
principal  are,  "Comedies,"  "Music," 
a  poem,  "Literary  Fables,"  "Moral 
Epistles,"  and  "Miscellanies."  D.  in 
1791. 


z. 


ZABAGLIA,  Nicholas,  an  architect, 
was  b.  1674,  at  Rome,  and  d.  there  in 
1750.  His  first  occupation  was  that  of  a 
carpenter  at  the  Vatican  ;  but  the  vari- 
ous masterly  mechanical  engines  which 
he  invented,  and  the  abilities  which  he 
displayed,  caused  him  to  be  appointed 
architect  of  St.  Peter's.  Zahaglia  is  the 
inventor  of  the  method  by  which  fresco 
paintings  are  transferred  from  the  plas- 
ter on  which  they  were  originally  execu- 
ted. 

ZACCARIA,  Francis  Anthony,  a 
Jesuit,  was  b.  1714,  at  Venice;  succeed- 
ed Muratori  as  librarian  at  Modena;  re- 
tired to  Rome  after  the  dissolution  of 
his  order;  and  d.  there,  in  1795,  pro- 
fessor of  ecclesiastical  history  at  the 
Bapienza  college.  Of  his  106  printed 
works,  the  most  important  are,  "Lit- 
erary History  of  Italy,"  "  Literary  An- 
nals of  Italy,"  "  Anecdotes  of  the 
Middle  Ages,"  and  "  Numismatic  Insti- 
tutions." 


ZACHARTA,  Justus  Frederic  Wil- 
liam, a  German  poet,  was  b.  1726,  at 
Frankenhausen,  in  Thuringia;  was  edu- 
cated at  Leipsie;  was  appointed  profes- 
sor of  poetry  in  the  Caroline  college,  at 
Brunswick  ;  and  d.  1777.  His  poems — 
among  the  best  of  which  are,  "  Phae- 
ton,"'"  The  Four  Parts  of  the  Day," 
and  "  Woman  in  the  Four  Stages  of  her 
Life"— form  nine  volumes  octavo. 

ZARCO,  John  Gonzales,  a  Portu- 
guese navigator  of  the  15th  century.  He 
discovered,  in  1417  and  1419,  the  islands 
of  Porto  Santo  and  Madeira.  In  1421 
he  was  made  governor  of  a  part  of  the 
latter  island,  and  founded  Fnnchal. 
Z:ireo  is  said  to  have  introduced  the  uso 
of  artillery  in  ships. 

ZENDRINI,  Bernard,  an  eminent 
Italian  mathematician,  but  especially 
celebrated  for  his  skill  in  hydraulics, 
was  b.  in  1679,  at  Saviore ;  studied  at 
Padua ;  and  settled  at  Venice  as  a  phy- 
sician.   His  profound  knowledgo  of  th« 


wn] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    DIOGRAPHY. 


819 


subject  caused  him  to  be  appointed  chief 
hydraulic  engineer  at  Ferrara,  and  tlie 
name  office,  with  tlie  superintendence  of 
all  the  waters,  rivers,  and  ports,  was 
afterwards  conferred  on  him  by  the  Ve- 
netian republic.  He  was  also  employed 
by  the  Austrian  government  and  the 
republic  of  Lucca.  Many  works  of 
great  importance  were  executed  by  him. 
D.  1747. 

ZENO,  of  Elea,  a  philosopher,  was 
b.  about  463  b.  c,  at  Elca,  in  Magna 
Gneeia,  and  was  a  disciple  of  Parme- 
nides.  The  invention  of  dialectics  is 
ascribed  to  him.  His  native  city  having 
fallen  under  the  dominion  of  a  despot, 
he  endeavored  to  deliver  it,  but  failed  ; 
and,  being  put  to  the  torture,  he  is  said 
to  have  bitten  oft'  his  tongue,  and  spit  it 
into  the  face  of  the  tyrant. — The  founder 
of  the  sect  of  the  Stoics,  was  b.  about 
362  b.  c,  at  Citium,  in  the  isle  ofCyprus, 
and  quitted  mercantile  pursuits  to  be- 
come a  philosopher.  After  having  re- 
ceived tlie  lessons  of  Crates,  Stilpo, 
Xcnocrates,  and  I'olemon,  he  himself 
opened  a  school  of  philosophy  in  the 
Stoa,  or  painted  portico,  whence  his 
followers  were  called  Stoics.  He  taught 
for  nearly  fifty  years;  was  highly  re- 
spected by  the  Athenians  ;  and  d.  264 
b.  c.  —  Nicholas  and  Anthony,  two 
brothers,  natives  of  Venice,  who,  about 
1388,  are  believed  to  have  discovered  the 
Fcroe  islands,  Greenland,  and  New- 
foundland. Their  voyages  were  first 
published,  in  1588,  by  Mercolini.— • 
Apostolo.  an  eminent  Italian  writer, 
was  b.  in  1668,  at  Venice.  In  1691  he 
founded  the  academy  "degli  Animosi," 
and  in  1710  he  began  "The  Literary 
Journal,"  of  which  the  first  20  volumes 
arc  from  his  pen  ;  the  remainder  being 
the  composition  of  his  brother.  Having 
obtained  reputation  by  his  dramatic 
compositions,  Charles  VI.,  in  1718,  in- 
vited him  to  Vienna,  and  appointed  him 
his  historiographer  and  laureate.  Zeno 
resided  for  eleven  years  at  the  imperial 
court,  and  produced  nearly  forty  pieces. 
He  returned  to  his  own  country  in  1731, 
vnd  d.  in  1750.  His  theatrical  compo- 
sitions form  ten  volumes  ;  and  his  Let- 
ters, and  other  prose  compositions,  near- 
ly twenty. 

ZENOBTA,  Septima,  queen  of  Palmy- 
ra, was  descended  from  the  Ptolemies, 
and  her  mind  was  cultivated  by  the  les- 
sons of  Longinus.  After  the  death  of 
Odenatus.  in  whose  labors  of  war  and 
government  she  had  participated,  she 
assumed  the  title  of  Queen  of  the  East, 
pushed  her  conquests  in  various  direc- 


tions, and  rendered  Palmyra  one  Df  the 
most  splendid  of  oriental  cities.  Aure 
lian  made  war  against  her,  and,  alter 
having  gained  two  battles,  laid  siege  to 
Palmyra.  She  was  taken  while  attempt- 
ing to  escape  ;  was  carried  to  Rome  to 
grace  his  triumph  ;  and  d.  there,  in  pri- 
vate life,  about  300. 

ZEUXIS,  a  celebrated  painter  of  an- 
tiquity, is  believed  to  have  been  b.  about 
497  b.o.,  and  to  have  d.  about  400  b.  c. 
He  was  a  native  of  Heraclea,  but  of 
which  of  the  cities  bearing  that  name  is 
not  known,  though  it  is  supposed  to  be 
the  Heraclea  of  Magna  Grcecia.  Ho 
brought  to  perfection  the  management 
of  light  and  shade.  Of  his  own  merit  he 
had  a  sufficiently  lofty  idea ;  for,  having 
become  rich,  h«  gave  away  his  pictures, 
on  the  ground  that  no  price  was  equal 
to  their  worth. 

ZIMMERMAN,  John  George,  a  phy- 
sician and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b. 
1728,  at  Brugg,  in  the  canton  of  Berne ; 
studied  medicine  under  Haller  in  Got- 
tingen  ;  practised  for  some  years  at  his 
native  place  ;  was  appointed,  in  1768, 
chief  physician  to  the  king  of  England 
at  Hanover;  attended  Frederic  of  Prus- 
sia on  his  death-bed  ;  was  a  violent  lit- 
erary opponent  of  the  Illuminati  and  the 
French  revolutionists;  and  d.,  in  1795, 
a  victim  to  hypochondriac  disease. 
Among  his  works  are,  "  A  Treatise  on 
Solitude,"  (once  highly  popular ;)  "An 
Essay  on  National  Pride ;"  and  "  A 
Treatise  on  the  Experience  of  Medicine." 
— Eberhard  Augustus  William  von,  a 
German  naturalist,  was  b.  at  Weltzen, 
1743  ;  studied  at  Gottingen  and  Lcyden  ; 
and  obtained  the  professorship  of  natu- 
ral philosophy  at  the  Caroline  college  at 
Brunswick.  His  first  work  was  a  trea- 
tise on  the  "  Analysis  of  Curves  ;"  and 
in  1777  he  published  "Specimen  Zoo- 
logiso,"  the  outline  of  bis  "Geographi- 
cal History  of  Man  and  Quadrupeds." 
Ho  visited  England  three  times,  and 
printed  there,  in  1787,  his  "  Political  Sur- 
vey of  the  Present  State  of  Europe;" 
and  he  subsequently  employed  his  pen 
in  opposing  the  revolutionary  statesmen 
of  France  ;  for  which  he  was  ennobled 
by  the  Emperor  Leonold  II.  After 
this  he  published  several  geographical 
works,  one  of  the  best  of  which  was 
a  "General  Survey  of  Franco  and  of 
the  United  States  of  America."  D,  in 
1815. 

ZINCKE,  Christian  Frederic,  a  Ger- 
man painter,  was  b.  about.  1684,  at  Dres- 
den ;  studied  under  Boit ;  settled  in 
England  in  his  22d  year;  became  justly 


820 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[zuo 


celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  his  enamel 
portraits  ;  and  d.  in  1767. 

ZINZENDORF,  Nicholas  Louis, 
Count,  the  restorer  of  the  Moravian 
scot,  was  b.  in  1700,  at  Dresden  ;  was  a 
son  of  the  elector  of  Saxony's  chamber- 
lafti ;  and  studied  at  Halle  and  Witten- 
berg. He  early  manifested  an  enthusi- 
astic turn  of  mind  with  respect  to 
religious  concerns.  In  1721,  having 
given  an  asylum  on  his  estate  to  some 
of  the  persecuted  Moravian  brethren,  he 
espoused  their  doctrines,  and  became 
the  head  of  their  church.  To  spread 
those  doctrines,  and  procure  toleration 
for  the  professors  of  them,  he  travelled 
over  a  large  part  of  Europe,  visited  En- 
gland, and  even  made  two  voyages  to 
America.  He  d.  in  1760.  The  Moravi- 
ans, and  their  head,  were  long  the  sub- 
ject of  many  gross  calumnies,  from 
which,  however,  their  meritorious  con- 
duct has  amply  vindicated  them. 

ZISCA,  John,  a  celebrated  Bohemian 
warrior,  was  b.  about  1380,  of  a  noble 
family.  His  real  name  was  Tkociiznow, 
but  he  received  the  appellation  of  Zisca, 
or  one-eyed,  after  having  lost  an  eye  in 
battle.  When  the  Hussites  rose  in  arms 
to  oppose  the  succession  of  Sigisinund 
to  the  crown  of  Bohemia,  they  placed 
Zisca  at  their  head,  and  he  justified  their 
jhoiee  by  numerous  victories  over  the 
enemy.  Though  he  lost  his  other  eye 
during  the  contest,  he  compelled  Sigis- 
mund  to  submit  to  humiliating  terms  of 
peace.     D.  1424. 

ZOEGA,  George,  an  eminent  Danish 
archaeologist,  was  b.  1755,  at  Dahler, 
in  Jutland;  was  educated  at  Altona  and 
Gottingen;  resided  for  many  years  at 
Rome,  as  consul  for  Denmark,  and  was 
much  esteemed  by  Pius  VI.,  and  d.  in 
1809.  Among  his  works  are,  "  A  Trea- 
tise de  Origine  et  Usn  Obeliscorum ;" 
"Numi  iEgyptii ;"  and  the  "Ancient 
Basso  Relievoes  of  Rome." 

ZOLLIKUFFER,  Geouoe  Joachim,  a 
Swiss  divine,  was  b.  1730,  at  St.  Gall; 
was  educated  at  Bremen  and  Utrecht; 
was,  successively,  a  minister  in  the  Pays 
de  Vaiid,  the  Grisons,  and  at  Leipsic; 
and  d.  in  179S.  Of  his  "Sermons," 
which  form  fifteen  volumes,  a  part  have 
been  translated  into  English. 

ZOROASTER,  an  ancient  philosopher, 
of  whose  history  little  or  nothing  that  is 
authentic  is  known.  There  are  supposed 
to  have  been  several  of  the  name.  The 
most  celebrated,  however,  the  Zerdusht 
of  the  Persians,  is  believed  to  have  been 
the  reformer  of  the  Magian  system  of 
religion,  and  the  author  of  the  Zenda- 


vesta.  which  contains  the  doctrines  that 
he  taught.  Irreconcilable  differences 
exist  among  the  learned  as  to  the  time 
in  which  he  flourished.  Volney  fixes 
his  birth  1250  b.c. 

ZOUCII,  Richard,  a  distinguished 
civilian,  was  b.  about  1590,  at  Anstey,  in 
Wiltshire;  was  educated  at  Winchester 
school,  and  at  New  college,  Oxford;  be- 
came rcgius  professor  of  law  at  Oxford, 
principal  of  St.  Alban's  hall,  warden  or 
the  cinque  ports,  and  judge  of  the  admi- 
ralty; and  d.  in  1660.  His  numerous 
works  in  civil,  military,  and  maritime 
jurisprudence,  all  of  them  in  Latin,  are 
still  esteemed. — Thomas,  a  divine  and 
biographer,  was  b.  1737,  at  Sandal,  in 
Yorkshire;  was  educated  at  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge;  and  d.  in  1806, 
rector  of  Scrayingham,  and  prebendary 
of  Durham.  Late  in  life  the  bishopric 
of  Carlisle  was  offered  to  him,  but  lie 
refused  it.  Among  his  works  are,  mem- 
oirs of  Sir  P.  Sidney,  of  Dean  Sudbury, 
and  of  Sir  George  Whelcr;  "An  Inquiry 
into  the  Prophetic  Character  of  the  Ro- 
mans," and  "  The  Crucifixion,"  a  Sea- 
tonian  prize  poem. 

ZSCHOKKE,  IIeinrich,  whose  name 
occupies  an  important  place  in  the  annals 
of  German  literature  and  Swiss  history, 
was  b.  at  Magdeburg,  1771.  lie  com 
menced  life  as  a  strolling  player,  but 
afterwards  found  means  to  study  phi- 
losophy and  divinity  at  Frankfort-on- 
the-Oder;  and,  after  many  years  of 
travels  and  varied  adventures,  he  de- 
voted himself  to  the  education  of  youth, 
and  fixed  his  residence  in  Switzerland, 
in  1792.  Here  he  rendered  great  politi- 
cal services  to  his  adopted  country  ;  and 
for  more  than  forty  years  sent  forth,  at 
intervals,  from  his  peaceful  retreat  at 
Aarau,  various  worts  of  philosophy, 
history,  criticism,  and  fiction ;  display- 
ing at  once  the  versatility  of  his  acquire- 
ments, his  fertile  imagination,  and  a 
power  and  felicity  of  expression  attained 
by  few.  His  checkered  life  had  given 
him  a  deep  insight  into  the  springs  of 
human  action;  and  few  writers  have 
more  largely  contributed  to  entertain 
and  improve  their  fellow-men.  His 
chief  productions  are,  "  Miscellcn  fur 
die  neueste  Wcltkundc,"  "  History  of 
Switzerland,"  "BilderausderSchweitz," 
"  Das  Goldmaeherdorf,"  "  Stunden  der 
Andacht,"  &c.  His  works  have  been 
collected  in  forty  volumes,  including  his 
autobiography,  and  tales,  which  have 
been  translated  into  English.  D.  in 
1848. 

ZUCCARELLI,  Francis,  a  celebrated 


2Wl] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


821 


Italian  painter,  b.  at  Florence,  1710.  He 
went  to  England  about  1752,  and  met 
with  such  encouragement,  that  he  saved 
a  handsome  independence,  and  returned 
to  his  own  country,  where  he  d.  17S8. 

ZUCC11ERO,  Taddeo,  an  eminent 
Italian  painter,  b.  at  Urbino,  in  152l>, 
who  attained  to  great  proficiency  in  the 
nrt,  and  d.  in  his  27th  year. — Frederico, 
his  younger  brother,  b.  1543,  resided 
several  years  in  England,  where  he 
grew  into  high  repute,  and  painted  the 
portrait  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  Previous 
to  his  going  to  that  country  he  had 
given  great  offence  to  Pope  Gregory 
XlII.  by  caricaturing  several  distin- 
guished persons  connected  with  the 
papal  court ;  but  his  friends  in  England 
succeeded  in  restoring  him  to  favor  at 
Koine ;  and,  on  his  return,  he  estab- 
lished an  academy  of  painting  in  that 
city,  which  he  continued  to  superintend 
till  his  death,  in  1609. 

ZUMBO,  Gaetano  Julius,  a  celebra- 
ted modeller  in  wax,  was  b.  1656,  at  Sy- 
racuse, in  Sicily;  and  d.  at  Paris,  in 
1701.  For  the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany 
he  executed,  in  colored  wax,  several 
admirable  works.  The  most  celebrated 
of  these  bears  the  name  of  the  "  Putre- 
faction." It  exhibits  five  figures — a  dy- 
ing person,  a  dead  body,  a  corpse  in  a 
state  of  incipient  corruption,  one  half 
corrupted,  and  another  in  the  last  stage 
ot  corruption  and  a  prey  to  worms,  llis 
masterpieces,  a  Nativity  and  a  Descent 
from  the  Cross,  arc  at  Genoa. 

ZUKITA,  Jekom,  a  Spanish  historian, 
wan  b.  1512,  at  Saragossa,  and,  after 
68* 


having  been  employed  in  various  offices 
at  home,  and  on  a  mission  to  Germany, 
was  appointed  historiographer  of  Ara- 
gon.  lie  d.  in  1581.  His  greatest  work 
js  "Annals  of  the  Crown  of  Aragon," 
in  seven  folio  volumes. 

ZVVINGLI,  or  ZUINGLIUS,  Ulkic, 
one  of  the  most  enlightened  and  tolerant 
of  the  Protestant  reformers,  was  b. 
in  1484,  at  Wildhans,  in  Switzerland, 
and  was  educated  at  Basle,  Berne,  and 
Vienna.  On  his  return  to  Basle,  he  was 
appointed  a  classical  teacher  when  he 
was  only  18.  In  1506  he  took  the  de- 
gree of  M.A.,  and  was  chosen  minister 
of  Claris.  In  1512  and  1515  he  accom- 
panied the  auxiliary  Swiss  troops  to 
Italy,  and  was  present  at  the  disastrous 
battle  of  Marignan;  a  circumstance 
which  inspired  or  increased  his  abhor- 
rence of  all  war  except  that  which  is 
undertaken  for  the  defence  of  our  native 
land.  In  1516  he  was  made  preacher  at 
Einseidlen,  and  it  was  at  that  period 
that  he  entered  upon  the  career  of  ec- 
clesiastical reformation.  In  1518  he 
became  rector  of  Zurich.  Steadily  but 
prudently  he  pursued  his  course  of 
reform,  and,  in  1524,  had  the  gratifica- 
tion of  seeing  his  doctrines  adopted  by 
the  great  council  of  Zurich,  llis  in- 
fluence among  the  Swiss  Protestants 
continued  to  be  powerful  during  the 
remainder  of  his  life.  In  1531,  war 
having  broken  out  between  the  Catholic 
and  Protestant  cantons,  Zuinglius  was 
ordered  by  the  senate  to  accompany  the 
troops,  and  was  unfortunately  slain  in 
the  skirmish  at  Cappel. 


SUPPLEMENT. 

1851-1876. 


A. 


AALI  PACHA,  a  Turkish  statesman, 
b.  at  Constantinople,  1815,  entered  the 
diplomatic  service,  and  was  ambassa- 
dor at  London  1841-44.  He  was  at 
different  periods  foreign  minister  and 
grand  vizier;  and  was  plenipotentiary 
of  the  Porte  to  the  Paris  Conference  of 
1856.  In  1867  he  was  regent  during 
the  Sultan's  visit  to  different  European 
courts.  He  was  conspicuous  in  the 
London  Conference  of  1870.  Moderate 
in  his  temper,  though  a  Moslem,  he  ap- 
preciated Christian  civilization.  Small 
in  stature  and  diffident  in  manner,  he 
was  firm  and  energetic  as  a  ruler  and 
diplomatist.  He  is  said  to  have  pos- 
sessed poetical  talent.     D.  1871. 

ABBAS,  Pacha,  a  grandson  of  Me- 
hemet  Ali,  was  born  1813,  and  became 
viceroy  of  Egypt  in  1848.  as  successor 
of  his  uncle,  Ibrahim  Pacha.  He  op- 
posed the  introduction  of  European  re- 
forms, and  the  policy  of  the  Sultan. 
D.  1854. 

ABDUL-AZIZ,  Khan,  sultan  of  Tur- 
key, b.  18:50,  ascended  the  throne  on 
the  death  of  his  brother  Abdul-Medjid 
in  1861.  He  initiated  financial  reforms, 
made  treaties  of  commerce  with  France 
and  England,  visited  the  Paris  exhibi- 
tion in  July,  1867,  and  in  the  same 
month  went  to  London,  where  he  was 
received  with  enthusiasm.  But  his 
study  of  European  civilization  did  not 
promote  his  popularity  at  home,  and  he 
resigned.     D.   1876. 

ABDUL-MEDJID,  Khan,  sultan  of 
Turkey,  b.  1822;  d.  1861. 

A' BECKETT,  Gilukkt  Abbott,  an 
English  humorist,  b.  1810,  was  called 
to  the  bar  in  1841,  but  employed  a  por- 
tion of  his  leisure  in  writing  for  the 
press.  He  wrote  the  "Comic  Black- 
stone"  and  "Comic  History  of  Eng- 
land," and  was  a  constant  contributor 
to  "  Punch,"  as  well  as  to  some  of  the 
London  daily  journals.  D.  1856.  —  His 
brother.  Sir  William,  b.  18;)6,  edited 
the  "Universal  Biography,"  and  wrote 


a  great  part  of  "The  Georgian  Era  "  in 
four  volumes.  He  was  made  chief 
justice  of  Victoria,  on  its  erection  into 
a  separate  colony.     D.  1869. 

ABERT,  John  J.,  many  years  chief 
of  the  United  States  corps  of  engineers. 
B.  1790;  d.  1863. 

ACHARD,  Lours  Amkdkk  Eugene, 
a  French  writer,  b.  at  Marseilles,  1814, 
engaged  in  business  pursuits,  but  in 
1838  removed  to  Paris,  and  became 
popular  as  a  journalist,  novelist,  and 
writer  for  the  stage.  His  romance  of 
"  lielle  Hose  "  passed  through  several 
editions.     D.  1875. 

ADAIR,  Sin  Robekt,  a  British  di- 
plomatist, whose  services  date  in  the 
time  of  Fox  and  Canning.  He  was 
the  last  surviving  friend  of  Charle3 
James  Fox.     B.  1763;  d.  1855. 

ADAM,  Albrecht,  a  German  painter 
of  battle  pieces,  b.  at  Nordlingen,  1786; 
d.  1832. 

ADAMS,  Charles,  the  historian 
of  "The  Patriot  War,"  b.  1787;  d. 
at  Burlington,  Vt.,  1831  — Charles 
Baker,  an  American  naturalist,  b. 
1814.  He  conducted  the  geological 
survey  of  Vermont  in  1845.  His  favor- 
ite department  was  the  study  of  the  mol- 
lusca,  concerning  which  he  published 
many  valuable  papers.  D.  1853. — 
Francis,  a  Scottish  physician,  b.  1797; 
d.  1831.  He  translated  the  writings  of 
Paul  us  ^Egineta,  and  afterwards  of 
Hippocrates  and  Aretaeus. 

A  DAMSON,  John,  an  English  author. 
He  wrote  a  memoir  of  Camoens,  and 
published  two  volumes  on  the  history, 
antiquities,  and  literature  of  Portugal. 
B.  1787  ;  d.  1855. 

AFANASIFF,  Ai.eksandr  Nicol- 
aevich,  an  eminent  Russian  scholar 
and  critic,  b.  1826,  devoted  himself  es- 
pecially to  the  collection  of  the  popular 
tales  of  Russia,  and  wrote  a  treatise  on 
the  "  Poetical  Views  of  Nature  enter- 
tained bv  the  Old  Slavonians,"  com- 
pleted in'1869.     D.  1871. 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[AIK 


AGASSIZ,  Louis  John  Rudolf,  a 
Swiss-American  naturalist,  1).  1807  in 
Motiers,  Switzerland;  was  the  son  of  a 
Protestant  pastor  of  Huguenot  descent. 
His  education  was  superintended  by 
his  mother  till  he  reached  the  age  of 
eleven  years,  when  he  was  sent  to  the 
gymnasium  of  Bienne.  He  afterwards 
studied  the  medical  sciences  at  Zurich, 
Heidelberg,  and  Munich.  In  1826,  on 
the  death  of  Spix,  he  was  selected  by 
Marti  us  to  take  charge  of  the  ichthyo- 
logical  department  of  the  great  work 
on  Brazil,  the  mater  als  for  which  had 
been  collected  by  the  scientific  explor- 
ing expedition,  sent  out  by  the  Bava- 
rian and  Austrian  governments.  It  ap- 
peared under  the  title  "  Pisces,  etc  ,  quos 
collegit  et  pinguendos  curavit  Spix,  de- 
scripsit  A.  Munich,  1829,"  in  fol.  with 
91  lithographic  plates.  In  this  work 
Agassiz  first  developed  his  ideas  on 
ichlhyological  classification.  It  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  "  Natural  History  of  the 
Fresh-water  Fishes  of  Central  Europe," 
announced  in  1831,  published  in  parts, 
1839-1812,  in  Neufehatel,  in  German, 
French,  and  English  texts,  with  34 
plates.  The  progress  of  this  work  was 
interrupted  by  the  "  Researches  on  Fos- 
sil Fishes."  published  in  parts  from 
1832  to  1842,  with  311  lithographic 
plates.  This  was  the  result  of  the  ex- 
amination of  many  important  collec- 
tions, and  particularly  of  those  of  the 
Museum  of  Natural  History  in  Paris. 
Appointed  professor  of  zoology  at  Neuf- 
chatel, Agassiz  associated  wiili  himself 
two  young  snvtinls,  Mr.  E.  Desor  and 
Mr.  Charles  Vogt,  as  his  assistants  in 
the  completion  of  this  work.  From 
1836  to  1845  he  spent  his  summers 
in  the  Alps,  the  first  fruit  of  which 
was  his  "Etude?  sur  les  Glaciers,"  a 
volume  which  revolutionized  all  the 
prevailing  ideas  on  the  formation,  de- 
velopment, movement,  and  action  of 
glaciers,  and  was  followed  by  a  more 
detailed  exposition,  under  the  title  of 
the  "  Systeme  Glaciare,"  published  in 
Paris  in  1847.  In  the  autumn  of  the 
previous  year  he  arrived  in  Boston, 
and  from  that  period  his  scientific  life 
belongs  to  the  United  States.  The  ob- 
ject of  his  visit  was  to  study  the  natural 
history  and  neology  of  this  country,  on 
a  mission  from  the  Prussian  govera- 
ment,  and  incidentally  to  deliver  a 
course  of  lectures  before  the  Lowell  In- 
stitute. After  delivering  two  courses  in 
Boston,  he  visited  New  York,  Philadel- 
phia, and  Charleston,  with  the  view  of 
studying  the  comparative   zoologies  of 


the  northern  and  southern  shores  of  the 
continent.  His  permanent  stay  in  the 
United  States  was  decided  by  an  invi- 
tation of  Prof.  Bache,  which  placed  at 
his  disposal  the  facilities  of  the  coast 
survey  for  the  prosecution  of  his  re- 
searches. A  professorship  of  zoilogy 
and  geology  was  offered  him  in  the  sci- 
entific school,  founded  by  Mr.  Abbott 
Lawrence  in  Cambridge,  which  he  ac- 
cepted in  1848.  Lectures  on  this  foun- 
dation, original  investigations,  journeys 
to  Lake  Superior,  Florida,  Brazil,  and 
the  Rocky  Mountains;  lectures  on  vari- 
ous branches  of  natural  history  in  the 
chief  cities  of  the  Union;  the  duties  of 
a  professorship  of  comparative  anatomy 
in  the  medical  college  of  Charleston,  S. 
C,  and  of  a  non-resident  professorship 
in  Cornell  University ;  with  the  prepa- 
ration of  his  extensive  work  entitled 
"Contributions  to  the  Natural  History 
of  the  United  States,"  and  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  immense  collections  stored 
in  the  Cambridge  Museum,  attest  his 
wonderful  energy  and  enthusiasm,  no 
less  than  his  vast  attainments  in  natu- 
ral science.  In  December,  1871,  he  em- 
barked with  a  number  of  his  pupils  on 
an  expiring  voyage  around  Cape  Horn 
to  San  Francisco,  —  an  expedition  that 
added  to  his  collections  thousands  of 
fishes,  reptiles,  and  mollusks,  before  un- 
described.  His  life,  after  his  return, 
was  devoted  to  the  museum,  and  to  the 
establishment  of  the  school  of  natural 
history  for  the  instruction  of  teachers 
from  living  specimens,  which  he  was 
enabled  to  effect  by  the  munificent  gift 
of  Penikese  Island,  and  a  large  endow- 
ment fund  by  Mr.  J.  Anderson,  of  New 
York.  It  was  whilst  actively  engaged 
in  maturing  his  plans  for  perfecting 
this  institution,  that  his  constitution 
yielded  to  the  over-demand  that  had 
been  made  upon  it  by  his  various  and 
exhausting  labors,  and  he  d.  in  Cam- 
bridge, December  14,  1873. 

AGUII.AR,  Gkack,  an  English  au- 
thoress, b.  1816,  the  daughter  of  Jewish 
parents,  wrole  many  works  with  the 
view  of  raising  the  character  of  the 
Jewish  people  in  the  eyes  of  the  Chris- 
tian world.  Anions  these  are  "The 
Spirit  of  Judaism,"  "The  Women  of 
Israel,"  and  the  "History  of  the  Eng- 
lish Jews."     D.  1847. 

AIKIN,  Arthur,  an  English  writer 
and  scientific  man,  b.  1773  ;  d.  1854. 
He  was  the  author  of  the  "  Manual  of 
Mineralogy"  and  "A  Dictionary  of 
Chemistry  and  Mineralogy."  —  Lucy, 
his  sister,  one  of  the  most  accomplished 


alf] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


literary  women  of  her  day,  is  well  re- 
membered by  her  historical  memoirs  of 
Elizabeth.  James  L,  and  Charles  I.; 
and  her  biographical  memoirs  of  Addi- 
son, Mrs.  Barbauld,  and  of  her  father, 
Dr.  Aikiu. 

AINMULLER,  Maximilian  Eman- 
uel, a  German  painter,  b.  in  Munich, 
1807,  distinguished  himself  by  reviving 
the  art  of  painting  on  glass.  His  first 
finished  work  was  the  restoration  of  the 
window  of  the  Cathedral  of  Ratisbon, 
1826-1833.  His  labors  soon  attracted 
attention  throughout  Europe,  and  his 
works  are  to  be  found  in  the  Vatican, 
the  Cathedral  of  Cologne,  Westminster 
Abbey,  the  Chapel  of  St.  George  at 
Windsor,  and  on  an  enormous  scale  in 
the  Cathedral  of  Glasgow.  He  also 
painted  on  porcelain,  and  in  oil.  D. 
1870. 

AIRD,  Thomas,  a  Scottish  poet,  b. 
1802,  educated  at  Edinburgh,  edited  the 
"  Dumfries  Herald  "  some  thirty  years, 
published  in  1848  a  collection  of  his 
poems,  and  wrote  several  prose  works 
of  merit.  He  edited  with  an  admirable 
memoir  the  poems  of  Moir,  the  Delta  of 
Blackwood's  Magazine,  to  which  work 
he  was  himself  a  contributor.    D.  1876. 

AKERMAN,  John  Young,  b.  in 
Surrey,  England,  1806,  published  nu- 
merous valuable  works  in  numismatics, 
and  for  his  "  Coins  of  the  Romans  rel- 
ative to  Britain"  received  the  gold 
medal  of  the  French  Institute.    D.  1873. 

AKERS,  Benjamin  Paul,  an  Amer- 
ican sculptor,  b.  near  Portland,  Me., 
1825,  was  attracted  by  the  sight  of 
Gb.au trey's  statue  of  Washington  to  the 
study  of  his  art.  He  opened  a  studio  in 
Portland,  in  1849,  and  amongst  those 
whose  busts  he  modelled  was  Henry  W. 
Longfellow.  He  visited  Italy  in  1851- 
52,  and  on  his  return  executed  a  statue 
of  "  Benjamin  in  Egypt."  During  the 
next  three  years  he  was  emploved  upon 
busts  of  public  men,  including  Edward 
Everett,  Gen.  Houston,  and  Judge  Mc- 
Lean. In  1855,  he  again  visited 
Europe,  and  during  a  three  years'  resi- 
dence in  Rome,  executed  a  model  of 
"  Una  and  the  Lion,"  a  statue  of  St. 
Elizabeth  of  Hungary,  the  "Dead 
Pearl-diver,"  and  an  ideal  head  of  Mil- 
ton. He  returned  to  the  United  States, 
but  was  induced  by  impaired  health  to 
revisit  Home  in  1859,  where  he  made  a 
small  clav  model  of  a  statue  of  Commo- 
dore M.  C.  Perry.     D.  1862. 

ALAMAN,  Lucas,  a  Mexican  states- 
man, a  member  of  Santa  Anna's  cabi- 
net, and  the  author  of  many  of  his  most 


despotic  measures.  He  proposed  the 
abolition  of  the  liberty  of  the  press,  the 
restoration  of  the  power  and  the  confis- 
cated property  of  the  Jesuits,  the  impo- 
sition of  heavy  taxes  upon  a  people  al- 
ready impoverished,  and  the  adoption 
of  a  foreign  policy  inimical  to  the  United 
States.  He  was  the  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  Mexico,"  in  four  volumes.  Born 
towards  the  close  of  the  18th  centurv, 
d.  1855. 

ALBERT,  Francis  Augustus 
Charles  Emanuel,  Duke  of  Saxony, 
Prince  of  Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotha,  and 
prince  consort  of  the  Queen  of  Great 
Britain,  was  born  at  Rosenau  in  1819. 
He  was  educated  under  the  Consistorial 
Councillor  Florsehiitz  and  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Bonn.  In  1838,  he  visited 
England  with  his  father,  and  two  years 
afterwards  was  married  to  Queen  Vic- 
toria at  St.  James's  Palace.  As  prince 
consort,  he  played  with  rare  discretion 
the  difficult  and  elevated  part  assigned 
to  him.  He  avoided  all  connection 
with  politics,  but  took  a  warm  interest 
in  social  questions,  and  devoted  himself 
to  various  pursuits  which  gave  him  a 
high  character  amongst  all  parties.  He 
was  a  man  of  refined  taste,  and  an  ac- 
complished musician  and  draughtsman. 
He  paid  great  attention  to  agriculture 
and  had  a  model  farm  near  Windsor, 
in  the  management  of  which  he  availed 
himself  of  every  scientific  appliance  and 
improvement.  As  head  of  the  fine  arts 
commission  and  chairman  of  the  council 
of  the  Great  Exhibition  of  1851,  his 
services  were  invaluable.  He  held  a 
large  number  of  official  positions,  and 
was  a  patron  of  art  and  literature.  I). 
1861.  A  full  collection  of  his  public 
addresses  was  published  in  1862.  The 
story  of  his  "Early  Years,"  by  the 
Hon.  C.  Grey,  appeared  1867-68.  See 
also  Queen  Victoria's  "  Leaves  from  the 
Journal  of  our  Life  in  the  Highlands, 
from  1848  to  1861,"  edited  by  Sir  Ar- 
thur Helps  (1868). 

ALDRIDGE,  Ira,  styled  the  Afri- 
can Roscius,  b.  near  Baltimore,  in  1810, 
became  a  body  servant  of  Edmund  Kean 
in  1826,  and  accompanied  him  to  Eng- 
land. Some  years  later  he  began  a 
dramatic  career  in  London,  and  per- 
formed with  Kean  in  Ireland,  and  after- 
wards with  great  applause  in  Germany 
and  France  in  Othello  and  other  Shake- 
spearean characters.     D.  1867. 

ALFORD,  Henry,  an  English  cler- 
gyman and  author,  b  in  London  in 
1810.  Curate,  vicar,  fellow  of  his  col- 
lege (Trinity,  Cambridge),  examiner  of 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[all 


logic  and  moral  philosophy  in  the  uni- 
versity of  London,  sometime  Hulsean 
lecturer  at  Cambridge,  an  esteemed  di- 
dactic and  religious  poet,  and  distin- 
guished for  his  eloquence  in  the  pulpit 
of  Quebec  Street  chapel,  he  became 
Dean  of  Canterbury  in  1857.  His  most 
important  works  are  an  edition  of  the 
Greek  Testament,  with  notes  and  com- 
mentary, 5  vols.,  and  "  The  New  Tes- 
tament for  English  Readers,"  4  vols. 
For  several  years  he  was  editor  of  the 
"Contemporary  Review, "  and  was  one 
of  the  leading  promoters  of  the  scheme 
for  the  revision  of  the  authorized  ver- 
sion of  the  Ilolv  Scriptures.     D.  1871. 

ALEXANDER,  Archibald,  D.  D., 
an  eminent  Presbyterian  divine,  b.  in 
Virginia,  1772,  was  licensed  as  a  preach- 
er in  1791,  and  spent  some  years  in  itin- 
erant missionary  service  in  his  native 
state.  In  1798  he  accepted  the  presi- 
dency of  Hampden  Sidney  college,  which 
he  left  about  nine  years  afterwards  to 
become  pastor  of  a  church  in  Philadel- 
phia. The  theological  seminary  at 
Princeton  was  established  in  1811,  and 
Dr.  Alexander  was  elected  as  its  first 
professor,  having  in  his  sole  charge  the 
various  branches  of  theological  educa- 
tion ;  but  the  department  of  polemic 
and  pastoral  theology  was  finally  as- 
signed as  his  special  charge.  He  was  a 
voluminous  writer,  and  published  nu- 
merous works  on  theological  subjects. 
D.  1851. —James  Waudki.l,  D.  D., 
eldest  son  of  the  preceding,  distin- 
guished as  a  clergyman  and  scholar,  b. 
1804;  d.  1859.  He  held  a  professorship 
for  some  time  in  the  theological  semi- 
nary at  Princeton,  and  afterwards  be- 
came pastor  of  the  Fifth  Avenue  church 
in  New  York.  His  published  works  are 
numerous  and  popular. — Foskpii  Ad- 
dison, 1).  I).,  third  son  of  Dr.  Archi- 
bald Alexander,  was  b.  1809,  and  grad- 
uated at  the  college  of  New  Jersey  in 
1826  In  1830  he  was  appointed  adjunct 
professor  of  ancient  languages  in  that 
institution,  which  post  he  resigned  in 
1833;  and  in  1838  he  was  elected  to  a 
professorship  in  the  Princeton  theologi- 
cal seminary.  He  was  an  excellent  lin- 
guist, and  published  several  commen- 
taries upon  portions  of  the  Scriptures. 
D.  1860. —Colonel  of  the  Royal  En- 
gineers. He  constructed  the  English 
field  works  before  Sevastopol.  D.  of 
apoplexy  in  his  tent,  1854. 

ALEXANDRE,  A.,  a  famous  writer 
on  chess,  born  in  Germany  about  1773; 
d.  in  Paris  in  1851. 

ALIGN  Y,   Felix     Claude    Theo- 


dore Carvel,  a  distinguished  French 
landscape  painter  and  etcher,  b.  1798, 
went  to  Paris  at  an  early  age,  exhibited 
at  the  salon  in  1822,  and  in  the  next 
twenty  years  attained  considerable  rep- 
utation. In  184G  he  published  a  vol- 
ume of  etchings.  In  1861  he  was  ap- 
pointed director  of  the  Fine  Arts  School 
at  Lyons,  and  held  the  place  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  in  1871. 

ALISON,  Archibald,  jurist  and  his- 
torian, b.  1792,  studied  at  Edinburgh, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1814. 
In  1S28  he  was  appointed  a  member  of 
the  royal  council,  and  sheriff  of  Lan- 
arkshire. In  1832-42  he  published  the 
"  History  of  Europe,  from  the  Com- 
mencement of  the  French  Revolution 
to  the  Restoration  of  the  Bourbons." 
This  work,  notwithstanding  its  defects 
of  style  and  its  prejudices,  met  with 
great  success:  and  was  translated  into 
most  of  the  languages  of  Europe,  and 
even  into  Arabic  and  Hindostanese.  In 
1852  he  published  a  continuation  of  the 
History,  from  the  fall  of  Napoleon  to 
the  accession  of  Louis  Napoleon  ;  and 
in  1800,  an  edition  of  the  complete 
work.  He  was  the  author  of  numerous 
contributions  to  ''Blackwood's  .Maga- 
zine," which  have  been  issued  in  a  col- 
lected form.  Among  his  miscellaneous 
works  ate,  "  Principles  of  Population," 
in  which  he  combats  the  views  of  Mal- 
thus;  "Free  Trade  and  Fettered  Cur- 
rency,"  the  "  Life  of  the  Duke  of 
Marlborough,"  and  two  volumes  on  the 
criminal  law  of  Scotland.  He  was  a 
thorough-going tory,  and  received  many 
recognitions  of  his  political,  as  well  as 
his  literary  services.  The  labor  he  per- 
formed as  judge  was  immense,  and  his 
historical  works  were  the  employment 
of  bis  leisure  hours.     D.  1837. 

ALLEN,  David  Oliver,  author  of 
a  "History  of  India."  He  was  b.  in 
Barre,  Mass.,  1800  ;  graduated  at  Am- 
herst college,  1823,  and  prepared  for 
the  ministry  at  Andover  theological 
seminary.  He  was  ordained  in  1827, 
and  embarked  as  a  missionary  for  Cal- 
cutta, whence  he  proceeded  to  Bombay. 
He  superintended  the  printing  estab- 
lishment in  Bombay  some  years,  and 
supervised  several  publications  in  the 
Mahratta  language,  including  an  edi- 
tion of  the  Scriptures.  D.  1863.  — 
William,  clergyman  and  author,  b. 
in  Pittsneld,  Mass.,  1784,  was  educated 
at  Harvard  college,  studied  theology, 
and  preached  some  time  in  western 
New  York.  He  was  made  regent  and 
librarian  at  the  college  where  he  gradu- 


amp] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


ated,  and  in  1809  published  his  "Amer- 
ican Historical  and  Biographical  Dic- 
tionary," the  third  edition  of  which, 
much  augmented  in  size  and  in  the 
number  of  its  subjects,  appeared  in 
1857.  He  was  president  of  Dartmouth 
college,  N.  II.,  at  the  time  of  its  cele- 
brated legal  controversy  with  the  state. 
For  nineteen  years,  from  1820,  he  was 
president  of  Bowdoin  college,  Maine. 
The  remaining  years  of  his  life  he 
passed  in  Northampton,  Mass.,  engaged 
in  literary  pursuits.  He  was  the  author 
of  "Junius  Unmasked,"  several  vol- 
umes of  religious  poetry,  memoirs  of 
Dr.  Eleazer  Wheelock,  of  Dr.  John 
Codman,  and  other  writings.     D.  1808. 

ALMONTE,  Juan  N.,  a  Mexican 
general  and  diplomatist,  b.  about  1812, 
was  the  reputed  son  of  the  priest  More- 
los,  a  famous  partisan  chief,  who  was 
shot  in  1813.  He  was  aid  of  Santa 
Anna  in  the  Texas  campaign  against 
General  Houston,  and  was  made  pris- 
oner with  him  at  the  battle  of  San 
Jacinto.  He  was  subsequently  minister 
plenipotentiary  to  Washington  ;  but 
when  the  annexation  of  Texas  was 
decided  he  demanded  his  passports. 
Under  the  government  of  Paredes  he 
was  minister  of  war,  and  appointed 
ambassador  to  Paris.  On  his  way  to 
France,  he  learned  at  Havana  of  the 
restoration  of  Santa  Anna  to  power, 
and  he  at  once  returned  to  Mexico,  and 
in  the  war  against  the  United  States 
fought  at  Buena  Vista,  Cerro  Gordo, 
and  Cherubusco.  When  President  Mira- 
mon  was  overthrown  by  Juarez,  Al- 
monte was  Mexican  minister  at  Paris, 
and  he  returned  with  the  allied  expedi- 
tion in  1802.  Juarez  demanded  that 
he  should  be  given  up  to  him,  but  the 
French  commander  refused,  and  soon 
after  issued  a  proclamation  deposing 
Juarez  and  investing  Almonte  with  su- 
preme power.  He  was  unable,  how- 
ever, to  organize  a  government.  When 
the  French  arms  triumphed,  Almonte 
was  assigned  the  department  of  finance 
and  foreign  affairs  in  the  triumvirate 
appointed  to  conduct  the  government. 
In  1864  he  was  appointed  marshal  of 
the  empire  by  Maximilian,  and  on  his 
fall  left  the  country  for  Europe.  D.  in 
Paris,  1869. 

ALMQUIST,  Karl  Jonas  Ludwtg, 
a  Swedish  author,  b.  1793,  studied  the- 
ology, was  some  time  a  teacher,  pub- 
lished educational  works,  several  popu- 
lar novels,  and  a  volume  of  poetry 
entitled  "The  Book  of  Thorn-Roses." 
D.  1866. 


ALVAREZ,  Juan,  a  Mexican  gen- 
eral of  Indian  blood,  b.  about  1790.  and 
governor  of  Guerrero,  in  Southern  Mex- 
ico; organized  in  1853  an  insurrection 
against  Santa  Anna,  which  resulted  in 
his  downfall,  and  in  the  elevation  of 
Alvarez  to  the  presidency  for  26  days 
in  1855.  His  measures  not  being  favor- 
ably entertained,  he  resigned  in  favor 
of  Comonfort,  his  former  minister,  and 
returned  with  some  spoils  in  money  and 
arms  to  Guerrero.     D.  1870. 

AMALIE,  Marie  Frikderike  Au- 
guste,  duchess,  eldest  sister  of  King 
John  of  Saxony,  b.  1794,  d.  1870;  re- 
ceived a  thorough  education,  and  was 
talked  of,  in  1810,  as  a  wife  for  the 
emperor  Napoleon.  Remaining  single, 
she  devoted  herself  to  the  arts,  and  es- 
pecially to  music  and  poetry,  writing 
dramas,  comedies,  and  operas,  which 
have  been  very  popular  in  German}', 
and  many  of  which  have  been  trans- 
lated into  French  and  English.  Her 
complete  dramatic  works  were  pub- 
lished in  Dresden  in  six  vols.,  1837-42. 

AMES,  Joseph,  an  American  por- 
trait painter,  b.  about  1825,  practised 
his  art  for  many  years  in  Boston,  and 
among  his  chief  works  were  portraits  of 
Choate  and  Webster,  Rachel  and  Pius 
IX.  D.  1872.  —  Oakes,  manufacturer 
and  financier,  b.  in  Easton,  Mass.,  1804, 
was  the  son  of  a  blacksmith  in  that 
town,  who  founded  the  very  successful 
Ames  manufactory  of  agricultural  in- 
struments. In  1881  Oakes  became  a 
member  of  Governor  Andrew's  coun- 
cil, and  in  the  autumn  of  1862  was 
elected  to  Congress  from  the  second 
congressional  district  of  Massachusetts, 
and  was  reelected  by  large  majorities 
till  1870.  His  connection  with  the 
Union  Pacific  Railroad  and  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Credit  Mobilier,  led  to  some 
operations  in  Congress  which  occasioned 
a  great  public  scandal,  and  terminated 
in  the  censure  of  Mr.  Ames  by  the  vote 
of  the  House  of  Representatives.  He 
was  embarrassed  in  his  later  vears,  but 
left  a  fortune  estimated  at  $5,000,000. 
D.  May  8,  1873. 

AMHERST,  William  Pitt,  ambas- 
sador extraordinary  of  England  to 
China  in  1816,  and  afterward  governor- 
general  of  India.     B.  1773  ;  d.  1857. 

AMMKN,  Fkiedrich  August  von, 
a  distinguished  medical  writer,  b.  at 
Gottingen,  1799;  d.  at  Dresden,  1861. 

AMPERE,  Je.vn  Jacques  Antoine, 
a  French  writer  and  traveller,  was  b.  at 
Lyons,  1800.  In  1837  he  obtained  the 
chair  of  French  literature  at  the  col- 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


[and 


lege  of  France.  Amongst  his  separate 
works  are,  the  "  History  of  Poetry," 
"The  Literary  History  of  France  before 
the  12(h  Century,"  and  "The  Historv 
of  French  Literature  of  the  Middle 
Aires.''  His  tours  in  Germany,  Italy, 
Egypt,  and  on  this  continent  supplied 
him  with  observations  which  he  wrought 
into  articles  for  the  "Revue  des  Deux 
Ifondes,"  which  were  collected  and 
published  under  the  title,  "  Litterature 
et  Voyages."     D.  1864. 

ANCELOT,  Jacques  Arsese  Fran- 
cois PobYCAKPK,  a  l-'rench  dramatist, 
whom  Louis  XVIII.  rewarded  with  a 
pension  for  the  tragedy  "  Louis  IX." 
In  1849  he  took  up  the  copyright  ques- 
tion, and  was  instrumental  in  negotiat- 
ing some  of  the  treaties  concluded  by 
France  in  relation  thereto.  B.  1794;  d. 
1854.  —  Marguerite  Virginia  Char- 
BON,  h.  1792,  wife  of  the  preceding,  was 
sometime  assistant  to  her  husband  in 
his  works,  till  she  ventured  upon  ap- 
pearing herself  as  a  dramatist,  and 
brought  out  three  successful  comedies 
at  the  Theatre  Francais,  besides  numer- 
ous vaudevilles  of  more  doubtful  merit. 
D.  1875. 

ANDERSEN,  Hans  Christian,  a 
popular  Danish  author,  b.  at  Odensee, 
April  2,  1805.  His  father  was  a  poor 
shoemaker,  unable  to  give  him  any  op- 
portunities of  education.  He.  seems  to 
have  just  missed  being  made  a  cobbler, 
tailor,  joiner  player,  or  singer  for  the 
stage,  as  all  these  vocations  were  con- 
templated for  the  penniless  lad.  He 
obtained  precarious  employment  at  the 
theatre  in  Copenhagen  and  wrote  trag- 
edies, which  were  not  produced  on  the 
stage.  His  genius,  however,  gained 
him  friends,  and  he  obtained  admission 
into  the  Royal  College,  where  bis  career 
was  assured.  In  1830  he  published  his 
first  collection  of  poems,  followed  by  a 
second  in  the  next  year.  During  a 
journey  in  Germany  he  formed  a  friend- 
ship with  Tieck  and  Chamisso.  In 
1833-34.  he  visited,  at  the  charge  of 
the  Danish  government,  Switzerland, 
France,  and  Italy,  where  he  finished 
"  The  Improvisatore,"  a  masterpiece  of 
descriptive  talent.  A  long  series  of 
stories,  novels,  poems,  dramas,  travels, 
and  fairy  tales,  succeeded  each  other 
with  ever  increasing  popularity,  till  the 
name  and  works  of  Andersen  were 
known  throughout  the  civilized  world 
In  1840.  he  visited  England  and  Scot- 
land, and  in  1849,  he  wrote  one  of  his 
longest  novels,  "The  Baronesses,"  in 
the  English  tongue.   His  complete  works 


in  1847-48  were  published  at  Leipsic  in 
thirty-five  duodecimo  volumes.  The 
first  complete  edition  in  English  was 
published  in  New  York  in  1870-71,  in- 
cluding "  A  Poet's  Bazaar,"  and  "The 
Story  of  my  Life."  On  his  seventieth 
birth-day  lie  received  from  the  hand  of 
the  king*  of  Denmark  the  grand  cross 
of  the  Dannebrog,  and  was  waited  upon 
by  deputations  from  all  parts  of  his 
country.  A  volume  was  presented  to 
him  on  the  occasion  which  contained  his 
tale,  "A  Mother's  History,"  in  no  less 
than  fifteen  different  languages.  Com- 
plimentary telegrams  poured  in  upon 
him  from"  every  quarter  of  the  globe, 
but  his  health  was  rapidly  tailing  and 
he  d.  August  4,  1875. 

ANDEBSON,  Alexander,  the  ear- 
liest wood  engraver  in  America,  b.  in 
New  York,  1775,  d.  1870,  was  the  son 
of  the  printer  of  the  "Constitutional 
Gazette,"  a  republican  journal  in  that 
city  before  the  revolution.  He  began 
to  "engrave  on  copper  at  the  age  of  12, 
studied  medicine,  and  graduated  M.  D. 
at  Columbia  College  in  1790.  The  suc- 
cess of  the  Bewicks  induced  him  to  turn 
his  attention  to  wood  engraving,  in 
which  he  attained  great  skill.  He  illus- 
trated manv  volumes,  and  continued 
fully  employed  till  the  age  of  90,  when 
he  retired  in  possession  of  his  manual 
skill  and  mental  power.  —  George  B., 
b.  in  Wilmington,  N.  C.  1834,  gradu- 
ated at  West  Point  in  1852,  in  the  civil 
war  entered  the  Confederate  service  and 
was  appointed  a  brigadier-general.  In 
this  capacity  he  commanded  the  North 
Carolina  coast  defences,  and  led  a  brig- 
ade at  the  battle  of  Antietam,  where  he 
was  mortally  wounded.  D.  1802  — 
Henry  James,  an  eminent  scientist, 
b.  in  New  York  1798,  was  educated  at 
Columbia  college,  where  he  was  a  pro- 
fessor  of  mathematics  and  astronomy  for 
more  than  twenty-five  years.  Resign- 
ing his  appointment,  he  went  to  Paris, 
where  he  entered  the  Cafholic  church, 
of  which  be  continued  to  be  an  influen- 
tial and  distinguished  member.  After 
visiting  Australia  in  connection  with 
duties  imposed  on  him  as  a  member  of 
the  Scientific  Expedition,  appointed  by 
our  government  to  witness  the  transit 
of  Venus,  he  went  to  India,  and  died 
at  Lahore,  Northern  Hindostan,  1875. 
He  was  the  author  of  "Geology  of 
Lieut.  Lvnch's  Expedition  to  the  Dead 
Sea,"  aiid  "Geological  Reconnaissance 
of  Part  of  the  Holy  Land,"  1848,  pub- 
lished bvtbe  United  States  government. 
—  Isaac,  a  Presbyterian  divine,  b.  in 


and] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


Rockbridge  county,  Virginia,  1780;  d. 
in  Marvville,  Tennessee,  1857.  He  re- 
ceived a  license  to  preach  from  the 
Union  Presbytery  in  18J2,  but  for  some 
years  relied  upon  bis  farm  and  the 
products  of  school  teaching  for  bis  in- 
come. Inspired  by  the  example  of 
Whitcfield,  he  engaged  in  missionary 
labor  throughout  a  large  part  of  Ten- 
nessee. When  settled  as  the  pastor  of 
a  church  in  Marvville,  be  succeeded 
in  establishing  the  Western  theolog- 
ical seminary,  which  has  since  risen 
to  importance.  —  JAMES  StDART  Muk- 
kay,  an  English  clergyman  and  author, 
b.  about  17*J8,  graduated  at  Oxford, 
took  orders  in  183(5,  was  appointed 
chaplain  in  ordinary  to  Queen  Victoria, 
and  held  the  preachership  of  Lincoln's 
Inn  from  1844  to  1858.  His  principal 
work  is  an  elaborate  "  History  of  the 
Church  of  England  in  her  Colonies,"  in 
3  vols.  D.  1869.  — Robert,  an  officer 
of  the  U.  S.  Army,  b.  in  Kentucky, 
1805.  Graduated  at  West  Point,  be 
served  in  the  artillery  during  the  Black 
Hawk  and  Florida  wars,  and  in  the 
Mexican  war  was  severely  wounded  at 
Molino  del  Key.  In  November,  1800.  he 
commanded  in  Charleston  harbor,  S.  C., 
and  effected  the  memorable  removal  of 
his  garrison  from  Fort  Moultrie  to  Fort 
Sumter,  which,  after  an  investment  of 
3^  months  by  the  rebels,  he  evacuated 
without  the  loss  of  a  man.  Impaired 
health  compelled  his  retirement  from 
the  service,  and  in  1808  he  went  to 
Europe  where  he  d.  in  1871  He  trans- 
lated and  adapted  to  the  use  of  the  U. 
S.  Army  two  French  works  on  artillery 
evolutions. 

ANDERSSON,  Ciiari.es  John,  an 
African  explorer,  b.  in  Sweden,  1827, 
went  to  England  in  1819,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  joined  Francis  Gal  ton  in  a 
journey  to  Southern  Africa,  where  he 
remained  nearly  four  years.  On  his 
return  to  England  he  published  a  book 
giving  an  account  of  his  travels  and 
discoveries;  but  his  love  of  adventure 
soon  led  him  again  to  the  ti"Id  of  his 
former  exploits.  In  one  of  his  hunting 
excursions  he  was  attacked  and  nearly 
killed  by  a  wounded  elephant.  In  18t!l 
he  published  in  London  a  work  on  the 
Okavango  River.     D.  1867. 

ANDRAL,  Gabriel,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician of  Paris,  and  professor  of  general 
pathology  and  therapeutics  in  the  med- 
ical academy.  Many  of  his  works  have 
been  translated  into  German  and  other 
languages.     B.  1797;  d.  1853. 

ANDREA,    Geroinimo    d',    Italian 


priest,  b.  in  Naples  1812,  educated  in 
France,  he  rose  rapidly  in  the  church, 
and  showed  his  attachment  to  the  Pope 
in  the  revolution  at  Kome  of  1848,  and 
in  1852  was  made  Cardinal.  In  1SII1  he 
was  Inclined  to  favor  the  reconciliation 
of  the  church  with  Italy,  and  from  that 
moment  was  a  marked  man.  The  Pope 
refused  him  permission  to  remove  to 
Naples  where  he  had  been  ordered  by 
his  physician,  and  in  June,  1804,  he  went 
there  without  leave.  Orders  and  threats 
followed  him,  and  he  submitted  and  re- 
turned  to  Kome,  where  he  d.  1808. 

ANDREE,  Karl  Theodore,  a  Ger- 
man editor  and  geographer,  b.  1808, 
was  interrupted  in  bis  studies  at  Jena 
by  an  arrest  and  trial  for  revolutionary 
sentiments  and  actions,  but  was  ac- 
quitted, and  turned  his  attention  to 
journalism.  His  geographical  books 
relate  chiefly  to  American  subjects. 
From  1801  he  was  editor  of  the  geo- 
graphical journal  "  Der  Globus."  D. 
1875. 

ANDREW,  James  Osgood,  D.  D.,  b. 
in  Georgia.  1794,  was  licensed  to  preach 
at  the  age  of  18,  and  at  the  general 
conference  of  1832  was  elected  Bishop 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 
His  secoi.d  wife  being  the  owner  of 
slaves,  it  was  resolved  by  the  general 
conference  of  1844  that  he  should  desist 
from  the  exercise  of  his  episcopal  office 
during  the  existence  of  this  "  impedi- 
ment." The  southern  delegates  en- 
tered their  protest  against  this  act.  and 
the  result  was  a  division  of  the  jurisdic- 
tion and  property  of  the  church.  Bishop 
Andrew  adhered  to  the  church  South, 
and  continued  in  his  episcopal  function 
till  18G8.  D.  in  Mobile,  1871.— John 
Albion,  lawyer  and  statesman,  b.  in 
Maine,  1818,  graduated  at  Bowdoin  Col- 
lege, and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
Boston  in  1840.  As  a  lawyer  be  was 
chiefly  conspicuous  in  cases  that  arose 
under  the  fugitive  slave  law,  as  he 
identified  himself  early  with  the  anti- 
slavery  party.  In  1860,  he  was  elected 
governor  of  Massachusetts,  by  a  very 
large  majority  of  the  popular  vote,  and 
devoted  himself  to  increasing  the  effi- 
ciency of  her  militia  in  anticipation  of 
the  conflict  that  soon  followed.  Hence 
it  was  that  his  state  was  able  to  respond 
so  promptly  to  the  proclamation  of 
President  Lincoln  of  April  15,  1861. 
He  took  an  active  and  able  part  during 
the  war  in  support  ot  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment, throwing  himself  into  the 
cause  with  an  enthusiasm  and  energy 
unsurpassed.     Declining  a  tifth  reelec- 


8 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[APP 


tion  he  retired  from  the  gubernatorial 
chair  January  1,  18GG,  and  resumed  his 
profession.     D.  1807. 

ANGELL,  Joseph  Kinnicutt,  b. 
1794,  studied  law,  and  established  him- 
self in  the  practice  at  Providence,  R.  I., 
was  the  first  reporter  of  the  decisions 
of  the  supreme  court  of  Rhode  Island. 
In  connection  with  Samuel  (afterwards 
chief  justice)  Ames,  he  published  the 
"Treatise  on  Corporations;"  and  he 
afterwards  published  treatises  on  "  Com- 
mon Carriers,"  the  "Law  of  Insur- 
ance," "  Limitation  of  Actions,"  "  Tide- 
waters," and  "  Water-courses,"  all  of 
which  are  highly  esteemed  by  the  pro- 
fession.    I),  at  Boston,  1857. 

ANGELO,  Henry,  a  colonel  in  the 
British  service,  organized  a  sword  drill 
for  the  navy,  invented  a  bayonet  drill 
for  infantry,  and  introduced  a  drill  ex- 
ercise for  the  sabre,  which  the  Duke  of 
Wellington  made  an  armv  regulation. 
B.  1780;  d.  1852. 

ANGLESEY,  Henry  William  Pa- 
get, Marquis  of,  a  British  general.  B. 
1768.  He  commenced  his  military  ca- 
reer by  raising  a  regiment,  at  his  own 
expense,  among  his  father's  tenantry, 
with  which  he  served  under  the  Duke 
of  York  in  Flanders.  In  1808  he  at- 
tained the  rank  of  major-general  and 
distinguished  himself  in  the  retreat  of 
Sir  John  Moore,  which  ended  in  the 
battle  of  Corunna.  During  the  Penin- 
sular War  he  commanded  the  heavy 
brigade  under  Wellington,  and  at  Wa- 
terloo headed  the  terrible  cavalry  charge 
that  annihilated  the  French  cuirassiers. 
In  consideration  of  his  services  he  was 
made  Marquis  of  Anglesey.  In  1827 
he  was  appointed  master  of  the  ord- 
nance, and  in  1828  viceroy  of  Ireland. 
The  latter  office  he  retained  only  one 
year,  but  he  was  reinstated  in  1830,  and 
held  the  office  for  three  years.  In  1 847 
he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  field  mar- 
shal.    1).  1854. 

ANSON,  George,  British  comman- 
der-in-chief in  India,  b.  1797;  d.  at 
Kurnaul,  1857.  He  served  in  the  Scotch 
fusileer  guards  at  Waterloo. 

ANSTER,  John,  an  Irish  barrister, 
b.  1793,  educated  at  Trinity  college, 
Dublin,  published  two  volumes  of  poems 
and  translations  from  the  German,  and 
is  best  known  by  a  free  version  of  Goe- 
the's "Faust,"  of  recognized  excel- 
lence.    I).  1867. 

ANTHON,  Charles,  LL.  D.,  an  em- 
inent scholar,  b.  in  New  York,  1797, 
graduated  at  Columbia  college,  where  he 
was  appointed  adjunct  professor  of  lan- 


guages in  1820,  having  been  in  1819  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar.    In  1830  he  published 
j  his  "Horace,"  for  the  general  student 
perhaps  the  most  valuable  edition  extant. 
j  In    1835  he  succeeded    Prof.    Moore  as 
j  head  of  the  classical  department  of  the 
college.    Here  he  wrote  and  edited  some 
|  fifty  volumes,  consisting  chiefly  of  the 
;  Latin  classics,  and  aids  to  the  student. 
I  His  works  are  much  esteemed,  and  have 
all  been  reprinted  in  England.    D.  1867. 
—  John,  an  American  jurist,  author  of 
an  "Analysis  of  Blackstone's  Commen- 
taries,"   "Nisi    Prius    Reports,"    and 
other  legal  works,  b.  1784.    He  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  New  York  law 
institute.     D.   1803. 

ANTONELLI,  Giacomo,  b.  at  So- 
nino,  1800,  the  son  of  a  peasant,  was 
educated  in  Rome  for  the  Church,  and 
after  holding  several  offices  under  pope 
Gregory  XVI.,  was,  in  1847,  made  car- 
dinal deacon  by  pope  Pius  IX.,  under 
the  title  of  St. "Agatha  In  the  follow- 
ing year  he  became  prime  minister  to 
his  holiness,  and  continued  his  chief 
political  adviser  till  he  d  in  1876.  He 
was  ultra  conservative  in  his  views, 
and  an  obstinate  opponent  of  Italian 
unity,  and  impressed  his  strong  person- 
ality on  the  papal  policy  for  nearly  30 
years. 

AIT'LEGATH,  Augustus,  an  inven- 
tor, b.  at  Stepney  in  England,  1788, 
originated  the  vertical  printing  ma- 
chine, and  a  machine  for  printing  six 
colors  at  once.  For  his  invention  of 
bank-notes  that  could  not  be  forged  he 
received  from  the  Bank  of  England 
.£18,000.  His  first  vertical  machine 
was  constructed  for  the  "  Times,"  and 
was  brought  into  use  in  1848.  The  re- 
sult of  his  invention  was  to  raise  the 
number  of  impressions  from  800  an  hour 
to  15,000.     D.  1871. 

APPLETOX,  John,  an  American 
politician,  b.  in  Beverley,  Mass.,  1815, 
studied  law,  and  established  himself  in 
Portland,  Me.,  where  he  edited  for  some 
years  the  "Argus,"  an  influential  dem- 
ocratic journal.  President  Polk  ap- 
pointed him  charge  to  Bolivia  in  1848. 
In  1850  he  was  elected  from  the  Port- 
land district  a  member  of  the  thirty- 
second  congress  He  was  afterwards 
secretary  of  legation  in  London,  assist- 
ant secretary  of  state  (1857),  and  min- 
ister to  Russia  under  Mr.  Buchanan.  D. 
1804. — Nathan,  an  American  manu- 
facturer and  political  economist,  b.  in 
New  Ipswich,  1779,  was  interested  in 
the  establishment  at  Waltham,  near 
Boston,  iu  1813,  of  the  first  cotton  mill 


arc] 


CYCLOl'.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


in  which  a  power  loom  was  used  in  the 
United  States.  He  was  an  earnest  and 
consistent  advocate  of  the  American 
system,  and  in  this  policy  was  elected 
a  representative  in  congress  from  Bos- 
ton in  1830,  and  again  in  38-12.  lie 
published  a  small  treatise  on  currency 
and  hanking,  that  was  much  esteemed. 
D.  1801.  —  Samuel,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, also  became  a  wealthy  manu- 
facturer, and  was  noted  for  bis  benevo- 
lence and  philanthropic  lie  founded 
a  professorship  of  natural  philosophy 
at  Dartmouth  college,  with  a  gift  of 
#10,000;  and  placed  $200,000  in  the 
hands  of  his  executors  to  be  applied  to 
"scientific,  literary,  religious,  and  char- 
itable purposes."     B.  1776;  d.  185-1. 

APPONYI,  Count  AxTorNE  Ro- 
Doi.ru,  an  Austrian  diplomat,  b.  1782, 
was  sent  when  very  young  to  one  of  the 
several  German  courts  as  plenipoten- 
tiary, then  to  Florence,  and  succeeded 
Lebzeltern  as  ambassador  at  Home.  In 
1824  he  went  as  ambassador  to  London 
and  soon  after  to  Paris,  where  he  re- 
mained 20  vears.  D.  at  Venice,  June, 
187(i. 

AIJAGO,  Fhancois,  one  of  the  most 
illustrious  men  of  science  of  the  age, 
was  b.  at  Estagel  in  the  south  of  France, 
in  1780.  At  an  early  age  he  was  placed 
at  a  public  school  at  Toulouse,  from 
which  he  removed  to  the  polytechnic 
school  of  Paris,  in  1803.  He" left  the 
polytechnic  to  join  the  staff  of  the  ob 
servatory  at  Paris,  and  shortly  after  he 
proceeded  with  INI.  Biot  to  Spain,  there 
to  measure  an  arc  of  the  meridian. 
While  engaged  in  this  undertaking, 
war  broke  out  between  France  and 
Spain,  and,  under  pretence  that  the 
fires  which  he  made  on  the  mountain 
tops  as  signals  to  his  associates,  were 
intended  to  enlighten  the  march  of  the 
French  troops,  he  was  seized  and  put 
into  prison  ;  but  escaping  after  a  brief 
confinement,  he  reached  the  port  of  Al- 
giers, and  after  enduring  many  bard- 
ships,  and  encountering  many  dangers, 
was  safely  landed  in  France,  in  1809. 
On  reaching  Paris,  as  a  reward  for  his 
zeal,  he  was  elected,  at  the  age  of  23, 
a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 
in  the  place  of  Lalande.  He  was  ap- 
pointed about  the  same  time  a  professor 
of  the  Ecole  Polytechnique;  and  now 
commenced  that  eminent  scientific  ca- 
reer which  he  pursued  with  undimin- 
ished vigor  to  within  a  few  days  of  his 
death.  In  1830  he  was  nominated  di- 
rector of  the  observatory  of  the  bureau 
des  longitudes ;  and  he  succeeded  Fou- 


rier, whose  eloffe  he  pronounced,  as  per- 
petual secretary  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences.  The  "Annnaire  des  Longi- 
tudes" was  under  his  direction;  and 
he  founded,  in  conjunction  with  Gay- 
Lussuc,  the  "  Recueil  des  Am  ales  de 
Physique  et  de  Chimie."  As  a  politi- 
cian, often  occupying  a  conspicuous 
position,  Arago  was  earnest,  simple- 
minded,  and  consistent.  After  the 
revolution  of  183d,  be  occupied  a  dis- 
tinguished place  in  the  chamber  of  dep- 
uties. In  18-18,  he  was  named  a  mem- 
ber of  the  provisional  government,  as 
minister  of  war  and  marine  ;  but  after 
the  social  outbreak  of  June,  1848,  which 
ended  in  the  temporary  dictatorship  of 
General  Cavaignac,  he  finished  his  po- 
litical career.  He  was  ready  to  re- 
nounce his  hardly  earned  position  at 
the  observatory  rather  than  take  the 
new  oath  to  Louis  Bonaparte,  after  the 
Covp-cVetat  of  December,  1851  ;  hut  the 
government  consented  to  forego  the  ex- 
action. D.  1853. — Jacques  Etienne 
Victor,  brother  of  the  preceding,  a 
dramatic  writer  and  journalist,  was  b. 
at  Estagel  in  1790,  and  d.  at  Paris, 
1855. 

ARBUCKLE,  Matthew,  an  Ameri- 
can general,  b.  in  Virginia,  1776,  served 
in  the  Mexican  war,  and  thirty  years 
on  the  western  frontier.     D.  in  1851. 

ARCHER,  John  Wykeham,  an 
English  engraver  and  painter,  b.  1806; 
d.  1864.  His  first  work  was  a  series  of 
large  etchings  of  Fountain  Abbey.  He 
made  numerous  drawings  from  the  old 
buildings  and  streets  of  London,  and 
of  the  antiquities  of  Northumberland, 
and  engraved  several  monuments  in 
brass  from  his  own  designs.  His  anti- 
quarian tastes  and  knowledge  were  dis- 
played in  his  work  entitled  "Vestiges 
of  Old  London,"  and  in  numerous  con- 
tributions to  the  periodicals.  —  BRANCH 
T.,  b.  in  Virginia,  1790,  removed  to 
Texas  in  1831,  and  became  one  of  the 
prominent  actors  in  events  that  pre- 
ceded and  followed  her  revolution.  He 
presided  over  the  assembly  known  as 
the  consultation  of  Texas,  in  Novem- 
ber, 1835,  and  was  elected  by  that  body 
one  of  the  commissioners  to  proceed  to 
the  United  States,  and  present  the  cause 
of  Texas  to  the  people  of  the  Union, 
and  solicit  aid  from  them  in  the  strug- 
gle for  independence.  Upon  his  return, 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  first 
congress,  and  was  speaker  of  the  house 
of  representatives.  He  was  secretary 
of  war  from  1839  to  1842,  when  he  re- 
tired to  private  life.     D.  1856.  —  WiLr- 


10 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[arn 


LIAM  S.,  a  Virginia  legislator;  repre- 
sentative in  congress  from  1820  to  1835, 
and  senator  from  1841  to  1847.  B.  178!}; 
d.  1855. 

ARGELANDER,  Friedrich  Wil- 
Helm  August,  a  distinguished  astron- 
omer, b.  at  Memel,  1799;  completed  his 
education  at  Kcnigsberg,  and  in  1821 
became  assi>tant  to  Bessel  at  the  observ- 
atory there.  In  1823  he  was  appointed 
director  of  the  new  observatory  at  Abo, 
in  Finland,  and  when  it  was  transferred 
from  Abo  to  Helsingfors  a  new  observ- 
atory was  built  at  t lie  latter  place  under 
Argelander's  superintendence.  In  1837 
he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  astronomy 
at  Bonn,  where  he  remained  till  his 
death.  The  results  of  his  observations 
were  published  in  several  important 
works.     1).  1874. 

ARISTA,  Mariano,  b.  of  Spanish 
parents  in  Mexico,  1802,  entered  the 
army  as  a  cadet  at  the  age  of  11,  and 
figured  prominently  during  the  strug- 
gles, turmoil,  and  revolutions  of  his 
native  country.  Espousing  the  cause 
of  Mexican  independence,  he  served 
with  distinction  in  the  war  with  Spain. 
After  the  overthrow  of  the  Mexican 
empire  and  the  establishment  of  the  fed- 
eral system,  he  became  an  active  leader 
of  the  Yorkinos,  a  body  of  political 
freemasons,  organized  to  counteract  the 
intrigues  of  other  lodges.  Santa  Anna, 
on  obtaining  the  presidency,  placed 
him  second  in  command  of  the  army, 
but  revolutionary  complications  arose 
not  long  after,  and  Arista  was  driven 
into  exile.  He  sought  refuge  in  the 
United  States,  and  remained  here  about 
a  year  and  a  half,  but  in  183G  he  again 
entered  the  service  of  the  Mexican  gov- 
ernment. In  the  war  with  the  United 
States,  Arista  commanded  at  the  battles 
of  Palo  Alto  and  Resaca  de  la  Palma. 
In  1848,  President  Herrera  appointed 
him  minister  of  war,  and  in  the  fall  of 
1850  he  was  elected  president  of  the  re- 
public, but  vacated  his  position  in  Jan. 
1853,  delivering  the  government  into 
the  hands  of  the  presiding  judge  of  the 
supreme  court.  Arista  retired  to  his 
farm,  but,  bein^  formally  banished,  he 
proceeded  to  Europe,  and  d.  in  Spain, 
1855. 

ARLINCOURT,  Victor,  Viscount 
d',  a  French  poet  and  novelist,  in  his 
■writings  flattered  Napoleon  I.  and  Louis 
XVIII. ;  he  wrote  political  satires  apro- 
pos to  the  revolution  of  1830,  and  was 
convicted  of  libelling  the  leaders  of  the 
revolution  of  1848.     B  1789  ;  d.  1856'. 

ARMANSPERG,     Joseph      Louis, 


Count  von,  b.  in  Lower  Bavaria,  1787. 
He  occupied  various  positions  of  trust 
and  influence  in  Bavaria,  participating 
in  the  Congress  of  Vienna,  and  in  1825 
presiding  over  the  chamber  of  deputies. 
On  the  accession  of  King  Louis  he  was 
made  secretary  of  the  treasury  and  of 
foreign  affairs,  and  in  this  position  as- 
sisted in  organizing  the  German  Zoll- 
verein.  His  hostility  to  the  Catholics 
brought  him  into  collision  with  the 
king,  and  he  retired  into  private  life. 
He  was  restored  to  favor,  however,  and 
was  made  president  of  the  regency  in- 
stituted over  Greece  during  the  minor- 
ity of  King  Otho,  ruling  almost  abso- 
lutely from  1833  to  1837.  Becoming 
unpopular,  he  was  dismissed,  and  re- 
tired to  his  estates  in  Bavaria,  where  he 
d.  1853. 

ARMELLINI,  Carlo,  an  Italian  pa- 
triot, b.  1776.  After  the  flight  of  the 
pope  to  Gaeta  in  1848,  Armellini  was 
chosen  a  member  of  the  triumvirate  by 
whom  the  affairs  of  the  Roman  republic 
were  administered  during  its  brief  ex- 
istence. On  its  subversion  he  retired 
to  Brussels,  where  he  d.  1863. 

ARMENGALI),  Jean  Germain  De- 
sire, a  writer  on  art,  b.  at  Castres  in 
1797,  abandoned  commercial  pursuits 
for  the  study  of  the  tine  arts,  and  visit- 
ing the  principal  galleries  of  Europe 
described  their  treasures  and  chefs-d'- 
oeuvre in  a  series  of  splendidly  illustrat- 
ed works  published  at  Rome  and  Paris. 
D.  1869. 

ARMISTEAD,  Lewis  A.,  a  briga- 
dier-general in  the  Confederate  service, 
b.  in  Virginia,  killed  at  Gettysburg, 
1863.  He  was  educated  at  West  Point, 
and  made  an  honorable  record  in  the 
battles  of  Contreras,  Churubusco,  Moli- 
no  del  Rev,  and  <  hapnltepec. 

ARNDT,  Ernst  Mokitz,  a  German 
poet,  historian,  journalist,  patriot,  and 
statesman,  b.  1769;  d.  in  Bonn,  1860. 

ARNOLD,  Lemuel  A.,  governor  of 
Rhode  Island  in  1831  and  1832,  and 
representative  in  congress  from  1845  to 
1847.  B.  at  St.  Johnsbuiy.  Vermont, 
1792;  d.  1852.  — Thomas Kerchkvei:, 
author  of  numerous  text-books  for  the 
study  of  ancient  and  modern  languages, 
which  have  been  extensively  used  in 
English  and  American  schools,  was  b. 
1800.  He  was. a  clergyman  of  the  Eng- 
lish church,  and  an  occasional  writer 
on  religious  questions.     D.  1853. 

ARNOTT,  Archibald,  a  Scotch 
physician,  b.  1771,  entered  the  British 
army  as  a  surgeon,  took  part  in  the  ex- 
peditions to  Egypt,  Calabria,  and  Hoi- 


ash] 


CYCLOTyEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIY. 


11 


land,  and  in  the  Peninsular  campaign, 

and  retired  from  active  service  in  1826. 
He  was  attached  to  the  20th  regiment 
of  foot,  stationed  at  St.  Helena,  where 
his  professional  services  were  called  in 
aid  of  Napoleon,  on  whom  he  became  a 
regular  medical  attendant.  He  stood 
by  the  bedside  of  the  emperor  in  bis 
last  moments,  and  held  his  right  hand 
when  lie  died.  One  of  the  emperor's 
last  acts  was  to  present  a  gold  snuff-box 
to  Dr.  Aniott.  on  which  with  bis  dying 
hand  he  had  inscribed  the  letter  N. 
The  doctor  was  also  liberally  remem- 
bered in  Napoleon's  will  ;  and  the  Brit- 
ish government,  to  mark  its  approba- 
tion of  his  conduct,  granted  him  .£500. 
He  published  an  account  of  the  death 
and  post-mortem  appearance  of  Napo- 
leon. D.  1855.  —  Neil,  a  physician 
and  man  of  science,  b.  1788,  near  Mon- 
trose in  Scotland,  entered  on  his  pro- 
fessional career  as  surgeon  in  the  East 
India  Company's  Naval  Service,  and 
in  1811  commenced  practice  in  London, 
where  he  became  physician  extraordi- 
nary to  the  Queen.  He  published  in 
1827  "Elements  of  Physics,"  which  was 
translated  into  different  languages  and 
passed  through  several  editions.  He 
was  the  inventor  of  a  smoke-consuming 
stove,  of  an  improved  ventilator,  and  of 
the  water-bed.  In  1861  he  published 
"A  Survey  of  Human  Progress."  For 
his  valuable  scientific  inventions  he  was 
awarded  the  Rumford  Medal  by  the 
Royal  Society  in  1854;  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing; year  the  Gold  Medal  of  the 
Great  Exhibition  at  Paris,  and  the 
Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.    D.  1874. 

ARRIVABENE,  Giovanni,  an  Ital- 
ian economist,  b.  in  Mantua,  1801,  was 
implicated  with  Silvio  Pellico,  and  by 
consequent  persecutions  driven  to  seek 
refuge  in  Belgium,  where  he  d.  1874. 
He  translated  Mill's  "Elements"  into 
Italian,  and  into  French  Senior's  "  Fun- 
damental Principles  of  Political  Econ- 
omy." His  writings  as  an  economist 
were  chiefly  directed  to  the  ameliora- 
tion of  the  condition  of  the  working 
classes.  He  published  in  18(51  "  D'Une 
Epoque  de  ma  Vie."  His  "Memoirs" 
were  published  in  London  in  18fi2. 

ARROWSMITH,  John,  the  last  of  a 
well-known  family  of  geographers  and 
map-engravers,  and  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  lioyal  Geographical  Society,  d. 
in  London,  1873,  aged  83  rears. 

ARWIDSON,  Adolf  Ivar,  b.  in 
Finland,  1791,  commenced  a  journalistic 
career  at  Abo,  and  was  sentenced  by 
the  Russian   government  to   perpetual 


banishment  for  an  offensive  article  in  a 
newspaper.  He  found  an  asylum  in 
Stockholm,  where  he  was  made  keeper 
of  the  royal  library,  and  editor  of  the 
organ  of  the  Swedish  printers'  associ- 
ation.    I).  1858. 

ASBOTH,  Alexander,  a  Hungari- 
an [iatriot,  b.  1811,  distinguished  him- 
self as  an  engineer  in  the  war  of 
1848-49,  and,  emigrating  to  the  United 
States,  was  made  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers  in  the  federal  service  in 
18til.     D.  1808. 

ASH  BURTON,  William  Bingham 
Baring,  Lord,  eldest  son  of  Alexander, 
Lord  Ashburton,  b.  1799,  and  educated 
at  Oxford,  was  many  years  member  of 
parliament,  and.  among  other  official 
positions,  held  the  place  of  paymaster- 
general  of  the  forces,  and  treasurer  of 
the  navy.     D.  1864. 

ASHBY,  Turner,  b:  in  Fauquier 
county,  Va.,  1824,  was  a  farmer  and 
politician  when  the  civil  war  broke  out. 
He  then  espoused  the  Confederate  cause, 
raised  a  regiment  of  cavalry,  and  served 
with  Gen.  T.  J.  Jackson  in  the  Shenan- 
doah valley.  He  was  appointed  a  briga- 
dier-general in  May,  1862,  and  on  the 
6th  June  was  killed  in  an  engagement 
near  Harrisonburg,  Va. 

ASHMUN,  George,  lawyer  and  poli- 
tician, b. at  Blandford,  Mass.,  1804,  was 
bred  to  the  bar,  but  early  entered  pub- 
lic life  as  a  whig.  After  occupying  a 
seat  for  several  sessions  in  the  legisla- 
ture of  his  native  state,  in  the  House 
and  Senate,  he  was  elected  to  the  lower 
House  of  Congress  in  1847  and  was  re- 
elected in  1849  Of  this  body  he  was 
a  valuable  and  influential  member.  Mr. 
Ashmun  was  an  intimate  friend  of  Dan- 
iel Webster,  and  defended  him  in  the 
House  against  the  attacks  of  C.  J.  Inger- 
soll  and  Charles  Allen.  Though  op- 
posed to  slavery,  he  was  not  sufficiently 
pronounced  in  his  expressions  to  suit  his 
constituency,  and  he  withdrew  from 
official  life.  He  continued,  however,  to 
exercise  a  very  considerable  power  in 
public  affairs,  and  when  in  1860  he  ap- 
peared in  the  Republican  convention  at 
Chicago,  he  was  easily  elected  as  its 
president.  It  was  to  his  influence  with 
Senator  Douglas  that  the  adhesion  of 
that  distinguished  Democratic  states- 
man to  the  policy  of  President  Lincoln 
in  the  civil  war  was  attributed  Dur- 
ing the  latter  years  of  his  life  Mr. 
Ashmun  was  incapacitated  by  ill  health 
from  taking  an  active  part  in  affairs. 
D.  1870. 

ASHPITEL,    Arthur,    an    accom- 


12 


CYCLOP-KDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[aub 


plished  English  architect  and  archseolo- 
gist,  b  at  Clapham,  171)9,  d.  at  West- 
minster, 1869. 

ASPINWALL,  William  H.,  an  en- 
terprising merchant,  b.  in  New  York, 
1807,  is  remembered  as  the  originator 
of  the  railway  connecting  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  oceans  by  the  isthmus  of 
Darien.  With  Henry  Cbauncey,  also  a 
merchant,  and  John  L.  Stephens,  the 
distinguished  traveller,  he  obtained  in 
1848  a  contract  from  New  Granada  for 
the  construction  of  the  Panama  rail- 
way, which  was  opened  in  1855.  The 
name  of  Aspinwall  was  given  to  the 
town  on  the  Atlantic  terminus  in  1852. 
Mr.  Aspinwall  was  also  the  founder,  the 
director,  and  for  eight  years  president 
of  the  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Company. 
D.  1875. 

ASTER,  Ernest  Ludwig,  b.  in 
Dresden,  1778,  served  in  the  Saxon  and 
also  in  the  Russian  army.  Joining  the 
Prussian  service  in  1815,  his  skill  as  a 
mathematician  and  tactician,  and  his 
familiarity  with  the  military  systems  of 
Europe,  soon  led  to  promotion,  and  he 
became  major-general  and  inspector- 
general  of  the  Prussian  fortifications. 
The  fortification  of  Coblentz  and  Ehren- 
breitstein  was  effected  under  his  guid- 
ance, and  he  was  appointed  command- 
ant of  these  fortresses.  Was  made 
general  in  1842,  and  d.at  Berlin  in  1855. 
—  Kakl  Huniiicii,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, b.  1782,  d.  1855,  earned  fame 
as  a  writer  on  military  subjects. 

A  STOP,  William  Backhouse,  b. 
in  New  York,  1792,  the  eldest  son  of  the 
celebrated  John  Jacob  Astor,  was  edu- 
cated in  Germany,  and  for  some  six 
years  was  pupil  of  the  scholar  after- 
ward known  as  the  Chevalier  Bunsen. 
He  devoted  his  life  to  the  management 
of  the  immense  estate  left  by  his  father, 
and  cave  $450,000  to  the  Astor  Library. 
D.  1875. 

ATHERSTONE,    Edwin,    h.    1788, 

Jtublished  his  first  poem,  "The  East 
Jays  of  Herculaneum,"  in  1821,  and  his 
last.  "Israel  in  Egypt,"  in  27  books  in 
1861.  "The  Fall  of  Nineveh"  was 
published  in  instalments, reaching  final- 
ly to  30  books  complete  in  1847-  He 
■wrote  also  "  The  Sea  Kings  of  Eng- 
land," an  historical  romance,  and  "The 
Handwriting  on  the  Wall,"  a  tale.  D. 
1872. 

ATHERTON,  Charles  Humphrey, 
b.  at  Amherst,  N.  H.,  1773,  was  a  rep- 
resentative in  congress  from  1815  to 
1817,  and  long  stood  at  the  head  of  the 
bar  in  Hillsborough  county.     D.  1853. 


—  Charles  G.,  son  of  the  preceding,  b. 
1804,  was  many  years  a  member  of  the 
New  Hampshire  legislature,  and  for 
some  time  speaker  of  the  house,  la 
1837  he  took  his  seat  at  Washington  as 
a  member  of  the  house  of  representa- 
tives, and  in  the  following  year  intro- 
duced a  series  of  resolutions  affirming 
the  sovereignty  of  states  in  the  matter 
of  slavery,  condemning  the  abolition 
agitation  as  unconstitutional,  and  de- 
claring that  no  action  should  be  taken 
on  any  petition  designed  to  further  abo- 
lition views,  or  to  promote  interference 
with  slavery  by  federal  authority  in  any 
shape.  The  resolutions  were  carried, 
and  formed  the  basis  of  the  21st  rule  of 
the  next  congress,  by  which  anti-slav- 
ery petitions  were  laid  on  the  table  as  a 
matter  of  course.  The  rule  remained 
in  force  until  1845,  two  years  previous 
to  which  Mr.  Atherton  had  been  elected 
to  the  senate.  He  acted  uniform Iv  with 
the  Democratic  party,  and  d.  1853. 

ATKINSON,  Thomas  Witlam,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  traveller  among  the 
Siberian  tribes  and  the  dependencies  of 
China,  was  b.  in  Yorkshire,  England, 
1799.  In  1846.  with  the  approval  and 
under  the  protection  of  the  Russian  au- 
thorities, he  commenced  his  journey- 
ings  in  regions  until  then  unknown  to 
European  travellers.  He  afterwards 
published  a  "  Narrative  of  Seven  Years' 
Explorations  and  Adventures  in  Siberia, 
Mongolia,  the  Kirghis  Steppes,  Chinese 
Tartary,  and  part  of  Central  Asia,"  and 
also  "Travels  in  the  Regions  of  the 
Upper  and  Lower  Amoor,"  illustrating 
both  from  his  own  sketch-book.  D. 
1861. 

ATTF.RBORN,  Peter  Daniel  Ama- 
i>ei's.  a  Swedish  poet  and  distinguished 
professor  at  the  university  of  Upsal,  b, 
1790:  d    1855. 

ATTWOOD,  Thomas,  originator  of 
the  Birmingham  political  union,  one  of 
the  most  powerful  agencies  in  carrying 
the  English  reform  bill ;  and  founder 
of  the  Birmingham  school  of  currency 
economists  —  advocates  of  paper  money 
as  opposed  to  the  principle  of  Sir  Rob- 
ert Peel's  bill.     15.  1783  ;  d.  1856. 

AIJ15ER,  Daniel  Francois  Esprit, 
an  eminent  composer,  b.  at  Caen,  1782, 
d.  at  Paris,  1871.  Hi*  youth  and  early 
manhood  were  spent  in  mercantile  pur- 
suits and  amateur  efforts  in  musical 
composition,  that  met  with  but  little 
favor.  It  was  not  till  he  was  compelled 
by  some  reverses  of  fortune,  and  the 
death  of  his  father,  to  adopt  the  mimi- 
cal career  as  a  profession,  that  he  pro- 


ayt] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


13 


duced  at  the  Opera  Comique,  "La  ber- 
gere  Chatelaine,"  with  complete  and 
brilliant  success  ( 1820).  This  was  fol- 
lowed by  "Emma,  ou  la  Promease  Im- 
prudente"  (1821).  At  this  period  Ros- 
sini was  in  the  full  tide  of  his  immense 
success,  and  Auher  yielded  to  the  influ- 
ence of  his  style  in  adapting-  it  to  the 
exigencies  of  the  French  stage.  Several 
of  bis  works  of  this  epoch  were  at- 
tacked as  based  on  Kossinian  formulas, 
and  in  reply  he  composed  "  La  Muette 
de  l'ortici,"  in  five  acts,  on  the  libretto 
of  Scribe  and  Delavigne,  first  repre- 
sented at  the  Grand  Opera  in  February, 
1828.  All  the  world  recognized  the 
prodigious  success  of  this  masterpiece. 
It  was  followed  by  "  La  Fiancee,"  "  Le 
Cheval  de  Bronze,"  "  Fra  Diavolo," 
"  Les  diamants  de  la  Couronne,"  and 
numerous  operas,  which  charmed  by 
the  grace  and  liveliness  of  their  music 
and  their  dramatic  effect.  Most  of  them 
have  been  translated  into  the  Italian, 
and  many  into  the  English  and  German. 
His  last  work,  "  Le  Premier  Jour  de 
bonheur,"  produced  at  the  age  of  86, 
in  1808,  was  received  by  the  Parisian 
public  with  characteristic  demonstra- 
tions. He  was  a  member  of  the  French 
Institute,  chevalier  of  the  legion  of 
honor,  and  was  made  director  of  the 
conservatory  in  1842. 

AUFFENf  BERG,  Joseph  von,  baron, 
a  German  dramatic  poet,  b.  1798;  d. 
1857. 

AUERSPERG,  Anton  Alexander, 
count,  b.  at  Laybach,  180G,  an  Austrian 
statesman  and  poet,  acquired  a  distin- 
guished place  in  German  literature  bv 
his  writings,  under  the  nam  deplume  of 
Anastasius  Griin.  His  best  poem  — 
"  Der  Letzte  Ritter"  ("The  Last 
Knight")  —  was  a  lyrical  epic,  pub- 
lished in  18-30,  the  subject,  of  which  was 
the  life  and  adventures  of  the  Emperor 
Maximilian  I.  It  was  written  in  the 
ballad  metre  of  the  Niebelungen,  with 
much  freshness  and  spirit,  and  has  en- 
joyed great  popularity.  His  other 
poems  were  of  a  political  character, 
and  attracted  the  adverse  attentions  of 
the  government.  These  were  "  Spa- 
ziergilngeeines  Wiener  Poeten  "  (1831), 
"Sehutt"  (1835),  "  Gedi elite "  (1837), 
and  "  Pfaff  voni  Kahlenberg  "  (1850). 
His  earliest  publication  was  "  Blatter 
der  Liebe,"  1830.  As  a  politician,  he 
was  prominent  in  the  liberal  party  of 
Austria,  and  he  was  a  member  of  the 
upper  house  of  the  Reichsrath  from  1861 
till  his  death  in  187G.  See  the  "  Life 
and  Letters  of  George  Ticknor,"  and 


an     English     version     of    "The     Last 
Knight,"  New  York,  1871. 

AUGUR,  Hezekiah,  b.  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  1791,  obtained  reputa- 
tion as  a  sculptor,  —  "  Jephthah  and 
his  Daughter "  being  the  best  known 
of  his  works.  He  was  also  the  inven- 
tor of  the  carving  machine.     D.  1858. 

AUGUSTENBERG,  Christian  Au- 
gust, Duke  of  Sehleswig  Holstein,  b. 
1798,  sold  his  hereditary  estate  in  Hol- 
stein to  the  royal  family  of  Denmark; 
and  relinquished  his  right  to  the  suc- 
cession in  Holstein  in  1883.     D.  1869. 

AUPICK,  Jacques,  a  French  gen- 
eral, senator,  and  diplomatist,  b.  1789; 
d.  1857. 

AULICK,  John  II.,  an  American 
naval  officer,  b.  in  Virginia,  entered 
the  service  as  midshipman  in  1809,  and 
during  the  war  of  1812  was  in  all  the 
engagements  of  the  Enterprise,  and  car- 
ried the  British  ship  Boxer,  and  other 
captures  into  port.  He  commanded  the 
East  India  squadron  in  1853.  D.  at 
Washington  1873,  aged  eighty-four 
years. 

AUSTIN,  Sarah,  an  English  author- 
ess, b.  1793,  one  of  the  Taylor  family  of 
Norwich,  and  wife  of  Mr.  John  Austin,  a 
London  barrister,  obtained  a  high  rep- 
utation for  the  singular  excellence  of 
her  translations  from  the  German. 
Among  these  were  "  The  Travels  of  a 
German  Prince  in  England"  (Piickler 
Muskau),  Falk's  "Characteristics  of 
Goethe"  with  additions  of  her  own, 
and  Ranke's  " History  of  the  Popes." 
D.  1867. 

AVEZAC-MACAYA,  Marie  Ar- 
MAND  Pascal  i>',a  French  geographer, 
b.  1799,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
Paris,  but  was  subsequently  chief  of 
bureau  in  the  navy  department.  His 
attention  was  now  turned  to  geograph- 
ical studies,  and  specially  to  the  subject 
of  African  explorations.  He  wrote  nu- 
merous geographical  works,  and  articles 
in  the  "Annates  des  Voyages"  and 
other  periodicals.     D.  in  1875. 

AYRTON,  William,  b.  1777,  an 
English  writer  on  music,  was  editor  of 
the  "  Harmonicon  "  from  1823  to  1833, 
wrote  the  musical  articles  and  biogra- 
phy in  the  "Pennv  Cyclopaedia,"  from 
1833  to  1844  edited  the  "  Sacred  Min- 
strelsy "  and  the  "Musical  Library," 
and  wrote  some  of  the  musical  notices 
in  "  Knight's  Pictorial  Edition  of 
Shakespeare."     D.  in  London,  1858. 

AYTOUN,  William  Edmoxdstone, 
a  Scottish  man  of  letters,  b.  1813,  was 
educated  in  Edinburgh,   called  to  the 


14 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[bac 


bar  in  1840,  and  appointed  professor  of 
rhetoric  and  belles-lettres  in.  i  he  univer- 
sity of  that  city  in  1845.  He  married 
a  daughter  of  Prof.  Wilson,  and  after 
his  death  became  one  of  the  most  nota- 
ble contributors  to  "  Blackwood's  Mag- 
azine," where  he  first  published  his 
"Lays  of  the  Scottish  Cavaliers,'' 
which  in  their  collected  form  have  run 
through  numerous  editions.  He  lectured 
in  London  on  poetry  and  dramatic  lit- 
eral are  in  1853.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  Firmilian,  a  Spasmodic  Tragedy," 
a  portion  of  the  ballads  published  under 
the  name  of  lion  Guallier.  and  "  Both- 
well  "  his  last  poem.  In  recognition  of 
his  effective  service  as  a  political  writer, 
Lord  Derby  appointed  him  sheriff  and 
vice  admiral  of  Orknev.     D.  1805. 

AZEGLIO,  Massimo  Tapakki.li, 
marquis  d',  statesman  and  artist,  b.  in 
Turin,  1798.     At  the  age  of  fifteen  he 


accompanied  his  father,  then  Sardinian 
ambassador,  to  Borne,  where  he  devoted 
himself  to  art,  music,  and  literature. 
He  married  a  daughter  of  Manzoni,  and 
in  1833,  made  bis  debut  in  literature  by 
the  publication  of  '•Ettore  Fieramosca," 
a  romance  which  was  received  with  en- 
thusiasm throughout  Italy.  Other  ro- 
mances followed  with  still  more  bril- 
liant success,  but  the  politics  of  Italy 
now  engrossed  his  attention.  After  the 
elevation  of  Pio  Nono  he  repaired  to 
Borne  and  published  a  series  of  articles 
in  the  liberal  interest  which  were  col- 
lected in  a  volume  in  1851.  When 
Victor  Emanuel  ascended  the  throne, 
Azeglio  became  his  premier  and  minis- 
ter of  foreign  affairs.  This  post  he  re- 
signed in  1 85*2.  and  was  occupied  in 
other  public  charges  and  in  literary 
pursuits  till  he  d.  in  1866. 


B. 


BABBAGE,  Charles,  mathemati- 
cian, b.  1791,  celebrated  as  the  inventor 
of  the  calculating  machine,  was  for 
eleven  years  Lucasian  professor  of  math- 
ematics in  the  university  of  Cambridge. 
He  was  the  author  of  numerous  pub- 
li.-hed  works,  and  wrote  extensively  for 
the  philosophical  transactions  and  mag- 
azines. His  London  bouse  was  for 
nianv  vears  a  centre  of  intellectual  so- 
cietv.  '  1).  1871. 

BABER,  Henry  Hf.kvky,  b.  1775, 
an  English  scholar,  was  educated  at 
Oxford,  and  in  1807  entered  the  Brit- 
ish Museum  as  assistant  librarian,  and 
in  1812  was  made  keeper  of  the 
printed  books.  This  position  be  held 
till  1837.  when  he  was  presented  to  the 
rectory  of  Streatham.  His  reputation 
as  a  scholar  rests  on  his  fac-simile  edi- 
tion of  the  Old  Testament,  after  the 
Alexandrian  Codex.     L).  1869. 

BABINKT,  Jacques,  a  French  phys- 
icist, b.  1794,  educated  at  the  polytech- 
nic school,  was  sometime  attached  to 
the  artillery,  and  became  on  the  restor- 
ation professor  of  physic  at  the  college 
of  St.  Louis.  He  was  a  very  attractive 
lecturer  on  scientific  subjects,  pub- 
lished many  scientific  works,  and  made 
some  practical  improvements  in  the 
pneumatic  machine,  the  atmometer,  and 
the  hvgrometer.     1).  1872. 

BACCIOCHI,  Nai-oi.koxr  Eltsa, 
daughter  of  the  eldest  sister  of   Napo- 


leon L,  b.  1806,  married  to  Count  Cam- 
erata,  was  recognized  as  princess  at  the 
Court  of  Napoleon  III.,  and  left  the  bulk 
of  her  property  to  bis  son.  She  was 
much  occupied  with  agricultural  pur- 
suits on  her  splendid  e^ate  in  Brittany, 
where  she  d.  180:).  Her  only  son  killed 
himself  in  1853,  and  her  nephew,  Count 
Felice  Bacciochi,  superintendent  of  thea- 
tres, and  senator  under  Napoleon  III.,  d. 
in  1800. 

BACHE,  Ai.E-vAxnKR  Dallas,  an 
eminent  scientist,  b.  1806,  was  the  great 
grandson  of  Benjamin  Franklin  Edu- 
cated at  West  Point,  be  became  an  assist- 
ant  professor  there,  was  two  years  en- 
gaged as  engineer  at  Newport,  R.  L,  was 
sometime  professor  of  natural  philoso- 
phy and  chemistry  in  the  university  of 
Pennsylvania,  an  active  working  mem- 
ber of  the  Franklin  Institute,  President 
of  Girard  College,  and  in  1843  became 
Superintendent  of  the  Coast  Survey  of 
the.  United  States  as  the  successor  of 
Mr.  Hassler.  He  held  many  other  im- 
portant appointments  in  the  public  ser- 
vice, and  was  president  of  several  scien- 
tific associations.  He  published  many 
scientific  works  and  reports  of  t;Teat 
value,  and  left  $42,000  to  the  Academy 
of  Science*,  the  income  of  which  was  to 
be  expended  in  philosophical  researches. 
D.  1807. 

BACHMAN,  John,  an  American  nat- 
uralist,   b.  1790,  in   the  state   of   New 


BAl] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


15 


York,  was  associated  with  Audubon  in 
the  preparation  of  his  groat  works  on 
Ornithology,    and    t  tie   Quadrupeds    of 

North  America.  He  was  nearly  fifty 
yeats  pastor  of  the  German  Lutheran 
Church  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  and  pub- 
lished a  work  in  defence  of  the  morals 
and  character  of  Martin  Luther.  D. 
1874. 

BADGER,  George  Edward,  an 
American  lawyer  and  statesman,  b.  in 
North  Carolina,  1795,  graduated  at  Yale 
college,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at 
Baleigh.  He  was  a  member  of  the  leg- 
islature of  his  state  from  1S16  to  1820, 
and  for  four  years  judge  of  the  superior 
court.  In  1840  he  advocated  the  elec- 
tion of  General  Harrison  to  the  Presi- 
dency, and  was  appointed  on  his  ac- 
cession secretary  of  the  navy.  lie 
resigned  this  appointment  when  Presi- 
dent Tyler  vetoed  the  second  bank  bill, 
and  in  1846  was  elected  to  fill  a  vacancy 
in  the  senate  of  the  United  States.  He 
was  reelected  in  1848,  and  at  the  expi- 
ration of  his  term  retired  from  public 
life,  and  devoted  himself  to  his  profes- 
sion. He  was  a  precise  and  logical 
speaker,  and  an  able  jurist.  He  was 
opposed  to  the  secession  movement,  and 
in  politics  a  conservative.     1).  1866. 

BAGBY,  Akthuk  P.,  b.  in  Virginia, 
1794,  removed  to  Alabama  in  1818, 
where  he  was  successively  member  of 
the  legislature,  speaker  of  the  house, 
governor,  and  senator  in  congress.  He 
was  minister  to  Russia,  1849-5;J,  and  d. 
in  Mobile,  1858. 

BAGEHOT,  Waltkr,  an  English 
financier  and  economist,  distinguished 
for  his  essays  on  finance,  banking,  econ- 
omy, and  politics,  b.  1826,  in  Somerset- 
shire, was  educated  at  the  London  Uni- 
versity. His  most  important  work  was 
on  "  I  he  English  Constitution."  Be- 
fore this  he  had  published  a  remarkable 
volume  entitled  "Estimates  of  some 
Englishmen  and  Scotchmen."  He 
wrote  also  "Lombard  Street,"  and 
"  Physics  and  Politics."  He  was  many 
vears  editor  of  the  London  "Econo- 
mist."    1).  1877. 

BAGOT,  Richard,  b.  1782,  was  con- 
secrated bishop  of  Oxford  in  1829,  and 
in  1845  succeeded  Bishop  Law  in  the  see 
of  Bath  and  Wells.  His  bishopric  is 
memorable  for  the  cessation  of  "Tracts 
for  the  Times."  in  obedience  to  his 
mandate  as  bishop  of  Oxford.  During 
the  latter  years  of  his  life  he  was  sub- 
ject to  mental  aberration.     D.  1854. 

BAILEY,  Gamaliel,  an  American 
journalist,  b.  in  New  Jersey,  1807,  stud- 


ied medicine  in  Philadelphia,  ami  took 
his  degree  in  1828.  He  began  his  ca- 
reer in  journalism,  as  editor  of  the 
"Methodist  Protestant,"  in  Baltimore. 
In  1831  he  removed  to  Cincinnati,' and 
in  1836  joined  . lames  (!.  Limey  in  con- 
ducting the  "Cincinnati  Philanthro- 
pist," the  first  anti-slavery  newspaper 
published  in  the  West,  of  which  he  af- 
terwards became  sole  editor.  This  pa- 
per, in  1847,  was  merged  in  the  "Na- 
tional Bra,"  published  at  Washington, 
which  was  owned  and  edited  by  Dr.  Bai- 
ley for  many  years.  Both  in  l  incinnati 
and  in  Washington  repeated  attempts 
were  made  to  destroy  his  paper  by  mob 
violence,  but  he  was  never  intimidated 
or  driven  from  his  post.  1).  1859,  on 
board  the  steamer  Arago.  on  his  pas- 
sage to  Havre.  —  GuiLFOl -D,  D.,  colonel 
United  States  service,  b.  in  New  York, 
1834,  killed  at  the  battle  of  the  Seven 
Pines,  1802.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1826,  and  being  in  Texas  dur- 
ing the  early  stages  of  the  secession 
movement,  he  refused  to  be  included  in 
Gen.  Twiggs's  surrender  in  1801.  He 
raised  a  volunteer  regiment  in  New  Jer- 
sey, and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was 
chief  of  artillery  in  Gen.  Casey's  divis- 
ion.—  Jacob  Whitman,  an  eminent 
microscopist  and  algologist,  b.  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, 1800,  was  educated  at  West 
Point,  where  in  1839  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  chemistry,  botany,  and 
mineralogy,  which  office  he  tilhd  until 
his  death.  His  claim  for  scientific  dis- 
tinction rests  upon  his  investigations 
with  the  microscope.  His  observations, 
illustrated  by  his  own  pencil,  with  com- 
plete collections  of  specimens,  and  all 
his  scientific  books  and  papers,  he  be- 
queathed to  the  Boston  Society  of  Nat- 
ural History.  I).  1857.  —  Theodorus, 
an  American  naval  officer,  b.  in  Platts- 
burg,  N.  Y.,  in  1805,  entered  the  navy  as 
a  midshipman  at  the  age  of  thirteen 
years,  having  been  fixed  in  his  prefer- 
ence for  this  vocation  by  witnessing 
the  memorable  conflict  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain  in  which  Commodore  M'Donough 
gained  a  decisive  victory  for  the  Amer- 
ican flag.  Passing  through  (he  several 
grades  of  the  service,  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  rebellion  he  was  placed  in  command 
of  the  steam-frigate  Colorado,  and  as- 
signed to  the  Western  Gulf  blockading 
squadron.  His  first  sen  ice  was  in  the 
bombardment  of  the  Confederate  forti- 
fication near  Pensacola.  He  was  second 
in  command  to  Larragut  in  the  attack 
on  New  Orleans,  and  it  was  to  him  that 
the  city  was  surrendered.   For  his  brav- 


16 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bal 


efy  and  skill  in  these  engagements  he 
was  made  commodore  in  1802,  and  in  the 
fall  of  the  same  year  was  assigned  to  the 
command  of  the  Eastern  Gulf  blockad- 
ing squadron,  where  he  rendered  most 
efficient  service.  In  ISfif!  he  was  com- 
missioned a  rear-admiral.     D.  1877. 

BAILY,  Edward  Hodges,  an  Eng- 
lish sculptor,  b.  1788,  commenced  self- 
education  for  his  art  by  modelling  in 
wax,  entered  the  studio  of  Flaxinan, 
and  besides  many  ideal  works  executed 
the  colossal  statue  of  Nelson  in  Trafal- 
gar square,  and  well-known  statues  of 
Earl  Grey,  Peel,  and  SirAstley  Cooper. 
D.  18(17.' 

BAIN,  Alexander,  a  Scottish  teach- 
er and  professor,  b.  1818,  taught  in 
moral  and  natural  philosophy  and  logic. 
in  different  colleges,  and  was  many 
years  examiner  in  moral  science  at  the 
India  Civil  Service  examination.  He 
wrote  numerous  text-books  for  the 
school  series  of  Messrs.  Chambers,  and 
the  articles  on  logic  and  mental  philoso- 

Ehy  for  their  Cyclopaedia.  Among  bis 
iter  works  are  "Mental  and  Moral 
Science,"  1888;  "Logic,  Deductive  and 
Inductive,"  1870;  and  "A  Companion 
to  the  Higher  English  Grammar,"  1874. 
D.  1877. 

BAINE,  A.  C,  a  lawyer  by  profes- 
sion, but  known  as  the  author  of  a  work 
entitled  "Divine  Faith  and  Natural 
Reason,"  written  and  published  after 
his  change  from  I'resbyterianism  to 
Catholicism.  B.  at  Raleigh,  N.  C, 
1810;  d.  in  Nevada,  1803. 

BAIRD,  Roijert,  D.  1).,  a  Presby- 
terian minister  and  author,  b.  in  Fayette 
county,  Pa.,  171)8:  d.  1883.  lie' pur- 
sued bis  theological  studies  at  Princeton, 
and  was  licensed  as  a  preacher  in  1822. 
Ill  1827  lie  connected  himself  with  the 
American  Bible  society,  and  subse- 
quently with  the  missionary  society  of 
New  Jersey;  and  in  182.)  became  agent 
of  the  American  Sunday-school  Union. 
He  visited  Europe  in  1835,  and  for  eight 
years  devoted  himself  to  the  promotion 
of  Protestantism  in  southern  Europe, 
and  of  temperance  reform  in  Great  Brit- 
ain and  elsewhere.  He  visited  Europe 
twice  subsequently:  and  when  there  in 
1882,  he  upheld  the  cause  of  the  Union 
with  great  effect  in  Loudon  and  other 
cities.  His  most  widely  known  publi- 
cation is  "A  View  of  Religion  in 
America,"  issued  in  Scotland  in  1842. 
Among  bis  works  are  a  "  History  of  the 
Temperance  Societies,"  "  Protestantism 
in  Italy,"  a  "History  of  the  Albigen- 


ses,  Waldenses,  and  Vaud'is,"  and  a 
"  Visit  to  Northern  Europe." 

BAKEI.',  Edwakd  D.,  b.  in  England; 
d.  at  Leesburg,  Va.,  Oct.  21,  1801. 
Having  been  brought  to  the  United 
States  when  very  young,  he  was  left  an 
orphan  in  Philadelphia.  In  his  nine- 
teenth year  he  removed  to  Illinois, 
where  he  studied  law,  and  soon  acquired 
a  good  position  at  the  bar.  After  serv- 
ing in  the  Illinois  legislature  for  two 
years,  he  resigned,  and  in  1841!  went  to 
.Mexico  as  a  colonel  of  volunteers,  ac- 
quitting himself  with  credit  at  Cerro 
Gordo.  He  was  a  representative  in  con- 
gress from  Illinois,  from  184!)  to  1851. 
In  1852  be  settled  in  Sail  Francisco,  de- 
voting himself  to  his  profession,  but 
subsequently  removed  to  Oregon,  which 
state  he  represented  as  a  senator  in  con- 
gress, taking  his  seat  in  March,  1861. 
On  the  outbreak  of  the  rebellion  he  en- 
tered enthusiastically  into  the  struggle 
for  the  Union, — raising  the  California 
regiment  mainly  in  Philadelphia.  While 
leading  bis  men  in  battle,  at  Hall's  Bluff, 
he  was  shot  from  bis  horse  and  killed. 

BALDWIN,  RoGEK  Sherman,  law- 
yer and  statesman,  was  b.  ill  New 
Haven,  17U:i;  graduated  at  Vale  college 
in  1811;  and  in  1814  was  admitted  to 
the  bar.  In  1841  he  was  associated  with 
J.  Q.  Adams  in  the  argument  before  the 
supreme  court  of  the  United  States,  in 
the  case  of  the  Africans  of  the  Amistad. 
In  1844  and  1815  he  was  governor  of 
Connecticut,  and  in  1847  was  elected  to 
the  United  States  senate,  serving  until 
1851.  He  was  a  member  of  the  peace 
congress  of  1811,  and  d.  1883. 

■BALFE,  William  Michael,  an 
Irish  composer,  b.  1808,  was  remark- 
able as  a  child  for  his  musical  intelli- 
gence, and  at  the  age  of  seven  wrote  a 
ballad  that  was  sung  by  Mad  Vestris, 
and  executed  in  public  a  concerto  of 
Viotti.  At  sixteen  he  played  in  Lon- 
don the  part  of  the  huntsman  in  Der 
Freischutz,  and  ten  years  later  Figaro, 
Dandini,  and  Don  Juan,  at  the  Italian 
Theatre  in  Paris.  In  184li  be  was  di- 
rector of  the  orchestra  of  the  opera  in 
London.  His  operas  are  numerous,  and 
among  them  "The  Star  of  Seville," 
and  "The  Bohemian  Girl."  D.  1870. 
—  His  daughter  Victoria,  who  made 
a  s  ccessful  debut  in  opera  in  London, 
1857,  married  Sir  John  Crampton,  and 
afterwards  the  Duke  de  Frias.  D.  in 
Madrid,  1871. 

BALFOUR,  Rev.  Walter,  h.  in 
Scotland,  1770,  and  educated  as  a  Pres- 


BAI?] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


17 


byterian ;  emigrated  to  tin;  United  States 
at  the  age  of  20,  and  was  very  popular 
as  a  preacher.  At  about  the  age  of  30 
he  became  a  Baptist,  and  continued  a 
preacher  in  the  Baptist  church  until 
J 8 1  !> ,  when  lie  became  a  Universalis! 
from  reading  Professor  Stuart's  let- 
ters to  Dr.  Chanuing.  He  wrote  and 
preached  zealously  in  behalf  of  the 
opinions  he  had  espoused.  Some  of  the 
standard  works  of  the  denomination  are 
from  his  pen.     I).  1852. 

BALL,  Samuel,  for  many  years  a 
member  of  the  East  India  Company's 
establishment  at  Canton;  published  n 
1848  Jin  aide  work  on  the  Chinese  mode 
of  culture  and  manufacture  of  tea.  D. 
1874,  in  his  niiietv-fourth  year. 

BALLOU,  Hosea,  a  distinguished 
Universalist  clergyman,  b.  in  Rich- 
mond, N.  II.,  1771  '  He  began  to  preach 
at  the  age  of  21;  was  first  settled  in 
Dana,  Mass  ,  and  after  other  changes 
removed  to  Boston  in  1817.  He  estab- 
lished the  "Universalist  Magazine" 
and  the  "Universalist  Expositor,"  and 
was  a  voluminous  writer  He  united 
more  persons  in  marriage  than  any 
other  minister  in  the  country,  and 
preached  over  10,000  sermons.  D.  1852. 
—  Rev.  Hosea,  1).  1).,  a  relative  of  the 
preceding,  and  himself  forseveral  years 
editor  of  the  "Universalist  Quarterly 
Review,''  b.  in  Mass.;  d.  ISO  1  -  He 
was  eminent  as  a  preacher  and  writer, 
and  was  president  of  Tufts  college, 
Medford,  Mass.,  the  chief  collegiate 
institution  of  his  denomination.  —  Sul- 
LIVAX,  major  of  the  2d  Rhode  Island 
regiment  of  volunteers,  b.  1821);  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  18(11. 

BALTARD,  Victob,  l>.  1805,  some- 
time architect  to  the  French  govern- 
ment and  to  the  city  of  Paris.  To  him 
was  committed  the  charge  of  restoring 
a  number  of  the  old  churches.  He 
illustrated  a  work  on  the  monuments  of 
the  history  of  the  Normans,  and  a 
monograph  of  the  Villa  Medicis.  D. 
1874. 

BALUFI.  Gaetano,  an  Italian 
priest,  b.  1788,  was  sometime  nuncio  in 
South  America,  and  afterwards  bishop 
of  Imola,  cardinal  and  archbishop. 
His  "Religious  History  of  America  " 
was  published  in  Ronie  in  1848.  D. 
1800. 

BAMFORD,  Samuel,  b.  in  England 
1788,  was  successively  a  weaver,  ware- 
houseman, sailor,  public  secretary, 
bookseller,  newspaper  correspondent, 
government  clerk,  and  several  times  a 
political  prisoner.  He  was  a  writer  of 
2 


great  vigor,  and  his  two  chief  works, 
"  Passages  in  the  Life  of  a  Radical," 
and  "Early  Days,"  narrate  the  polit- 
ical events  in  Lancashire  that  brought 
him  into  notoriety.     D.  1872. 

BANGS,  Nathan,  D.  I).,  author  of 
a  "History  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,"  and  an  eminent  minister  of 
that  church  in  the  United  States,  b. 
1788;  d.  1802.  He  commenced  his  min- 
isterial career  in  1801,  and,  besides  his 
labors  as  a  preacher,  served  the  body 
with  which  he  was  connected  in  vari- 
ous capacities.  He  edited  the  "Chris- 
tian Advocate  and  Journal,"  and  the 
"Methodist  Quarterly  Review." 

BANKS,  Thomas  Chiustopiirii,  a 
writer  on  the  genealogy  of  the  British 
peerage.     B.  1700;  d.  1854. 

BANTING,  William,  a  London 
merchant,  b.  17'J7,  wrote  in  1803  a  let- 
ter in  the  newspapers  on  corpulence,  in 
which  he  set  forth  a  dietetic  system  for 
its  cure.  Reprinted  in  a  pamphlet 
form,  it  passed  through  several  editions 
in  London  and  in  a  German  translation 
in  Leipsic.     D.  1871. 

BAR  ANTE,  Amarle  Guillaume 
Pkospei:,  a  French  statesman  and  his- 
torian, b.  1782,  educated  at  the  Poly- 
technic School,  rilled  many  offices  under 
the  empire  and  the  restoration,  and  in 
181!)  was  made  peer  of  France.  His  great 
work  is  the  "  History  of  the  Dukes  of 
Burgundy,"  in  twelve  volumes,  which 
passed  through  several  editions.  After 
the  revolution  of  July  he  was  ambassa- 
dor to  Sardinia,  and  in  1835  to  llussia. 
His  historical  publications  were  numer- 
ous and  valuable.     1).  I860. 

BARBET,  Augustk,  a  French  econo- 
mist with  strong  democratic  opinions, 
was  the  author  of  "Political  Reform," 
and  other  works,  and  after  the  revolu- 
tion of  1S48  took  part  in  founding  and 
contributing  to  M.  Lamennais'  journal, 
the  "Peuple  Constituant."     P.'  1875. 

BARBOUR,  John  S.,  an  influential 
member  of  the  Virginia  legislature,  and 
member  of  congress  from  that  state 
from  1823  to  1838.     B.  1790;  d.  1855. 

BARING,  Thomas,  an  eminent  mer- 
chant, b.  1800,  nephew  of  the  first  Lord 
Ashburton,  entered  parliament  in  1835. 
In  1843  he  unsuccessfully  contested 
London.  In  1844  he  was  first  elected 
for  Huntingdon,  a  borough  which  he 
sat  for  as  a  conservative  during  the  rest 
of  his  life.  He  tilled  some  important 
commercial  posts,  as  chairman  for  forty 
years  of  Lloyd's  and  director  of  the 
Bank  of  England.  At  the  time  of  his 
decease  he  was  leading  partner  in  the 


18 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bar 


great  mercantile  firm  of  Baring,  Broth- 
er-, &  Co.    D.   1873. 

BARKER,  Jacob,  an  American  finan- 
cier, b.  in  Maine,  1779.  At  an  early  age 
he  embarked  in  commerce  in  New  York. 
During  the  war  of  1812  lie  was  an  im- 
portant financial  support  to  the  Demo- 
cratic administration.  He  was  after- 
wards senator  of  the  state  of  Mew  York. 
In  the  famous  conspiracy  cases  growing 
out  of  the  failure  of  the  Life  and  Fire 
Insurance  Co.,  he  figured  as  a  defend- 
ant making  his  own  defence.  After  a 
third  trial  he  succeeded  in  quashing  the 
indictment.  In  1834  he  removed  to 
New  Orleans  and  practiced  law.  Here 
he  accumulated  a  fortune,  lost  in  the 
civil  war.  D.  1871.  — I  AMES  N.,  a  ver- 
satile writer,  1>.  in  Philadelphia;  d.  in 
Washington.  18.38.  He  gained  the  rank 
of  major  in  the  war  of  1812;  and  for  a 
number  of  years  was  a  contributor  to 
dramatic  and  poetical  literature. 

BAHKSDALE,  William,  brigadier- 
general  in  the  Confederate  service,  b.  in 
Rutherford  county,  Tenn.,  1821  ;  killed 
at  Gettysburg,  1803.  He  was  a  success- 
ful lawyer,  a  prominent  Democratic  pol- 
itician in  Mississippi,  and  a  representa- 
tive in  congress  from  1853  to  1800.  He 
resigned  his  seat  to  join  the  secessionist 
movement,  and  served  in  the  Confeder- 
ate army  from  the  commencement  of 
the  conflict. 

BAKl.OW,  Henry  Clark,  an  Eng- 
lish scholar,  b.  1800,  travelled  many 
years  on  the  continent,  engaged  in  the 
study  of  art  and  literature.  In  1850  he 
published  his  first  article  on  Dante,  and 
is  paid  to  have  seemingly  passed  the 
remainder  of  his  life  in  the  study  of  the 
great  poet,  collating  manuscripts  of  his 
works,  and  writing  annotations.  In 
1800  he  published  "  Critical,  Historical, 
and  Philosophical  Contributions  to  the 
Study  of  the  Divina  Commedia;  "  and 
subsequently  "The  Sixth  Centenary 
Festivals  of  Dante  Allighieri  in  Flor- 
ence and  at  Kavenna."  He  wrote 
many  pamphlets  relating  to  Dante,  and 
a  vast  number  of  articles  in  the  London 
"  Athenaeum  "  and  other  periodicals. 
D.  1870.  —  Petkr,  mathematical  pro- 
fessor at  the  Woolwich  military  acad- 
emy, and  author  of  an  "Essay  on 
Magnetism,"  and  of  a  treatise  on  the 
"Theory  of  Number;"  b.  1777;  d.1852. 
His  discovery  of  the  means  of  correct- 
ing the  local  attractions  on  the  com- 
passes of  ships  secured  for  him  great 
distinction. 

BAKNFS,  Albert,  theologian,  b. 
1798,  educated  at  Princeton  seminary, 


was  licensed  to  preach  in  1823,  and  of- 
ficiated in  various  churches,  till  in  1833 
he  was  called  to  the  first  Presbyterian 
church  of  Philadelphia,  where  he  re- 
mained till  1807.  He  was  an  eloquent 
preacher,  and  acquired  great  distinction 
as  a  commentator  by  his  "  Notes  on  the 
New  Testament,"  which  have  enjoyed 
the  widest  circulation  in  this  country 
and  in  Great  Britain.  A  revised  edi- 
tion of  this  work  in  six  volumes  was 
published  in  1872.  He  took  a  moderate 
part  in  the  anti-slavery  movement.  He 
published  and  edited  many  volumes. 
D.  1870. 

BARHETT,  George  Horton,  b.  in 
England,  1794,  was  for  many  years  a 
leading  genteel  comedian  in  the  prin- 
cipal iheatres  of  the  United  States. 
His  line  of  characters  included  the  Cop- 
per Captain,  Corinthian  Tom,  Goldfinch, 
Charles  Surface,  and  similar  parts, 
though  he  played  with  great  spirit  and 
success  in  the  broadest  farce.  He  was  a 
great  favorite  with  the  public,  who  gave 
him  the  sobriquet  of  '•  Gentleman 
George.1'     D.  1800. 

BARRINGER,  Daniel  M.,  an  Amer- 
ican politician,  b.  in  North  Carolina, 
1807,  was  bred  to  the  bar,  served  sev- 
eral years  in  the  legislature  of  his  state, 
was  member  of  congress  from  1843  to 
1849,  and  in  the  latter  year  was  ap- 
pointed minister  to  Spain,  where  he 
remained  four  years.  He  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  Peace  Congress  of  1861,  and 
to  the  Philadelphia  National  Union 
Convention  in  1800.     D.  1873. 

BARRON,  James,  commodore  in  the 
United  States  navy,  d.  at  Norfolk,  Va., 
April  21,  1851,  aged  82.  He  commenced 
his  naval  career  as  a  youth  under  his 
father,  who  held  the  rank  of  "  Commo- 
dore of  all  the  armed  vessels  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Virginia  "  during 
the  Revolutionary  war,  and  until  the 
disbanding  of  the  state  navy.  He  was 
afterwards  in  private  service  until  the 
formation  of  the  Federal  navy  in  1798, 
when  he  received  the  commission  of 
lieutenant,  and  served  with  credit  under 
Commodore  Barry  in  the  brief  war  with 
France.  In  1799  he  was  promoted  to 
the  highest  grade  in  the  navy,  and 
ordered  to  the  Mediterranean,  where  he 
distinguished  himself  as  a  scientific 
seaman  and  efficient  oiHcer.  He  was 
in  active  service  afloat,  with  short  res- 
pite, until  1807,  when  he  commanded 
the  Chesapeake  at  the  time  of  her  en- 
counter with  the  British  frigate  Leop- 
ard, since  which  time  he  had  not  been 
on  sea  duty.     In  1820  he  fought  a  duel 


bat] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF   BIOGKAPHY. 


19 


with  Commodore  Decatur,  in  which  the 
latter  was  mortally  wounded. 

BARROT,      CamiLlk  -  Hyacinths 

Odili.on,  a  French  barrister  and  states- 
man, b.  1791,  entered  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XVIII., 
and  soon  acquired  the  reputation  of  the 
leading  orator  of  the  opposition.  He 
was  active  and  persistent  in  urging  on 
the  movements  that  led  to  the  revolu- 
tion of  1830,  and  accompanied  the  king 
to  Cherbourg  on  his  embarkation,  lie 
was  appointed  prefect  of  the  Seine,  re- 
sisted the  reactionary  policy  of  Louis 
Philippe,  and  attended  the  provincial 
banquets  which  led  to  his  downfall. 
Not  prepared  for  extreme  measures, 
however,  he  accepted  the  task  of  form- 
ing a  cabinet  with  M.  Thiers,  and  sup- 
ported the  right  of  the  Comte  de  Paris 
to  the  throne.  He  was  some  time  a 
minister  under  the  Presidency  of  Louis 
Napoleon,  and  in  1851  retired  from  ac- 
tive political  life.     D.  1874. 

BARRUNDIA,  Jose,  minister  to  the 
United  States  from  Honduras,  made 
himself  favorably  known  by  his  en- 
lightened efforts  to  advance  the  civili- 
zation and  welfare  of  Central  America. 
B.  1784:  d.  in  New  York,  1854. 

BARKY,  Sin  Charles,  an  eminent 
architect,  b.  171)5,  was  articled  at  an 
early  age  to  a  firm  in  Lambeth.  On 
completing  his  term,  he  travelled  in 
Italy,  Greece,  and  other  countries, 
studying  carefully  the  architecture  of 
each,  and  returning  to  England  with  an 
evident  bias  in  favor  of  Italian  In  his 
subsequent  works  he  employed  some- 
times Grecian  and  Italian  forms,  but 
gradually  acquired  a  preference  for 
Gothic.  Among  the  numerous  build- 
ings of  which  he  was  the  architect,  the 
new  palace  of  Westminster  is  that  by 
which  his  name  will  bs  most  widely 
known.     D.  I860. 

BARTH,  Heinrich,  a  German  trav- 
eller, b.  1821,  in  Hamburg:  com- 
menced in  1845  explorations  in  Africa, 
which  he  afterwards  prosecuted  in  the 
employment  of  the  British  government. 
The  results  were  embodied  in  a  valua- 
ble work  entitled  "Travels  and  Dis- 
coveries in  North  and  Central  Africa," 
published  in  5  vols,  in  English  and 
German  in  1855-58.  He  published  ac- 
counts of  various  other  journevs.  D. 
1865. 

BARTLETT,  William  Frank,  b. 
1840.  was  a  junior  in  Harvard  college 
when  the  civil  war  broke  out,  and  en- 
listed as  a  private  in  the  militia,  but  in 
July   was   made   captain    in   the   20th 


Massachusetts,  and  went  into  active 
service.  He  fought  at  Ball's  Bluff  in 
October,  and  as  senior  surviving  cap- 
tain became  acting  lieutenant-colonel. 
In  April,  1862,  he  lost  his  left  leg  in  the 
lines  before  Yorktown,  and  60011  after, 
at  the  head  of  the  49th  Massachusetts, 
joined  the  Banks  expedition  to  Louisi- 
ana. Again  severely  wounded  in  the 
assault  on  Port  Hudson,  in  his  rifjht  leg 
and  wrist,  he  again,  early  in  1864,  led 
a  regiment  to  the  field  in  Virginia. 
Wounded  in  the  head  at  the  battle  of 
the  Wilderness,  he  was  made  brigadier- 
general,  and  joined  Burnside's  corps. 
In  the  assault  on  Petersburg  he  was 
taken  prisoner  and  carried  to  Rich- 
mond. Exchanged  in  September,  he 
served  during  the  last  days  of  the  war, 
and  in  1865  was  breveted  major-gen- 
eral. At  the  close  of  hostilities  he  re- 
turned to  private  life.  D.  1876.  — 
William  Henry,  an  English  artist 
and  author,  b.  1809:  d.  at  sea,  1854. 
He  furnished  the  drawings  and  a  por- 
tion of  the  letterpress  of  19  large  4to 
volumes,  containing  about  1,000  plates, 
illustrating  the  scenery  of  England,  Ire- 
land, Switzerland,  America,  Egypt,  etc. 

BARTOW,  Francis  S.,  brigadier- 
general  in  the  Confederate  army;  killed 
at  Bull  Run,  1861. 

BARYE,  Antoine  Louis,  a  French 
engraver  and  sculptor,  b.  1795;  d.  1875. 

BATES,  Barnabas,  b.  in  England, 
1789,  came  to  America  at  an  early  age, 
became  a  Baptist  preacher,  and  in  1825 
established  the  "'Christian  Inquirer" 
in  New  York.  Many  years  of  his  life 
were  devoted  to  the  introduction  of 
cheap  postage.  D.  in  Boston,  1853. — 
Edward,  lawyer  and  statesman,  b.  in 
Virginia,  1793,  emigrated  to  Missouri 
in  1814,  and  began  the  practice  of  the 
law.  He  was  many  years  a  member  of 
the  legislature  of  "the  territory  and 
state,  of  the  convention  that  framed 
her  constitution,  and  represented  the 
state  in  the  20th  congress.  He  subse- 
quently declined  all  invitations  to  en- 
gage in  political  life,  but  accepted  the 
office  of  attorney-general  in  the  cabinet 
of  President  Lincoln.  D.  in  St.  Louis, 
1869.  —  Joshua,  b.  in  Massachusetts  in 
1788,  engaged  in  commercial  pursuits, 
and  became  a  partner  in  the  famous 
house  of  Baring  Brothers  of  London. 
In  1854  he  was  made  umpire  of  the 
commission  appointed  by  the  govern- 
ments of  Gi^at  Britain,  and  the  United 
States  to  adjudicate  claims  of  the  citi- 
zens of  either  country  against  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  other.    He  was  a  liberal 


20 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[BEA 


donor  to  the  Boston  Public  Library. 
D.  1804. 

BATTHYANYt,  Kasimir,  Count,  b. 
1807,  was  one  of  the  prominent  cham- 
pions of  Hungarian  independence-  Af- 
ter having  officiated  as  governor  of  va- 
rious provinces,  he  became  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  under  the  administration 
of  Kossuth,  and  subsequently  shared 
his  exile  in  Turkey.  In  1851  he  re- 
paired to  Paris,  from  which  place  he 
addressed  a  series  of  letters  to  the 
"London  Times,"  reflecting  rather  se- 
verely upon  Kossuth's  character  as  a 
statesman  and  patriot.  D.  in  Paris, 
1854. 

BAUMGARTEN,  Andreas  Von, 
Baron,  an  Austrian  scientist  and  states- 
man, b.  1793,  was  professor  of  physical 
science  at  Olnmtz,  and  at  Vienna,  filled 
many  offices  under  the  state,  and  wrote 
man3r  works  designed  to  popularize 
science.     D.  1865. 

BAUMGARTXER,  Gallus  Jakob, 
a  Swiss  politician  and  historian.  B. 
1797;   d.  1889. 

BAUR,  Ferdinand  Christian,  a 
German  scholar  and  theologian,  b.  at 
Tubingen,  1792;  d.  1861.  He  became 
professor  of  evangelical  theology  in 
1826,  and  is  considered  the  founder  of 
the  Tubingen  school,  which  has  been 
described  as  a  "modified  rationalism.'' 
He  was  a  voluminous  writer,  but  the 
work  by  which  he  is  most  widely  known 
is  the  "  Historical  Manual  of  Christian 
Dogmas." 

BAUTAIN,  Lons,  theologian  and 
philosopher,  b.  1796,  professor  at  Stras- 
bourg at  the  age  of  2(1,  wrote  many 
works,  and  became  vicar-general  of 
Paris  and  professor  of  the  theological 
facultv.     D.  1867. 

BAYARD,  George  D.,  b.  in  New 
York,  was  killed  in  the  attack  on  Fred- 
ericksburg, Va.,  Dec.  13,  1862.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1856,  en- 
tered the  1st  cavalry  as  2d  lieutenant, 
and  in  1861  became  captain  in  the  4th 
cavalry.  He  took  command  of  the  1st 
Pennsylvania  volunteer  cavalry,  and  in 
April,  1862,  was  commissioned  briga- 
dier general  of  volunteers.  He  served 
in  the  army  corps  of  Gen.  McDowell, 
was  under  Gen.  Pope  in  Virginia,  and 
ft- 1 1  whilst  attached  to  the  command  of 
Gen.  Franklin. — Richard  Bassett, 
lawyer  and  statesman,  b.  1796,  was  U. 
S.  senator  from  Delaware,  1836-39,  and 
again  1841-45.     D.  1868. 

BAXTER,  Robert  Dudley,  b.  1827, 
an  English  statistician,  was  the  author 


of  "  Railway  Extension  and  its  Re- 
sults;" "  Taxation  of  the  United  King- 
dom;" "National  Debts,"  —  and  of 
political  and  statistical  letters  to  the 
"  London  Times."     D.  1875. 

BAYLY,  Thomas  Henry,  b.  in  Ac- 
comac  county,  Va.,  1810,  graduated  at 
the  university  of  that  state,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1830.  For  sev- 
eral years  he  was  a  member  of  the 
general  assembly  of  Virginia  ;  and  in 
1844  was  elected  representative  in  con- 
gress, and  reelected  until  his  death  in 
1856.  He  was  for  a  time  chairman  of 
the  house  committee  of  wa\  s  and 
means. 

BKATTIE,  William,  an  English 
physician  and  author,  b.  1807,  wrote  a 
Latin  treatise  on  "Pulmonary  Con- 
sumption," edited  several  illustrated 
histories,  as  of  Scotland  and  Switzer- 
land, but  is  perhaps  best  known  as  the 
literary  executor  of  the  poet  Campbell, 
and  editor  of  his  "  Life  and  Letters." 
D.  1875. 

BEAUFORT,  Henry  Somerset, 
Duke  of,  b.  1792;  d.  1854.  He  served 
conspicuouslv  in  the  Peninsular  war. 

BEAUMONT,  William,  an  Ameri- 
can surgeon,  who  earned  distinction  by 
discoveries  relating  to  the  laws  of  diges- 
tion, the  result  of  a  series  of  remark- 
able physiological  experiments  upon 
Alexis  St.  Martin,  a  Canadian.  Dr. 
Beaumont,  whilst  a  surgeon  in  the 
United  States  army,  s'ationed  at 
Michillimackinac,  Michigan,  in  1822, 
was  called  to  attend  St.  Martin,  a  youth 
in  the  service  of  the  American  fur  com- 
pany, who  had  been  accidentally  shot; 
the  charge  of  a  musket  having  entered 
his  left  side,  fracturing  two  ribs,  lacerat- 
ing the  lungs,  and  entering  the  stom- 
ach. Long-continued  care  restored  him 
to  health  ;  an  opening  into  his  stomach 
remaining,  through  which  its  entire 
action  was  observable.  In  1825  Dr. 
Beaumont  commenced  the  experiments, 
which  he  continued  at  intervals  during 
many  years;  and  his  published  narra- 
tive has  been  recognized  by  the  medi- 
cal world  as  a  valuable  contribution  to 
the  knowledge  of  the  human  stomach, 
its  secretions  and  operations.  B.  1796; 
d.  at  St.  Louis,  1853. 

BEAZLEY,  Samuel,  an  English  ar- 
chitect and  author,  d.  1851,  in  his  66th 
year.  He  built  a  great  many  theatres, 
and  wrote  numerous  farces  and  bur- 
lettas,  and  two  novels,  one  of  which, 
"  The  Roue,"  had  quite  a  reputation. 
He  wrote  the  English  libretto  of  "La 


bee] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPIIY. 


21 


Somnambula,"  and  of  some  other  op- 
eras. 

BEGK,  John  Brodhead,  an  Ameri- 
can physician,  b.  in  Schenectady.  N.  Y., 
1794,  graduated  at  Columbia  college, 
commenced  the  practice  of  medicine  in 
New  York  in  1817,  and  soon  rose  to  dis- 
tinction. In  1826  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  materia  medica  and  botany  in 
the  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons; 
but  he  subsequently  exchanged  the 
chair  of  botany  for  that  of  medical 
jurisprudence,  which  department,  to- 
gether with  that  of  materia  medica,  he 
continued  to  hold  until  his  death.  He 
was  associated  with  his  brother,  T. 
Romeyn  Iieck,  in  the  preparation  of 
his  gieat  work  on  "Medical  Jurispru- 
dence." D.  1851.  —  Lewis  C,  an 
American  naturalist,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, b.  1800;  d.  1853.  He  pub- 
lished wotks  on  chemistry,  botany,  and 
other  branches  of  natural  science.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  was  professor 
of  chemistry  in  the  Albany  medical  col- 
lege.—  Thkodore  Romkyn,  an  Ameri- 
can physician,  author  of  a  valuable 
treatise  on  the  "  Elements  of  Medical 
Jurisprudence,"  was  b.  1791.  In  1815 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  the  in 
stitutes  of  medicine  in  the  college  of 
physicians  and  surgeons  of  the  wes- 
tern district  of  N.  Y.,  and  two  years 
afterwards,  still  retaining  his  professor- 
ship, he  became  principal  of  the  Albany 
academy.  In  1849  he  became  the  ed- 
itor of  the  "American  Journal  of  In- 
sanity," and  continued  in  charge  of  it 
for  four  years.  He  was  earnest  in  the 
promotion  of  all  philanthropic  enter- 
prises.    I).  1855. 

BECK  WITH,  John  Charles,  major- 
general  in  the  British  army,  distin- 
guished himself  under  Wellington  in 
Portugal  and  Spain,  and  at  Waterloo. 
An  incident  directed  his  attention  to 
the  sufferings  of  the  Waldenses,  and  in 
1827  he  visited  Piedmont  to  mature 
plans  for  their  improvement.  He  made 
his  home  at  Torre,  in  the  valley  of  Pied- 
mont, and  thenceforward  labored  with 
a  rare  philanthropy  for  the  benefit  of 
the  people  in  whom  he  had  become  so 
deeplv  interested.     B.  1790;  d.  18G2. 

BEDFORD,  Gunning  S.,  physician, 
b.  1806',  from  1840  to  1862  professor  of 
obstretrics  in  the  New  York  university, 
and  author  of  two  remarkably  popular 
medical  works.     D.  1870. 

BEDIXGER,  Henry,  was  a  repre- 
sentative in  congress  from  Virginia 
from  1845  to  1849;  and  from  1853  to 
1858  was  United  States  minister  to  Den- 


mark, where  he  negotiated  the  treaty 
which  settled  the  vexed  question  of  the 
Sound  dues.     B.  1810;  d.  1858. 

BEF,  Barnard  E.,  b.  in  Charleston, 
8.  C,  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Bull 
Run,  July  21,  1861.  He  graduated  at 
the  United  States  military  academy  ; 
was  promoted  for  gallantry  at  Cerro 
Gordo;  was  breveted  captain  after  the 
battle  of  Chapultepee;  and  in  1857-58 
served  in  Utah  as  acting  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  volunteers.  He  resigned  his 
commission  in  the  United  States  army, 
March  3,  1801,  and  became  brigadier- 
general  in  the  Confederate  army. 

BEECHER,  Lyman,  D.  D.,  an  emi- 
nent American  clergyman,  and  the 
father  of  the  family  of  whom  the  I!ev. 
Henry  Ward  Beecher  and  Mrs  Stowe 
are  two  notable  members,  was  b.  in 
New  Haven,  1775.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1793,  and  in  1799  was 
ordained  minister  of  the  Presbyterian 
church  at  East  Hampton,  Long  Island. 
In  1810  he  became  pastor  of  the  first  Con- 
gregational church,  Litchfield,  Conn., 
where  he  remained  until  1826.  He  then 
removed  to  Boston,  as  pastor  of  the 
Hanover  Street  church,  and  during 
nearly  seven  years'  labor  there  he  ob- 
tained distinction  by  his  vigor  as  a  con- 
troversialist and  his  zeal  as  a  preacher. 
In  1832  he  accepted  the  presidency  of 
the  Lane  theological  seminary  at  Cin- 
cinnati, in  which  position  he  remained 
for  nineteen  years,  during  part  of  the 
period  officiating  as  pastor  of  a  Presby- 
terian church.  He  returned  to  Boston 
in  1851,  retaining  much  of  the  power 
as  a  preacher  which  had  through  life 
distinguished  him.  In  1855  he  was  at- 
tacked by  paralysis,  and  soon  afterward 
removed  to  Brooklyn,  N  Y.,  where  he 
died  Jan.  10.  1863.  Many  of  his  sermons 
and  addresses  have  been  published;  and 
since  his  death  an  autobiography,  with 
selections  from  his  works,  lias  appeared, 
under  the  editorial  supervision  of  his 
son.  Rev.  Charles  Beecher. 

BEECHEY,  Frederick  William, 
entered  the  British  navy  in  1806,  at  the 
early  age  of  ten  years,  and  was  with 
the  British  force  at  New  Orleans  in 
1813-14.  He  made  four  Arctic  voy- 
ages, the  first  in  1818,  under  Com- 
mander Franklin.  For  three  years  from 
1825  he  was  engaged  in  a  voyage  of 
discovery  in  the  Pacific,  a  narrative  of 
which  he  published.  In  1854  he  was 
made  rear-admiral,  and  filled  the  office 
of  president  of  the  Geographical  So- 
ciety, when  he  d.  in  1856,  in  his  61st 
year. 


22 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[BEL 


BEKE,  Charles  Tilstoxe,  a  cele- 
brated geographer  and  explorer,  b.  in 
London,  1800.  He  published  in  1834 
his  "Origines  Biblicre;  or  Researches 
in  Primeval  History,"  —  a  work  for 
which  the  University  of  Tubingen  gave 
him  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  In  1841  he 
went  to  Shoa  in  Southern  Abyssinia, 
and  explored  Godjam,  and  the  coun- 
tries lying  to  the  west  and  south  pre- 
viously almost  unknown  to  Europeans. 
Keturning  to  England  he  published  the 
result  of  his  researches  in  a  series  of 
works  on  the  Nile  and  its  Sources. 
His  travels  with  his  wife  in  the  Holy 
Land  were  published  in  a  joint  narra- 
tive under  the  title  of  "Jacob's  Flight, 
or  a  Pilgrimage  to  Harran,"  in  1865. 
In  that  year  they  left  England  on  a 
fruitless  mission  for  the  rescue  of  the 
British  captives  in  Abyssinia.  In  con- 
sideration of  his  geographical  researches 
Dr.  Heke  received  a  civil  list  pension  of 
£100.    D.  1874. 

BEKKER,  Emmanuel,  a  learned  phi- 
lologist, b.  in  Berlin,  1785,  edited  the 
Institutes  of  Gaius  in  conjunction  with 
Goschen,  and  many  of  the  Greek  Clas- 
sics, and  24  volumes  of  the  "Corpus 
Scriptorurn  Historic  Bvzantina=,"  pub- 
lished at  Bonn.     D.  1871. 

BELCH  KR,  Sir  Edward,  an  Eng- 
lish naval  officer  and  Arctic  explorer, 
b.  1799,  was  the  author  of  a  "Voyage 
round  the  World,"  and  a  "Narrative 
of  a  Voyage  to  the  East  Indies  in  1843- 
48."  In  1842  he  commanded  an  expe- 
dition in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin, 
and  its  results  he  published  in  a  volume 
entitled  "The  Last  of  the  Arctic  Voy- 
ages."    D.  1877. 

BELGIOJOSO,  Cristina,  princess  of 
by  marriage,  b.  in  Milan,  1808,  educat- 
ed under  the  influence  of  Manzoni.  was 
expelled  from  Italy  for  her  revolution- 
ary ideas,  and  resided  in  Paris,  where 
her  house,  after  1830,  was  a  great  re- 
sort of  men  of  letters  and  liberal  poli- 
tics. She  was  the  volunteer  amanuensis 
of  Thierry,  and  the  pupil  of  Arago.  She 
was  the  correspondent  of  the  "  Nation- 
al "  and  other  journals,  and  wrote  sev- 
eral volumes  of  travel  and  autobiogra- 
phy.    I).  1871. 

BELKNAP,  William  G.,  an  Amer- 
ican officer,  born  at  Newburgh.  N.  Y., 
1794,  entered  the  army  as  lieutenant  in 
1813,  and  distinguished  himself  in  the 
attack  on  Fort  Erie.  He  was  breveted 
for  gallant  service  during  the  Florida 
war,  and  in  the  Mexican  war  for  his 
gallantry  in  the  battles  of  the  8th  and 
9th  of  May,  1846.     He  served  at  Bueua 


Vista,  and  received  a  sword  from  his 
fellow-townsmen,  and  the  brevet  of 
brigadier-general  for  his  bravery.  D. 
in  Upper  Texas,  1851. 

PELL,  John,  b.  in  Tennessee,  1797, 
studied  at  Cumberland  college,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1816.  In 
1826  he  ran  for  congress  against  Felix 
Grundy,  was  elected,  and  remained  in 
the  house  fourteen  years.  In  1834  he 
was  elected  speaker  in  opposition  to 
James  K.  Polk,  and  abandoning  the 
Jackson  party  was  instrumental  in  car- 
rying his  state  for  Hugh  L.  White  as 
the  presidential  candidate  against  Van 
Buren.  In  1841  he  entered  General 
Harrison's  cabinet  as  secretary  of  war, 
and  resigned  when  Tyler  quarrelled  with 
the  Whig  party.  In  1847  he  was  sent 
to  the  U.  S.  senate,  and  reelected  in 
1853.  He  was  an  eminently  conserva- 
tive and  constitutional  statesman.  In 
I860  he  was  selected  as  a  fitting  expo- 
nent of  the  principles  of  the  constitu- 
tional union  party  as  their  candidate 
for  the  Presidency.  On  the  election  of 
Lincoln  he  retired  from  public  life.  D. 
1869.  —  Henry  H.,  a  rear-admiral  in 
the  U.  S.  navy,  b.  about  1808,  was 
appointed  midshipman  in  1823,  and 
during  forty-five  years  of  service  en- 
joyed opportunities  of  seeing  much 
hard  fighting.  He  was  on  the  Gram- 
pus when  she  was  clearing  the  Cuban 
coast  of  pirates;  commanded  one  of 
the  ships  that  destroyed  the  four  bar- 
rier forts  near  Canton  in  1856;  and 
in  the  civil  war  took  an  active  part  in 
the  capture  of  New  Orleans  and  the 
siege  of  Vicksburg.  In  1865  he  was 
ordered  to  the  command  of  the  East 
India  squadron,  and  in  1886  was  pro- 
moted to  be  rear-admiral.  He  was 
drowned  off  the  Japanese  coast,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Osaka  river,  by  the  cap- 
sizing of  a  boat  in  1867.  The  admiral, 
lieutenant  Reed,  and  ten  out  of  thirteen 
sailms,  were  lost.—  Henry  Glassford, 
English  author,  b.  in  Glasgow,  1805, 
some  years  editor  of  the  "Edinburgh 
Literary  Journal,"  wrote  a  "  Life  of 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots,"  which  has  great 
merit,  and  ran  through  several  editions. 
He  was  the  "  Tallboys  "  of  the  "  Noetes 
Ambrosianre."  U.  1874.  —  Luther  V., 
a  distinguished  physician,  b.  in  Frances- 
town,  N.  H.,  1806:  d.  1862.  He  pub- 
lished several  professional  works,  and 
was  a  recognized  authority  in  regard  to 
the  treatment  of  the  insane.  For  nearly 
twenty  years  he  was  the  superintendent 
of  the  McLean  insane  asylum  at  Som- 
erville,  Mass.  ;    and  at  the  time  of  his 


ben] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


23 


death  he  was  medical  director  of  Gen- 
eral Hooker's  division  of  the  army  of  the 
Potomac.  —  Robert,  b.  at  Cork  in  1800, 
was  educated  at  Dublin,  and  in  1828 
established  himself  in  London,  where 
he  spent  a  loiij^  life  in  laborious  literary 
pursuits.  He  was  connected  with  nu- 
merous public  journals,  and  wrote  sev- 
eral volumes  in  continuation  of  Sir 
James  Mackintosh's  "History  of  Eng- 
land," and  of  Southev's  "  Lives  of  the 
Admirals,"  for  Dr.  Lardner's  Cyclope- 
dia. He  edited,  witli  annotations  and 
memoirs,  a  series  of  the  "  British 
Poets,"  and  wrote  numerous  miscel- 
laneous works.     I).   1857. 

BELLOT,  Joseph  Kkne,  a  French 
naval  lieutenant,  was  b.  in  Paris.  182:!, 
entered  the  service  at  an  early  age,  and 
ranked  as  an  officer  of  the  highest 
promise.  In  the  sprint;' of  3 85 L  he  ob- 
tained permission  to  take  part  as  a  vol- 
unteer in  the  expedition  then  fitting 
out  in  England  to  search  for  Sir  .John 
Franklin.  An  important,  result  of  this 
expedition  was  the  discovery  of  a 
strait  separating  Somerset  Laud  from 
Boothia  Felix,  which  was  named  Bellot 
Strait.  He  sailed  a  second  time  for 
those  regions  with  Captain  Inglefield, 
in  the  Phoenix.  In  August,  1853,  while 
leading  a  party  over  the  ice  from  Bee- 
chey  Island  to  Sir  Edward  Belcher's 
squadron  in  Wellington  Channel,  he 
was  carried  out  to  sea  on  an  ice-floe 
during  a  violent  gale,  slipped  from  the 
ice,  and  perished. 

HEM,  Josef,  b.  in  Galicia,  1795, 
was  brought  up  for  the  army,  and 
served  with  the  French  in  the  cam- 
paign of  1812  against  Kussia.  On  the 
reconstruction  of  the  duchy  of  Warsaw, 
in  1815,  Bern  reentered  the  Polish  ser- 
vice, but  the  tyranny  of  the  Archduke 
Constantine  soon  drove  him  from  it  in 
disgust.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  revo- 
lution in  1830,  Bern  was  appointed 
major  of  artillery,  gained  high  honor, 
and  rose  to  the  rank  of  general.  He 
subsequently  lived  in  exile,  chiefly  in 
France  and  England,  always  laboring 
for  the  cause  of  Poland,  and  often  amid 
the  greatest  difficulties  and  privations, 
teaching  languages  for  very  scanty  pay 
both  in  Oxford  and  London.  From 
this  situation  the  promised  reforms  in 
Galicia  recalled  him  to  his  native  coun- 
try, and  involved  him  in  the  war  of 
independence  in  Hungary.  Within  four 
months  he  was  the  tenant  of  a  pauper 
hospital  in  England,  and  the  triumphant 
leader  of  a  victorious  army  in  Transyl- 
vania.    When  he  took  command  of  the 


army,  it  consisted  of  but  12,500  men,  of 
whom  only  one  half  were  in  a  lit  state 
to  undertake  a  campaign.  With  this 
force,  in  three  months'  time,  he  drove 
an  Austrian  anuv  of  100,000  men,  to- 
gether with  10,000  Russians,  across  the 
frontier,  and  compelled  them  to  seek 
refuge  in  Wallachia.  On  the  defeat  of 
the  Hungarian  arms  Bern  sought  refuge 
in  Turkey,  and  became  a  convert  to 
Islamism.     I).  at  Aleppo  in  1851. 

BENEDEK,  Ludwig  vox,  a  distin- 
guished Austrian  general,  b.  in  Hun- 
gary, 1804,  entered  the  army  in  1822, 
and  as  lieutenant-colonel  rendered  im- 
portant services  in  suppressing  the  in- 
surrection in  Galicia  in  1846.  In  the 
following  year  he  was  sent  to  Italy, 
where  he  served  with  great  distinction  : 
as  he  did  afterwards  in  the  army  of  the 
Danube  and  the  war  with  Hungary. 
He  added  to  his  reputation  in  the  war 
with  Sardinia  and  France,  and  after 
the  peace  id'  Villa  Franca  was  made 
governor  of  Hungary.  In  the  war  with 
Prussia  in  1866.  he  was  appointed  com- 
mander in  chief  of  the  northern  army, 
but  on  the  advance  of  the  enemy  into 
Bohemia  he  retired,  and  was  totally 
defeated  at  the  decisive  battle  of  Sa- 
dowa.  After  the  peace  he  was  deprived 
of  his  command  and  left  the  service. 

BENEDIX,  Julien  Rodf.ric,  b.  in 
Leipsic  181 1,  a  German  comedian,  vocal- 
ist, journalist,  poet,  historian,  lecturer, 
and  theatrical  manager.  He  won  his 
chief  fame  as  a  writer  of  comic  dramas, 
of  which  he  produced  more  than  thirty, 
that  were  performed  in  most  of  the 
theatres  of  Germany,  Austria,  Holland, 
and  Belgium,  and  were  translated  for 
the  Parisian  theatres.     D.  1873. 

BFNJAMIN,  Park,  a  prolific  con- 
tributor to  American  periodical  litera- 
ture, was  b.  in  British  Guiana  in  1800, 
but  was  sent  to  this  country  a'  an  early 
age  by  his  father,  a  New  England  mer- 
chant. After  studying  at  Harvard,  and 
graduating  at  Trinity  college,  Hartford, 
he  applied  himself  to  law,  and  com- 
menced its  practice  in  Boston  in  18(2. 
But  his  inclinations  attracted  bun  to 
literature,  and  he  was  editorially  con- 
nected, in  succession,  with  the  "  New 
England  Magazine,"  the  "American 
Monthly  Magazine,"  the  "  New  York- 
er," and  the  "  New  World."  He  was 
a  frequent  contributor  in  prose  and 
verse,  to  other  journals,  and  later  in 
life  appeared  as  a  public  lecturer.  D. 
1864. 

BENNETT,  James  Gordon,  journal- 
ist, b.  in  Scotland,   1795,  came  to  the 


24 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[BER 


United  States  in  1820,  was  successively 
proof  leader,  correspondent,  and  assist- 
ant editor  of  sundry  newspapers,  till  in 
the.  vear  1835  he  founded  the  "New 
York  Herald."  with  a  capital  of  ¥500. 
Willi  wonderful  activity  and  enterprise 
in  collecting  news,  marvelous  tact,  a 
cynical  wit,  biting  satire,  and  a  reckless 
rollicking  way  of  dealing  with  men 
and  things,  he  established  a  journal 
whose  profits  exceeded  half  a  million 
of  dollars  a  year  at  the  time  of  his 
death  in  1872." — Sir  William  Stekn- 
dale,  the  greatest  of  English  compo- 
sers and  one  of  the  few  who  have  gained 
a  European  reputation,  b.  at  Sheffield, 
1816,  was  the  son  of  an  organist.  His 
published  works  include  overtures,  con- 
certos, sonatas,  and  studies  for  the  piano- 
forte, songs,  duets  and  other  vocal 
pieces.  He  set  to  music  Tennyson's 
ode,  "  Uplift  a  Thousand  voices,"  writ- 
ten expressly  for  the  International  Ex- 
hibition in  18G2.  He  was  appointed 
Principal  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Mu- 
sic in  1868,  and  knighted  by  the  Queen 
at  Windsor  in  1871.  D.  in  London, 
1875.  His  remains  were  interred  in 
Westminster  Abbey. 

BENTLEY.  Richard,  a  London 
publisher,  founder  of  "  Bentlev's  Mis 
cellanv,"  issued  works  by  Dickens, 
Bulwer,  Marryat,  Cooper,  Haliburton, 
Prescott,  and  other  eminent  writers. 
D.  1871,  in  his  77th  year. 

BENTON,  Thomas  Hart,  an  Amer- 
ican statesman,  was  b.  in  North  Caro- 
lina, 1782,  studied  law,  and  in  18L1 
commenced  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion at  Nashville,  Term.  During  the 
war  of  1812  he  raised  a  regiment  of 
volunteers,  and  in  1815  he  was  ap 
pointed  lieutenant  colonel  in  the  reg- 
ular army.  At  the  close  of  the  war 
he  removed  to  St.  Louis,  where  he 
edited  a  newspaper  and  took  an  active 
part  in  politics;  and  on  the  admission 
of  Missouri  into  the  Union  he  was 
elected  one  of  the  first  senators  from 
the  new  state.  He  took  his  seat  in  the 
senate  in  1821,  and  served  continuously 
in  that  position  for  30  years.  He  had 
great  readiness  and  skill  as  a  debater, 
and  wielded  a  commanding  influence. 
He  was  a  firm  supporter  of  the  admin- 
istrations of  Jackson  and  Van  Buren. 
Throughout  the  long  controversy  relat- 
ing to  the  United  States  Bank,  he  was 
the  main-stay  of  his  party  in  the  senate. 
He  addressed  himself  to  a  consideration 
of  the  whole  question  of  finance,  and 
did  much  to  consolidate  public  senti- 
ment in  favor  of  the  sub-treasury  sys- 


tem, which  was  eventually  adopted. 
It  was  from  the  financial  policy  which 
he  thus  enunciated  that  he  derived  the 
sobriquet  of  "  Old  Bullion."  Upon  the 
question  relating  to  the  Oregon  bound- 
ary, the  annexation  of  Texas,  the  Mex- 
ican war,  and  other  important  matters, 
he  took  a  leading  and  influential  part. 
He  was  a  bitter  personal  enemy  of  Mr. 
Calhoun,  and  a  life  long  opponent  of 
the  nullification  doctrines  of  that  states- 
man. Although  from  a  slave  state,  he 
opposed  the  slavery  extremists  in  the 
controversies  excited  by  the  "  Wilmot 
proviso "  and  when  instructions  were 
sent  to  him  by  the  legislature  of  Mis- 
souri, based  upon  certain  resolutions  in- 
troduced in  the  senate  by  Mr.  Calhoun, 
Mr.  Benton  denounced  the  instructions 
as  not  being  expressive  of  the  sense  of 
the  people,  and  as  designed  to  produce 
a  separation  of  the  states.  Through 
the  opposition  excited  by  this  bold 
course,  he  failed  of  a  reelection,  and  his 
senatorial  career  ended  in  1850.  De- 
termined to  appeal  directly  to  the  peo- 
ple, he  announced  himself  as  a  candi- 
date for  the  house  of  representatives, 
and  in  1852,  after  a  thorough  canvass, 
was  elected  over  all  competitors.  In 
the  session  that  followed,  he  opposed 
the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill  in  a  memora- 
ble speech,  and  pursued  a  course  so  dis- 
tasteful to  his  old  opponents,  who  had 
acquired  ascendency  in  Missouri,  that, 
at  the  election  in  1854,  they  again  suc- 
ceeded in  defeating  him.  In  1850  he 
consented  to  become  a  candidate  for 
governor,  and  once  more  canvassed  the 
state  with  his  accustomed  energy;  and 
though  he  fa  led  of  his  election  by  a 
few  votes,  he  produced  a  gratifying  re- 
action in  the  disunion  sentiment  that 
was  then  making  headway  in  the  state. 
In  1856  he  voted  for  Buchanan,  in  oppo- 
sition to  his  own  son-in-law,  Fremont, 
believing  that  the  former  would  restore 
the  principles  of  Jackson's  administra- 
tion,—  an  expectation  in  which  he  was 
bitterly  disappointed.  After  his  defeat 
in  1850  he  ceased  to  take  an  active  part 
in  politics,  and  devoted  himself  with 
wonderful  industry  to  literary  pursuits. 
He  completed  his  "Thirty  Years' 
View,"  a  connected  narrative  of  the 
working  of  the  government  during  the 
period  of  his  senatorial  career,  and  then 
entered  upon  the  laborious  task  of  con- 
densing the  debates  of  congress,  in 
which  work  he  was  occupied  upon  his 
death-bed.     D.  in  Washington,  1858. 

BERANGER,   Jean   Pierre   he,  a 
great  lyric  poet,  b.  at  Paris  in  1780  ;  d. 


ber] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


25 


1857.     When  ten  years  of  age  he  went 
to  reside  at   Peronne,   in   Picardy,  and 

here  lie  led  for  some  time  an  indolent 
ami  unsettled  life,  trying  several  occupa- 
tions, till  he  was  at  last  ap  rent  iced  to  a 
printer  and  from  this  period  gave  him- 
self up  to  literary  pursuits.  In  1735 
his  father  took  him  to  Paris,  where  he 
wanted  his  assistance  in  certain  bank- 
ing operations  in  which  he  was  engaged  ; 
but  in  1708  the  bank  failed,  and  IV- 
ranger  bade  adieu  to  financial  operations 
forever.  During  the  period  that  fid- 
lowed  he  produced  his  best  songs,  which 
he  collected  and  sent  to  Lucien  B  ina- 
parte,  the  brother  of  the  first  consul, 
whii  was  known  to  be  a  liberal  patron 
of  literature,  and  in  this  instance  did 
not  belie  his  reputation.  In  18 J5-18 Jo 
he  assisted  in  editing  Landon's  "  An- 
nates de  Musee,"  and  in  1803  he  was 
attached  to  the  university  with  the  sal- 
ary of  1200  francs.  In  1815  he  first 
came  before  the  world  as  an  author, 
and  the  sensation  produced  by  this  first 
publication  was  immense.  His  second 
series  of  songs,  published  in  1821,  cost 
him  his  place  and  three  months'  im- 
prisonment in  St.  Pelagie;  and  for  his 
third  series,  published  in  1823,  he  was 
condemned  to  nine  months'  imprison- 
ment in  La  Force,  and  a  tine  of  10,003 
'rancs.  But  the  line  was  paid  by  the 
#oet's  admirers,  while  Beranger  kept  up 
so  deadly  a  tire  on  the  government  that 
he  contributed  more  effectually  to  de- 
stroy it  than  all  the  blows  of  the  heroes 
of  the  '*  Three  Glorious  Days."  After 
the  election  of  Louis  Philippe  to  the 
throne,  he  declined  to  accept  of  any 
reward  for  his  services,  and  retired  first 
to  Passy,  next  to  Fontainebleau,  and 
finally  to  Tours,  where  he  completed 
what  he  called  his  "  Meinoires  i  h  in- 
fants,''  by  the  publication  of  his  fourth 
series  of  son^s.  At  the  revolution  of 
February,  1848,  Beranger  was  elected 
to  the  constituent  assembly,  but  he  soon 
resigned,  and  finally  retired  from  polit- 
ical life.  His  last  years  were  solaced 
by  the  kindness  of  friends,  who  ad- 
mired in  him  the  straightforward  hono- 
rable man  as  well  as  the  national  poet. 
BERESFORP,  John  George,  Lord, 
Protestant  archbishop  of  Armagh,  and 
chancellor  of  the  University  of  Dublin, 
b.  1773;  d.  1812.  He  was"  the  second 
son  of  the  first  Marquis  of  Waterford.  — 
William  Cakk,  Viscount,  a  British 
general,  b.  in  Ireland,  17G8.  He  en- 
tered the  army  at  the  age  of  sixteen, 
became  major-general  while  serving  in 
Portugal  in    1838,  fought   through  the 


Peninsular  war  and  took  part  in  the 
victories  of  Salamanca,  Vittoria,  Bay- 
onne,  Orches,  and  Toulouse.     I>.    1851. 

BERGENROrH.GusTAV,  b.  in  Prus- 
sia, 1813:  after  the  revolution  of  1818, 
went  to  California,  where  he  published 
an  account  of  the  doings  of  a  vigilance 
committee.  In  18.")!)  he  settled  in  Fng- 
lanci.  and  was  empl  ryed  by  the  Master 
of  the  Rolls  to  search  for  documents 
bearing  on  the  rel  itions  between  Fug- 
land  and  Spain  in  the  archives  of  Si- 
mancas  and  elsewhere.  The  results  of 
his  research  appear  in  the  "Calendar 
id'  the  State  Papers,"  1870-71.  L>.  iu 
Madrid,  1833. 

BERLIDS,  Hector,  a  celebrated 
French  musical  composer,  b.  18)  J,  stud- 
ied medicine,  but  his  passion  for  music 
determined  his  vocation.  His  works 
were  very  numerous.  He  was  author 
of  "  Traite  d'  Instrumentation,"  a  mas- 
terly work,  and  was  widely  known  as 
the  musical  critic  of  the  '•  Journal  des 
Debats."      I).  18!:). 

BERNARD,  William  Baylk,  dram- 
atist, b.  at  Boston,  Mass,  1838.  edited 
his  father's  "  Recollections  of  the  Stage," 
and  wrote  "The  Nervous  Man  and  the 
Man  of  Nerve,"  and  other  popular 
plays.     D.  1875. 

BERNERS,  Hknky  William  Wil- 
son, Lord,  b.  1737,  known  as  one  of  the 
most  scientific  farmers  in  Great  Britain, 
and  an  extensive  breeder  of  cattle  and 
farming  stock.  He  was  in  1853  presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Societv. 
D.  1871. 

BERNSTORF,  Arthur,  Count,  di- 
plomatist, b.  in  Berlin,  18)3,  early  en- 
tered the  diplomatic  service,  and  in  due 
course  represented  Prussia  at  all  the 
more  important  European  courts.  la 
1851  he  was  appointed  Prussian  minis- 
ter at  St.  James's;  in  18G2,  ambassador  ; 
and  in  1871,  ambassador  of  the  German 
empire.     D.  1873. 

BERRIEN,  John  Macpiikkson,  an 
American  lawyer  and  statesman,  was  b. 
in  New  Jersey,  1781.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  Georgia,  and  soon  attained 
eminence;  and  in  1810  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  a  seat  on  the  bench.  He 
officiated  in  this  capacity  until  1822, 
when  he  became  a  member  of  the  Geor- 
gia senate,  from  which  he  was  transfer- 
red, in  1824,  to  the  senate  of  the  United 
States.  He  was  appointed  United 
States  attorney-general  by  President 
Jackson  in  1823,  and  held  that  office 
until  1831,  when  he  resumed  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  iu  Savannah.  In 
1840  he  was  again  elected  to  the  national 


26 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bet 


senate,  where  he  continued  to  represent 
his  state  for  the  ensuing  twelve  years, 
taking  a  prominent  part  in  all  the  excit- 
ing debates  which  arose  during  that 
period.  He  ranked  high  as  an  orator, 
and  left  a  reputation  for  eminent  ability 
as  a  public  man.  D.  at  Savannah, 
1850. 

BERRY,  Hiram  George,  major-gen- 
eral of  volunteers  in  the  United  States 
service,  b.  in  Maine,  1824.  He  shared 
the  most  arduous  duties  in  the  battles  of 
Williamsburg,  Fair  Oaks,  Centreville, 
Manassas,  and  Fredericksburg.  He  was 
killed  while  leading  his  brigade  in  one 
of  the  many  desperate  bayonet  charges 
which  marked  tiie  struggle  at  Chancel- 
lors ville,  1803. 

BERRY,  Caroline  Ferdinands 
Louise  de  Boukbon,  daughter  of  the 
king  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  Ferdinand  I., 
and  of  Maria  Clementina,  archduchess 
of  Austria,  b.  at  Naples,  1798,  married 
in  1810  the  duke  of  Berry,  second  son  of 
count  d'Artois,  afterwards  Charles  X. 
The  duke  was  assassinated  in  1820. 
Seven  months  and  fifteen  days  after 
his  death  she  gave  birth  to  a  son,  Henri, 
who  received  the  title  of  duke  of  Bor- 
deaux, afterwards  duke  of  Chambord. 
During  the  three  days  of  the  revolution 
of  1830,  she  courageously  advised  resist- 
ance to  the  insurgents,  and  would  have 
presented  her  sou  to  the  Parisians  ex- 
cept for  the  opposition  of  the  deposed 
king,  whom  she  accompanied  into  exile. 
In  1832  she  returned  to  France  and 
landed  near  Marseilles,  where  an  unsuc- 
cessful rising  in  her  favor  compelled  her 
to  seek  refuge  in  La  Vendee.  She  was 
betrayed  by  a  converted  Jew  who  had 
been  recommended  to  her  by  the  Pope, 
and  was  arrested  at  Nantes  where  she 
had  remained  five  months  concealed. 
Shortly  after  a  letter  was  published  in 
the  "Mouiteur"  under  her  signature,  in 
which  she  wrote  that  the  grave  circum- 
stances in  which  she  was  placed  com- 
pelled her  to  disclose  the  fact  of  her 
second  marriage.  Her  husband  was 
the  prince  of  Lucchesi-Palli.  In  the 
spring  of  1833  she  gave  birth  to  a 
daughter,  and  subsequently  lived  in  re- 
tirement in  Venice  and  at  her  chateau 
near  Gratz,  where  she  d.  1804. 

BERRYER,  Pierre  Antoine,  states- 
man and  advocate,  b.  at  Paris,  1790, 
was  educated  by  the  Oratorians  of  Ju- 
illy,  and  read  for  the  bar.  At  twenty- 
one  he  married  a  young  lady  of  sixteen 
years,  Mile  Gamier.  In  1815  he  es- 
poused the  royal  cause  and  remained 
true  to  it  throughout  his  life      But  his 


loyalty  did  not  prevent  him  from  de- 
fending the  generals  who  forgetting 
their  first  oath  to  the  Bourbons  haa 
followed  Napoleon  to  Waterloo.  And 
though  a  devoted  royalist,  he  was  one 
of  those  who  sought  to  reconcile  the 
rights  of  the  monarchy  with  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  revolution.  He  was  a  par- 
tisan always  in  behalf  of  the  liberty  of 
the  press.  In  1830  he  was  elected  to 
the  Chamber,  and  his  parliamentary 
eloquence  soon  won  for  him  the  title 
of  the  second  Mirabeau.  In  1840  he 
was  one  of  the  counsel  of  Louis  Napo- 
leon, in  the  matter  of  the  Boulogne 
expedition.  In  1851  he  protested  pub- 
licly and  ardently  against  the  coup 
d'etat.  During  our  civil  war  he  was 
friendly  to  the  Federal  government, 
and  condemned  the  construction  of 
cruisers  for  the  Confederates  on  French 
soil  as  an  offence  punishable  with  tine 
and  imprisonment.  With  great  aptitude 
for  affairs,  he  was  a  consummate  advo- 
cate, a  consistent  politician,  and  the 
most  versatile  and  powerful  orator  of 
his  dav  in  France.     D.  1838. 

BEKTHOLD.  Arnold  Adolrii,  a 
German  naturalist,  professor  at  Gbttin- 
gen,  and  author  of  several  works  on 
natural  history.     B.  1803;  d.  1831. 

BETHAM,Sir  William,  b.  1779;  d. 
1853;  was  remarkable  for  his  labors  in 
genealogy,  heraldry,  and  other  subjects 
of  antiquarian  research,  lie  published 
many  works,  and  devoted  much  atten- 
tion to  the  antiquities  of  Ireland  and 
the  Celtic  tongue. 

BKTHUNE,  George  \V.,  a  distin- 
guished clergyman,  was  b.  1805,  in  New 
fork,  and  in  1823  entered  the  Presby- 
terian ministry,  but  shortly  afterwards 
transferred  his  relations  to  that  of  the 
Dutch  Reformed  church.  He  was  first 
settled  in  KhiuebecU,  whence,  in  a  few 
years,  he  removed  to  LTtica,  and  in  1834 
accepted  a  pastorate  in  Philadelphia. 
In  1840  he  became  the  minister  of  a 
church  in  Brooklyn,  where  he  remained 
about  ten  years,  resigning  his  office  on 
account  of  ill  health,  and  making  a  visit 
to  Europe  for  the  fourth  time.  On  his 
return  he  became  associate  pastor  of  the 
church  in  21st  street,  New  York;  but 
his  health  again  failing,  he  sailed  for 
Europe,  and  had  reached  Florence  a 
short  time  before  his  death.  Dr.  Beth- 
une  attained  considerable  distinction  as 
an  author,  both  in  prose  and  verse.  D. 
at  Florence,  Italy,  1802. 

BEL' IT,  William  Henry  West, 
known  as  "  The  Young  Roseius,"  b. 
1701,  appeared  at  the  age  of  12  in  the 


big] 


CYCLOP2EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


27 


character  of  Osman  at  the  Belfast  thea- 
tre. He  also  played  Young  Norval, 
Romeo,  and  Hamlet,  creating  an  excite- 
ment, unparalleled  in  theatrical  annals. 
In  December,  1804,  he  appeared  at  Co- 
vent  Garden  as  Selim  in  "  Barbarossa." 
The  rush  to  see  and  hear  him  was  so 
great  that  strong  men  were  lifted  from 
the  pit  to  the  boxes  fainting  from  the 
intense  heat.  Mr.  Pitt  on  one  occasion 
moved  the  adjournment  of  the  house  of 
commons  to  give  the  members  an  op- 
portunity of  seeing  him  for  the  first 
time  in  a  particular  character.  He  re- 
ceived fifty  guineas  a  night  when  John 
Kemble's  salary  was  thirty-six  guineas 
a  week.  When  he  fell  ill,  the  public 
manifested  as  much  interest  in  the  bul- 
letins, as  in  those  which  related  to  the 
king's  health,  or  the  movements  of  Na- 
poleon. This  enthusiasm  lasted  through 
the  season  of  181)5.  Three  years  long- 
er Master  Betty  played  to  large  audi- 
ences in  the  country,  but  in  1808  he  en- 
tered Christ  college,  Cambridge.  In 
1812  he  returned  to  Covent  Garden,  but 
the  charm  had  vanished.  Twelve  years 
later,  having  meanwhile  attracted  large 
audiences  in  the  country,  he  retired 
finally  from  the  stage,  and  lived  at 
Southampton  on  the  handsome  fortune 
he  had  amassed.     D.  1874. 

BEULE,  Charles  Ernest,  a  French 
archaeologist  and  author,  b.  1826,  was 
sent  to  the  French  school  at  Athens, 
and  gained  an  early  reputation  by  his 
archaeological  discoveries.  In  1854  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  archaeology 
in  the  Bibliotheque  Impe'riale.  He 
caused  important  excavations  to  be 
made  on  the  site  of  Carthage.  His 
published  works  are  numerous,  and  the 
latest  of  them,  "  Auguste,  sa  Famille  et 
ses  Amis"  (1887),  and  "Tibere  et 
P  Heritage  d'  Auguste,"  were  political 
in  their  character.     D.  1874. 

BEWICK,  William,  an  English 
painter,  b.  179(5,  became  a  pupil  of 
Haydon,  and  one  of  his  early  studies 
of  a  donkey  was  transferred  by  his 
master  into  his  picture  of  "Christ  en- 
tering into  Jerusalem."  He  painted 
life-size  portraits  of  Lord  Eldon,  Sir  1). 
Brewster,  and  Mr.  Jeffrey,  and  made 
valuable  copies  of  the  old  masters.  D. 
1866.  Thomas  Landseer  edited  his 
"  Life  and  Letters." 

BEXEIELD,  William  Richard,  an 
English  doctor  in  music,  composer  of 
"Israel  Restored;"  b.  1824;  d.  1853. 

BIBB,  G ico ugb  M.,  b.  in  Virginia, 
1772,  graduated  at  Princeton  college. 
Having  settled  in  Kentucky,  he  served 


in  the  legislature  of  that  state,  and  was 
for  three  successive  terms  its  chief  jus- 
tice; was  chancellor  of  the  chancery 
court  of  Louisville,  senator  in  congress 
from  1811  to  1814,  and  again  from  1829 
to  18-15,  and  in  1844  was  appointed  sec- 
retary of  the  treasury  by  President  Ty- 
ler.    U.  1859. 

BIBBY,  Thomas,  a  classical  scholar 
and  book  collector,  noted  for  his  eccen- 
tricities; b.  in  Kilkenny,  Ireland,  1799; 
d.  there,  1863.  He  published  "  Gerald 
of  Kildare"  and  "Silken  Thomas," 
two  dramatic  poems. 

BICKERSTETH,  Edward,  an  Eng- 
lish clergyman,  b.  1786.  After  practis- 
ing for  some  years  as  a  solicitor  in  Nor- 
wich, he  became  interested  in  religious 
movements,  and  in  1815  was  ordained  a 
deacon  in  the  Anglican  church.  In 
1830  he  became  rector  of  Walton,  in 
Hertfordshire,  where  he  spent  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life.  His  publications 
are  numerous,  consisting  chiefly  of  de- 
votional treatises  and  sermons.  D. 
1851.  —  Henry,  Lokd  Langdale, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  b.  1783,  grad- 
uated at  Cambridge  in  1805,  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1811,  rose  to  emi- 
nence in  the  equity  courts,  and  in  1836 
was  elevated  to  the  peerage  as  Lord 
Langdale,  and  created  privy  councillor. 
L>.  1851. 

BIDDLE,  Charles  John,  b.  in  Phil- 
adelphia, 1819,  was  a  son  of  Nicholas 
Biddle,  studied  law,  served  as  a  captain 
of  voltigeurs  in  the  U.  S.  arm}'  in  the 
war  with  Mexico,  and  was  breveted 
major  for  gallant  services.  On  the 
close  of  the  war  he  resumed  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  in  his  native  city, 
and  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  rebellion 
was  tendered  a  commission  as  brigadier 
general.  This  he  declined,  to  take  his 
his  seat  in  congress  to  which  he  had 
been  elected  in  October,  1861.  After  the 
war  he  became  editor  of  the  "Phila- 
delphia Age."     1).  1873. 

BIDWELL,  Marshall,  S.,  an  emi- 
nent lawyer  and  politician,  b.  in  New 
England,  emigrated  to  Canada,  where 
he  rose  to  distinction  as  a  member  of 
the  Canadian  parliament,  and  became 
leader  of  the  liberal  party  during  the  re- 
bellion of  1837.  Banished  from  Canada 
for  his  part  in  this  business  he  removed 
to  the  city  of  New  York,  where  he  prac- 
tised bis  profession  with  success  till  ha 
died  in  1872,  aged  74  years. 

BIGSBY,  Robeht,  an  English  writer 
and  antiquarian,  b.  1806,  educated  to 
the  law,  turned  his  attention  to  litera- 
ture, published  poems  and  a  dramatic 


28 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bir 


romance  in  twelve  acts  entitled 
'•('m'ni,''  a' history  of  "  Repton,"  and 
a  large  number  of  miscellaneous  histor- 
ical treatises.  For  his  literary  merits 
he  received  a  pension  in  18 JO.    I).  1873. 

BILLAlJLT,  August*:  Aixm.riie 
Makik,  a  French  advocate  anil  senator, 
b.  at  Valines  in  180.3.  After  studying 
law  at  l.ennes,  he  settled  at  Nantes, 
and  rose  rapidly  to  reputation  and  prac- 
tice as  an  advocate.  In  1817  he  was 
elected  to  the  chamber  of  deputies  by 
three  constituencies,  of  which  he  chose 
that  of  Ancenis.  When  Louis  Napo- 
leon seized  the  dictatorship  of  France, 
JM.  Rillault  became  his  president  of  the 
eorps  k'gislatif,  and  in  185-1-  accepted 
the  appointment  of  minister  of  the  in- 
terior.    I).  1863. 

BILLINGS,  Hammatt,  architect  and 
designer,  b.  in  Milton,  .Mass.,  1819.  de- 
signed many  public  buildings  in  various 
parts  of  New  England.  On  the  com- 
pletion of  the  Boston  custom  house,  for 
which  he  prepared  many  of  the  draw- 
ings, he  devoted  himself  for  several 
years  with  great  success  to  wood  en- 
graving, and  to  painting  both  in  oil  and 
water  colors.  His  works  in  lineoretch- 
ing  drawing  were  much  admired.  He 
designed  and  partially  erected  the  Pil- 
grim monument  at  Plymouth;  having 
previously  designed  and  erected  a  can- 
opy over  the  landing-rock  of  the  Pil- 
grims.    I).  1874. 

BINGHAM,  Kistgslky  S.,  b.  in 
Onondaga  county,  New  York,  1808;  d. 
in  Michigan,  1861.  He  was  long  a 
prominent  member  of  the  Michigan 
legislature  ;  served  that  state  in  both 
branches  of  congress,  and  was  elected 
governor  of  the  state  in  1854  and  1856. 

BINNF.Y,  Horace,  an  eminent  law- 
yer and  jurist,  !>.  in  Philadelphia  1780, 
was  for  more  than  half  a  century  at  the 
head  of  the  bar  in  his  native  city.  He 
published  six  volumes  of  Reports,  and  a 
number  of  pamphlets  on  legal  and  polit- 
ical subjects.  He  was  ejected  to  the 
house  of  representatives  of  the  U.  S.  as 
an  opponent  of  President  Jackson's  ad- 
ministration, and  served  with  distinction. 
D.  1874.  —  Kiev.  Thomas,  b.  1798.  was 
ninny  years  minister  of  the  king's 
Weighhouse  Chapel  in  London.  His 
published  addresses,  discourses,  and 
works  bearing  on  the  moral  culture  of 
the  voung.  were  very  numerous.  D. 
1874! 

BIOT,  Jean  Baitiste,  an  eminent 
French  mathematician,  b.  1774,  in  1800 
was  called  to  the  professorship  of  natu- 
ral philosophy  in  the  college  of  Prance. 


It  was  during  a  visit  to  England  in 
1817,  where  he  had  been  sent  by  the 
board  of  longitude  to  make  observations 
along  the  English  arc  of  the  meridian, 
that  he  met  Humboldt  and  Arago  at  the 
Greenwich  Observatory.  He  was  the 
author  of  several  astronomical  and 
mathematical  works  of  value,  and  of  au 
immense  number  of  scientific  memoirs 
and  articles,  for  his  pen  was  active  to 
the  close  of  his  long  life.     D..1832. 

BIRdl-PFElFI-EK,  Charlotte,  b. 
in  Stuttgart,  1800,  actress,  dramatist, 
novelist,  was  twenty  years  on  the  Ger- 
man stage  and  wrote  70  plays.    1).  18  18. 

BIRD,  Robert  M.,  author  of  "Cala- 
var,"  the  "Infidel,  "Nick  of  the 
Woods,"  and  other  successful  books; 
was  a  physician  by  profession,  and 
practised  in  Philadelphia.  He  is  best 
known  by  his  tragedy  of  "  The  Gladi- 
ator," written  for  Mr.  Edwin  Forrest. 
He  was  for  some  time  editor  of  the 
'•North  American  Gazette."  B.  in  Del- 
aware, 1803:  d.  at  Philadelphia,  1854. 
—  Rev.  Charles  Smith,  a  minister  of 
the  English  church,  and  author  of  nu- 
merous controversial  works.  B.  1795; 
d.  1802. 

BIRNEY,  James  G.,  an  American 
politician,  was  b.  in  Kentucky,  1792, 
and  in  early  life  established  himself  as  a 
lawyer  in  Alabama.  Becoming  inter- 
ested in  the  question  of  slavery,  he  at 
first  advocated  the  colonization  scheme; 
but  in  1834,  having  returned  to  Ken- 
tucky, he  came  out  in  favor  of  imme- 
diate emancipation,  at  the  same  time 
emancipating  all  his  own  slaves,  land- 
ing it  impossible  to  disseminate  his 
views  through  the  press  in  his  native 
state,  he  removed  to  Cincinnati,  and 
there  published  a  paper  called  "The 
Philanthropist,"  which,  after  encounter- 
ing violent  opposition,  became  a  power- 
ful instrument  in  forming  public  opin- 
ion. In  1836  he  went  to  New  York  as 
secretary  of  the  American  anti-slavery 
society,  to  the  objects  of  which  he  con- 
tinued to  devote  himself  for  many 
years.  Through  his  exertions  a  polit- 
ical organization,  called  the  Liberty 
party,  based  upon  the  single  idea  of  op- 
erating against  slavery  under  the  con- 
stitution, was  formed  in  the  northern 
states;  and  in  the  elections  of  1840  and 
1844  he  was  the  candidate  of  this  party 
for  the  presidency.  D.  at  Perth  Am- 
boy,  New  Jersey,  1857.  —  David  Bell, 
son  of  the  preceding,  b.  at  Huntsville, 
Ala.,  1825,  studied  law  and  commenced 
its  practice  in  Philadelphia,  in  1848.  In 
1861  he  raised  a  regiment  in  the  Union 


bla] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


29 


service,  and  in  1802  having  been  made 
brigadier-general  took  a  command  in 
the  army  of  the  Potomac,  and  rendered 
conspicuous  service  at  Williamsburg,  in 
Pope's  campaign  in  Northern  Virginia, 
at  t lie  second  battle  of  Hull  Run,  at 
Fredericksburg,  and  Chaneellorsville. 
Promoted  to  the  rank  of  major-general, 
he  commanded  the  third  army  corps  at 
Gettysburg,  after  the  wounding  of  Gen- 
eral Sickles.  Transferred  to  Butler's 
army  of  the  James,  he  contracted  a 
fever  of  which  he  died  1804. 

BISHOP,  Sir  Hkshy  Rowley,  an 
eminent  modern  English  composer,  b. 
1780  ;  d.  1855.  His  first  original  com- 
position of  note  was  the  "  Circassian 
Pride."  in  1810  he  was  made  com- 
poser and  director-  of  the  music  of 
(Jo vent  Garden  theatre,  und  during  the 
next  fourteen  years  produced  nearly 
sixty  pieces,  many  of  which  still  keep 
possession  of  the  stage.  In  1820  he 
wrote  "Aladdin  "  for  Dairy  Lane,  but 
its  reception  was  not  flattering,  and  be 
withdrew  from  the  theatre,  devoting 
himself  for  thirty  years  afterward  to 
songs,  glees,  and  vocal  pieces,  which 
proved  more  popular  and  productive 
than  his  more  ambitious  efforts.  He 
was  professor  of  music  at  Oxford  at  the 
time  of  his  death.  — George,  an  Eng- 
lish astronomer,  b.  1784;  d.  1801. 

PISSELL,  William  H.,  b.  in  Coop- 
erstown,  N.  Y.,  1811,  began  life  as  a 
physician,  practised  law  in  Illinois, 
commanded  a  regiment  of  volunteers 
in  the  Mexican  war,  was  elected  to 
congress  in  184!),  served  two  terms,  and 
in  1850  was  chosen  governor  of  Illinois 
by  the  Republican  party.     I).  1800. 

PIX1U,  Girolamo,  called  Nino,  an 
Italian  naval  officer  and  soldier,  b.  at 
Genoa,  1821,  served  in  the  Sardinian 
navy  and  in  the  commercial  marine. 
In  1848-49  he  commanded  the  forces  at 
Rome  that  repelled  the' first  attack  of 
the  French  troops.  In  1857  he  com- 
manded a  battalion  under  Garibaldi, 
in  the  expedition  to  Sicily.  He  became 
lieutenant-general  in  the  regular  army, 
and  was  twice  deput}'  to  the  Italian 
parliament.     D.  1873. 

BLACK,  Adam,  b.  in  Edinburgh, 
1784.  in  conjunction  with  his  brother 
established  a  publishing  house  in  that 
city,  known  for  its  connection  with  the 
"  Encyclopaedia  Pritaunica,"  and  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  works.  He  was  a  great 
friend  of  Lord  Macau  lay,  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded as  M.  P.  for  Edinburgh.  D. 
1873.  — John,  long  editor  of  the  London 
"Morning  Chronicle,"  was  the  son  of 


a  Scottish  cottager,  and  worked  his 
way  to  literarv  celebritv  under  no  ordi- 
nary difficulties.     P.  1783;  d.  1855. 

B'LACKBURNE,  Francis,  an  emi- 
nent Irish  lawyer  and  judge,  b.  1782, 
was  keeper  of  the  great  seal  in  the 
short-lived  Derby  ministry  of  1852,  and 
was  made  lord  justice  of  appeal  in  1850. 
D.  1807. 

BLACKFORD,  Isaac,  senior  justice 
of  the  court  of  claims  d.  in  Washington 
1859,  aged  G4.  He  was  a  native  of 
New  Jersey,  but  in  earl}'  life  removed 
to  Indiana.  He  was  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  that  state  from  1818 
to  1852,  and  published  eight  volumes 
of  report-  of  its  decisions. 

PLACEMAN,  George  Cuutis,  sur- 
geon, graduated  at  the  college  in  New 
York,  1841,  in  1854  professor  of  sur- 
gery in  the  medical  college  of  Ohio, 
translated  a  treatise  of  Yidal,  reedited 
Mott's  "  Velpeau  "  with  notes,  and 
served  as  medical  officer  in  the  civil 
war.  from  18G1  to  1805.     D.  1871. 

PLAGDEN,  Isa,  authoress  of  "'Ag- 
nes Treinorne  "  and  other  novels,  and  of 
brilliant  papers  in  the  leading  English 
magazines.     D.  at  Florence,  1873. 

BLAIR,  Francis  Preston,  b.  in 
Virginia,  1791,  was  educated  in  Ken- 
tuck}-  and  studied  law,  but  early  en- 
gaged in  politics  and  was  known  as  a 
journalist,  when  in  1829  he  was  called  to 
Washington  by  General  Jackson  to  es- 
tablish the  "Globe"  newspaper.  He 
edited  this  journal  with  eminent  ability 
and  success  down  to  the  year  1845, 
when  President  Polk  induced  him  to 
withdraw  from  its  charge.  In  1848  he 
formally  abandoned  the  Democratic 
party,  and  occupied  himself  actively  in 
promoting  the  Republican  organization. 
D.  1870.  — Francis  Preston,  Jr.,  son 
of  the  preceding,  an  American  senator 
and  general,  b.  in  Kentucky,  1821, 
studied  law  and  commenced  its  practice 
in  Missouri.  In  1850  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  congress,  and  again  in 
1801  and  1803,  but  resigned  to  serve 
in  the  Union  army,  where  he  rose  to  be 
major-general  of  "volunteers.  In  1868 
be  ran  for  the  vice  presidency  on  the 
democratic  ticket,  but  was  defeated. 
He  was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate 
1871.     D.  1875. 

BLAKE,  George  Smith,  American 
naval  officer,  b.  1803,  midshipman  1818, 
captain  1855;  during  the  civil  war  was 
superintendent  of  the  U.  S.  naval  acad- 
emy, commodore  in  1862.  D.  1871.  — 
John  Lauris,  an  Episcopal  clergyman, 
author  of   a  text-book  of   natural  phi- 


30 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bog 


losophy  and  astronomy,  of  a  biograph- 
ical dictionary,  and  of  "  The  Farm  and 
Fireside."     15   1788;  d.  1857. 

BLANCHE,  August,  a  Swedish  poet, 
b.  1811.  d.  at  Stockholm,  1808. 

BLANEY,  James  Van  Zandt,  Amer- 
ican physician  and  chemist,  b.  in  Dela- 
ware, 1820,  received  his  medical  educa- 
tion at  the  university  of  Pennsylvania. 
He  removed  to  Chicago  about  1844  and 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Hush 
medical  college,  of  which  lie  was  after- 
wards president,  and  professor  of  ana- 
lytical chemistry.  He  also  established 
and  for  some  time  edited  the  Chicago 
"Medical  Journal."  During  the  civil 
war  he  was  medical  director  in  connec- 
tion with  several  departments  of  the 
Union  army  in  Virginia,  and  occupied 
this  position  on  General  Sheridan's 
staff  at  the  battle  of  Winchester.  D. 
1874. 

BLANQUI,  Jerome  Adoi.phe,  a  dis- 
tinguished writer  on  political  economy, 
b.  at  Nice,  1805;  d.  1854.  His  most 
important  work,  a  ''  History  of  Politi- 
cal Economy  in  Europe,  from  the  An- 
cients to  our  own  Times,"  was  pub- 
lished in  18:J7. 

BLOM FIELD,  Charles  James,  b. 
1786,  was  made  bishop  of  London  in 
1828,  and  occupied  that  position  for  28 
years  He  was  author  and  editor  of 
various  works  on  classical  and  theolog- 
ical subjects.  In  parliament  he  took  a 
leading  part  in  the  maintenance  of  high 
church  principles.     D.  1857. 

B'  OMMAHRT,  Philip  b.  in  Ghent, 
1809,  published  an  edition  of  the  early 
Flemish  poets  with  glossaries  and  notes, 
a  translation  of  the  "  Nibelungenlied," 
and  a  valuable  history  of  Belgium.  D. 
1871. 

BLOOMFIELD,  Samuel  Thomas. 
an  eminent  Greek  scholar  and  liiblical 
commentator,  b.  1700,  published  a  val- 
uable edition  of  the  Greek  Testament, 
more  largely  used  than  any  other  both 
in  England  and  the  United  States.  D. 
1869. 

BLUDOFF,  Dmitri  Nikoi.ayyitcii, 
Count,  a  celebrated  Russian  diploma- 
tist and  statesman,  b.  178:1;  d.  1864. 

BLUNT,  Edmund,  hydrographer,  b. 
1709.  appointed  18:13  first  assistant  of 
the  U.  S.  coast  survey.      I).  1866. 

BOCHSA,  Hobert  Nicholas 
Charles,  a  distinguished  musician  and 
composer,  b.  in  France,  1789.  At  the 
age  of  sixteen  he  began  to  study  the 
harp,  and  soon  acquired  a  preeminence 
which  gave  him  great  celebrity.  D. 
1850. 


BOCKH,  August,  a  German  philolo- 
gist and  archaeologist,  b.  1785,  was  for 
upwards  of  forty  years  professor  of  rhet- 
oric and  ancient  literature  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Berlin.  His  most  important 
work  was  translated  under  the  title  of 
"  The  Public  Economy  of  Athens."  D. 
1867. 

BOCKING,  Edouard,  b.  1802,  d. 
1870,  forty  years  teacher  of  Roman 
law  at  the  university  of  Bonn,  published 
many  valuable  annotated  editions  of  the 
authorities  on  ancient  law. 

BODISCO,  Alexander,  a  Russian 
diplomatist,  b.  1779,  early  entered  the 
civil  service  of  his  country,  and  after  till- 
ing several  subordinate  public  situations, 
was  appointed  minister  to  the  United 
States,  and  remained  in  that  capacity 
for  seventeen  years.  D.  in  Washing- 
ton, 1854. 

BOGLE,  James,  an  American  portrait 
painter,  b.  in  Georgetown,  S.  C.,  1817, 
studied  his  art  in  New  York  under  Prof. 
S.  F.  B.  Morse,  and  became  distin- 
guished as  a  painter  of  portraits,  among 
which  were  those  of  Calhoun,  Clay, 
Webster,  De  Witt  Clinton,  and  other 
celebrities.  He  was  elected  an  associ- 
ate of  the  national  academy,  and  in 
1861  an  academician.     D.  1873. 

BOHJESSON,  Johan,  a  Swedish  cler- 
gyman and  dramatist,  b.  1790,  d.  1866. 

BOTTGER,  Adolf,  a  German  poet, 
b.  in  Leipsic  1815,  translated  the  works 
of  several  English  and  French  poets, 
and  wrote  original  works  poetical  and 
dramatic,  collected  in  8  vols.     1).  1870. 

BOITIGER,  Charles  William,  b. 
1790;  from  1821  professor  of  history  in 
Erlangen,  attained  eminence  as  a  his- 
torian'     D.  1862. 

BOGAKDUS,  James,  mechanician 
and  inventor,  b.  at  Catskill,  N.  Y., 
1800.  was  apprenticed  to  a  watchmaker, 
and  soon  distinguished  himself  by  his 
skill  and  ingenuity.  He  invented  the 
'•  Ping  Flyer,"  for  cotton  spinning; 
the  eccentric  circle;  an  engraving  ma- 
chine: a  machine  for  transferring  bank- 
note plates,  and  a  dry  gas  meter.  Being 
in  England  in  1836,  he  accepted  a  chal- 
lenge to  produce  an  engraving  from  a 
medallion  head  of  Ariadne  in  high  re- 
lief, and  constructed  a  machine  which 
not  only  made  a  perfect  fac-simile  of 
the  head,  but  from  the  same  nodal  en- 
graved comic  distortions  of  the  face 
This  machine  engraved  a  portrait  of  the 
Queen,  dedicated  to  herself  at  her  own 
request.  His  inventions  for  a  series  of 
years  in  different  departments  of  indus- 
try were  numerous  and  successful.    He 


bon] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGItAPHY. 


31 


built  the  first  cast-iron  building  erected 
in  the  United  States,  being  his  factory 
in  New  York,  in  18-17.     D.  1874. 

BOISSY.  Hilaire  Etiexne  Octave 
Rouill^,  Marquis  de,  a  French  states- 
man, b.  1798,  famous  for  his  eccentric 
and  sometimes  brilliant  oratory  in  the 
chamber  of  deputies,  and  from  1853  in 
the  imperial  senate,  married  the  Count- 
ess Gniecioli.     I),  in  Paris,  1800. 

BONAPARTE,  Ciiaiu.ks  Louis  Na- 
poi.kon,  Emperor  of  the  French  under 
the  title  of  Napoleon  III.,  was  the  sec- 
ond son  of  Louis  Bonaparte,  King  of 
Holland  from  1806  to  1810,  by  his  Queen 
Hortense,  daughter  of  the  Empress  Jo- 
sephine, first  wife  of  Napoleon  L,  by 
her  first  husband,  the  Vi.-comte  de 
Beauharnais.  After  the  overthrow  of 
Napoleon  I.,  in  1815,  Hortense,  then 
called  Duchesse  de  St.  Leu,  resided 
with  her  two  sons  in  Switzerland  and 
Germany;  and  in  1831.  Prince  Louis 
Napoleon  and  his  elder  brother  hav- 
ing joined  the  Italian  conspiracy  of  the 
Carbonari  against  the  papal  govern- 
ment, took  part  in  the  insurrection  of  Ro- 
magna,  where  the  elder  prince  died  of 
a  fever.  By  this,  and  the  death  of  his 
cousin,  the  Due  de  lieichstadt,  Prince 
Louis  became  heir  to  the  Bonapartist 
imperial  pretensions  ;  and  attempted, 
first  at  Strasburg,  in  1830,  and  secondly 
at  Boulogne,  in  1840  (living  meanwhile 
chiefly  in  London),  to  excite  an  insur- 
rection of  the  French  soldiers  in  his 
favor,  and  was  punished  on  the  former 
occasion  by  exile  to  America,  and  upon 
the  latter  by  a  sentence  of  imprison- 
ment for  life  at  Ham.  After  a  confine- 
ment of  six  years,  he  escaped  from  the 
castle  in  the  disguise  of  a  workman, 
crossed  t lie  frontier  into  Belgium,  and 
for  the  third  time  took  refuge  in  Eng- 
land. There  he  resided  till  the  revolu- 
tion of  1848,  when  five  departments 
proclaimed  him  their  representative,  and 
the  prince  took  his  place  in  the  Constit- 
uent Assembly  on  the  '20th  of  Septem- 
ber, as  a  member  from  Paris.  On  the 
10th  of  December  he  was  elected  presi- 
dent by  five  and  a  half  millions  of 
votes,  against  less  than  two  millions 
cast  for  all  the  other  candidates.  The 
exact  figures,  as  given  by  the  "  Moni- 
teur,"  were:  Louis  Napoleon,  5,502,834; 
General  Cavaignac,  1,463,166;  M  Le- 
dru-Kollin,  377,230  ;  M.  de  La  Marline, 
21,000.  His  oath,  on  assuming  the 
presidency,  was  in  the  following  words: 
"  In  the  presence  of  God,  and  before 
the  French  people,  I  swear  to  remain 
faithful    to   the   Democratic    Republic, 


and  to  fulfil  all  the  duties  imposed  on 
me  by  the  Constitution."     It  is  not  pos- 
sible   in    the    space   at   our   disposal  to 
recapitulate  the  circumstances  that  es- 
tablished such  relations  between  the  Na- 
tional   Assembly  anil    the    president  as 
resulted  in  the  coup  d'etat.      Suffice  it 
to  say  that  on  the  morning  of  the  2d  of 
December,    1851,    a    proclamation    was 
posted  on  the  walls  of  Paris,  by  which, 
in  the  name  of  the  French  people,  the 
president  of  the  Republic  decreed   that 
the  National  Assembly  was  dissolved; 
universal    suffrage     reestablished;    the 
French  people  called  together  in  their 
cornice.*  from  the  14th  to  the  21st  of  the 
current  month;  the  first  military  divis- 
ion  declared  in   a   state  of   siege;    the 
council  of  state  dissolved;  and  the  min- 
ister of  the  interior  charged  with  carry- 
ing  the   decree   into   execution.      This 
proclamation,  issuing  from    the   palace 
of  Ely-sees,  was  signed  "  Louis  Napoleon 
Bonaparte,"    and   countersigned    "the 
minister  of   the   interior,   De   Moray."" 
The  principal  leaders  of  the  Right  and 
the  extreme  Left  in  the  assembly  were 
arrested  at  an  early  hour  in  the  morn- 
ing, and  with   other  men   of  influence 
opposed  to  the  Bonaparte  regime  trans- 
ported beyond  the  frontiers.     The  pal- 
ace of  the  assembly  was  guarded  by  a 
strong   detachment  of    troops,  with  or- 
ders  to  allow  nobody  to  enter.     Some 
attempts  were  made  to  organize  resist- 
ance, but  without  success.     The  troops, 
under  the  command  of  Generals  Mag- 
nan  and  St.  Arnaud,  acting  under  the 
laconic    order,    "  Let  the  good   be  con- 
fident,   and    let   the   wicked    tremble," 
swept  the  boulevards  and  the  adjacent 
streets,  and  shot  down  somewhat  indis- 
criminately the  defenders  of  barricades 
and  the  merely  curious  spectators.     It 
was  soon  seen  that  opposition  to  the  de- 
cree was    useless.     The   same   day  the 
president  issued  a  manifesto,  in  which 
he  submitted  his  conduct  to  the  judg- 
ment of   the  whole   nation  ;    and   after 
giving    his  view  ,of  the  situation,   told 
the  people  if  they  desired  its  continu- 
ance  to   choose   some   one  else   in   his 
place,  as  he  did  not  wish  to  wield  an 
authority  that  was  powerless  for  good, 
which  rendered  him  responsible  for  acts 
he  could  not  prevent,  and  chained  him 
to  the  helm  when  he  saw  the  ship  plun- 
ging into  the  abyss.    It',  on  the  contrary, 
they  had  confidence  in  him,  he  called 
on  them  to  elect  him  president  for  ten 
years,  and  to  adopt  such  provisions  for 
a  constitution  as   he   suggested,   which 
were  in  accordance  with  the  system  of 


32 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[BON 


the  First  Consul.  On  the  measures 
then  submitted  ihe  people  were  called 
upon  to  vote  by  a  simple  Qui  or  Non. 
To  this  appeal,  on  December  20  and  21, 
the  nation  responded  by  7,4Sl,2ol  af- 
firmative votes  out  of  8,105,030  cast. 
Thus  confirmed  in  his  usurped  power, 
Louis  Napoleon  promulgated  on  tiie 
14th  January,  1852,  a  constitution  de- 
veloped from  the  proclamation  and  the 
plebiscite  of  the  mouth  preceding.  He 
proceeded  to  organize  the  new  govern- 
ment, and  resigned  his  dictatorship  in 
the  presence  of  the  senate  and  corps 
legislatif.  Two  months  after  the  elose 
of  the  session,  he  made  a  tour  in  the 
south  of  France,  and  was  received  in 
all  the  departments  he  visited  with 
shouts  of  vice  I'empire.  There  is  little 
reason  to  doubt  that  public  sentiment 
was  sufficiently  represented  in  the  sen- 
atus-coiisultum  calling  for  the  reestab- 
lishment  of  the  empire,  and  its  ratifica- 
tion by  the  French  people  by  nearly 
eight  millions  of  votes.  The  empire 
was  solemnly  proclaimed  on  December 
1,  1852,  and  the  president  took  the  title 
of  Napoleon  III.,  "  by  the  grace  of  God 
ami  the  will  of  the  nation  emperor  of 
the  French."  All  the  powers,  England 
at  the  head  of  them, -easily  recognized 
the  new  government.  In  spite  of  the  dec- 
laration that  the  "empire  was  peace," 
war  soon  followed.  »The  next  year  found 
the.  armies  of  France  and  England  in  the 
Crimea  combating  together  against  Rus- 
sia. On  the  8th  of  September,  1855, 
Sebastopol  fell,  after  a  siege  of  three 
hundred  and  thirty  days,  and  the  war 
was  brought  to  a  elose.  In  the  midst  of 
the  Eastern  war,  the  universal  exposi- 
tion was  opened  at  Paris.  On  the  30th 
of  March,  1856,  a  treaty  of  peace  was 
signed  at  Paris,  by  the  plenipotentiaries 
of  France,  Great  Britain.  Austria,  Sar- 
dinia, l!us>ia,  and  Turkey,  by  which 
certain  restitutions  were  arranged,  the 
Black  Sea  opened  to  all  nations,  the 
free  navigation  of  the  Danube  secured, 
and  protection  guaranteed  to  the  Chris- 
tians within  the  dominions  of  the  Sul- 
tan. Meanwhile  New  Caledonia  and  its 
dependencies  had  been  taken  possession 
of  in  the  name  of  the  emperor.  The 
war  with  China,  and  the  expedition  to 
Cochin  China  and  Japan,  are  episodes 
to  which  we  can  only  allude.  On  the 
1st  of  .Ian nary,  1859,  the  world  was 
startled  by  an  abrupt  suggestion  of  the 
emperor  to  the  Austrian  minister  that 
the  relations  with  his  government  were 
not  so  satisfactory  as  they  had  been. 
The  war  with   Austria  followed,   with 


the  emperor's  victories  at  Magenta  and 
Solferino,  and  the  abrupt  peace  made 
at  Villa-Franca.  The  immediate  ad- 
vantage that  France  derived  from  this 
treaty  was  the  annexation  of  Nice  and 
Savoy.  Lombards-  was  ceded  to  France, 
and  by  France  to  Sardinia,  and  Venice 
with  the  quadrilateral  was  left  in  the 
possession  of  Austria.  In  1800,  Napo- 
leon declared  himself  a  convert  to  free 
trade,  and  with  the  personal  aid  and 
advice  of  Mr.  Cobden  framed  a  treaty 
of  commerce  between  France  and  Great 
Britain  based  on  this  principle.  Con- 
jointly with  Spain  and  Great  Britain  he 
organized  an  expedition  against  Mex- 
ico with  the  view  of  redressing  the  pe- 
cuniary injuries  that  had  been  inflicted 
on  subjects  of  the  respective  countries. 
This  expedition  his  allies  abandoned  iif 
April,  1802,  and  the  emperor  prosecuted 
the  war,  and  placed  the  archduke  Max- 
imilian of  Austria  on  the  throne  of 
Mexico.  He  looked  with  complacency 
on  the  civil  war  in  the  United  Slates  as 
favcrmg  bir;  denigns  for  the  Extension 
of  French  power  on  this  continent,  but 
on  its  termination  he  received  notice  to 
(jiiit,  and  was  not  .-low  in  availing  him- 
self of  an  opportunity.  The  last  French 
detachment  left  the  Mexican  shores  in 
1807.  The  disastrous  results  of  this  ex- 
pedition materially  impaired  the  />/■?.<:- 
liye  of  the  emperor,  and  with  other  well 
bruited  causes  of  popular  discontent  as- 
sisted the  attacks  of  the  republican 
party  in  the  chambers  and  led  to  im- 
portant concessions  in  favor  of  consti- 
tutional government  in  France.  The 
senate  adopted  almost  unanimously  a 
decree  modifying  the  constitution  of  the 
empire,  and  an  imperial  edict  confirmed 
this  decree  September  8,  1800.  In  De- 
cember M.  Emile  Ollivie'r  was  autho- 
rized to  construct  a  cabinet  faithfully 
representing  the  majority  of  the  legis- 
lative body.  On  July "15,  1870,  war 
was  declared  by  France  against  Prus- 
sia, ostensibly  lor  reasons  growing  out 
of  the  consent  of  the  king  to  the  can- 
didacy of  Leopold,  the  prince  of  Hohen- 
zollern,  for  the  Spanish  throne.  Two 
days  later  the  emperor  announced  in  a 
proclamation  that  he  was  going  to  place 
himself  with  his  son  at  the  head  of  the 
armv.  He  made  his  quarters  at  Metz, 
and  amused  the  people  by  the  farce  at 
Saarbriick,  where  he  drove  three  Prus- 
sian companies  from  an  eminence,  and 
submitted  the  prince  imperial  to  the 
"  baptism  of  lire."  Meanwhile  Prus- 
sian forces  had  been  massed  on  the 
frontier,  defeat  on  defeat  attended  the 


bon] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


33 


French  arms,  the  emperor  moved  li is 
quarters  from  Metz  to  Chalons,  from 
Chalons  to  Mouzon,  and  hence  sending 
his  sou  to  Belgium,  entered  Sedan, 
where  his  forces  were  shortly  surrounded 
by  double  their  numbers.  There  he  sur- 
rendered with  83,000  men,  of  whom 
4,000  were  officers.  The  castle  ol'  Wil 
hehnshohe  was  assigned  to  him  as  a  res- 
idence, he  was  formally  deposed,  and 
when  peace  was  concluded  between  the 
new  government  and  Prussia,  Napoleon 
joined  his  fugitive  consort  and  the 
prince  imperial  in  England,  and  the 
family  cs  alilished  itself  at  Chisel  hurst. 
The  emperor's  death  was  caused  by  the 
painful  illness  of  the  stone,  which  for 
years  had  been  undermining  his  consti- 
tution. An  apparently  successful  opera- 
tion had  been  performed,  and  the  prog- 
ress of  the  disease  had  been  considered 
favorable  to  recovery,  but  an  unex- 
pected change  occurred  on  the  morning 
of  the  9th  of  January,  1873.  The  Abbe 
Goddard,  parish  priest  of  Chiselhuist, 
was  sent  for  to  administer  the  last  sac- 
rament to  his  majesty.  He  d  at  a 
quarter  to  eleven.  His  consult,  the  now 
widowed  empress,  was  a  gentlewoman 
of  mixed  Scottish  and  Spanish  descent, 
Mile.  Euguiie  de  Montijo,  created  in 
Spain  (  ountess  de  Teha,  daughter  of 
the  Count  de  Montijo,  a  grandee  of  that 
kingdom,  by  a  lady  of  the  Kirkpatrick 
family.  The  marriage  of  the  emperor 
and  empress  took  place  in  the  cathedral 
of  Notre  Dame,  January  3d,  1853,  and 
their  only  child,  the  prince  imperial, 
was  born  March  10.  1850.  Many  politi- 
cal pamphlets,  in  whole  or  in  part,  were 
ascribed  to  the  emperor.  He  wrote  a 
"Life  (if  Julius  Cesar,"  of  which  only 
two  vols,  were  published.  His  mis- 
cellaneous writings  are  published  in 
"Uuivres  de  Napoleon  III.,"  5  vols.; 
"(Euvres  Militaires,"  3  vols.;  and 
"(Euvres  Posthuriies." 

BONAPARTE,  Jeuome,  the  young- 
est brother  of  Napoleon  I.,  was  b.  at 
Ajaccio,  1784.  On  Napoleon  becoming 
first  consul,  he  removed  Jerome  from 
college  and  placed  him  in  the  naval  ser- 
vice. When  hostilities  broke  out  be- 
tween France  and  England,  in  1803, 
Jerome  cruised  off  the  West  India  Isl- 
ands. Forced  to  quit  (hat  station,  he 
came  to  the  United  States,  where  he 
married  Miss  Elizabeth  Paterson,  the 
daughter  of  a  Baltimore  merchant.  The 
marriage  was  a  misalliance  in  the  esti- 
mation of  his  brother,  and  Jerome's 
wife  was  forbidden  to  enter  France 
Under  this   interdict  she  proceeded  to 


England,  where  she  gave  birth  to  a  sou, 
Jerome  Napoleon  Bonaparte.  Napo- 
leon, on  becoming  emperor,  caused  the 
marriage  to  be  annulled  by  a  decree  of 
the  council  of  state.  The  pope,  how- 
ever, refused  to  ratify  the  divorce.  As 
Jerome  made  no  ligure  at  sea,  Napoleon 
transferred  him  from  the  naval  to  the 
military  service,  and  in  1807  he  entered 
the  army  with  the  rank  of  general.  In 
the  same  year  he  married  Frideriq.ue 
Catherine,  daughter  of  the  king  of  Wiir- 
temberg:  some  time  after,  Napoleon  I. 
erected  Westphalia  into  a  kingdom,  and 
created  Jtrome  king.  Compelled  to 
abandon  his  territories  on  the  abdication 
of  Napoleon,  he  lived  in  exile  until  the 
return  from  Elba,  when  he  repaired  to 
Paris  and  distinguished  himself  at  Wa- 
terloo. After  the  tinal  abdication  ol  his 
brother,  he  lived  chiefly  at  Trieste, 
where  he  purchased  a 'palace,  until 
Louis  Napoleon  became  ruler  of  France. 
Ji'roine  was  then  recalled  to  Paris,  and 
was  created  a  marshal  of  Fiance.  D. 
18U0  —Ciiaki.es,  Prince  of  Canino, 
the  eldest  son  of  Lucien  Bonaparte,  b. 
1803;  d.  1857.  lie  was  the  author  of 
a  work  on  American  ornithology  and 
<iii  the  "Zoology  of  Europe."  Ill  1848 
he  was  elected  president  of  the  Roman 
constituent  assembly.— Zenaidk Char- 
lotte Julie,  a  daughter  id'  Joseph,  b. 
in  Paris,  1804;  married.  1822,  toT'harlea 
Lucien  Jules  Laurent  Bonaparte,  Prince 
of  Canino.     D.  in  Naples,  1854. 

BOND,  Wili  iam  Chascm,  an  Amer- 
ican astronomer,  b.  in  Portland,  Me., 
1789.  Having  gained  a  high  re|  tttation 
at  his  private  observatory  in  Dorchester, 
Mass.,  he  was  made  director  of  the  ob- 
servatory at  Cambridge,  in  1839.  His  la- 
bors there,  in  connection  with  his  son's, 
have  added  largely  to  our  knowledge  of 
astronomy,  and  observers  are  indebted 
to  his  practical  skill  for  several  inven- 
tions of  great  value  in  the  mechanism 
for  recording  observations.  D.  1859. — 
Geohgk  Phillips,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, and  his  successor  in  the  observatory^ 
b.  1S25;  d.  1865.  He  published  a  work 
on  Donati's  Comet  of  1858,  for  which 
the  gold  medal  of  the  Royal  Astronom- 
ical Society  of  London  was  awarded  to 
him.  He  was  author  of  valuable  papers 
on  the  rings  of  Saturn,  the  nebula  in 
Andromeda,  on  various  comets  and  ou 
stellar  photography. 

BONER,  Chaiu.es,  traveller,  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  b.  near  Bath,  in 
1815,  author  of  "Chamois  Hunting  in 
Bavaria,"  "Transylvania,"  and  other 
works;  is  best  known  by  his  memoirs 


34 


CYCLOIVEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bob 


and  correspondence  with  Mi-*  Mi t ford, 
published  after  his  death.     D.  1870. 

BONNEOHOSE.  Francois  Paul 
Emiuc  Boisnokmand  uk,'  b.  1801,  a 
younger  brother  of  ihe  cardinal,  entered 
the  French  army  and  withdrew  from  it 
after  the  revolution  of  18:10,  to  devote 
himself  to  literary  pursuits.  His  best 
and  most  popular  work  is  a  "History 
of  Fiance"  (.  IS^J-l),  which  has  passed 
through  thirteen  editions  and  been 
translated  into  English.  He  also  pub- 
lished a  '•  History  of  England  "  in  four 
volumes,  that  has  also  been  translated. 
He  was  twice  crowned  by  the  Academy. 
He  was  a  Protestant,  and  much  feeling 
was  excited  by  the  announcement  in  Ihe 
"Univers  "  that  Monseigueur  the  Card- 
inal Archbishop  of  Rouen,  who  saw  his 
brother  several  times  during  his  illness, 
did  not  as>ist  at  his  obsequies.    D.  1875. 

BONPLAN1),  Aime,  a  French  natu- 
ralist, I).  177^1,  began  the  study  of  med- 
icine, but  abandoned  it  to  accompany 
Alexander  Humboldt  to  America.  Dur- 
ing his  live  years  of  travel  he  made  a 
very  large  and  valuable  collection  of 
plants,  several  thousands  of  which  were 
new  to  Europe.  On  a  second  visit  to 
South  America,  as  he  was  engaged  in  a 
scientific  expedition  on  the  Parana,  he 
was  seized  with  his  party  by  Francia, 
then  dictator  of  Paraguay,  and  kept  pris- 
oner nearly  ten  years.  He  was  author 
of  "Plantes  Equinoxiales  recueillies  an 
Mexique,"  ami  associated  with  Hum- 
boldt in  the  authorship  of  several  vol- 
uminous works  on  the  natural  history, 
botanv,  and  monuments  of  the  New 
World.     I),  at  Monte  Video,  1858. 

BOOLE,  Gkokgk,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics in  Queen's  college,  Cork,  b.  in 
England,  18.0;  d.  1804.  He  was  emi- 
nently self-taught,  and  distinguished  as 
one  of  the  ablest  mathematicians  of  the 
day.  The  publication  of  his  essay  "  On 
the  Mathematical  Analysis  of  Logic," 
procured  for  him  the  bronze  and  gold 
medals  of  the  royal  society.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is  "An  Investigation  into 
the  Laws  of  Thought." 

BOOTH,  Junius  Brutus,  an  English 
tragedian,  b.  in  London,  1796.  He  made 
his  ikbat  at  Covent  Garden  theatre  in 
1814,  as  Richard  III.  with  so  much  suc- 
cess that  he  was  regarded  as  the  rival  of 
Edmund  Kean,  then  just  rising  into 
fame.  The  managers  of  Drury  Lane 
theatre  induced  him  to  act  there  in  the 
same  plays  with  Kean  ;  and  when,  after 
a  few  nights,  he  reappeared  at  Covent 
Garden,  the  audience  broke  out  against 
him  in  a  riot  which  drove  him  for  a  time 


from  the  London  stage.  In  1821  he 
made  his  first  appearance  in  the  United 
States,  and  from  that  time  until  the  close 
of  his  life  he  acted  repeatedly  in  every 
theatre  in  the  country,  enjoying  a  pop- 
ularity which  few  actors  have  acquired. 
His  range  of  parts  was  limited,  but  in 
the  characters  of  Richard  III  ,  Sir  Giles 
Overreach,  Iago,  Shylock,  Hamlet,  Jaf- 
fia,  and  King  John,  he  displayed  a  his- 
trionic power  that  was  universally  recog- 
nized.    D.  1852. 

BOPP,  Franz,  a  distinguished  philol- 
ogist, b.  in  Mentz,  1701,  was  educated 
at  Aschaffenburg.  After  several  years 
spent  in  oriental  studies  in  Paris,  and 
afterwards  in  London  and  Giittingen, 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  Sanskrit 
at  the  university  of  Berlin.  His  great 
work  is  the  "Comparative  Grammar  of 
the  Sanskrit,  Zend,  Greek,  Latin,  Old- 
Slave,  Gothic,  and  German  Languages." 
In  1802,  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  his 
taking  his  doctor's  degree  was  celebrated 
at  Berlin  with  great  magnificence,  and 
a  Bopp  endowment  was  established  for 
the  promotion  of  the  study  of  compara- 
tive philology.     D.  at  Berlin,  18»)7. 

BORDEN,"G.ui,,  an  inventor  and  phi- 
lanthropist, b.  in  Norwich,  N.  Y.,  1801, 
went  westward  with  his  family,  as  a 
teacher  and  surveyor,  and  in  182D  to 
Texas,  where  he  found  ample  use  for 
his  professional  acquisitions  in  the  latter 
capacity.  In  1835  with  his  brother  he 
founded  the  "Texas  Telegraph."  at 
San  Felipe,  the  only  paper  published  in 
Texa*  before  the  war  which  led  to  its 
separation  from  Mexico.  On  the  founda- 
tion of  the  republic,  General  Houston 
appointed  him  collector  at  Galveston,  a 
city  on  paper  at  the  time,  where  he  was 
lor  twelve  years  agent  of  the  Galveston 
City  Company.  In  this  position  his  at- 
tention was  called  to  food  supplies  for  em- 
igrants, and  with  this  view  he  produced 
the  "pemmican,"  and  the  "meat-bis- 
cuit," and  in  the  attempt  to  introduce 
them  was  left  penniless.  But  his  expe- 
rience was  not  lost.  Coming  north,  he 
invented  a  process  for  condensing  milk, 
which  the  necessities  of  the  army  brought 
into  extensive  use  during  the  civil  war. 
He  also  resumed  his  labors  in  producing 
an  extract  of  beef,  and  in  condensed 
preparation  of  coffee,  tea,  and  cocoa,  and 
succeeded  in  condensing  juices  so  as  to 
retain  the  flavor  and  valuable  proper- 
ties of  the  fruits  from  which  they  were 
made.  In  these  pursuits  he  acquired 
large  wealth  which  he  expended  liber- 
al I  v.  I),  in  Texas,  1874. 
BORLAND,  Solon,  a  brigadier-gen- 


bow] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF   BIOGRAPIIY. 


35 


eral  in  the  confederate  service,  b.  in  Vir- 
ginia ;  d.  in  Texas,  1S64.  He  was  a 
senator  in  congress  from  1848  to  1853, 
and  represented  the  United  States  as 
minister  to  Central  America  under  Pres- 
ident Pierce. 

BORRER,  William,  an  English 
botanist,  and  one  of  the  authors  of  a 
work  on  "  British  Lichens,"  b.  1782;  d. 
1862. 

BOSQUET,  Marshal,  commander 
of  the  first  division  of  the  French  army 
of  the  Crimea,  was  b  at  Pan,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Lower  Pyrenees,  1810. 
He  served  with  distinction  in  Algeria, 
and  figured  in  the  Crimea  wherever 
fighting  was  going  forward.  He  was 
wounded  in  the  capture  of  the  Malakoff, 
and  on  his  return  to  France  was  treated 
with  high  distinction.     D.  1831. 

BOTTA,  Paul  Emilk,  archaeologist, 
son  of  the  historian,  b.  about  1800, 
long  in  the  consular  service  of  the 
French  government,  fulfilled  several 
archaeological  missions,  and  enriched 
the  pubhc  collections  with  numerous 
monuments  of  interest  from  the  ruins 
of  Nineveh,  described  in  the  work  pub- 
lished bv  him  in  5  vols,  in  Paris,  1849-50. 
D.  1870\ 

BOTTS,  John  Minor,  an  American 
politician,  b.  in  Virginia,  1802,  studied 
law,  and  in  1833  was  elected  to  the  state 
legislature,  served  several  terms,  and  in 
1839  was  returned  to  the  27th  congress, 
where  he  advocated  all  the  measures  of 
Mr.  Clay,  tariff,  bank,  anil  distribution. 
He  was  a  representative  Whig,  until  the 
dissolution  of  the  party,  when  he  joined 
the  Native  American.  He  opposed  the 
repeal  of  the  Missouri  compromise,  and 
opposed  the  secession  of  Virginia,  re- 
maining loyal  to  the  Union  during  the 
civil  war.  D.  I860.  Mr.  Botts  was  the 
author  of  a  work  entitled  "  The  Great 
Rebellion ;  Its  Secret  History,  Rise, 
Progress,  and  Disastrous  Failure,"  pub- 
lished in  1886. 

BOUCHEIi,  de  Crevecceur  de 
Perthes  Jacques,  French  archaeologist 
and  author,  b.  1788,  d.  1868.  He  was 
employed  on  various  missions  by  Napo- 
leon I.  He  afterwards  devoted  himself 
to  the  study  of  Celtic  and  Roman  an- 
tiquities, of  which  he  made  a  collection 
that  he  presented  to  the  government. 
Besides  numerous  books  of  travel,  and 
archaeological  works,  tragedies,  a  com- 
edy, a  novel,  and  a  volume  of  poetry, 
he  wrote  in  old  age  his  "  Sous  Dix 
Rois.  Souvenirs  de  1791  a  1860,"  in 
eight  volumes. 

BOUET-WTLLAUMEZ,  Louis  Ed- 


ward, a  French  naval  officer,  b.  1808, 
served  in  the  Crimean  wrar  as  rear- 
admiral,  and  commanded  the  Baltic 
squadron  in  1870.  He  published  some 
professional  works.     D.  1871. 

BOU1LLET,  Marie  Nicolas,  b. 
in  Paris,  1798,  many  years  professor 
of  metaphysics,  edited  the  philosophical 
works  of  Cicero,  Seneca,  and  Lord 
Bacon  ;  a  dictionary  of  history  and 
geography  ;  and  a  dictionary  of  sci- 
ences, letters,  and  art,  that  ran  through 
numerous  editions.     I).  1834. 

BOULIGNY,  John  Edmond,  b.  in 
New  Orleans,  of  Creole  descent,  in  1824, 
was  a  representative  of  Louisiana  in  the 
36th  congress,  and  remained  steadfast 
to  the  Union  after  his  state  had  been 
committed  by  its  secession  leaders  to  the 
rebellion.     L).  in  Washington,  1834. 

BOURDON,  Pierke  L.  M.,  a  French 
mathematician,  b.  1799,  author  of  trea- 
tises on  algebra  and  arithmetic,  and 
other  books  in  popular  use.  D.  in  Paris, 
1854. 

BOUVIER,  John,  an  American  jurist 
of  French  birth,  b.  1787.  He  emigrated 
to  this  country  in  his  15th  year,  and 
settled  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1818,  and  in 
1838  was  made  associate  judge  of  the 
court  of  criminal  sessions.  He  wrote 
several  law  books,  the  most  important 
of  which  is  the  "  Institutes  of  American 
Law."     D.  1851. 

BOWEN,  John  S.,  major-general  in 
the  confederate  army,  b.  in  Georgia, 
and  educated  at  West  Point;  d.  in  Ray- 
mond. Miss.,  1833. 

BOWERS,  George  Hull,  D.  D.,  b. 
1794,  was  ordained  priest  in  1819,  re- 
moved to  London  in  1832,  and  as  rector 
of  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden,  was  for 
many  years  regarded  as  one  of  the 
ablest  preachers  in  the  metropolis.  He 
published  two  volumes  of  sermons.  He 
supported  the  open  church  movement, 
and  the  principle  of  the  offertory  as  a 
substitute  for  pew  rents.     D.  1872. 

BOWKING,  John,  an  English  econ- 
omist and  man  of  letters,  b.  in  Ex- 
eter, 1792,  applied  himself  in  early  life 
to  the  study  of  languages,  and  from 
1821  to  1832  published,  in  London,  sev- 
eral volumes  of  metrical  translations 
from  the  popular  poetry  of  IJussia, 
Holland,  Spain,  Servia,  and  the  Mag- 
yars, and  afterwards  of  other  nations. 
He  was  the  pupil  and  friend  of  Bentliam, 
his  executor  and  editor  of  his  works. 
He  was  a  Unitarian  in  religion,  and 
an  advanced  liberal  in  politics.  He 
edited  the  ''Westminster  Review  "  from 


36 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bra 


1825  to  1830;  and  in  183 1-1835,  pub- 
lished in  concert  with  M.  Viliiers,  re- 
ports to  parliament  on  the  commer- 
cial relations  of  Great  Britain  and 
France.  From  1835  to  1837  and  again 
from  1842  to  1849,  lie  was  member  of 
parliament,  and  subsequently  British 
consul  and  acting  plenipotentiary  at 
Canton.  In  1854  he  was  knighted  and 
appointed  governor  of  Hong  Kong. 
His  last  government  employment  was 
a  mission  to  Italy  to  report  on  the  com- 
mercial relations  of  the  new  kingdom 
with  Great  Britain.  He  afterwards 
acted  as  Hawaiian  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary to  the  European  courts,  and 
negotiated  treaties  with  Belgium,  Hol- 
land, Spain.  Italv,  and  the  Swiss  Con- 
federation.    D.  1872. 

BOYD,  Linn,  b.  in  Nashville,  Tenn., 
1800  ;  d.  in  Kentucky,  1S59.  He  served 
several  sessions  in  the  Kentucky  legis- 
lature: represented  that  state  in  con- 
gress from  1835  to  1837,  and  from  18S9 
to  1855;  during  his  last  term  occupying 
the  chair  of  speaker  of  the  house. 

BRACKENRIDGE,  Henky  M., 
lawyer  and  author,  b.  in  Pittsburg, 
1780,  was  district  judge  of  the  territory 
of  Orleans  during  the  war  of  1812.  of 
which  he  wrote  a  history.  He  advo- 
cated the  acknowledgment  of  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  South  American  repub- 
lics, to  which  he  was  appointed  com 
missioner  in  1817.  He  was  ten  years 
judge  of  the  western  district  of  Florida. 
He  removed  to  Pittsburg  in  18  i2.  was 
elected  to  congress  in  1840.  and  was 
appointed  in  1841  commissioner  under 
our  treaty  with  Mexico.  He  wrote  a 
"Voyage  to  South  America,"  a  "His- 
tory of  the  Western  Insurrection,"  and 
numerous  political  pamphlets.    1).  1871. 

BRADY,  Hugh,  an  American  officer, 
b.  in  Pennsylvania,  1708,  entered  the 
army  as  ensign  in  1702,  and  served 
under  Wayne  in  his  famous  Indian 
campaign  after  the  defeat  of  St.  Clair. 
In  18J2  he  was  appointed  colonel  and 
distinguished  himself  at  Lundy's  Lane 
and  at  t  hippewa,  where  he  was  severely 
wounded.  In  1825  he  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  military  department  at 
Detroit,  Mich.,  where  he  d.  1851.  He 
contributed  largely  to  preserviue;  peace 
on  the  frontier  during  the  patriot  dis- 
turbances in  Canada. — James  Top- 
ham,  lawyer  and  politician,  b.  1815,  in 
New  York  city,  was  early  distinguished 
for  eloquence  and  ability,  particularly  in 
criminal  cases.  He  wrote  occasionally 
for  the  periodicals,  and  was  author  of 
a  successful  holiday  book  entitled  "A 


Christmas  Dream."  A  frequent  and 
acceptable  speaker  at  democratic  meet- 
ings, he  declined  public  office,  Out  acted 
on  the  commission  sent  to  New  Orleans 
near  the  close  of  the  war  to  investigate 
the  condition  of  the  department  of  the 
gulf  under  Butler  and  Banks.    D.  1809. 

BRAGG,  Braxton,  an  American 
general,  b.  in  North  Carolina,  1815, 
graduated  at  West  Point,  and  served 
with  distinction  under  General  Tay- 
lor in  Mexico.  He  left  the  army  in 
1850,  and  on  the  breaking  out  of  the 
civil  war  accepted  the  commission  of 
brigadier-general  in  the  confederate 
service.  In  1802  he  took  an  important 
part  in  the  two  days'  battle  of  Shiloh, 
and  on  the  death  of  Gen.  A.  S.  .John- 
ston was  appointed  to  the  command  of 
the  army  of  the  Mississippi  with  the 
full  rank  of  general.  In  August  he 
invaded  Kentucky,  and  the  night  after 
the  drawn  battle  of  Perry ville  he  re- 
tired laden  with  spoils  to  Tennessee. 
He  fought  the  battle  of  Stone  Hiver 
against  Rosecrans  in  January,  1803, 
and  in  September  drove  him  from  the 
field  of  Chickamauga,  with  a  loss  to 
the  confederates  estimated  at  15,000 
men.  He  was  defeated  by  General 
Grant  at  Chattanooga,  and  relieved  of 
his  command  was  called  to  Richmond, 
where  he  acted  as  military  adviser  of 
['resident  Davis.  In  1834  he  com- 
manded in  North  Carolina  without 
much  success,  and  surrendered  to  Sher- 
man.  D.  1870. —  Thomas,  lawyer  and 
politician,  b.  in  North  Carolina,  1810, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1831,  and 
in  1854  was  elected  governor  of  his 
native  state.  Elected  to  the  U.  S.  sen- 
ate in  1859  he  was  expelled  from  that 
body  in  1881,  and  became  attorney- 
general  of  the  cabinet  of  Jefferson 
Davis,  in  which  capacity  he  served 
two  vears.  After  the  war  he  busied 
himself  with  politic-  and  law  in  North 
Carolina,  and  exercised  considerable 
local  influence.     D.  1872. 

BRAHAM,  Jonx,  a  celebrated  vo- 
calist, was  b.  in  London,  of  Jewish. 
parents,  1774.  An  orphan  from  his 
birth,  he  was  entrusted  to  the  care  of 
Leoni,  a  clever  Italian  singer,  and  at 
the  age  of  ten  made  his  debut  on  the 
stage.  In  1790  he  sang  at  Drury  Lane, 
in  the  opera  of  "Mahnioud,"  and  the 
next  year  made  his  appearance  at  the 
Italian  opera.  He  now  determined  to 
visit  Italv,  and  on  his  way  there  re- 
mained eight  months  at  Paris,  where 
he  gave  concerts;  and  after  visiting 
Florence,  Milan,  Genoa,  Leghorn,  Ven- 


rre] 


CYCI.OPvEDIA   OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


37 


ice,  and  Trieste,  returned  to  London, 
appearing  in  1801  at  Covent  Garden. 
From  this  time  till  his  deatli  in  1856, 
he  was  universally  regarded  as  the 
greatest  of  English  singers.  lie  wrote 
the  popular  air,  "The  Death  of  Nel- 
son," and  some  operas,  among  which 
mav  be  mentioned  "The  Cabinet;" 
"  The  English  Fleet;"  "  Thirty  Thou- 
sand;" "The  Devil's  Bridge;"  and 
'•  Ztima." 

BRAINARD,  Daniel,  a  distin- 
guished surgeon,  b.  1812,  professor 
from  1843  of  the  Rush  medical  college 
at  Chicago,  published  numerous  papers 
in  the  medical  journals,  and  in  1854  a 
prize  essay  "  On  the  Treatment  of  Un- 
united Fractures  and  Deformities."  D. 
18fifi. 

BRANCH,  Lawrence  '  O'Brien, 
general  in  the  confederate  army.  b.  in 
North  Carolina  in  1820,  was  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Antietam,  Sept.  1802.  He 
was  a  lawyer  by  profession,  and  was  a 
representative  in  the  34th,  35th,  and 
36th  congresses. — John,  b.  in  North 
Carolina, '1782  ;  d.  1803.  He  was  elected 
governorof  the  state  in  1817  ;  served  in 
the  United  States  senate  from  1823  to 
1829;  and  was  in  the  latter  year  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  the  navy  by  Pres- 
ident Jackson.  In  1831  he  was  elected 
as  representative  to  congress,  and  in 
1843  was  appointed  governor  of  the  ter- 
ritory of  Florida. 

BRANDE,  William  Thomas,  a 
chemist,  h.  in  London,  1798,  was  for 
many  years  associated  with  Faraday  in 
editing  the  " Quarterly  Journal  of  Sci- 
ence," and  published  a  valuable  "Dic- 
tionary of  Science,  Literature,  and  Art," 
the  fourth  edition  of  which,  in  3  vols., 
edited  by  Dr.  Brande  and  Rev.  G.  W. 
Coe,  was  published  in  18(50.  From  1825 
he  was  superintendent  of  the  die  de- 
partment of  the  mint.    D.  1800. 

BRANDIS,  Christian,  b.  1790.  was 
many  years  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Bonn.  He  edited,  in  connection  with 
Niebuhr,  "The  Museum  of  Grecian 
Philology,  History,  and  Philosophy  " 
(1827-30),  edited  "  Aristotle,"  and  wrote 
several  works.  He  was  at  one  time 
member  of  the  council  of  King  Otho  in 
Greece.     D.  1807.       . 

BKASSEY,  Thomas,  an  English 
railway  contractor,  b.  1805,  was  edu- 
cated at  Chester,  and  at  the  age  of  16 
became  apprenticed  to  a  land  surveyor, 
to  whose  large  business  he  succeeded. 
In  1834  he  executed  his  first  railway 
work,  a  viaduct  between  Stafford  and 
Wolverhampton.     Soon   after  be  went 


to  London,  and  began  a  career  which 
associates  his  name  with  some  of  the 
greatest  engineering  works  of  the  pres- 
ent century,  and  with  the  construction 
of  railways,  not  only  in  Great  Britain 
and  in  various  parts  of  the  continent  of 
Europe,  but  also  in  North  and  South 
America,  Asia,  and  Australia.  He  was 
the  contractor  for  the  Victoria  bridge  of 
the  Grand  Trunk  railway  of  Canada, 
which  is  considered  the  greatest  en- 
gineering triumph  of  this  continent. 
Though  at  some  periods  embarrassed 
by  the  vast  extent  of  his  operations, 
he  accumulated  an  immense  estate.  D. 
1870. 

151!  A  YO,  Gonzales,  a  Spanish  states- 
man, b.  1817,  commenced  his  career  as 
a  journalist  of  radical  opinions,  but  was 
afterwards  minister  of  the  interior  in 
the  cabinets  of  Marshal  Narvaez,  and 
on  his  death  was  placed  at  the  head  of 
the  ministry.  Under  his  administration 
the  reigning  dynasty  fell,  and  he  fled 
from  Spain  with  his  colleagues  and 
joined  tlie  dethroned  Queen  Isabella  at 
Bayomie.  D.  1874.  —  Nicholas,  a 
Mexican  statesman  and  general,  b. 
1792,  served  in  the  struggle  of  his  coun- 
try for  independence,  and  took  a  prom- 
inent part  in  her  subsequent  internal 
revolutions.  For  short  periods  he  held 
at  intervals  the  supreme  power  in  Mex- 
ico. He  served  in  the  war  with  the 
Ufnited  States,  and  was  in  the  battle  of 
Cerro  Gordo.     D.  1854. 

BRAYLEY,  Edward  Wedlaks,  an- 
tiquary and  topographer,  b.  at  Lam- 
beth, 1773,  produced  many  useful  works; 
among  them  "Londoniana,  or  Reminis- 
cences of  the  British  .Metropolis,"  in  i 
vols.,  and  the  articles  on  Enameling 
and  Enamel,  in  Rees'  Cyclopaedia.  D. 
1854. 

BKECKENRIDGE,  John  Cabell, 
an  American  politician  and  general,  b. 
near  Lexington,  Ky.,  1821,  was  bred  to 
the  law,  and  settled  in  Lexington.  In 
the  Mexican  war  he  served  as  major  of 
volunteers.  In  1851  he  was  elected  to 
congress,  and  in  1853  reelected  after  a 
violent  contest.  In  1850  he  was  elected 
vice  president.  In  1800  ha  was  nomi- 
nated for  the  presidency  by  the  Demo- 
cratic national  convention,  the  disunion 
element  in  that  body  having  proved 
strong  enough  to  defeat  the  nomination 
of  Mr.  Douglas.  He  received  the  vote 
of  most  of  the  southern  states.  In  the 
same  year  he  was  elected  to  the  U.  S. 
senate,  aided  and  abetted  the  cause  of 
secession  in  that  body,  and  casting  bis 
lot  with  the  confederates  entered  their 


38 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[BRO 


armv  and  was  appointed  major-general. 
His  "military  career  was  not  particularly 
distinguished.  In  the  beginning  of  1865 
he  was  appointed  confederate  secretary 
of  war.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he 
went  to  Europe,  whence  he  returned  in 
1888.  The  remainder  of  his  life  was 
devoted  exclusively  to  the  practice  of 
his  profession.  D.  1874.  —  Robert 
Jefferson,  b.  in  Kentucky,  1800.  prac- 
tised law  eight  years,  and  in  1832  was 
ordained  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
church  in  Baltimore.  In  1815  president 
of  Jefferson  college,  Penn.;  in  1817 
he  removed  to  Kentucky,  and  besides 
preaching  in  Lexington  became  super- 
intendent of  public  instruction,  and  or- 
ganized the  school  system  of  the  state. 
In  the  Presbyterian  controversies  he 
was  the  leader  of  the  old  school.  He 
took  middle  ground  on  the  slavery  ques- 
tion, was  a  Union  man  in  the  war,  and 
president  of  the  convention  that  renom- 
inated President  Lincoln.  He  wrote 
several  religious  works,  and  two  vol- 
umes of  foreign  travel.     D.  1871. 

BREVIER,  Feedrica,  a  celebrated 
Swedish  novelist,  was  born  in  Abo,  in 
Finland,  1802.  After  spending  several 
years  in  Norway  and  Stockholm  as  a 
teacher,  she  devoted  herself  entirely  to 
literary  pursuits.  Her  first  novels, 
"The*  President's  Daughters,"  and 
"The  Neighbors,"  had  a  great  success, 
and  were  translated  into  most  of  the  Eu- 
ropean languages.  Miss  Bremer  trav- 
elled a  good  deal,  and  visited  Germany, 
France,  England,  America,  Italy,  and 
the  Fast.  The  observations  of  her  tour 
in  the  United  States  she  published  un- 
der the  title  of  "  Homes  of  the  New 
World."     I).  Dec.  31,  1806. 

BREWSTER,  Sin  David,  b.  in  Scot- 
land, 1781,  studied  at  the  university  of 
Edinburgh,  and  devoted  himself  to  nat- 
ural science,  commencing  in  1800  the 
researches  in  optics  which  have  given 
him  so  much  distinction.  He  edited  the 
"Edinburgh  Encyclopaedia,"  1808-1830, 
contributing  to  it  many  original  articles. 
Meanwhile  he  was  engaged  in  the  ex- 
periments which  resulted  in  his  remark- 
able discoveries  on  the  polarization  of 
light.  In  the  midst  of  these  researches 
he  invented  (1817)  the  kaleidoscope,  a 
prettv  optical  toy,  which  immediately 
found  its  way  to  all  the  countries  of 
Europe  ;  some  200,000  of  them  being 
dispersed  through  England  in  three 
months.  By  his  writings  and  personal 
efforts  he  has  done  more  than  any  other 
man  to  popularize  science  in  England. 
Besides  his  numberless  contributions  to 


periodicals,  and  his  important  philo- 
sophical treatises,  he  wrote  several  bio- 
graphical memoirs  and  other  works. 
D.  18H8.  In  1 809,  appeared  an  account 
of  "The  Home  Life  of  Sir  D.  Brews- 
ter," by  his  daughter  Mrs.  Gordon. 

BRISBANE,  General  Sir  Thomas 
Maodougai.l,  b.  1773,  was  governor 
of  New  South  Wales  from  1821  to  1826. 
He  established  the  observatory  at  Para- 
matta, the  result  of  which  is  the  Bris- 
bane catalogue  of  southern  stars.  His 
name  was  on  the  British  army-list  sixty- 
seven  years.     D.  1860. 

BRISTED,  Charles  Astor,  an 
American  author  and  scholar,  b.  in  New 
York,  1820,  completed  his  classical  ed- 
ucation at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
in  England,  where  he  graduated  with 
distinction.  After  several  years  resi- 
dence in  Europe,  he  returned  to  the 
United  States,  where  he  wrote  fre- 
quently for  the  periodicals  under  the 
signature  of  Carl  Benson.  His  most 
important  work  is  his  "  Five  Years  in 
an  English  University."     D.  1874. 

BRIGHT,  Jesse  D.,  b.  in  Norwich, 
N.  Y.,  1812,  removed  in  early  life  to 
Indiana,  and  became  known  as  a  law- 
yer and  politician.  After  holding  many 
state  offices,  he  was  elected  to  the  U.  S. 
senate  and  was  for  several  sessions 
president  of  that  body.  In  1857  he 
was  again  returned  to  the  senate,  as  it 
was  alleged  by  fraudulent  and  corrupt 
practices,  and  held  the  office  till  1862, 
when  he  was  expelled  on  the  charge  of 
disloyalty.     D.  1874. 

BRI.TTON,  John,  an  English  anti- 
quarian, b.  1771,  was  the  author  and 
compiler  of  "Architectural  Antiquities 
of  England,"  and  numerous  other  val- 
uable and  richly  illustrated  architectu- 
ral and  topographical  works.  He  pub- 
lished in  1847  an  "Essay  on  the 
Authorship  of  the  Letters  of  Junius," 
in  which  he  endeavored  to  prove  that 
Junius  was  Col.  Barre.  D.  in  London, 
1857. 

BHOCKEDON,  William,  an  author, 
artist,  and  inventor,  b.  in  Devonshire, 
England,  1787:  d.  1854.  "Italv,  Clas- 
sical and  Picturesque,"  and  "  Egyjit 
and  Nubia."  are  his  best  known  works. 
BRODERICK,  David  Colbketh,o. 
in  Washington,  D.  C,  1819,  was  the 
son  of  an  Irish  stone-cutter.  The  fam- 
ily removed  to  New  York  during  his 
infancy,  where,  at  an  early  age,  he  ac- 
quired a  local  political  influence,  and  in 
1846  was  an  unsuccessful  Democratic 
candidate  for  congress.  In  1850,  hav- 
ing removed  to  California,  he  was  elected 


BRO] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


39 


to  the  senate  of  that  state,  and  chosen 
president  of  that  body.  In  1850  he  was 
sent  to  the  United  States  senate,  and 
took  liis  scat  in  March,  1857.  When 
the  attempt  was  made  to  force  the  Le- 
compton  constitution  upon  the  people  of 
Kansas,  he  took  sides  with  the  Republi- 
cans and  anti-Lecompton  Democrats 
against  the  measure,  and  denounced  its 
authors  and  supporters.  His  freedom 
of  speech  gave  offence  to  the  pro-slav- 
ery party,  which  at  that  time  domi- 
neered over  California  ;  and  on  his  re- 
turn home  they  assailed  him  with  bitter 
personal  abuse,  which  he  was  not  slow 
to  retort.  The  result  was  a  challenge 
from  Judge  Terry,  and  a  duel,  in  which 
Broderick  received  a  mortal  wound. 
D.  1859. 

BRODERIP,  William  John,  b.  in 
Bristol,  England,  studied  law,  and  was 
called  to  the  bar  in  1817.  He  edited  a 
work  on  "  Sewers, "  and  was  associate 
editor  of  several  volumes  of  law  reports 
(Broderip  and  Bingham).  For  34  years 
he  held  the  office  of  police  magistrate. 
He  was  a  devoted  student  of  natural 
history,  and  published  many  articles  on 
that  subject.  He  wrote  the  zo<  logical 
articles  for  the  "English  Cyclopaedia." 
D.  in  London,  1859.' 

BRODHEAD,  John  Romeyn,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  18U,  studied  law,  was 
commissioned  by  the  legislature  of  New 
York  to  transcribe  original  documents 
referring  to  the  history  of  the  state  in 
Holland,  England,  and  France.  He 
was  three  years'  employed  in  this  work, 
and  in  1849  more  than  5,000  original 
documents  of  his  collection  were  or- 
dered to  be  published  by  the  legislature. 
He  was  some  time  secretary  of  legation 
in  London  under  Mr.  Bancroft,  and  on 
his  return  to  the  United  States  devoted 
himself  to  the  preparation  of  his  "  Ilis- 
torv  of  New  York,"  published  in  two 
volumes.     D.  1873. 

BRODIE,  Sin  Hf.n.tamix  Collins, 
barr.,  an  eminent  English  surgeon,  b. 
1783  ;  d.  1862.  His  practice  is  said  to 
have  yielded  an  average  income  of 
$00,000  a  year  for  nearly  40  years.  He 
published  several  professional  works  of 
value.  —  George,  historian,  b.  in  Scot- 
land, 1780.  studied  law,  and  was  ap- 
pointed in  1836  historiographer  roval  for 
Scotland.  He  published,  in  1805,  "A 
Constitutional  Historv  of  the  British 
Empire."     D.  1867. 

P.ROFFER10,  Angelo,  b.  in  Pied- 
mont, 1802,  practiced  law  in  Turin,  was 
a  liberal  leader  in  the  chamber  of  depu- 
ties, a  popular  journalist,  wrote  several 


successful  dramas,  a  volume  of  patriotic 
songs,  a  "  History  of  Piedmont,"  and 
twenty  volumes  of  "My  Own  Times." 
He  was  the  friend  of  Garibaldi,  and  op- 
posed to  Cavour.     D.  1866. 

BKOGLIE,  Achille  Leon-ce,  Vic- 
tor (  !haklks,  duke  de,  a  French  states- 
man, b.  in  Paris,  1785,  allied  himself  to 
Talleyrand,  and  through  his  influence 
became  member  of  the  chamber  of 
peers,  in  1814.  In  1810  he  married  Al- 
bertine,  the  daughter  of  Madame  de 
Stael.  After  the  second  restoration,  he 
took  the  title  of  duke,  and  his  political 
career  commenced.  He  labored  in  vain 
to  save  the  life  of  Ney.  He  was  an  ar- 
dent opponent  of  slavery  and  the  slave 
trade.  He  was  a  friend  of  the  freedom 
of  the  press.  The  revolution  of  July 
opened  the  way  for  him  to  the  cabinet 
of  the  king,  and  he  became  minister  of 
public  instruction,  and  president  of  the 
council  of  state;  but  not  being  able  to 
keep  pace  with  the  too  rapid  movement 
of  liberal  measures,  resigned,  and  re- 
sumed his  position  as  an  influential  ora- 
tor in  the  house  of  peers.  From  1832 
to  1834  he  was  again  in  the  cabinet  as 
minister  of  foreign  affairs,  and  retired 
in  consequence  of  his  defeat  on  the 
question  of  the  United  States  indem- 
nity. He  represented,  in  1849,  the  de- 
partment of  the  Eure  in  the  legislative 
assembly,  where  he  was  one  of  the  lead- 
ers of  the  Right.  His  writings  and 
speeches,  in  three  volumes,  were  pub- 
lished in  1803.     D.  1870. 

BROMME,  Karl  Rudolf,  b.  1804, 
a  naval  engineer:  in  1848  was  appointed 
rear  admiral  of  the  German  navy,  and 
subsequently  engineer  in  chief  of  the 
Austrian  navy.  He  wrote  several  nau- 
tical works,  and  memoirs  of  his  life. 
D.  1860.  —  TeAugott,  a  brother  of  the 
preceding,  German  traveller  and  book- 
seller, b.  1802,  wrote  a  number  of  books 
on  his  travels  in  the  new  world,  nota- 
bly a  hand  book  for  travellers.  D. 
1865. 

1SRONNER,  Johann  Piin.Lipr,  b.  in 
Germany,  1792,  travelled  largely  in  the 
wine  countries  of  Europe,  and  published 
numerous  treatises  on  vine-growing  and 
wine-jnaking.     D.  1865. 

BRONSON,  Greene  C,  a  prominent 
lawver  and  politician,  b.  in  Oneida 
County,  N.  Y.,  1789;  d.  1863.  He  was 
elected  to  the  state  assembly  in  1822,  and 
from  1829  to  1836  filled  the  office  of  at- 
torney-general. He  wras  then,  success- 
ively, puisne  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  judicature,  chief  justice  of  the 
supreme  court,  and  one  of  the  judges  of 


40 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[BRO 


the  court  of  appeals.  From  1859  until 
his  death  he  was  counsel  for  the  corpo- 
ration of  New  York  city.  He  was  an 
influential  member  of  the  Democratic 
party,  and  was  the  "  Hard  Shell  "  can- 
didate for  governor  in  1855. 

BRONTE,  Charlotte,  an  English 
novelist,  b.  1816.  She  was  a  daughter 
of  Rev.  Patrick  Bronte,  who,  in  182a, 
became  vicar  of  Haworth.  In  1840, 
with  her  sisters  Anne  and  Emily,  she 
published  a  volume  of  poems  under  the 
names  of  "Currer,  Ellis,  and  Acton 
Bell."  It  met  little  favor.  Making  a 
new  effort  to  gain  the  public  ear,  they 
each  wrote  a  prose  tale.  These  were 
•'The  Professor,"  by  Charlotte;  "  With- 
ering Heights,"  by  "Emily  ;  and  "  Agnes 
Grey,"  by  Anne:  the  names  assumed 
in  the  volume  of  poems  being  still  re- 
tained. The  two  latter  found  a  pub- 
lisher ;  the  first  was  everywhere  re- 
fused. Under  the  weight  of  all  this 
discouragement,  Charlotte  composed  her 
novel  of  ''Jane  Eyre,"  which  was  pub- 
lished in  1847.  "Its  success  was  tri- 
umphant, and  the  reputation  of  the  au- 
thor, whose  real  name  was  yet  unknown, 
was  established  at  once  on  a  firm  foot- 
ing. But  this  great  success  was  fol- 
lowed by  as  great  afflict  ions.  Char- 
lotte's sister  Emily  died  in  December, 
1848;  and  in  less  than  six  months, 
Anne,  the  youngest  of  this  remarkable 
trio,  was  also  laid  in  the  grave.  On  the 
publication  of  "Shirley,"  Charlotte 
Bronte's  second  novel,  in  184il,  the  se- 
cret of  the  authorship  transpired,  and 
Charlotte  took  her  place  among  the  lit- 
erarv  stars  of  the  time.  In  1854  she  be- 
came the  wife  of  Rev.  Mr.  Nicholls,  her 
father's  curate.  She  d.  at  Haworth, 
1855. 

BROOKE,  Francis  J.,  an  American 
jurist,  b.  ill  Virginia,  1703,  was  an  offi- 
cer of  the  revolution,  and  enjoyed  the 
confidence  of  Washington.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1788,  served 
frequently  in  the  state  legislature,  and 
held  judicial  offices  for  forty-seven 
years,  thirty  of  which  were  in  the  court 
of  appeals. "  D.  1851.  —  Charles  Mer- 
cer, brother  of  the  preceding,  an  Amer- 
ican officer,  entered  the  army  from 
Virginia  in  1808.  was  promoted  lieu- 
tenant-colonel for  his  gallant  conduct 
in  the  defence  of  Fort  Erie  (1814),  and 
served  with  distinction  in  the  Mexican 
war.  He  was  four  times  breveted  for 
meritorious  services.  D.  at  San  Antonio, 
Texas,  in  command  of  the  eighth  mili- 
tary department,  1851.  —  Sir  James, 
b.  near    Bath,   1803,  chose   the   Indian 


army  for  his  profession,  accidentally 
forfeited  his  appointment,  and  went  as 
an  adventurer  to  the  eastern  seas  in 
1838  in  a  yacht  he  had  purchased  from 
the  royal  squadron,  which  was  entitled 
in  foreign  ports  to  the  same  privileges 
as  a  man  of  war.  He  took  an  active 
part  in  the  suppression  of  the  Malay 
pirates,  and  the  Sultan  of  Borneo  ceded 
to  him  the  territory  of  Sarawak  with 
the  dignity  of  Rajah.  In  1840-47,  Rajah 
Brooke  visited  England  and  was  feted 
with  enthusiasm  by  all  the  corporations 
in  the  country  from  the  queen  down. 
His  rule  in  Sarawak  was  beneficial  to 
the  people,  but  he  was  violently  assailed 
in  parliament  and  his  health  suffered 
from  the  censures  to  which  he  was  sub- 
jected. His  later  days  were  spent  in 
Devonshire,  where  he  d.  1808.  His 
"Private  Eetters "  were  published  in 
1853,  in  three  volumes. 

BROOKS,  James,  editor  and  politi- 
cian, b.  in  Portland,  1810,  studied  law 
awhile  in  ilie  office  of  John  Neal.  and  be- 
came a  correspondent  of  the  "  Portland 
Advertiser."  A  Washington  correspon- 
dence was  then  a  novelty  in  journalism^ 
and  this  feature  introduced  by  Mr. 
Brooks  in  the  "  Advertiser  "  was  highly 
successful.  His  letters  were  extensively 
copied,  and  obtained  for  him  a  wide 
reputation  as  a  lively  and  effective 
writer,  which  was  increased  by  his  let- 
ters from  Europe  in  the  same  paper. 
In  1830  he  established  the  "New  York 
Express."  In  1848  he  was  elected  a 
Whig  member  of  congress,  from  New 
York  city,  and  reelected  till  1853,  affili- 
ating with  that  portion  of  his  party 
which  adhered  to  Mr.  Clay  on  his 
compromise  measures.  In  1804  he  was 
returned  to  congress  by  the  Democratic 
party,  and  by  repeated  reflections  con- 
tinued a  member  during  his  life.  In 
1871-7-2  he  made  a  voyage  round  the 
world,  and  his  observations,  first  com- 
municated in  letters  to  the  "Express," 
were  published  in  a  volume  with  the 
title,  "A  Seven  Months  Run,  Up  and 
Down  and  Around  the  World."  As  a 
government  director  of  the  Union  Pa- 
cific railway,  he  was  implicated  in 
some  transactions  in  the  credit  mo- 
bilier  on  account  of  his  son-in  law,  for 
which  he  was  censured  by  congress. 
This  censure  he  brlieved  unmerited, 
and  it  aggravated  the  illness  under 
which  he  was  suffering  and  which  re- 
sulted in  his  death,  April  30,  1873.— 
Charles  Shirley,  b.  1815,  was  a  pop- 
ular novelist,  dramatist,  and  contribu- 
tor to  the  ''Illustrated  News,"  and  to 


BUO] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGHAPHY. 


41 


"Punch,"  in  which  lie  succeeded  Mark 
Lemo  i  as  editor.  He  was  also  a  pop- 
ular correspondent  and  lecturer',  and 
much  esteemed  as  a  genial  companion. 
1).  1874.  —  P'kkston  S.,  b.  in  South 
Carolina,  1819.  was  elected  to  the  legis- 
lature in  1844;  commanded  a  company 
in  the  Palmetto  regiment  in  the  Mexican 
war  ;  and  in  185'i  was  sent  to  congress. 
In  .May,  1856,  lie  made  an  assault  upon 
Senator  Sumner,  of  Massachusetts, 
while  that  gentleman  was  writing  at 
his  desk  in  the  senate  chamber.  A 
majority  of  the  house  of  representatives 
having  voted  for  his  expulsion,  on  ac- 
count of  this  affair,  .Mr.  Brooks  resigned 
his  seat;  hut  his  constituents  having 
approved  his  conduct,  he  was  reelected 
to  congress  by  a  unanimous  vote.  He 
d.  suddenly  in  Washington,  1857. 

BROUGHAM,  Lord  Hknuy,  was  b. 
at  Edinburgh  the  19th  of  September, 
1771).  His  mother  was  the  niece  of  the 
historian  Robertson.  Educated  in  the 
high  school  and  the  university  of  his 
native  city,  he  first  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  proficiency  in  mathematical 
and  physical  science.  At  the  age  of 
sixteen  he  wrote  a  paper  on  the  reflec- 
tion and  refraction  of  light,  which  was 
printed  in  the  "Transactions  of  the 
Hoy  a  I  Society1'  for  179(i;  another  on 
the  same  subject  in  1797,  and  one  on 
Poisons  in  1798.  On  leaving  the  uni- 
versity he  travelled  some  time  on  the 
continent,  and  oil  his  return  settled  in 
Edinburgh  as  an  advocate.  Here  he 
was  associated  with  Sydney  Smith, 
Horner,  Thomas  Brown,  Murray,  and 
Jeffrey,  ami  was  one  of  the  founders 
and  for  a  long  time  one  of  the  largest 
contributors  to  the  "Edinburgh  lie- 
view.''  In  1803  lie  published  his  ''  In- 
quiry info  the  Colonial  Policy  of  the 
European  Powers,"  in  two  volumes. 
lie  removed  to  London  in  18  )6,  and  in 
1807  was  called  to  the.  English  bar. 
His   practice   soon    became    important. 

The   merchants  of    London.   Liver) I, 

and  Manchester  employed  him  in  18)8 
to  enforce  at  the  bar  of  the  house  of 
commons  their  application  for  the  re- 
peal of  the  orders  in  council  which  had 
been  issued  in  consequence  of  the  Ber- 
lin and  Milai]  decrees  of  N'apoleon.  He 
entered  parliament  in  1810  as  the  rep- 
resentative of  the  rotten  borough  of 
Camelford;  and  in  1811  he  carried  the 
bill  making  the  slave  trade  a  felony. 
Prom  this  time  he  was  conspicuous  in 
all  the  struggles  with  Toryism  that  dis- 
tinguished the  next  twenty  years  of 
Whig  history  in  England.     Defeated  at 


Liverpool  by  Canning  in  1812.  Mr. 
Brougham  did  not  reenter  parliament 
till  1815,  when  he  was  returned  for  the 
close  borough  of  Winchelsea.  Mean- 
while he  was  charged  with  the  defence1 
in  several  prosecutions  that  were  set  on 
foot  against  the  press.  But  his  most 
celebrated  forensic  efforts  were  those 
in  the  case  of  Queen  Caroline,  who 
returned  to  England  against  his  advice, 
to  claim  her  rights  as  wife  of  George 
IV,  and  was  put  on  trial  before  the 
house  of  lords  for  adultery,  182  1-21. 
The  bill  of  pains  and  penalties  against 
her  passed  by  the  feeble  majority  of 
nine  votes  to  a  third  reading  in  the 
lords,  and  the  ministry  did  not  venture 
to  present  it  to  the  commons.  The 
friends  of  the  queen  triumphed,  and 
Brougham  became  the  idol  of  the  peo- 
ple. When  parliament  was  dissolved 
on  the  death  of  George  IV.,  Brougham 
was  elected  by  a  large  and  enthusiastic 
majority  in  the  West  Riding  of  York- 
shire, the  most  important  county  in 
England.  In  the  new  parliament  he 
gave  immediate  notice  of  various  meas- 
ures of  parliamentary  reform.  But  be- 
fore his  motion  could  be  brought  on, 
the  Wellington  ministry  resisted  an 
inquiry  into  the  civil  list,  and  resigned 
on  being  defeated.  Earl  Grey  was 
called  on  to  form  the  new  cabinet, 
and  Mr.  Brougham  was  appointed  bud 
chancellor,  and  raised  to  the  peerage 
with  the  title  of  lirougliam  and  Yaux. 
In  the  house  of  lords  he  was  mainly 
instrumental  in  carrying  the  reform 
bill.  During  four  years  be  was  thor- 
oughly identified  with  the  measures 
of  the  Whig  cabinets,  and  when  Sir 
Robert  Peel  assumed  the  premiership 
in  November,  1834,  Lord  Brougham 
resigned  with  his  colleagues.  Lord 
Melbourne  returned  to  tower  in  the 
following  April,  but  Lord  Brougham's 
name  found  no  place  in  the  programme. 
His  lord-hip  never  held  office  after- 
wards. In  the  peers,  without  associat- 
ing himself  with  either  he  discussed  the 
measures  of  both  parties  with  independ- 
ence, and  paid  special  attention  to  the 
legal  business  as  one  of  the  "  law  lords." 
He  passed  a  large  part  of  every  winter 
at  Cannes,  where  he  had  purchased  an 
estate:  and  on  the  establishment  of  the 
republic  sought  to  be  naturalized  as  a 
citizen  of  France.  But  his  English 
peerage  was  an  impediment.  Released 
from  the  cares  of  active  forensic  life, 
Lord  Brougham  devoted  himself  with 
fresh  ardor  to  literature  and  science. 
He  contributed  papers  on  the  properties 


42 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bro 


of  light  to  the  Transactions  of  the  Brit- 
ish Ko\aI  Society,  and  to  the  Academy 
of  Sciences  in  Paris.  Conjointly  with 
E.  J.  Kotitl),  he  published  "An  Ana- 
lytical View  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton's 
Principia."  With  Sir  Charles  Bell  he 
brought  out  an  annotated  edition  of 
Paley's  "  Natural  Theology."  He  ed- 
ited his  collected  speeches,  with  notes 
and  an  introduction.  An  edition  of  his 
writings  was  also  issued  under  his  own 
superintendence,  comprising  his  critical, 
historical,  and  miscellaneous  works,  in 
ten  volumes,  8\'o.  While  they  show 
the  vast  extent  of  his  information  and 
the  wonderful  versatility  of  his  powers, 
they  demonstrate  the  singular  persist- 
ence with  which  he  adhered  through 
life  to  the  line  of  policy  which  he 
adopted  in  his  youth.  The  abolition 
of  slavery,  the  reform  of  parliament, 
the  reform  of  English  law,  the  mitiga- 
tion of  the  criminal  code,  and  above  all 
others  the  instruction  of  the  masses, 
were  the  great  measures  which  he  dil- 
igently and  consistently  pursued  to  the 
happiest  results.  But  it  is  with  the 
cause  of  popular  education  that  his 
name  will  be  most  permanently  asso- 
ciated. He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Mechanics'  Institute,  of  the  Soci- 
ety for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowl- 
edge, of  the  university  of  London,  of 
the  National  Institution  for  the  Promo- 
tion of  Social  Science,  of  the  Work- 
ingmens'  Club  and  Institute  Union. 
His  multifarious  acquisitions  in  every 
department  of  learning,  sometimes  in 
social  life  too  ostentatiously  paraded, 
led  to  the  not  ill-natured  mot  of  the 
poet  Rogers  after  his  lordship  had  left 
a  distinguished  company  in  which  he 
had  engrossed  the  conversation  — "This 
morning,  Solon,  Lvcurgus,  Demosthe- 
nes, Archimedes,  Sir  Isaac  Newton, 
Lord  Chesterfield,  and  a  great  many 
more,  went  awav  in  one  post-chaise." 
D.  at  Cannes,  *May  !J,  1868.  By  a 
deed  of  gift  in  his  lifetime  he  had 
made  over  his  estate,  pension,  house 
and  land,  books,  plate,  furniture,  to 
his  brother  William,  who  succeeded 
also  to  his  title.  See  Campbell's  "Lives 
of  the  Lord  Chancellors,"  and  the  "  Life 
anil  Times  of  Lord  Brougham,  by  him- 
Belf,"  a  vols.,  1871. 

BROWN,  Aaron  V.,  born  in  Vir- 
ginia, 1795;  d.  in  Washington,  1859. 
He  graduated  at  Chapel  Hill  university 
in  1814,  and  in  1815  removed  with  his 
parents  to  Tennessee,  where  he  devoted 
[limself  to  the  law.  In  1889  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  congress,  and  re- 


elected in  1841  and  1843.  On  his  re- 
tirement, in  1845,  he  was  elected  gov- 
ernor of  Tennessee.  His  last  official 
position  was  that  of  postmaster-general 
in  the  cabinet  of  President  Buchanan. 
His  principal  political  speeches  were 
published  in  a  collected  form  in  1854. 
He  took  an  active  part  in  the  southern 
convention  held  at  Nashville  in  1850, 
and  was  the  author  of  the  "Tennessee 
Platform."  —  David  Paul,  an  Amer- 
ican lawyer  and  writer,  b.  in  Philadel- 
phia, 1795,  studied  for  the  bar,  and  be- 
came a  distinguished  advocate  in  crim- 
inal cases.  He  wrote  "Sartorius,"  a 
tragedy,  and  other  successful  dramas, 
and  a  work  entitled  '"The  Forum,  or 
Forty  Years'  Practice  at  the  Philadelphia 
Bar,"  in  four  vols.,  1850-59.  His  ora- 
tions and  speeches  were  published  in  four 
vols,  in  1859.  D.  1872  —  Sir  Geokge, 
a  British  general,  b.  1790,  entered  the 
army  as  ensign  in  1805,  and  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  Peninsular  war. 
In  1814  he  accompanied  Sir  Hugh  Ross 
in  the  expedition  to  the  United  States, 
and  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Bla- 
densburgh,  and  the  capture  of  Wash- 
ington. He  was  not  again  in  service  in 
the  field  till  the  outbreak  of  the  Cri- 
mean war.  He  displayed  great  gal- 
lantry at  the  battle  of*  Alma,  and  at 
Inkermann,  and  at  the  siege  of  Sebas- 
topol  led  the  unsuccessful  attack  on  the 
Redan.  He  was  made  general  in  1855, 
and  from  1800  to  1805  commanded  the 
forces  in  Ireland.  1).  1805.  —  Gould, 
an  American  grammarian,  b.  in  Rhode 
Island,  1791,  was  a  teacher  by  profes- 
sion, and  published  his  "Institutes  of 
Grammar"  to  supply  a  deficiency  in 
the  text-books  used  by  his  pupils.  The 
success  of  this  work  led  him  to  prepare 
"  The  Grammar  of  English  Grammars," 
published  in  1851,  a  comprehensive  and 
masterly  treatise,  by  which  its  author 
will  long  be  remembered.  D.  1857. — 
John,  a  celebrated  American  abolition- 
ist, b.  in  Torrington,  Conn.,  1800.  On 
the  settlement  of  Kansas,  Brown  re- 
moved thither,  and,  having  settled  at 
Ossawattomie,  became  an  active  and 
fearless  partisan  leader  of  the  free  state 
forces  during  the  bloody  anil  desolating 
struggle  in  1856-57.  In  1858  he  con- 
ceived a  plan  for  carrying  war  into  the 
slave-holding  states,  and  with  this  view 
met  a  number  of  confederates  in  secret 
convention  at  Chatham,  Canada,  where 
a  plan  for  inaugurating  an  emancipa- 
tion war  was  resolved  upon,  and  a 
constitution  formed  for  the  provisional 
government  of  the  states  in  which  the 


BRO] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


43 


contemplated  insurrection  might  gain 
hold.  Brown  was  named  commander- 
in-chief,  and  in  tliis  capacity  issued 
several  military  commissions  to  his  fol- 
lowers. On  the  night  of  Sunday,  Oct. 
If),  1859,  Brown  and  '21  followers  sud- 
denly entered  Harper's  Ferry,  seized 
and  occupied  the  armory  buildings, 
and  captured  several  government  offi- 
cers and  workmen,  with  some  of  the 
principal  inhabitants  of  the  place.  On 
the  next  day  several  conflicts  occurred, 
Brown  losing  some  of  his  adherents, 
and  they,  on  the  other  hand,  killing 
some  of  the  residents,  including  the 
mayor.  Eventually,  Brown  and  those 
who  remained  with  him,  together  with 
his  prisoners  and  a  few  slaves  who  had 
joined  him,  retreated  into  the  fire-engine 
house,  within  the  armory  enclosure,  and 
there  resisted  several  attacks,  with  loss 
of  life  on  both  sides.  Meanwhile,  a 
bod}'  of  United  States  troops  arrived, 
with  two  pieces  of  artillery,  under  com- 
mand of  Colonel  Lee;  and  on  Tuesday 
morning,  Brown  having  refused  to  sur- 
render, the  door  of  the  building  was 
battered  down,  and  a  hand-to-hand 
fight  ensued.  Brown  was  cut  down  by 
a  sabre-stroke,  after  being  wounded 
several  times  with  bayonets,  and  all  of 
his  companions  were  killed  or  wounded 
except  two,  who  were  taken  without 
injury.  He  was  indicted,  and  tried  be- 
fore the  county  court  for  treason  and 
murder,  and,  being  found  guilty,  was 
hanged,  Dec.  2,  185!}.  —John'  Newton, 
an  American  clergyman  and  author,  b. 
1805,  was  some  time  professor  in  the 
New  Hampton  theological  seminary, 
N.  H.,  afterwards  editorial  secretary  of 
the  American  Baptist  Publication  So- 
cietv.  and  wrote  an  '"  Encyclopedia 
of  Religious 'Knowledge."  D.  lSUS. — 
John  Pouter,  an  American  diplo- 
matist and  orientalist,  b.  in  Ohio,  1814, 
went  to  Turkey  in  1832  with  his 
uncle,  Commodore  Porter,  first  Amer- 
ican minister  to  the  Porte,  and  by  his 
rare  linguistic  ability  was  able  in 
twelve  months  to  discharge  the  duty 
of  dragoman  to  the  embassy,  and  con- 
tinued in  this  capacitv  till  1858,  when 
he  was  made  secretary  of  legation. 
This  post  he  retained  till  he  d.  in 
18T2.  He  was  the  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Dervishes,"  and  translated 
Patriarch  Constantius;s  "Ancient  and 
Modern  Constantinople."  —  Houekt,  a 
distinguished  English  botanist,  b.  1773. 
He  accompanied  an  expedition  to  Aus- 
tralia in  1831,  and  returned  to  Eng 
laud  in  1895  with  nearly  4,000  species 


of  plants,  most  of  which  were  new  to 
science.  He  was  appointed  conservator 
of  the  library  and  botanical  collections 
of  Sir  Joseph  Hanks,  which  were  event 
ually  depo-ited  in  the  British  Museum; 
and  in  1827  keeper  of  the  botanical  de- 
partment of  that  institution,  which  posi- 
tion he  held  until  his  death.  In  1849 
he  was  elected  president  of  the  Liniueau 
society.  Vegetable  physiology  is  in- 
debted to  him  for  several  important 
discoveries.     D.  1858. 

BROWNE,  Chahles  Farrar,  b. 
18.'!4,  worked  at  the  printer's  trade  in 
Maine,  and  as  reporter  of  a  weekly  paper 
in  Cincinnati  wrote  a  letter  under  the 
pseudonym  of  Artemus  Ward,  which 
was  his  first  step  in  his  career  as  a  hu- 
morist. He  made  the  name  famous, 
lectured,  and  wrote  books  under  it,  and 
in  1806  went  to  England,  and  was  an 
acceptable  contributor  to  "  Punch."  D. 
1867.  — John  Ross,  an  American  trav- 
eller and  author  ;  published  in  1846  his 
"  Etchings  of  a  Whaling  Cruise,  and 
Notes  of  a  Sojourn  on  the  Island  of 
Zanzibar."  This  was  followed  by  nu- 
merous volumes  of  travel  in  many 
parts  of  the  world,  written  in  a  hu- 
morous and  popular  style.  He  wrote  an 
elaborate  report  for  the  United  States 
government  upon  the  new  mining  re- 
gions of  the  Pacific  coast.  In  1868  he 
was  appointed  minister  to  China,  but 
was  superseded  in  1870.  B.  1817  ;  d. 
1875. 

BROWNELL,  Henry  Howard,  b. 
1820,  studied  law,  became  a  teacher 
and  writer,  and  in  1863  entered  the 
navy  and  served  on  the  staff  of  Farra- 
gut,  whom  he  afterwards  accompanied 
on  his  European  excursion.  He  pub- 
lished two  volumes  of  "  War  Lyrics 
and  other  Poems."  D.  1872.  —  Thomas 
Cihjucii,  right  reverend,  presiding  bish- 
op of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church 
in  the  United  States,  b.  in  Westport, 
Mass.,  1779;  d.  at  Hartford,  18G5.  He 
graduated  at  Union  college  in  1834. 
He  remained  several  years  connected 
with  this  institution,  as  tutor  in  Latin 
and  Greek,  as  professor  of  belles-lettres 
and  moral  philosophy,  and  as  professor 
of  chemistry  and  mineralogy.  In  1813 
he  exchanged  the  Congregational  for 
the  Episcopal  church,  and  in  1816  was 
ordained  by  bishop  Hobarl.  He  be- 
came assistant  minister  of  Trinity 
Church,  N.  Y.,  in  1818,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  was  elected  bishop  of  Con- 
necticut He  was  the  founder  of  Trin- 
ity college,  Hartford,  and  was  for  some 
years    its    president.      He    contributed 


44 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[BRO 


largely  to  the  current  theological  litera- 
ture of  the  time 

BROWNING,  Mks.  Elizabeth  Bar- 
rett, an  Eng  ish  poetess,  was  b.  180.1, 
and  whilst  still  in  her  teens  became  a 
contributor  to  periodicals.  In  182i»  she 
published  '"An  Essay  on  Mind,  with 
other  Poems."  Her  translation  of  the 
"Prometheus  Vinctus,'  of  „'E-chylus. 
which  appeared  originally  in  1833,  was 
superseded  by  a  new  version  from  her 
more  mature  pen.  About  1838  she  fell 
into  ill  health,  and  having  broken  a 
blood-vessel  in  the  region  of  the  lungs, 
was  ordered  to  winter  at  Torquay, 
where  her  health  received  so  painful  a 
shock  from  her  brother's  death,  caused 
by  the  upsetting  of  a  boat,  that  she  be- 
came, and  remained  ever  afterwards, 
a  con  finned  invalid.  In  the  seclusion 
of  a  sick  room,  however,  she  studied 
the  classics  most  carefully,  and  in  1814 
produced  the  first  collected  edition  of 
her  poems.  In  1846  Miss  Barrett  mar- 
ried Mr.  Robert  Browning,  the  poet. 
In.  addition  to  the  works  above  re- 
ferred to,  she  was  author  of  "  Casa 
Guidi  Windows,"  a  poem;  "Aurora 
Leigh;"  "rimes  of  Cyprus:''  and 
'■  Poems  before  Congress."  1).  at  Flor- 
ence, 18!1.  Two  volumes  of  her  '•Me- 
moirs. Essays,  and  Letters"  were  re- 
published in  New  York,  edited  by  R. 
H.  Stoddard,  in  1877. 

BROWNLOW,  countess  dowager,  l>. 
1791.  is  known  by  a  gossiping  volume 
of  "  Reminiscences,"  covering  nearly 
half  a  century.  D.  1872.  —  William 
GAX5AWAY,  I).  in  Wythe  county,  Va., 
1805;, lived  on  a  farm  and  as  appren- 
tice to  a  house-carpenter,  till  he  was 
twenty-one,  when  he  had  turned  his 
meagre  opportunities  of  self  education 
to  such  good  account,  that  he  was  able 
to  enter  on  the  Methodist  ministry. 
The  next  ten  years  he  passed  as  an 
itinerant  preacher.  In  1832  he  was  set- 
tled in  Tennessee,  and  travelled  a  cir- 
cuit in  South  Carolina,  with  appoint- 
ments to  preach  in  several  counties. 
The  nullification  fever  was  then  at  its 
height,  and  he  denounced  the  heresy 
from  the  pulpit,  and  on  every  occasion 
asserted  the  doctrine  of  national  sov- 
ereignty in  the  strongest  terms.  About 
the  same  time  he  was  engaged  in  a  con- 
troversy with  a  clergyman  of  another 
denomination  on  the  position  of  the 
Methodist  church  in  regard  to  slavery  ; 
and  in  a  pamphlet  then  written  he  pre- 
dicted that  slavery  would  shake  the 
government  to  its  very  foundation,  and 
added,   ''I   shall,  if  lam    living  when 


the  battle  come0,  stand  by  my  govern- 
ment, and  the  Union  formed  by  our  fa- 
thers." In  1828  he  opposed  the  election 
ot  General  Jackson.  In  1847  he  became 
the  editor  of  the  "Knoxville  Whig," 
and  by  his  intrepid  manner  of  handling 
public  questions  acquired  the  title  of 
the  "Fighting  I'arson."  Besides  his 
editorial  labors  he  found  time  to  write 
two  or  three  books,  notably — "The 
(••on  Wheel  Examined  and  the  False 
Spokes  Extracted,"  and,  "  Ought  Amer- 
ican Slavery  to  be  Perpetuated?"  a 
question  that  he  answered  in  the  affirm- 
ative. In  the  Harrison  campaign  he 
distinguished  himself  by  the  frequency 
and  fervor  of  his  political  exercises  in 
his  circuit.  He  remained  true  to  the 
Whig  faith  in  the  presidential  contests 
that  followed,  and  in  1800  cried  aloud 
and  spared  not  in  the  cause  of  the 
Union  against  the  promoters  of  the 
then  impending  secession.  The  bold- 
ness of  his  invective  aroused  active  re- 
sentments, and  in  October,  18G1,  he  was 
obliged  to  discontinue  the  "Whig," 
and  was  threatened  with  personal  vio- 
lence. He  sought  refuge  in  the  moun- 
tains, was  arrested  and  lodged  in  jail, 
and  was  finally  sent  to  the  Union  lines 
in  charge  of  a  guard.  He  then  visited 
the  northern  cities,  delivering  addresses 
to  numerous  audiences,  and  published 
"Sketches  of  the  Rise,  Progress,  and 
Decline  of  Secession,  with  a  Narrative 
of  Personal  Adventure  among  the  Reb- 
els.'' When  Knoxville  was  captured 
by  the  Federal  forces,  he  again  issued 
his  paper  as  "  Brownlow's  Knoxville 
Whig  and  Rebel  Ventilator."  He  sup- 
ported the  congressional  plan  of  recon- 
struction, and  in  1885  was  elected  gov- 
ernor of  Tennessee.  In  18  !8  he  was 
elected  to  the  United  States  senate, 
and  after  the  expiration  of  his  term  re- 
sided in  Knoxville.  I).  April  2),  1877. 
BROWNSON,  Ohkstks  Augustus, 
an  American  theologian,  metaphysician, 
and  publicist,  b.  in  Vermont,  1803,  was 
in  a  great  measure  self-educated.  He 
studied  divinity,  and  commencing  Pres- 
byterian, ran  through  various  phases  of 
faith,  being  by  turns  Universalis!,  Uni- 
tarian, deist,  and  Roman  Catholic.  In 
18-56  he  published  his  "  New  Views  of 
Christian  Union  and  Progress,"  and  in 
1838  he  established  the  "Boston  (Quar- 
terly Review, "  and  tor  five  years  filled 
it  with  articles  almost  entirely  from 
his  own  pen.  In  1810  he  published 
"Charles  El  I  wood,  or  the  Infidel  Con- 
verted," a  romance  in  which  he  gave 
a  history  of  his  own  religious   experi- 


BUC] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


45 


ence.  In  1844  he  entered  the  Roman 
Catholic  communion ;  and  From  that 
time,  in  "  Brownson's  Quarterly  Re- 
view," advocated  and  defended  the 
doctrines  of  his  church  with  ureal  vigor, 
boldness,  and  ability.  This  Review  was 
suspended  from  18ti4  to  1873,  when  it 
was  resumed.  Among  his  later  pub- 
lications were  "  The  Spirit  Rapper." 
"The  Convert,"  and  "  i  lie  American 
Republic.1'     D.  1876. 

BRUAT,  Akmakd  Joseph,  a  French 
admiral,  b.  1706.  He  was  second  in 
command  of  the.  Black  Sea  squadron  in 
1854,  and  took  an  active  part  in  the 
first  bombardment  of  Sebastopol.  D. 
1855. 

BRUCE,  John,  antiquary  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  b.  in  Loudon,  1802, 
studied  law  and  practised  it  till  1840, 
when  he  devoted  himself  exclusively  to 
his  literary  labors.  He  edited  thirteen 
volumes  of  historical  interest  for  the 
Camden  Society,  and  others  for  the  Par- 
ker Society.  He  was  for  some  years 
editor  of  (he  "Gentleman's  Magazine  " 
and  a  fiequent  contributor  to  that  and 
other  journals.     1).  1809. 

BRUCK,  Baron  de,  an  Austrian 
financier,  b.  1790  ;  d.  1800.  He  was 
minister  of  finance  at  Vienna  from  1855 
until  the  day  before  his  death.  Sus- 
pected of  complicity  in  extensive  frauds 
connected  w.tb  his  office,  he  was  re- 
moved and  committed  suicide. 

BRUNEL,  Isambaed  Kingdom,  son 
of  Sir  Marc.  Mr.  Brunei  was  one  of 
the  most  eminent  engineers  of  bis  age. 
He  constructed  the  Thames  Tunnel 
(under  his  father)  ;  the  Great  Western 
Railway,  with  its  numerous  branches, 
bridges,  viaducts,  and  tunnels  ;  the 
South  Devon  and  Cornwall  Railway, 
with  its  stupendous  Albert  Bridge  over 
the  Tamar;  the  Great  Western,  the 
Great  Britain,  and  the  Great  Eastern 
steamships;  the  Hungerford  suspension 
bridge  ;  and  numerous  other  stupendous 
works  of  engineering  and  constructive 
skill.     B.  1806;  d.  1850. 

BRUNET,  Jaqi'es  Charles,  a 
French  bibliographer,  b.  in  Paris,  1780, 
the  son  of  a  bookseller,  passed  a  long 
life  in  the  study  and  making  of  cata- 
logues of  books.  His  "Manuel  du 
Libraire  et  de  L' Amateur  des  Livres  " 
grew  from  three  volumes  in  1810  to  seven 
volumes  8vo,  in  1807,  forming,  in  the 
latter  shape,  perhaps  the  most  extensive 
and  complete  work  on  bibliography  ex- 
tant. He  published  several  other  works 
relating  to  his  favorite  study.     D.  1807. 

BRUNNOW,   Ernest  Philipp  de, 


baron,  b.  in  Dresden,  1707.  was  received 
into  the  diplomatic  service  of  Russia  at 
the  congress  of  Aix  laChapelle,  in  1818. 
For  more  than  half  a  century  be  was 
intrusted  with  important  international 
negotiations  and  was  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary' in  London  from  1840  to  1854, 
and  again  from  1858  to  1874.     D.  1875. 

BRUNSWICK,  Karl,  ex-duke  of, 
b.  1804,  was  expelled  from  his  duchy 
by  an  insurrection  in  18-30,  and  by  a 
family  council  declared  incapacitated 
from  reigning.  He  led  subsequently 
an  eccentric  and  frivolous  career  in 
London  and  Paris,  sometimes  making 
ineffectual  efforts  to  recover  his  duchy. 
D.  1873. 

BUCH,  Leopold  von,  a  German 
geologist,  pronounced  by  Humboldt 
"the  greatest  geologist  of  the  age," 
was  b.  at  Stolpe  in  Brandenburg,  1774. 
His  life  was  one  continued  round  of  ob- 
servation, travel,  and  investigation, 
lie  published  the  results  of  his  re- 
searches in  numerous  learned  works. 
D.  in  Berlin,  1853. 

BUCHANAN,  Franklin,  sometime 
officer  in  the  U.  S.  navy,  b.  in  Balti- 
more, 1800,  entered  as  midshipman  in 
1815.  was  actively  employed  at  sea,  and 
was  selected  in  1845  to  organize  the 
naval  school  at  Annapolis.  In  1847  he 
relinquished  this  post  for  the  command 
of  the  Germantown,  in  which  he  took 
part  in  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz  and  other 
engagements  during  the  Mexican  war. 
He  commanded  the  flagship  of  Perry's 
expedition  to  Japan.  He  was  dismissed 
in  April,  1861,  and  in  September  en- 
tered the  Confederate  service  as  captain. 
He  commanded  the  Virginia  in  the  at- 
tack on  the  Feder.il  fleet  in  Hampton 
Roads  when  the  Cumberland  was  sunk 
and  the  Congress  blown  up.  In  this 
action  he  was  severely  wounded,  and  as 
a  reward  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
full  admiral.  In  18  i4  he  commanded 
the  Tennessee  in  the  action  in  Mobile 
Bay  and  was  taken  prisoner.  1).  in 
Maryland,  1874. —.Tames,  fifteenth 
president  of  the  U.  S.,  b.  in  Franklin 
Co..  Penn.,  1701,  graduated  at  Dickin- 
son college,  and  in  1812  was  admitted 
to  the  bar.  He  entered  public  life  as  a 
Federalist,  in  1814  was  elected  to  the 
legislature  of  Pennsylvania,  and  in 
1821  to  congress,  where  he  served  len 
years.  He  was  one  of  the  managers  on 
the  part  of  the  house  in  the  impeach- 
ment of  Judge  Peck.  In  1831  he  was 
sent  minister  to  Russia,  and  in  1833  was 
elected  to  the  senate  of  the  United 
States,  where  he  supported  the  adminis- 


46 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


[BUC 


trations  of  Gen  Jackson  and  Mr.  Van 
Buren.  During  the  administration  of 
Mr.  Polk  he  was  secretary  of  state,  a 
period  which  covered  the  Oregon  con- 
troversy and  the  Mexican  war.  Ketir- 
ing  to  private  life  he  remained  an  in- 
terested observer  of  public  affairs,  urged 
the  extension  of  the  Missouri  compro- 
mise line  to  the  Pacific,  and  committed 
himself  fully  to  the  compromise  meas- 
ures of  Mr.  Clay.  On  the  accession  of 
Mr.  Pierce  to  the  presidency,  Mr.  Bu- 
chanan was  at  once  nominated  as  min- 
ister to  England.  His  residence  there 
was  made  notable  by  the  part  he  took 
In  the  issue  of  what  was  known  as  the 
Ostend  manifesto,  relating  to  the  ac- 
quisition of  Cuba  by  the  United  States. 
In  June,  185li,  he  was  unanimously 
nominated  for  the  presidency  by  the 
Democratic  convention,  and  was  chosen 
by  174  electoral  votes,  against  114  re- 
ceived by  Fremont  and  8  by  Fillmore. 
He  soon  announced  his  intention  to 
make  it  his  special  study  to  repress  the 
slavery  agitation,  and  to  restore  the  har- 
mony between  the  states  that  had  been 
disturbed  by  sectional  violence.  His 
well-intentioned  efforts  in  this  direction 
were  not  successful.  It  was  clear  long 
before  (he  close  of  his  administration 
that  a  severer  struggle  than  the  country 
had  yet  gone  through  was  fast  becom- 
ing inevitable.  How  far  it  was  invited 
or  encouraged  by  the  political  paralysis 
that  crept  over  the  executive  adminis- 
tration is  still  a  matter  of  discussion. 
In  his  annual  message  of  1860,  after  the 
election  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  President  Bu- 
chanan continued  to  deprecate  the  anti- 
slavery  agitation,  admitted  that  he 
could  not  see  his  way  clear  to  ex<  cute 
the  laws  faithfully  in  South  Carolina, 
and  stonily  maintained  that  there  was 
no  constitutional  power  in  congress  or 
in  the  executive  to  coerce  any  state  con- 
templating to  withdraw,  or  having  act- 
ually withdrawn,  from  the  Union.  If 
he  could  have  seen  with  the  eyes  of 
President  Jackson,  the  conspiracy  for 
the  overthrow  of  the  government  might 
have  been  crushed  before  it  had  assumed 
formidable  proportions.  But  he  was  ca- 
joled or  alarmed  by  the  disunionists  he 
had  taken  into  his  confidence,  and  made 
his  constitutional  advisers.  The  cabinet 
with  one  or  two  exceptions  was  a  cabi- 
net of  conspirators,  and  the  executive 
arm  was  palsied,  while  the  insurgents 
in  the  southern  states  took  possession 
of  forts,  arsenals,  and  custom  houses. 
Ou  the  inauguration  of  his  successor  he 
returned  to  private  life  at  Wheatland, 


and  occupied  himself  with  the  compo- 
sition of  a  work  entitled,  "'  Mr.  Buchan- 
an's Administration."     D.  1808. 

BUCHEZ,  Philip  Joseph  Benja- 
min, a  French  scientist  and  publicist, 
was  b.  17'JG.  Opposed  to  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Restoration,  he  joined  in 
secret  societies,  and  conspiracies,  and 
failed  to  be  convicted  of  the  offence  by 
a  disagreement  of  the  jury.  Returning 
to  his  scientific  studies,  he  published  a 
treatise  on  hygiene,  and  became  princi- 
pal editor  of  the  "Journal  des  Progres 
des  Sciences  et  Institutions  Medi- 
cales."  He  took  part  with  M.  Koux 
in  editing  and  publishing  the  parlia- 
mentary history  of  the  French  revolu- 
tion in  forty  volumes.  His  most  im- 
portant work  was  a  complete  treatise  on 
"Philosophy  from  the  Standpoint  of 
Catholicism  and  Progress."     I).  18U5. 

BUCKINGHAM,  Jamks  Silk,  an 
English  traveller,  lecturer,  and  writer, 
was  b.  at  Flushing,  1784.  In  his  youth 
he  followed  the  sea,  and  after  engaging 
in  various  adventurous  enterprises,  he 
took  command  of  a  ship  in  the  service 
of  the  Imaum  of  Muscat.  Being  or- 
dered to  convoy  slave-ships,  he  threw 
up  his  commission,  and  established  a 
newspaper  at  Calcutta.  The  freedom 
of  his  animadversions  on  public  affairs 
offended  the  authorities,  in  consequence 
of  which  be  returned  to  England,  where 
he  employed  himself  as  a  journalist, 
with  varying  success.  He  published 
his  Arabian  travels  in  numerous  vol- 
umes, and  became  a  popular  lecturer 
on  political  and  social  questions.  He 
found  time  for  European  travel,  which 
furnished  him  material  for  several  vol- 
umes. In  1832  he  was  elected  to  par- 
liament, where  he  retained  his  seat 
until  1837.  Soon  after  his  retirement 
he  made  a  lecturing  tour  in  America, 
and  published  his  observations  in  ten 
8vo  vols.  He  afterwards  resumed  his 
occupation  as  a  lecturer  and  writer,  and 
continued  to  be  an  earnest  advocate  of 
temperance  and  other  social  reforms. 
1).  in  London,  1855. — Joseph  Tinkek, 
an  American  journalist,  h.  in- Connecti- 
cut, 17"0,  was  brought  up  in  the  craft  of 
a  printer,  and  in  1800  removed  to  Bos- 
ton, lie  pursued  his  trade  till  1817, 
having  meanwhile  started  without  suc- 
cess two  magazines,  the  "Polyanthus" 
and  the  "Ordeal."  In  the  year  last 
named  he  established  the  "New  Eng- 
land Galaxy,"  a  weekly  journal,  iu 
connection  with  Samuel  L.  Knapp.  It 
was  a  well  spiced  paper  for  the  times, 
and  involved  the  editor  in  sundry  diffi- 


BUI.] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


47 


culties.  among  others  in  an  indictment 
for  a  libel  on  the  sensational  preacher, 
J.  N.  Maffit.  It  was  tried  before  Josiah 
Quincy,  then  judge  of  the  municipal 
court  of  Boston,  and  Buckingham  was 
acquitted.  The  judgment  of  the  court 
in  that  case  settled  some  important 
points  of  (he  law  of  libel  definitely  in 
Massachusetts  jurisprudence.  In  1824 
he  established  the  "  Boston  Courier,"  a 
daily  newspaper  in  the  interest,  of  the 
protective  system,  and  edited  it  with 
marked  ability  and  success  for  twenty- 
four  years.  From  1831  to  1834,  in  con- 
nection with  one  of  his  sons,  he  edited 
the  "New  England  Magazine."  In  his 
politics  he  claimed  to  he  a  Hartford 
Convention  federalist,  but  he  joined  the 
national  republicans  on  the  dissolution 
of  the  old  parties,  and  afterwards  acted 
with  the  Whigs,  and  was  several  times 
elected  to  the  state  legislature  as  repre- 
sentative and  afterwards  as  senator. 
He  published  ''Specimens  of  News- 
paper Literature,  with  Personal  Me- 
moirs, Anecdotes,  and  Reminiscences" 
(1850),  '■  Personal  Memoirs  and  Recol- 
lections of  Editorial  Life"  (1852),  and 
"Annals  of  the  Massachusetts  Char- 
itable Mechanics'  Association  "  (1853). 
D.  18f>l. 

BUCKLAND,  William,  a  geologist 
and  clergyman  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land, b.  in  1784,  entered  Corpus  Chri>ti 
college,  Oxford,  in  1801.  From  an 
early  age  he  had  shown  a  great  predi- 
lection for  natural  science,  and  in  1813 
was  appointed  to  the  readership  of 
mineralogy,  and  in  1818  to  the  reader- 
ship <>f  geoloiry  in  Oxford  university. 
His  principal  works  are  "Vindiciffi 
Geologies?,  or  the  Connection  of  Relig- 
ion with  Geology  Explained"  (1820), 
"Reliquiae  Diluvianse,  or  Observations 
on  the  Organic  Remains  attesting  the 
Action  of  an  Universal  Deluge  "  ( J823). 
and. "Geology  and  Mineralogy  consid- 
ered with  Reference  to  Natural  Theol- 
ogy," one  of  the  Bridgewater  Treatises 
(1830).  He  was  also  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  the  Proceedings  ot  the  Geo- 
logical Society.  His  name  will  ever 
be  associated  with  his  discoveries  of 
the  remains  of  animals  in  the  caves 
of  Kirkdale  and  other  parts  of  Eng- 
land, of  which  he  gave  an  account  in 
the  Philosophical  Transactions.  He  was 
some  time  dean  of  Westminster.  I). 
185(5. 

BUCKLE,  Hexhy  Thomas,  an  Eng- 
lish author,  b.  at  Lee,  1822;  after  re- 
ceiving an  excellent  education,  entered 
a  commercial  house.     In  his  eighteenth 


year  his  father  died,  leaving  him  a 
large  fortune,  and  he  immediately  gave 
up  commerce  for  literature.  In  1857  he 
published  the  first  volume  of  his  "His- 
tory of  Civilization,"  embracing  only  a 
part  of  the  introduction  to  a  vast  work 
that  the  author  had  undertaken.  The 
second  volume  appeared  in  1861.  The 
plan  that  Buckle  conceived  was  based 
on  the  idea  that  he  was  to  live  to  the 
age  of  threescore  and  ten,  but  his  early 
death  left  his  work  a  splendid  fragment. 
L>.  at  Damascus,  1862. 

BUFORI),  John,  a  distinguished 
cavalry  officer  in  the  United  States 
service,  b.  in  Kentuekv,  1825,  gradu- 
ated at  West  Point  in  1848,  and  in 
18(12  was  appointed  a  brigadier-general, 
serving  in  Virginia,  under  Gen.  Pope, 
and  on  Gen.  McClellan's  staff  at  Antie- 
tam.  He  commanded  the  reserve  cav- 
alry brigade,  under  Gen.  Stoneman, 
and  exhibited  great  gallantry  and  skill 
at  Gettysburg,  and  in  other  engage- 
ments. He  was  assigned  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  cavalry  in  the  army  of 
the  Cumberland,  but  was  prostrated  by 
typhoid  fever,  the  product  of  toil  and 
exposure.     1).  18G3. 

BUI.LARD,  Hi.xhy  Adams,  an 
American  jurist  and  politician,  b.  in 
Massachusetts,  1788,  commenced  the 
practice  of  the  law  in  Natchitoches. 
He  filled  several  judicial  offices,  and 
was  in  1847  professor  of  civil  law  in  the 
law  school  of  Louisiana.  In  1831  he 
was  elected  to  congress  from  the  west- 
ern district  of  that  state,  and  reelected 
the  following  session,  and  again  in 
1850.     1).  1851. 

BULOZ,  Fkaxcis,  b.  near  Geneva, 
1803,  commenced  his  literary  career  in 
Paris  by  translating  books  from  the 
English,  and  writing  in  the  journals. 
In  1831  he  became  proprietor  and  editor 
of  the  "Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,"  buy- 
ing it  when  it  was  a  little  monthly  bro- 
chure of  no  value,  and  leaving  it  with  a 
circulation  of  20.000  copies,  at  the  head 
of  the  periodical  literature  of  France. 
He  gathered  around  him  the  most  bril- 
liant writers  of  the  romantic  era,  and 
adapted  their  works  to  his  purposes 
with  the  most  despotic  censorship.  For 
the  first  work  of  any  author  inserted  in 
his  magazine  he  made  a  principle  of  pay- 
ing nothing.  The  honor  was  esteemed 
sufficient  compensation.  D.  1877.  Ed- 
mond  About  wrote  of  him  to  the  "  Lon- 
don Athenaeum: "  "The  founder,  the 
manager,  and  the  executioner  of  the 
'  lievue  des  Deux  Mondes,'  has  just 
died  in  his  74th  year." 


48 


CYCLOP/EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bul 


BULWER,  Henry  Lytton  Eaklk, 
Baron  Calling  and  Bulwer,  b.  1804,  ilie 
elder  brother  of  Lord  Lytton,  enten-il 
the  diplomatic  service  in  1820.  and  in 
18:10  was  charged  with  a  confidential 
mission  to  Brussels.  In  the  same  year 
he  entered  parliament  for  Wilton;  he 
sat  for  Coventry  in  1831,  and  for  Marv- 
lebone  from  1834  to  1837.  After  tilling 
diplomatic  positions  in  Constantinople 
and  Paris,  he  was  made  minister  pleni- 
potentiary at  Madrid  in  1843.  During 
the  troubles  of  18-18,  Narvaez  charged 
him  with  intermeddling  in  the  domestic 
affairs  of  the  country,  and  ordered  him 
to  leave  Madrid.  The  English  govern- 
ment resented  the  indignity,  and  de- 
clined   ninating  his  successor  till  he 

had  received  a  satisfactory  apology.  Sir 
Henry  Bulwer  was  then  sent  as  ambas- 
sador to  the  United  States,  where  he  ne- 
gotiated the  Clayton-Bulwer  treaty.  He 
was  afterwards  envoy  extraordinary  to 
Tuscany,  and  ambas.-adov  to  Constanti- 
nople, lie  was  member  for  Tamworth 
from  18'i8  to  1871.  He  was  an  agree- 
able and  effective  speaker  at  public  din- 
ners mill  other  meetings.  Among  his 
works  are  "Franco,  Social.  Literary, 
and  Political,"  2  vols  :  a  "  Life  of  Lord 
Rvron,"  prefixed  to  a  Paris  edition  of 
his  works  ;  "  Historical  Characters,"  2 
vols.,  1808;  and  his  '-Life  of  Lord  Pal- 
merston,"  which  was  left  unfinished. 
D.  at  Naples,  1872. 

BUL  \V  E  R-L  Y  T  T  O  N,  Edwa  rd 
George  E.vulk  Lytton,  !>.  in  .May, 
1805,  after  a  course  of  private  instruc- 
tion, entered  Trinity  college,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  received  his  degrees, 
and  where  he  took  the  chancellor's 
prize  medal  for  an  English  poem  on 
"Sculpture."  He  entered  parliament 
in  1831  as  a  liberal,  verging  on  rad- 
icalism, for  the  small  borough  of  St. 
Ives,  and  in  that  year  introduced  and 
carried  the  "Dramatic  Authors'  Copy- 
right Law."  In  the  parliament  of  1 832 
he  was  returned  from  the  city  of  Lin- 
coln, which  he  represented  for  ten  con- 
secutive years.  It  was  due  mainly  to 
his  efforts  that  the  newspaper  stamp 
duty  was  reduced  from  four  pence  to 
one  penny,  and  that  it  is  now  repealed. 
From  July,  1852,  to  his  elevation  to  the 
peerage,  in  1800.  he  represented  Hert- 
fordshire. In  Lord  Derby's  cabinet  of 
1858  lie  was  appointed  secretary  of  state 
for  the  colonies,  and  created  a  privy 
councillor,  remaining  in  office  till  .Line. 
1851).  In  parliament  he  was  regarded 
as  one  of  the  most  finished  orators  of 
his  time  ;  and  old  members  of  the  house 


of  commons  were  wont  to  say  that  Bul- 
»  it's  speech  on  Lord  Derby's  reform 
bill  of  1850  equalled  anything  (hey  had 
ever  heard  at  Westm  lister.  But  Lord 
Lytton' s  fame  as  a  statesman  was  sub- 
ordinate tu  his  fame  as  a  novelist,  dram- 
atist, and  man  of  letters,  lie  was  par 
excelli  nee  an  author.  At  the  age  of  15 
he  rushed  into  print  with  a  volume  en- 
tilled  "  Jsmael,  an  Oriental  Tale  ;  with 
other  Poems."  At  the  age  of  21  he 
printed  for  private  circulation  "  Weeds 
and  Wild  Flowers;  "  and  at  about  the 
same  time  published  "O'Neil;  or  the 
Rebel;  "  and  "  Falkland."  a  highly  col- 
ored tale  of  passion.  'I  hese  were  mere 
boyish  reflexes  of  Byronisin.  In  1828 
he  produced  "Pelhani;  "  and  from  this 
day  he  was  recognized  as  a  writer  of 
genius.  In  the  next  two  years  he  gave 
to  the  world  '*  Devereux,"  and  "Paul 
Clifford."  "The  Siamese  Twins,"  a 
satire  of  1831.  was  a  failure.  "  Eugene 
Aram  "  and  "  Godolphin  "  redeemed  his 
reputation.  He  new  succeeded  Camp- 
bell as  editor  of  the  "New  Monthly 
Magazine,"  and  published  in  its  pages 
a  variety  of  essays,  which  were  col- 
lected in  a  volume.  "The  Student," 
'•  England  and  the  English,"  "The  Pil- 
grim* of  the  Rhine,"  "The  Last  Days 
of  Pompeii, ''  and  "  Rienzi,"  followed 
in  rapid  succession.  In  1834,  when  the 
king  had  abruptly  dismissed  the  Whig 
ministry,  Mr.  Bulwer  announced  his 
pamphlet  on  "The  Crisis,"  the  first 
edition  of  which  was  exhausted  the 
lir>t  day,  and  an  edition  a  day  for  the 
next  fortnight.  "The  Duchess  de  la 
Yalliere."  his  first  play,  was  brought 
out  ill  1830;  but  in  spile  of  the  acting 
of  Macreadj'  in  Bragelore,  it  was  coldly 
received.  "Athens,"  a  historical  frag- 
ment, "  Ernest  Maltravers,'"  and  "  Alice, 
or  the  Mysteries."  were  the  productions 
of  1837-38,  followed  by  "  Caldemn  the 
Courtier,"  and  "  Leila,  or  the  Siege  of 
Granada."  On  the  evening  when  the 
"  Lady  of  Lyons"  was  first  performed, 
Bulwer,  M.  P.,  had  made  a  brilliantly 
successful  speech  on  the  ballot,  and  ar- 
rived at  the  theatre  just  in  time  to  hear 
a  stirring  outcry  for  the  author  of  the 
new  play.  He  did  not  respond  to  the 
call  till  a  fortnight  afterwards.  "Rich- 
elieu "  appeared  successfully  in  1839. 
"The  Sea  Captain"  was  damned,  at 
least  with  faint  praise,  but  sun  ceded 
somewhat  better  when  it  was  brought 
out  nianv  vears  afterwards  with  the  ti- 
tle of  "The  Rightful  Heir."  "  Money,* 
a  comedy,  was  his  succos  of  1840.  He 
tried  periodical  literature  a  second  time, 


bur] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


49 


in  a  scientific  publication,  the  "Month- 
ly Chronicle,"  ill  which  lie  was  associ- 
ated with  Sir  I).  Brewster  and  Dr.  I.ard- 
ner,  but  it  met  with  no  encouragement, 
and  was  discontinued.  Then  came 
"Night  and  Morning,"  and  "Zano- 
ni."  When  he  was  defeated  for  par- 
liament at  Lincoln,  in  1841,  he  travelled 
in  Germany,  where  he  took  to  German 
literature,  and  translated  the  minor 
poems  of  Schiller.  Four  years  later  he 
went  to  Great  Malvern,  in  Worcester- 
shire, an  invalid;  and  his  experiences 
were  embodied  in  a  pleasant  volume  — 
"'The  Confessions  of  a  Water  Patient." 
In  1817  he  published  "The  New  'Pi- 
nion,"  a  poem  of  London  life,  which 
alone  of  his  poems  achieved  popularity, 
and  ran  through  three  editions  in  a 
year.  In  this  poem  there  were  some 
marked  portraits.  Among  others  Ten- 
nyson was  satirized  as  "school-miss 
Alfred,"  the  poet  retorted  by  describ- 
ing Bulwer  as  a  "dandy-lion"  who 
shook  a  mane  en  papillote,  and  as  the 
"padded  man  who  wears  the  stays." 
"  Harold  "  was  one  of  the  amusements 
of  this  period,;  'he  more  serious  works 
were  ''  Arthur,"  an  epic  poem  for  which 
the  poet  entertained  an  intense  partiali- 
ty not  shared  by  the  public,  and  the  two 
greatest  of  his  romances,  "The  ('ax- 
tons,"  and  "  My  Novel."  In  1853  ap- 
peared in  "Blackwood"  "What  will 
He  do  with  It?";  in  1862  "  A  Strange 
Story,"  which  showed  a  gentle  leaning 
toward  spiritualism  ;  in  18G!5,  another 
poem,  "The  Lost  Tales  of  Miletus;" 
in  1810,  a  translation  of  the  Odes  and 
Epodes  of  Horace  in  uurhymed  metre  ; 
and  "  Walpole,  or  Every  Man  has  his 
Price,"  in  rhymed  Alexandrines.  A 
play  entitled  "  Not  so  Bad  as  we  Seem," 
was  also  written  for  a  brilliant;  band  of 
amateur  actors,  including  Mark  Lemon, 
John  Forster,  Dickens,  and  Douglas  Jer- 
rold,  who  suggested  that  it  should  be 
re-christened  "  Not  so  good  as  we  Ex- 
pected." His  latest  productions  were, 
"The  Coming  Race,"  published  anony- 
mously, and  the  "Parisians."  Only  a 
day  or  two  before  his  death  he  finished 
"  Kenelm  Chillingly,"  and  appeared  as 
well  as  usual.  He  died  on  January  18, 
1873,  at  Torquay,  his  usual  winter  resi- 
dence, having  been  ill  only  two  or  three 
days.  Sir  lUilwer-Lytton  married,  in 
182",  the  daughter  of  Francis  Wheeler, 
Esq.,  of  Limerick,  by  whom  he  had  is- 
sue a  son  and  daughter,  of  whom  the 
son  alone  survives,  Robert  Lytton,  the 
poet  ami  diplomatist. 
liUNSEN,  Chhistian  Charles  Jo- 


sias.  chevalier,  b.  at  Korbach,  in  the 
principality  of  Waldeck,  1791;  d.  at 
Bonn,  1860.  lie  was  educated  at  Mar-  * 
burg,  afterwards  at  Gottingen,  where, 
in  1811,  he  was  admitted  into  the  gym- 
nasium, and  in  1813,  published  an 
essay,  "  De  .lure  Atheniensium  Hie- 
reditario,"  which  attracted  great  atten- 
tion. In  1815  be  became  acquainted 
with  Niebuhr  at  Berlin  ;  and  alter  a 
slay  in  Paris,  where  he  studied  oriental 
languages  under  Sylvesire  de  Sacy, 
he  went  to  Rome,  where  Niebuhr,  the 
Prussian  minister,  procured  for  him 
the  post  of  secretary  of  embassy.  On 
Niebuhr's  retir  inent,  in  1 824.  he  was 
appointed  charye  d'  aff'drcs,  and  after- 
wards minister,  by  Frederick  III.,  to 
whom  he  had  recommended  himself  by 
his  great  theological  learning.  After 
a  sojourn  of  twelve  years  in  Home, 
he  was  sent  as  Prussian  minister, 
first  to  Switzerland,  and  then  to  Eng- 
land. Bat  his  eminence  as  a  scholar 
and  writer  has  eclipsed  his  political 
character  and  services.  His  writings 
are  numerous  and  elaborate,  but  they 
have  met  with  much  hostile  criticism. 
He  labored  with  unwearied  diligence 
in  theology,  history,  and  archaeological 
research.  Among  his  chief  works  are 
the  'Church  of  the  Future,"  "  Hip- 
polvtus  and  his  Age,"  "Christianity 
and  Mankind,  their  Beginnings  and 
Prospects,  'ami  "The  Place  of  Kgvpt 
in  the  History  of  the  World."  On 
some  of  these  and  other  works  he 
was  constantly  engaged  at  Heidelberg, 
where  he  chiefly  resided  from  i lie  vear 
1851  until  bis  death. 

BURDEN,  Henry,  b.  1701,  in  Scot- 
land, came  to  the  United  States  in 
1810,  and  was  tiie  inventor  of  numerous 
use  f'ul  improvements,  the  most  remark- 
able of  which  was  a  machine  for  mak- 
ing horse-shoes.  He  built,  in  18J3,  a 
steamboat  300  feet  long,  with  wheels 
30  feet  in  diameter.     D/j871. 

BURGESS,  George,  b.  18,10,  edu- 
cated to  the  church,  was  bishop  of  Maine 
from  18-17,  becoming  at  the  same  time 
rector  of  Christ  eh.,  Gardiner,  lie  pub- 
lished sermons  and  a  metrical  version  of 
a  portion  of  the  Psalms.   D.  at  sea,  I860. 

BURGESS,  Tristram,  an  American 
statesman,  was  b.  in  Rochester,  Mass., 
1770.  He  graduated  at  Rhode  Island 
college,  ami  in  1700  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  In  1811  he  was  elected  to  the 
Rhode  Island  legislature  by  the  federal 
party;  and  in  1815  he  was  made  chief 
ju-tice.  The  triumph  of  the  republi- 
cans having  removed  him  from  this  post 


50 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bur 


in  the  ensuing  year,  lie  became  profes- 
sor of  oratory  Mii'd  belles-lettres  in  Brown 
•university;  which  place  he  filled  until 
his  election  as  a  representative  to  con- 
gress, in  1825.  His  great  excellence  as 
a  debater,  the  characteristics  of  which 
were  fervid  eloquence  and  withering 
sarcasm, combined  with  clear  reasoning 
power,  soon  placed  him  in  the  first  rank 
of  the  public  men  of  the  day.  He 
served  for  five  successive  terms,  during 
which  he  took  a  leading  part  in  discuss- 
ing the  important  measures  that  were 
brought  forward.     D.  1853. 

[JUKGOYNK.  S ik  John  Kox,  an  Eng- 
lish general,  b.  1782;  was  the  son  of  Gen- 
eral Buigo\ne  who  had  command  of 
the  British  forces  in  America  in  1777. 
He  euered  the  army  in  17'J8.  In  1814- 
15,  he  was  engineer  in  chief  of  the  ex- 
pedition  to  New  Orleans  under  Sir  Ed- 
ward l'akenhani.  He  served  as  lieuten- 
ant-general and  second  in  command  of 
the  English  forces  in  the  Crimea,  1854- 
55,  anil  in  1805  was  appointed  constable 
of  the  tower  of  London  and  held  mar- 
shal. His  "'Life  and  Correspondence, 
with  Extracts  from  bis  Journals,"  was 
published  in  1872.     1).  1S7L 

BUKKEL,  Henry,  a  German  painter, 
b  18  12,  studied  in  Munich  and  Rome, 
and  became  distinguished  by  the  truth- 
ful delineation  of  popular  scenes,  Al- 
pine fetes,  brigands  m  the  campagua, 
hostel ries,  and  animals.     L>.  1839. 

BURLINGAME,  Anson,  h.  182a, 
graduated  at  the  law  school  of  Harvard 
university  in  1840,  and  commenced  the 
practice  of  the  law  in  Boston.  Having 
fine  natural  gifts  as  a  speaker,  he  soon 
distinguished  himself  in  the  political 
arena.  He  was  sent  by  the  American 
party  to  congress  in  18">4.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  cooperated  in  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Republican  party,  with 
which  he  afterwards  acted,  and  was 
twice  reelected  to  congress.  In  1831 
he  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  China, 
and  in  1837  was  appointed  ambassador 
from  China  to  the  United  States,  and 
to  the  European  powers.  In  the  dis- 
charge of  his  functions  under  this 
mission,  Mr.  Burlingame  signed,  at 
Washington,  important  supplementary 
articles  to  the  treaty  of  1858,  and  after- 
wards negotiated  articles  of  agreement, 
or  treaty,  with  England,  and  several  of 
the  continental  powers.  D.  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, 1870. 

BURMEISTER,  Hermann,  a  Ger- 
man naturalist,  b.  at  Stralsund,  1807. 
In  1842  he  became  professor  of  zoUogy 
in  the  university  of  Halle.     His   pub- 


lished works  are  numerous  and  impor- 
tant.    D.  1859. 

BURN  A 1*,  George  Washington,  a 
unitarian  clergyman,  b.  in  Merrimac,  N. 
II  ,  1802,  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1824,  was  pastor  of  the  first  inde- 
pendent church  in  Baltimore  from  1828, 
until  his  death  in  1851b  He  was  a  volu- 
minous writer  on  theological  and  doc- 
trinal subjects. 

BURNET,  Jacor,  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  city  of  Cincinnati,  was  b.  at 
Newark,  N.  J.,  1770.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar,  1790,  gained  high  rank  as  a 
lawyer,  was  a  member  of  the  territorial 
government  of  Ohio  for  four  years,  and 
after  its  admission  into  the  Union  was 
several  times  elected  to  the  state  assem- 
bly. In  1821  he  was  appointed  judge 
of"  the  supreme  court  of  Ohio,  and  in 
1828  he  was  elected  United  States  sena- 
tor. He  published  in  1847  an  instruc- 
tive volume  of  "Notes  on  the  North- 
western Territory."  I>.  1853.  — John, 
engraver  and  painter,  b.  near  Edinburgh, 
1781,  was  a  fellow  pupil  with  Wilkie, 
and  followed  him  to  London,  where  he 
was  first  occupied  with  engraving  the 
small  plates  for  Mis  Inchbald's  "The- 
atre" and  Cook's  "Novelists."  His 
tirst  large  engraving  was  "The  Jew's 
Harp  "  after  Wilkie,  and  in  the  style  of 
Le  Bas.  It  was  followed  by  the  "  Blind 
Fiddler"  in  Cornelius  Vischer's  man- 
ner, and  then  by  the  famous  succession 
of  prints  from  the  master-pieces  of  his 
friend  Wilkie.  He  was  a  good  writer 
on  art  subjects.     O.  1808. 

BURRITT,  Alexander  M.,  a  legal 
writer,  author  of  a  work  on  "  Practice  " 
of  a  law  dictionary,  and  treatises  on 
'•Voluntary  Assignments,"  and  "  Cir- 
eumstaniiai  Evidence."  B.  1807,  d.  in 
New  York,  1839. 

BURTON,  William  Evans,  an 
English  comedian,  b.  in  London,  1804. 
Intended  for  the  church,  he  received  a 
classical  education,  but  his  success  in 
amateur  theatricals  led  him  to  become  a 
professional  actor,  lie  gained  also  quite 
a  reputation  as  a  dramatic  author.  In 
1834  he  came  to  the  United  States, 
where  he  resided  until  his  death,  and  was 
widely  and  favorably  known  as  a  mana- 
ger, actor,  and  author.  In  Philadelphia 
he  erected  the  National  theatre,  and  in 
1837  started  the  "  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine." He  was  proprietor  of  the  opera 
house  in  New  York,' which  was  burned 
in  1841.  In  1847  he  opened  a  theatre 
in  Pabno's  opera  house,  which  he  man- 
aged for  nearly  ten  years.  In  1850  he 
purchased  the  Metropolitan,  afterwards 


cab] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


51 


known  as  Burton's  Theatre,  in  Broad- 
way. He  had  great  ability  as  an  actor, 
excelling  especially  in  low  comedy.  He 
had  a  wry  full  Shakspearean  library. 
Of  his  literary  works  the  best  known  is 
his  "Cyclopaedia  of  Wit  and  Humor." 
D.  in  New  York,  18(50. 

BUHY,  Lady  Chahlotte,  daughter 
of  the  duke  of  Argyle,  authoress  of 
"Marriage  in  High  Life,"  "Memoirs 
of  a  Peeress,"  "The  Divorced,"  and 
other  novels,  b.  1775;  d.  1861. 

BUSH,  George,  an  American  theo- 
logian, was  b.  in  Norwich,  Vt.,  1796, 
graduated  at  Dartmouth  college,  1818, 
and  was  ordained  in  the  Presbyterian 
church.  In  1831  he  was  elected  pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew  and  Oriental  litera- 
ture in  the  university  of  New  York. 
Within  the  next  four  years  he  published 
a  "  Li le  of  Mohammed,"  a  "Treatise 
on  the  Millennium,"  and  a  volume  of 
"Scriptural  Illustrations;"  and  in 
1810  he  began  the  issue  of  a  series  of 
commentaries  on  the  Old  Testament. 
In  1815  he  connected  himself  with  the 
Swedenborgian  church,  translated  from 
the  Latin  t lie  diary  of  Swedenborg,  and 
afterwards  labored  to  develop  and  main- 
tain the  principles  of  that  philosopher. 
In  1817  he  published  a  work  on  the 
higher  philosophy  of  mesmerism.  D. 
1859. 

BUSHNELL,  Horace,  D.  D.,  b.  1802, 
graduated  at  Yale  college,  was  a  few 
months  assistant  editor  of  the  "New 
York  Journal  of  Commerce,"  studied 
law,  afterwards  theology,  and  in  1833 
accepted  a  call  to  the  pastorate. of  the 
North  church  of  Hartford,  with  which 
he  was  connected  a  quarter  of  a  century. 
He  was  already  well  known  by  many 
essays  and  addresses  when  in  1817  he 
published  his  "  Christian  Nurture  "  and 
in  1818,  "God  in  Christ."  For  the 
opinions  avowed  in  these  works  he  was 
accused  of  heresy,  and  tried  on  the 
charge  before  an  ecclesiastical  council, 
but  was  acquitted.  He  replied  to  his 
accusers  in  1851  with  a  volume  entitled 


"Christ  in  Theology."  This  was  fol- 
lowed by  other  theological  works,  and 
in  18G9  by  "  \Voman"s  Suffrage,  the 
Reform  against  Nature  "     D.  1876. 

BUSTAMENTE,  Anastasio,  a  Mex- 
ican soldier  and  statesman,  was  b.  in 
Guadalajara,  1780.  He  began  life  as  a 
physician,  but  when  the  revolution  of 
1810  broke  out  he  entered  on  a  military 
career  in  the  service  of  the*  Spanish 
government.  Disgusted  at  length  with 
the  cruelties  of  the  Spaniards,  he  joined 
the  patriots  and  fought  in  the  republi- 
can ranks.  He  sustained  the  plan  of 
independence  proposed  by  Iturbide  in 
1821,  and  was  promoted  by  him  to  the 
rank  of  general  of  division,  and  made 
commandant-general  of  the  interior 
provinces.  He  was  twice  an  exile,  and 
twice  president  of  Mexico.     D.  1853. 

BUTLER,  Andhew  Pickens,  b.  in 
Edgefield  District,  S.  C,  179G,  attained 
distinction  as  a  lawyer  and  politician. 
In  1810,  he  was  elected  to  the  United 
States  senate,  where  he  was  continued 
by  reelection  until  his  death.  He  was 
made  chairman  of  the  judiciary  commit- 
tee, and  took  a  conspicuous  part  in  the 
debates,  especially  upon  all  subjects 
affecting  the  peculiar  interests  of  the 
South.  His  last  speech  was  in  reply  to 
Mr  Sumner  and  in  defence  of  South 
Carolina.  D.  1857.  —  Benjamin  F.,  b. 
in  Kiuderhook,  N.  Y.,  studied  law  with 
Martin  Van  Buren,  and  commenced 
practice  as  his  partner.  He  served  in 
the  state  assembly,  and  was  one  of  the 
revisers  of  the  New  York  statutes.  Dur- 
ing part  of  Jackson's  administration  he 
was  attornev-general.     D.  1858. 

BUXTON',  Chahi.es,  b.  1823,  son  of 
the  eminent  philanthropist  Thomas 
Fowell  Buxton,  wrote  a  life  of  his  father 
and  a  work  on  "National  Education  in 
Ireland."  He  was  a  liberal  member 
of  the  house  of  commons  from  1857 
till  his  death  in  1871. 

BYRON,  Lady  Noel,  Baroness 
Wentworth,  the  widow  of  Lord  Byron, 
b.  1793 ;  d.  in  London,  1860. 


CABET,  Etiexne,  leader  of  the 
French  communists,  or  Icariens,  was 
b.  at  Dijon,  1788.  He  adopted  the 
profession  of  the  law,  and  removing  to 
Paris,  engaged  actively  in  politics,  and 
became  a  member  of  the  chamber  of 
deputies.  He  established  a  democratic 
newspaper,  and  in  1834  was  condemned 


to  two  years'  imprisonment  for  publish- 
ing a  libel  on  Louis  Philippe.  He  es- 
caped to  England  and  remained  there 
till  the  amnesty  of  1839  permitted  his 
return  to  Paris.  In  1812  he  enunciated 
his  communistic  opinions,  his  "Voyage 
en  Icarie,"  published  in  that  year,  at- 
tracting great  attention  among  the  Paris- 


52 


CYCLOP-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cam 


ian  workmen'.  Having  procured  a  tract 
of  land  in  Texas,  a  portion  of  Ids  fol- 
lowers left  France  to  found  a  commu- 
nity, and  Cabet  subsequently  joined 
them.  On  the  expulsion  of  the  Mor- 
mons from  Nauvoo,  in  1850,  he  and  his 
disciples  removed  to  that  city,  where 
for  a  time  they  lived  harmoniously  and 
prosperously.  *  Dissensions  arose,  how- 
ever, and  Cabet  was  deposed.  D.  in  St. 
Loins,  1856. 

CAI1.LIAUD,  Frederic,  a  cele- 
brated French  traveller,  b.  at  Nantes, 
1787.  With  an  innate  fondness  for 
travel,  he  visited  different  countries  of 
Europe  and  Asia,  and  in  1815  brought 
up  in  F.gvpt,  where  he  was  favorably 
received  by  Mehemet  Ali,  and  charged 
by  him  with  voyages  of  discovery  along 
the  Nile.  He  "penetrated  into  Nubia, 
and  explored  the  monuments  between 
the  last  two  cataracts.  He  re-discovered 
in  Mt.  Zabarah  the  famous  emerald 
mines,  in  the  state  substantially  in 
which  they  were  left  by  the  engineers 
of  the  Ptolemies.  Early  in  1819  he  re- 
turned to  Paris  with  a  most  important 
collection  of  antiquities,  which  were 
purchased  by  the  French  government, 
and  in  the  same  year  he  was  charged 
with  a  new  mission  to  Egypt.  The  re- 
sults of  his  researches  were  embodied  in 
important  works,  which  were  published 
in  Paris,  between  1841  and  1837.  !->•  1803. 

CALAMATTA,  LuiGl,  engraver,  b. 
at  Civita  Vecchia,  18-)2.  went  young  to 
Paris,  attached  himself  to  the  school  of 
Ingres  and  made  his  debut  at  tin-  .-• '/"/? 
of  1827  by  "B.ijazetand  the  Shepherd," 
after  De'dreux-Dorcev.  He  next  pro- 
duced a  portrait  of  Paganini,  and  the 
"Mask  of  Napoleon,"  taken  after  his 
death  by  Dr.  Antomarchi,  a  work  which 
first  brought  him  prominently  into  no- 
tice. He  has  engraved  heads  of  Guizot, 
Fourier,  Lamennais,  Ingres,  and  George 
Sand,  the  last  two  from  his  own  de- 
signs. His  works  are  numerous.  His 
style  is  correct  and  highly  finished,  par- 
taking somewhat  of  the  severity  of  his 
school.     1)    1809. 

C  A  LAME,  Alexander,  an  eminent 
Swiss  painter,  b.  1815,  was  a  pupil  at 
Geneva  of  Diday,  whom  he  succeeded 
as  principal  of  the  school  of  painting 
there.  Among  his  most  admired  paint- 
ing-are ''Mont  Blanc,''  the  "  Lake  of 
Bricutz,"  and  the  ''Lake  of  the  Four 
Cantons."  Of  his  Italian  scenes  the 
'•Ruins  of  Paestum"  is  notable  He 
was  also  an  engraver,  and  his  etchings 
and  lithographs  from  Alpine  scenery  are 
favorably  known.    D.  at  Mentone,  1864. 


CALDWELL,  Chatu.es,  an  Amer- 
ican physician,  b.  in  Caswell  county, 
N.  C,  1772.  lie  studied  medicine  in 
Philadelphia,  and  practised  there  with 
much  success  during  the  prevalence  of 
the  yellow  fever  in  1793.  In  1810  he 
tilled  the  chair  of  natural  history  in  the 
university  of  Pennsylvania.  Removing 
to  Lexington,  Ky  , 'he  took  the  chair  of 
medicine  in  the  Transylvania  university. 
He  left  this  position'  in  1837  to  estab- 
lish a  medical  school  in  Louisville,  over 
which  he  presided  for  the  next  12  years. 
He  had  great  celebrity  as  a  medi- 
cal writer  and  teacher,  and  published 
some  valuable  biographical  and  liter- 
ary works.     1).  in   Louisville,  1853 

CALHOUN,  John,  notorious  for  his 
agency  in  the  attempt  to  make  Kansas 
a  slave  state,  d.  at  St.  Joseph,  Mo., 
1859.  He  was  appointed  surveyor- 
general  of  Kansas  by  President  Pierce, 
and  was  president  of  the  Lecompton 
convention. 

CALVERT,  Chari.es  B.,  an  emi- 
nent agriculturist,  b.  in  Prince  George 
county,  Md.,  1808;  d.  1864.  He  served 
in  the  Maryland  legislature,  ami  in  the 
37th  congress:  but  his  title  to  distinc- 
tion rests  upon  his  labors  for  the  im- 
provement of  agriculture,  and  especially 
the  introduction  and  raising  of  superior 
breeds  of  cattle. 

CAMliRELING,  Chui:ciiil.l  C,  b. 
in  North  Carolina,  1780;  d.  at  West 
Neck,  Long  Island,  1802.  At  an  early 
day  be  engaged,  with  John  Jacob  As- 
tor,  in  mercantile  pursuits.  Subse- 
quently be  directed  his  attention  to 
politics,  and  from  1821  to  1839  was  a 
representative  in  congress  from  New 
York.  As  chairman  of  the  committee 
of  commerce,  he  produced  various  re- 
ports of  great  value;  one,  on  commerce 
and  navigation,  having  been  republished 
in  London,  besides  running  through  sev- 
eral editions  in  this  country. 

CAMPBELL,  Alexander,  founder 
of  the  religious  sect  known  as  the 
"  Campbellites,"  b.  in  Ireland,  1786, 
emigrated  with  his  father  to  Penn- 
sylvania, was  sometime  pastor  of  a 
Presbyterian  church,  joined  the  Bap- 
tists, and  being  excluded  from  that 
j  sect  formed  a  new  organization,  which, 
'  in  1854,  numbered  350,000  members. 
In  1840  he  founded  Bethany  college^ 
Va.,  of  which  he  remained  president 
till  his  death,  in  1806.  He  was  a  dis- 
tinguished controversialist,  and  wrote 
several  books.  —  Colin,  Lord  Clyde, 
was  b.  at  Glasgow,  and  in  1803  joined 
the   British  army.    He   served  in  the 


can] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGHAPIIY. 


53 


expedition  to  Portugal  and  Walchereti, 
and  shared  the  fortunes  of  Sir  John 
Moore  in  the  Peninsula.  He  also  served 
for  a  brief  period  in  the  war  with  the 
United  States.  In  1842  lie  commanded 
n  regiment  in  the  expedition  to  China. 
The  Indian  mutiny  brought  him  into 
greater  prominence.  He  was  a  briga- 
dier-general in  the  Punjaub  campaign, 
and  achieved  distinction  at  Chilliau- 
wallah.  He  gained  fresh  laurels  in  the 
Crimea,  distinguishing  himself  partic- 
ularly at  the  Alma  and  at  Balaklava. 
The  revolt  of  the  Sepoys  recalled  him 
to  the  ea-t,  this  time  in  the  capacity  of 
commander-in  chief  of  the  Indian  army. 
Courage,  coolness,  and  precision  were 
his  chief  characteristics  as  a  soldier. 
I).  1803. — John,  lord  chancellor  of 
England,  was  b.  at  Springfield,  Scot- 
land, 1781,  educated  at  the  university 
of  St.  Andrews,  went  to  London  and 
entered  as  a  student  at  Lincoln's  Inn 
in  1800.  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in 
1806.  While  studying  law,  lie  was  em- 
ployed on  the  "Morning  Chronicle" 
as  theatrical  critic  and  afterwards  as 
reporter.  His  practice  was  not  so  large 
a-  to  prevent  him  from  editing  a  series 
of  well-known  nisi  prius  reports,  in 
which  he  introduced  the  names  of  the 
attorneys  engaged  in  the  cases.  He 
was  appointed  king's  counsel  in  1827. 
In  183H  he  was  elected  member  of  par- 
liament ;  in  1832  he  became  solicitor- 
general;  in  1834  attorney-general  and 
member  of  parliament  for  Edinburgh, 
which  he  continued  to  represent  until 
1841,  when  he  became  lord  chancellor 
of  Ireland  and, a  British  peer.  The  fall 
of  the  Melbourne  cabinet  in  that  year 
left  him  at  leisure  to  indulge  in  literary 
pursuits,  as  the  fruits  of  which  he  pre- 
sented to  the  world  the  "Lives  of  the 
Lord  Chancellors  and  Keepers  of  the 
Great  Seal,"  and  the  "Lives  of  the 
Chief  Justices."  The  return  of  the 
liberal  party  to  power  in  1846  gave 
him  the  post  of  chancellor  of  the  duchy 
of  Lancaster,  and  a  seat  in  the  Russell 
cabinet.  Five  years  afterwards,  on  the 
retirement  of  Lord  Den  man,  he  became 
lord  chief  justice  of  England.  He  held 
this  position  until  the  fall  of  the  Derby 
government  in  1850,  when  Lord  Palmer- 
ston  removed  him  from  the  queen's 
bench  to  the  woolsack.  D.  1802.  — 
Sir  John,  a  British  major-general, 
killed  in  the  assault  on  the  Redan, 
1855.  — William  B.,  an  American  pol- 
itician and  soldier,  b.  in  Tennessee, 
1805,  served  as  a  volunteer  in  the 
Florida   war.   was   sent    to   the   lower 


house  of  congress  in  1836.  and  served 
three  terms,  lie  was  colonel  of  vol- 
unteers io  the  Mexican  war,  and  fought 
at  Cerro  Gordo  and  at  Monterey.  He 
was  governor  of  Tennessee,  1851-3. 
Luring  tin;  civil  war  he  was  a  Union 
man,  and  was  elected  in  18G5  to  the 
39th  congress.  D.  1867. 
<  AX1SY,  Edward  Richard  Sprigg, 

officer  of  the  I'.  S.  army,  b.  in  Ken- 
tucky, 1810,  graduated  at'  West  l'oint, 
served  in  the  Florida  war;  was  em- 
ployed in  the  removal  of  the  Chero- 
kees,  Creeks,  and  Choctaws  in  1842; 
served  in  the  Mexican  war,  with  dis- 
tinction, and  was  afterwards  on  frontier 
duty  in  the  northwest  till  1860.  When 
the  civil  war  broke  out  he  was  in  com- 
mand of  Fort  Defiance,  New  Mexico; 
whereas  acting  brigadier-general  of  the 
Union  troops,  he  resisted  Sibley  in  his 
attempt  to  acquire  possession  of  the  ter- 
ritory, and  saw  him  retreat  with  the 
loss  of  half  bis  force.  Transferred  to 
Washington  in  1862. he  for  some  time  as- 
sisted Stanton  in  the  War  Department. 
During  the  draft  riots  of  July,  1863, 
he  took  command  of  theU.  S.  troops 
in  the  city  of  New  York  and  promptly 
restored  order.  In  November  he  re- 
sumed his  place  in  the  War  Department. 
In  the  campaign  of  1864  he  was  placed 
in  command  of  the  military  division  of 
the  Wes(  Mississippi;  and  held  the  po- 
sition till  some  months  after  the  close 
of  the  war.  While  on  a  tour  of  inspec- 
tion in  Arkansas  in  November,  be  was 
severely  wounded  by  hostile  guerrillas, 
but  was  able,  with  an  army  of  25.00C 
men,  with  the  assistance  of  the  fleet,  to 
effect  the  capture  of  Mobile.  In  1816 
he  was  made  brigadier-general  in  the 
regular  army;  and  in  I860,  placed  in 
command  of  the  department  of  Colum- 
bia; while  holding  a  parley  with  the 
Modoc  Indians,  under  a  flag  of  truce,  a 
short  distance  from  his  camp,  he  was 
murdered  bv  Captain  Jack,  a  Modoc 
chief,  April  II,  1873. 

CANDLISH,  Rev  Robert  Smith, 
b.  1807,  in  Edinburgh,  was  a  Presbyte- 
rian preacher  in  1828,  and  in  1843  left 
the  Scotch  kirk  for  the  Free  eh  inch.  He 
was  professor  of  divinity  from  1847  in 
New  college,  and  afterwards  principal. 
He  wrote  several  theological  works. 
1).  1873. 

(  AXXING,  Charles  John,  viscount, 
a  British  statesman,  son  of  the  cele- 
brated George  Canning,  b.  at  Bromp- 
ton,  1812,  graduated  at  Oxford,  entered 
parliament  in  183B,  and  took  office  in 
the  cabinet  of  Sir  Robert  Peel  in  1841. 


54 


CYCLOP/EDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CAB 


In  1855  he  succeeded  the  marquis  of 
Dalhousie  as  governor-general  of  India. 
He  was  hardly  seated  in  hi.s  office  when 
the  Sepoy  rebellion  broke  out  ;  and  lie 
devoted  all  his  energies  to  its  suppres- 
sion and  the  reestablishment  of  order. 
He  retired  from  office  early  in  1862,  and 
d.  soon  after  his  return  to  England. 

CAPEFIGUE,  Jean  Baptiste  Hon- 
oi:e  Raymond,  b.  1802,  was  the  author 
of  some  seventy  volumes  of  historical 
and  biographical  works.  Through  the 
favor  of  Guizot  he  at  one  time  had  ac- 
cess to  the  archives  of  the  French  for- 
eign office,  and  drew  largely  on  its  val- 
uable documents.     D.  in  Paris,  1872. 

CAPEL,  Sir  Thomas  Blu>on,  a 
British  admiral,  who  commanded  the 
squadron  which  blockaded  New  Lon- 
don in  the  war  of  1812.  D  1853,  aged 
77. 

CAPPONI,  Gixo,  Marquis  of,  an 
Italian  statesman  and  author,  b.  in 
Florence,  1702,  learned  many  lan- 
guages, and  completed  his  education  by 
a  course  of  travel  in  France,  Germany, 
and  England.  He  became  chamber- 
lain of  Leopold  II..  and  when  the  re- 
form movement  gained  head  in  Tus- 
cany in  1847,  he  was  named  councillor 
of  state,  and  in  the  following  year  was 
a  short  time  prime  minister.  In  1849 
he  became  a  member  of  the  provisional 
government.  He  was  a  large  contrib- 
utor to  the  *"  Antologia,"  and  also  to 
the  "Archivio  Storico  Italiano,"  of 
which  he  was  an  editor.  After  he  be- 
came blind  lie  dictated  an  important 
educational  work  under  the  title  of 
"Fragments  on  Education."  He  edited 
several  of  the  Italian  classics.    I).  1870. 

CAHAFA  DE  COLOBRAN'O,  Mi- 
chelk.,  a  composer,  b.  in  Naples,  1785; 
d.  in  Paris,  1872.  His  masterpiece  was 
"  Masaniello,"  but  his  works  have  not 
kept  possession  of  the  stage. 

CARDIGAN,  Earl  of,  .lames  Thomas 
Brudenell,  b.  1797,  entered  the  Huzzars 
in  1824,  and  sat  several  years  in  the 
House  of  Commons  as  Lord  Brudenell, 
till  he  was  called  to  the  House  of  Lords 
on  the  death  of  his  father,  in  1837.  On 
the  outbreak  of  the  Crimean  war  he 
was  appointed  major-general,  and  took 
command  of  the  light  cavalry.  His 
heroic  "death-charge"  at  the  battle  of 
Balaklava,  on  the  25th  October,  1854, 
will  long  be  remembered  as  one  of  the 
most  memorable  incidents  of  the  war. 
D.  1868. 

CAKLETON,  James  H.,  a  U.  S. 
officer,  b.  in  Maine,  was  a  captain  of 
riflemen  in  the  "Aroostook  war,"  and 


at  its  close  was  made  lieutenant  in  the 
U.  S.  dragoons.  He  served  in  Mexico, 
and  was  brevetted  major  for  his  gal- 
lantry at  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista,  of 
which  he  published  a  "History."  He 
served  with  distinction  in  the  civil  war, 
and  in  186(5  was  brevetted  major  gen- 
eral U.  S.  army.  1).  1873.  —  Hemiy, 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Louis- 
iana, and  author  of  a  volume  on  "Lib- 
ertv  and  Necessity,"  b.  in  Virginia, 
1783;  d.  1863.  He'for  many  years  held 
a  distinguished  position  in  the  bar  of 
New  Orleans.  — William,  an  Irish  nov- 
elist, b.  1798,  was  the  son  of  a  farmer 
of  Tyrone,  and  went  to  Dublin  with 
two-and  ninepence  in  his  pocket  to  com- 
mence a  life  of  letters.  Here  he  was 
first  made  popular  bv  his  '•* Traits  and 
Stories  of  the  Irish  Peasantry,"  1830- 
32.  Implicated  in  the  O'Brien  move- 
ment of  1848,  he  came  for  a  time  to  the 
United  States,  but  afterwards  returned 
to  Dublin.  He  published  some  forty 
volumes,  chiefly  novels  and  tales  of 
Irish  life,  some  of  them  of  a  political 
character,  which  won  for  him  among 
his  countrymen  the  title  of  the  "Father 
of  Irish  Literature."  His  services  as 
an  author  were  recognized  bv  a  govern-* 
ment  pension  of  £200.     D.  1869. 

CARLOS,  Maria  Isidoi:,  pretender 
to  the  crown  of  Spain,  was  a  son  of 
Charles  IV.,  b.  1788.  In  1833,  when 
his  brother  Ferdinand  died,  Don  Carlos 
proclaimed  himself  king.  Maria  Chris- 
tina, the  regent,  branded  him  as  a 
rebel,  and  concluded  with  Britain, 
France,  and  Portugal  the  so-called 
quadruple  alliance,  the  effect  of  which 
was  to  exclude  Carlos  and  Miguel,  the 
champions  of  absolutism,  from  Spain 
and  Portugal.  Carlos  succeeded  in 
kindling  a  civil  war  in  the  northern 
provinces  of  Spain,  which  raged  for 
several  years,  but  in  1839  he  was  driven 
from  the  Spanish  territory.  He  passed 
the  rest  of  his  life  in  exile,  and  d.  in 
Trieste,  1855. 

CARNE,  Louis  Mercier,  Count  of, 
a  French  publicist,  b.  1804,  entered  the 
diplomatic  service,  and  in  1839  was 
elected  to  the  chamber  of  deputies, 
where  he  engaged  actively  in  political 
debates.  In  1847  he  was  minister  of 
foreign  affairs,  but  retired  after  the 
revolution  of  February.  He  was  a  fre- 
quent contributor  to  the  "Revue  des 
Deux  Mondes,"  and  wrote  numerous 
works,  among  which  were  "Views  of 
Contemporary  History,"  and  one  on 
representative  government  in  France 
and     England.     He    also    edited    the 


CAS] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRArnY. 


55 


"Voyage  en  Indo-Chineet  dans  1' Em- 
pire Chinois,"  l>v  bis  son  Louis  (li. 
1843;  (I.  1870),  which  was  published  in 
Paris,  1872,  ami  translated  into  Eng- 
lish.    1).  187(1. 

CAKl'KAUX,  Jean  Bavtiste,  a 
French  sculptor,  b.  1827,  became  well 
known  in  his  art  by  the  group  of 
"Ugolino  and  his  Children,"  which 
was  purchased  by  the  government. 
He  executed  statuary  for  the  Flora 
Pavilion  of  the  Louvre,  and  the  group 
representing  the  I  lance,  for  the  facade 
of  the  new  opera  house  in  Paris.  His 
works  are  praised  for  their  effect, 
though  thev  violate  conventional  rules. 
D.  187(i. 

CARPENTER,  Margaret  S.,  an 
English  portrait  painter,  b.  1798,  the 
daughter  of  Captain  Geddes,  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy  in  London  from 
1814  to  1866.  She  married  Mr.  \V.  H. 
Carpenter,  mentioned  below.  Several 
of  her  works  are  included  in  the  Sheep- 
shanks collection  of  the  National  Gal- 
lery. I).  1872. —  Maky,  an  English 
reformer,  b.  1807  in  Bristol,  distin- 
guished herself  by  her  writings  and 
labors  in  behalf  of  youthful  criminals, 
and  of  female  education  in  India.  1). 
1872.  —  William,  an  English  author, 
b.  1797,  in  London,  educated  himself, 
compiled,  edited,  and  wrote  numer- 
ous works  on  Scriptural  subjects.  He 
abridged  "Calvert's  History  of  the  Bi- 
ble," and  edited  the  complete  work.  I). 
1874.  —  William  Ho<>kiiam,  E.  S.  A., 
keeper  of  the  prints  and  drawings  in 
the  British  Museum,  l>.  1792,  was  con- 
nected with  his  father  as  a  publisher  of 
works  of  art,  but  afterwards  applied 
himself  to  literature,  and  prepared  a 
new  edition  of  "Spence's  Anecdotes,1' 
and  his  "Pictorial  Notices  of  Vandyke 
and  Rubens."  In  1845  he  received  his 
appointment  at  the  museum,  where  for 
20  years  he  rendered  most  important 
service  in  rendering  its  print  room  the 
most  complete  existing  illustration  of 
the  historv  of  engraving.     I).  1866. 

CAUELRA,  Rafael,  b.  1814.  of 
mixed  Indian  and  negro  blood,  was 
elected  president  of  Guatemala,  and  in 
1851  president  for  life.     D.  1865. 

CARROLL,  Sin  William  Fare- 
brothkr,  a  distinguished  officer  of 
the  British  navy,  b.  1785;  d.  1862. 
During  his  naval  career  he  was  67 
times  in  action  upon  sea  and  land. 

CARSON,  Christopher,  b.  1801),  in 
Kentucky,  better  known  as  Kit.  trap- 
per, hunter,  guide  to  Fremont,  lieuten- 
ant in  the  rifle  corps   in   1847,  Indian 


agent  in  New  Mexico,  and  for  his  im- 
portant   services  during  the   civil    war 
brevetted  brigadier-general.     D.  1868. 
CAR  TIER,  Sin  George  Etik.n.ne,  a 

Canadian  statesman,  descendant  of 
Jacques  Cartier,  b.  1814,  educated  to 
the  bar,  was  attorney-general  of  Lower 
Canada,  and  subsequently  Prime  Minis- 
ter. He  represented  Montreal  in  the 
Canadian  parliament,  and  as  leader  of 
the  French  Canadian  conservative  party 
carried  through  some  important  meas- 
ures. On  the  formation  of  the  Domin- 
ion government  in  18  17  he  was  ap- 
pointed minister  of  militia  in  the  new 
cabinet.     1).  in  England,  1873. 

CAKTWRIGHT,  Peter,  an  Ameri- 
can preacher,  b.  in  Virginia,  1785, 
joined  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church, 
and  in  his  long  career  as  a  frontier 
clergyman  preached  about  15,000  ser- 
mons. He  published  two  volumes  of 
autobiography.     D.  in  Illinois,  1872. 

CARL'S,  Karl  Gustav,  physician 
and  scientist,  and  a  good  painter  and 
engraver,  b.  in  Leipsic,  1789.  He  pub- 
lished many  works,  and  received  a  prize 
from  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences 
for  his  discovery  of  the  circulation  of 
blood  in  insects.  He  was  physician  to 
the  king  of  Saxon v,  and  died  in  Dres- 
den, 1869. 

CARY,  Alice,  an  American  poetess 
and  novelist,  b.  in  Ohio,  1820,  published 
her  first  poems  at  Cincinnati  at  the  age 
of  18.  In  1850,  with  her  sister  Pheebe 
she  removed  to  New  York,  and  became 
a  popular  contributor  to  the  leading  pe- 
riodicals. In  1851  she  published  the 
first  series  of  "  Clovernook  Paners  "  — 
and  the  second  in  1853.  They  met 
with  great  success.  A  complete  edition 
of  her  poems  appeared  in  1855.  She 
wrote  "Married  not  Mated  "  and  other 
novels,  and  several  volumes  forchildren. 
D.  Feb.  12,  1871.  —  Piuebe,  her  sister, 
b.  1824,  was  also  a  poetess,  and  besides 
her  contributions  to  "The  Poems  of 
Alice  and  Pheebe  Cary,"  issued  in 
Philadelphia  in  1849,  wrote  largely  for 
the  periodicals  and  published  her  col- 
lected poems  in  1854  and  1858.  She 
wrote  a  large  portion  of  the  hymns  in 
Dr.  Deems's  collection.  D.  July  31, 
1871. 

CASS,  Lewis,  an  American  states- 
man, b.  in  Exeter,  N.  H.,  1782;  d.  in 
Detroit,  Michigan,  1866.  His  father 
was  a  major  in  the  army,  and  removed 
to  Ohio,  where  Lewis  studied  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1802,  com- 
mencing practice  at  Zanesville.  After 
serving  in  the  legislature  and  as  state» 


56 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPHY. 


[CA3 


marshal,  he  entered  (he  military-  service 
in  the  war  of  1812,  was  a  colonel  of  vol- 
unteers at  the  time  of  the  surrender  of 
General  Hall,  and  with  the  rank  of 
brigadier-geueral  was  in  command  of 
Michigan  at  the  close  of  the  campaign. 
In  1813  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
the  territory,  and  remained  for  eighteen 
years  governor  and  ex-ojficio  superin- 
tendent of  Indian  affairs.  During  this 
period  he  negotiated  many  important 
treaties,  resulting  in  cessions  of  vast 
tracts  of  territory.  In  1820  he  explored 
with  Schoolcraft  and  others  the  upper 
lakes  and  the  headwaters  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. He  contributed  several  articles 
on  subjects  connected  with  these  explo- 
rations to  the  "North  American  Re- 
view.'' In  1831,  President  Jackson 
called  him  to  the  war  department,  and 
in  1836  sent  him  as  minister  to  France. 
Here  he  was  on  intimate  relations  with 
Louis  Philippe,  and  wrote  a  work  an 
the  ''King,  Court,  and  Government  of 
France,"'  that  was  esteemed  somewhat 
eulogistic.  His  attack  on  the  quintuple 
treaty  for  the  suppression  of  the  slave 
trade  led  to  his  resignation  in  1842. 
In  1845  he  was  elected  U.  S.  senator 
from  Michigan,  and  resigned  this  office 
in  1818,  when  he  became  the  unsuccess- 
ful Democratic  candidate  for  the  presi- 
dency against  General  Taylor.  In  1849 
he  was  reelected  to  the  U.  S.  senate  for 
the  remainder  of  his  original  term.  He 
opposed  the  Wilmot  proviso,  in  spite  of 
instructions,  and  in  1850  supported  Mr. 
Clay's  compromise  measures,  though 
not  voting  for  the  fugitive  slave  bill.  He 
was  reelected  to  the  U.  S.  seoate  and 
was  again  a  candidate  for  the  Democrat- 
ic nomination  to  the  presidency  in  1852, 
but  failed  to  receive  it.  In  1854  he  voted 
for  Douglas's  Kansas-Nebraska  bill,  re- 
pealing the  Missouri  compromise.  On 
Mr.  Buchanan's  election  to  the  presi- 
dency in  1857,  Mr.  Cass  was  made 
secretary  of  state.  When  Mr.  Buchanan 
declined  to  take  the  necessary  steps  to 
resist  impending  secession,  Mr.  Cass 
promptly  resigned  his  office,  and  dur- 
ing the  war  that  followed  sympathized 
heartily  with  the  cause  of  the  Union 
and  lived  to  rejoice  in  its  triumph.  He 
was  a  writer  and  speaker  of  much  abil- 
ity but  was  charged  as  a  public  man 
with  an  infirmity  of  purpo-e  that  ren- 
dered his  public  acts  somewhat  incon- 
sistent. —  Thomas,  b.  in  Framley,  Ire- 
land, 1821  distinguished  himself  as  the 
colonel  of  the  Massachusetts  9th  regi- 
ment, a  gallant  body  of  Irish  citizens 
who  were  among  the  first  to  respond  to 


the  call  of  the  government  for  volun- 
teers in  the  suppression  of  the  great 
rebellion.  He  d  in  July,  1862,  from 
a  wound  received  while  bravely  leading 
his  men  in  one  of  the  battles  before 
Richmond. 

CASSIDY,  William,  a  distinguished 
Democratic  editor,  b.  in  Albany,  N.  Y., 
1814,  studied  law  and  in  1841  became 
editor  of  the  Albany  "  Atlas,"  then  es- 
tablished as  the  organ  of  the  Barn  limn- 
ers. The  struggle  between  this  wing 
of  the  Democrats  and  the  Hunkers  cul- 
minated in  1848,  when  Van  Buren  and 
Cass  were  the  presidential  candidates 
of  the  respective  parties.  In  185!J  the 
warfare  ceased  and  the  "Atlas"  was 
united  with  the  "  Argus,"  the  Hunker 
organ,  from  which  Edwin  Creswel] 
had  retired  some  time  previously.  For 
more  than  thirty  years  Mr.  Cassidy  was 
a  power  in  the  politics  of  New  York  as 
an  editor  with  no  aspirations  for  office, 
and  with  an  ability  which  placed  him 
at  the  head  of  the  Democratic  press.  D. 
1873. 

CASSIN,  John,  b.  in  Philadelphia  in 
1813,  published  important  works  on  the 
ornithology  of  North  America,  and  on 
the  ornithology  of  the  exploring  expe- 
dition under  Lieut.  Wilkes.     D.  1809. 

CASTANOS,  Gknikal,  duke  of 
Baylen,  a  Spanish  soldier,  one  of  the 
most  conspicuous  of  the  commanders 
who  acted  with  Wellington  during  the 
peninsular  war.     B.  1757;  d.  1852. 

CASTELLIJ  Ignaz  Fhikdkich,  a  dra- 
matic author,  b.  at  Vienna,  1781,  com- 
menced his  career  by  adapting  French 
pieces  to  tlie  Austrian  stage.  This  he 
did  with  an  increasing  reputation,  when 
in  1809  he  obtained  wide  celebrity  by 
Ins  war  songs,  which  were  distributed 
broadcast  by  the  government  in  the 
army.  His  travels  i^ave  him  opportuni- 
ties for  stiuh  ing  life  and  manners,  and 
he  translated  or  adapted  a  hundred 
plays,  attaining  the  myne  and  fame  of 
a  German  Scribe.     D.  1862. 

CASTILLA,  Don  Ramon,  a  Pe- 
ruvian soldier,  b.  1795,  fought  in  the 
war  of  his  country's  independence,  and 
in  1845  was  elected  president  of  Peru, 
and  with  the  exception  of  an  interval  of 
four  rears,  held  the  office  bv  election  or 
usurpation  till  1862.     D.  1837. 

CASTRO,  Henry,  b.  in  France,  178G, 
was  naturalized  in  the  United  States, 
and  afterwards  became  consul  general 
of  the  republic  of  Texas  in  Paris.  Hav- 
ing received  a  grant  of  land  in  Texas, 
he  sent  out  numerous  colonists,  chiefly 
Alsatians,  who  settled  what  was  after- 


CAV] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOG15APHY. 


r>7 


wards  Medina  county.     D.  in  Mexico, 
1801. 

CASWALL.  Rrcv.  IIicxry,  li.  in  Eng- 
land, 181',  took  li  is.  degrees  at  Kenvon 
college,  Ohio,  ami  after  having  been  en- 
gaged as  clergyman  and  professor  in 
the  United  States,  returned  to  England 
and  became  prebendary  of  Salisbury 
cathedral,  lie  wrote  "  America  and  the 
American  Church,"  "The  City  of  the 
Mormons,"  "The  Western  World  Re- 
visited," "  The  American  Church  and 
the  American  Union,"  and  other  works. 
D.  1871. 

CAT  HCART,  Sin  George,  a  British 
general,  b.  1704.  He  served  as  aid  to 
Wellington  at  Waterloo.  In  18:J7  he 
was  placed  in  command  of  the  British 
forces  south  of  the  St  Lawrence,  in 
Canada,  and  subsequently  assumed  the 
governorship  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
He  fell  at  the  battle  of  Inkerman,  1854. 
CATLIX,  Gkokgk,  b.  J 700  in  Penn- 
sylvania, studied  and  practised  law  in 
Connecticut,  and  afterwards  devoted 
himself  lo  painting.  He  spent  eight 
years  in  visiting  the  Indian  tribes,  and 
painting  portraits  and  Indian  scenes, 
and  in  1840  took  them  to  Europe.  In 
Loudon  be  published  a  work  in  two 
volumes  with  300  steel  engravings  il- 
lustrative of  Indian  Customs  and  Man- 
ners ;  a  portfolio  of  25  hunting  scenes; 
and  in  1848  notes  of  his  travels  in  Eu- 
rope with  his  Indian  Gallery.  U.  in 
New  Jersev,  1872. 

CA'I  RON,  John,  b.  in  Virginia,  1778, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Tennessee, 
served  under  Jackson  at  New  Orleans, 
and  was  by  him,  in  1837,  made  associ- 
ate justice  of  the  United  States  supreme 
court.  He  was  loyal  to  the  Union  dur- 
ing the  civil  war,  and  died  in  Nashville, 
1805. 

CATTERMOLE,  George,  an  Eng- 
lish water-color  painter,  b.  1708,  was  a 
regular  contributor  for  20  years  to  the 
exhibition  of  the  Societv  of  Painters  in 
water-colors.  His  subjects  are  scenes 
from  English  history,  Scott's  novels 
and  poems,  and  Shakespeare's  plays. 
He  contributed  the  designs  in  illustra- 
tion of  his  brother's  "  History  of  the 
Civil  Wars,"  which  manifest  in  a  re- 
markable manner  the  versatility  of  his 
genius.     D.  1868. 

CAUMONT,  AncrssE  he.  a  French 
archaeologist,  b.  18)2,  published  in  18-10 
the  first  volume  of  his  "  Cours  d'Anti- 
quites  Monumentales,"  which  extended 
to  ten  volumes,  richly  illustrated  with 
engravings.  His  work  on  the  -i  Rudi- 
ments of  Archaeology"  is  esteemed  the 


best  textbook  of  mediaeval  architec- 
ture. He  was  the  author,  also,  of 
a  "  History  of  Art  in  the  West  of 
France,"  in  six  volumes,  and  was  edi- 
tor of  the  ''  ISulletiu  Monumental," 
published  by  the  Society  for  the  pres- 
ervation of  Historical  Monuments.  D. 
187.!. 

CAUSSIN  DE  PERCEVAL,  Ar- 
mani) Pierre,  an  eminent  French 
orientalist,  b.  in  Paris,  1705,  d.  1872. 
CAUTLEY,  Sin  Pro  by  I  homas,  an 
English  engineer,  b.  1802,  employed  l>y 
the  government  in  India,  where  lie  pro- 
jected and  completed  the  Ganges  canal*. 
He  presented  a  collection  of  fossil  mam- 
malia to  the  British  museum,  and  wrote 
on  Hindoo  palaeontology.     1>  1871. 

CAVAIGNAC,  Louis  Euoknk,  a 
French  general,  b.  in  Paris,  18.12,  edu- 
cated at  the  polytechnic  school,  entered 
the  army  as  lieutenant,  1827.  He 
served  many  years  with  distinction,  a 
great  part  of  the  time  in  Africa;  at- 
tained the  rank  of  brigadier-general; 
and  (1848)  was  made  governor-general 
of  Algeria,  and  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
general  of  division.  The  same  year  he 
returned  to  Paris,  where  he  arrived  two 
days  after  the  disturbances  of  May  15, 
and  was  immediately  appointed  minis- 
ter of  war.  During  the  siege  of  Paris, 
in  the  following  June,  the  national  as- 
sembly appointed  him  dictator,  and  on 
his  resignation  when  quiet  was  restored, 
unanimously  elected  him  chief  of  the 
executive  power.  When  the  presiden- 
tial election  came  on,  he  was  the  candi- 
date of  the  middle-class  republicans  ; 
but  was  defeated  by  Louis  Napoleon  by 
an  immense  majority.  On  the  coup  d' 
etai  of  1851  he  was  arrested  and  thrown 
into  prison.  After  his  release  he  lived 
in  retirement  at  his  country  seat,  refus- 
ing to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the 
emperor  for  the  sake  of  any  public  office. 
1).  suddenly,  1857. 

CAVOUK,  Count  Camii.le  i>e,  an 
Italian  statesman,  wash,  at  Turin,  1800'. 
He  first  became  known  as  one  of  the 
founders  of  "II  Risnrgimento,"  a  jour- 
nal of  liberal  polities,  established  in 
1847.  He  entered  the  Sardinian  cham- 
ber of  deputies  in  1840,  and  succeeded 
Santa  Rosa  as  minister  of  commerce 
and  agriculture.  In  1851  he  was  also 
intrusted  with  the  "  .Ministry  of  Fi- 
nance;" and  in  1852  he  succeeded  the 
Marquis  d'Azeglio  as  president  of  the 
council.  In  1855  he  brought  about  the 
accession  of  Piedmont  to  the  Anglo- 
French  alliance,  and  dispatched  Sardin- 
ian troops  to  share  in  the  Crimean  ex- 


58 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CHA 


pedition.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
peace  conferences  at  Paris,  and  there 
called  the  attention  of  the  great  Euro- 
pean powers  to  the  cause  of  Italy.  He 
concluded  the  alliance,  in  1859,  between 
France  and  Sardinia  for  the  deliverance 
of  the  peninsula  from  the  domination 
of  Austria;  and  in  July  of  that  year, 
in  consequence  of  the  French  emperor's 
sudden  termination  of  the  campaign 
against  Austria,  he  resigned  his  office. 
In  January,  1880,  he  again  assumed 
the  presidency  of  the  council,  and  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  department  of 
foreign  affairs,  as  well  as  of  the  interior. 
His  masterly  management  secured  the 
recognition  of  the  principle  of  Italian 
unity;  and  in  March,  1802,  he  presented 
to  anew  parliament  a  bill  constituting 
the  new  monarchy,  under  the  title  of 
the  kingdom  of  Italy.  He  d.  after  a 
short  illness,  at  Turin,  June  0,  1802. 

CESARE,  GlUSEPPK,  an  Italian  his- 
torian, b.  in  Naples,  1783  ;  d.  1850.  For 
several  vears  he  edited  a  periodical  en- 
titled "  ll  l'rogresso."  He  wrote  a  his- 
tory of  the  Lombard  league.  But  his 
must  important  production  is  his  "  Sto- 
ria  di  Manfredi  re  di  Sicilia  e  di  Pug- 
lia,"  which  appeared  in  1837. 

CHAMBERLAYNE,  Capt.  D.  T.,  one 
of  the  leaders  of  the  six  hundred  in 
the  "death-charge"  at  Balaklava.  He 
rode  up  to  the  guns  on  Cardigan's  right 
hand,  and  on  lighting  his  way  out  with 
the  few  survivors  his  horse  was  shot 
three  times  through  the  body  before  he 
fell.  His  rider  disengaged  the  saddle 
and  holster,  though  roundshot  and  shell 
from  the  Russian  batteries  were  plough- 
ing up  the  ground  about  him,  and  with 
them  on  his  arm,  coolly  walked  up  to 
the  rising  ground  where  his  comrades 
had  halted  and  formed  up.  L>.  1873, 
aged  50  vears. 

CHAMBERS,  John,  b.  in  New  Jer- 
sey, 1770,  removed  at  an  early  age  to 
Kv.,  and  commenced  the  practice  of 
law  in  Mason  county.  He  was  a  vol- 
unteer aid  to  Gen.  Harrison  at  the  bat- 
tle of  the  Thames  in  1813.  On  the  ele- 
vation of  the  latter  to  the  presidency 
in  1840,  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
Iowa.  He  was  also  a  member  of  con- 
gress, first  in  1828,  and  afterwards 
from  1836  to  1840.  U.  near  Paris, 
Kv.,  1852. — Robiciit,  b.  at  Peebles  in 
1802,  at  the  age  of  16  opened  a  book- 
stall in  Edinburgh,  in  1823  wrote  "Il- 
lustrations of  the  Author  of  Waverlev," 
in  1825  his  "Traditions  of  Edinburgh," 
and  in  rapid  succession  other  works 
illustrative  of  the  history  and  topogra- 


phs of  Scotland.  With  his  elder  brother 
William,  he  established  in  1832  the 
"  Edinburgh  Journal,"  which  imme- 
diately attained  a  circulation  of  50,000 
copies,  and  led  to  the  formation  of  the 
publishing  firm  of  the  two  brothers, 
which  has  become  one  of  the  most  ex- 
tensive and  important  publishing  houses 
in  the  world.  In  1834  they  began  the 
publication  of  "Information  for  the 
People,"  which  reached  an  average  sale 
of  100,000  copies  a  number.  They  were 
pioneers  in  cheap  literature.  Besides 
the  many  works  published  under  his 
name,  Robert  is  said  to  have  been  the^ 
author  of  "Vestiges  of  the  Natural  His- 
torv  of  Creation."     D.  1871. 

CHAMIER,  Capt.  Fhkdkhick,  b.  in 
London,  1700,  entered  the  English  navy 
in  1800,  and  served  in  the  war  with  the 
United  States.  The  success  of  Marrv- 
att's  sea-novels  induced  him  to  try  his 
hand  at  a  similar  style  of  composition, 
and  he  produced  a  series  of  novels  that 
were  well  received  at  home,  and  in  the 
German  translations  were  very  popular 
on  the  continent.  Among  his  tales  are 
"  Hen  Brace,"  "The  Life  of  a  Sailor," 
"The  Arethusa,"  and  "Passion  and 
Principle."  He  was  in  Paris  during 
the  revolution  of  1848,  and  published 
an  account  of  it.     D.  1870. 

CHAMPLIN,  Stephen,  commodore 
in  the  U.  S.  navy,  b.  1780,  was  ap- 
pointed a  sailing-master  in  1812,  and 
commanded  the  Scorpion  in  the  battle 
of  Lake  Frio,  where  he  tired  the  first 
and  last  shot  on  the  American  side.  He 
was  made  commodore  in  1802.    D.  1870. 

CHAMPOLLION-FIGEAC,  Jkas 
Jacques,  a  French  archaeologist,  b. 
1778,  became  keeper  of  the  MSS.  in 
the  royal  library  at  Paris,  and  in  1840 
librarian  at  Fontainebleau.  He  edited 
scores  of  volumes  on  the  antiquities 
and  history  of  Prance,  and  after  the 
death  of  his  brother,  the  celebrated 
Egyptologist,  assisted  in  the  publica- 
tion of  tlie  materials  of  his  "Travels," 
in  four  vols,  folio,  of  his  "  Hieroglyph- 
ical  Dictionary,"  and  other  works.  D. 
1807. 

CHANG  and  ENG,  the  Siamese 
twins,  b.  at  Bangesau,  Siam,  April  15, 
1811 ;  d.  near  Mount.  Airy,  N.  C,  Jan- 
uary 17,  1874.  They  were  connected 
by  "a  fleshy  and  partly  cartilaginous 
band  extending  from  the  ensiform  car- 
tilages of  the  breast  bones  down  to  a 
point  below  the  navel  of  each.  They 
came  to  the  United  States  in  1820,  and 
were  publicly  exhibited  here  and  in 
|  Europe  for  25  years.     Having  accumu- 


cha] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


59 


lafed  a  fortune  of  some  $80,000,  they 
settled  as  fanners  in  North  Carolina, 
and  at  the  a<je  of  about  44  married  two 
sisters,  by  whom  they  had  a  number  of 
children,  eight  of  whom,  with  t lie  two 
widows,  survived  them.  They  lost  a 
part  of  their  property  during  the  civil 
war.  and  again  resorted  to  public  exhi- 
bition to  regain  it,  but  without  much 
success.  Chang  died  first,  probably 
from  congestion  of  the  lungs,  and  Eng 
in  about  two  hours  and  a  half  after- 
wards. The  bodies  were  taken  to  Phil- 
adelphia and  carefully  examined  b}'  a 
corps  of  eminent  physicians.  The  num- 
ber of  these  double  monsters  on  record 
does  not  exceed  six,  and  n<  ne  of  them 
were  united  in  the  same  manner  or  at- 
tained s»ch  an  aire. 

CHANGARNIEB,  Nicholas  Anne 
Thkohllk,  a  celebrated  French  gen- 
eral, b.  at  Autun,  1793,  graduated  at 
the  military  school  of  St.  Cyr  in  1815. 
In  1830  he  was  sent  to  Africa,  where 
by  a  series  of  brilliant  actions  he  ob- 
tained rapid  promotions;  in  1843  was 
made  general  of  division.  In  1847  he 
was  put  in  command  of  the  division  of 
Algiers,  by  the  Due  d'Aumale,  and  in 
1848  returned  to  Paris,  where  he  as- 
sumed the  sole  military  command,  in 
aid  of  the  provisional  government. 
When  Louis  Napoleon  became  presi- 
dent, Changarnier  was  appointed  com- 
mander of  the  regular  troops  known  as 
the  army  of  Paris,  but  was  deprived  of 
his  command  in  1851,  and  on  the  even- 
ing of  the  cnup  d'etat  was  arrested  and 
conveyed  to  Mazas.  Afterwards  he 
was  formally  banished  from  France, 
and  resided  some  years  in  retirement 
in  Belgium.  After  the  general  amnesty 
of  185 J  he  returned.  On  the  outbreak 
of  the  war  with  Germany,  he  offered 
his  services  to  Marshal  Leboeuf,  but 
they  were  declined.  After  Sedan,  he 
was  shut  up  in  Metz  with  Bazaine,  and 
was  employed  in  the  negotiations  with 
Prince  Frederick  Charles  that  resulted 
in  the  capitulation.  For  some  time  he 
remained  prisoner  of  war  in  Germany, 
but  on  the  conc'usion  of  the  armistice 
he  returned  to  Paris.  In  1871  he  was 
elected  to  the  National  Assembly,  and 
greatly  assisted  M.  Thiers  in  the  re- 
organization of  the  annv.     D.  1877. 

(MANNING,  Edward  Tykrkl,  b. 
in  Newport,  R.  I.,  1790,  commenced  the 
practice  of  the  law  in  Boston,  and  was 
an  earlv  and  a  frequent  contributor  to 
the  "North  American  Review''  In 
1819  he  was  appointed  Bovlston  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric  and  oratory  in  Har- 


vard College,  which  office  he  held  32 
years.    D.   1856. 

CHARLES  III.,  Duke  of  Parma, 
b.  1823,  succeeded  to  the  throne  in 
1849;  on  the  2Gth  March,  1854,  was 
stabbed  in  the  streets  of  Turin,  and  d. 
on  the  following  day. 

CHARLES  XV."  (Chahles  L<»ri9 
Eugexe),  king  of  Sweden  and  Nor- 
wav,  b.  1826,  succeeded  his  father,  Os- 
car I.,  18)9.     D.  1872. 

CHARI.ON,  .John  James,  a  dis- 
tinguished English  painter,  chiefly  of 
landscapes  and  marine  pictures.  D.  at 
an  advanced  age,  1854 

CHARRAS,  Jean  Baptiste 
Adolphk,  Ii.  1810,  a  French  officer 
and  political  writer,  gave  umbrage  to 
the  government  of  Louis  Philippe  by 
his  articles  in  the  "National/'  and  was 
afterwards  one  of  the  victims  of  the 
coup  d'i'tat.  From  the  prison  of  Ham, 
he  was  sent  to  Belgium,  and  expelled 
from  Belgium  at  the  instance  of  Na- 
poleon III.,  took  up  his  residence  finally 
in  Switzerland.  His  most  remarkable 
work  is  a  history  of  the  campaign  of 
1815,  containing  some  strictures  on  the 
military  operations  of  Napoleon  I.  D. 
1865. 

CHASE,  Philander,  D.  D.,  a  Prot- 
estant bishop,  b.  in  Cornish,  N.  H., 
1775,  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college, 
studied  theology  in  Albany,  and  was 
ordained  in  New  York  iii  1798.  In 
1817  he  went  to  Ohio  in  behalf  of  the 
Episcopal  church,  and  in  1819  was  con- 
secrated as  bishop  of  the  diocese  em- 
bracing that  state.  In  1823  he  visited 
Fngland  to  solicit  donations  with  which 
he  founded  Kenyon  college.  In  1835 
he  was  chosen  bishop  of  the  new  dio- 
cese of  Illinois.  He  visited  England 
again  in  behalf  of  Christian  education; 
and  founded  Jubilee  college,  in  Peoria 
countv,  III.,  where  he  spent  the  remain- 
der of  his  life.  D.  1852.  — Salmon 
Portland,  an  American  lawyer  and 
statesman,  b.  in  Cornish,  N.  11.,  Janu- 
ary 13,  1898,  received  his  early  instruc- 
tion from  his  uncle,  then  bishop  of  Ohio, 
and  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college 
in  1826.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
the  district  of  Columbia,  and  in  1830  es- 
tablished himself  at  Cincinnati.  His  first 
book  of  importance  was  an  edition  of 
the  statutes  of  Ohio,  with  a  prelimin  uy 
history  of  the  stale.  His  practice  in- 
creased rapidly.  In  18  57  he  commenced 
his  labors  in  defence  of  fugitive  slaves. 
In  1846  he  was  associated  with  YV.  H. 
Seward  as  defendant's  counsel  in  the 
Van  Zaudt  case,  ill  which  he  elaborated 


60 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGnAPIIY. 


[CHE 


tlie  doctrine  lie  had  previously  main- 
tained that  the  clause  of  the  constitu- 
tion relative  to  per  ons  held  to  service 
was  one  of  mere  compact  between  the 
states,  and  conferred  no  power  to  leg- 
islate on  the  subject.  He  took  an  active 
part  in  the  anti-slavery  conventions  at 
Columbus  in  1 841,  at  Buffalo  in  1843, 
at  Cincinnati  in  18-1.") ;  and  presided  over 
the  national  convention  held  at  Buffalo 
in  August,  1848,  that  nominated  Freesoil 
candidates  for  the  two  highest  offices  of 
the  Union.  In  184.1  he  was  chosen  U. 
S.  senator  by  a  coalition  of  the  Demo- 
cratic members  of  the  Ohio  legislature 
with  the  Fret-soil  members.  On  the 
nomination  of  Mr.  Pierce  in  1852  by  the 
Baltimore  Democratic  convention,  on  a 
platform  deprecating  the  anti-slavery 
agitation  and  approving  the  compro- 
mise measures  of  1850,  Mr.  Chase  se- 
ceded, and  advocated  the  formation  of 
an  independent  Democratic  party.  He 
had  previously  opposed  the  compromise 
measures  when  (hey  were  under  dis- 
cussion in  the  senate,  and  moved  an 
amendment  without  success.  In  1854 
he  opposed  with  great  hut  ineffectual 
ability  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  com- 
promise. In  1855  he  was  elected  gov- 
ernor of  Ohio,  and  reelected  by  an 
immense  majority.  lie  received  4!i 
votes  out  of  465  in  the  Republican  pres- 
idential convention  id'  18(50.  From  1851 
to  18J4  he  was  m  President  Lincoln's 
cabinet  as  secretary  of  the  treasury, 
and  devised  the  financial  measures 
which  enabled  the  government  to  crush 
the  rebellion.  In  1804  he  succeeded 
Mr.  Taney  as  chief  justice  of  the  United 
States  supreme  court,  and  in  that  ca- 
pacity presided  with  distinguished  fair 
ness  and  dignity  at  the  trial  of  President 
Johnson  on  the  articles  of  impeachment. 
Without  distinctly  seceding  from  the 
Republican  party,  he  became  a  candi- 
date for  the  presidential  nomination  of 
the  Democracy  in  1838,  an  1  received  in 
convention  4  votes  out  of  t;03.  In  1872 
he  wrote  a  congratulatory  letter  to  Mr. 
Greeley  on  his  nomination  to  the  presi- 
dency, but  took  no  active  part  in  the 
cauv'ass.     D.  in  New  York,  May  7,  1873 

CHASLES,       VlCToR         Fli'IlK.MloX 

Philahetk,  b.  17!J'J,  a  French  author, 
as  a  lad  entered  a  printing  office  anil 
was  involved  with  his  master  in  a  po- 
litical conspiracy  in  1815.  Sent  to 
prison,  lie  was  released  at  the  interven- 
tion of  Chateaubriand.  Finding  his 
way  to  England,  he  was  employed  by 
Valpy  on  his  edition  of  the  classics. 
He  lived  there  seven  years,  and  went 


thence  to  Germany,  and  has  done  much 
to  make  the  literature  of  those  nations 
known  to  his  countrymen.  There  are 
few  French  journals  to  which  he  has 
not  been  a  contributor,  and  his  work  on 
the  "Journal  des  Debats,"  ami  the 
"Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,"  led  to  his 
appointment  to  a  professorship  in  the 
college  of  France,  and  the  place  of 
director  in  the  Mazarine  library.  His 
literary  correspondence  extended  to  the 
journals  of  the  United  States  and  of 
Russia,  as  well  as  of  England.  He 
published  at  intervals  some  twenty  rel- 
umes of  Etudes,  and  edited  numerous 
works.     D.  1873. 

<  HASSFLOUP-LOUIUT,  Jistin- 
X.\iN>i.Ki).\-S.\.Mfi:L,  count  de,  h.  1805, 
a  French  statesman  ;  became  deputy, 
councillor  of  state,  minister  of  marine, 
president  of  flie  colonial  board,  and  in 
18iiJ  presided  over  the  council  of  state 
tiil  the  accession  of  Ollivier.  In  1871 
returned  again  to  the  assembly,  he 
wrote  an  important  report  on  the  organ- 
ization of  the  arinv.      D.  1873. 

C  H  A  U  V  K  N  FT, '  W 1 1  a  a  a  m  ,  a  n  A  mer- 
ican  astronomer,  b.  1820,  graduated  at 
Yale  eollege,  was  associated  with  Pro- 
fessor Bache  at  the  Girard  college,  was 
professor  of  mathematics  in  the  naval 
school  of  Annapolis,  and  afterwards  at 
the  Washington  university  of  S  .  Louis, 
where  he  was  made  chancellor.  He 
wrote  a  treatise  on  "Practical  anil 
Spherical  Trigonometry,"  and  made 
many  valuable  contributions  to  practi- 
cal scientific  knowledge.     D.  1870. 

CHESEBRO',  Cakouxk,  b.  1825; 
an  American  authoress,  contributed  sto- 
ries and  -ketches  to  numerous  periodi- 
cals, and  published  "Dreamland  by 
Daylight,"  ''The  Beautiful  Gate,"  and 
several  other  volumes,  that  gained  her 
the  reputation  of  a  pure  and  effective 
writer,     D.  1873. 

L'HERI,  Rusk  Ma  hi  a  Cizos,  a  suc- 
cessful French  actress,  b.  1824:  d.  1861. 
CHES.NEY.  Francis  Rawimui,  a 
British  general;  b.  in  Ireland,  178J,  en- 
tered the  artillery  service,  and  under- 
took to  solve  the  problem  of  regular 
steam  communication  with  India.  In 
1835-30  he  accomplished  his  famous, 
Euphrates  expedition.  He  published, 
in  1850,  his  "Survey  of  the  Tigris  and 
Fuphrates,"  and  in  1852  his  "Observa- 
tions on  the  Past  and  Present  State  of 
Fire  Arms."     1).  1872. 

CHETHAM- STRODE,  Sir  Ed- 
ward, a  British  admiral,  distinguished 
by  his  services  at  Genoa,  Toulon,  Daut- 
zig,  and  Algiers.     B.  1775  ;  d.  1802. 


chr] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


61 


CHEVES,  Lanodon,  an  American 
statesman,  h.  at  Rocky  River,  S.  C, 
1776;  practised  law,  ami  at  an  early 
age  served  in  the  general  assembly  of 
his  state.  From  181 1  to  1816  he  was  a 
representative  in  congress,  where  he 
held  the  position  of  speaker  of  the  house 
during  the  second  session  of  the  13th 
congress.  Declining  a  reelection,  he 
was  chosen  one  of  the  judges  of  the  su 
perior  courts  of  South  Carolina.  In 
1811)  he  was  made  president  of  the  bank 
of  the  United  States.  On  his  resigna- 
tion of  this  office  he  became  chief  com- 
missioner under  the  treaty  of  Ghent, 
and  after  executing  his  duties  in  that 
capacity,  he  declined  to  accept  any 
further  public  trust,  but  devoted  him- 
self to  the  care  of  his  plantation.  As 
earlv  as  1830  he  declared  himself  in 
favor  of  a  southern  confederacy.  He 
was  a  delegate  to  the  Nashville  conven- 
tion in  1851),  and  a  member  of  the  South 
Carolina  convention  of  1832.  D.  at  Co- 
lumbia, S.  ( :.,  1857. 

CHICKFR1NG,  Jesse,  b.  1798,  an 
American  statistician.  He  studied  the- 
ologv,  and  afterwards  medicine;  but 
retired  from  the  profession  and  devoted 
himself  to  statistics.  lie  published 
works  on  the  "  Population  of  Massa- 
chusetts," on  "  Immigration  into  the 
United  States,"  and  numerous  valuable 
reports  and  articles.  I).  1855. — Jonas, 
an  American  mechanic,  celebrated  for 
his  skill  and  enterprise  in  the  manufac- 
ture and  improvement  of  piauo-t'ortes, 
was  b.  at  New  Ipswich,  N.  H.,  1798; 
and  d.  at  Boston,  1853. 

CHILDS,  Thomas,  brigadier-general 
of  the  United  States  armv.  b.  at  Pitts- 
lield,  Mass.,  1796,  graduated  at  West 
Point,  distinguished  himself  at  Niagara 
and  Fort  Erie,  and  in  the  Florida  and 
Mexican  wars.     I).  1853. 

CHOATF,  Rufus.  an  American  advo- 
cate, b.  in  Fssex,  Mass.,  1799,  graduated 
at  Dartmouth  college,  1819,  studied  a 
few  months  in  the  Cambridge  law 
school,  and  went  to  Washington,  where 
he  was  for  about  a  year  in  the  office  of 
William  Wirt.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1821,  and  began  to  practise  law 
in  Danvers  Mass  ,  but  soon  removed  to 
Salem.  His  success  was  marked,  and 
be  rapidly  acquired  a  brilliant  reputa- 
tion. He  was  elected  to  the  legislature, 
and  served  one  year  in  each  branch. 
In  1832  he  was  elected  to  the  U.  S. 
bouse  of  representatives.  After  serving 
acceptably  for  one  term,  he  declined  a 
reelection,  removed  to  Boston,  and  took 
rank  at  once  among  the  leaders  of  the 


bar.  For  the  next  eight  years  he  toiled 
assiduously,  winning  a  succession  of 
forensic  triumphs.  In  1841  he  was 
elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate  in  place  of 
Mr.  Webster,  who  had  entered  I  he  cab- 
inet. At  the  close  of  his  term,  in  1845, 
he  resumed  his  labors  at  the  bar,  from 
which  he  was  never  again  diverted  ex- 
cept by  the  occasional  delivery  of  a 
public  address.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  state  constitutional  convention  in 
1853,  and  was  for  some  years  one  of 
the  regents  of  the  Smithsonian  institu- 
tion. In  politics  he  was  a  Whig  of  the 
old  school,  and  when  that  party  ceased 
to  exist,  he  never  entered  heartily  into 
any  new  political  organization.  Worn 
down  by  overwork,  he  embarked  for 
Europe  in  July,  1859,  but  he  was  obliged 
to  leave  the  steamer  at  Halifax,  where 
he  d.  soon  after  his  arrival. 

CHORLFY,  Henry  Fothkrgill, 
b.  1808,  was  a  few  years  in  a  mer- 
chant's counting-room  in  Liverpool,  but 
in  1831  went  to  London,  where  he  be- 
came and  remained  for  35  years  the 
sincere  and  impartial  musical  critic  of 
the  "Athenaeum."  He  also  wrote  sev- 
eral novels,  two  original  opera  books 
("White  Magic"  and  the  ''Amber 
Witch"),  some  twenty  paraphrased 
from  the  French,  Italian,  and  German, 
and  about  a  hundred  songs.  The 
work  by  which  he  will  be  remembered 
is  his  "  Autobiography."     D   1872. 

CHOULES,  Johx'Ovekton,  D.D., 
a  baptist  clergyman,  b.  in  Bristol,  Eng- 
land, 1801.  came  to  America  in  1821; 
was  principal  of  an  academy  about  two 
years,  and  afterwards  was  the  pastor  of 
churches  in  Rhode  Island,  New  York, 
ami  Massachusetts.  He  was  author  and 
editor  of  several  volumes,  principally 
historical  works.  He  d.  in  New  York, 
1856. 

CHRZANOWSKI,  Adalbert,  a 
Polish  general,  b.  1783  ;  d.  at  Paris, 
1831.  He  served  in  the  French  artil- 
lery under  Napoleon.  Returning  to 
Poland,  he  joined  the  army.  In  1830 
he  participated  in  the  patriotic  rising  of 
his  countrymen,  was  intrusted  with  the 
command  of  the  fortress  of  Modlin,  and 
was  chief  of  the  staff  of  Skrvznecki, 
the  Polish  generalissimo.  He  took  part 
in  all  the  principal  conflicts.  As  gov- 
ernor of  Warsaw  he  was  suspected  by 
the  Poles  of  treason  to  their  cause.  Ha 
went  to  Paris,  but  the  Polish  exiles 
shunned  him,  and  he  remained  in  ob- 
scurity until  1849,  when  the  king 
of  Sardinia  invited  him  to  undertake 
the   reorganization  of  the  Piedmontese 


62 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CLA 


army.  Here  he  was  again  suspected  of 
treachery,  more  particularly  in  con- 
nection with  the  defeat  at  Novara.     He 

returned  to  Paris  in  1850,  and  was  not 
afterwards  employed. 

CHURCH,  Sir  Richard,  a  Greek 
general  of  British  origin,  b.  1780,  en- 
tered the  British  army  in  1800,  and 
passed  into  the  service  of  the  king  of 
Naples.  He  joined  the  Greeks  in  their 
struggle  for  independence,  and  was 
made  generalissimo  of  their  laud  forces, 
an  ollice  which  lie  resigned  at  the  end 
of  the  war.  On  the  assassination  of' 
Capo  d'lstrias,  in  1831,  he  was  again 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  army.  He 
was  made  councillor  by  king  (Mho,  and 
was  subsequently  a  member  of  the  sen- 
ate, taking  part  in  their  deliberations 
down  to  the  time  of  his  death,  in  1873. 

CIBRARIO,  Luigi,  b.  1802  in  Tu- 
rin, acquired  early  distinction  by  his 
writings,  and  was  employed  on  several 
diplomatic  missions.  In  1848  he  was 
member  of  the  senate,  and  on  the  abdi- 
cation of  Charles  Albert  was  sent  by 
his  colleagues  to  Oporto  to  induce  him 
to  return  to  his  throne,  of  which  mis- 
sion he  published  a  most  interesting 
narrative.  He  was  several  times  in  the 
cabinet  of  Victor  Emanuel,  in  18G0  as 
minister  of  state.  He  wrote  many  lit- 
erary and  historical  works,  and  edited 
with  valuable  notes  and  comments  many 
of  the  old  Italian  authors.     D.  1870. 

CICOGNA,  Emmanuel  Antonio, 
b.  178J  in  Venice,  published  many  vol- 
umes in  illustration  of  her  historv,  and 
d.  there,  1868. 

CLAPAREDE,  Edouard,  b.  1802  in 
Switzerland,  was  sometime  professor  of 
comparative  anatomy  at  Geneva,  and 
published  manv  works  on  natural  sci- 
ence.    1).  1871'. 

CLAPISSON,  Louis,  b.  1808  at  Na 
pies,  of  French  parents,  went  to  Paris 
in  1810,  began  with  the  study  of  the 
violin,  but  soon  made  his  debut  as  a 
composer  of  fugitive  pieces  and  ro- 
mances which  gave  him  reputation. 
His  first  comic  opera,  in  live  acts,  "La 
Figurante,"  was  a  great  success,  and 
from  this  time  his  productions  were 
numerous.     1).  18(3(i. 

CLAIM',  TiiKODnitK,  b.  in  Massachu- 
setts-, 1702,  graduated  at  Yale  college, 
studied  theology,  and  was  settled  as  a 
Presbyterian  clergyman  in  New  Or- 
leans. He  became  Unitarian,  and  car- 
ried most  of  his  congregation  with  him 
to  his  new  church.  In  1858  he  pub- 
lished an  autobiography.     D.  1866. 

CLARE,  John,  the  poet  peasant  of 


Northamptonshire,  b.  1703,  was  the  son 
of  a  day  laborer,  and  by  work  at  extra 
hours  earned  money  enough  to  pay  for 
such  schooling  as  would  enable  him 
to  read  "Robinson  Crusoe."  Thirteen 
years  he  composed  verses  for  his  own 
gratification,  when  he  was  induced  to 
print,  by  subscription  his  "  Poems  de- 
scriptive of  Rural  Life  and  Scenery." 
Soon  after  he  went  to  London,  where 
he  was  lionized  extensively,  and  intro- 
duced to  the  brilliant  club  of  writers  that 
edited  the  ''London  Magazine."  His 
poems  were  praised  by  Gilford,  set  to 
music  by  Rossini,  and  recited  by  .Madam 
Vestris.  A  fund  was  raised  for  him 
sufficient  to  produce  an  annual  income 
of  £45.  In  1821  '-The  Village  Minstrel 
and  other  Poems"  appeared.  After- 
wards he  contributed  short  pieces  to 
the  periodicals,  and  in  1827  published 
"The  Shepherd's  Calendar,  with  Vil- 
lage Stories  and  other  Poems."  His 
last  work,  entitled  "The  Rural  Muse," 
appeared  in  1835.  Clare  at  one  time 
engaged  in  fanning,  with  ill  success, 
and,  amidst  accumulating  difficulties, 
he  sank  into  nervous  despondency  and 
despair.  D.  in  a  lunatic  asylum  in 
1864. 

CLARENDON,  George  William 
Frederic  Villiers,  an  English  states- 
man, b.  1800,  studied  at  Cambridge, 
and  entered  the  diplomatic  service. 
He  was  minister  at  Madrid,  1833- 
30.  On  his  accession  to  the  earldom 
he  returned  to  England,  and  in  1840 
was  appointed  lord  privy  seal.  In 
1847  he  became  lord  lieutenant  of 
Ireland,  and  continued  so  till  1852. 
He  was  secretary  of  foreign  affairs  in 
1853,  and  held  the  office  alter  the  fall 
of  the  Aberdeen  ministry,  till  the  re- 
tirement of  Palmerston  in  1858.  In 
1865  he  again  became  foreign  secre- 
tary, and  continued  so  till  ihe  forma- 
tion ot  the  Derby  ministry  in  I860.  He 
held  the  same  position  in  the  Gladstone 
ministry  from  1858  till  his  death.  In 
1859  he  concluded  the  Johnson-Clar- 
endon treaty  with  the  United  States, 
which  was  rejected  bv  the  senate.  U. 
1870. 

CLARK,  Davis  Wasgatt,  b.  1812, 
was  some  time  president  of  Ainenia 
seminary,  and  from  1850  editor  of  the 
"Ladies'  Repository,"  and  of  the  vol- 
umes issued  by  the  Methodist  Rook 
Concern  of  Cincinnati.  He  wrote  the 
"  Life  and  Times  of  Bishop  Heading," 
and  several  other  works.  In  1804  he 
was  elected  bishop.  D.  1871.— Lhwia 
Gavlord,  b.  1810,  in  1834  became  ed 


ci.a] 


CYCLOPyKDrA    OF    BIOGRAIMIY. 


03 


itorof  (he  "Knickerbocker  Magazine, " 

and  remained  so  for  a  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury. He  was  a  writer  of  genial  humor, 
and  gossipped  charmingly  with  his  pen. 
"The  Knickerbocker  Gallery,"  by  some 

of  his  old  contributors,  was  issued  for 
his  benefit  iii  1855.  I).  1873.  His  twin 
brother,  Wilms  Gaylokd,  wrote  "AI- 
lopodiaiia"  in  t he  magazine,  and  at 
the  time  of  his  death  in  1841  was  editor 
of  the  "Philadelphia  Gazette  "  —  Sir 
Jamks,  Bart.,  b.  178S,  studied  medi- 
cine at  Edinburgh,  passed  some  years 
in  the  navy,  and  travelled  in  France, 
Switzerland,  and  Italy,  settling  in  Home 
as  a  physician  in  Is20.  Returning  to 
Edinburgh,  he  distinguished  himself  in 
the  treatment  of  lung  discuses,  and  in 
182G  established  himself  in  London. 
He  was  for  many  years  lirst  physician 
to  Queen  Victoria.  He  published  two 
works  on  the  influence  of  climate  on 
diseases,  and  a  treatise  on  consump- 
tion. L).  1870.  —  William  Tieuxky, 
an  English  civil  engineer  of  distin- 
guished merit.  He  devoted  much  at- 
tention to  the  construction  of  suspen- 
sion bridges  ;  the  Pesth  bridge  being 
one  of  the  monuments  of  his  genius. 
D.  1852. 

CLARKE,  Charles  CWni-x,  b. 
1787,  near  London,  the  early  friend  of 
Keats,  Shelley,  Lamb,  and  Hazlitt,  was 
for  more  than  twenty  years  a  favorite 
lecturer  upon  British  poels  and  men  of 
letters,  in  1828  he  married  .Mary,  the 
daughter  of  .Mr.  Vincent  \ovello,  so 
well  known  afterwards  by  her  "Com- 
plete Concordance  of  Shakespeare." 
in  conjunction  with  his  wife,  he  pro- 
duced ".Many  Happy  Returns  of  the 
Day:  a  Birthday  Book;"  and  in  ISJ'J 
an  annotated  edition  of  Shakespeare. 
He  is  the  author  of  "  Tales  from  <  hau- 
cer,"  "Riches  of  Chaucer."  "Shake- 
speare Characters,"  "Moliere  Char- 
acters," and  "Essays  on  the  Comic 
Writers  of  England"  in  the  "Gentle- 
man's Magazine,"  1871.     D.  1877. 

CLAUDEI',  Antuine  Fraxcois,  b. 
at  Lyons.  171*7,  acquired  a  wide  repu- 
tation for  his  improvements  in  the  pro- 
cesses of  photography,  for  which  he 
received  tokens  of  honor  from  several 
crowned  heads,  and  various  distinctions 
from  art  societies.     D.  18G7. 

CLAY,  Hhm:v,  an  American  states- 
man, b.  in  Hanover  county,  Va.,  1777. 
His  father,  a  Baptist  clergyman,  died 
in  1782,  leaving  but  scanty  means  for 
the  support  of  his  family.  Having  re- 
ceived a  common-school  education,  be 
became  at  an  early  age  a  copyist  iu  the 


office  of  the  clerk  of  the  court  of  chan- 
cery at  Richmond.  While  here,  he  at- 
tracted the  notice  of  the  eminent  Chan- 
cellor Wythe,  through  whose  advice 
and  direction  his  education  was  greatly 
improved;  ami  in  17'J(i  lie  entered  the 
ollice  of  Attorney-General  Brooke,  ami 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  the 
law.  He  was  licensed  as  an  attorney 
in  1797,  and  commenced  the  practice 
of  his  profession  at  Lexington,  Ky., 
where  he  took  a  high  position.  He 
began  his  political  career  about  the 
same  time,  by  taking  an  active  part 
in  the  election  of  delegates  to  frame 
a  new  state  constitution,  contending, 
though  unsuccessfully,  for  the  gradual 
abolition  of  slavery.  Iu  1803  be  was 
elected  to  the  legislature,  and  in  1800 
he  was  appointed  to  till  an  unexpired 
term  in  the  U.  S.  senate.  In  18U7  he 
was  again  elected  to  the  legislature,  of 
which  he  was  chosen  speaker.  His 
course  here  brought  him  into  collision 
with  Mr.  Humphrey  Marshall,  whom 
he  was  provoked  to  challenge,  and 
with  whom  he  fought  a  duel.  At  the 
session  of  1809-10  Mr.  Clay  again  ap- 
peared in  the  U.  S.  senate,  "having  been 
elected  to  till  a  vacancy  for  two  years 
caused  by  resignation;  and  during  this 
period  he  distil  guished  himself  by  sev- 
eral brilliant  speeches.  In  1811  he  was 
sent  to  the  house  of  representatives,  of 
which  body  he  was  chosen  speaker. 
He  was  a  warm  advocate  of  the  war 
with  Great  Britain,  and  throughout 
that  crisis  sustained  .Mr.  Madison's  war 
measures  with  great  zeal.  In  1814  he 
was  appointed  one  of  the  commission- 
ers to  negotiate  the  treaty  of  peace  at 
Ghent.  Returning  home  in  1815,  he 
was  again  sent  to  congress,  and  was 
again  elected  speaker.  He  retained  this 
position  by  reelection  till  1821.  Dur- 
ing the  year  1818  he  made  memorable 
speeches  iu  favor  of  recognizing  the 
independence  of  the  South-American 
republics.  In  the  same  year  he  advo- 
cated a  national  system  of  internal  im- 
provements In  the  session  of  181U-20 
he  exerted  himself  for  the  protection 
of  American  industry,  and  this  was 
followed  by  equallv  important  services 
in  adjusting  the  Missouri  Compromise. 
After  the  settlement  of  these  great 
questions,  he  withdrew  from  congress 
mi  order  to  attend  to  his  private  affairs. 
In  1823  he  returned  to  congress,  and 
wan  again  chosen  speaker  by  a  largo 
majority.  During  this  session  he  warm- 
ly seconded  the  efforts  of  Mr.  Webster 
in  behalf  of  the  recognition  of  the  iu- 


64 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


[CLA 


dependence  of  Greece.     In  the  exciting 
contest  for  the  presidency  which  took 

place  in  1824,  Mr.  Clay  was  a  candi- 
dal*', and  received  a  small  vote.  The 
choice  between  the  two  highest  can- 
didates, Jackson  and  Adams,  having 
devolved  upon  the  house  of  representa- 
tives, Mr.  Clay,  as  speaker,  gave  the 
casting  vote  in  favor  of  John  QuillCV 
Adams,  during  whose  administration 
lie  held  the  otiice  of  secretary  of  slate. 
For  the  acceptance  of  this  •  ffice  he  was 
subjected  to  much  reproach  from  the 
Democratic  party,  on  the  assumption 
that  it  was  the  consideration  of  a  bar- 
gain made  by  Mr.  Adams  to  secure  his 
vote.  This  slander  was  thoroughly  re- 
futed, and  i-  now  admitted  to  have 
been  wholly  unwarranted.  It  served, 
however,  as  a  continual  text  for  abuse 
by  Mr.  Clay's  opponents:  and  the  at- 
tacks made  upon  him  by  Mr.  John 
Randolph  led  to  a  httetile  meeting  with 
that  per.-o  ,  which  happily  terminated 
without  bloodshed.  In  1831  Mr.  Clay 
was  again  sent  to  the  senate,  and  i 
1832  was  a  candidate  for  the  presi- 
dency, but  was  defeated  by  Geueral 
Jackson.  During  the  session  of  1833, 
when  the  tariff  question  was  agitating 
the  whole  nation  to  an  alarming  ex- 
tent, be  brought  forward  his  celebrated 
compromise  bill,  which,  after  a  hard 
struggle,  was  passed.  Soon  after  its 
passage  lie  made  a  tour  of  the  middle 
and  eastern  states,  and  was  greeted 
with  demonstrations  of  welcome  and 
admiration.  He  remained  in  the  senate 
until  1842,  when  he  resigned  his  seat, 
and  took,  as  he  supposed,  his  final 
leave  in  a  speech  of  great  beauty. 
Throughout  the  whole  of  the  adminis- 
trations of  Jackson  and  Van  Buren,  he 
contended  fiercely  but  openly  against 
what  he  conceived  to  be  executive  usur- 
pa  ion  and  corruption.  His  speeches 
upon  the  imp  irtant  measures  wb  ch 
were  agilated  during  this  period,  form 
some  ot  the  most  stirring  passages  in 
the  political  history  of  the  country.  In 
1839  his  name  was  again  prominent 
among  the  Whig  candidates  for  the 
presidency;  but  Gen.  Harrison  having 
received  the  nomination,  Mr.  Clay  gave 
him  a  cordial  support.  Upon  the  elec- 
tion of  a  Whig  administration,  he  en- 
deavored to  carry  through  his  system 
of  domestic  policy,  but  was  thwarted 
in  bis  efforts  bv  the  veioes  of  l'r  sideut 
Tyler  In  1844  he  was  the  Whig  nom- 
inee for  the  presidency.  Defeated  by 
Mr.  Polk,  the  Democratic  candidate,  he 
remained  ill  retirement  until  after  the 


election  of  General  Taylor,  when,  in 
1849,  he  again  took  his  seat  in  the  sen- 
ate. Here,  during  the  famous  session 
of  1849-50.  he  devoted  all  his  remain* 
ing  energies  to  secure  the  passage  of 
the  series  of  measures  known  as  the 
compromise  acts.  His  efforts  during 
this  session  weakened  his  strength  and 
hastened  his  death.  As  iiis  disease  was 
gaining  the  mastery,  he  sought  for  re- 
lief in  a  visit  to  Havana  a.d  to  New 
Orleans,  but  with  no  permanent  benefit. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  session  of 
1351-52  he  came  to  Washington,  but 
was  unable  to  participate  in  the  active 
duties  of  the  senate.  Sensible  of  his 
failing  health,  he  sent  in  his  resigna- 
tion, to  take  effect  on  the  6th  of  Sep- 
tember, 18.")2.  But  he  was  not  to  see 
that  day.  He  d.  on  the  2Jth  of  June, 
amid  the  scenes  of  his  proudest  and 
most  glorious  triumphs.  —  jAMliS  B., 
a  son  <if  the  distinguished  statesman, 
b.  1817,  received  his  classical  education 
at  Transylvania  university,  in  Ken- 
tucky; after  engaging  in  various  pur- 
suits', graduated  at  the  law  school  of 
Lexington,  and  practiced  law,  as  the 
partner  of  his  father,  until  1849,  when 
President  Taylor  appointed  him  charge 
d'affaires  to  Lisbon.  He  was  elected 
to  congress  in  1857,  serving  one  term, 
and  on  the  committee  of  foreign  rela- 
tions, lie  was  also  a  member  of  the 
peace  convention  of  1801,  held  in  Wash* 
ingion.  Soon  after  the  commencement 
of  the  civil  war,  however,  he  retired  to 
Canada,  a  voluntary  exile,  and  d.  in 
Montreal,  18  4.  —  Clk.mknt  Comkk, 
an  American  politician,  b.  in  Virginia, 
1789,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1899, 
and  settled  in  Alabama.  After  holding 
judicial  and  legislative  offices  in  his 
state,  he  was  representative  in  con- 
gr.  ss  from  1827  to  1835.  and  senator 
from  1837  to  1842.  D.  18313.  His  son 
of  the  same  name,  was  in  1853  elected 
to  the  U.  S.  senate,  and  expelled  in 
1861, 

CLAYTON,  John  M.,  an  American 
statesman,  b.  in  Delaware  in  1798,  was 
educated  at  Yale  college,  studied  law, 
and  commenced  practice  in  1818,  in  his 
native  state.  He  soon  attained  distinc- 
tion, and  was  appointed  to  several  local 
offices,  and  in  1829  was  chosen  a  mem- 
ber of  the  U.  S.  senate,  lie  resigned 
in  December,  18 1(5,  but,  was  again 
elected  ill  1845,  and  remained  senator 
till  appointed  secretary  of  state  by  Gen. 
Tavlor.  Whilst  in  tliis  office,  he  nego- 
tiated the  lrea|y  with  Sir  Henry  Utilwer, 
commonly  known  as  the  ClaytoiiBulwer 


CLE] 


CYCI.OIVEDIA    OF    BIOGI5 AI'Il Y. 


G5 


treaty.  Resigning  on  the  ileal li  of  Tay- 
lor, lie  was  for  a  third  time  elected  to 
the  senate,  and  took  his  seat  ill  Match, 
1851,  where  lie  vindicated  with  great 
abili'y  and  eloquence,  the  principles  of 
his  famous  treaty.  He  was  a  great 
reader,  thinker,  and  talker,  with  re- 
niarkable  power  of  concentrating  his 
facilities  mi  the  subject  immediately 
occupying  his  attention.  His  senato- 
rial hearing  was  dignified  and  concilia- 
tory, and  lie  spoke  with  energy  and 
effect.  He  was  long  a  trusted  and  pop- 
ular leader  in  the  Whig  party.  I).  1853. 
—  Thomas,  b.  1778,  was  a  member  of 
the  lower  house  of  congress,  from  Del- 
aware, from  1815  to  1817,  and  of  the 
senate  from  1823  to  1826, and  again  from 
1837  to  1847.  He  was  at  different  times 
a  member  of  the  Delaware  legislature, 
chief  justice  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas,  and  chef  justice  of  the  superior 
court.     1).  1854. 

CLEAVELAND,  Parker,  T.L.  D., 
author  of  a  treatise  on  mineralogy  and 
geolngv,  b.  in  Massachusetts,  178:):  d. 
iii  Brunswick,  Me.,  1858.  From  1805 
until  his  death,  he  was  professor  of 
natural  philosophy, chemistry,  and  min- 
eralogy in  Bowdoin  college;  during  the 
earlier  part  of  the  period  officiating  also 
as  professor  of  mathematics. 

CLEBURNE,  PATKICK  R.,  major- 
general  in  the  confederate  service,  b.  at 
Queenstown,  Ireland.  1828,  killed  in 
battle  of  Franklin,  Tenn.,  1834.  The 
outbreak  of  the  civil  war,  in  18(51 ,  found 
him  practising  law  at  Helena,  Ark.  He 
joined  the  confederate  ranks  as  a  pri- 
vate, but  was  elected  captain  of  his 
company,  and  aided  in  wresting  the 
Little  Ruck  arsenal  from  the  United 
States.  In  March,  18(12,  Cleburne  was 
coiniiii-s:oned  a  brigadier-general,  and 
performed  a  conspicuous  part  in  the 
battle  of  Shiloh.  lie  was  also  engaged 
in  the  battle  of  Farmington,  and  having 
led  two  brigades  into  Kentucky,  was 
wounded  in  the  battle  of  Richmond, 
lie  was  with  (Jen.  Bragg  at  the  battle 
of  Perryville.  where  he  had  two  horses 
shot  under  him,  and  was  himself  again 
wounded.  In  Dec.  1*62  he  took  the 
command  of  a  division  in  Hardee's 
corps,  with  the  rank  of  major  general, 
and  served  in  the  battle  of  Murfreesbor- 
ough.  He  was  in  the  battle  of  Chicka- 
mauga,  in  18  33,  and  repulsed  General 
Sherman  at  Mission  Ridge,  and  General 
Honker  at  Ringold  Gap.  He  was  in  the 
field  at  the  head  of  his  old  division, 
during  the  Atlanta  campaign,  and  cov- 
ered Hood's  defeated  army  at  Jonesbor- 


ough,  Ga.,  in  Aug.,  1834,  subsequently 
n, oving  north  with  Hood,  and  investing 
Dal  ton.  He  was  killed  in  the  conflict 
at  Franklin. 

CLEMENS,  Jeremiah,  an  American 
politician  and  author,  b.  in  Alabama, 
1S14,  was  educated  to  the  profession  of 
the  law,  served  several  years  in  the 
stale  legislature,  raised  a  company  of 
volunteers  for  Texas  in  1842.  was  made 
lit  utenant-c'oloni'l,  and  Oil  his  return 
chosen  presidential  elector,  and  reelected 
to  the  legislature.  From  184.)  to  1853, 
he  represented  Alabama  in  the  U.  S. 
senate.  In  the  civil  war  he  protested 
against  secession,  was  drawn  into  the 
confederate  whirlpool,  but  in  1834  re- 
turned to  the  Union  cause,  and  mh  o- 
catcd  the  reelection  of  President  Lin- 
coln. He  wrote  several  successful  nov- 
els, "  Barnard  Lyle,"  '"Mustang  Urny," 
and  "A  Story  of  the  Times  of  Burr 
and  Hamilton.'"  He  left  an  unfinished, 
history  of  the  rebellion.     D.  1865. 

CLEMENT,  Ksux  Jungboiix,  a 
Danish  liiiL'iii-t  and  historian,  b.  1803, 
in  the  island  of  Aniroin,  published  sev- 
eral work  in  German  relating  to  phi- 
lology, and  his  travels  in  the  north  of 
Europe.  In  the  last  year  of  his  lite  he 
completed  in  English,  his  "History of 
Ireland,'1  3  vols.  D.  in  Bergen,  N.  J., 
187-i. 

CLERC,  Laurent,  a  deaf  mute,  b. 
in  France,  178;),  became  a  favorite 
pupil  of  the  abbe  Sieard.  and  a  teacher 
.n  his  institution.  In  1811!  he  came  to 
the  United  States  with  Dr.  Gallaudet, 
and  joined  him  in  the  deaf  and  dumb 
asylum  at  Hartford.  For  more  than 
half  a  century  he  was  engaged  in  the 
instruction  of  deaf  mutes.     D.  1830. 

CLEVELAND,  Charles,  widely 
known  a-- Father  Cleveland,  b.  1772;  d. 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  1872.  Early  in  life 
he  was  engaged  in  commercial  pur- 
suits; but  for  fifty-five  years  thereafter 
he  acted  as  a  missionary  to  the  poor 
in  Boston  and  its  neighborhood.  His 
labors  in  this  capacity  were  disinter- 
ested, persistent,  and  important,  and 
be  pas-ed  away  in  his  hundredth  year, 
universally  loved  and  respected.  — 
Charles  "Dexter,  b.  1802,  in  Salem, 
Mass.,  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college, 
was  engaged  afterwards  in  teaching, 
and  prod  need  numerous  educational 
works  and  compendiums.  D.  1830.  — 
IIiixitY  Russell,  an  American  author, 
b.  1800,  wrote  the  "  Lite  of  Henry 
Hudson,"  in  Sparks's  "American  Bi- 
ography." A  collection  of  his  miscel- 
laneous writings  was  published  in  184-4, 


G6 


CYCLOT^DIA    OF    BIOGKAPIIY. 


[COB 


.edited,  with  a  memoir,  bv  George  S. 
Hillard.     D.  1843. 

CLINTON,  HhNRY  Fyxes,  an  em- 
inent scholar,  and  Mie  learned  author  of 
the  "  r'asti  Hellenici,"  and  (he  "Fasti 
Romani,"  was  b.  in  London,  1781,  and 
d.  1852.  He  was  also  t lie  author  of 
'"An  Epitome  of  the  Civil  and  Literary 
Chronology  of  Greece,"  from  the  earli- 
est account  to  the  death  of  Augustus. 

CLIVE,  C.wj.'LiNK.  Mus..b.  Wigley, 
1801,  an  English  authoress,  published 
in  18-10  "  IX  Poems  by  V.,"  which  were 
very  highly  commended  by  the  critics. 
In  184:i  appeared  her  novel  of ''Paul 
Ferrol,"  a  work  of  extraordinary  power, 
which  readied  a  large  circulation.  She 
published  other  poems  and  prose  fic- 
tions, and  was  an  occasional  contributor 
to  "  Frazer's  Magazine."  She  was 
burnt  to  death  in  her  library,  July  11, 
1873. 

CLONCURRY,  Vai.kntink  Buowxe 
Lawlkss,  Lord,  of  Cloucurry,  in  Ire- 
land, b.  177-3.  and  educated  for  the  bar. 
A  member  of  the  society  of  United  Irish- 
men, he  was  arrested  in  1798,  on  a 
charge  of  treason,  but  liberated  on  ex- 
amination. In  1821  he  became  recon- 
ciled to  George  IV.,  and  after  a  time 
took  his  seat  as  a  sworn  member  of  the 
privy  council.  He  published  (1797) 
"Thoughts  on  the  Projected  Union 
between  Gt.  Britain  and  Ireland."  D. 
1853. 

CLOT,  Aktoixe,  b.  1790.  in  Mar- 
seilles, studied  medicine,  and  in  1823 
was  engaged  by  the  viceroy  of  Egypt 
in  the  capacity  of  surgeon  in  chief. 
He  founded  the  medical  school  of  Ab- 
ouzabel,  in  connection  with  schools  of 
midwifery  and  pharmacy,  and  a  council 
of  health  for  she  army  and  navy.  His 
energy  and  success  attracted  the  special 
regard  of  Mehemet  Ali,  who  gave  him 
the  title  of  Bey,  without  requiring  a 
change  of  his  religion.  He  published  a 
'"  General  View  of  Egvpt,"  and  a  work 
on  Mehemet  Ali.     D."l868. 

CLOUGH,  Arthur  Hugh,  an  Eng- 
lish poet,  b.  at  Liverpool,  1819,  studied 
at  Oxford  and  became  fellow  of  Oriel 
college  in  1842.  His  theological  opin- 
ions, however,  were  not  those  (hat  pre- 
vailed at  Oxford,  and  in  18-18  he  with- 
drew from  his  fellowship.  In  1852  he 
came  to  the  United  States  and  remained 
awhile  at  Cambridge  engaged  in  lit- 
erary pursuits.  He  revised  Drvden's 
edition  of  Plutarch's  Lives,  and  pub- 
lished his  revision  in  1859.  1).  18C1. 
His  poems  were  collected  by  Mr.  F.  T. 
Palgrave,  in  1802,  and  mibliehed  with  a 


memoir.  An  American  edition  was  also 
issued,  with  a  memoir  by  C.  E.  Norton. 

COBB,  HoWKi.L,  an  American  poli- 
tician, b.  in  Georgia,  1815,  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar,  and  served  in  con- 
gress from  1843  to  1851.  In  December, 
1849,  the  Whig  candidate  for  the  speak- 
ership, Mr.  R.  C.  Winthrop,  was  op- 
posed by  some  of  the  southern  Whigs, 
and,  after  a  protracted  ntruggle,  Mr. 
Cobb  was  finally  elected  by  the  Demo- 
crats with  the  aid  of  the  malcontents. 
He  supported  the  compromise  measures 
of  Mr.  Clay  in  1850,  and  was  a  loud 
and  warm  Union  nan.  On  this  plat- 
form he  was  elected  governor  of  Geor- 
gia, in  opposition  to  the  ultra  state 
rights'  (Fire  Eaters')  candidate,  in  1851. 
In  18"j5  he  was  again  elected  to  con- 
gress, took  an  active  part  in  electioneer- 
ing for  Mr.  Buchanan  for  the  presi- 
dency, and  was  by  him  made  secretary 
of  the  treasury  in  1857.  In  Decem- 
ber, 1800,  he  resigned,  and  engaged  in 
the  business  of  secession.  President  of 
the  confederate  congress  assembled  at 
Montgomery,  Ala.,  in  February,  1801, 
he  retired  from  it  in  the  February  fol- 
lowing, and  was  commissioned  as  major- 
general,  without  distinguishing  himself 
in  the  military  service.  D.  in  New 
York,  1808. 

COBDEN,  Richard,  b.  1804;  d. 
1805.  His  father  was  a  tenant  farmer 
at  Midhurst,  Su-sex,  and  the  boy  left 
home  at  an  early  age  to  fill  a  situation 
in  a  London  warehouse.  Contriving  to 
connect  business  with  intellectual  im- 
provement, he  made  a  tour  of  the  United 
States,  and  traversed  a  considerable 
portion  of  Europe.  He  now*  entered 
into  business  on  his  own  account  in 
Lancashire,  and  became  a  prosperous 
man.  A  pamphlet  from  his  pen,  enti- 
tled "  England,  Ireland,  and  America," 
and  another  on  "Russia,"  drew  atten- 
tion to  his  literary  qualifications.  He 
entered  boldly  into  the  question  of  free 
trade,  and  was  one  of  the  originators 
and  most  untiring  speakers  of  the  anti- 
corn  law  league.  He  was  returned  to 
the  house  of  commons,  in  1841,  as  mem- 
ber for  Stockport,  and  at  once  look  an 
influential  position  among-t  debaters. 
Sir  R.  Peel  acknowledged  that  his  meas- 
ure of  1840,  was  in  no  small  degree 
attributable  to  the  "unadorned  elo- 
quence" of  the  cotton-printer.  I  he 
corn  Jaws  repealed,  Mr.  Cobden  was 
presented  with  a  testimonial  of  $350,- 
000  for  his  services  to  free  trade.  He 
was  elected  member  for  the  West  Riding 
of  Yorkshire  in   1847,  and  represented 


cog] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


G7 


thnt  constituency  for  some  years.  In 
1859,  he  again  visited  the  United  States; 
and,  during  his  absence,  Lord  Derby's 
ministry  having  been  overthrown,  Lord 
Palmerston  proposed  that  lie  should  ac- 
cept office)  but  he  refused.  In  1800  lie 
visited  Paris,  at  the  request  of  Louis 
Napoleon,  to  discuss  informally  changes 
in  the  commercial  legislation  of  Krancej 
and  subsequently  acted  as  liritish  com- 
missioner in  arranging  the  details  of 
the  treaty  of  commerce.  On  questions 
of  foreign  policy,  he  maintained  the 
doctrine  of  non-intervention,  and  braved 
the  displeasure  of  his  countrymen  by 
the  persistent  advocacy  of  peace  prin- 
ciples and  measures.  From  the  tirst 
moment  of  civil  war  in  this  country,  he 
pronounced  in  favor  of  the  Union,  and 
was  ever  foremost  in  vindicating  the 
cause  and  policy  of  the  north,  and  in 
pointing  out  the  perils  of  the  course 
which  Britain  was  pursuing  under  the 
guise  of  "  neutrality."  His  health  had 
been  broken  for  several  years,  and  he  d. 
in  Lcndon,  1865. 

COCCIA,  Caislo,  an  Italian  musical 
composer,  b.  at  Naples,  1789,  produced 
between  1808  and  1840  some  sixty  op- 
eras, of  which  "Maria Stuart,"  brought 
out  at  the  Theatre  Royal  in  London, 
was  the  most  successful.     D.  1873. 

COCHET,  Jean  Benoit  Desire, 
Abbe,  a  French  archaeologist  and  anti- 
quarian, b.  1812  ;  d.  1875.  By  his  ex- 
plorations near  Dieppe  he  brought  to 
light  a  number  of  remarkable  antiqui- 
ties. His  "  La  Normandie  Souterraine," 
1854,  was  crowned  by  the  Institute. 
He  published  several  works  illustrating 
Norman  archaeology. 

COCKBURN,  Henry  Thomas,  a 
Scotch  jurist,  b.  1779,  distinguished  as 
an  advocate,  in  1834  was  raised  to  the 
bench  as  one  of  the  lords  of  session, 
when  he  tO"k  the  title  of  Lord  Cock- 
burn.  He  was  a  contributor  to  the 
"Edinburgh  Keview,"  and  published  a 
life  of  his  friend,  Lord  Jeffrey,  and  an 
interesting  volume  of  "Memorials." 
D.  185-1.  —  Sir  George,  a  British  ad- 
miral, b.  in  London,  1771,  entered  the 
navy  in  1783,  and  distinguished  him- 
self on  several  occasions,  and  after  ten 
years'  cruising  off  the  Spanish  coast 
was  second  in  command  in  the  expedi- 
tion against  the  United  States.  Of  his 
exploits  in  this  expedition  a  contem- 
porary French  biography  says  :  "  Fu- 
ture generations  will  not.  hear  without 
horror  that,  in  the  14th  year  of  the  191  h 
century,  this  English  admiral  burned 
the  chief  edifices  of  the  city  of  Wash- 


ington, and  notably  the  library  of  con- 
gress." But  it  adds  that  Sir  George 
bas  a  more  honorable  title  to  celebrity 
in  having  commanded  the  vesse}  that 
carried  Napoleon  to  St.  Helena,  with- 
out exaggerating,  like  Sir  H.  Lowe,  the 
odious  and  cruel  role  of  jailer.  Of  this 
voyage  he  published  a  narrative.  He 
subsequently  turned  his  attention  to 
politics,  and  sat  as  M.  1'.  for  Ports- 
mouth, and  afterwards  for  Ripon.  D. 
1853. 

COCKE,  Philip  St.  George,  a 
general  in  the  confederate  armv,  b. 
in  Virginia,  1808  ;  d.  1801.  He'  shot 
himself  at  his  residence  in  Powhatan 
county,  but  whether  by  accident  or  de- 
sig  i,  is  not  known. 

CO.CKERELL,  Charles  Robert,  a 
distinguished  architect,  b.  in  London, 
1788.  Early  in  life  he  spent  several 
years  of  study  among  the  remains  of 
classic  architecture  in  Asia  Minor,  Sicily, 
Athens,  Rome,  Pompeii,  and  elsewhere. 
In  1811-12  he  and  others  excavated  the 
ruins  of  the  temple  of  Jupiter  at  /Egina, 
and  of  Apollo  at  Phygaleia.  He  re- 
mained an  adherent  of  classic  archi- 
tecture as  the  style  to  be  imitated  in 
the  nineteenth  centurv.     D.  1803. 

COCKTON,  Henry,  an  English 
writer,  author  of  "Valentine  Vox," 
and  other  contributions  to  light  litera- 
ture.    B.  1808;  d.  1853. 

CODRINGTOX,  Sir  Edward,  ad- 
miral in  the  British  service,  b.  1770; 
d.  1851.  He  served  in  the  Peninsular 
war,  and  in  the  war  with  the  United 
States,  assisting  in  the  unsuccessful  at- 
tack on  New  Orleans;  but  he  is  most 
widely  known  as  chief  commander  in 
the  action  of  Navarino,  where  the  naval 
forces  of  the  pacha  of  Egypt  were  an- 
nihilated by  the  combined  squadrons  of 
Great  Britain,  France,  and  Russia. 

COFFIN,  James  Henry,  mathema- 
tician, b.  1800,  graduated  at  Amherst 
college,  was  professor  at  Williams  col- 
lege, and  from  1840  in  Lafayette  col- 
lege, Penn.  He  published  treatises  on 
eclipses,  meteoric  fire-balls,  and  winds 
of  the  northern  hemishere.     D.  1873. 

COGNIARD,  Theodore,  b.  1806, 
was  long  manager  of  the  theatre  Porte 
St.  Martin,  in  Paris,  and,  in  conjunction 
with  his  brother  Hippolyte,  furnished  it 
with  vaudevilles,  tableaux,  fairy  bal- 
lets, operas,  and  dramas,  by  which  it 
flourished.     D.  1872. 

COGSWELL,  Joseph  Greex,  a  dis- 
tinguished scholar,  b.  at  Ipswich,  Mass., 
1780,  graduated  at  Harvard  college, 
studied  law  with  Fisher  Ames,  travelled 


G3 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[col 


jn  Europe  and  studied  at  the  German 
universities  with  Tickuor  and  Everett, 
founded  the  Round  Hill  Sclioql  at  North- 
ampton with  Bancroft,  settled  after  183!) 
in  New  York,  edited  the  "New  York 
Review,"  and,  having  formed  the  ac- 
quaintance of  John  Jacob  Astor,  made 
the  preliminary  arrangements  for  found- 
ing and  setting  on  foot  the  Astor  library, 
of  which  he  was  the  first  superintend- 
ent and  one  of  the  trustees  of  the  fund. 
He  prepared  the  valuable  catalogue  of 
the  library  in  eight  volumes,  having 
himself  seleeted  and  purchased  all  the 
works  it  contained.  He  resigned  as  su- 
perintendent in  1300,  and  as  trustee  in 
1802.  The  later  years  of  his  life  were 
spent  in  Cambridge.     1>.  1871. 

COLBURN,  Zerah,  b.  in  Saratoga, 
1832,  a  nephew  of  the  arithmetical 
prodigy  of  that  name,  a  practical  en- 
gineer, and  writer  on  engineering  top- 
ics, was  editor,  at  different  periods,  of 
engineering  journals,  both  in  this  coun- 
trv  and  in  London.     D.  1873. 

"COLERIDGE,  Sir  John  Taylor, 
an  English  jurist,  some  time  one  of  the 
judges  of  Queen's  bench,  b.  17!J0,  was 
a  man  of  literary  culture,  and  edited 
the  "Quarterly  Review  "  from  the  death 
of  Gifford  till  the  appointment  of  Lock- 
hart.  He  edited  Blackstoue.  with  notes, 
and  published  a  popular  "Memoir  of 
the  Rev.  John  Keble."  1).  1870.— 
Sara  Henry,  b.  at  Keswick,  1803,  the 
only  daughter  of  Samuel  Taylor  Cole- 
ridge, and  the  inheritor  of  much  of  his 
genius,  d.  18.V2.  She  married  her  cousin, 
Henry  Nelson  Coleridge,  and  assisted 
him  in  editing  her  father's  works.  Her 
romance  of  "  Phantasmion  "  indicates 
the  possession  of  a  high  degree  of  imag- 
inative power. 

COLES,  < 'outer  Pmrrs,  an  Eng- 
lish naval  officer,  b.  1819.  took  an  active 
part  in  the  assault  on  Sebastopol,  Oct. 
1854,  claimed  the  invention  of  the  prin- 
ciple of  revolving  turrets  in  application 
to  ships  of  war,  altered  the  Royal  Sov- 
ereign into  an  iron-clad  "shield"  ship, 
and  superintended  the  construction  of 
other  turreted  ships,  and  was  lost  in 
one  of  them  which  foundered  off  Cape 
Finisterre  with  540  persons  on  hoard,  of 
whom  onlv  seventeen  were  saved,  Sept. 
7,  1870. 

COLLAMER,  Jacob,  b.  at  Troy, 
N.  Y  ,  1702,  studied  law,  was  several 
times  member  of  the  legislature  of  Ver- 
mont, and  from  1844  to  1848  was  a 
member  of  congress.  He  was  postmas- 
ter-general under  President  Taylor, 
from  1850  to  1854  judge  of  the  supreme 


court  of  Vermont,  and  senator  of    the 
U.  S.  from  1854  till  he  d.  in  1805. 

COLLINS,  Ciiai.les  Ai.i.ston,  b. 
1828,  an  English  painter  and  litterateur^ 
Wrote  a  "Cruise  upon  Wheels,"  and 
other  works,  and  d.  1873  — Mortimer, 
English  poet  and  novelist,  b.  1827,  en- 
tered early  into  a  career  of  journalism 
and  authorship.  He  published  "Sum- 
mer Songs,"  1 800,  and  "  Inn  of  Strange 
Meetings,  and  other  Poems,"  1871.  He 
wrote  also  "Who  is  the  Heir?"  1805, 
"The  Vivian  Romance,"  "Transmigra- 
tion," "Frances,"  and  other  novels.  D. 
1870.  —  N.U'oleos,  rear  admiral  U.  S. 
navy,  b.  in  Pennsylvania,  1814,  entered 
the  service  in  1843.  In  active  command 
during  the  civil  war,  he  was  sent  in 
1803  in  the  steam-sloop  Wachusett  in 
pursuit  of  confederate  privateers.  While 
thus  engaged  he  arrived  off  Bahia,  a 
Brazilian  port,  which  the  Florida  had 
just  entered  and  was  anchored  in  the 
midst  of  the  Brazilian  Meet  and  under 
the  guns  of  the  fort.  In  this  position 
commander  Collins  captured  her  and 
carried  her  a  prize  into  Hampton  Roads. 
On  complaint  of  the  Brazilian  govern- 
ment, the  act  was  disavowed  by  Secre- 
tary Seward,  and  the  commander  or- 
dered to  be  tried  by  court-martial.  In 
1874  he  was  made  rear  admiral,  and 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  South  Pacific 
squadron.     D.  at  Callao,  Peru,  1875. 

COLQUHOUN,  James,  h.  1780,  son 
of  the  celebrated  writer,  Patrick  Colqu- 
houn,  was  distinguished  as  a  diploma- 
tist and  writer  on  the  civil  law.  D. 
1855. 

COLQUITT,  Walter  T.,  b.  in  Vir- 
ginia, 1709,  studied  law  in  Georgia, 
and  practised  with  great  success  in  the 
courts  of  that  state.  He  was  elected 
judge  in  1820.  In  18T8  he  was  sent  to 
congress  as  a  member  of  the  hou-e,  and 
in  1842  was  elected  U.  S.  senator,  lie 
supported  the  Polk  administration,  op- 
posed the  Wilmot  proviso,  and  took  an 
active  part  in  the  Nashville  convention. 
D.  in  Macon,  Ga.,  1855. 

COLT,  Samuel,  the  inventor  of  the 
revolver  now  universally  known,  b.  at 
Hartford,  Conn.,  1814;  d.  1802.  When 
21  years  of  age  he  took  out  his  first 
patent  for  revolving  firearms,  first  in 
England  and  France,  and  afterward  in 
the  United  States.  All  efforts  to  in- 
duce the  adoption  of  the  invention  by 
the  government  were  for  a  time  unsuc- 
cessful. It  first  came  into  favor  with 
officers  of  the  army  during  the  Florida 
war,  but  the  demand  for  it  ceased  at 
the  conclusion  of  Indian  hostilities.    A 


com] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF   KIOGKAPIIY. 


GO 


company  that  had  been  established  for 
its  manufacture  at  Puterson,  N..I.,  sus- 
pended in  1812,  and  it  was  not  resumed 
until  after  the  commencement  of  the 
war  with  Mexico.  Colt  entered  into  a 
small  contract  with  the  govi  rnnicnt, 
and  having  incorporated  into  his  model 
improvements  suggested  by  experience, 
temporarily  hired  an  armory  at  Whit- 
ney vi  lie,  near  New  Haven.  Other  or- 
ders followed,  and  he  then  commenced 
business  (in  his  own  account  at  Hart- 
ford, on  a  scale  which  grew  until  it  at- 
tained gigantic  proportions.  In  1852 
he  planned  the  erection  of  the  armory, 
which,  before  his  death,  had  no  equal 
in  extent  or  in  respect  of  the  perfection 
of  its  machinery.  This  establishment 
was  erected  at  Hartford,  ('mm.,  anil 
the  total  expenditure  on  the  grounds 
and  buildings  has  been  computed  at 
upwards  of  #2.500,000.  When  his  in- 
vention had  become  thoroughly  known, 
Mr.  Colt  visited  Europe  and  entered 
into  large  contracts  with  several  Euro- 
pean governments,  more  particularly 
those  of  Great  Britain  and  Russia. 

COLTON,  Rev.  Calvin,  author  of 
the  "Life  and  Times  of  Henry  Clay," 
of  a  work  on  political  economy,  and  of 
several  political  pamphlets.  He  was  b. 
at  Longineadow,  Mass.,  1812,  and  was 
for  some  years  pastor  of  a  Congrega- 
tional church,  afterwards  becoming  an 
Episcopalian  minister.  Iu  1852  he  was 
appointed  a  professor  in  Trinity  college, 
Hartford,  Conn.  At  the  time  of  his 
death  — which  occurred  in  Savannah, 
Ga.,  1857  —  he  was  editing  a  collection 
of  the  speeches  of  Henry  Clay.  —  Wal- 
TBU,  b.  in  Rutland,  Vt.,  1707,  entered 
the  U.  S.  navy  as  chaplain  in  1830. 
On  the  breaking  out  of  the  Mexican 
war  he  was  appointed  by  Commodore 
Stockton  alcalde  of  Monterey,  Cal.  He 
was  author  of  "Deck  and  Port,"  and 
"Three  Years  in  California,"  and  other 
works.     1).  1851. 

COLWELL,  Stephen,  an  American 
author,  b.  in  Brooke  Co.,  Va.,  1800, 
practised  law  several  years,  and  after- 
wards became  a  manufacturer  of  iron. 
He  was  commissioner  under  the  act  of 
congress  of  18G5  for  reporting  on  the 
subject  of  raising  revenue  by  taxation. 
He  was  the  author  of  numerous  works 
of  financial  and  religious  interest.  11.  ('. 
Carev  wrote  a  memoir  of  his  life.  D. 
in  Philadelphia,  1871. 

COMBE,  Geouge,  an  eminent  phre- 
nologist and  author,  b.  at  Edinburgh, 
1788;  d.  1858.  Articled  to  a  lawyer 
and  writer   to   the   signet,  in    1810   he 


became  a  convert  to  the  views  of  Dr. 
Spurzheiin,  who  was  then  on  a  visil  to 
Edinburgh,  and  in  the  course  of  three 
years  had  so  familiarized  himself  with 
the  subject  that  he  published  "  Essays 
on  Phrenology,"  which  afterwards  ex- 
panded into  his  "System  of  Phrenol- 
ogy;" and  in  1821  he  founded  the 
"Phrenological  Journal,"  as  the  means 
of  promulgating  his  views.  In  1828  he 
gave  to  the  world  his  ablest  work,  "  The 
('(institution  of  Man."  In  1837  he  gave 
up  his  professional  pursuits  and  visited 
the  United  States  and  Germany,  devot- 
ing his  whole  time  to  the  promulgation 
of  his  moral,  social,  and  philosophical 
views,  by  means  of  lectures  and  the 
pres*.  Besides  publishing  his  "Notes 
on  America,"  in  1841,  his  "Notes  on 
the  Reformation  in  Germany,"  in  181G, 
'"  The  Life  "  of  his  brother,  Dr.  Andrew 
Combe,  and  various  other  works,  Mr. 
Combe  was  a  frequent  writer  on  moiie-  ' 
tary  science. 

COMER,  Thomas,  musician  and 
actor,  b.  in  Bath,  England,  1700.  made 
his  dtbllt  on  the  London  stage  in  1818. 
In  1827  he  came  to  this  country,  and 
appeared  successfully  in  English  opera 
in  New  York.  He  then  became  musical 
director  of  t lie  Treniont  theatre  in  Bos- 
ton ;  and  was  connected  with  \  arious 
theatrical  establishments  till  he  d.  1802. 

COMliEEMEEE,  Staimeton  Cot- 
ton, a  British  officer,  b.  1773.  After 
going  to  Westminister  school  he  joined 
the  army,  and  served  with  distinction 
on  the  Continent  and  in  India.  Ap- 
poinied  to  the  command  of  the  whole 
allied  cavalry  under  the  duke  of  Wel- 
lington in  1810,  he  distinguished  himself 
in  the  Peninsular  war,  and  particularly 
in  tlie  battle  of  Salamanca.  He  was 
thanked  by  parliament,  and  raised  to 
the  peerage.  Lor  his  subsequent  ser- 
vices as  commander  in  chief  in  India 
he  was  made  viscount  and  field-mar- 
shal.    D.  1865. 

COMBES,  Edmund,  a  Erench  trav- 
eller, b.  1812,  author  of  "  Vovage  en 
Abvssinie  "     D.  1872. 

COMONFORT,  Ygnacio,  a  Mexican 
soldier  and  politician,  b.  1812.  Edu- 
cated in  the  Jesuit  college  of  Puebla, 
he  entered  the  army  in  1832.  and  at- 
tached himself  to  the  liberal  party.  In 
1812  and  1840  he  was  elected  "to  the 
Mexican  congress,  which  was  on  both 
occasions  summarily  dissolved  by  Santa 
Anna.  In  the  revolution  which  fol- 
lowed, Comonfort  played  a  conspic- 
uous part.  He  was  dismissed  from 
office  in  1853,  on  the  return  of  Santa 


70 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[con 


Anna  to  power,  and  joined  Alvarez  in 
the  revolutionary  movement*,  which,  in 
1855,  drove  Santa  Anna  from  the  coun- 
try. In  December  of  that  year,  <  oni- 
on fort  became  provisional  president, 
but  encountered  the  hostility  of.  the 
church  and  conservative  party,  arrayed 
in  insurrection.  In  the  armed  contests 
which  ensued,  he  was  again  and  again 
successful;  and  in  November,  1857,  he 
was  proclaimed  constitutional  president. 
Within  a  month,  his  enemies  triumphed ; 
Gen.Zuloaga  was  appointed  provisional 
president,  and  Comoufort  was  an  exile, 
fleeing  for  his  life.  He  reached  the 
United  States  in  safety,  and  soon  pro- 
ceeded to  Europe.  ln*1859  he  returned 
to  Mexico  and  joined  Juarez,  by  whom 
he  was  made  chief  commander  of  the 
Mexican  troops  on  the  invasion  of  their 
country  by  the  French.  In  November, 
18(53,  he  was  murdered,  while  on  his  way 
to  San  Louis  Potosi. 

COMSTOCK,  John  Lee,  It.  in  Con- 
necticut, 178!),  a  physician  by  profes- 
sion, was  the  compiler  of  numerous 
valuable  school-books.  His  "Natural 
Philosophy"  had  a  sale  of  300,0011 
copies,  and  was  republished  in  England 
and  in  Germany.  D.  at  Hartford,  1858. 
COMTE,  Auguste,  the  founder  of 
the  system  of  "  Pbsitive  Philosophy." 
b.  at  Montpelier  in  1705;  d.  1857.  He 
was  educated  at  Paris,  in  the  Polytech- 
nic school.  On  leaving  college  he  be- 
came acquainted  with  the  celebrated 
Saint  Simon,  and  joined  the  band  of 
brilliant  disciples  which  that  distin- 
guished social  reformer  gathered  around 
him.  On  the  death  of  its  founder,  in 
18-25,  Comte  deserted  the  Saint  Simo- 
niau  school,  to  found  one  of  his  own; 
and  during  the  next  twenty  years  de- 
voted himself  to  the  elaboration  of  an 
original  system  of  scientific  thought  — 
since  known  as  the  "  Positive  Philos- 
ophv."  The  great  text-book  of  his  sys- 
tem, entitled'  "  Cours  de  Philosophic 
Positive,"'  extending  to  six  volumes, 
gradually  appeared  at  intervals  be- 
tween the  years  1830  and  1842.  During 
this  time  he  led  a  quiet,  scientific  1  i f e , 
as  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  Ecole 
Polytechnique;  and  almost  immedi- 
ately after  the  conclusion  of  his  great 
work  published  two  popular  treatises 
connected  with  the  subject  of  his  chair, 
one  on  analytical  geometry,  the  other 
on  astronomy,  both  of  which  were  suc- 
cessful. In  1844  he  issued  an  outline 
and  defence  of  his  system  in  a  single 
volume,  entitled  "  Discours  stir  ('En- 
semble du  Positivisme."     A  condensed 


translation  of  Comte's  great  work  has 
been  published  in  England  by  Miss 
Marti neau.  An  important  work  enti- 
tled '•  Auguste  Comte  and  Positivism," 
bv  J.  8.  Mill,  appeared  in  18155. 

"CONANT,  Hannah  Chaplin,  a 
contributor  to  American  periodical  lit- 
erature, authoress  of  a  "History  of 
English  Bible  Translation."  and  trans- 
lator from  the  German  of  Neander'a 
and  other  theological  works.  She  was 
the  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Jeremiah 
Chaplin,  formerly  president  of  the  Wa- 
terville  college,  Me.,  and  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  Thomas  J.  Conant,  an  ori- 
entalist and  Biblical  scholar.  D.  1835. 
CONCHA,  Manuel  de  la,  Marquis 
of  Douro.  a  Spanish  marshal,  b.  1794, 
fought  against  Napoleon,  and  the  re- 
volted Spanish  colonies  in  South  Amer- 
ica, and  afterwards  against  Don  Carlos. 
He  was  conspicuous  for  nearly  h  df  a 
century  in  the  civil  and  military  affairs 
of  Spain,  but  from  18158  remained  in  re- 
tirement till  the  spring  of  1874,  when 
he  was  called  upon  in  his  8.)th  year  to 
take  command  of  the  royalist  army. 
He  promptly  repaired  to  the  seat  of 
war,  and  was  shot  in  the  attack  upon 
Estella.  at  Martemuro,  June  23,  1874. 

CONDER,  Josiah,  b.  in  London, 
178J,  and  at  an  early  age  manifested 
literary  taste  and  power.  In  1814  he 
became  the  proprietor  and  editor  of 
the  "Eclectic  Review,"  which  he  con- 
ducted successfully  during  twenty-three 
years.  He  compiled  the  "  Modern  Trav- 
eller," and  in  1832  assumed  the  editor- 
ship of  the  "  Patriot  "  newspaper,  then 
and  long  afterward  the  organ  of  the 
English  Congregationalists.     D.  1855. 

CONDIE,  D.  Francis,  an  American 
physician,  b.  in  Philadelphia  in  1796, 
practised  his  profession  for  many  years 
in  that  city.  He  wrote  and  edited  many 
medical  treatises,  and  was  a  frequent 
contributor  to  the  medical  and  scientific 
journals.  His  works  were  regarded  as 
authorities.     D.  1876. 

CONE,  Spkn'ceu  Houghton,  an 
American  clergyman  and  pulpit  orator, 
b.  in  Princeton," N.  J.,  1785.  was  in  his 
youth  a  teacher  and  law  student,  but  in 
1895  went  upon  the  stage  and  acted 
with  great  success  for  several  years.  In 
1812  he  left  the  boards  and  became 
editor  of  the  "Baltimore  American." 
During  the  war  he  joined  a  regiment 
and  served  against  the  British  in  the 
engagements  connected  with  the  attack 
and  defence  of  Washington.  He  was 
now  preparing  for  the  ministry,  and  be- 
gan to  preach,  attracting  large  audiences 


coo] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


71 


and  exciting  much  interest.  In  1815— 1G 
lie  was  chosen  chaplain  to  Congress. 
He  was  settled  in  Alexandria  (ill  1823, 
when  lie  accepted  a  call  to  a  Baptist 
society  in  New  York,  in  which  city  he 
breached  until  the  time  of  his  death. 
From  1S3G  to  1839  he  was  president  of 
the  Bible  Society,  was  a  leading  mem- 
ber of  the  Baptist  General  Convention 
of  the  United  Slates,  and  became  its 
president  in  18 i2.  He  was  an  advocate 
of  the  proposition  for  a  new  translation 
of  the  Bible  adapted  to  Baptist  views, 
which  was  negatived  after  an  exciting 
controversy.  Dr.  Cone  then  prompted 
the  formation  of  the  American  Bible 
Union,  of  which  he  was  made  presi- 
dent. L).  1855.  A  memoir  of  bis  Life 
bv  his  sons  was  published  in  1856. 

CONINGTON,  John,  an  English 
scholar  and  author,  b.  1825,  was  edu- 
cated chiefly  at  Rugby,  tinder  Dr.  Ar- 
nold;  thence  he  went  to  Oxford  as  a 
demy  of  Magdalen,  and  was  distin- 
guished for  his  classical  acquisitions  as 
an  undergraduate.  After  a  brief  trial 
of  the  study  of  the  law,  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  Latin  literature  in 
the  newly-founded  chair  at  Oxford  in 
1854.  His  important  contributions  to 
literature  are  an  edition  of  Virgil,  ex- 
hibiting great  erudition  and  critical 
power,  and  a  scholarly  translation  of  the 
iEneid,  in  octo-syllabic  verse  He  also 
translated  the  Odes  of  Horace,  twelve 
books  of  the  Iliad,  and  the  Agamem- 
non of  vEschylus  into  Knglish  verse. 
D.  18.1.1.  His  miscellaneous  writings 
with  a  brief  memoir  have  been  pub- 
lished since  his  death. 

CONNER,  I)avii»,  b.  1792,  entered 
the  U.  S.  navy  in  1803,  and  was  acting 
lieutenant  on  the  Hornet  in  her  action 
with  the  Peacock  in  1813,  and  after- 
wards with  the  Penguin.  For  his  gal- 
lantry in  the  latter  action,  where  he 
was  dangerously  wounded,  he  received 
a  medal  from  congress,  and  a  sword 
from  Pennsylvania,  his  native  state. 
He  blockaded  the  gulf  ports  in  the  Mex- 
ican war,  and  directed  the  landing  of 
the  armv  under  General  Scott  at  Vera 
Cruz.     D.  1858. 

CONOLLY,  John,  an  English  phy- 
sician, b.  1795,  devoted  himself  to  the 
treatment  of  insanity,  and  published  sev- 
eral works  on  the  subject.  He  adopted 
the  principles  first  established  by  Piuel 
in  Franc".  His  most  important  works 
are:  "An  Inquiry  concerning  the  In 
dications  of  Insanity"  (1830).  "The 
Construction  and  Government  of  Luna- 
tic Asylums ''  (1847),  "The  Treatment 


of  the  Insane  without  Mechanical  Re- 
straint" (185(1),  and  "A  Study  of  Ham- 
let" (1863).     D.  18GG. 

CONRAD,  RmtKKT  T.,  an  American 
writer,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  1810,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  an  early  age, 
ami  for  some  years  was  connected  edi- 
torially with  the  newspaper  press.  He 
resumed  the  practice  of  the  law  in  1834, 
and  the  next  year  was  appointed  re- 
corder of  the  recorder's  court,  and  sub- 
sequently judge  of  the  court  of  ses- 
sions. VVIiile  on  the  bench  he  wrote 
the  tragedy  of  "Aylmere"  for  Mr. 
Edwin  Forrest  After  returning  to  the 
bar  he  edited  "Graham's  Magazine," 
wrote  leading  articles  for  the  "North 
American."  and  held  the  office  of  mayor 
of  Philadelphia.  He  published  a  vol- 
ume of  poems  in  1852.     D.  1858. 

CONYBEARE,  Wilmam  Daxikl, 
an  Knglish  divine,  dean  of  Llaudaff,  b. 
1787,  was  principally  distinguished  for 
his  attainments  and  researches  in  geol- 
ogy, on  which  subject  he  contributed 
some  valuable  papers.  D.  1857.  —  His 
son,  William  John,  was  a  clergyman 
of  the  broad  church  party  of  the  Eng- 
lish church,  and  wrote  various  essays 
and  sermons  that  attracted  much  atten- 
tion.    D.  1857. 

COOK,  Hkxhv  F.,  a  confederate 
brigadier-general,  b.  in  Mississippi  ; 
killed  in  Virginia,  1883.  He  served 
in  the  Mexican  war,  and  distinguished 
himself  at  Monterey. 

COOKE,  George  Wixgrove,  an 
English  author  and  journalist,  b.  1814. 
He  was  the  correspondent  of  the  "Lon- 
don Times  "  during  the  war  with  China 
which  resulted  in  the  taking  of  Canton, 
and  his  letters  were  republished  in  a 
collected  form  under  the  title,  "China 
and  Lower  Bengal."  Of  his  other  works, 
the  "History  of  Party"  is  best  known. 
1).  18  55. 

COOPER,  James  Fenimore,  an 
American  novelist,  b  178J  in  Burling- 
ton, N.  J.  In  his  first  year  he  was 
removed  with  the  family  to  Coopers- 
town,  N  Yr..  and  at  1(5  entered  the 
navy,  where  he  served  six  years.  In 
181 1  lie  married  and  removed  to  Mamar- 
oneck,  Westchester  county,  where  he 
began  his  career  as  an  author  by  the 
publication  of  a  novel  of  English  life, 
entitled,  "  Precaution."  It  was  not 
successful.  Three  years  afterwards  the 
"Spy"  appeared,  anil  established  at 
once  his  reputation.  After  two  years, 
"The  Pioneers"  followed,  written,  as 
he  said,  "  exclusively  to  please  him- 
self."   "The  Pilot"  next  brought  itself 


72 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[COR 


into  immediate  comparison  and  compe- 
tition with  Scott's  ''Pirate,"  and  not  to 
Cooper's  disadvantage.  "Lionel  Lin- 
coln" was  less  successful;  but,  after  a 
brief  interval,  ''The  Last  of  the  Mohi- 
cans '  more  than  regained  for  him  the 
ground  he  had  lost.  Next  came  the 
"Red  Rover,"  and  "The  Prairie,"  in 
1828.  About  this  time  he  went  to  Eu- 
rope with  his  family,  and  remained  till 
1833.  His  residence  there  gave  rise  to 
several  publications  for  the  admonition 
and  rebuke  of  his  countrymen,  which 
added  nothing  to  his  reputation,  and 
materially  damaged  his  home  popular- 
ity. For  several  years  he  was  a  stand- 
ing subject  of  ridicule  and  abuse  with 
the  press,  till  he  compelled  it  to  treat 
him  with  decency,  by  the  most  remark- 
able series  of  suits  for  libel  on  record. 
In  the  midst  of  these  litigations  he 
produced  the  "Pathfinder,"  one  of  his 
most  finished  Works.  A  series  of  tales 
founded  on  the  anti-rent  troubles  in 
the  state  of  New  York  succeeded,  but 
failed  to  excite  much  interest.  Be- 
tween 1842  and  1850  he  published  no 
fewer  than  eleven  novels,  which  exhibit 
no  decline  of  the  inventive  faculty,  or 
of  constructive  skill,  though  none  of 
them  attained  the  popularity  of  some 
of  his  earlier  works.  His  only  histori- 
cal production  is  a  "Naval  History  of 
the  United  States,"  which  is  the  best 
work  on  the  subject,  though  it  lacks 
the  interest  which  his  pen  imparted  to 
his  fictions.  His  works  have  been  trans- 
lated into  several  European  languages, 
and  have  become  a  permanent  portion 
of  American  literature.  1).  at  Coopers- 
town,  Sept.  14,  1851. — Bkansby  13.,  a 
distinguished  English  surgeon,  nephew 
of  Sir  Astlev  Cooper,  of  whom  he  wrote  a 
"Life."  B".  1702;  d.  1853.  —  Edwahd 
S.,  an  eminent  surgeon,  professor,  and 
president  of  the  medical  department  of 
the  university  of  the  Pacific,  b.  in  Som- 
erville  county,  O.,  1821 ;  d.  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, 18(12.  —  James,  an  American  sen- 
ator and  general,  b.  in  Maryland,  1810, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  after  serving  in  the  U.  S. 
house  of  representatives,  was  elected 
to  the  senate  from  that  state  in  184!). 
He  subsequently  removed  to  Maryland, 
and  on  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war 
was  appointed  brigadier-general.  While 
in  command  of  Camp  Chase,  O.,  he  was 
attacked  with  the  illness  which  proved 
fatal.  1).  1883. —William,  a  distin- 
guished painter,  b.  in  London,  1787,  be- 
gan to  exhibit  at  the  Royal  academy  in 
1812,  and  in  1810  obtained  the  prize  of 


the  British  institution  for  his  "Battle 
of  Waterloo."  He  excelled  as  a  painter 
of  horses,  and  was  liberally  patronized 
by  the  sporting  nobility  and  gentry. 
Many  of  his  early  works  were  engraved 
for  tli e  "Sporting Magazine."  D.  1 8,38. 

COQUEREL,  Athasase  Lauuknt 
Ciiakles.  a  French  Protestant  minis- 
ter, nephew  of  the  English  authoress, 
Miss  Helen  Williams,  and  educated  by 
her,  was  ordained  1816.  He  was  twelve 
years  minister  of  a  French  church  at 
Amsterdam.  In  1830  he  returned  to 
France,  and  soon  acquired  great  influ- 
ence, but  his  liberality  exposed  him  to 
severe  attacks  from  the  orthodox.  After 
1848  he  was  in  public  life  as  a  member 
of  the  assembly,  but  with  the  coup  d'etat 
he  retired.  He  was  editor  of  the  jour- 
nals "  Le  Protestant"  and  "  Le  Libre 
Examen,"  and  author  of  "  Sacred  Bi- 
ography," "Analysis  of  the  liible," 
''Answer  to  Strauss's  Life  of  Jesus," 
"  Modern  Orthodoxy,"  and  other  works. 
His  sermons  form  eight  vols.  B.  1795  ; 
d.  18  >8. —  Charles  Augustis,  brother 
of  the  preceding,  b.  1797,  without  en- 
tering into  pastoral  functions  made  the- 
ology his  favorite  study.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  "  P.evue  Britau- 
nique,"  in  which  he  published  many 
astronomical  articles.  He  wrote  a  his- 
tory of  English  literature,  and  a  "His- 
toire  des  Eglises  du  Desert,"  being  an 
account  of  the  sufferings  of  the  French 
Protestants  since  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes.  D.  1851.  — Atiianase 
JoSUE,  a  French  Protestant  pastor,  son 
of  Athanase  Laurent  Charles,  b.  in 
Amsterdam,  1820,  succeeded  his  father 
as  editor  of  the  "Lie."  and  of  the 
"Nouvelle  Revue  de  Tlu'ologie,''  and 
became  well  known  by  his  doctrines 
and  writings.  In  consequence  of  an 
article  expressing  his  views  of  Kenan's 
"Life  of  Jesus,"  he  was  suspended 
from  his  functions  by  the  consistory  of 
Paris,  while  the  consistory  of  Auduze 
at  the  same  time  voted  him  an  address 
of  sympathy.  Besides  sermons,  ad- 
dresses, and  homilies,  M.  Coquerel  has 
published  "Jean  Calas  et  sa  Famille," 
"Precis  de  l'Eglise  Kefornu'ede  Paris," 
"Poiirquoi  la  France  n'est  elle  pas  Pro- 
testante  V  "  and  other  works.  In  1871- 
72  he  made  a  preaching  and  lecturing 
tour  in  the  United  States.  D.  in  Paris, 
Julv,  1875. 

CORCORAN,  Miciiakl,  b.  at  Car- 
rowkeel,  Ireland,  1827,  came  to  the 
United  States  in  1849.  On  the  call  for 
troops  bv  the  Federal  government  in 
April,  1801,  he  took  the  field  with  the 


con] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OV    BIOGRAMIY. 


G9lli  regiment  of  New  York  state  mi- 
litia, of  which  he  was  colonel,  and  was 
engaged  in  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  where 
he  v» as  wounded  ami  taken  prisoner.  He 
was  imprisoned  at  Richmond,  Charles- 
ton. Columbia,  and  Salisbury,  but,  al- 
though treated  with  uncommon  harsh- 
ue-s,  lie  rejected  an  offer  lor  bis  libera- 
tion, tendered  with,  the  condition  that  be 
should  not  again  take  up  arms  against 
the  receded  states.  Exchanged  August, 
1862,  he  was  immediately  appointed 
a  brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  He 
(ben  organized  au  Irish  legion,  which 
took  part  in  the  battles  of  the  Xau-e- 
moiid  river,  and  Suffolk,  in  April,  1833, 
and  checked  the  advance  of  the  enemy 
upon  Norfolk.  Killed  by  a  fall  from 
his  horse,  December,  1833" 

CORMENIN,  Louis  Marie  de  la 
H.vvk,  Viscount  de,  b.  at  funis.  1788  ; 
as  jurist,  statesman,  pamphleteer,  and 
moralist,  exercised  great  influence  on 
the  political  affairs  of  his  time.  At  the 
age  of  22  he  was  appointed  by  Napo- 
leon auditor  of  the  council  of  state.  In 
1828  he  was  elected  deputy,  and  was 
reelected  for  eighteen  years.  In  183) 
he  protested  against  the  elevation  of 
Louis  Philippe  to  the  throne,  and  re- 
signed his  ofiices.  After  the  revolution 
of  1848  he  was  president  of  the  com- 
mission appointed  to  remodel  the  con- 
stitution, and  after  the  coup  d'etat  a 
member  of  the  council  of  state.  His 
numerous  piquant  and  aggressive  pam- 
phlets, published  under  the  name  of 
Frm on,  made  for  him  many  enemies, 
and  closed  to  him  the  doors  of  the 
French  academy.  He  founded  several 
charitable  institutions  ;  and  as  a  moral- 
ist, for  bis  "  Entretiens  de  Village,"  he 
received  the  Mi  lityon  prize.  In  his 
"  Livre  des  Orateurs,"  be  gives  the  re- 
sults often  years'  conscientious  study  of 
the  most  celebrated  parliamentary  ora- 
tors of  France.  It  has  passed  through 
more  than  twenty  editions,  and  has 
been  translated  into  all  the  languages. 
His  most  important  legal  work  i*  the 
"Questions  de  Droit  Administratif,"  2 
vols,  in  8vo.     D.  1838. 

CORNELIUS,  I'KiEit  Vox,  the  most 
distinguished  modern  painter  of  Ger- 
many, b.  at  Dusselilorf,  1787,  where  bis 
father  was  inspector  of  the  picture  gal- 
lery. He  devoted  himself  from  au  early 
age  to  the  study  of  art,  and  the  first 
great  work  which  he  undertook  at  1!) 
was  painting  the  cupola  of  the  old 
church  of  Neass,  near  Dusselilorf.  Th:s 
work,  composed  of  colossal  figures  in 
chiaroscuro,  bears  obvious  marks  of  the 


genius  that  was  afterwards  to  exercise 
mi  much  influence  upon  German  art. 
He  began  at  Irankfort,  in  1810,  his  ad- 
mirable illustrations  of  "Faust,"  which 
he  completed  at  Home  in  the  following 
year.  His  creations  are  the  types  of 
the  Faust,  Margaret,  and  Mephistophe- 
les  of  painting.  At  Rome  be  became 
intimate  with  Overbeds,  and  they  lived 
together  in  an  aid  convent  in  such  close 
union  that  King  Louis  of  Havana  used 
to  style  them  St.  Paul  and  St.  John. 
Here  he  composed  the  designs  illus- 
trating the  "Nibelungen  Lied,"  which 
were  engraved  by  Am-lcr  and  Lips.  He 
was  now  employed  by  Bartholdy,  con- 
sul general  of  Prussia,  to  paint  the  w.ills 
of  his  country  house  in  fresco,  and  exe- 
cuted two  Scripture  scenes  from  the  life 
of  Joseph.  He  may  be  considered  the 
restorer  of  the  art  of  fresco  painting, 
which  had  been  neglected  for  a  century. 
His  designs,  illustrative  of  the  Divine 
Comedy,  were  engraved  by  Scbifer. 
He  left  Rome  in  18 ID  to  execute  the 
frescoes  of  the  Glyptothek  in  Munich, 
where  he  was  joined  by  several  of  bis 
scholars,  and  decorated  two  grand  halls, 
one  of  "'Heroes,"  the  other  of  the 
"Gods."  At  the  same  time  he  deco- 
rated the  corridors  of  the  l'inakothek. 
In  the  church  of  St.  Louis  be  executed 
a  painting  of  the  "Last  Judgment,"  on, 
canvas,  surpassing  in  dimensions  that 
on  which  Michael  Angelo  depicted  the 
same  subject.  In  1811  be  was  invited 
to  Berlin  by  the  King  of  Prussia,  where 
be  was  charged  with  the  paintings  fox 
the  Campo  Santo,  a  royal  mausoleum* 
This  work  is  well  known  by  the  en- 
graved cartoons,  among  which  the 
"Four  Horsemen  of  the  Apocalypse'* 
is  remarkable  for  its  boldness  and  orig- 
inality. 1).  at  Berlin,  1837.  Soon  af- 
terwards Hermann  Riegel  published  a 
valuable  Life  of  the  great  master,  the 
second  edition  of  which,  with  a  cata- 
logue of  his  works,  appeared  in  1870. 

CORNELL,  Ezha,  b.  in  Westchester 
county,  New  York,  18)7,  accumulated 
from  his  business  connection  with  the 
magnetic  telegraph  a  large  fortune,  from 
which  he  endowed  a  public  library  at 
Ithaca  with  $50,000;  and  established  at 
the  same  place,  in  18(18,  the  CorneU 
University,  for  which  he  set  apart  $7(10,- 
003,  and  procured  the  congressional 
grant  of  college  lands,  amounting  to 
99f),003  acres.     D.  1875. 

COROT,  Jkan  Baitiste  Camille, 
an  eminent  French  landscape  painter, 
b.  in  Paris,  179fi,  at  the  aga  of  20  years 
left  trade  for  art,  and  entered  the  atelier 


74 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[COU 


of  Michallon.  He  studied  afterwards 
several  years  in  Italy,  and  exhibited  his 
first  two  pictures  at  the  Paris  salmi  of 
1827.  He  was  an  enthusiastic  student 
of  nature,  and  in  his  later  years  his 
works  were  very  much  sought  after.  A 
few  months  before  his  death  the  princi- 
pal artists  of  France  gave  him  a  superb 
ovation  at  the  School  of  the  Fine  Arts. 
Two  of  his  best  works,  "Dante"  and 
"  Ilagar  in  the  Wilderness,"  he  refused 
to  part  with,  and  his  studio  was  full 
of  unfinished  works  labelled  with  the 
names  of  the  dealers  and  amateurs  who 
had  purchased  them  vears  before.  D. 
1875. 

CORR,  Emx,  a  Belgian  engraver,  b. 
1803,  was  the  son  of  an  expatriated 
Irishman  ;  attained  a  very  high  dis- 
tinction in  his  art.  His  last  work  was 
an  engraving  on  copper  of  Rubens' 
"Descent  from  the  Cross,"  on  which 
lie  spent  ten  vears  of  labor.  D.  at  Paris, 
1882. 

CORSSEN,  Wilhelm  P..  a  German 
philologist,  b.  in  Bremen,  1820,  was  the 
author  of  an  exhaustive  work  on  the 
pronunciation  of  Latin,  and  other  works 
on  its  construction.  He  wa?  engaged 
at  the  time  of  his  death  in  researches 
on  the  language  of  the  Etruscans,  but 
had  published  only  his  first  volume  on 
the  subject,  in  lOlfi  pages.  The  cor- 
rectness of  his  theory  on  the  subject 
has  been  much  discussed  and  disputed 
by  philologists.     D.  1875. 

CORVVTN,  Thomas,  an  American 
statesman  and  orator,  b.  in  1794,  was 
reared  on  a  farm  in  Ohio,  and  studied 
law.  In  181S  he  was  admitted  to  prac- 
tice. After  serving  several  sessions  in 
the  legislature  of  Ohio,  he  was  elected 
to  congre*s  in  1830.  From  his  entrance 
into  public  life  he  supported  the  policy 
of  Mr.  Clay  and  the  Whig  party,  and 
was  a  very  influential  speaker  in  the 
political  canvass  which  resulted  in  the 
election  of  Gen.  Harrison  to  the  presi- 
dency. He  was  elected  governor  of 
Ohio  in  1840,  and  U.  S.  senator  in  1845. 
His  pronounced  opposition  to  the  Mex- 
ican war  subjected  him  to  strong  denun- 
ciation from  the  administration  press. 
He  held  the  office  of  secretary  of  the 
treasury  during  the  term  of  President 
Fillmore,  and  concurred  cordially  in 
his  policy  on  all  public  measures.  He 
served  again  in  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives from  1858  to  1831.  when  he 
was  appointed  minister  to  Mexico  by 
President  Lincoln.  On  the  slavery  ques- 
tion he  preferred  compromise  measures 
to  the  alternative  of  civil  war.     D.  in 


Washington,  where  he  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  his  profession  after  his  re- 
turn from  Mexico,  Dec.  18,  18i5. 

COSTELLO,  Dudley,  author  and 
journalist,  b.  in  Ireland.  18D3,  entered 
the  army,  which  he  left,  and  resided 
some  time  in  Paris  as  draughtsman 
and  amanuensis  to  Cuvier.  Removing 
to  London  in  1833,  he  contributed  to 
the  journals,  and  for  thirty  years  to 
the  "Examiner."'  He  wrote  several 
works  of  fiction  and  a  book  of  travel 
in  Italy.  D.  1885.  —  Louisa  Stuart, 
sister  of  the  preceding,  b.  1815,  was  an 
authoress  of  note  in  several  departments 
of  literature.  She  wrote  romances, 
travels,  poems,  and  memoirs,  and  all 
with  success.  Among  her  best  works 
are  her  "Lives  of  Eminent  English- 
women," "Memoir  of  Mary  Duchess 
of  Burgundy,"  and  "Memoir  of  Anne 
of  Bri'annv."  She  published  in  1843 
"Specimens  of  the  Early  Poetry  of 
France,"  and  in  1845  "The  Rose  Gar- 
den of  Persia,"  containing  translations 
from  the  most  famous  Persian  poets 
with   biographical  sketches.     D.  18"!>. 

COTTEXHAM,  Chahi.ks  Chkisto- 
iMiicit  Pepys,  Earl  of,  lord  high  chan- 
cellor of  England  from  1833  to  1841, 
and  again  appointed  in  1843.  15.1781; 
d.  1851.  He  was  of  the  family  of  the 
author  of  the  celebrated  Diary  of  the 
Times  of  Charles  II." 

COTTLE,  Joseph,  a  bookseller 
whose  name  is  familiar  in  literature 
as  that  of  the  early  friend  of  CiJeridge, 
and  the  author  of  an  interesting  vol- 
ume of  recollections,  b.  1774:  d.  1853. 

COUCH,  Richard  Quill  a  r,  an 
English  surgeon  and  savant,  b.  in  Corn- 
wall, 1810;  d.  1833.  He  cultivated  a 
taste  for  marine  zoology,  and  con- 
ducted elaborate  observations  on  ob- 
scure points  of  natural  history,  and 
contributed  pap°rs  on  these  subjects  to 
scientific  societies.  He  was  also  a  geol- 
ogist. 

COUSIN',  Victor,  a  celebrated 
French  philosopher  and  man  of  let- 
ters, !>.  in  Paris,  1792,  was  educated  at 
the  Ecole  Normale,  where  at  the  age  of 
20  he  became  a  tutor  in  ancient  litera- 
ture, and  afterwards  master  of  the  con- 
ferences in  philosophy.  In  1815  he  suc- 
ceeded Royer-Collard  at  the  Sorboune. 
The  talent,  research,  fervor,  and,  above 
all,  the  generous,  liberal,  and  bold  ideas 
of  his  lectures,  gave  (hem  very  great 
interest.  In  consequence  of  the  reac- 
tion in  the  government  which  removed 
Royer-Collard  from  the  roval  council 
of  the   university,    the   course   of    the 


cra] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


75 


young  professor  was  suspended,  at  the 
same  lime  as  that  of  his  colleague,  M. 
Guizot.  He  profited  by  t lie  leisure  thus 
afforded  to  undertake  the  translation  of 
Plato,  and  to  travel  in  Germany.  Sus- 
pected of  liberalism,  he  was  arrested 
by  the  police  and  thrown  into  prison  at 
Berlin,  where  he  was  visited  by  Hegel, 
with  whom  he  afterwards  kept  up  a 
correspondence.  Liberated  alter  a  short 
but  unjustifiable  detention,  he  returned 
to  France,  and  to  his  chair  at  the  Sor- 
bonne,  under  the  favor  of  a  more  liberal 
ministry,  with  Guizot  and  Villemain 
for  his  colleagues.  On  the  accession  of 
Louis  Philippe  he  was  made  a  council- 
lor of  state,  and  a  member  of  the  coun- 
cil of  public  instruction.  In  1831  he 
visited  Germany  as  a  commissioner  to 
examine  and  report  on  the  state  of  pub- 
lic education,  and  published  a  report  on 
the  Prussian  system,  which  gave  popu- 
lar instruction  an  impulse  throughout 
Europe.  In  the  following  year  he  was 
admitted  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 
and  created  a  peer  of  France.  After  the 
revolution  of  1848  he  retired  from  pub- 
lic life.  His  works  are  very  numerous, 
and  are  characterized  by  a  style  which 
entitles  him  to  the  very  first  place  among 
modern  French  philosophical  authors. 
Among  them  are  a  "Translation  of  the 
Works  of  Plato,"  in  13  vols.  0825-40), 
an  edition  of  "Descartes'  Works,"  in 
11  vols.,  a  "Course  of  Lectures  on 
Moral  Philosophy,  on  the  Foundation 
Ideas  of  the  Absolute,  the  True,  the 
Beautiful,  and  the  Good  "  (1836),  "  Lec- 
tures on  the  Historv  of  Modern  Philos- 
ophy, delivered  in  1816-17"  (1841), 
"Lectures  on  the  History  of  Moral 
Philosophy  in  the  Eighteenth  Centurv," 
in  5  vols."  (1840-41),  "Lessons  on 'the 
Philosophy  of  Kant"  (1842),  "A  Dis- 
sertation on  the  Pensees  de  Pascal  " 
(1812),  and  a  series  of  studies  on  the 
distinguished  women  of  the  seventeenth 
centurv.  M.  Cousin  was  a  leading 
contributor  to  the  "Revue  des  Deux 
Monde*,"  the  "Memoirs  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Moral  and  Political  Sciences," 
and  the  "Journal  des  Savans."  His 
collected  works  were  published  in  1846- 
47  in  22  vols.  18mo.     D.  1867. 

COX,  David,  one  of  the  greatest  of 
the  English  water-color  landscape  paint- 
ers, b.  1783,  first  practised  as  a  scenic 
painter  in  Birmingham,  and  afterwards 
in  London.  During  the  last  years  of 
his  life  he  painted  chieflv  in  oil.  D. 
1850. 

COVODE,  John,  an  American  poli- 
tician,   b.    ill    Westmoreland    county, 


Penn.,  1838,  of  Dutch  descent,  farmer 
and  manufacturer,  largely  engaged  in 
the  coal  business;  was  a  member  of  the 
lower  house,  of  congress  from  1855  to 
1863,  and  again  from  1867  to  1869.  In 
the  36th  congress  he  was  chairman  of  a 
special  committee  appointed  to  investi- 
gate certain  charges  against  President 
Buchanan;  and  in  the  40th  he  intro- 
duced a  resolution  for  the  impeachment 
of  President  Johnson-  During  the  civil 
war  he  sent  three  sons  to  the  Union 
army,  the  youngest  of  whom  was  only 
15  years  of  age.  He  was  an  active 
member  of  the  "joint  committee  on 
the  conduct  of   the  war."      D.  1871. 

COYNL,  Joski*h  Stirling,  b.  in  Ire- 
land, 1805,  studied  law,  but  abandoned 
it  tor  dramatic  writing.  He  went  to 
London  in  1837.  and  produced  "  The 
Woman  in  Red,"  "How  to  Settle  Ac- 
counts with  your  Laundress,"  and 
many  other  plays  that  were  well  re- 
ceived. He  was  one  of  the  projectors 
of  "  Punch."  From  1856  he  was  seere- 
tarv  to  the  Dramatic  Authors'  Society. 
D.  1868. 

COZZENS,  Frederick  Swart- 
wout,  b.  in  New  York,  1818,  a  wine 
merchant,  edited  for  some  time  "  The 
Wine  Press,"  and  wrote  for  the  literary 
periodicals.      His    best     work     is    the 

Sparrowgrass  Papers,"  185C.  He 
wrote  other  works  of  humor,  and  "Fitz 
Greene  Halleck,  a  Memorial  "    D.  1869. 

CRABU,  George,  an  English  bar- 
rister and  philologist,  b.  1778,  was  a 
teacher  in  his  youth,  and  studied  in 
Germany.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  at 
the  age  of  43,  and  was  51  years  old 
when  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He 
wrote  a  "History  of  English  Law." 
He  is  most  generally  known  by  his 
treatise  on  "English  Synonyms."  D. 
1854. 

CRAIK,  George  Lillie,  b.  1799,  in 
Scotland,  went  to  London  in  1824,  and 
was  employed  in  several  of  their  popu- 
lar publications  by  the  Society  for  the 
Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge,  and  by 
Mr.  Charles  Knight.  In  1849  he  be- 
came professor  of  history  and  English 
literature  in  Queen's  college,  Belfast. 
He  afterwards  published  "  Romance  of 
the  Peerage,"  in  four  vols.;  and  a 
"Compendious  History  of  English  Lit- 
erature and  the  English  Language." 
D.  1866. 

CRANCH,  William,  an  American 
jurist,  b.  in  Weymouth,  Mass.,  1769, 
graduated  at  Harvard  college,  1787,. 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1790. 
After  practising  for  three  years  in  the 


■(■> 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


CRI 


Courts  of  Massachusetts  and  New  Hamp- 
shire, he  removed  to  the  District  "f  Co- 
lumbia, where  lie  passed  the  remainder 
of  his  life.  In  1831  he  was  appointed, 
by  President  Adam*,  one  of  the  assistant 
judges  of  the  circuit  court  for  the  Dis- 
trict, of  which  court,  in  18)5,  he  was 
appointed  chief  justice.  He  published 
nine  volumes  of  reports  of  the  decisions 
of  the  United  States  supreme  court,  and 
six  volumes  of  the  decisions  of  his  own 
court.  He  ranked  wry  high  as  a  jurist 
and  as  a  man.     1).  18)5. 

CRANWOltTO,  Rimsert  Mounsey 
R"|.fk.  baron,  b.  1700,  bred  lo  the  bar, 
was  lord  chancellor  of  England.  1852-58, 
and  ajain  under  Palmerston,  18  >5-(i0. 
D.  18  !8. 

CRAVEN,  Tunis  Augustus  Mao- 
T)(iN"l(;n,  comniander  United  States 
Wavy,  b.  in  New  Hampshire,  entered  the 
service  ;is  niidshipnian  in  182),  and  was 
lor  many  years  actively  employed  in 
the  coa-t  survey.  In  September,  1811, 
In-  wis  sent  to  Europe,  in  command  of 
the  screw-sloop  Tuscarora,  to  cruise  for 
confederate  privateers,  an  I  continued  in 
this  service  unt  I  the  summer  of  1833. 
Early  in  the  following  year  he  wis 
pi  iced  in  command  c*t'  the  Ericsson 
monitor  Tecumseh,  in  which  he  served 
in  the  James  river.  He  was  next  or- 
dered to  join  Admiral  Farragut,  and 
was  killed  by  the  explosion  of  the  tor- 
pedo which  destroyed  the  Tecumseh 
while  attempting  the  passage  of  the 
Mobile  forts,  August,  18S4. 

CRAWFORD,  Thomas, an  American 
Sculptor,  was  b.  in  New  York,  1814.  He 
exhibited  at  an  early  age  a  remarkable 
ta-te  for  art.  in  which  he  was  encouraged 
by  his  father,  who  caused  him  to  be 
thoroughly  instructed  in  drawing  and 
c.-irving,  a>nd  in  modelling  in  clay.  In 
18  54  he  went  to  Italy,  and  was  at  Home 
as  a  student,  where  he  fortunately 
gained  admittance  to  the  studio  of 
Thorwaldsen,  and  enjoyed  his  instruc- 
tion and  friendship.  In  ISiK,  having 
previously  executed  numerous  busts  and 
a  few  original  pieces,  he  designed  his 
'"Orpheus,"  now  in  the  Boston  Athe- 
meum,  the  work  which  first  established 
his  reputation.  His  studio  in  Rome 
soon  became  a  favorite  resort  of  stran- 
gers. He  was  very  felicitous  in  model- 
line-  from  life.  One  of  the  most  char- 
acteristic of  his  works  of  this  class  is 
the  bust  of  Jo-dab.  Quincy,  executed  for 
the  library  of  Harvard  university.  Of 
his  ideal  busts,  the  "Sappho"  and 
"Vesta"  are  good  examples.  His 
Scriptural  compositions  are  remarkable 


i  for  the  spirit  and  dignity  of  their  treat- 

'  ment.     Among  the  noblest  of  his  works 

are   his   bronze  siatue  of  Beethoven,  in 

the   Boston  Music  Hall,  and  the  bronze 

equestrian  statue  of  Washington,  at  the 

!  cai  itol  in  Richmond,  Va.     I).  1857. 

CRAWFURD,  .Ioitx,  a   Hriti-h  au- 
I  thor  and  diplomatist,  b.  in   Edinburgh, 
|  1733;  at    the    aice  of  twenty  sailed   for 
India.     He  was  a  while  British  resident 
at  the  court  of  the  Sultan  of  .lava,  and 
I  wrote  a  ■'  History  of  the   Indian  Archi- 
pelago."    He  was  subsequently  envoy 
to    Siam,    Burmali,    Pegu,  and    Cochin 
China,     lie  wrote  interesting  and  valu- 
I  able  accounts    of  these   countries;   and 
published    in    1852   a    "Grammar    and 
Dictionary  of    the    Malav   language," 
two  vols.'8vo.     1).  18<>8. 

CRE^WIUK.  Thomvs,  1>.  1811,  stud- 
ied art  in  Birmingham  and  in  London, 
and  became  known  by  his  Welsh  and 
English  landscapes,  which  were  much 
commended  for  their  exquisite  combi- 
nations of  stream,  rock,  and  foliage. 
He  was  much  employed  in  illustrative 
designs   for   several    publications.      D. 

is:;1.). 
CRETINEAU-JOLY,    Jacques,     a 

French  historian,  b  1813,  studied  at 
St.  Sulpice,  published  poem*,  was  a  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy,  and  wrote  histories 
and  edited  journals  in  the  interests  of 
the  legitimate  dynasty.  His  most  im- 
portant work  is  a  "  History,  Religious, 
Political,  and  Literarv,  of  the  Company 
!  of  Jesus,"  in  six  vols.     1).  1875. 

CREUZER,  Gkorge  Fkkdkric,  a 
German  philologist  and  aiitiquarv,  b. 
|  1771;  d.  in  Heidelberg,  1858.  His  liter- 
arv tame  rests  chiefly  on  his  "Symbolics 
and  Mythology  of  the  Ancient  Nations,'' 
published  in  1810.  He  was  the  author 
of  several  other  works  of  great  learning 
and  research. 

CRIGHT<  >N\  Kkv.  Ani)i:e\v,  a  Scot- 
tish divine,  inanv  vears  editor  of  the 
"  Edinburgh  Advertiser."     1>.  1855. 

CRITTENDEN,  John  J.,  American 
statesman,  b.  in  Woodford  county,  Kc, 
178  i:  d.  at  Louisville,  July  25,  1853. 
During  the  war  of  1812  he  served  as 
major  under  General  Hopkins  in  his  ex- 
pedition, and  was  aid  to  Governor  Shel- 
by at  the  battle  of  the  Thames.  Adopt- 
ing the  profession  of  law,  he  served 
in  the  state  legislature,  and  was  chosen 
speaker  of  the  house:  he  entered  con- 
gress as  a  member  of  the  senate,  from 
Kv.,  in  1817,  serving  then  but  two 
years.  From  1819  to  1835  he  practised 
his  profession,  residing  at  Frankfort, 
and  occasionally  representing  his  county 


cum] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


in  the  state  legislature.  In  18:55  he  was 
again  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate,  where 
he  sei  ved  until  March,  1841,  when  he 
was  appointed  attorney-general  by  Pres- 
ident Harrison.  In  Sept.,  1841,  he  re- 
signed, and  retired  to  private  life,  from 
which,  however,  he  was  soon  called  by 
the  legislature,  to  resume  his  seat  in  the 
U.  S.  senate,  in  1842.  He  was  elected 
a  senator  for  another  term,  from  March, 
184:5,  but,  in  1848,  having  received  the 
Whig  nomination  for  governor  of  Ky., 
he  retired  from  the  senate,  and  was 
elected  to  that  office,  which  he  held  un- 
til his  appointment  as  attorney-general 
by  President  Fillmore.  He  was  a  fifth 
time  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate  in  1855, 
for  the  term  ending  in  1861,  and  was, 
when  he  retired,  the  oldest  member  of 
that  body.  In  the  2d  session  of  the 
3Ctli  congress,  he  introduced  the  meas- 
ure known  as  the  Crittenden  compro- 
mise, but  the  opinion  of  the  senate  was 
that  the  time  for  compromise  had  passed. 
He  also  sat  as  a  representative  in  the 
37th  congress,  and  was  a  determined 
opponent  of  the  rebellion  and  supporter 
of  the  government. 

CROKER,  John  Wilson,  a  British 
statesman  and  author,  b.  in  Ireland, 
1780,  was  educated  at  Trinity  college, 
Dublin,  and  called  to  the  Irish  bar  in 
18i>2.  In  18D8  he  entered  parliament, 
where  he  held  a  seat,  with  little  inter- 
mission, till  18:J2,  and  gained  the  repu- 
tation of  an  eloquent  and  accompli  bed 
debater.  During  this  peri'  d  he  was  sec- 
retary to  the  admiralty,  and  in  1828  be 
was  sworn  a  privy  councillor.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  "Quarterly 
Review,"  and  a  frequent  contributor  to 
its  columns.  After  the  passage  of  the 
reform  bill,  to  which  be  was  bitterU op- 
posed, he  retired  from  public  life,  and 
was  known  only  as  an  author  and  re- 
viewer. His  caustic  political  articles, 
»nd  his  slashing  literary  criticisms, 
often  dictated  by  his  prejudices,  gained 
him  many  enemies.  He  was  himself 
severely  criticized  by  Macaulay  and  by 
DT-raeli,  upon  both  of  whom  he  re- 
torted with  all  his  powers  of  sarcasm. 
Among  his  works  is  a  volume  of  ''Let- 
ters on  the  Naval  War  with  America." 
D.  1857. — Thomas  (i:oi-ton,  an  Irish 
author,  b.  in  Cork,  1798;  published  col- 
lections of  Irish  legends  and  songs,  and 
contributed  frequently  to  '•  Fraser's," 
and  other  magazines.     D.  1854. 

CROLY,  Gkohgk,  a  British  clergy- 
man and  author,  b.  in  Dublin,  1780,  for 
many  years  rector  of  a  parish  in  Lon- 
don, was  an  eloquent   and   impressive 


preacher.  Besides  some  interesting 
works  on  professional  subjects,  his  writ- 
ings comprise  satires,  lyrics,  dramas, 
tales,  ami  critical  articles  of  a  high  char- 
acter. His  tragedy  of  "  Catiline,"  pub- 
lished in  1822,  is  an  admirable  specimen 
of  the  unacted  drama.  His  comedy  of 
"  Pride  shall  have  a  Fall  "  was  played 
with  great  success  at  Covent  Garden 
theatre,  in  1824.  The  most  popular  of 
his  tales  is  "  Salathiel,"  founded  on  the 
legend  of  the  Wandering  Jew.  He 
edited  the  works  of  Pope  and  the  sidect 
works  of  Jeremy  Taylor,  and  made 
valuable  contributions  to  historical  and 
biographical  literature.     D.  1800. 

CROWE,  KvifK  Evans,  an  English 
journalist  and  historian,  b.  1799,  d.  1808. 
His  must  important  work  is  a  history  of 
France  in  5  vols.  —  Rev.  Fukdki  ick, 
b.  in  Belgium:  d.  in  New  York,  1858. 
He  labored  for  thirteen  years  in  the  dis- 
semination of  the  Scriptures  in  Spanish 
America,  and  was  the  author  of  a  valu- 
able historical  work  on  Central  Amer- 
ica. 

CROSWELL,  Edwin,  b.  1797  in 
Catskill,  N.  Y  ,  was  for  many  years  an 
influential  politician  and  editor  of  the 
"Albany  Argus,"  the  accepted  organ 
of  the  ''Regency,"  when  it  numbered 
Silas  Wright,  Dix,  and  Van  Buren 
anions  its  members.  He  was  a  man  of 
culture  and  of  marked  polemical  ability. 
I).  1871.  — William,  b.  at  Hudson,  N. 
Y..  1804,  was  an  accomplished  clergy- 
man of  the  Episcopal  church,  and  wrote 
some  lyrical  poems  of  much  beauty  in 
commemoration  of  the  church  observ- 
ances.    1).  1851. 

CROWNINSHIELD,  Benjami&  W., 
made  secretary  of  the  navy  under  Pres- 
ident Madison  in  1814;  resigned  in  1818. 
He  was  a  merchant  of  Salem,  Mass., 
and  represented  that  district  in  congress 
from  1823  till  1831.  D.  in  1851,  aged 
77. 

CRUSENSTOLPE,  Magnus  Jacob, 
a  Swedish  publicist,  b.  1795,  studied 
law,  and  became  assessor  of  the  superior 
court  at  Stockholm.  His  attacks  on  the 
government  led  to  his  sentence  to  three 
years'  imprisonment  in  a  fortress.  He 
wrote  several  novels.     D.  1805. 

CUBIT T,  Sir  William,  a  civil  engi- 
neer, for  many  years  connected  with 
great  public  works  in  England,  b.  1785; 
d.  1801.  He  was  knighted  for  his  ser- 
vices in  superintending  the  construction 
of  the  Crystal  Palace,  in  London,  in 
1851. 

CUMING,  Hugh,  a  naturalist,  b. 
1791.     He  settled  in  business  at  Valpa- 


78 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cus 


raiso,  where  he  made  a  splendid  collec- 
tion of  shells  and  dried  plants,  which 
he  carried  over  to  England.     D.  1865. 

CUMMING,  Roualkyn  George 
Gordon,  b.  1820,  a  Scottish  hunter  and 
traveller,  made  rive  hunting  expeditions 
into  South  Africa,  of  which  he  published 
an  account  too  highly  spiced  with  the 
marvellous  to  be  generally  received  as 
authentic.     I).  1886. 

CUMMINS,  Mama  S.,  b.  in  Salem, 
Mass.,  1827,  was  the  author  of  "The 
Lamplighter,"  a  novel  which  attained 
great  popularity  and  was  translated  into 
French  and  German.  Over  100,000 
copies  were  sold  in  the  United  States. 
She  also  wrote  "Mabel  Vaughan  "  and 
other  stories       I).  18(56. 

CUNNINGHAM,  Pkter,  b.  in  Lon- 
don, 1816,  son  of  Allan,  author  of 
several  interesting  topographical  and 
biographical  works,  and  a  frequent 
contributor  to  the  literary  periodicals. 
He  edited  Dr.  Johnson's  "  Lives  of  the 
Poets,"  and  the  collected  edition  of 
Horace  Walpole's  Letters.     D.  18;'.). 

CURTIS,  IiKNj  AMIN  RouBixs.au  em- 
inent American  jurist,  b.  at  Watertown, 
Massachusetts,  1809,  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  18:50  and  entered  the 
law  school  &'  Cambridge.  Admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1832,  he  opened  an  office  at 
Northrield,  but  soon  removed  to  Hoston, 
where  he  commanded  immediately  an 
extensive  practice.  He  was  distin- 
guished for  the  accuracy  and  extent  of 
his  legal  knowledge,  and  for  the  tact 
and  judgment  displayed  in  the  manage- 
ment of  causes.  His  selection  by  Pres- 
ident Fillmore  in  1851  to  rill  the  va- 
cancy in  the  supreme  court  of  the 
United  States  caused  by  the  death  of  Mr. 
Justice  Woodbury,  was  universally  ap- 
proved by  the  profession.  His  judicial 
career  fully  sustained  the  very  eminent 
reputation  he  had  brought  to  the  bench. 
His  opinions  are  marked  by  a  simple 
style  and  a  severe  and  conclusive  logic, 
and  of  these  his  dissenting  opinion  in 
the  Dred  Scot  case  is  one  of  the  most 
interesting  historically  and  one  of  the 
most  able  He  retired  from  the  bench 
in  1857,  as  the  sacrifice  it  involved  of 
bis  pecuniary  interests  did  not  justify 
him  in  remaining  there.  He  returned 
at  once  to  a  very  large  and  very  lucra- 
tive practice  which  he  retained  to  the 
last.  Mr.  Curtis  published  "Reports  of 
Decisions  in  the  Circuit  Courts  of  the 
United  States,"  and  a  "Digest  of  the 
Decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court,"  a  vo- 
luminous anil  very  important  work.  He 
was  of  counsel  for  President  Johnson  in 


the  impeachment  case.  In  politics  he 
was  a  Whig  of  the  Webst<  r  school,  and 
in  the  latter  portion  of  his  life  acted 
with  the  Democratic  party.  D.  at  New- 
port, R.  I..  1874. — Edward,  a  lawyer 
and  politician,  b  in  Vermont;  d.  in 
New  York,  1856.  He  was  representa- 
tive in  congress  from  the  citv  of  New 
York  from  18.37  to  1811,  and  was  ap- 
pointed collector  of  that  port  by  Presi- 
dent Harrison.  He  was  an  intimate 
personal  and  political  friend  of  Mr. 
Webster. 

CUSHING,  Luther  Stearns,  an 
American  jurist, b.  in  Lunenburg,  Mass. 
1803,  was  several  years  clerk  of  the 
state  house  of  representatives  ;  judge  of 
the  common  pleas,  reporter  to  the  su- 
preme court,  and  editor  of  the  "Jurist 
and  Law  Magazine."  On  parliamen- 
tary law  he  is  an  authority,  and  his 
"  Rides  of  Proceedings  and  Debates  in 
Deliberative  Assemblies,"  12mo,  1854, 
and  "  Law  and  Practice  of  Legislative 
Assemblies  jn  the  United  States,"  are 
standard  text-books.     D.  1856. 

CUSHING,  William  B.,  an  Amer- 
ican naval  officer,  b.  in  Wisconsin,  1842, 
distinguished  himself  by  his  numerous 
daring  exploits  in  the  civil  war,  and 
particularly  by  the  destruction  of  the 
rebel  ram  Albemarle,  on  tiie  Roanoke 
river,  N.  C,  on  the  night  of  27th  Octo- 
ber,  lSiil.  The  department  had  ob- 
tained fidl  informal  ion  as  to  the  size, 
effectiveness,  and  locality  of  the  terri- 
ble ram,  which  was  built  for  the  express 
purpose  of  clearing  our  forces  out  of 
the  North  Carolina  waters,  and.  with 
the  charts  and  plans  thoroughly  pre- 
pared, sent  for  Cushing,  as  a  young 
man  of  desperate  courage,  adapted  to 
such  an  enterprise.  After  studying  the 
plans,  he  turned  to  Assistant  Secretary 
Fox,  and' said,  "I'll  try  it,  sir;  I'll  do 
my  best."  He  succeeded  in  exploding 
his  torpedo  under  the  Albemarle  at  tl«e 
same  instant  that  the  gun  of  that  ves- 
sel was  tired  on  the  torpedo  boat,  which 
immediately  tilled,  and  only  two  of  its 
crew  escaped.  Lieut.  Cushing  lumped 
overboard,  and  succeeded  in  reaching 
the  shore.  For  this  gallant  act  he  re- 
ceived a  complimentary  notice  from  the 
navy  department,  and  a  vote  of  thanks 
from  congress.  D.  1874.  —  His  brother, 
A lonzo,  graduated  at  West  Point  at 
the  commencement  of  the  war,  was 
killed  at  Gettysburg,  and  buried  with 
military  honors  at  West  Point.  —  Lieut. 
Howard  Cistiing  was  killed  after  dis- 
tinguished service,  by  the  Apache  In- 
dians in  Arizona,  where  a  fort  has  been 


cza] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


79 


named  "Gushing,"  in  li is  honor. — A 
widowed  mother  survived  the  three  sons 
whom  she  dedicated  to  their  country 
with  the  injunction,  "My  sons,  death 
but  no  dishonor." 

CL'SHM  AN,  Charlotte  Saundkks, 
a  celebrated  American  actress,  b.  at 
Boston,  181G,  made  her  <kbtit  in  the 
Tremont  theatre  of  that  city,  April  18, 
18-'i5,  as  the  countess  in  the  "Marriage 
of  Figaro."  An  engagement  was  pro- 
cured for  her  in  English  opera  at  New 
Orleans,  but  she  had  scarcely  arrived 
there  when  her  voice  as  a  singer  failed 
entirely,  and  she  resolved  to  become  an 
actress.  Willi  consciousness  of  her  abil- 
ity, she  ventured  at  once,  after  earnest 
and  conscientious  study,  on  the  part  of 
Lady  Macbeth,  in  which  she  achieved 
distinguished  success.  In  her  early  ca- 
reer she  played  male  parts  with  great 
spirit  anil  cleverness,  representing  to  the 
life  a  saucy  page  or  valet,  and  after- 
wards playing  Romeo  and  other  char- 
acters to  assist  her  sister  Susan  in  at- 
taining a  position  on  the  boards.  After 
a  long  apprenticeship  as  a  stock  actress 
at  the  Howery  and  Park  theatres  in 
New  York,  and  at  the  Tremont  in  Bos- 
ton,  she  accompanied  Mr.  Macready  iu 
a  professional  tour  in  the  United  States. 
in  which  she  performed  a  number  of 
the  highest  tragic  parts  with  general 
applause.  In  1845  she  went  to  London 
and  made  her  first  appearance  at  the 
Princess  theatre  as  Bianca  in  the  trag- 
edy of  Fazio,  a  daring  effort  iu  a  char- 
acter that  Fanny  Kemble  had  made  her 
own.  Her  reception  was  brilliant,  and 
for  eighty-four  nights  she  appeared  in 
the  whole  round  of  the  Kemble  reper- 
toire,  Tulia    in    "The    Hunchback." 

Mrs.  Haller,  Beatrice,  Rosalind,  Lady 
Teazle,  and  Juliana  iu  "The  Honey- 
moon." In  184.)  she  returned  to  the 
United  Slates,  and  in  addition  to  her 
former  parts  assumed  that  of  Meg  Mer- 
rilies  in  the  melodrama  of  "Guy  Man  - 
nering,"  one  of  her  most  peculiar  and 
picturesque  personations,  and  to  a  great 
extent  one  of  her  own  creation.  She 
afterwards  made  another  tour  in  Eng- 
land, and  returning  home  played  a 
round  of  farewell  engagements,  which 
were  repeated  at  intervals  till  1857-58. 
so  difficult  was  it  for  her  to  withdraw 
permanently  from  the  scene  of  her  tri- 
umphs. For  a  number  of  years  she  had 
resided  in  Pome,  but  in  1871  she  again 
appeared  on  I  he  stage  iu  New  York, 
and  also  in  the  character  of  a  reader. 
Her  final  leave  of  the  staue  was  taken 
hi  New   York,   Nov.   8,   1874,    when  a 


laurel  crown  was  presented  her  with  an 
address  by  the  venerable  poet  Bryant, 
and  a  striking  ode  was  recited,  written 
by  P.  H.  Stoddard.  She  appeared  af- 
terwards in  other  cities  on  fie  stage 
and  as  a  reader.     1).  Feb.  18,  1876. 

CUSTER,  Geohgk  A.,  an  Vnierican 
officer,  b.  in  Ohio,  18 39,  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  18(il,  was  appointed  2d 
lieutenant  of  cavalry,  and  was  present 
at  the  battle  of  Bull  Pun.  and  after- 
wards engaged  in  the  defence  of  Wash- 
ington. He  served  during  the  civil 
war,  and  took  part  in  more  than  sixty 
engagements.  As  lieutenant-colonel  in 
the  "ill  cavalry  regiment  he  was,  in 
July,  1886,  ordered  to  frontier  duty 
in  the  northwest.  In  1872  the  Indian's 
iu  this  region  became  troublesome,  and 
Custer  was  engaged  in  man;'  encoun- 
ters with  them,  with  aluio-t  uniform 
success.  In  1874  he  conducted  a  mili- 
tary and  scientific  expedition  into  a  re- 
gion among  the  Plue  Mountains  before 
unexplored,  and  published  numerous 
papers  descriptive  of  his  adventures 
and  observations.  He  was  killed,  with 
his  whole  command,  in  a  sanguinary 
conflict  with  the  Indians,  on  the  25th  of 
June,  187G. 

CUSTIS,  Gkokge  Washington 
Pakke,  the  adopted  son  of  George 
Washington,  b.  in  Maryland,  1781, 
was  brought'  up  at  Mount  Vernon,  and 
remained  a  member  of  Washington's 
family  until  1802,  when  he  went  to  re- 
side at  Arlington,  his  patrimonial  estate 
near  Washington,  and  devoted  himself 
to  agricultural  and  literary  pursuits.  In 
his  younger  days  he  was  an  effective 
speaker,  and  delivered  several  charac- 
teristic orations.  He  wrote  plays,  and 
painted  representations  of  some  of  the 
revolutionary  battles.  His  "Reminis- 
cences of  Washington,"  with  a  memoir 
of  the  author  by  his  daughter,  was  pub- 
lished with  notes  by  B.  J.  Lossing  in 
18G0.  The  Arlington  estate  descended 
to  his  daughter  who  married  General 
Robert  E.  Lee,  was  confiscated  during 
the  civil  war,  and  is  now  a  Union  sol- 
diers' ceine'ery.  I).  1857.  —  His  father, 
John  I'aekeCustis,  was  the  son  of 
Mrs.  Washington  by  her  first  husband, 
and  an  aide-de-camp  of  the  general  at 
ihe  siege  of  Yorktown.     1).  1781. 

CZARTORYSKI,  Prince  Adam 
•Iek/.v,  a  Polish  patriot,  b.  at  War- 
saw, 1770.  He  passed  several  of  his 
early  years  in  England,  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  Poland  in  1793  he  joined  the 
forces  of  Kosciusko  against  the  Rus- 
sians, and  on  his  failure,  was  sent  as  a 


80 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIY. 


[daii 


hostage  into  Russia.  There  he  became 
intimate  with  the  grand  duke  Alexan- 
der, afterwards  emperor,  and  through 
his  influence  was  employed  iu  the  diplo- 
matic service.  He  left  the  service  of 
Russia  in  1807,  on  the  creation  of  the 
duchy  of  Warsaw,  ami  in  1813  was  ap- 
pointed by  Alexander  senator  palatine 
of  the  new  kingdom  of  Poland.  When 
the  revolution  of  1830  broke  out  lie  en- 
tered into  it  with  all  his  energy.  As 
president  of  the  provisional  government 
he  summoned  the  diet  to  meet  in  De- 
cember, 1830,  and  in  the  following 
mouth  was  placed  at  the.  head  of  the 
national  government,  He  resigned  his 
p  st  after  the  terrible  days  of  August, 
and  served  as  a  private  soldier  in  the 
patriot  ranks.  He  was  excluded  from 
the  amnesty,  but  retained  his  estates  in 


the  Austrian-Polish  provinces,  which 
enabled  him  for  the  rest  of  his  life  to 
keep  up  his  hotel  in  Paris  in  magnifi- 
cent st  vie  as  a  refuge  for  his  co-exiles. 
D.  I860. 

CZF.KMMAK,  .Totiann  Neuomuk,  a 
distinguished  German  physiologist,  b. 
1828,  was  the  inventor  of  the  laryngo- 
scope, and  a  man  of  ample  means, 
which  he  expended  liberally  in  the 
cause  of  science.     IX  1873. 

CZUCZOK,  Geugkly,  a  Hungarian 
patriot  and  author,  b.  1800,  became  a 
Benedictine  monk,  joined  in  the  revo- 
lution of  1848,  was  sentenced  to  im- 
prisonment, and  pardoned  in  1850. 
He  wrote  epic  poems,  and  translated 
Sparks's  "  Life  of  Washington,"  and 
Tacitus,  into  the  Hungarian  tongue.  D. 
1830. 


]). 


DA0P.F.S,  .Tames  Ricir.usn,  a  vice- 
admiral  of  the  British  navy.  He  com- 
manded the  Guerriere  in  her  action  with 
the  United  States  ship  Constitution  in 
1812.  For  the  surrender  of  his  ship  he 
was  tried  by  a  court-martial,  but  was 
honorablv  acquitted.     D.  1833. 

DAGGETT,  David,  b.  in  Mass., 
1764;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  iu  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  in  1783.  He  acquired 
an  extensive  practice,  was  chosen  to  the 
legislature  several  limes,  and  in  1813 
was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate,  where 
he  served  one  term,  at  the  close  of 
which  lie  resumed  the  duties  of  his  pro- 
fession in  his  adopted  state.  Iu  1823  he 
was  made  judge  of  the  supreme  court, 
and  in  1832  chief  justice,  retiring,  by 
limitation  of  age,  in  1834.  He  was  an 
accomplished  lawyer,  and  a  man  of 
great  abilitv.     D.  1851. 

D'AGOUT,  Maiuk  i>k  Flavkjxy. 
countess,  a  French  authoress,  b.  1805, 
was  educated  in  the  convent  of  the  Sa- 
cred Heart,  iu  Paris,  and  married,  in 
1827,  the  Count  d'Agout.  She  wrote 
tinder  the  pseudonym  of  Daniel  Stem. 
Her  first  novel,  "  Heroc."  appeared  iu 
1811,  and  her  best,  "Nelida,"  in  1845. 
She  wrote  "  Esqutsses  Morales  et  I'oli- 
tiques"  (1840),  and  "  Histoire  de  la 
Revolution  de  1848,"  in  two  vols.  D. 
1870. 

DAGUERRE,  Louis  J.  M.,  inventor 
of  the  daguerreotype,  h.  at  Cormeilles. 
Trance,  1780,  commenced  his  career  as 
a  scene-painter  iu  Paris,  and,  while  en- 


gaged in  painting  panoramas,  conceived 
the  idea  of  brightening  the  effect  of 
such  views  by  throwing  colored  lights 
ami  shadows  upon  them,  so  as  to  repre- 
sent the  various  changes  of  the  day  and 
season.  'This  invention,  called  the  dio- 
rama, was  perfected  in  1822,  and  for 
many  years  Daguerre  was  employed  in 
preparing  p'ctures  for  exhibition.  In 
1838  he  succeeded  in  fixing  upon  me- 
tallic plates  distinct  impressions  of  the. 
images  thrown  upon  them  by  the  lens  of 
the  camera,  a  process  on  wlich,  in  con- 
nection with  Niepce,  he  had  been  ex- 
perimenting lor  many  years.  This 
invention,  now  known  as  the  daguerreo- 
type, was  announced  in  183  I,  and  ex- 
cited a  profound  interest.  'To  the  end 
of  his  life  he  continued  to  labor  in  the 
improvement  of  his  invention,  and  left 
two  works  on  the  subject.  He  d.  in 
1851. 

DAIIL,  Joiian  Christian  Clausen, 
a  celebrated  Norwegian  landscape- 
painter,  b.  1788;  d  in  Dresden,  1S57.  — 
Vi..\]>imii:  Ivanovitch,  a  l.'ussian  au- 
thor, b.  at  St.  Petersburg,  18)2,  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  researches  and 
collections  in  the  folk-lore  of  his  native 
land.  His  great  work  is  an  invaluable 
"  Dictionary  of  the  Living  Russian 
Tongue,"  in  0  vols.,  completed  1800. 
D.  1872. 

DA1ILGREN,  Johs  Adolf,  b. 
1800,  entered  the  U.  S.  naval  service, 
was  employed  some  years  on  the  coast 
survey,  aud  from  1847  to   1857  iu  the 


dan] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


81 


ordnance  department.  He  invented  a 
new  pattern  <>f  shell  guns  known  as  the 
Dahlgren,  and  a  rifled  cannon.  He  was 
appointed  chief  of  the  ordnance  bureau 
in  1862,  and  in  1803  rear-admiral,  in 
command  of  the  South  Atlantic  squad- 
ron. He  attempted  to  storm  Fort  Sum- 
ter in  a  night  attack  without  success. 
I>.  1870.—  Ui.Kic,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, an  officer  in  the  U.  S.  volunteer 
service,  b.  1842,  was  very  thoroughly 
trained  by  his  father  in  the  sciei  ce  of 
gunnery,  and  entered  the  navy  as  mid- 
shipman. In  the  civil  war  he  greatly 
distinguished  himself  in  the  artillery 
service,  and  was  killed  in  a  skirmish  at 
King  and  Queen's  Court  House,  Virgin- 
ia, 1864. 

DA11IA1ANN,  Fkikhkich  Chris 
toimi,  b.  in  W'ismar,  1785,  professor  of 
history  at  Kiel  in  1812,  opposed  the 
Danish  policy  in  respect  to  the  duchies 
of  Schleswig-Holstein,  and  n  moved  to 
Gi'uingeu  in  1829.  Dismissed  from  his 
professorship  there  for  political  reasons, 
in  1842  he  was  made  professor  of  his- 
tory at  Bonn.  In  1818  he  was  sent  to 
the  Germanic  diet  by  the  king  of  Prus- 
sia, and  afterwards  as  a  member  of  the 
Frankfort  parliament  favored  the  es- 
tablishment of  a  German  empire  under 
the  king  of  Prussia.  He  wrote  several 
works  on  German  history,  and  histories 
of  the  English  and  French  revolutions. 
D.  1830. 

DALE,  Thomas,  b.  in  London,  1797, 
was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and  or- 
dained priest  in  1823,  and  held  various 
appointments  as  professor  and  curate. 
He  published  several  volumes  of  poems 
and  sermons,  and  a  translation  of  Soph- 
ocles, and  edited  Cowper's  works.  D. 
1870. 

DALHOUSIE,  James  Ani>i:ew 
Bkowm  Ramsay,  Marquis  of,  b.  1812. 
He  was  governor-general  id'  India  during 
the  last  Sikh  war,  and  to  his  policy 
Britain  owes  the  annexation  of  the 
Pun jau b,  of  Pegu,  Bexar,  Nagpore,  and 
Oude.  He  returned  to  England  in  shat- 
tered health  in  1856,  and  d.  18:10. 

DALLAS,  George  Mifflin,  Amer- 
ican politician  and  diplomatist,  b.  1792, 
studied  law,  and  commenced  practice  in 
Philadelphia.  Elected  senator  of  the 
United  States  in  1831,  he  retired  after 
two  years  of  service  to  resume  his  pro- 
fession. In  1844  he  was  elected  vice- 
president  of  the  United  States  on  the 
Democratic  ticket.  From  1856  to  1800 
he  was  our  minister  at  St.  James's.  1). 
1804.  His  "Letters  from  London" 
Were  published  in  1869. 


I  DALL'ONGARO.  Frascesco,  b.  in 
Venetia,  18:!8,  took  orders,  and  gave 
such  offence  to  the  government  by  his 
plain  speaking  that  he  was  forbidden  to 
preach,  Subsequently  journalist,  poet, 
novelist,  and  dramatist,  he  moved  from 
one  Italian  city  to  another,  became  fa- 
mous by  his  hymn,  "The  Return  of 
the  Tricolor,"  assisted  Garibaldi  in 
raising  his  legion  in  Pome  ;  was  ex- 
pelled from  Switzerland,  lectured  on 
Haute  in  Belgium,  wrote  for  the  jour- 
nals in  Piiri-,  and  was  afterwards  pro- 
fessor of  literature  in  Milan,  and  in 
Naples,  where  he  d.  1873. 

DAI-.TON,  Fi)\v.\i;i)  Barky,  b.  in 
Lowell.  Mass.,  1834,  educaed  at  Har- 
vard college,  studied  medicine,  entered 
the  U.  S.  service  in  1861,  and  had 
charge  of  100,000  patients  in  the  army 

of    the    Pot ae    in    1804-05,  and  was 

subsequently  medical  director  of  the 
9th  army  corps  till  the  close  of  the  war, 
when  he  was  breveted  colonel  of  vol- 
unteers. From  1860  to  1869  he  was  san- 
itary superintendent  of  the  New  York 
board  of  health,  and  wrote  their  reports 
for  three  vcais.     D.  in  California,  1S72. 

D'ALTON,  .h.iiN,  Dish  antiquary, 
topographical  historian,  and  genealo- 
gist, b.  1792;  d   1867. 

DAMISON,  Jean  Piiilibekt,  a 
French  professor  and  historian  of  phi- 
losophy, b.  1794,  lectured  in  several 
colleges,  and  published  many  volumes 
of  essays  and  memoirs  analyzing  the 
systems  and  sketching  the  lives  of  the 
l'rench  philosophers.     I).  1802. 

DANA,  Samuel  Luther,  a  distin- 
guished chemist,  b.  1795,  graduated  at 
Harvard  college,  entered  the  army  and 
served  during  the  war  of  1812,  "when 
he  commenced  the  study  of  medicine. 
After  practising  some  years  at  Waltham 
he  turned  his  attention  to  practical 
chemistry,  and  in  1834  became  resi- 
dent chemist  to  the  Merrimack  Manu- 
facturing Company  at  Lowell  and  re- 
mained in  this  position  till  his  death. 
He  made  a  report  to  the  city  of  Lowell, 
and  wrote  several  pamphlets,  on  the 
danger  arising  from  the  use  of  lead 
water  pipes  In  agricultural  chemistry 
be  published  "  The  Mink  Manual  "  and 
an  "  Essay  on  Manures."     1).  1SS8. 

DANBY,  Fkancis,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish painter,  particularly  distinguished 
for  his  historical  and  poetic  landscapes. 
B.  1793;  d.  18U1. 

DANIEL,  Pkier  Vail,  b.  in  Stafford 
county,  Ya.,  1785,  studied  law  at  Rich- 
mond, and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1808.     In  1836  be  was  appointed  judgo 


82 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[DAV 


of  the  federal  district  court,  and  in 
1841  was  made  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  (if  t tie  United  Slates.     D.  1830. 

DANIELS,  John  M.,  a  native  of  Vir- 
ginia, proprietor  and  editor  of  t lie 
"  Richmond  Examiner,"  and  one  of  the 
most  pungent  and  vigorous  writers  in 
the  south.  He  was  minister  to  Sar- 
dinia under  Presidents  Pierce  and  Bu- 
chanan     l>.  18:i5. 

DARI30Y.  Geokges,  a  French  pre- 
late, b.  18L3,  ordained  1830.  went  to 
Paris,  became  first  chaplain  of  tlie  col- 
lege of  Henry  IV.,  and  held  other 
ecclesiastical  appointments,  and  in 
18i):J  was  made  by  the  emperor  arch- 
bishop of  Paris.  When  the  Prussian 
war  broke  out,  he  was  active  in  organ- 
izing relief  corps  for  the  wounded,  and 
in  tlie  siege  of  Paris  unsparing  in  his 
labors  of  mercy  and  charity.  Seized 
and  imprisoned  by  the  Communists  as 
a  hostage  for  their  prisoners  in  the 
hands  of  the  Versailles  government,  he 
was  taken  with  five  others  from  the 
prison  of  La  Roquette  and  shot,  24th  of 
May,  1871. 

DARKY,  William,  a  geographer  and 
statistician,  b.  in  Pennsylvania,  1775; 
d.  in  Washington,  1854. 

DARLINGTON,  William,  alearned 
American  botanist,  b.  in  Pennsylvania 
1782;  d.  183!.  He  wrote  largely  on 
botany  and  kindred  subjects. 

DASH,  Countess  ok,  the  nom  de 
plume  of  a  French  novelist,  b.  1805  in 
Paris,  daughter  of  M.  de  Cortegas,  mar- 
ried the  .Marquis  of  St.  Mars,  and  was 
compelled  by  reverses  of  fortune  to  re- 
sort to  her  pen  for  support.  She  first 
published  in  18  S3  "  Le  .leu  de  la  Heine," 
and  in  18  >4  her  collected  works  tilled 
34  vols.     1).  1872. 

DAUBENY,  Charles  Giles  Bridle, 
b.  17D5,  studied  medicine,  and  became 
professor  of  chemistrv,  and  of  botany, 
at.  Oxford.  He  visited  the  United 
Slates  and  wrote  on  our  mineral  springs 
and  the  geology  of  North  America  in 
the  "  Transactions  "  of  the  Ashmolean 
Society  and  the  British  Association 
in  18  iS.  He  published  works  on  "Vol 
canoes,"  the  "Atomic  Theorv,"  and 
"Clim  ite."     D.  1807. 

DAUMAS,  Mklciiiou  Joseph  Eu- 
gexk,  a  French  general,  b.  1803,  emi- 
nently distinguished  himself  as  a  sol- 
dier, administrator,  and  author,  in 
connection  with  the  affairs  of  Algeria. 
D.  1871 . 

DAUMER,  George  Fried  rich,  a 
German  writer  and  poet,  b.  at  Nurem- 
berg,   18)1,   studied   theology,   but  de- 


voted himself  to  literary  pursuits. 
Karlv  in  life  he  was  a  teacher,  and  Kas- 
par  ilauser  was  educated  in  his  house. 
His  works  in  regard  to  this  mysterious 
foundling,  the  first  of  which  appeared 
in  1832,  attracted  great  attention.  Pub- 
lic interest  in  the  subject  was  revived  in 
1872,  when  Julius  M.-ycr,  a  Bavarian 
jurist,  attempted  to  prove  by  official 
documents  that  Kaspar  Ilauser  was  an 
im poster.  Daumer  defended  his  foster 
son  in  an  exhaustive  volume,  entitled, 
"  Kaspar  Hauser,  sein  Wesen,  seine 
Uuscheld,  seine  Erduldungen,  Ulld  sein 
Ursprung,"  1873,  in  which  he  revised 
and  defended  his  original  theory,  iden- 
tifying Hauser  with  an  heir-apparent  of 
the  grand  ducal  house  of  Baden.  This 
theorv  is  considered  exploded  by  the 
articles  of  Dr.  Mittelstadt  published  in 
1875,  in  the  "  Augsburger  Zeitung." 
Daumer  published  several  theological 
and  other  works.     D.  1875. 

DAVID,  Felk :ien  Cesar,  a  French 
musical  composer,  b.  1810,  for  some 
years  set  hymns  for  t*'e  St.  Simonians, 
but  first  acquired  distinction  by  his 
choral  svinp'onv  of  the  "Desert,"  pub- 
lished  in  1844.  D.  1776.  —  Fkrdin and, 
a  German  violinist  and  composer,  b. 
1810;  d.  1873.— Pierre  Jean,  a  French 
sculptor,  commonly  called  David  d'An- 
gers,  b.  in  Angers,  1780,  was  a  pupil, 
though  not  a  relative  of  the  famous 
painter  of  the  same  name.  His  works 
are  very  numerous  and  widely  distrib- 
uted, including  medals,  busts,  and  stat- 
ues of  celebrities  of  all  countries.  The 
mausoleum  of  Bozzaris.  at  Missolonghi, 
presented  by  him  as  a  token  of  his  sym- 
pathy with  the  Grecian  struggles  for  in- 
dependence, is  one  of  his  best  produc- 
tions. He  was  an  ardent  republican, 
and  represented  the  people  of  bis  native 
department  in  the  constituent  assembly 
of  1848.  After  the  coup  d'etat  he  was 
proscribed,  anil  spent  three  years  in  ex- 
ile.    D.  1856. 

DAVIS,  Charles  Henry,  an  Amer- 
ican naval  officer,  b.  in  Boston,  1817, 
entered  the  navv  as  midshipman  in 
182).  From  1842  to  1819  he  was  an 
assistant  in  the  coast  survey  service,  in 
the  course  of  which  he  discovered  the 
"new  smith  shoal  "  and  several  smaller 
shoals  lying  directly  in  the  track  of 
vessels  sailing  from  New  York  to  Eu- 
rope. During  this  period  anil  after- 
wards he  served  on  several  commis- 
sions appointed  to  examine  tlie  harbors 
of  Boston,  New  York,  Charleston,  and 
other  cities.  He  was  first  superintend- 
ent of  the  "American  Nautical  Alma- 


day] 


CYCLOIVEDIA    OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


83 


nac,"  and  continued  so  till  185G.  In 
Dupont's  expedition  to  Port  Koyal  lie 
bore  an  important  part.  In  1802  he 
was  appointed  flag  officer  of  the  Missis- 
sippi squadron,  and  on  the  11th  May 
repulsed  an  attack  of  the  Confeder- 
ate' flotilla.  lie  attacked,  June  8,  the 
rebel  fleet  of  eight  gunboats  and  rains 
opposite  Memphis,  and  captured  or  de- 
stroyed all  of  them  except  the  Van 
Horn.  The  surrender  of  the  city  im- 
mediately followed.  Joining  Farragut, 
he  was  then  engaged  in  various  opera- 
tions near  Vicksburg  and  in  the  Yazoo 
river.  In  1862  he  was  made  commo- 
dore and  appointed  chief  of  the  bureau 
of  navigation.  Commissioned  as  rear 
admiral  in  1803,  in  18(15-07  he  was  su- 
perintendent of  the  naval  observatory 
at  Washington,  and  in  18G7-G9  com- 
mander of  the  South  Atlantic  squadron. 
Returning  to  Washington,  he  was  made 
a  member  of  the  light-house  board, 
and  placed  in  his  old  charge  in  the  Ob- 
servatory. He  published  in  Boston  in 
1858  a  translation  of  Gauss's  "Theoria 
Mot  us  Corporum  Ccelestium."  D.  1877. 
—  Gaukett,  statesman  and  senator,  b. 
in  Kentucky,  18J1,  studied  law,  and 
became  engaged  in  politics  as  an  active 
Whig,  and  great  admirer  of  Mr.  Clay. 
He  entered  the  lower  house  of  congress 
in  1839,  and  served  several  sessions.  In 
18G1  he  was  elected  to  the.  U.  S.  senate 
as  an  old  line  Whig,  opposed  to  seces- 
sion, and  was  reelected  in  1807.  He 
was  a  sincere  and  loyal  man,  but,  from 
ill-health,  waspish  in  his  disposition, 
and  bitter  in  his  speech.  D.  1872.  — 
Hexhy  Wintei:,  an  American  states- 
man, b.  1817,  studied  law  and  com- 
menced practice  in  Virginia,  but  in 
1850  removed  to  Baltimore.  He  was 
elected  to  congress  in  1855,  and  served 
three  terms.  He  did  much  to  prevent 
the  secession  of  Maryland,  and  in  1803 
was  again  elected  to  congress,  and  acted 
a  conspicuous  part  in  the  advocacy  of 
emancipation  of  the  blacks.  He  wrote 
"The  War  of  Ormuzd  and  Ahriman  in 
the  Nineteenth  Century."  D.  1805. — 
John  W.,  commissioner  to  China  under 
President  Polk,  ami  governor  of  Oregon 
under  President  Pierce,  b.  1799.  He 
was  member  of  the  house  of  representa- 
tives of  the  U.  S.  several  terms  between 
1835  and  1817,  and  in  the  last  term  was 
speaker.  D.  1859.  — John.  b.  in  North- 
borough,  Mass.,  1787,  and  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1812.  He  entered  the 
profession  of  law,  and  established  him- 
self in  its  practice  at  Worcester,  Mass. 
Upon   the    breaking   up    of    old   party 


lines  he  became  a  member  of  the  Na- 
tional Republican  party.  By  this  party 
lie  was  elected  u  representative  to  con- 
gress in  1825,  and,  by  successive  re- 
elections,  held  the  office  until  1831. 
Here  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
familiarity  with  financial  and  commer- 
cial questions,  and  took  part  in  the 
tariff  debate  of  1828.  In  1833  he  was 
the  candidate  of  his  party  for  governor 
of  Massachusetts,  and  was  elected  by 
the  legislature,  J.  Q.  Adams  and  Mar- 
cus Morton  being  the  opposing  candi- 
dates. In  1834  he  was  elected  governor 
by  a  majority  of  about  17,000.  In  1835 
lie  succeeded'  Nathauifl  Silsbee  as  U.  S. 
senator.  In  1840  he  was  again  elected 
governor  by  a  large  majority,  and  was 
reelected  the  following  year.  Ill  1845 
he  was  elected  by  the  legislature  to  till 
the  vacancy  made  in  the  U.  S.  senate 
by  the  death  of  Isaac  C.  Bates,  and  re- 
mained in  that  body  until  1853,  when 
he  declined  a  reelection.  D.  1854. — 
Matthew  L.,  b.  1766,  was  educated  in 
commercial  pursuits,  and  was  for  more 
than  half  a  century  an  active  politician 
in  New  York.  He  was  a  confidential 
friend  of  Aaron  Burr.  For  many  years 
his  letters  under  the  signature  of  the 
••Spy  in  Washington,"  published  in 
the  "'  N.  Y.  Courier  and  Enquirer,"  were 
much  quoted  by  other  journals.  He 
was  the  pioneer  in  this  correspondence. 
His  "Memoirs  of  A.  Burr,"  in  2  vols., 
in  1836,  was  followed  by  the  "Private 
Journal  of  A.  Burr,  with  Selections 
from  his  Correspondence,"  in  1838.  D. 
1850. 

DAWES,  P1ufus,  b.  1803,  in  Boston, 
bred  to  the  bar,  turned  his  attention  to 
literature.  He  published  "The  Valley 
of  the  Nashua,  and  other  Poems,"  1830, 
another  volume  of  poems  in  1839.  and 
"Nix's  Mate,"  a  historical  novel,  in 
1840.     D.  1859. 

DAWISON,  Bogumit.,  b.  in  War- 
saw, 1818,  was  one  of  the  most  remark- 
able actors  of  his  time.  He  played  on 
the  principal  stages  of  Europe  and  the 
United  States,  in  the  characters  of 
Hamlet,  Richard  III.,  Macbeth.  Othello, 
WaHenstein,  Alba,  Mephistopheles,  and 
other  parts.     I).  1872. 

DAY,  George  Edward,  an  English 
physician,  b.  1815,  was  an  indefatigable 
and  voluminous  writer  on  medical  sub- 
jects. D.  1872.  —  Jeuemiaii,  b.  1773, 
was  educated  at  Yale  college,  and  after 
a  useful  career  as  tutor,  preacher,  and 
professor,  succeeded  Dr.  Dwight  in  1817 
as  president  of  that  institution.  This 
office  he  resigned  in  1846.     His  mathe- 


84 


CYCLOP/EDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[DEG 


matical  works  passed  through  many 
editions,  and  he  published  two  volumes 
on  the  '■  Freedom  of  the  Will,"  occa- 
sional sermons,  and  contributions  to  pe- 
riodical journals.  D.  1807.  — Thomas, 
sou  of  tiie  preceding-,  studied  law  and 
was  admitted  to  practice  iii  Hartford, 
and  for  many  years  reported  the  deci- 
sions of  t lie  supreme  court  of  Connec- 
ticut.    I).  1805. 

DAYTON,  William  L.,  b.  in  Som- 
erset county,  N.  J.,  1807,  graduated  at 
Princeton  college  in  1825,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  18-30,  and,  after  serving  a 
term  in  the  state  senate,  was  appointed 
a  justice  of  the  superior  court  of  the 
stale.  He  sat  in  the  senate  of  the  U. 
S  from  1842  to  1851;  and  from  1857  to 
18!!  1  he  was  attorney-general  of  New 
Jersey.  President  Lincoln  appointed 
him  minister  to  France,  and  he  d.  in 
Paris,  13(54. 

DEAK,  Francis,  a  distinguished 
Hungarian  statesman,  b.  1803,  was  sent 
in  1832  as  deputy  to  a  diet  held  at  Pres- 
buiv,  and  soon  became  the  recognized 
leader  of  the  opposition.  After  years 
of  agitation,  he  succeeded  in  effecting, 
in  1840,  a  reconciliation  between  the 
king  and  the  people,  and  retired  from 
pulilic  life.  After  the  constitution  of 
1880  was  granted,  Deak  once  more  took 
part  in  public  affairs  and  when  after  the 
disastrous  campaign  of  1886,  Austria 
granted  a  separate  ministry  for  Hun- 
gary, Deak  became  thenceforth  the 
leader  of  the  majority  of  the  chamber. 
D.  1870 

DEARBORN,  Hexry  A.  S.,  b.  in 
New  Hampshire,  1783.  educated  to  the 
bar,  was  made  collector  of  the  port  of 
Boston,  Mass.,  by  Madison,  and  held 
the  office  till  1820.  Near  t lie  com- 
mencement of  the  war  of  1812  he  was 
brigadier  of  the  militia,  and  had  com- 
mand of  the  troops  in  Boston  harbor. 
He  held  several  elective  places  of  trust 
under  the  state  government,  and  repre- 
sented the  Norfolk  district  in  congress 
from  1831  to  1S:J3.  He  was  passionately 
fond  of  horticulture  and  agriculture, 
and  interested  himself  in  the  establish-  j 
ment  of  rural  cemeteries,  writing  much 
on  all  these  subjects.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  work  on  the  commerce  of  the 
Black  Sea,  a  biography  of  Commodore 
Bainbridge,  and  one  of  bis  father,  Gen- 
eral H.  Dearborn,  embodying  his  jour- 
nals of  the  revolutionary  war.  D. 
1851. 

DE  RONALD,  Louis  Jacques  Mau 
kick,  a  French  Roman  Catholic  prelate, 
b.  1787,  was  created  cardinal  in  1841, 


and  was  for  many  years  engaged  in  a 
constant  warfare  with  the  University 
of  France,  Villeniain,  M.  Duptn,  and 
other  friends  of  secondary  education. 
D.  at  Lyons,  1870. 

DE  "  BOW,  James  Dunwoody 
Buow'N.soN,  an  American  statistician,  b. 
in  Charleston,  8.  O,  1820,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1844.  In  1845  he  removed 
to  New  Orleans,  where  for  many  years 
he  edited  "  De  Bow's  Commercial  lie- 
view.''  In  1853  he  published  his  "  In- 
dustrial Resources  of  the  South  and 
West."     D.  1807. 

DECAMPS,     ALEXANDRE    GABRIEL, 

one  of  the  most  celebrated  painters  of 
the  modern  French  school,  b.  18'i3;  d. 
in  Paris,  1800.  He  painted  historical 
subjects,  landscapes,  and  animals,  and 
among  animals  his  monkeys  were  a 
specialty. 

DECAZES,  Ei.ik,  a  French  states- 
man, b.  1780,  studied  for  the  bar,  en- 
tered the  service  of  Louis  Napoleon, 
king  of  Holland,  and  continued  in  it 
after  his  abdication.  Louis  XVIII. 
called  him  in  1815  to  the  post  of  pre- 
fect of  police,  and  in  181!)  made  him 
bis  prime  minister.  Unjustly  charged 
by  the  ultra  royalists  with  responsibility 
lor  the  assassination  of  the  duke  de 
Bern",  he  resigned  in  1820;  and  the  king 
raised  him  to  the  rank  of  duke  and 
made  him  ambassad  r  to  London  On 
the  fall  of  his  ancient  colleagues  in 
1821  he  left  the  embassy.  He  refrained 
from  systematic  opposition  during  the 
reign  of  Charles  X.,  and  in  view  of  ac- 
complished facts  gave  in  his  adherence 
to  Louis  Philippe,  under  whom  he  ac- 
cepted the  position  of  grand  referen- 
dary of  the  chamber  ol  peers.  After 
1848  he  remained  in  retirement.  He 
founded  the  extensive  iron  works  of 
Decazev  lie.    D.  1800. 

DE  CHARMS,  Richard,  b.  1796, 
graduated  at  Yale  college,  and  became 
a  Swedenborgian  clergyman.  He  pub- 
lished sermons  and  lectures  in  develop- 
ment of  his  religious  views,  and  estab- 
lished in  Boston  the  "New  Jerusalem 
Magazine."  His  chief  work  is  "  I  he 
New  Churchman  Extra,"  a  volume  of 
polemics  and  church  history.  D.  1804. 
DEOKFN,  Karl  Klais  von  dek, 
b.  in  Prussia,  1833,  distinguished  him- 
self as  an  explorer  of  Eastern  Africa. 
The  results  of  his  travels  in  that  country 
were  published  in  four  vols,  in  1859-05. 
He  was  killed  by  the  natives,  in  ascend- 
ing the  river  Juboo,  at  Berderah,  in 
October,  1805. 
DEGUERRY,  the  Abbe  Gaspaed, 


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CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


85 


a  French  scholar  and  pulpit  orator,  b.  at  i 
Lyons,  1797,  possessed  rare  powers  as  a 
professor  of  eloquence  anil  a  preacher. 
After  filling  various  charges  with  dis- 
tinction, he  became  priest  of  the  Mad- 
eleine in  Paris,  in  18411,  and  in  181)8  was 
selected  to  superintend  the  religions  ed- 
ucation of  the  prince  imperial.  During 
the  madness  of  the  Commune  he  was 
seized  at  the  same  time  as  Archbishop 
Darbov  as  a  hostage,  and  was  shot  Mav 
24,  1871. 

DEHAVEN,  Edwin  J.,  commander 
of  the  Grinned  expedition  to  the  arctic 
regions,  b.  in  Pennsylvania,  in  1811), 
entered  the  U.  S.  navy  as  a  midshipman 
in  182.1.  He  served  in  the  Wilkes'  ex- 
ploring expedition  to  the  antarctic  re- 
gions, 1839  to  184-2;  and  for  his  gal- 
lantry and  skill  on  trying  occasions  was 
promoted  to  a  lieutenancy.  He  was 
selected  to  command  the  first  expedi- 
tion, fitted  out  at  the  expense  of  Mr. 
Henry  Grinnell,  to  search  for  Sir  John 
Franklin,  and  sailed  from  New  York  in 
May.  1850,  with  two  brigs,  the  Advance, 
of  140,  and  the  Rescue,  id'  90  tons;  and 
the  published  narrative  of  the  cruise  is 
amongst  the  most  interesting  contribu- 
tions to  the  records  of  arctic  observation 
and  adventure.  The  expedition  was  ab- 
sent 10  months,  and  soon  after  its  return 
Lieutenant  Dehaven  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  schooner  Arago,  and  em- 
ployed in  the  coast  survey  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.     D.  1865. 

DEJAZET,  ViitoixiE,  a  French  ac- 
tress, b.  about  1797;  d.  1875.  She  made 
her  dtbut  at  the  age  of  live  years  at  the 
Theatre  des  Capucines,  created  quite 
a  sensation,  and  at  once  received  fifty 
francs  a  month,  besides  bravos  and  bon- 
bons. She  excelled  in  the  soubrettes, 
to  which  the  public  gave  the  name  of 
les  Dejazet.  She  played  with  great 
success  too  in  male  parts.  In  this  spe- 
cialty, she  distinguished  herself  as  the 
Dauphin  in  "  Henri  IV.  en  famille,"  as 
Bonaparte  in  the  "  Ecole  de  Brienne," 
and  as  the  young  duke  in  "  Le  Fils  de 
I'Homme/'  In  18(39,  the  emperor  gave 
her  a  pension  of  2,000  francs. 

DE  LA  BECHE,  Sin  Henry 
Thomas,  a  geologist,  and  founder  of 
the  London  museum  of  practical  geol- 
ogv.     B.  1796;  d.  1855. 

DELACROIX,  Ferdinand  Victor 
Eugene,  a  French  painter,  and  the  ad- 
mitted chief  of  the  romantic  school,  was 
b.  near  I'aris  in  1798.  He  received  a 
liberal  education,  and  at  the  age  of  18 
entered  the  atelier  of  the  classic  painter 
Pierre  Guerin.  who  had  already  for  pu- 


pils Gi'ricanlt  and  Ary  Soheffcr.  These 
pupils  abandoned  the  traditions  of  their 
instructor,  and  became  declared  parti- 
sans of  the  romantic  school.  His  princi- 
pal pictures  are  '"  The  Massacre  of  Scio," 
''Dante  and  Virgil  in  the  Inferno," 
"  Algerine  Women,"  "The  Jewish 
Wedding."     D.  1863. 

DELAFIELD,  Richard,  General,  b. 
1798,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1818,  and  was  immediately  commis- 
sioned as  second  lieutenant  in  the  corps 
of  engineers.  From  that  time  he  was 
constantly  engaged  in  superintending 
the  construction  of  fortifications  and 
defences  in  different  harbors  of  the 
United  States,  and  for  seven  years  from 
1838  was  superintendent  of  the  West 
Point  Academy.  During  the  Crimean 
war,  1855-50,  be  was  sent  by  the  war  de- 
partment to  Europe  with  G.  B.  McClel- 
lan  and  Major  Mordecai  for  the  general 
purpose  of  obtaining  information  in  re- 
gard to  modern  improvements  in  war- 
fare. He  made  an  elaborate  report  with 
maps  giving  an  account  of  the  siege  op- 
erations at  Sebastopol,  and  describing 
several  great  fortresses  of  Continental 
Europe.  From  1856  to  1861  be  was 
again  in  command  of  the  Military  Acad- 
emy, when  he  was  relieved  at  his  own 
request.  During  the  war  he  acted  as 
superintending  engineer  of  the  defences 
in  New  York  harbor,  and  aided  Governor 
Morgan  in  the  organization  and  equip- 
ment of  the  New  York  state  forces. 
After  the  war,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier 
general  and  chief  of  engineers,  and  en- 
gaged in  duties  pertaining  to  these  ap- 
pointments, he  resided  in  Washington. 
He  received  the  brevet  rank  of  major 
general,  1865,  and  was  placed  on  the 
retired  list  in  the  following  year.  D. 
1873.  He  was  one  of  a  family  of  five 
brothers,  who  all  attained  distinction  in 
various  walks  of  life.  Three  of  these 
brothers,  Edward,  an  eminent  physician 
in  New  York  city;  Henry,  a  merchant; 
and  Major  Joseph,  a  retired  officer  of  the 
U.  S.  army,  all  died  of  lung  diseases 
within  three  days  in  February,  1875,  at 
the  respective  ages  of  80,  82,  and  85 
years.  Their  funerals  were  solemnized 
the  same  day,  Feb  16,  in  Trinity  church 
in  the  citv  of  New  York. 

DELANCKY,  Right  Rev.  William 
II.,  Protestant  bishop  of  the  diocese  of 
western  New  York,  b.  in  Westchester 
county,  N.  Y.,  1797;  d.  1865.  He  grad- 
uated at  Yale  college  in  1817,  was  or- 
dained in  1820,  and  was  elected  bishop 
in  18-58. 

DELANE,     William     Frederick 


86 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[den 


Augustus,  for  many  years  manager  of 
the  "London  Times"  newspaper,  b. 
1793  :  d.  1857. 

DELANGLE,  Claude  Alphonsk,  a 
French  magistrate  and  senator,  author 
of  a  "Treatise  on  Commercial  Soci- 
eties," 2  vols.  8vo.     13.  1797;  d.  1809. 

DE  LA  KIVE.  Augusts,  natural  phi 
losoplier,  b.  1801,  passed  through  the 
usual  course  of  studies,  and  was  a  while 
professor  in  the  academy  of  Geneva. 
His  special  study  was  electrical  science, 
and  his  principal  work,  the  "  Traite 
d'Electricite  Tln'orique  appliqu^e,"  in 
3  vols.  He  started  the  theory  of  the 
electric  origin  of  the  aurora.  For  the 
invention  of  the  electrotype  process  the 
Montyon  prize  of  3,000  francs  was 
awarded  him  by  the  French  academy. 
He  was  a  large  contributor  of  papers  on 
scientilic  subjects  to  learned  societies, 
and  to  the  public  journals.     D.  1873. 

DE  LA  KOCHE,  1'aul,  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  painters  of  the  mod- 
ern French  school,  was  a  successful 
teacher  of  the  art,  and  at  one  time  his 
studio  was  the  most  frequented  of  any 
in  Paris.  Among  his  most  celebrated 
pictures  are  "  The  Children  of  Edward," 
and  ''The  Death  of  Queen  Elizabeth," 
both  of  which  are  in  the  Luxembourg 
gallery.  For  the  last  19  years  of  his 
life  he  declined  to  exhibit,  his  pictures, 
and  lived  in  entire  seclusion.  D.  1856, 
in  his  00th  vear. 

DF  LEON.  David  Camden,  b  and 
educated  in  South  Carolina,  entered  the 
U.  S.  army  as  surgeon,  passed  through 
the  Seminole  war;  in  the  Mexican  war 
attended  General  Taylor  to  the  Rio 
Grande,  and  was  with  Scott  when  he 
entered  the  city  of  Mexico.  For  his 
services  and  bis  gallantry  in  action  he 
twice  received  the  thanks  of  congress. 
In  1801  he  resigned  his  commission  and 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  medical 
department  of  the  Confederate  army. 
D.  1872. 

DELESCLUSE,  Louis  Ciiaki.es,  b. 
1809,  figured  as  journalist,  conspirator, 
agitator,  exile  of  Cayenne,  and  some- 
time prisoner,  was  a  leader  of  the  Com- 
mune during  the  siege  of  Paris,  and 
was  shot  down  in  the  street  Mav  20, 
1871. 

DEMRINSKL,  Henri,  a  Polish  pa- 
triot and  soldier,  and  commander-in- 
chief  under  Kossuth  in  Hungary,  b.  in 
the  palatinate  of  Cracow  in  1781;  d.  in 
exile  in  Paris,  1804. 

DEMETZ,  Fkedertck  Augustus,  a 
French  philanthropist,  b.  1790,  educated 
to   the   bar;  in  1830,  visited  the  United 


States  to  study  our  penitentiary  system. 
On  bis  return  to  France  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  establishment  of  the  ag- 
ricultural colony  and  penitentiary  of 
Mettray,  near  Tours.  The  object  of 
this  establishment  was  the  reformation 
of  youthful  offenders,  and  it  was  prose- 
cuted with  unprecedented  success.  D. 
1873. 

DEMIDOFF,  Anatoli,  Count  de,  of 
the  wealthy  Russian  family  of  that 
name,  b.  1812,  educated  in  France,  es- 
tablished in  San  Donato  a  manufactory 
of  silk,  which  pained  him  the  title  of 
prince  from  the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany. 
He  married  in  1810  the  princess  Ma- 
thilde,  daughter  of  Jerome  Bonaparte, 
from  whom  in  five  years  he  was  sepa- 
rated. He  was  distinguished  for  his 
zeal  in  the  cause  of  letters  and  science, 
and  was  the  founder  of  several  useful 
and  philanthropic  institutions.  In  1839 
and  18-11  was  published  in  Paris  his 
"Travels  in  Southern  Russia  and  the 
Crimea,"  etc.,  in  4  vols.,  in  which  he 
was  assisted  by  several  French  artists 
and  sm'ctntg.  One  of  the  principal 
sources  of  his  wealth  was  his  judicious 
working  of  the  Oural  mines.  D.  in 
Paris,  1870. 

DK  MORGAN,  Augustus,  a  distin- 
guished mathematician,  b.  in  Madura, 
Southern  India,  1800,  was  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  studied  for 
the  bar,  but  abandoned  it  on  his  ap- 
pointment as  professor  of  mathematics 
in  the  London  university.  His  mathe- 
matical, astronomical,  literary,  and  bio- 
graphical articles  in  the  '' Penny  Cyclo- 
pedia "  make  up  about  one  sixth  of  that 
valuable  work.  He  also  contributed 
largely  to  oilier  publications  of  the  So- 
ciety for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowl- 
edge. He  published  many  important 
separate  treatises  on  mathematical  sub- 
jects.    1).  1871. 

DENISON,  Edward,  an  English 
philanthropist,  b.  1840,  was  educated 
at  Oxford,  and  was  called  to  the  bar. 
Determined  to  master  the  problem  of 
pauperism  and  its  relief,  he  took  lodg- 
ings in  the  "East  End"  of  London, 
and  spent  a  year  there  as  agent  of  the 
Society  for  the  Relief  of  Distress.  He 
also  built  a  school-house  and  lectured 
in  it  to  workingmen.  With  a  view  to 
promote  his  purposes  he  entered  par- 
liament as  member  for  Newark,  but 
failing  health  compelled  his  retirement, 
and  he  embarked  for  Australia,  where 
he  d.  1870.  A  volume  of  his  "Letters 
and  other  Writings  "  was  published  in 
1872. 


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CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGHAPIIY. 


87 


DENMAN,  Thomas,  Lord,  b.  in 
London,  1779,  was  chief  justice  of  the 
king's  bencli  from  1832  to  1S50,  per- 
forming the  functions  of  the  high  ollice 
with  rare  independence  of  character. 
As  a  politician,  prior  to  his  elevation 
to  the  bench,  he  was  a  consistent  advo- 
cate of  popular  rights  as  understood  by 
the  party  of  whom  Brougham  was  the 
recognized  leader.     D.  1854. 

DENNTSTOUN,  James,  a  histor- 
ical writer  and  amateur  of  art,  distin- 
guished by  his  acquaintance  with  the 
historv  and  literature  of  Scotland.  D. 
1855. " 

DEPPING,  George  Bernard,  an 
eminent  French  scholar  and  writer,  of 
German  origin,  b.  1784,  went  to  Paris 
on  a  visit  in  1803,  and  attracted  by  its 
facilities  of  literary  culture,  became  a 
permanent  resident.  For  half  a  century 
he  devoted  himself  with  indefatigable 
industry  to  the  production  of  education- 
al, geographical,  and  historical  works, 
from  his  evening  entertainments  for  the 
young,  to  elaborate  histories,  praised  by 
the  critics,  and  crowned  by  the  acad- 
emy. His  most  important  works  were 
a  "History  of  the  Maritime  Expedi- 
tion of  the  Normans  ;  "  "  History  of  the 
Commerce  between  the  Levant  and  Eu- 
rope;" and  a  "Historical  Essay  on 
the  Jews  in  the  Middle  Ages."  He 
published  at  Leipzic,  in  1832,  "Remi- 
niscences of  a  German  in  Paris."  D. 
1853. 

DE  QUINCEY,  Thomas,  an  English 
author,  b.  near  Manchester  in  1785. 
was  educated  at  the  university  of  Ox- 
ford. From  straitened  circumstances 
he  began,  when  about  forty  years  of 
age,  to  contribute  to  the  "  London 
Magazine"  his  '"Confessions  of  an 
Opium-eater,"  a  work  remarkable  for 
exuberant  although  ill -regulated  im- 
agination, and  still  more  so  for  an  ex- 
cessive self-contemplation  and  minute 
analysis  of  his  own  mental  condition 
and  feelings  —  characteristics  clearly 
traceable  to  the  habit  in  which  he  in- 
dulged. He  continued  thenceforth  to 
work  at  a  great  variety  of  subjects.  In 
1832  he  went  to  Scotland,  where  he 
resided  till  his  death  in  1859.  The 
moat  complete  edition  of  his  works  was 
published  in  this  country,  where  they 
enjoy  a  greater  popularity  than  they 
have  attained  in  Great  Britain. 

DERBY,  Edward  Geoffrey  Smith 
Stanley,  Earl  of,  b.  at  Knowsley,  1799, 
educated  at  Eton  and  Oxford,  was  a 
good  classical  scholar,  and  his  talent 
for  declamation  was  cultivated  by  his 


grandfather's  second  wife,  who  had  been 
a  professional  actress.  He  took  his  seat 
in  the  house  of  commons  as  a  member 
for  Stockbridge,  in  1820,  and  sat  silent 
for  three  or  four  years.  In  May,  1824, 
he  made  his  second  speech,  on  the  Irish 
church  question,  and  thenceforth  his 
great  ability  as  a  debater  was  univer- 
sally admitted.  About  this  time  he 
made  a  tour  in  the  United  States.  In 
182(i  he  was  returned  from  the  borough 
of  Preston,  and  soon  after  made  his 
speech  against  the  Liverpool  and  Man- 
chester railway,  and  denounced  it  as  a 
"mad  and  extravagant  speculation." 
It  traversed  the  Knowsley  estates.  In 
1830  Preston  returned  the  radical  idol 
Henry  Hunt,  and  Mr.  Stanley  lost  his 
scat,  thoilgh  the  Earl  of  Derby  owned 
nearly  every  house  in  the  borough.  He 
sat  then  two  years  for  Windsor,  and  in 
1832  for  North  Lancashire,  which  be 
continued  to  represent  till  called  to  the 
Lords  in  1845,  under  the  title  of  Baron 
Stanley  of  Bickerstaffe.  in  the  Whig 
ministry  of  1830,  he  was  a  member  of 
the  cabinet  as  chief  secretary  for  Ire- 
land. He  was  an  earnest  advocate  of 
the  reform  bill.  In  introducing  the 
measures  called  for  by  the  state  of  Ire- 
land at  that  time,  he  was  frequently 
embroiled  with  O'Connell,  who  was  his 
bitter  opponent.  In  1833-34,  he  was 
secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies,  and 
again  in  1841-45.  He  succeeded  to  the 
earldom  in  1851.  In  the  following  year 
he  was  commanded  by  the  Queen  to 
form  a  government,  but  he  was  in  a 
hopeless  minority  in  the  house  of  com- 
mons, and  his  premiership  only  lasted 
from  March  to  December.  Five  years 
he  was  in  opposition,  but  in  February, 
1858,  was  again  first  lord  of  the  treas- 
ury, and  again  he  wanted  the  majority 
in  the  house,  and  in  dune,  1859,  he  was 
superseded  bv  Lord  Palmerston.  In 
1866,  the  reform  bill  of  the  Whig  cab- 
inet was  rejected,  and  Lord  Derby  for 
the  third  and  last  time  returned  to 
power.  He  had  bey;iin  to  feel  the  weight 
of  years  and  of  ill-health,  and  before  he 
was  called  upon  to  resign  his  premier- 
ship he  had  already  transferred  its  care 
anil  conduct  to  his  trusted  lieutenant 
Disraeli.  He  was  the  most  brilliant 
parliamentary  orator  of  his  day  —  "  the 
Rupert  of  debate."  His  translation  of 
the  "Iliad"  contests  the  palm  with  the 
best  versions.     D.  1869. 

DE  ROS,  John  Frederick:  Fitz- 
geisai.h,  a  British  rear-admiral,  author 
of  "Travels  in  the  United  States,"  b. 
1804;  d.  1801. 


88 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[DIC 


DESPRETZ,  Cesar  Mansuete,  a 
French  scientific  author,  b.  at  Lessines, 
178'J;  d.  at  Paris,  1863.  He  published 
a  "Treatise  on  Chemistry,"  and  a 
"Treatise  on  Elementary  Physics,"  in 
addition  to  many  contributions  to  sci- 
entific journals. 

DESCHAMPS,  Emile,  a  French  poet 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  b.  1791,  is 
remembered  specially  as  a  leader  in  the 
roinaniic  movement,  in  aid  of  which 
he  founded  and  edited  ''La  Muse  Fran- 
eaise."     D.  1871. 

DEUTSUH,  Emanuel  Osgab  Men- 
AHEM,  b.  at  Neisse  in  Prussian  Silesia, 
182t,  of  Jewish  parents,  was  educated 
chiefly  by  his  uncle,  a  rabbi  of  great 
learning,  who  had  made  a  special  study 
of  the  Talmud.  Having  thoroughly 
mastered  the  English  language,  he  was 
engaged  by  the  British  Museum  as  an 
assistant  librarian  in  1855.  "  For  nigh 
twenty  years,"  to  use  his  own  lan- 
guage, "it  was  my  privilege  to  dwell 
in  the  very  midst  of  that  Pantheon 
called  the  British  Museum,  the  treasures 
whereof,  be  they  Egyptian,  Homeric, 
palimpsest,  or  Babylonian  cuneiforms, 
the  mutilated  glories  of  the  Parthenon, 
or  the  Etruscan  mysterious  grotesque- 
ness,  were  all  at  my  beck  and  call  at 
all  days,  all  hours,  Alexandria,  Rome, 
Carthage,  Jerusalem,  Sidon,  Tyre,  Ath- 
ens." ....  As  the  work  of  his  life, 
he  contemplated  a  treatise  on  the  Tal- 
mud, to  be  followed  by  other  exposi- 
tions of  ancient  Jewish  literature.  In 
October,  18G7,  he  printed  an  article  in 
the  "Quarterly  Review"  on  the  Tal- 
mud, which  excited  universal  interest 
in  the  world  of  letters,  and  gave  great 
reputation  to  the  author.  He  wrote  190 
articles  for  "Chambers'  Kncyclopae- 
dia,"  several  for  "  Smith's  Dictionary 
of  the  Bible"  and  "  Kitto's  Cyclopaedia 
of  Biblical  Literature,"  and  numerous 
contributions  to  the  "Times"  and  the 
"Saturday  Review."  To  the  "Quar- 
terly Review  "  he  contributed  a  learned 
and  important  article,  entitled  "  Islam," 
in  1869.  In  the  same  year  he  visited 
the  East  on  a  ten  weeks'  leave  of  ab- 
sence, the  fruit  of  which  was  a  valuable 
report  of  his  journey  for  the  trustees  of 
the  Museum,  and  a  course  of  lectures 
on  Phoenicia  delivered  in  various  parts 
of  England.  His  health  failing,  a  six 
months'  leave  of  absence  was  granted 
him,  and  he  d.  at  Cairo  12th  of  Mav, 
1873. 

DEVRIENT,  the  name  of  a  family  of 
distinguished  German  actors  of  French 
origin,   of   whom   Louis,    b.    1784,   ap- 


peared on  the  stage  under  the  name  of 
Hersberg,  but  resumed  his  own  on  at- 
taining immediate  and  brilliant  success. 
He  was  styled  the  German  Garrick,  and 
was  the  first  to  introduce  the  characters 
of  Shakspeare  on  the  German  stage. 
He  lived  without  a  rh'al  and  d.  1832. 
His  nephews,  Emil,  Charles,  and  Ed- 
ward, all  became  distinguished  in  the 
same  profession. — Emil,  b.  in  18l'3, 
played  successfully  many  parts  in  com- 
edy and  tragedy,  retired  with  a  fortune 
in  1867,  and  wrote  a  history  of  the  Ger- 
man stage,  and  an  autobiography  in- 
tended for  posthumous  publication.  1). 
1872.  —  Wiuhelmisa  Schroder,  wife 
of  Charles  Devrient,  was  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  vocalists  of  Germanv.  B. 
1823  ;'  d.  1860. 

DEWEY,  Chester,  b.  in  Sheffield, 
Mass.,  1784,  graduated  at  Williams 
college,  and  was  known  as  preach- 
er, teacher,  professor,  mathematician, 
chemist,  and  botanist.  He  became 
principal  of  the  collegiate  institute, 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  in  1836.  Devoted  to 
the  cause  of  education,  he  was  some- 
time president  of  the  teachers'  institute. 
As  a  botanist,  he  made  a  special  study' 
of  the  grasses,  and  wrote  a  valuable 
history  of  the  herbaceous  plants  of  Mas- 
sachusetts His  papers  on  the  enrices 
in  the  "American  Journal  of  Science" 
ran  through  a  term  of  forty-two  years 
with  but  few  interruptions.  Besides 
these  varied  occupations,  industriously 
pursued,  though  he  was  never  a  settled 
clergyman,  he  preached  seventy  ser- 
mons a  vear.     1).  1867. 

DICE",  Thomas,  I).  D.,  a  Scottish 
theologian,  author  of  the  "Christian 
Philosopher,"  and  other  works,  b.  1773; 
d.  1857. 

DICKENS,  Charles,  the  novelist, 
was  b.  in  Landport,  Hants,  in  February, 
1812.  His  father,  who  had  a  situation 
in  the  navy  pay  office,  removed  soon 
after  to  Chatham,  and  in  1821.  to  Lon- 
don, and  became  connected  with  the 
press  as  reporter.  The  son  was  placed 
in  an  attorney's  office,  but  he  was  at- 
tracted by  his  father's  vocation  and  be- 
gan to  write  and  report  for  the  newspa- 
pers. Obtaining  an  engagement  first 
upon  the  "Mirror  of  Parliament,"  and 
subsequently  upon  the  "Morning 
<  Ihronicle,"  his  abilities  as  a  parliamen- 
tary reporter  soon  excited  attention.  It 
was  in  the  latter  journal  that  many  of 
those  sketches  of  life  and  character  ap- 
peared which  were  published  in  1836 
as  "Sketches  by  Boz."  The  success 
of  this  first  effort  was  so  decided,  and 


did] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


89 


showed  tlie  possession  of  so  rich  a  vein 
of  humorous  and  descriptive  power,  that 
the  firm  of  Chapman  &  Hall  proposed 
that  lie  should  write  a  story  after  the 
same  manner.  Thus  originated  the 
famous  "  Pickwick  Papers."  The  suc- 
cess of  these  papers  was  so  decided,  that 
at  the  early  age  of  twenty-five  Mr. 
Dickens  had  become  the  most  popular 
of  English  novelists.  Shortly  after  the 
publication  of  the  first  number  of 
"  Pickwick,"  Mr.  Dickens  married  a 
daughter  of  Mr.  George  Hogarth,  mu- 
sic writer  and  critic,.  When  "'Bentley's 
Miscellany  "  was  started  in  1830,  lie 
became  its  editor :  and  in  that  periodi- 
cal originally  appeared  his  novel  of 
"O  iver  TwUt."  afterwards  republished 
in  three  volumes,  which  was  rapidly 
followed  by  "  The  Life  and  Adventures 
of  Nicholas  Nickleby "  and  "Master 
Humphrey's  Clock."  Mr.  Dickens  now 
visited  America.  "American  Notes  for 
General  Circulation  ''  was  the  product 
of  that  tour.  In  1843  lie  began  his  se- 
ries of  "Christmas  Stoiies,"  which 
proved  peculiarly  attractive.  In  1840 
Mr.  Dickens  became  editor  of  the 
"Daily  News"  —  originated  as  a  lib- 
eral morning  paper,  and  in  its  columns 
appeared  "Pictures  from  Italy."  Po- 
litical disquisition  was  not  the  forte  of 
the  novelist,  and  he  wisely  abandoned 
it  after  a  trial  of  four  months.  '■  Deal- 
ings h  ith  the  Firm  of  Dombeyand  Son  " 
was  now  commenced,  followed  by 
"The  History  of  David  Copperfield," 
"Hard  Times,"  "  Bleak  House,"  and 
"Little  Dorritt."  In  1850  Mr.  Dickens 
started  "  Household  Words,"  a  weekly 
periodical,  which  was  enriched  by  the 
contributions  of  some  of  the  ablest  and 
most  popular  writers  of  the  day.  In 
this  work  he  first  published  his  "Child's 
History  of  England  "  and  "  Hard 
Times."  In  1808  he  separated  from  his 
wife,  for  reasons  not  explained  to  the 
public,  and  in  the  following  year  he 
sought  out  the  bookseller's  interest  in 
"Household  Words"  and  suspended 
its  publication.  He  soon  after  started 
"All  the  Year  Round,"  a  similar  peri- 
odical, in  which  he  published  "  A  Tale 
of  Two  Cities,"  "Great  Expectations," 
and  the  "Uncommercial  Traveller." 
In  18o4-65  "Our  Mutual  Friend,"  ap- 
peared in  monthly  parts.  In  the  same 
form  he  commenced  "The  Mystery  of 
Edwin  Drood "  which  was  left  unfin- 
ished at  his  death.  Of  bis  numerous 
short  stories  printed  in  these  and  other 
periodicals  no  collection  has  been  made. 
He  was   always  fond  of   the  drama,  a 


frequent  performer  in  private  theatri- 
cals, and  author  of  an  opera,  farces, 
and  light  comedies.  In  1858  Pickens 
appeared  as  a  public  reader  of  his  own 
works,  and  in  the  principal  cities  of 
England  and  the  United  States,  gave 
repeated  series  of  readings  with  a  suc- 
cess, artistic  and  financial,  that  far  ex- 
ceeded anything  be  could  have  antici- 
pated. His  last  reading  was  niven  in 
England  in  1871).  D.  at  Gadshill, 
which  had  been  bis  home  since  1857, 
June  8,  1870.  He  was  privately  buried 
in  Westminster  Abbey.  His  life  in 
three  volumes,  by  his  friend  John  Fors- 
ter,  appeared  187:2-74.  It  w  considered 
that  bis  "David  Copperfield '"  is  to  a 
considerable  extent  an  auiobiographv. 

DICKFltSON,  Mahlon,  b.  in  New- 
Jersey,  1770,  was  successively  judge  of 
the  supreme  court  of  that  state,  gov- 
ernor, and  United  States  senator.  He 
joined  the  cabinet  of  President  Jack- 
son in  1834.  as  secretary  of  the  navy, 
and  retained  the  position  until  1838. 
D.  1853. 

DICKINSON,  Daniel  Stevkxs,  b. 
in  Connecticut  in  18)0,  studied  law, 
and  became  prominent  as  a  Democratic 
politician  in  the  state  id'  New  York. 
He  was  senator  of  the  United  States 
from  1844  to  1851,  and  supported  the 
compromise  measures  of  Mr.  Clay.  He 
was  regarded  as  the  Isader  of  the  "Old 
Hunker  Democrats  "  in  his  state  as  op- 
posed to  the  "Free  Soilers."  When 
the  civil  war  broke  out  he  acted  cor- 
dially with  the.  Republicans,  and  was 
appointed  by  President  Lincoln  U.  S. 
district  attorney  for  the  southern  dis- 
trict of  Xew  York.     D.  18Gf>. 

DICKSON,  Samuel  Henry,  an 
American  physician,  b.  1798,  fi  led  med- 
ical professorships  in  Charleston.  New 
York,  and  Philadelphia;  contributed 
largely  to  medical  journals,  and  pub- 
lished' collections  of  essays  on  medical 
subjects.  He  wrote  a  pamphlet  to  dem- 
onstrate the  essential  inferiority  of  the 
neicro  race.     D.  1872. 

DIDOT,  Ambroisk  Firmin.  b  1790, 
printer  and  publisher,  maintained  for 
many  years,  with  his  brother  Hyacinth?, 
the  high  reputation  of  the  family  and 
of  the  publishing  firm,  which  was  es- 
tablished in  1713  by  Francois  Didot. 
Their  popular  publications  are  distin- 
guished by  accuracy,  and  the- moderate 
prices  at  which  they  are  offered;  while 
many  of  their  grandest  and  richest 
works  could  only  have  been  produced 
with  the  aid  of  the  government.  Among 
the  latter  mav  be  named  "Les  Monu- 


90 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPI1Y. 


[DON 


merits  de  l'Egvpte  et  de  la  Nubie,"  in 
4  vols,  fol.,  "with  400  plates;  and 
"Les  CEuvrea  completes  de  Piranesi," 
29  vols,  fol.,  with  2,000  plates.  Besides 
their  valuable  libraries  of  the  Greek, 
Latin,  and  French  classics,  we  can  only 
allude  to  their  "Nouvelle  Biographie 
Grin-rale,"  40  vols.  ;  "  Encyclopedic 
Moderne,"  29  vols.,  with  three  of  plates; 
and  "L'Univers  Pittoresque,"  65  vols., 
with  more  than  3,000  engravings.  Am- 
broise  was  known  also  as  an  author, 
having  written  a  number  of  pamphlets 
on  questions  of  li  ternary  property,  and 
the  rights  of  authors  and  publishers, 
and  a  translation  of  Thucydides  into 
French,  accompanied  witli  the  text  and 
commentaries.  At  all  the  Industrial 
Exhibitions  the  gold  medal  has  been 
awarded  to  the  Didots  from  father  to 
son.  To  the  last  week  of  Ms  life,  in  his 
eighty-sixth  year,  Ambroise  was  ac- 
tively engaged  in  attending  to  the  de- 
tails of  his  business.  D.  1876.  He  left 
a  very  valuable  collection  of  engrav- 
ings and  etchings,  among  which  bis 
Uembrandts  were  the  most  valuable 
ever  offered  for  sale,  numbering  more 
than  400,  many  of  them  impressions  of 
great  beauty.  His  collection  of  portraits 
was  very  extensive  and  important. 

DIDUON,  Apou'iik-Natoi-eon,  a 
French  archaeologist  and  litterateur,  b. 
1806,  was  associated  with  several  jour- 
nals devoted  to  art  and  archaeology,  and 
published  important  works  on  Christian 
iconography.     D.  1887. 

DIESTERWEG,  Frederic  Adol- 
phus  William,  b.  at  Siegen,  1790,  de- 
voted most  of  his  life  to  teaching  in 
various  capacities,  and  published  a  large 
number  of  educational  works.    D.  1860. 

DIETZ,  Feder,  a  German  painter, 
famous  for  his  battle  pieces.  P.  at 
Baden,  1813:  d.  at  Dijon,  1870. 

DILKE,  Charles  Wentworth,  an 
English  journalist,  b.  1789,  began  life 
in  the  navy  pay  office,  and  was  an  ex- 
tensive contributor  to  the  leading  re- 
views and  magazines.  In  1814  he 
edited  a  collection  of  old  English  plays. 
In  1830  he  purchased  the  "Atheneum," 
then  unsuccessful,  and  built  it  up  into 
a  popular  and  important  literary  jour- 
nal. In  1846  be  tried  the  same  experi- 
ment with  the  "  Daily  News,"  but  not 
with  the  same  success.  D.  1864.  His 
son,  of  the  same  name,  b.  1810,  was 
one  of  the  earliest  promoters  of  the 
Great  Exhibition  of  1851;  and  was  a 
commissioner  to  the  New  York  Crystal 
Palace  Exhibition.  Again,  in  1862,  he 
was  one  of  the  five  roval  commissioners 


of  the  second  great  London  Exhibition, 
and  was  knighted.  From  1865  to  1808 
he  was  M.  P.  for  Wnllingford.   D.  1809. 

DILLWYN,  L.  W.,  a  Welsji  natural- 
ist, and  the  reputed  father  of  English 
botanv,  b.  1778;  d.  1855. 

DIXON,  James,  an  English  Method- 
ist clergyman,  b.  1788,  long  an  itinerant 
preacher,  was  in  1848  a  delegate  to  the 
general  conference  of  the  United  States. 
He  wrote  "Notes  on  America,"  and 
several  volumes  on  Methodism,  and  the 
relations  of  Protestants  to  Popery.  D. 
1871. 

DJEMIL,  Esseid  Mouiiammed, 
Pasha,  son  of  the  celebrated  Pitch  id 
Pasha,  b.  at  Constantinople,  1827:  in 
1856  took  part  as  second  plenipotentiary 
in  the  deliberations  of  the  congress  of 
Paris.  He  held  high  offices,  and  re- 
ceived distinguished  orders  from  his  na- 
tive country,  and  from  abroad.  In  1866 
he  was  for  the  third  time  ambassador  to 
Paris,  and  in  1869  Ottoman  plenipoten- 
tiary at  the  conferences  there  in  relation 
to  the  differences  between  Turkey  and 
Greece.     D.  1872. 

DOBELL,  Sydney,  an  English  poet, 
b.  1824,  is  the  author  of  "England  in 
Time  of  War,"  and  other  poems.  D. 
1874. 

DOD,  Ciiari.es  Roger,  a  London 
journalist,  and  the  originator  of  the 
"  Parliamentary  Companion,"  and 
works  relating  to  the  peerage,  baronet- 
age, and  knightage  of  Great  Britain. 
15.  1793  ;  d.  1855. 

DONALDSON,  John  "William,  D. 
D..  b.  1812,  was  educated  in  the  London 
university,  and  graduated  at  Cam- 
bridge. Within  five  years  after  tak- 
ing his  degree  he  published  his  "New 
Cratvlus,"  the  first  of  a  series  of  works 
which  raised  him  to  high  eminence  in 
the  science  of  philology.  As  a  gram- 
marian and  linguist  his  reputation  is 
unquestioned;  his  theological  works,  es- 
pecially "  Jasbar,"  written  in  Latin,  in- 
curred severe  condemnation  from  many 
who  appreciated  his  great  learning,  1). 
1861. 

DONATI,'  Giovanni  Battista,  an 
Italian  astronomer,  b.  1826,  in  Pisa, 
was  the  first  discoverer  of  several 
comets,  and  gave  his  name  to  the  comet 
which  be  discovered  on  the  second  of 
June,  1858.  He  became  director  of  the 
observatory  of  Florence  in  1804.  D. 
1873. 

DONELSON,  Andrew  Jackson,  an 
American  politician  and  editor,  b.  near 
Nashville,  1800,  graduated  at  West 
Point,  entered  and  left  the  army,  and 


DOW] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


91 


was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1823.  He 
was  the  friend  and  private  secretary  of 
President  Jackson  during  liis  whole  ad- 
ministration. In  1844  lie  was  sent  by 
President  Tyler  as  charge  d'affaires  to 
the  republic  of  Texas,  and  the  result  of 
his  mission  was  the  annexation  of  Texas 
to  the  Union.  President  Polk  appointed 
him  minister  plenipotentiary  to  Berlin, 
and  in  1848  to  the  federal  government 
of  Germany.  On  his  return  he  took 
part  in  the  effort  to  secure  the  settle- 
ment of  the  slavery  agitation  in  the 
south,  and  was  a  delegate  to  the  south- 
ern convention  of  May,  1850,  in  which 
body  he  took  a  determined  stand  against 
nullification  and  secession.  In  1851  he 
assumed  the  editorship  of  the  "Wash- 
ington Union,"  but  his  Union  principles 
were  repugnant  to  the  views  of  the 
strongest  Democratic  leaders,  and  he 
relinquished  this  charge  in  the  follow- 
ing year.  In  1853  he  abandoned  the 
Democratic  party,  and  in  1856  was  nom- 
inated for  the  vice  presidency  by  the 
American  party  on  the  ticket  with  Mr. 
Fillmore.  Retiring  from  public  life,  he 
d.  June,  1871. 

DONNER,  Johann  Jakob  Chris- 
tian, a  German  translator  of  the  classic 
poets,  b.  in  Crefeld,  1709;  d.  in  Stutt- 
gart, 1875. 

D'ORSAY,  Count,  a  leader  of  Eu- 
ropean fashion,  and  also  an  accomp- 
lished painter  and  sculptor,  b.  1708;  d. 
in  Paris,  1852. 

DOST  MOHAMMED,  Khan,  emir  of 
Cahul,  b.  1785;  d.  18(33. 

DOTY,  James  Duaxe,  governor  of 
Utah,  b.  in  New  York,  1790 ;  d.  at  Salt 
Lake  city,  18G5.  He  removed  to  the 
West  in  early  life,  and  was  appointed 
district  judge  of  the  then  Northwest 
territory.  Subsequently,  he  represented 
Wisconsin  as  a  delegate  in  congress, 
and  also  filled  the  gubernatorial  chair 
of  that  territory  prior  to  its  admission 
as  a  state.  He  went  to  Utah  in  1801, 
as  superintendent  of  Indian  affairs,  and 
two  years  later  was  appointed  to  the 
office  he  held  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

DOUGLAS,  Stephen  Arnold,  an 
American  statesman,  b.  at  Brandon,  Vt., 
1813.  He  lost  his  father  while  an  infant, 
and  his  mother  being  left  in  destitute 
circumstances,  he  entered  a  cabinet  shop 
at  Middleburv,  in  his  native  state,  for 
the  purpose  of  learning  the  trade.  After 
remaining  there  for  several  months,  he 
returned  to  Brandon,  where  he  continued 
for  a  year  at  the  same  calling,  but  his 
health  obliged  him  to  abandon  it,  and  he 
became  a  student  in  the  academy.    His 


mother  having  married  a  second  time, 
he  followed  her  to  Canandaigua,  in  the 
state  of  New  York.  Here  he  pursued 
the  study  of  the  law  until  his  removal 
to  Cleveland,  ().,  in  1831.  From  Cleve- 
land he  went  still  farther  west,  and 
finally  settled  in  Jacksonville,  III.  He 
was  at  first  employed  as  clerk  to  an 
auctioneer,  and  afterwards  kept  school, 
devoting  all  the  time  he  could  spare  to 
the  study  of  the  law.  In  1834  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  soon  obtained  a 
lucrative  practice,  and  was  elected  at- 
torney-general of  the  state.  In  1837  he 
was  appointed  by  President  Van  Buren 
register  of  the  land-office,  at  Spring- 
field, 111.  He  afterwards  practised  his 
profession,  and,  in  1840,  was  elected 
secretary  of  state,  and  the  following 
year  judge  of  the  supreme  court.  This 
office  he  resigned,  after  sitting  upon  the 
bench  for  two  years,  in  consequence  of 
ill  health.  In  1843  he  was  elected  to 
congress,  and  continued  a  member  of 
the  lower  house  for  four  years.  In  1847 
he  was  elected  to  the  senate  of  the 
United  States,  where  he  distinguished 
himself  as  a  debater.  He  was  chairman 
of  the  committee  on  territories,  and 
having  adopted  the  doctrine  of  "squat- 
ter sovereignty,"  took  a  prominent  part 
in  the  angry  contests  respecting  slavery 
in  the  territories,  which  preceded  the 
secession  movement.  In  1860  he  was 
nominated  to  the  presidency  by  a  sec- 
tion of  the  Democratic  partv,  but  was 
defeated.  He  d.  June  3,  1861. —  Sir 
Howard,  a  general  in  the  British  ser- 
vice, author  of  an  essay  "On  the  Con- 
struction of  Military  Bridges,"  and  "  A 
Treatise  on  Naval  Gunnery,"  b.  in 
Hampshire,  1776;  d.  1861.  From  1823 
to  1829  he  was  governor  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, and  was  equally  eminent  as  a 
soldier,  a  politician,  and  a  man  of  sci- 
ence. 

DOWNES.  John,  commodore  United 
States  navy,  b.  in  Canton,  Mass.,  1785, 
entered  the  navy  in  1802,  and  was  in 
active  service  during  the  war  of  1812. 
He  was  a  lieutenant  on  board  the  Essex, 
with  Commodore  Porter,  in  his  conflict 
at  Valparaiso,  in  1814,  with  two  British 
vessels,  the  frigate  Phoebe  and  the  sloop- 
of-war  Cherub.  In  1817-18  he  com- 
manded the  Macedonian  and  other  ships 
in  the  Pacific,  when  Lord  Cochran  com- 
manded the  Chilian  fleet.  In  1831  he 
commanded  the  frigate  Potomac,  and 
bombarded  the  town  of  Quallah  Battoo, 
on  the  coast  of  Sumatra,  in  reprisal  for 
injuries  done  to  American  seamen  by 
Malay  pirates.     His  sea  service  covered 


92 


CYCLOP-EDIA    OF    BIOGI5APHY. 


[DUD 


a  ppriod  exceeding  twentv-four  years. 
D    1854. 

DOYLE,  John,  a  distinguished  polit- 
ical caricaturist,  I),  in  Ireland,  171)7, 
studied  art  in  Dublin,  began  to  publish 
his  li  hngraphic  sketches  under  the  sig- 
nature of  "H.  B."  in  1820,  in  London. 
They  became  very  famous.  His  like- 
nesses were  so  characteristic  that  they 
could  hardly  be  called  caricatures. 
Among  I  hem  were  noted  those  of  Peel, 
©'Israel^  the  Duke  of  Wellington, 
Brougham,  and  other  well  known  states- 
men of  his  time.  D.  1808.  His  son  Rich- 
ard was  for  years  a  contributor  to 
"Punch,"  and  was  well  known  by 
"Pins,  his  Diary,"  and  "Brown,  Jones 
&  Robinson." 

DRAKE.  Daxiel,  M.  D..  author  of  a 
work  on  the  "Diseases  of  the  Interior 
Valley  of  North  America."  and  other- 
vise  eminent  in  the  annals  of  western 
medicine.  B.  1785;  d.  in  Cincinnati, 
1852.  —  Samuel  Gardner,  an  Ameri- 
can antiquarian  and  author,  b.  1708, 
received  a  common  school  education, 
and  in  1828  established  in  Boston  the 
first  antiquarian  bookstore  in  the  United 
States.  His  first  publication  was  an 
edition  of  Church's  "  Entertaining  His- 
tory of  King  Philip's  War,"  with  notes, 
which  has  been  several  times  reprinted. 
During  forty  years  he  published  from 
time  to  time  valuable  and  important 
contributions  to  the  biography  and  his- 
tory of  the  Indian  tribes  of  North 
America.  Besides  these  works,  he  pub- 
lished a  "Memoir  of  Sir  Walter  Ra- 
leigh," "  Introduction  and  Notes  to 
Mather's  Relation,"  and  "Annals  of 
Witchcraft  in  the  United  States."  He 
edited  for  several  years  the  quarterly 
"Register"  of  the  New  England  His- 
torical and  Genealogical  Societv.  D. 
1875. 

DRESSEL,  Albert,  b.  1808,  a  Ger- 
man editor  and  writer,  accompanied 
Bunsen,  the  Prussian  ambassador,  to 
Rome  in  1330  as  his  private  secretary. 
In  consequence  of  his  severe  labors  he 
became  quite  blind,  but  still  pursued 
his  studies  and  edited  valuable  critical 
editions  of  the  "Apostolic  Fathers," 
and  other  works.  His  letters  to  the 
•'Augsburg  Gazette,"  and  other  jour- 
nals, gave  great  offence  to  the  Jesuits, 
and  the  Pope  ordered  his  expulsion  from 
Rome  in  1809,  but  he  was  protected  by 
the  Prussian  government,  and  the  order 
was  never  carried  into  effect.     D.  1875. 

DREYSE,  Joiiann  Nikola  us  Von, 
the  inventor  of  the  celebrated  "  needle- 
gun,"  b.  in  Sunmerda,  in  Prussia,  1787, 


!  was  the  son  of  a  locksmith  and  followed 
his  trade.  He  was  ennobled  in  1804. 
D.  1807. 

DUEYSCHOOK,  Alexander,  b. 
1818,  distinguished  as  a  pianist,  pub- 
lished more  than  140  minor  pieces  of 
various  descriptions,  hut  uniformly  of 
merit.     I).  1800. 

DHUMMOND,  Sin  Gordon,  a  Brit- 
ish officer,  who  saw  much  service  in  the 
American  war  of  1812,  and  commanded 
in  the  action  near  the  falls  of  Niagara, 
where  he  was  severely  wounded.  D. 
1854,  a-ed  83. 

DUANE,  William  J  ,  b.  in  Ireland, 
1780,  removed  with  his  father  in  early 
life  to  Philadelphia,  studied  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1803.  He 
rose  to  a  high  standing  in  his  profes- 
sion, but  is  known,  as  secretary  of  the 
treasury  under  President  Jackson,  for 
his  refusal  to  remove  the  government 
deposits  from  the  bank  of  the  United 
Mates,  and  his  consequent  dismissal. 
D.  1805. 

DUBAER,  FnEDEBiC,  a  French  phi- 
lologist of  German  origin,  b.  1802,  had 
distinguished  himself  by  his  ar  icl-s  in 
the  leading  critical  journals  of  Ger- 
many, anil  his  editions  of  Justin  and 
Persius,  when  he  was  invited  by  the 
publisher  Didot  to  assist  in  editing  the 
"Thesaurus'' of  Henry  Stephens.  He 
was  afterwards  engaged  on  Didot's 
library  of  Creek  authors,  and  Pan- 
coucke's  Latin  library,  in  both  of  which 
he  edited  important  works.     D.  1807. 

DU1SAN.  Jacijues  Felix,  an  emi- 
nent French  architect,  b.  in  Paris,  1701, 
was  a  pupil  of  Lebret,  studied  live  years 
in  Italy,  and  in  1818  was  appointed  ar- 
chitect to  the  Louvre,  and  completed 
the  exterior  facade,  the  gallery  of  Apol- 
lo, the  sa'on  Carre,  with  all  the  interior 
decorative  works.     D.  1871. 

DUCHATFL,  Ciiahi.es  Marie  Tan- 
NAGUY,  Count,  a  French  statesman,  de- 
voted to  the  Orleans  dvnastv,  b.  in  Paris, 
18  i3:  d.  1807. 

DUDEVANT,  Madame  Amantine 
Aukore  Dii'i.v,  by  marriage  —  he'ter 
known  by  her  assumed  name  of  "George 
Sand"  —  a  French  novelist  and  drama- 
tist, was  born  at  Paris  in  18)4,  and 
was  educated  by  her  grandmother,  the 
Conn 'ess  id'  Horn.  The  Countess  was 
an  admirer  of  Rousseau,  and  her  young 
charge  was  brought  up  in  conformity 
with  his  views.  When  thirteen  years 
of  age  her  grandmother  was  prevailed 
upon  to  send  her  to  Paris,  where  she 
was  placed  in  the  convent  of  the  Au- 
gustines,  and  resolved  to  take  the  veiL 


duf] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


93 


Her  family  interfered  to  prevent  it,  and 
at  the  aj;e  of  17  she  was  married  to  M. 
Dudevant.  The  marriage  was  not  a 
happy  one,  and  in  1834  a  separation 
was  effected.  When  27  she  went  to 
reside  at  Paris,  and  wrote,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Jtdes  Sandeau,  "  Hose  et 
Blanche,"  a  romance  published  in  1832. 
"Indiana"  was  the  first  work  entirely 
from  her  own  pen,  and  to  it  she  affixed 
1  lie  name  of  "George  Sand,"  a  pseudo- 
nym that  she  retained  to  the  last.  The 
work  at  once  conferred  a  celebrity  upon 
her,  which  lias  been  sustained  ami  aug- 
mented by  a  long  series  of  novels,  ro- 
mances, and  dramas,  the  list  of  which 
will  find  a  more  convenient  place  in  a 
bibliographical  than  a  biographical  dic- 
tionary. At  one  period  of  her  life  she 
Bought  distinction  as  a  social  and  politi 
cal  reformer,  bein^  an  advanced  liberal 
both  in  morals  and  polities.  But  after 
1848  she  ceased  to  ventilate  her  political 
opinions,  and  devoted  herself  to  pure 
literature.  With  her  productions  for 
the  stage  she  was  less  successful  than 
in  her  novels,  and  though  many  of  her 
dramas  enjoyed  a  well-deserved  favor, 
they  all  lacked  movement.  In  1854  she 
published  in  "La  I'resse"  a  series  of 
articles  entitled  "Histoire  de  ma  Vie," 
which  were  a  disappointment  to  the 
Parisian  public,  for  they  contained  few 
anecdotes,  no  scandal,  and  an  account 
of  her  psychological  development,  which 
was  too  diffuse  to  be  generally  inter- 
esting. For  many  years  she  published 
her  novels  in  the  "Revue  ties  Deux 
Mondes;"  and  though  she  left  the 
de-potic  Buloz  when  he  declined  her 
"Horace"  in  18-J4,  she  returned  to  him 
in  1858,  and  became  so  important  to 
the  jfreat  magazine  that  her  death  was 
said  to  have  hastened  that  of  its  pro- 
prietor. An  imperfect  advertising  li-t 
of  her  collected  writings  numbers  more 
than  eighty  volumes.  Her  contribu- 
tions to  the  public  journals  during  a 
career  of  fifty  years  were  numberless; 
and  she  may  be  fairly  regarded  as  the 
most  brilliant  and  versatile,  as  she  was 
the  most  celebrated  of  contemporary 
female  authors.  "Valentine."  "  l.elia," 
"Consnelo,"  "La  Ware  au  Diable," 
"  Le  Marquis  de  Villemar,"  were  among 
her  most  popular  works.  Among  her 
latest  publications  were  the  "Journal 
d'un  Voyageur  pendant  la  Guerre" 
( 1871 ),  and  "  Impressions  et  Souvenirs  " 
(1S7.'5).     I).  1870. 

DUDLEY.  Benjamin  YTixsr.nw,  b. 
in  Virginia,  1785,  graduated  at.  the  med- 
ical school  in  Philadelphia  in  1800,  and 


studied  with  the  most  eminent  suigcons 
of  London  and  Paris.  He  settled  in 
Lexington,  Kv.,  and  obtained  great  rep- 
utation for  his  success  in  many  difficult 
operations,  particularly  in  cases  of  stone 
in  the  bladder.  Some  of  his  medical 
essays  were  published.     D.  1870. 

DUF.R,  John,  an  American  jurist,  b. 
1782,  the  sou  of  Col.  William  Duer  of 
the  revolutionary  army,  studied  law, 
and  commenced  its  practice  ill  New 
York  about  182).  He  was  one  of  the 
commissioners  appointed  in  1825  to  pre- 
pare the  Revised  Statutes  of  New  York. 
In  1845-40  he  published  a  treatise  on 
the  "  Law  and  Practice  of  Marine  In- 
surance," in  2  vols.  8vo,  which  is  con- 
sidered a  standard  authority.  In  1849 
he  was  elected  a  justice  of  the  superior 
court  of  New  York  city,  and  in  1857 
beenne  its  presiding  justice.  He  deliv- 
ered a  discourse  on  the  life  of  Chancel- 
lor Kent  in  1848,  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  was  engaged  in  revising  ihe  sixth 
volume  of  "  Duers  Reports. "   D.  1858. 

DUFF-GORDON,  Lien;,  an  English 
author,  b.  1820,  the  only  child  of  .John 
Austin  the  jurist  a:  d  his  wife  the  novel- 
ist and  translator,  married  Sir  Alex- 
ander Duff-Gordon.  She  translated 
Ranke's  "  History  of  Prussia,''  and 
other  works  from  the  German  and 
French;  and  was  author  of  "Letters 
from  Egypt."     1)   in  Egypt.  18:;!). 

DUFOL'R,  Leon,  a  French  naturalist, 
and  a  voluminous  contributor  lo  the  lit- 
erature of  natural  science.  His  micro- 
scopic examinations  of  the  insect  world 
gained  for  him  especial  distinction,  and 
furnished  material  for  an  extended 
series  of  papers  from  bis  pen.  B.  1780; 
d.  1805.  —  Wiu.iAM  Hknky,  a  Swiss 
general;  b.  1787,  was  educated  at  the 
polytechnic  school  in  Paris,  served  un- 
der Napoleon  I.  and  in  1815  entered  the 
Swiss  engineer  corps.  In  1832  he  be- 
came chief  of  the  military  school  at 
Tluin,  and  while  there  had  Louis  Napo- 
leon for  a  pupil.  The  relations  thus 
formed  caused  his  selection  several 
times  as  a  negotiator  between  the  Fed- 
eral Diet  and  the  court  of  the  Tuilleries. 
In  the  rebellion  of  the  Catholic  cantons 
in  1847,  Dufour  was  placed  bv  the  Diet 
at  the  head  of  100,000  men,  and  by  the 
rapidity  of  his  movements  at  once  put 
down  the  insurrection.  The  Diet  voted 
him  a  sword  of  honor  and  a  donation  of 
40,000  francs.  He  was  the  author  of 
several  military  text-hooks.  After  fifty 
years  of  service,  in  18.J7  he  was  dis- 
charged at  his  own  request,  and  received 
the  thanks  of  the  nation.     D.  1875. 


94 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[dun 


DUGGAN,  Peter  Paul,  an  Ameri- 
can artist,  b.  in  New  York,  and  for 
some  years  a  resident  of  London.  D. 
in  Paris,  18G1. 

DUMAS,  Alexandre,  a  celebrated 
French  dramatist  and  novelist,  b.  1803, 
was  the  sun  of  the  republican  general 
Alexandre  Davy  Dumas,  himself  the 
son  of  the  Marquis  de  la  Pailleterie  and 
an  African  girl  by  t he  name  of  Tien- 
nette  Dumas.  The  negro  traits  were 
very  perceptible  in  the  grandson.  Ed- 
ucated by  his  mother,  who  was  left  a 
widow  in  1806,  he  acquired  great  ad- 
dress and  force  in  all  physical  accom- 
plishments, but  when  he  went  to  Paris 
at  the  age  of  twenty,  the  only  talent 
that  he  could  exhibit  to  his  friend  Gen- 
eral Foy  as  a  means  of  livelihood  was  a 
fair  handwriting.  This  was  utilized  by 
procuring  him  a  place  as  clerk  in  the  bu- 
reaux of  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  at  the  an- 
nual salary  of  1200  francs.  His  first  pub- 
lication was  a  volume  of  "Nouvelles  " 
in  182)!.  In  the  following  year  the  repre- 
sentations given  by  the  English  company 
in  Paris  turned  his  attention  to  Shak- 
speare  and  the  theatre,  and  the  result 
was  a  number  of  experimental  dramatic 
pieces,  neither  played  nor  published, 
till  he  brought  out  at  the  Theatre  Fran- 
cais  the  historical  drama  in  five  acts  en- 
titled "  Henri  III.  et  sa  Cour."  This 
drama,  written  in  defiance  of  all  the  tra- 
ditions of  the  French  stage,  was  received 
with  a  fury  of  applause,  and  supple- 
mented on  the  boards  the  poetical  tri- 
umph of  romanticism.  For  the  next 
fifteen  years  his  comedies,  tragedies, 
dramas,  in  a  variety  of  styles  and  sub- 
jects, drew  appreciating  audiences  to 
the  principal  theatres  of  Paris.  And 
while  these  seemed  sufficient  to  tax  the 
utmost  powers  of  the  most  prolific  au- 
thor, he  entered  on  a  series  of  chronicles 
and  romances  that  seemed  to  leave  lit- 
tle time  for  any  other  production.  A 
list  of  his  works  alone  would  fill  two  or 
three  pages  of  our  compendium.  Most 
of  these  prose  works  appeared  as  feu- 
illetons  in  the  pages  of  the  daily  jour- 
nals or  other  periodicals,  in  which  he 
kept  three  or  four  in  progress  at  the 
same  time,  amounting  to  fifty  or  sixty 
volumes  a  year.  Three  of  these  books 
are  worthy  of  especial  mention,  to  wit, 
"  Les  Trois  Mousquetaires,"  with  its 
continuations;  "  Le  Comte  de  Monte 
Cristo,"  and  "  La  Peine  Margot."  It 
was  these  which  popularized  the  name 
of  the  author,  and  carried  his  annual 
revenues  to  the  sum  of  200,000  francs, 
that  were  all  swallowed  up  in  the  fabu- 


lous expenses  of  his  palace  of  Monte 
Cristo.  This  fecundity  in  romances 
only  served  to  open  on  the  stage  a  new 
opportunity  for  his  dramatic  skill. 
Many  of  his  novels  were  dramatized; 
calling  for  three  acts  and  eight  tableaux, 
or  five  acts  and  twelve  tableaux,  and 
one  of  them  at  least,  Monte  Cristo,  in- 
tended to  be  represented  in  two  even- 
ings. Put  besides  these  enterprises, 
which,  in  his  famous  lawsuits  with  the 
"Presse"  and  the  "  Constitutionel," 
brought  out  the  fact  that  he  was  bound 
to  furnish  these  journals  annually  with 
more  volumes  than  the  swiftest  penman 
could  have  copied,  he  established  at 
different  times  a  number  of  journals  — 
"  l.a  Liberte,"  —  "  Le  Mois,"  —  "  Le 
Mousquetaire," — and  the  "Monte 
Cristo"  —  political  and  literary,  all  of 
which  failed  to  achieve  any  marked 
success.  He  also  translated  numerous 
works,  and  published  many  volumes  of 
his  "Causeries"  and  thirty  volumes  of 
"Memoires."  In  the  preparation  of. 
these  works  he  employed  a  number  of 
subordinates  who  were  charged  with 
the  minor  details,  and  sometimes  with 
a  more  important  share.     D.  1870. 

DUMERIL,  Andre  Marie  Con- 
stant, a  French  naturalist,  and  author 
of  works  on  natural  history.  B.  1774; 
d.  in  Paris,  1860. 

DUNCAN,  Johnson  K.,  brigadier- 
general  in  t lie  confederate  service,  d. 
1863.  He  entered  West  Point  from 
Pennsylvania  in  18-15,  and  served  in 
the  U.  S.  artillery  until  1855,  when  he 
resigned.  In  1861  he  joined  the  con- 
federate cause  with  a  colonel's  commis- 
sion, but  rose  to  a  brigadier-generalship, 
and  was  in  command  at  forts  Jackson 
and  St.  Philip  when  they  were  bom- 
barded by  U.  S.  vessels.  —  Philip 
Bury,  an  English  miscellaneous  writer, 
and  for  many  years  keeper  of  the  Ash- 
molean  Museum  at  Oxford,  in  which 
position  he  labored  successfully,  and 
with  rare  unselfishness,  to  promote  the 
study  of  natural  science.  B.  1772;  d. 
1883". 

DUNDAS,  Sir  James  W.  Deans, 
admiral  in  the  British  service,  and  in 
1852  commander-in-chief  of  the  Medi- 
terranean and  Black  Sea  Meet.  B.  1786; 
d.  1882.  —  Sir  Richard  Saunders,  a 
British  vice-admiral,  b.  1802;  d.  1861. 
In  1855  he  was  commander-in-chief  of 
the  Baltic  fleet,  and  in  that  capacity  at- 
tacked and  captured  Sweaborg. 

DUNDONALD,  Thomas  Cochrane, 
earl  of,  was  b.  1775,  and  entered  the 
British  navy  at  an  early  age.     Ability 


dur] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


95 


and  courage,  displayed  on  mfiny  occa- 
sions, earned  for  him  brilliant  honors; 
but  of  these  lie  was  summarily  stripped 
by  the  admiralty,  on  a  false  charge  of 
having,  in  1814,  spread  a  report  that 
Napoleon  had  fallen,  in  order  to  influ- 
ence the  funds.  It  was  not  until  1847 
that  he  was  reinstated  in  his  rank  in 
the  British  service.     I).  I860. 

DUNGLISON,  Rob  ley,  b.  1798  in 
Keswick,  England,  commenced  medi- 
cal practice  in  London,  and  in  1824,  at 
the  request  of  ex-President  Jefferson 
came  to  the  United  States  to  accept  the 
professorship  of  medicine  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Virginia.  In  1833  he  became 
professor  of  materia  medica  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Maryland,  and  in  1836  of 
medicine  in  Jefferson  college,  Philadel- 
phia. In  his  latter  years  he  took  great 
interest  in  (he  instruction  of  the  blind. 
His  professional  works  are  numerous 
and  much  esteemed  as  text-books.  D. 
1868. 

DUPERRY,  Louis  Isidore,  a  French 
naval  officer,  b.  178li,  entered  the  serv- 
ice at  the  age  of  sixteen,  and  in  1817- 
20  accompanied  Captain  Freycinet  in  a 
scientific  voyage  round  the  world.  In 
1822-25  he  commanded  a  similar  expe- 
dition to  make  researches  in  Oceanica 
and  on  the  coasts  of  South  America. 
This  voyage,  in  its  results,  ranks  among 
the  most  brilliant  and  successful  of  sci- 
entific expeditions.  It  was  especially 
important  for  its  observations  in  terres- 
trial magnetism,  hydrography,  and 
meteorology,  which  were  published  in 
numerous  memoirs  and  volumes.  D. 
1865. 

DUPIN,  Bakon  Francois-Pierbe- 
Chakles,  a  French  naval' engineer,  b. 
1784,  made  baron  by  Louis  XVIII., 
peer  of  France  by  Louis  Philippe,  and 
senator  by  Louis  Napoleon,  wrote  many 
works  in  the  line  of  his  profession, 
"Travels  in  Great  Britain,"  "System 
of  British  Administration  in  1822,"  in 
the  interest  of  constitutional  govern- 
ment, and  other  works,  industrial  and 
social.     I).  1873. 

DUPONT  (Dk  l'Eurf.),  Jacques 
Charles,  chief  of  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment of  France  in  1848,  was  b.  in 
the  department  of  Eure,  1707.  He  was 
called  to  Paris  on  the  occurrence  of  the 
revolution  of  1830,  when  he  became 
minister  of  justice.  The  reaction  under 
Louis  Philippe  deprived  him  of  this  po- 
sition, and  he  then  identified  himself 
with  the  opposition  in  the  chamber  of 
representatives.  After  the  revolution  of 
February,   1848,    lie   was   proposed   by 


Lamartine  as  head  of  the  government, 
and  was  universally  approved  in  that 
capacity.  D.  1855'  —  Samuel  Fran- 
cis, rear  admiral  U.  S.  navv,  was  b.  at 
Bergen,  N.  J.,  1803.  In  1815  lie  was 
commissioned  midshipman,  and  two 
years  afterwards  made  his  tirst  cruise  in 
the  Franklin,  under  Commodore  Stew- 
art. In  1830,  having  attained  to  the 
grade  of  lieutenant,  he  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  Warren,  which  was 
at  the  time  attached  to  the  squadron  in 
the  West  Indies.  When  ilie  Mexican 
war  broke  out,  he  was  commander  of 
the  frigate  Congress,  in  which  capacity, 
and  as  commander  of  the  sloop  of  war 
Cyane,  he  distinguished  himself  on  sev- 
eral occasions  off  the  California  coast. 
He  was  promoted  to  a  captaincy  in 
1856,  and  in  1857-58  he  commanded 
the  steam-frigate  Minnesota  in  the 
China  waters.  Early  in  18iil  he  was 
placed  in  command  of  the  Philadelphia 
navy  yard,  but  was  soon  after  sum- 
moned to  more  active  duties.  As  com- 
mander of  the  South  Atlantic  block- 
ading squadron,  he  conducted  the 
naval  attack  upon  Port  Royal,  defeat- 
ing the  rebel  fleet  under  Tatnall,  secur- 
ing possession  of  Fort  Walker,  and  re- 
establishing national  authority  at  that 
important  point.  The  brilliancy  and 
success  of  his  attack  upon  fortifications 
of  great  strength  aroused  the  world  to 
a  sense  of  the  naval  power  of  the  re- 
public, and  called  forth  the  formal 
thanks  of  congress.  In  March,  1862, 
he  undertook  an  expedition  against 
Keriiandina,  Fla.,  which  he  captured 
with  the  assistance  of  a  land  force.  In 
August  he  was  made  rear  admiral.  He 
made  an  unsuccessful  attack  on  Charles- 
ton, April,  1863,  and  then  arrived  at 
the  conclusion,  sustained  by  subsequent 
experience,  of  the  insufficiency  of  a 
purely  naval  attack  on  that  city.  Two 
months  later  he  was  relieved  from  duty. 
I).  1855.  His  reputation  was  that  of"  a 
brave  and  chivalrous  sailor. 

DURAND,  Sin  Hknry  Marion,  a 
British  officer,  b.  1812,  distinguished 
himself  in  the  service  in  India,  anil  be- 
came lieutenant-governor  of  the  Pun- 
jab. He  was  killed  by  a  fall  from  an 
elephant  in  1871. 

DUUANDO,  Giacomo,  an  Italian  of- 
ficer and  statesman,  minister  of  war  at 
Turin.  1854-55,  commanded  a  division 
at  Solferino,  and  was  minister  of  for- 
eign affairs  in  the  cabinet  of  Rattazzi, 
1861.     I).  1869. 

DURANT,  Ciiaui.es  S.,  aeronaut, 
made  his  first  balloon  ascension  in  1833, 


96 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OV    BIOGRATUY. 


[EA3 


from  the  Battery  in  New  York.  He 
made  afterwards  fourteen  aerial  voy- 
ages, in  one  of  which  he  descended  in 
the  Atlantic,  He  wrote  a  "Treatise  on 
Shells  and  Sea  Weeds,"  ami  other 
books  of  a  scientific  character.  D. 
1873,  aged  08  years. 

DUSSARD,"  Hippolyte,  a  French 
economist,  li.  1798;  d.  1870.  lie  was 
charged  by  l  lie  French  government  with 
a  mission  to  England,  to  study  her  char- 
itable institutions;  and  published  an  in- 
teresting account  of  the  universal  ex- 
position of  London,  of  1851. 

DUVEYRIER,  Anne  Honors  Jo- 
seph, a  French  dramatic  author,  b. 
17*7,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  which 
he  left  to  devote  himself  to  writing  for 
the  stage.  He  is  known  in  the  theatri- 
cal world  under  the  pseudonym  of 
Melesville.  He  wrote  alone,  or  in 
conjunction  with  Scribe  and  others, 
more  than  300  pieces,  many  of  which 
enjoyed  great  popularity.  D.  180.3.  — 
ClIARLKS,  brother  of  the  preceding. 
was  also  an  advocate,  and  wrote  and 
suffered  in  p  opagandizing  for  .St. 
Simon,  Oil  the  breaking  up  of  whose 
school  he  devoted  himself  to  writing 
for  the  stage  and  the  public  journals. 
D.  180  i. 

DUYCKINCK,  Georgk  Long,  a 
New  York  litterateur,  b.  1822:  d.  1833. 
He  was  one  of  the  editors  of  "The  Lit- 
erary World"  from  1848  to  18.33  ;  and 
of  the  "Cyclopaedia  of  American  Liter- 
ature." his  separate  publications  in- 
clude biographies  of  George  Herbert, 
Bishop  Ken,  Latimer,  and  Jeremv  Tav- 
lor. 

DWARRIS.  SirFortuxatus,  known 
to  lawyers  by  his  treatise  on  "Statutes, 
their  llule.i  of  Construction,  and  the 
Proper  Boundaries  of  Legislation  and 
Judicial  Interpretation."  B.  1787;  d. 
1830. 

DWIGHT,  Rev.  Harrison  Gray 
Oris,  an  American  missionary  for  near- 
ly 3i  vears  at  Constantinople,  b.  1803; 
d.  18  12.  He  was  the  author  of  '  Chris- 
tianity brought  Home  from  the  Fast." 
—  Theodore,  an  American  lawyer  and 


politician,  b.  17G4,  was  a  representative 
in  congress  from  Connecticut  in  1800- 
1807,  and  editor  during  the  war  of 
1812-14.  of  the  "Hartford  Minor,"  the 
leading  Federal  organ  of  that  state. 
He  was  secretary  of  the  Hart  lord  con- 
vention, and  in  1833  published  its  his- 
tory. In  1817  he  removed  to  New  York, 
where  he  established  the  "Daily  Ad- 
vertiser," and  edited  it  till  1830.  In 
1839  he  published  his  "  Character  of 
Thomas  Jefferson  as  exhibited  in  his 
own  Writings."  lie  was  the  au'hnr  of 
a  "Dictionary  of  Loots  and  Deriva- 
tions." 1).  184G. — Theodore,  son  of 
the  preceding,  b.  1790,  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1814.  He  assisted  his 
father  in  the  "Advertiser,"  and  was 
for  a  time  editor  and  publisher  of  the 
"New  York  Presbyterian."  Highly 
cultivated,  he  conversed  freely  in  sev- 
eral European  languages.  He  was  the 
author  of  "  A  Tour  in  Italy,"  "History 
of  Connecticut,"  a  "  Life  of  Garibaldi,' 
and  other  works.     D.  18G3 

DYCF,  Alexander;  an  English  au- 
thor and  critic,  b.  in  Edinburgh  1798, 
was  ordained  as  an  Kpiscopalian  clergy- 
man, and  in  1827  commenced  a  literary 
career  in  London.  He  edited  the  works 
of  several  of  the  old  English  drama- 
tists with  biographical  notices  prefixed. 
The  great  labor  of  his  life  was  his  edi- 
tion of  Shakspeare,  the  text  i.f  which 
has  been  pronounced  by  the  "Quarterly 
Review"  far  the  best  yet  given  to  the 
world.  He  published  '  Remarks  on 
Collier's  and  Knight's  edition  of  Shak- 
speare," and  "Strictures  on  Collier's 
New  Edition  of  Shakspeare,''  and  ed- 
ited several  volumes  for  the  Percy  and 
Camden  societies.  His  '-Table  Talk  of 
Samuel  Rogers"  has  passed  through 
several  editions.  D.  18i9.  —  William, 
a  British  painter,  cousin  of  the  preced- 
ing. I).  18J.3,  studied  at  the  academy  of 
Edinburgh,  and  afterwards  at  Lome. 
He  was  one  of  the  artists  selected  to 
decorate  the  palace  of  Westminster  and 
the  house  id'  lords,  and  executed  several 
frescoes  at  Osborne  house.     D.  18U4. 


E. 


EASTRURN,  Manton,  an  American 
bishop,  b.  13)1,  iii  Leeds,  England, 
came  to  this  country  when  a  child,  was 
educated  at  Columbia  college,  New 
York,  ordained  priest  in  182:!,  and  for 
many  years  rector  of  the  church  of  the 


Ascension  in  that  city.  In  1843  he  be- 
came bishop  of  the  diocese  of  Mass. 
He  published  several  lectures  and  es- 
savs  on  Biblical  subjects,  and  many 
sermons  and  charges.  D.  1872. 
EASTLAKE,   Sin   Charles   Lock, 


ell] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OK    BIOGRAPHY. 


97 


a  painter,  b.  1793,  and  educated  at  1  lie 
Cliarterhous>',  for  several  years  resided 
at  Koine.  He  was  made  a  member  in 
18:3D,  and  in  1850  president  of  the  Koyal 
Academy.  His  earlier  winks  were  ■  os- 
Uime-groups  illustrative  of  Italian  life; 
buthe  afterwards  painted  a  number  of 
pictures  on  religious  subjects.  Among 
the  more  remarkable  id'  these  were 
"Christ  Blessing  the  Little  Children," 
"Christ  Weeping  over  Jerusalem." 
"  Hagar  and  Ishmael."  He  translated 
Goethe's  "Theory  of  Color."  and  an- 
notated Kiigler's  "  Handbook  of  Paint- 
ing.'' He  was  author  of  "  .Materials 
for  a  History  of  Oil  Painting."  D. 
1815. 

ECKFELDT,  Jacob  R..  many  years 
chief  assayer  of  the  U.  S.  Mmr,  was 
the  son  of  Adam  Eekfeldt  who  long 
tilled  the  office  of  chief  coiner  in  that 
establishment.  Under  his  administra- 
tion the  coins  of  the  United  States  at- 
tained a  uniformity  more  perfect  than 
those  of  any  other  country;  and  he  was 
kept  in  office  through  all  changes  of 
party  from  the  time  of  his  appointment 
by  President  Jackson.  D.  J872,  aged 
70  vears. 

l'.(  IKSTEIN,  FKimixAND,  Bakon  t>e, 
b.  1790  in  Copenhagen,  a  French  publi- 
cist and  philosopher,  edited  (he"Dra- 
peati  Blanc,"  and  the  "Catholique," 
anil  published  works  on  French  philos- 
ophv,  Spain,  the  Jesuits,  in  the  spirit 
of  f)e  Maistre.     [).  1831. 

EDMONDS,  John  Wohtii,  politician 
and  jurist,  !).  171)9,  in  Hudson,  removed 
to  the  city  of  New  York  in  185  i,  and  was 
successively  circuit  judge,  judge  of  the 
supreme  court,  and  of  the  court  of  ap- 
peals of  the  state.  Retiring  from  the 
bench  in  1833  he  engaged  in  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession.  His  attention 
for  the  latter  years  of  his  life  was  very 
much  occupied  with  Spiritualism,  in 
which  he  professed  his  belief  and  pub- 
lished a  work  upon  it.  He  published 
also  "  Reports  of  Select  Cases."  D. 
187.!. 

KDWARDES,  Sir  Hfubkut  Benja- 
min, an  English  major-general  and  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  the  Punjaub,  wrote 
"A  Year  on  the  Punjaub  Frontier," 
and  a  "Life  of  Sir  Henrv  Lawrence." 
B.  1819;  d.  1808. 

EGG,  Auciusri's  Leopold,  a  painter, 
b.  in  London  in  1810,  was  an  admirable 
illustrator  of  Shakspeare  and  Le  Sa<;e, 
to  some  of  whose  lighter  fancies  he  lias 
given  a  charm  beyond  the  reach  of 
written  description.     D.  1833. 

EGILINTON,  AnciiiBALD  William 


MoNTOOMEHIE,  earl  of,  known  in  con- 
nection with  the  revival  on  his  estate 
in  Scotland,  on  a  scale  of  great  mag- 
nificence, id'  the  tournament  of  the  mid- 
dle ages.  He  was  a  patron  of  the  turf. 
Under  Lord  Derby's  administration  he 
was  viceroy  of  Ireland,  where,  by  his 
agreeable  manners  and  splendid  lio-'pi- 
talitv  he  attained  great  popularity.  B. 
181-2;  d.  1801. 

ELOIN  and  KINCARDINE,  the  earl 
of,  b.  1*11,  was  the  representative  in 
the  male  line  of  the  Scottish  house  of 
Bruce,  and  the  son  of  the  nobleman  who 
enriched  the  art  treasures  of  England 
by  Ids  collection  of  sculpture,  generally 
known  as  the  "Elgin  Marbles."  In 
1842  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Ja- 
maica, where  he  remained  until  1846, 
when  he  was  transferred  to  Canada  as 
governor-general.  In  1857  he  went  to 
China  as  ambassador  extraordinary, 
and  after  arranging  serious  difficulties. 
between  the  European  and  naive  popu- 
lation, procured  a  treaty  which  give 
Britain  freer  access  to  China  than  had 
been  enjoyed  before.  Violations  of  the 
treaty  led  to  his  return  to  the  East, 
where  he  d.  18  13. 

ELIE  DE  BEAUMONT,  Jk an  Bap- 
TISTK  AliMAND  Louis  Leonce,  b.  at 
Canon,  France,  17i)8,  studied  at  the 
college  of  Henry  IV.,  and  entered  the 
School  of  Mines  in  1819.  His  researches 
in  uieta  lurgy  secured  him  numerous 
honors.  His  scientific  labors  were  highly 
appreciated,  and  the  "Carte  Gi'ogra- 
phique  de  France,"  in  the  preparation 
of  which  he  was  engaged  for  some  years 
in  connection  with  MM.  Brochant  de 
Villiers  and  Dufrenov,  is  a  most  val- 
uable work.  While  collecting  materials 
for  the  "Carte,"  in  18J!,  lie  ami  his 
co-laborers  visited  England  and  made 
observations  there  on  the  great  metil- 
lurgical  works.  Of  his  writings,  the 
next  in  importance,  perhaps,  to  the 
"Carte"  is  his  "Recherches  sur  Qilel>- 
ques-unes  des  Revolutions  de  la  Sur- 
face du  Globe,"  a  memoir  m  which  he 
developed  his  theory  of  the  upheaving 
and  the  direction  of  mountain  ranges. 
1).  1874. 

ELLENBOROUGH,  EmvAKD  Law, 
first  earl  of,  i>.  1790,  shortly  af  er  grad- 
uating at  Cambridge  entered  parlia- 
ment, and  in  1814  received  from  his 
father,  the  chief  justice,  the  sinecure 
appointment  of  clerk  of  the  court  of 
kings  bench,  at  .£7,0)9  a  year.  This 
salary  he  drew  for  57  years,  receiving 
some  two  millions  of  dollars  for  doing 
nothing.    In  1834-35  he  was  made  pres- 


98 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIY. 


[ELL 


ident  of  the  board  of  control,  and  from 
1841  to  1814  was  governor-general  of 
India.  Reappointed  president  of  the 
board  of  control  in  February,  1858,  in 
consequence  of  t he  publication  of  a 
secret  despatch  to  Lord  Canning,  in 
which  he  severely  censured  his  policy 
in  (hide,  he  was  compelled  to  resign  in 
the  May  following.  U.  1871.  A  "His- 
tory of  the  Indian  Administration  of 
Lord  Ellenborough,  his  Correspondence 
with  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  with  his 
Letters  to  the  Queen,"  was  published  ill 
1874. 

ELLESMERE,  Francis  Egerton, 
earl  of,  b.  1800.  graduated  at  Oxford 
in  1822.  and  in  the  following  year  en- 
tered parliament  as  Lord  Francis  Lev- 
esou  (loner,  a  liberal  conservative  and 
supporter  of  Mr.  Canning.  In  1824  he 
published  a  translation  of  "Faust," 
with  versions  of  several  popular  Ger- 
man lyrics.  He  was  for  a  few  months 
secretary  of  war  under  Wellington,  and 
sat  in  parliament  from  1826  to  1846, 
when  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage.  In 
1833  he  came  into  possession  of  the  im- 
mense estates  of  the  Duke  of  Bridge- 
water,  with  the  splendid  gallery  of 
paintings  valued  at  £150,000.  He 
published  "Mediterranean  Sketches" 
(1843),  and  "Life  and  Character  of 
Wellington"  (1852),  with  other  works, 
and  printed  a  number  of  plays  and 
poems  for  private  circulation  only.  In 
1853  he  visited  Jhe  United  States.  D. 
1857. 

ELLET,  Charles,  an  American 
engineer,  author  of  a  pamphlet  on 
"Coast  and  Harbor  Defences,"  b.  at 
Penn's  Manor,  on  the  Delaware,  1810. 
Amongst  the  works  constructed  under 
his  direction  are  the  suspension  bridge 
across  the  Schuylkill  at  Fairmount,  the 
first  suspension  bridge  across  the  Niag- 
ara, and  the  first  at  Wheeling,  Ya. 
Being  at  Washington  when  the  civil 
war  commenced,  he  prepared  a  plan 
for  the  use  of  steam-vessels  as  rams  in 
naval  warfare,  but  the  navy  department 
declined  his  propositions.  They  were, 
however,  entertained  by  the  secretary 
of  war,  and  Mr.  Ellet,  having  been 
commissioned  as  colonel  of  engineers, 
in  a  short  time  converted  several  liicht- 
draught  river  steamers  into  rams.  With 
this  fleet  he  bore  a  gallant  part  in  the 
naval  battle  off  Memphis,  June  4,  1832, 
disabling  and  sinking  several  of  the 
enemy's  vessels.  In  the  midst  of  the 
conflict  he  was  struck  by  a  musket-ball 
above  the  knee,  and  d.  at  Cairo,  June 
21.  —  Charles    Rivers,    son   of   the 


preceding,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  1841  ;  d. 
1863.  When  the  civil  war  commenced 
he  was  studying  for  the  medical  pro- 
fession, but  accompanied  his  father  to 
the  west  in  the  spring  of  1862,  and  com- 
manded one  of  the  rams  at  the  action 
off  Memphis.  After  his  father's  death, 
he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi marine  brigade,  and  distin- 
guished himself  by  many  dashing  ex- 
ploits with  the  ram  Queen  of  the  West, 
rendering  essential  service  to  General 
Grant  during  and  after  the  siege  of 
Vicksbuig. — Elizabeth  Fries  Lum- 
mis,  an  American  author,  b.  at  Sodus 
Point,  N.  Y.,  1818,  published  a  volume 
of  poems  in  1835,  and  afterwards  de- 
voted herself  almost  entirely  to  histori- 
cal and  biographical  researches  with 
the  view  of  exhibiting  the  part  that 
great  women  have  played  in  the  world's 
history.  In  pursuance  of  this  design 
she  published  "  The  Women  of  the 
Revolution,"  3  vols.,  1848;  and  the 
"Domestic  History  of  the  American 
Revolution,"  1850."  Among  her  other 
works  may  be  mentioned  "  Pioneer 
Women  of  the  West,"  "Women  Ar- 
tists  in  all  Ages  and  Countries," 
"Queens  of  American  Society,"  and 
"Court  Circles  of  the  Republic."  She 
also  edited  "  The  Practical  Housekeep- 
er," and  was  a  constant  contributor  to 
periodical  literature.  D.  1877. — Wil- 
liam Henhv,  husband  of  the  preced- 
ing, b.  in  New  York,  1804,  was  a  dis- 
tinguished chemist,  was  sometime 
professor  of  chemistry  in  Columbia  col- 
lege, N.  Y.,  and  in  the  college  of  South 
Carolina.  While  there  the  legislature 
presented  him  with  a  service  of  silver 
plate  for  the  discovery  of  a  new  and 
cheap  method  of  preparing  gun  cotton. 
D.  1859. 

ELLIOT,  William,  a  South  Carolina 
poet,  author  of  "Fiesco,"  a  tragedy,  b. 
1789;  d.  1863.  He  was  senator  in  the 
state  legislature  in  1832,  but  resigned 
when  instructed  by  his  constituents  to 
vote  for  the  nullification  of  the  tariff 
law.  When  the  movement  for  secession 
began,  he  opposed  it  unflinchingly  in  a 
series  of  letters  over  the  signature  "  Ag- 
ricola."  He  was  a  frequent  contribu- 
tor to  the  southern  press  on  agricultu- 
ral and  sporting  topics.  —  Sir  Hknky 
Miles,  author  of  a  "Bibliographical 
Index  to  the  Historians  of  Mohammedan 
India,  and  a  Glossarv."  B.  1809;  d. 
1854. 

KLLIOTSON,  John,  an  English  phy- 
sician, b.  1790,  studied  in  the  universi- 
ties of  Edinburgh  and  Cambridge,  and 


ELP] 


CYCLOPEDIA   OF    BIOGRArHY. 


99 


in  1831  was  appointed  professor  of  med- 
icine in  the  London  University.  His 
lectures  were  very  attractive  and  suc- 
cessful. In  1837  lie  became  a  convert 
to  mesmerism,  as  a  curative  and  an- 
aesthetic agent.  This  did  not  suit  the 
authorities  of  the  university,  and  lie 
resigned.  He  established  the  "Zoist," 
a  journal  devoted  to  mesmerism  and 
phrenology,  and  wrote  many  profes- 
sional and  mesmeric  memoirs.  He  trans- 
lated "  Blumenbach's  Physiology," 
with  copious  notes,  and  wrote  "  Surgical 
Operations  without  rain,"  and  other 
works.     1).  1808. 

ELLIOTT,  Charles  Loring,  b. 
1812,  in  Scipio,  N.  Y.,  studied  drawing 
with  t lie  view  of  becoming  an  architect, 
and  became  a  pupil  of  Trumbull,  and 
afterwards  of  Quidor,  a  painter  of  fancy 
pieces.  He  finally  devoted  himself  to 
portrait  painting  and  after  practising 
his  art  ten  years  in  the  country,  he  re- 
moved in  1845  to  New  York,  where  he 
soon  rose  to  eminence,  and  executed 
numerous  portraits  with  great  spirit  and 
fidelity.  He  was,  perhaps,  without  a 
rival  in  his  art  when  he  d.  at  Albany 
in  1808.  —  Chaisles,  b.  in  Ireland, 
1792,  studied  for  the  ministry,  and  in 
1815  emigrated  to  the  United  States, 
settling  in  Ohio.  He  edited  the  "  Wes- 
tern Christian  Advocate"  at  Cincinnati, 
and  the  "Central  Christian  Advocate" 
at  St.  Louis,  from  1800  to  the  close  of 
the  civil  war.  He  published  volumes 
against  slavery,  and  Romanism,  a  ''Life 
of  Bishop  Roberts,"  and  other  works. 
D.  180!).  —  Stephen,  b.  18H5,  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  college,  studied  and 
practised  law,  was  ordained  priest  in 
1830,  became  professor  of  sacred  litera- 
ture in  the  South  Carolina  college,  and 
in  1810  bishop  of  Georgia.     D.  1800. 

ELLIS,  John  Willis,  governor  of 
North  Carolina,  and  one  of  the  most 
active  promoters  of  secession  in  that 
state,  b.  1820  ;  d.  1801.  On  the  2d  Jan- 
uary, 18GI,  he  took  possession  of  Fort 
Macon  at  Beaufort,  of  the  U.  S.  works 
at  Wilmington,  and  of  the  U.  S.  arsenal 
at  Fayetteville  ;  and  on  the  20th  April 
the  U.  S.  mint  at  Charlotte  was  seized 
under  his  orders.  —  Sir  Henry,  Eng- 
lish author  and  antiquary,  b.  in  London, 
1777,  graduated  at  Oxford,  and  in  1800 
entered  the  British  museum  as  keeper 
of  the  department  of  printed  books, 
and  held  the  post  of  principal  librarian 
from  1827  to  1850.  He  published  from 
autographs  in  that  institution  three 
series  of  "Original  Letters  Illustrative 
of  English  History."     He  also  prepared 


a  new  edition  of  Brand's  "Popular 
Antiquities,"  an  elaborate  introduction 
to  the  "  Domesday  Book,"  and  several 
volumes  for  I  he  Camden  Society,  and 
for  the  Society  of  Antiquaries.  L).  1809. 
—  William,  missionary  to  the  Sand- 
wich and  South  Sea  islands,  b.  in  Lon- 
don, 1795,  published  a  remarkably  in- 
teresting account  of  his  labors  and 
adventures  in  a  book  entitled  "Poly- 
nesian L'esearches."  D.  1871.  Sarah 
Stickney,  whom  he  married  for  his 
second  wife,  was  an  English  authoress, 
who  wrote  many  volumes  designed  to 
aid  in  the  mental  and  moral  education 
of  her  sex.  B.  1812  ;  d.  1872,  a  few 
days  after  the  loss  of  her  husband. 

ELLSWORTH,  Henry  L.,  son  of 
Hon.  Oliver  Ellsworth,  of  Windsor, 
Conn.,  b.  1791 ;  d.  in  New  Haven,  1858. 
Hred  a  lawyer,  he  was  appointed  by 
General  Jackson  commissioner  among 
the  Indian  tribes  south  and  west  of  Ar- 
kansas. About  two  years  later  he  was 
appointed  commissioner  of  patents  of 
the  United  States.  While  in  this  office 
he  gave  special  attention  to  the  agricul- 
tural interests  of  the  country,  and  pub- 
lished valuable  reports  on  these  sub- 
jects. After  about  ten  years  he  resigned 
and  established  himself  at  Lafayette, 
Ind.,  in  the  cultivation  of  extensive 
tracts  of  land,  —  contributing  materi- 
ally to  the  improvement  of  the  agricul- 
ture of  the  state.  —  Ephraim  Elmer, 
b.  in  Saratoga  county,  N.  Y.,  1837,  was 
killed  at  Alexandria,  Va.,  1801.  He 
organized  the  first  Zouave  corps  of  the 
United  States  at  Chicago,  where  he  was 
studying  law,  and  after  the  installation 
of  President  Lincoln  received  a  lieuten- 
ant's commission.  On  the  outbreak  of 
civil  war  he  proceeded  to  New  York  and 
organized  a  Zouave  regiment  from  the 
members  of  the  fire  department,  and 
within  five  weeks  marched  at  the  head 
of  his  regiment  to  Alexandria.  Here 
he  tore  down  a  secession  Hag  flying  over 
a  hotel,  and  was  shot  by  the  proprietor. 
The  murderer  was  killed  immediately 
afterward  by  Francis  E.  Brownell,  one 
of  Ellsworth's  companions. 

ELMES,  James,  an  English  architect 
and  author,  b.  1783;  d.  1802.  He  was 
largely  employed  on  the  periodical 
press  of  London,  and  among  his  sepa- 
rate publications  are  "Memoirs  of  the 
Life  and  Works  of  Sir  Christopher 
Wren,"  "  Horre  Vacivse,"  and  "Thom- 
as Clarkson,  a  Monograph." 

ELPHINSTONE.MouxTSTUAirr,  au- 
thor of  a  "History  of  India,"  a  work 
of  great  research  and  value;  and  dis- 


100 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[eut 


tinguished  for  Ills  civil  services  in  Brit- 
ish' India,  b.  177!) ;  d.  1851). 

ELTON,  ^>i it  Cn.wiLKs  Abraham, 
an  English  poet  of  sonic  distinction,  b. 
1779  ;\l  1853.  His  "Translation  of 
Hesiod."  his  "Specimens  of  Classic 
Poets,"  iii  three  volumes,  and  "History 
of  the  Roman  Emperors,"  display  varied 
learning  and  sound  taste.  He  was  also 
the  author  of  "Boyhood  and  other  Po- 
ems "  But  of  original  poetry  his  best 
known  piece  is ''The  Brothers,"  sug- 
gested by  the  melancholy  loss  of  his 
two  eldest  sou*,  who  were  di owned. 

EMBURY,  Mrs.  Emma  (J.,  a  daugh- 
ter of  l.)r  J.  It.  Mauley,  of  .New  York, 
and  authoress  of  "Guido,  and  other 
Poems,"  "  Glimpses  of  Home  Life," 
and  other  works.     IS.  1803;  d.  1833. 

EMERSON-TENNENT,  Sin  James, 
Bart.,  an  English  statesman  and  author, 
was  b.  at  Belfast,  1804.  His  family 
name  was  Emerson,  but  on  his  mar- 
riage he  also  assumed  the  name  of  his 
wife's  family.  Educated  at  Trinity 
college,  Dublin,  he  was  called  to  the 
bar,  but  never  practised.  In  early  life 
he  travelled  in  the  south  of  Europe  and 
was  in  Greece  at  the  time  of  her  strug- 
gle for  independence.  In  1832  he  en- 
tered parliament  as  member  for  Belfast, 
and  sat  there  many  years.  In  1811,  he 
was  appointed  secretary  to  the  Indian 
Board,  and  four  years  later  went  to 
Ceylon  as  secretary  and  colonial  gov- 
ernor, lie  was  joint  secretary  to  the 
Board  of  Trade  from  1852  till  1887,  when 
be  was  created  a  baronet  and  retired. 
His  literary  works  are  numerous  : 
among  them  are,  "A  Picture  of  Greece 
in  1825,"  2  vols.;  "Letters  from  the 
JEgean,"  2  vols.;  "History  of  Modern 
Greece,"  2  vols.,  1830;  and  ''Ceylon, 
an  Account  of  the  Island,"  an  elabo- 
rate work  in  two  vol-.,  185.),  which 
went  through  three  editions  in  that 
year.  His  "Story  of  the  Guns,"  1831, 
and  "  The  Wild  Elephant,"  1837,  were 
his  latest  productions.     D.  1839. 

EMMONS,  Eisenezkic,  a  distin 
guished  geologist,  b.  in  Middletield, 
Mass.,  1708,  studied  and  practised  med- 
icine, and  in  1833  was  chosen  professor 
of  natural  history  in  Williams  college, 
Massachusetts,  —  a  position  which  led 
him  to  assi-t  in  the  survey,  and  to  pre- 
pare a  report  on  the  quadrupeds  of  that 
state,  lie  was  subsequently  employed 
upon  the  geological  survey  of  New  York, 
—  his  reports  forming  st-veral  volumes 
of  the  series  of  the  "  Natural  History  " 
of  that  slate.  From  facts  developed 
during  the  progress  of  this  survey,  he 


formed  and  promulgated  a  new  theory 
in  regard  to  the  older  ('ossiferous  rocks 
of  the  continent,  known  as  the  Taeonic. 
L).  in  North  Carolina,  1833. 

EMPSON,  William,  professor  of  law 
at  the  East  India  college,  and  from  18 17 
to  the  time  of  his  death  editor  of  the 
"  Edinburgh  Review,"  to  which  he  is 
said  to  have  contributed  sonic  -ixty 
articles,  literary  and  political.  D.  1852. 

ENCKE,  Joiiann  Kuan;',,  b.  at  Ham- 
burgh, 1701,  entered  the  Prussian  mili- 
tary service,  but  after  the  peace  of  1815 
obtained  the  si! nation  of  assistant  in 
the  observatory  of  Seeburg.  In  1823 
he  was  called  to  the  direction  of  the 
observatory  at  Berlin  jointly  with  the 
celebrated  astronomer  Bode.  Encke 
proved  that  the  comet  observed  by 
Tons,  November  23,  1818,  had  a  very 
short  period  of  revolution  and  was  the 
comet  of  1783,  1705,  and  18)5.  This 
comet,  since  known  as  Encke's,  was  the 
subject  of  two  treatises,  in  which  he 
called  attention  to  some  phenomena  in 
the  movement  of  these  bodies  which  had 
nut  been  previously  observed.  From 
1830  he  conducted  the  "Astronomical 
Yearbook."  He  published  regularly 
accounts  of  the  astronomical  observa- 
tions made  at  Berlin,  and  was  the  author 
of  several  important  works.     1).  18)5. 

ENFANTIN,  B.\.nrtiEi.EMEv  Pkos- 
t'EK  (styled  le  IVre),  b.  in  Paris,  17.13, 
was  in  early  life  a  banker's  clerk,  but 
having  been  carried  by  his  friend,  Olinde 
Rodriguez,  to  attend  the  dying  bed  of 
St.  Simon,  accepted  the  mission  of  prop- 
agandizing his  rellsi:  us  viswa.  He 
created  the  dogmas  id'  the  sect,  and  of  a 
social  school  made  a  church.  His  doc- 
trines at  length  excited  the  attention  of 
the  authorities,  and  they  closed  his  balls, 
and  called  him  with  his  disciples  before 
the  tribunals  on  the  charge  of  immoral- 
ity and  unlawful  association.  He  was 
condemned  to  a  year's  imprisonment 
and  a  line  of  a  thousand  francs.  Ilia 
term  ended,  he  went  to  Egypt,  where 
he  remained  three  years.  Returning  to 
Paris  in  1811,  he  found  that  some  of 
his  old  disciples  had  become  persons 
of  importance,  and  were  able  to  assist 
him  in  procuring  desirable  employment. 
He  wrote  several  works  and  edited  jour- 
nals in  the  interest  of  the  St.  Siuio- 
nians.     D.  1834. 

EOTVOS,  Josef,  b.  at  Ofen,  in  Hun- 
gary, 1813,  studied  law  ami  commenced 
its  practice,  but  abandoned  it  for  litera- 
ture and  politics.  As  a  leader  of  the 
opposition  in  the  senate  of  the  Hunga- 
rian  diet  he   became   distinguished  as 


eve] 


CYCLOP/EOIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


101 


an  orator,  and  wielded  much  influence. 
Appointed  minister  of  public  instruction 
in  18-18,  after  t lie  dissolution  of  the  Bat- 
thyanyi  ministry  in  August  uf  that  year, 
lie  re  ired  to  Munich  and  occupied  bim- 
self  exclusively  with  literature.  He 
wrote  a  tragedy  ami  two  comedies,  bul 
it  is  as  a  novelist  that  he  won  his  liter- 
ary fame.  He  wrote  "The  Carthu- 
sians," "The  Village  Notary,"  and 
"Hungary  in  1514."  He  contributed 
largely  to  the  political  press,  and  pub- 
lished pamphlets  on  reform,  prison  re- 
form,  ami  a  work  in  twovolumeson  the 
"  Influence  of  the  Leading  Ideas  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century  on  the  State."  D. 
1871. 

ERDMANN,  Otto  LtntoS,  b.  at 
Dresden,  18)4,  applied  himself  to  the 
study  of  botany,  and  in  1823  went  to 
Leipsic  and  became  a  chemist,  and  pro- 
fessor at  the  university,  lie  wrote  on 
"Nickel,"  a  manual  of  chemistry,  on 
the  "Principles  of  the  Knowledge  of 
Drug*,  '  and  founded  and  edited  the 
"Journal  of  Technical  ami  Economical 
Chemistrv."     1).  1861. 

ERNEST  AUGUSTUS,  king  of  Han- 
over, duke  of  Cumberland,  etc..  the  fifth 
son  of  George  III.,  was  b.  in  1771.  As 
duke  of  Cumberland  he  was  one  of  the 
most  illiberal  of  the  English  tories.  He 
succeeded  to  the  throne  of  Hanover  in 
1827,  and  at  once  signalized  his  reign 
by  abolishing  the  constitution,  which, 
four  years  before,  bad  been  granted  by 
his  predecessor,  and  by  the  adoption 
of  other  measures  equally  harsh  and 
despotic.  But  public  feeling  changed 
greatly  in  his  favor,  and  he  became  the 
most  popular  of  the  German  sovereigns. 
D.  1852. 

ERN'ST,  Heinkicii  Wii.helm,  a 
German  musician,  celebrated  through- 
out Europe  for  his  performances  on  the 
violin.     B.  1814;  d.  1865. 

ERSKINE,  David  Montague,  eld- 
est son  of  the  celebrated  Lord  Erskine, 
b.  1777.  In  1800  he  married  a  daugh- 
ter of  the  late  Gen.  John  Cadwallader, 
of  Philadelphia,  and  in  180G  was  ap- 
pointed envoy  and  minister  to  the  United 
States.  He  succeeded  to  the  peerage  in 
1823,  and  d.  1855. 

ESPINASSE,  Esprit  Charles  Ma- 
ui k,  a  French  general,  b.  1815,  gained 
his  first  promotion  in  Algeria,  and  served 
in  the  campaign  of  Home.  He  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  Crimean  war. 
In  1858  he  was  made  minister  of  the  in- 
ferior, on  the  occasion  of  the  attempt  of 
Orsini  on  the  life  of  the  emperor.  D. 
1859. 


ESPY,  James  P.,  author  of  a  theory 
of  storms,  and  for  some  time  in  the  em- 
ploy of  the  U.  S.  government  as  a  nie- 
leorolojrist.     IS.  1785:  d.  1850. 

ESTCOURT,  Major-*;ex.  James 
III  ck.nai.i,,  d.  of  cholera  before  Sebas- 
topol,  1855.  He  accompanied  the  ex- 
pedition to  the  Euphrates  in  18-35. 

ESTERHAZY  DE  GALANTHA, 
Pail  Anion,  Prince  of.  I).  178!,  of 
tin'  wealthy  Hungarian  family  of  that 
name,  represented  the  Austrian  gov- 
ernment al  London  from  1815  to  ISIS, 
and  again  from  1830  to  1838  as  ambas- 
sador. He  join  (I  the  Batthyanyi  min- 
istry in  1848,  but  soon  resigned  and 
took  no  further  part  in  public  affairs. 
D.  1866. 

ETHERIDGE,  John  Wksi.ey,  an 
English  Methodist  clergyman,  b.  18)4, 
resided  many  years  in  1-  ranee  pursuing 
his  oriental  studies.  He  published  "The 
Svriau  Churches,"  and  several  works 
illustrative  of  oriental  history  and  lit- 
erature.    D.  18%. 

EVANS,  Arthur  Bf.noni,  a  pro- 
found classical  scholar  and  author,  was 
b.  in  Berkshire,  England,  1781.  He 
was  at  once  a  linguist,  naturalist,  nu- 
mismatist, musician,  mechanic,  anato- 
mist, artist,  and  divine.  1).  1855.  — 
Sik  Die  Lacy,  a  distinguished  general, 
b.  in  Ireland,  1787,  entered  the  British 
army  at  the  age  of  2),  and  served  in 
India  and  in  the  Peninsular  war.  In 
1814  he  was  lieutenant-colonel  in  the 
war  with  the  United  States,  and  was 
present  at  the  taking  of  Washington 
and  at  the  attacks  on  Baltimore  and 
New  Orleans.  His  horse  was  shot  un- 
der him  at  Waterloo.  He  was  several 
times  elected  to  parliament  between 
1831  and  1847.  Made  lieutenant-gen- 
eral, be  fought  in  the  Crimean  war,  at 
the  Alma  and  at  Inkermann,  and  re- 
ceived the  thanks  of  both  bouses  of 
parliament.  I).  1870. — DAVID  MoKIER, 
b.  1810,  was  many  years  a  correspondent 
of  the  leading  London  journals,  more 
particularly  the  commercial  newspapers. 
He  wrote  "The  Commercial  Crisis  of 
1847-48,"  "History  of  the  Commercial 
Crisis  of  1857-58,"  and  other  works  of 
financial  interest.     D.  1874. 

EVERETT,  Edward,  an  American 
scholar,  orator,  and  statesman,  was  b. 
in  Dorchester,  Mass.,  17U4.  He  en- 
tered Harvard  college  in  1807,  in  1811 
graduated  with  the  highest  honors,  and 
in  1813  succeeded  the  Rev.  J.  S.  Buck- 
minster  in  the  pastorate  of  the  Brattle- 
street  church  in  Boston.  He  soon  ac- 
quired celebrity  in   the   pulpit,  and  in 


102 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKATHY. 


[ewi 


1814  published  his  "Defence  of  Chris- 
tianity," in  reply  to  a  work  of  George 
B.  English.  In  1814  he  was  invited  to 
accept  the  new  professorship  of  Greek 
literature  in  Harvard  college,  with  per- 
mission to  visit  Europe.  He  accepted 
the  office,  and,  before  entering  on  its  du- 
ties, proceeded  to  England,  and  thence 
to  Gcttingen,  in  order  to  study  the 
German  language  and  literature,  and 
methods  of  instruction.  Having  visited 
Paris,  Rome,  Greece,  and  Turkey,  he 
returned  to  the  United  States,  after 
an  absence  of  live  years,  and  entered 
forthwith  upon  the  duties  of  his  pro- 
fessorship. In  1820  he  became  editor 
of  "The  North  American  Review,"  and 
continued  its  editorship  until  1824,  in 
which  year  he  delivered  the  annual  ora- 
tion before  the  lJhi  Beta  Kappa  Society 
at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  in  the  presence  of 
an  immense  audience,  including  Gen. 
Lafayette,  then  on  a  visit  to  this  coun- 
try. This  was  the  first  of  a  series  of 
orations  and  addresses  delivered  by  Mr. 
Everett  on  public  occasions  of  almost 
every  kind  during  a  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury* and  afterwards  republished  in  a 
collected  form.  In  1824  he  was  elected 
to  congress  by  the  constituency  of  Mid- 
dlesex, Mass.  He  served  ten  years  in 
the  house  of  representatives,  being  all 
the  time  a  member  of  the  committee  on 
foreign  affairs,  and  for  a  period  its 
chairman.  He  retired  from  congress  in 
1835,  and  was  for  four  successive  years 
chosen  governor  of  Massachusetts,  being 
defeated  by  the  Democratic  candidate, 
in  1839,  by  a  single  vote.  In  1841  he 
was  appointed  by  President  Harrison 
to  represent  the  United  States  at  the 
English  court,  a  position  which  he  filled 
for  five  years.  On  returning  to  this 
country,  In  1855,  he  was  chosen  presi- 
dent of  Harvard  college,  and  retained 
the  office  until  1849,  when  ill  health 
compelled  him  to  resign.  On  the  death 
of  Mr.  Webster,  in  1852,  he  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  state  by  President 
Fillmore,  and  held  the  office  until  the 
advent  of  the  Pierce  administration.  In 
1853  he  took  his  seat  in  the  U.  S.  sen- 
ate, but  resigned  in  the  following  year, 
under  the  advice  of  his  physician.  He 
subsequently  varied  the  quiet  life  of  a 
scholar  by  the  delivery  of  various  ora- 
tions, and  by  efforts  for  the  collection 
of  a  fund  for  the  purchase  of  Mount 
Vernon,  for  which  purpose  he  realized 
upwards  of  $100,000.  He  also  wrote  a 
memoir  of  Daniel  Webster,  whose  col- 
lected writings  he  edited.  In  1860  he 
was  nominated  a  candidate  for  the  vice- 


presidency  of  the  United  States,  with 
John  Pell  for  the  presidency,  but  was 
defeated.    At  the  outset  of  the  civil  war 

he  pr iimced  decidedly  for  the  Union, 

and  so  continued  to  the  end.  He  d.  of 
apoplexy,  in  Boston,  .Ian.  15,  1805. — 
HoiiACE,  lawyer  and  statesman,  b.  in 
Vermont,  represented  a  congressional 
district  of  that  state  from  182J  to  1843 
with  an  ability  which  gave  him  high 
reputation.  He  was  a  successful  jury 
advocate.     D.  1851,  aged  71. 

EWALD,  Henry  Geokge  Augus- 
tus, b.  at  Gcttingen,  1803,  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  the  oriental 
languages,  and  occupied  professional 
chairs  in  his  native  town  and  in  Tubin- 
gen. After  the  suppression  of  the  king- 
dom of  Hanover  by  Prussia  in  18G6,  he 
was  tried  by  the  new  dynasty  on  a 
charge  of  treason.  He  was  acquitted 
and  elected  to  the  North  German  par- 
liament. In  June,  1874,  he  was  sen- 
tenced to  three  months'  imprisonment 
for  libel  on  Prince  Bismarck.  He  is  the 
author  of  numerous  important  works  in 
illustration  of  the  Hebrew  language, 
literature  and  history.     D.  1874. 

EWART,  William,  b.  1798,  was 
educated  at  Oxford,  and  entered  par- 
liament as  a  free-trader  and  liberal  in 
1828,  and  represented  different  constit- 
uencies there  from  that  time  for  the  rest 
of  his  life.  In  1850  be  succeeded  in 
passing  an  act  for  establishing  free 
libraries  in  towns,  and  of  schools  of 
design,  and  labored  for  the  abolition  of 
capital  punishment.     D.  1869. 

EWBANK,  Thomas,  a  writer  on  me- 
chanics, b.  in  England,  1792,  came  to 
New  York  about  1820,  and  was  in  1849- 
52  commissioner  of  patents.  His  most 
important  work  is  entitled  "  A  Descrip- 
tive and  Historical  Account  of  Hydrau- 
lic and  other  Machines,  Ancient  and 
Modern,"  which  went  through  fifteen 
editions.  He  also  published  " Life  in 
Brazil,"  and  '-Reminiscences  in  the 
Patent  Office."     D.  1870. 

EWELL,  Richahd  Stoddard,  a 
confederate  general,  b.  1820,  grad- 
uated at  West  Point,  served  in  the 
Mexican  war,  and  in  May,  1801,  joined 
the  confederates  and  commanded  a 
brigade  at  Bull  Run.  Promoted  major- 
general,  he  commanded  a  division  un- 
der Jackson,  succeeding  to  the  command 
of  his  corps  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant 
general,  and  was  present  at  Gettys- 
burg, the  Wilderness,  and  Spottsylva- 
nia  court  house.  After  the  close  of  the 
war  he  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits 
in  Tennessee.     D.  1872. 


far] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


103 


EWING,  Thomas,  an  American  law- 
yer and  statesman,  b.  in  Virginia,  178.1, 
was  removed,  when  a  child,  to  Ohio, 
where  he  worked  his  way  to  an  educa- 
tion, and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1810.  He  was  U.  8.  senator  from  his 
adopted  state  1831-37,  and  on  the  elec- 
tion of  President  Harrison  became  a 
member  of  his  cabinet  as  secretary  of 
the  treasury.  He  retained  this  office 
under  President  Tyler  till  he  resigned 


with  his  colleagues,  except  Mr.  Web- 
ster, on  the  veto  of  the  bank  bills.  Under 
President  Taylor  he  was  secretary  of  the 
interior.  When  Mr.  Cor  win  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  the  treasury  by 
President  Fillmore,  Mr.  Ewing  tilled  his 
vacancy  in  the  U.  S.  senate,  where  he 
opposed  the  compromise  measures  of 
Mr.  Clay.  On  retiring  from  the  senate 
in  1851,  he  resumed  the  practice  of  the 
law  in  Ohio.     D.  1871. 


FABER,  Frederick  William,  b. 
1815,  educated  at  Oxford,  became  rector 
of  the  established  church,  and  in  1847 
was  ordained  Roman  Catholic  priest, 
and  joined  Dr.  Newman  as  a  member 
of  the  Oratory  of  St.  Philip  N'eri.  His 
religious  and  poetical  publications  were 
very  numerous.  D.  1863.  —  George 
Stanley,  an  English  theologian,  b. 
1773,  was  educated  at  Oxford,  received 
various  preferments  in  the  church,  and 
wrote  many  works  which  relate  to  the 
interpretation  of  prophecy.     D.  1851. 

FAGNANI,  Joseph,  b.  in  Naples, 
1819,  settled  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
and  painted  the  portraits  of  very  many 
distinguished  persons  in  this  country 
and  in  Europe.     1).  1873. 

FAILLON,  Michkc  Etiexnk,  b. 
1709,  a  Sulpician  of  Paris,  wrote  biogra- 
phies of  several  ladies  who  founded  re- 
ligious houses  in  Canada,  and  a  history 
of  the  French  in  Canada,  of  which  he 
completed  three  quarto  volumes.  D. 
1870. 

FAIRBAIRN,  Sir  William,  civil 
engineer,  b.  at  Kelso,  1789,  was  one  of 
the  (irst  to  make  attempts  in  iron  ship- 
building, and  to  utilize  iron  for  mills 
and  houses.  He  aided  Robert  Stephen- 
son in  the  design  and  construction  of 
the  iron  tubular  bridge  over  the  Menai 
Strait.  He  was  member  of  various 
scientific  societies,  and  published  sev- 
eral works  on  engineering  subjects.  D. 
1874. 

FAIRHOLT,  Frederick  William, 
draughtsman,  antiquary,  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  b.  in  London.  1814,  was 
first  employed  in  illustrating  the  publi- 
cations of  Charles  Knight,  and  for  more 
than  thirty  years  was  engaged  in  simi- 
lar labors  for  other  publishers.  He 
wrote  a  "  History  of  Costume  in  Eng- 
land," 1846;  edited  several  volumes  of 
old  English  dramas  and  poems,  contrib- 


uted to  the  "Art  Journal,"  and  from 
1845  to  1852  was  draughtsman  to  the 
British  Archaeological  Association.  D. 
1856. 

FANE,  Julian,  English  poet  and 
diplomatist,  b.  1827,  was  attached  when 
a  boy  to  his  father's  mission  at  Berlin, 
and  tilled  several  diplomatic  posts.  He^ 
published  a  volume  of  poems  in  1852. 
D.  1870,  in  which  year  appeared  a  me- 
moir of  his  life  by  Robert  Lytton,  with 
additional  poems. 

FAN TI,  Manfredo,  an  Italian  gen- 
eral, b.  about  1808,  received  a  military 
education,  and  in  1831  served  against 
the  Austrians,  was  taken  prisoner,  and 
on  being  released  took  service  in  the 
French,  and  afterwards  in  the  Spanish 
army,  distinguishing  himself  in  the  Car- 
li-t  war.  In  1848  he  became  major-gen- 
eral of  the  insurgent  army  in  Lombardy, 
and  saved  the  life  of  the  king,  Charles 
Albert,  when  it  was  threatened  by  pop- 
ular violence.  He  served  in  the  Cri- 
mean war  as  brigadier-general,  was  a 
deputy  afterwards  to  the  Sardinian  par- 
liament, and  served  with  distinction  in 
the  war  against  Austria  in  1859,  espe- 
cially contributing  to  the  victory  of  Ma- 
genta. In  October  of  that  year  he  was 
made  commander  of  the  united  forces 
of  Central  Italy.  In  1860  he  held  for  a 
few  months  the  post  of  minister  of  the 
marine  and  the  army,  but  resigned  it  to 
take  part  in  the  expedition  to  the  Ro- 
magna  He  took  Perugia,  and  a  few 
days  later  captured  the  papal  army 
under  General  Lamoriciere  at  Castelli- 
dardo.     D.  at  Florence,  1865. 

FARADAY.  Michael,  an  English 
chemist  and  electrician,  b.  1794.  His 
father  was  a  smith,  and  he  himself  was 
apprenticed  to  a  bookbinder.  He  was, 
however,  already  inspired  with  the  love 
of  natural  science.  His  leisure  was 
spent  in  the  conduct  of  such  chemical 


104 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[fab 


experiments  as  were  within  his  means; 
and  he  ventured  on  the  construction  of 
an  electrifying  machine.  He  was  eager 
to  quit  trade,  and  a  gentleman  who 
lived  in  his  master's  neighborhood  ob- 
tained for  him  admission  to  the  chemi- 
cal lectures  of  Sir  Humphry  Davy, 
at  the  Royal  Institution.  This  was  in 
1812.  Faraday  not  only  attended  the 
lectures,  but  took  copious  notes  of  them, 
which  he  carefully  re-wrote  and  boldly 
sent  to  Sir  Humphry,  begging  his  as- 
sistance in  his  desire  "to  escape  from 
trade  and  to  enter  into  the  service  of 
science."  Early  in  1813  the  opportun- 
ity came.  The  post  of  assistant  in  the 
laboratory  in  Albemarle  Street  became 
vacant,  and  Sir  Humphry  offered  it  to 
Faraday  ;  and  thus  commenced,  in 
March,  1813,  the  connection  between 
Faraday  and  the  Royal  Institution, 
which  terminated  with  his  life.  In 
1821,  while  assisting  Davy  in  pursuing 
the  investigation  of  the  relations  be- 
tween electricity  and  magnetism,  first 
started  by  Oersted,  he  made  the  bril- 
liant discovery  of  the  convertible  rota- 
tion of  a  magnetic  pole  and  an  electric 
current,  which  was  the  prelude  to  his 
woriderful  series  of  experimental  re- 
searches in  electricity.  In  1827  he  pub- 
lished his  first  work,  a  volume  on 
"Chemical  Manipulation;"  and  in 
1829  he  was  appointed  chemical  lecturer 
at  the  Royal  military  academy  at  Wool- 
wich. In  1831  his  first  paper  appeared 
in  the  "  Philosophical  Transactions,"  on 
the  subject  of  electricity,  and  from  that 
time  for  many  years  the  "  Transac- 
tions "  annually  contained  papers  by 
Faraday,  giving  the  method  and  results 
of  his  investigations.  These  papers, 
with  some  others  on  the  same  subject, 
were  collected,  at  different  intervals,  in 
three  volumes,  under  the  title  of  "  Ex- 
perimental Researches  in  Electricity." 
It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  by  the 
experiments  thus  described  Faraday 
formed  the  science  of  electricity.  While 
he  was  still  pursuing  this  successful 
brilliant  career  of  investigation,  the 
chair  of  chemistry  was  founded  at  the 
Royal  Institution  in  1833,  and  Faraday 
was  appointed  the  first  professor.  In 
1835  he  was  recommended  by  Lord 
Melbourne  for  a  pension  of  .£300  a  year. 
From  that  time  his  career  was  one  of 
increasing  honor.  In  1858  Queen  Vic- 
toria allotted  to  him  a  residence  at 
Hampton  Court,  where  he  died,  August 
25,  1887. 

FAK1NI,  Charles  Louis,  an  Italian 
writer  and  politician,  b.  1812,  at  Russi, 


studied  medicine,  and  acquired  reputa- 
tion bv  his  memoirs  in  the  medical  and 
scientific  journals.  Implicated  in  the 
political  movements  of  1841-43,  he  be- 
came suspected  by  the  police,  and  was 
obliged  to  go  abroad.  Returning,  when 
the  amnesty  of  l'io  IX.  opened  the  way, 
he  engaged  in  potties,  became  member 
of  the  constitutional  chamber,  ami  un- 
der secretary  of  the  interior.  Again 
exiled,  he  found  a  cordial  welcome  in 
Piedmont,  where  he  edited  "II  Pie- 
monte,"  and  was  appointed  minister  of 
public  instruction.  In  the  last  cabinet 
of  Cavour  he  was  minister  of  com- 
merce. His  principal  literary  work, 
"The  Roman  States,  from  1815  to 
1850."  enjoyed  the  honor  of  a  transla- 
tion by  Mr.  Gladstone,  and  was  severely 
criticised  in  the  "Quarterly  Review" 
for  January,  1852.  He  wrote  also  a 
continuation  of  Botta's  "  History  of 
Italy,"  and  "  Letters  on  the  Italian 
Question  to  Lord  Russell  and  Mr.  Glad- 
stone."    D.  183(5. 

FAP.NHAM,  Eliza  Woonsox,  a 
philanthropist  and  author,  b.  1815,  in 
Albany  county,  N.  Y.,  devoted  several 
years  to  visiting  prisons  and  lecturing 
to  women,  and  for  four  years  was 
matron  of  the  female  department  at 
Sing  Sing.  While  there  she  published 
"  Life  in  Prairie  Laud  "  and  edited 
Sampson's  "Criminal  Jurisprudence." 
In  185!)  she  organized  a  society  to  aid 
destitute  women  in  emigrating  to  the 
west.  She  published  "California  In 
Doors  and  Out,"  "My  Early  Days," 
and  "  Woman  and  her  Era."  D.  18(54. 
—  Thomas  Jkffersox,  husband  of  the 
preceding,  b.  18')4,  travelled  early  in 
Oregon  and  California,  and  wrote  sev- 
eral books  of  travels  on  the  Pacific 
Coast.     D.  1848. 

FARNSWOHTII,  Elon  J.,  briga- 
dier-genera! in  the  United  States  vol- 
unteer service,  b.  in  Livingston  county, 
Mich.,  1835;  killed  at  Gettysburg, 
1863. 

FARR  VGUT,  David  Glascoe,  a 
celebrated  American  admiral,  b.  in 
Tennessee,  1801,  of  Spanish  descent, 
entered  the  U.  S.  navy  at  an  early  age, 
and  though  he  distinguished  himself  as 
a  mere  boy  on  board  the  Essex,  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  found  him 
a  captain  in  the  service  waiting  orders. 
Mr.  Secretary  Toucey  had  sent  all  the 
ships  where  they  could  not  be  reached, 
and  Eirragut  was  employed  for  a  while 
as  member  of  the  naval  retiring  board. 
InJauuary,  18(12,  he  was  appointed  com- 
mander of  the  expedition  that  was  fitted 


fel] 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


105 


out  for  the  capture  of  New  Orleans. 
First  arranging  for  the  blockade  of  the 
whole  coast,  be  sailed  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Mississippi  ;  and  after  running  the 
gauntlet  of  the  formidable  forts,  battnr- 
ies,  gun-boats,  lire-rafts,  and  iron -clad 
steam-rams  that  contested  his  passage, 
moored  his  fleet  on  the  eighth  day,  with 
the  city  under  his  guns,  lie  r.m  past 
the  forts  during  the  night  under  such  a 
tire  as  he  thought  the  world  had  never 
before  seen.  From  New  Orleans  lie 
went  up  the  river  to  Vicksbiirg,  but 
failed  in  reducing  the  city  from  the 
lack  of  a  land  force.  lie  was  now 
placed  in  command  of  the  Gulf  block- 
ading squadron,  and  in  July,  18.12,  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  rear-admiral. 
In  .March,  1863;  he  cooperated  with  Gen- 
eral Grant,  in  another  attack  upon 
Vicksburg,  but  only  the  flagship  Hart- 
ford, and  the  Albatross  that  was  lashed 
to  it,  succeeded  ill  parsing  the  batteries 
of  Port  Hudson.  With  these' he  opened 
the  communication  with  the  fleet  of  the 
Upper  Mississippi  and  with  the  army. 
The  following  summer  he  moved  with 
his  licet  upon  Mobile,  with  the  view  of 
breaking  up  the  blockade-running  busi- 
ness which  centred  there.  Again  with 
his  fleet  he  ran  the  gauntlet  of  Forts  ami 
gun-boats,  and  encountered  the  iron-clad 
ram,  the  Tennessee  in  what,  he  describes 
as  one  of  the  "  fiercest  naval  combats 
on  record."  The  fight  was  as  severe 
and  the  victory  as  splendid  as  that  of 
New  Orleans,  and  again  congress  recog- 
nized the  importance  of  his  illustrious 
services,  and  created  for  him  the  rank 
of  vice-admiral.  In  1836  it  created 
still  another  grade,  and  promoted  him 
to  a  higher  rank  than  that  of  any  other 
officer  in  the  navy  —  making  him  ad- 
miral. In  1807-08  he  was  in  command 
of  the  European  squadron,  and  was  re- 
ceived everywhere  with  the  most  dis- 
tinguished honors.  D.  at  Portland, 
Me.,  August,  1870. 

FAUKAR,  John,  b  at  Lincoln,  Mass., 
1779,  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1803,  was  appointed  professor  of  math- 
ematics and  natural  philosophy  there 
in  1807.  In  1818  he  published"  "  Ele- 
ments of  Algebra,"  translated  from  the 
French  of  Lacroix,  which  was  succeeded 
by  eleven  other  works,  translated  from 
Eegeudre,  Biot,  Bezout,  and  others,  on 
different  subjects  of  mathematics  and 
physics.  These  treatises  wrere  adopted 
for  the  course  of  instruction,  not  only 
at  Cambridge,  but  at  the  United  State's 
military  academy,  and  other  principal 
institutions  of  learning  throughout  the 


country.  He  contributed  several  arti- 
cles on  scientific  subjects  to  the  early 
numbers  of  the  "North  American  Re- 
view," and  was  long  officially  con- 
nected with  the  American  academy. 
D.  1853. 

FAUCHE,  HiiM-or.YTrc,  a  French 
orientalist,  b.  at  Auxerre,  17:»7.  de- 
voted himself  to  the  Stud}'  of  Hindoo 
literature,  and  the  translation  of  Sans- 
krit po  ms  into  the  French  language. 
D.  18.;9. 

FAUCHER,  Lisnx,  a  French  writer, 
eminent  as  a  political  economist,  b. 
1803;  received  his  education  at  the  col- 
lege of  Toulouse,  and  went  to  Paris  in 
1825,  where  the  revolution  of  1810 
opened  to  him  the  editorship  of  "  Le 
letups."  In  1838  he  began  to  contrib- 
ute to  the  "  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes  " 
a  series  of  important  papers  on  financial 
questions.  In  the  last  years  of  Eouis 
Philippe's  reign  he  sat  as  deputy  for 
Rheims,  and  ardently  opposed  M.  Gui- 
zot.  In  1848,  he  obtained  a  seat  in  the 
national  assembly,  and  was  minister  of 
the  interior  during  the  presidency  of 
Louis  Napoleon.  After  the  coup  detat 
he  declined  office.     I).  1854. 

FAY,  J«»see»h,  a  German  painter  of 
the  Diisseldorf  school.  B.  1813;  d. 
1875. 

FELIX,  Elis.v  Rachel,  a  French  ac- 
tress, remarkable  for  tragic  power,  was 
the  second  daughter  of  a  Jew  peddler, 
and  was  b.  at  the  SwNs  village  of  Munf, 
182:).  In  1830  the  family  removed  to 
Paris,  where  Rachel  sang  with  her  si>ter 
at  the  places  of  public  resort  on  the 
Boulevards.  Having  received  instruc- 
tion in  elocution  from  M.  St.  Aulare, 
in  1837  she  made  her  debut  at  the  <jym- 
ti'ise  under  the.  name  which  she  made 
famous  in  "  La  Yeiidi'ene,"  written  ex- 
pressly for  the  display'  of  her  powers. 
Her  effort  made  litile  or  no  sensation, 
and  the  '"  Yeiidi'ene  "  was  withdrawn. 
After  studying  further  under  Samson, 
the  veteran  actor  and  author,  she  ap- 
peared at  the  Theatre  Krancais,  in  1838, 
as  Camille,  in  "  Les  Horaces;"  start- 
ling the  Parisian  critics  by  an  exhibi- 
tion of  tragic  genius  which  the  stage 
has  seldom  seen  rivalled.  In  a  few 
months  she  completely  revived  the 
classic  school  of  tragedy,  and  it  was  in 
the  interpre'ation  of  the  chefs  d'eeuvre 
of  Corneille  and  Racine  that  she 
achieved  her  greatest  triumphs.  Her 
culmination  was  in  the  character  of 
Phedre  in  1843.  She  visited  London  in 
1846,  and  the  United  States  in  1855, 
winning   money   and   laurels  wherever 


106 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[fes 


she  appeared.  Returning  to  France 
she  fell  into  a  decline  and  d.  in  1858. 

FELLOWS,  Snt  Charles,  an  ar- 
chaiologist,  h.  1799 ;  d.  in  London  18(30. 
During  his  travels  in  Asia  Minor  he  dis- 
covered the  ruins  of  the  ancient  city  of 
Xanthus,  and  among  them  a  number  of 
interesting  remains  and  beautiful  sculp- 
tures, which  were  eventually  carried  to 
London  and  deposited  in  the  British 
Museum.  He  published  journals  of  his 
travels  and  some  minor  works  in  refer- 
ence to  his  discoveries. 

FF.LTON,  Cornelius  Conway,  an 
eminent  Greek  scholar,  and  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  professors  of  Har- 
vard college,  b.  at  West  Newburv, 
Mass.,  1807  ;  d.  1862.  He  was  elected 
college  professor  of  Greek  in  1832,  and, 
in  1834,  was  appointed  Eliot  professor 
.of  Greek  literature,  which  position  he 
held  until  his  elevation  to  the  presidency 
of  the  institution  in  18130.  lie  visited 
Europe  twice — in  1853  and  1858;  de- 
voting his  attention  principally  to 
Greece,  its  monuments  of  art  and  glory, 
its  ancient  literature,  and  its  modern 
institutions.  Besides  publishing  many 
works  connected  with  Grecian  history, 
language,  and  literature,  he  contributed 
a  life  of  Gen.  Eaton  to  Sparks'  "Ameri- 
can Biography,"  and  numerous  articles 
to  the  "North  American  Review," 
"  The  Christian  Examiner,"  and  the 
"  American  Cyclopaedia." 

FERDINAND  1.,  sometime  emperor 
of  Austria,  b.  in  Vienna,  1793,  was  the 
eldest  son  of  emperor  Francis  I.,  and 
his  second  wife  Maria  Theresa,  princess 
of  the  Two  Sicilies.  He  succeeded  his 
father  on  the  throne  March  2,  1835.  He 
was  an  invalid,  and  his  education  was 
neglected,  but  he  was  of  a  kind  and 
amiable  disposition,  and  suffered  Met- 
ternich.  his  prime  minister,  to  manage 
affairs  in  his  own  way.  On  being 
crowned  king  of  Lorn  hardy,  1838,  he 
promulgated  an  amnesty  for  all  political 
offences.  On  the  revolutionary  out- 
breaks in  1847  he  made  concessions, 
dismissed  Metternich,  more  than  once 
fled  from  Vienna,  and  finally  abdicated 
the  2d  December,  1848,  in  favor  of  his 
nephew,  Francis- Joseph.  Subsequently 
he  lived  in  privacy'  at  Prague,  where  he 
d.  June  29,  1875. 

FERGUSON,  Snt  Adam,  a  friend  of 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  and  a  man  of  note  in 
the  literary  circles  of  his  day.  D.  1855, 
aged  88.  —  Robert,  b.  1799,  became 
distinguished  as  a  practising  physician 
in  London,  and  physician-extraordinary 
to  the  Queen.    He  wrote  on  "  Puerperal 


Fevers."  D.  18(35. —Sir  William, 
surgeon,  b.  in  Scotland,  1808,  settled  in 
London,  in  1840,  with  a  professorship 
in  King's  college,  and  in  1870  was 
elected  president  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons.  He  was  author  of  "A 
System  of  Practical  Surgery,"  and  in- 
ventor of  several  ingenious  surgical  in- 
struments.    1).  1875. 

FERLAND,  Jkan  Baptiste  Ax- 
toine,  b.  1805,  a  Canadian  priest,  au- 
thor and  editor  of  several  works  illus- 
trative of  Canadian  history.     D.  1804. 

FERRARI,  Giuseppe,"  an  Kalian 
philosopher,  b.  at  Milan,  1811,  made  an 
early  appearance  as  a  publicist,  and  in 
1835  edited  a  complete  edition  of  the 
works  of  Vico,  with  an  accompanying 
essay  on  the  spirit  of  Vico.  In  1837  he 
went  to  Paris  and  published  there  his 
"  Vico  et  1'  Italic"  Receiving  a  pro- 
fessorship at  Strasbourg,  he  raised  a 
storm  by  hi*  radical  views,  and  was  ac- 
cused by  the  Catholics  of  advocating  a 
community  of  goods  and  of  women. 
His  principal  work  is  an  "  Essay  on  the 
Principle  and  the  Limits  of  the  Philos- 
ophy of  History."     D.  1876. 

FERRE,  Theophile  Charles,  b. 
about  1845,  by  education  a  merchant's 
clerk,  by  nature  an  insurrectionist,  agi- 
tator, and  terrorist,  distinguished  him- 
self as  one  of  the  most  savage  of  the 
Paris  communists  during  the  sieire,  by 
burnings  and  massacres,  and  was  exe- 
cuted therefor,  Nov.  28,  1871. 

FERR1FR,  James  Frederick,  a 
Scottish  philosopher,  was  b.  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1808,  and  educated  at  Oxford. 
In  1845  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of 
moral  philosophy  in  the  university  of 
St.  Andrews,  which  office  he  held  till  he 
died  in  1864.  He  wrote  ''Theory  of 
Knowing  and  Being,"  and  was  a  fre- 
quent contributor  to  Blackwood's  Mag- 
azine. His  "  Lectures  on  Greek  Philoso- 
phy and  other  Philosophical  Remains  " 
were  published  in  1866.  —  Susan,  b.  at 
Edinburgh;  about  1782,  was  the  author 
of  "Marriage,"  and  "  The  Inheritance," 
and  "  Destiny,  or  the  Chiefs  Daugh- 
ter," all  characterized  by  the  fidelity 
and  dry  humor  with  which  they  portray 
characters  and  scenes  of  common  life. 
Writing  at  first  anonymously,  she  was 
greeted  by  the  author  of  "  Waverley  " 
as  "  a  sister  shadow."     D.  1854. 

FESSENDEN,  William  Pitt,  an 
American  lawyer  and  statesman,  b. 
1808,  studied  law  and  practised  in  Port- 
land, Me.,  from  which  district  he  was 
sent  to  congress  as  a  Whig  in  1840. 
By  a  union  of  the  Whigs  and  Demo- 


fil] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


107 


cratic  free  soilers  he  was  elected  in  1853- 
54  to  the  senate  of  the  United  States, 
took  an  active  part  in  effecting  the  Re- 
publican organization  and  became  dis- 
tinguished as  a  debater.  He  was  a 
member  of  t lie  Peace  Congress  of  18(51. 
In  July,  1804,  he  was  appointed  by 
President  Lincoln  secretary  of  the  treas- 
ury, but  resigned  the  office  in  February, 
1865,  and  in  March  resumed  the  seat  in 
the  senate  to  which  he  had  been  re- 
elected. In  1868,  he  voted  "Not 
Guiltv  "  on  the  impeachment  of  Presi- 
dent Johnson.     I).  1809. 

FETIS,  Francois  Joseph,  composer 
and  musician,  1).  at  Mons,  1784,  was 
dedicated  to  his  profession  from  his 
infancy,  travelled  largely  to  familiarize 
himself  with  the  works  and  styles  of 
the  most  celebrated  French,  Italian,  and 
German  masters,  and  in  1818  settled  in 
Paris,  and  commenced  the  production  of 
the  operas,  nocturnes,  misereres,  re- 
quiems, sonatas,  fantasies,  and  sym- 
f monies  ;  and  of  the  numerous  didactic, 
listorical,  and  critical  works  on  music 
by  which  he  became  highly  distin- 
guished, both  as  writer  and  composer. 
His  "  Universal  Biography  of  Musi- 
cians," in  eight  vols.,  is  the  most  com- 
plete work  of  its  kind.  He  also  pub- 
lished a  "General  History  of  Music," 
in  eight  vols.,  which  is  highly  esteemed. 
He  founded  the  "Historical  Concert-," 
and  was  at  one  time  director  of  the 
Conservatory  of  Music  at  Brussels.  D. 
1871. 

FEUERBACH.  Ludwig  Andreas, 
b.  at  Anspach,  18H4,  abandoned  theology 
to  devote  himself  to  literature,  and 
wrote  many  volumes  in  development  of 
the  history  of  philosophy  and  its  pro- 
fessors. He  believed  in  no  God  but 
nature  ami  man.     I).  1872. 

FEYDEAU,  Ernest  AnnS,  littera- 
teur, b.  in  Paris,  1821,  wrote  for  the 
journals,  and  published  novels,  unsuc- 
cessful plays,  and  miscellaneous  works. 
D.  1873- 

F'lELD,  Edwin  Wilkins,  an  Eng- 
lish law  reformer,  b.  1804,  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1820,  devoted  himself  for 
many  years  to  the  investigation  and 
exposure  of  the  defects  in  the  English 
system  of  law  and  equity.  He  was 
also  an  artist.  Drowned  in  the  Thames, 
July  33,  1871.  —  George,  memorable 
for  his  successful  application  of  chem- 
istry to  the  arts.  I).  1854.  He  was 
author  of  '•Chromatics,"  "Outlines  of 
Analogical  Philosophy,"  and  other 
works.  —  Maunsei.l  B.,  b.  1821,  was 
bred  to   the   bar,  travelled   in   Europe 


extensively,  held  an  official  position  at 
Washington  during  the  civil  war,  and 
in  1874  published  "Memoirs  of  many 
Men  and  some  Women."  D.  in  New- 
York  city,  1875. 

FIELDING,  Copley  Vandyke,  an 
English  artist,  remarkable  for  the  beauty 
of  his  marine  subjects  and  landscapes. 
B.  1787;  d.  1855. 

FILLMORE,  Millard,  thirteenth 
president  of  the  United  States,  was 
born  January  7,  18(H),  in  Locke,  now 
Summerhill,  Cayuga  county,  N.  Y.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  farmer  in  humble  cir- 
cumstances, and  in  his  youth  enjoyed 
no  advantage  of  education.  Appren- 
ticed to  a  clothier,  and  afterwards  to 
a  wool-carder  in  his  native  town,  he 
bought  the  right  to  his  last  two  years 
of  service  and  entered  on  the  etudv  of 
the  law.  In  1821  he  walked  to  Buffalo, 
almost  penniless,  and  there  continued 
his  legal  studies  till  he  was  admitted  to 
the  court  of  common  pleas  two  years 
later,  and  commenced  practice  at  Au- 
rora in  Erie  county.  In  1827  he  was 
admitted  an  attorney,  and  in  1823  a 
counsellor  of  the  supreme  court,  and  in 
the  following  year  removed  to  Buffalo. 
In  1823  he  took  his  seat  in  the  assembly 
of  the  state,  as  a  member  from  Erie 
county,  being  elected  by  the  anti-ma- 
sonic party.  He  served  three  terms, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  efforts 
for  abolishing  imprisonment  for  debt, 
which  resulted  in  the  passage  of  the 
act.  In  1832  he  was  elected  to  the 
lower  house  of  congress  as  an  anti- 
Jackson  candidate,  and  served  one  term. 
In  1836  he  was  reelected,  on  the  Whig 
ticket,  and  served  till  1842  when  he  de- 
clined a  re-nomination.  He  was  a  faith- 
ful supporter  in  his  congressional  career 
of  the  policy  of  the  Whigs.  He  voted 
with  Mr.  Adams  for  the  reception  of 
abolition  petitions.  He  distinguished 
himself  by  his  labors  on  the  committee 
of  elections  and  in  the  house  on  the  im- 
portant contested  case  of  the  live  New 
Jersey  members.  In  the  27th  congress 
the  Whigs  were  in  a  majority  in  the 
house,  and  Mr.  Fillmore  was  placed  at 
the  head  of  the  committee  of  ways  and 
means,  then  the  most  important  posi- 
tion. He  was  substantially  the  author 
of  the  tariff  of  1842;  and  procured  the 
passage  of  the  important  resolution  by 
which  the  heads  of  departments  were 
required  on  submitting  their  financial 
estimates  to  accompany  them  with  a 
reference  to  the  laws  by  which  the  con- 
templated expenditures  were  authorized. 
In   1844  he  was  the  candidate  of  the 


108 


CYCLOIMiDIA    OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


[fin 


Whigs  for  the  office  of  governor,  but 
shared  in  the  defeat  of  his  party.  In 
1847  he  was  elected  comptroller  of  the 
state.  In  1848  he  was  nominated  for 
vice-president  by  the  Whig  convention 
that  nominated  Zachary  Taylor  for  the 
presidency.  In  March,  1849,  he  was 
inaugurated  as  vice-president.  In  the 
important'  and  heated  controversy  on 
Mr.  Clay's  omnibus  hill,  he  presided 
with  a  dignity  and  impartiality  that 
commanded  universal  respect,  and  no 
one  could  infer  from  his  conduct  which 
way  he  would  incline  in  the  event  of 
being  called  upon  for  his  casting  vote. 
President  Tavlor  died  the  9th  of  June, 
1850,  and  the  following  day  Mr.  Fill- 
more took  the  oath  of  otiiee  as  president. 
He  was  placed  in  a  position  of  great 
difficulty  and  delicacy.  An  active  organ 
of  secession  was  already  published  in 
the  capital,  and  a  strong  sentiment  in 
favor  of  disunion  prevailed  with  the 
extremists  of  both  sections.  President 
Fillmore  formed  his  cabinet  of  the  ablest 
and  most  trusted  Whigs  in  the  country, 
and  there  was  no  difference  of  opinion 
among  them  at  any  time  as  to  the  meas- 
ures of  his  administration.  The  com- 
promise measures  of  Mr.  Clay,  including 
the  fugitive  slave  law,  were  submitted 
to  President  Fillmore  for  his  approval  ; 
and  satisfied  of  their  constitutionality 
he  did  not  feel  justified  in  withholding 
ids  signature  from  any  one  of  them. 
From  the  execution  of  the  laws,  or  the 
discharge  of  any  duty  incumbent  on 
him  as  a  chief  magistrate,  with  all  his 
forbearance  and  moderation,  he  was  the 
last  man  to  shrink  ;  and  in  spite  of  the 
unpopularity  of  the  fugitive  slave  law 
at  the  North,  the  president  issued  his 
proclamation  calling  upon  all  officers  to 
perform  the  duties  imposed  by  it.  He 
enforced  the  neutrality  laws.  He  made 
numerous  important  recommendations 
to  congress,  which  received  no  aid  or 
countenance  from  the  opposition  ma- 
jority. I  he  expedition  of  Commodore 
Perry  to  Japan,  and  the  consequent 
favorable  treaty  with  that  country;  the 
exploration  of  the  valley  of  the  Amazon 
by  lieutenants  Herndon  and  Gibbon; 
and  treaties  with  Peru,  Costa  Rica, 
Brazil,  and  other  South  American  states, 
are  honorable  incidents  of  his  adminis- 
tration. Opposed  to  intervention  in  the 
affairs  of  other  nations,  he  did  not  hes- 
itate to  denounce  the  suggested  incor- 
poration of  Cuba  into  the  Union  as 
impolitic  and  dangerous.  He  made 
no  effort  to  present  his  name  to  the 
Whig  convention  of   1852  as  a  candi 


date  for  reelection;  but  when  pre- 
sented he  did  not  withdraw  it.  By 
an  overwhelming  majority  the  conven- 
tion approved  the  measures  and  the 
policy  of  his  administration.  Hut  he 
had  offended  both  south  and  north  bv 
adhering  to  a  middle  course  acceptable 
to  neither  —  and  General  Scott  received 
the  nomination.  Mr.  Fillmore  retired 
from  the  presidency  March  4,  1853.  In 
the  spring  and  summer  of  the  following 
year  he  made  an  extensive  tour  in  the 
south  and  west.  In  the  spring  of  1855, 
after  a  tour  through  New  England,  he 
sailed  for  Europe,  where  he  remained 
more  than  a  twelvemonth.  While  at 
Rome,  he  accepted  the  nomination  of 
the  American  party  for  the  presidency, 
and  received  only  the  electoral  vote  of 
Maryland.  The  remainder  of  lijs  life 
he  passed  in  retirement  at  Buffalo,  with- 
out taking  anv  active  part  in  public 
affairs.     1).  March  8,  1874. 

FINDEN,  Edward,  an  English  en- 
graver, b.  about  1792,  produced  his 
first  works  in  illustration  of  the  voyaues 
of  Parry,  Franklin,  Beechev,  etc.,  pub- 
lished by  Murray.  At  this  time,  also, 
he  executed  many  engravings  for  the 
annuals.  In  connection  with  his  broth- 
er William  he  published  "The  Land- 
scape Illustrations  of  Byron,''  which  had 
a  large  sale;  and  led  him  into  other 
speculations  that  were  less  successful. 
D.  1857.  —  William,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  b.  1787.  was  a  pupil  of 
Charles  Warren  and  James  Heath,  and 
his  earlier  works  show  verv  clearly  the 
influence  of  his  masters.  In  this  style 
were  his  plates  for  Smirke's  "  Don  Qui- 
xote." His  most  important  engraving 
on  a  large  scale  was  after  Lawrence's 
full  length  portrait  of  George  IV.,  seat- 
ed on  a  sofa,  for  which  lie  received 
.£2,000,  at  that  time  the  largest  sum 
ever  paid  for  a  portrait.  His  "  Gallery 
of  British  Art"  was  a  well-selected  col- 
lection of  the  paintings  of  living  ar- 
tists, but  was  too  extensive  an  under- 
taking for  his  means.     D.  1852. 

FINLAY,  Gjeokge,  b.  in  Scotland 
about  18J0,  went  to  Greece  when  a 
young  man  to  tight  in  the  cause  of 
Greek  independence.  During  the  war 
he  attained  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  on 
its  close  made  Greece  his  adopted  coun- 
try, fixing  his  residence  at  Athens. 
Here  he  was  for  many  years  the  cor- 
respondent of  the  "London  Times," 
and  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  •'Sat- 
urday Review."  Between  1844  and 
183M)e  published  a  series  of  volumes 
intended  to  relate  the  whole  history  of 


fla] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


109 


the  Greek  nation  from  the  days  of 
Alexander  to  the  present  time.  The 
successive  portions  of  this  great  work 
are  entitled,  "  Greece  under  the  Ro- 
mans; "  "  History  of  Greece  and  Treb- 
izond  ;  "  "History  of  Greece  under 
Ottoman  and  Venetian  Domination;" 
and  "History  of  the  Byzantine  and 
Greek  Empires."  He  also  wrote  a 
*"  History  of  the  Greek  Revolution. " 
D.  1875. 

FINLKY,  Jamks  Bradley,  author 
of  "Sketches  of  Pioneer  Methodism," 
and  "Prison  Life,"  was  a  Methodist 
preacher,  who  labored  long  and  zeal- 
pus.lv  in  Ohio.     IL  1781);  d.  1857. 

f]INNEY,  Charles  G.,  reformer  and 
revivalist,  b.  1792,  studied  law,  but  en- 
tered the  Congregational  ministry  in 
1822,  and  began  his  labors  as  an  evan- 
gelist in  1824.  His  ministry  was  a  long 
time  in  the  city  of  New  York,  where 
the  Chatham  theatre  was  converted 
into  a  church  for  his  use,  and  the  "  Now 
York  Evangelist  "  established  in  aid  of 
his  preaching.  Other  fields  of  his  suc- 
cessful labor  as  a  revivalist  were  in 
Rochester  and  Boston,  and  for  three 
years  in  England.  In  1852  he  became 
president  of  Oberlin  college,  and  re- 
mained so  till  180B.  He  published  sev- 
eral volumes  of  sermons  and  lectures, 
that  passed  through  several  editions, 
both  here  and  abroad.     D.  1875. 

FIORENT1NO,  Pier-Angelo,  b.  in 
Naples,  1800,  published  novels  and 
poems,  and  late  in  life  removed  to  Paris 
as  an  assistant  to  Alexandre  Dumas, 
where  he  accumulated  a  handsome  prop- 
erty by  his  literary  labors.    1).  1804. 

FISHER,  Alvan,  an  American  artist, 
b.  1792,  was  a  portrait-painter  by  pro- 
fession, but  also  painted  rural  scenes, 
which  formany  years  formed  an  attrac- 
tion of  the  Athene  uin  Gallery  in  Bos- 
ton. D.  1833. — Elwood,  a  secession- 
ist before  secession,  and  originator  and 
principal  editor  of  the  "  Southern 
Press,"  a  journal  established  at  Wash- 
ington in  1850.  B.  1808;  d.  1802.— 
Redwood,  journalist,  and  writer  on 
political  economy  and  statistics,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  1783  ;  d.  185G.  For  some 
years  be  was  engaged  in  that  city  as  a 
merchant. 

FITZ,  Henry,  the  inventor  of  a 
method  of  perfecting  object-glasses  for 
refracting  telescopes,  b  in  Newburv- 
port,  Mass.,  1808;  d.  in  New  York, 
1803.  He  was  originally  a  printer,  but 
for  many  years  preceding  his  death  had 
been  engaged  as  a  telescope-maker;  and 
the  excellence   of    his   instruments  se- 


cured the  favor  of  astronomers  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  the  world. 

1TIZROY,  Roijkrt,  English  meteor- 
ologist, b.  1805,  entered  the  navy  and 
became  vice-admiral.  He  was  some- 
time head  of  the  meteorological  depart- 
ment of  the  Board  of  Trade,  and  de- 
vised the  storm-signals  and  other  modes 
of  warning  in  maritime  use.  He  pub- 
lished a  narrative  of  the  surveying  voy- 
ages of  II.  M.  S.  Adventure  and  Beagle, 
and  other  books.     D.  1805. 

FLAHAUT,  dk  LA  BlLLARDERlE, 
August  Charles  Joseph,  Count  of, 
French  general  and  diplomatist,  b. 
1785,  was  still  a  child  when  his  father 
died  by  the  guillotine  of  the  revolution. 
His  mother,  deprived  of  her  estate, 
went  with  her  son  to  England,  where 
she  supported  herself  by  her  pen.  In 
1708  they  returned  to  Paris,  and  the  boy 
of  fifteen  entered  a  cavalry  corps  that 
was  to  accompany  Bonaparte  to  Italy. 
Through  the  wars  of  the  empire  he  rose 
rapidly  to  (he  highest  honors  of  his  pro- 
fession, and  received  the  cross  of  com- 
mander of  the  Legion  of  Honor  in  1814. 
After  the  abdication  he  adhered  to  the 
provisional  government,  but  on  the  re- 
turn of  Napoleon  from  Elba  he  resumed 
his  post  of  aid-de-camp.  Created  peer 
with  the  title  of  count,  he  joined  the 
army  and  fought  gallantly  at  Fleurus 
aud  at  Waterloo.  On  the  restoration, 
his  name  was  among  the  first  on  the 
li~t  of  the  proscribed,  but  by  the  efforts 
of  Talleyrand  it  was  stricken  out,  with  a 
hint  that  he  should  travel  abroad.  While 
in  exile  in  England  he  married  Miss 
Elphinstone,  one  of  the  richest  heiresses 
of  t lie  kingdom,  afterwards  Baroness 
Keith  The  revolution  of  July,  1830, 
restored  him  to  his  rank  in  the  army 
and  the  peerage.  In  1831  he  was 
appointed  minister  plenipotentiary  to 
Berlin.  The  saloon  of  Madame  Flahaut 
was  long  an  important  political  centre. 
Minister  at  Vienna  from  1841,  he  re- 
tained the  post  till  the  revolution  of 
February.  On  the  2d  of  December, 
1851  be  placed  himself  at  the  disposi- 
tion of  Louis  Napoleon,  was  made  sen- 
ator, and  in  1800  ambassador  to  Lon- 
don. He  was  an  intimate  friend  of 
Queen  Hortense,  and  was  believed  to 
be  the  father  of  the  Count  de  Morny. 
D.  1870.  His  mother  married  for  her 
second  husband,  Baron  Souza-Botelho, 
the  Portuguese  ambassador  in  Paris,  and 
acquired  a  high  reputation  by  her  ro- 
mances, which  were  collected  in  1840-45 
in  ten  vols.  12mo.  B.  1701;  d.  1836. 
FLANDR1N,  the  name  of  a  French 


110 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIY. 


[FLO 


family  of  painters  of  Lyons,  three  of 
whom  were  students  with  Ingres  in 
Paris  and  afterward  in  Rome.  —  Au- 
GUSTK,  b.  1804,  d.  at  Lyons  184-2,  just 
after  he  had  made  a  promising  debut  in 
the  salon  — Jean  Hippoi.yte,  b.  1809, 
devoted  himself  to  historical  painting, 
and  executed  many  works  in  a  style  of 
great  purity,  though  a  little  cold  and 
monotonous.  D.  1804.  —  Jean  Paul,  b. 
1811,  acquired  high  distinction  in  his- 
torical landscape. 

FLEMING,  John,  a  Scottish  natural- 
ist, b.  1785,  entered  the  ministry  and 
devoted  his  life  to  theology  and  natural 
science.  His  contributions  to  scientific 
journals  and  the  transactions  of  learned 
societies  were  very  numerous.  His 
most  important  work  is  "  The  Philos- 
ophy of  Zoology"  in  two  vols.  D. 
1857. 

FLETCHER,  G.,  a  Wesleyan  minis- 
ter, who  was  born  on  2d  Feb.  1747.  at 
Clarbrouf,  in  Nottinghamshire,  d.  1855, 
at  the  age  of  108  years.  He  spent  83 
years  of  his  life  in  active  pursuits.  He 
was  2L  years  a  farmer  ;  20  years  in  the 
army;  was  at  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill, 
and  followed  Abercrombie  into  Egypt. 
He  then  entered  the  West  India  Dock 
Company's  service,  where  he  continued 
36  years,  when  he  retired  on  their 
bounty,  still  preserving,  up  to  within 
six  months  of  his  decease,  astonishing 
activity  both  of  mind  and  body;  often 
travelling  great  distances  by  rail,  and 
preaching  two  or  three  times  a  day  for 
the  objects  of  charily  and  benevolence. 

FLIEDNER,  Thkodor,  a  German 
philanthropist,  b.  1800,  devoted  his  life 
to  founding  and  directing  benevolent 
institutions,  and  established  at  Kaisers- 
worth,  besides  a  lunatic  asylum,  a  boys' 
school  and  training  colleges  for  teachers, 
an  establishment  of  deaconesses  with 
the  view  of  renewing  the  ministry  of 
women  in  the  Protestant  church.  In 
1849  he  established  a  "  Mother  house  " 
at  Pittsburg,  Pa.     D.  1864. 

FLOCON,  Ferdinand,  French  poli- 
tician, b.  1800,  was,  down  to  1848,  one 
of  the  most  advanced  journalists  of  the 
republican  party.  He  was  concerned 
in  all  the  secret  or  public  movements  of 
revolutionary  propagandism.  As  edi- 
tor-in-chief of  "LaReforme,"  an  organ 
of  the  radical  democracy,  he  took  part 
in  the  organization  of  the  provisional 
government  in  1848,  and  was  made  min- 
ister of  commerce.  His  official  career 
terminated  in  June.  After  the  events 
of  December,  1851,  he  was  obliged  to 
quit  France.     D.  1866. 


FLOURENS,  Marie  Jean  Pierre,  a 
celebrated  French  physiologist,  b.  1794, 
became  M.  D  at  the  age  of  nineteen, 
and  went  to  Paris,  where  he  soon  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  scientific  lec- 
turer and  writer.  He  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  of  the 
French  Academy,  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Great  Britain,  and  of  most  of  the 
learned  academies  of  Europe.  He  was 
professor  of  comparative  physiology  in 
the  Museum  of  Natural  History  in  Paris, 
professor  in  the  college  of  France,  per- 
petual secretary  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences.  In  1848  he  was  made  a  peer. 
but  took  no  part  in  politics.  A  list  of 
his  works  and  memoirs  would  till  three 
or  four  columns  of  this  volume.  To 
profound  science  he  added  the  charms 
of  a  stvle  at  once  simple  and  elegant. 
I).  1867. 

FLOY,  James,  D.  D,a  minister  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  church,  b.  in 
New  York,  1800;  d.  186-3.  In  1838  he 
was  censured  by  the  governing  body  of 
his  church  for  having  attended  an  anti- 
slavery  convention  at  Utica;  and  as  a 
delegate  to  the  quadrennial  general  con- 
ference he  was  the  leader  of  the  anti- 
slavery  party.  He  was  a  frequent 
writer  in  the  "Methodist  Quarterly 
Review,"  and,  in  1856,  editor  of  the 
'"National  Magazine." 

FLOYD,  John  Buchanan,  secretary 
of  war  in  President  Buchanan's  admin- 
istration, and  a  prominent  secessionist 
b.  in  Virginia,  1805;  d.  1803.  A  law- 
yer by  profession,  he  sat  for  a  time  in 
the  state  legislature,  and,  in  1853,  was 
governor  of  the  state.  As  secretary  of 
war  he  was  privy  to  the  plans  of  the 
leaders  of  secession,  and  public  opinion 
charges  him  with  abusing  his  official 
powers  and  opportunities  to  promote 
plans  for  the  overthrow  of  the  national 
government.  The  wholesale  transfer 
of  arms  and  ammunition  from  northern 
to  southern  arsenals  in  I860,  and  the 
dispersal  of  the  army  in  remote  locali- 
ties, are  the  facts  upon  which  this  opin- 
ion mainly  rests.  He  resigned  his  seat 
in  the  cabinet  when  Mr.  Buchanan  re- 
fused to  withdraw  the  U.  S.  troops  from 
Charleston  harbor.  An  abstraction  of 
bonds,  to  a  large  amount,  took  place 
during  his  term  of  office,  and  was  made 
the  ground  of  an  indictment  against 
him  by  the  grand  jury  of  the  District  of 
Columbia,  but  he  had  left  Washington, 
and  a  trial  did  not  take  place.  He 
took  a  position  as  brigadier-general  in 
the  confederate  army,  but  without 
achieving  a  single  success. 


FOO] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


Ill 


FOCKEDEY,    M.,   the    only  one   of 

the  deputies  of  the  Nord  to  the  conven- 
tion who  voted  against  the  execution  of 
Louis  XVI.     I).  lit  Lille,  1853,  aged  95. 

FOGGO,  the  name  of  two  English 
painters,  brothers:  Gkorgic,  b.  about 
1793;  d.  186;)  ;  and  Jamks,  who  d. 
I860,  aged  71.  They  studied  together 
at  Paris,  and  afterwards  in  London  for 
forty  years,  frequently  worked  together 
on  the  same  canvas.  Their  specialty 
was  the  large  and  unsalable  historical 
paintings,  which  brought  no  returns, 
even  to  better  brushes  than  theirs.  One 
of  their  most  noteworthy  efforts,  "  The 
Entombment,"  forms  the  altar-piece  in 
the  French  chinch,  in  St.  Martin's  le 
Grand,  London.  The  Hall  of  Commerce 
in  Threadueedle  Street  was  built  from 
their  designs.  George  was  a  zealous 
social  reformer,  and  obtained  by  his 
efforts  increased  facilities  of  access  for 
the  public  to  Hampton  Court,  and  to 
various  collections. 

FOLLY,  John-  Henry,  a  British 
sculptor,  b.  in  Dublin,  1818,  became 
famous  in  1840  by  his  marble  group  of 
"Iuoand  the  Infant  Bacchus."  In  his 
later  years  he  was  engaged  upon  colos- 
sal statues  erected  in  many  of  the  chief 
cities  of  England  and  her  colonies.  His 
most  successful  work  of  this  kind  was 
the  colossal  equestrian  statue  of  Sir 
James  Outram  at  Calcutta.  The  last 
work  he  completed  was  a  statue  of 
Stonewall  Jackson,  executed  for  the 
city  of  Charleston,  S.  C.  He  was  en- 
gaged on  a  statue  of  John  Stuart  Mill, 
for  the  Victoria  embankment  in  Lon- 
don, when  be  d.,  187-1. 

FOLSOM.  GhOiSGE,  author  and  anti- 
quarian, b.  in  Maine,  1802,  graduated 
at  Harvard  college,  studied  law,  and 
practised  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  where 
he  edited  the  second  volume  of  the 
transactions  of  the  American  Antiqua- 
rian Society.  In  1837  he  removed  to 
New  York,  where  he  was  librarian  of 
the  N.  Y.  Historical  Society,  and  edited 
a  volume  of  collections  relating  to  the 
Dutch  annals  of  the  state.  lie  pub 
lished  also  a  volume  of  the  dispatches 
of  Hernando  Cortez,  which  he  trans- 
lated into  English,  and  a  small  volume 
on  "The  Political  Condition  of  Mex- 
ico." In  184-1  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  senate  of  New  York,  and 
from  1850  to  1854  was  U.  S.  chrtrye 
d'affaires  at  the  Hague.  In  1858  iie 
published  "Documents  relating  to  the 
Earlv  History  of  Maine."  D.  in  Rome, 
Italv,  1869.  " 

FONBLANQUE,  Albany,   b.  1797, 


the  son  of  an  eminent  equity  lawyer, 
was  intended  for  the  bar,  but  exhibit- 
ing great  ability  as  a  political  writer 
he  was  induced  to  take  charge  of  the 
"  Examiner."  His  editorials  for  many 
years  were  distinguished  for  point,  bril- 
liancy, and  finish  of  style.  The  only 
work  that  bears  his  name  is  "England 
under  Seven  Administrations,"  a  selec- 
tion of  his  leading  articles  published 
during  that  period.  His  services  were 
recognized  by  his  appointment  as  sta- 
tistical secretary  to  the  board  of  trade. 
D.  1872. — John  Samuel  Martin, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  b.  1787,  edu- 
cated at  the  Charterhouse  and  at  Gaius 
college,  Cambridge,  obtained  a  com- 
mission in  the  2lst  Fusiliers.  With  this 
regiment  he  served  in  America,  was 
present  at  the  taking  of  Washington, 
at  the  battle  of  Baltimore,  and  ulti- 
mately at  the  fatal  repulse  beloie  New 
Orleans,  when  he  was  made  prisoner. 
His  last  military  service  was  with  the 
army  of  occupation  in  France.  He  left 
Valenciennes  in  Nov.  1816,  and  was 
almost  immediately  afterwards  called 
to  the  bar.  In  1826  Mr.  Fonblanque 
and  others  started  "The  Jurist,"  a 
quarterly  journal  of  jurisprudence  and 
legislation,  which  advocated  the  amend- 
ment of  the  law.  Having  attracted  (he 
notice  of  Lord  Brougham  as  a  law  re- 
former, he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
original  commissioners  of  the  new  court 
of  bankruptcy.  In  1823  appeared  his 
"Treatise  on  Medical  Jurisprudence." 
D.  1865. 

FONTAINE,  Pierre  Francois 
Leonard,  a  French  architect,  b.  1762, 
studied  in  Rome,  during  the  stormy 
days  of  the  revolution  sought  refuge 
in  England,  and  on  his  return  to  Paris 
wras  employed  with  his  friend  Charles 
Percier  to  restore  the  palace  of  Mal- 
maison.  Architect  to  Napoleon  L.  he 
held  the  same  office  under  Louis  XVIII., 
Charles  X.,  and  Louis  Philippe  till  1848. 
Among  his  works  are  the  arch  of  the 
Carrousel,  the  wing  connecting  the 
Louvre  and  the  Tuileries,  and  the  re- 
stored Palais  Loyal,  lie  was  joint 
author  with  Percier  of  a  "  Kecueil 
de  Decorations  Inte'rieures,''  and  other 
architectural  works.     D.  1853. 

FOOTE,  Am>i:k\v  Hull.  Rear-ad- 
miral, b.  in  New  Haven,  1806,  entered 
the  U.  S.  navy  as  acting  midshipman 
in  1822,  and  made  his  first  cruise  in  the 
squadron  which  in  the  following  year 
operated  against  pirates  in  the  West 
Indies.  In  1838  he  accompanied  Com- 
modore Read  in  his  voyage  of  circum- 


112 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPHY. 


[FOR 


navigation,  as  first  lieutenant  of  the 
sloop  John  Adams,  and  was  engaged 
in  the  attack  upon  the  pirates  of  Suma- 
tra, b'roin  1849  to  1852  he  was  at- 
tached to  the  African  squadron,  and  as 
commander  of  the  brig  Perry  was  vigi- 
lant in  his  efforts  to  suppress  the  slave- 
trade.  He  was  promoted  to  be  a  com- 
mander in  18.32,  and  in  185(5  sailed  in 
the  sloop  Portsmouth  for  the  China  sta- 
tion. One  of  his  boats  having  been 
tired  upon  bv  the  forts  at  Canton,  he 
attacked  the  largest,  and  having  effected 
a  breach  in  its  walls,  carried  the  work 
bv  assault.  He  then  attacked  and  car- 
ried in  succession  three  other  forts,  all 
being  granite  structures,  and  mounting 
in  the  aggregate  176  guns.  In  1881  be 
was  commissioned  a  captain,  and  ap- 
pointed flag-officer  of  the  flotilla,  fitting 
out  against  the  confederates  in  the 
western  waters  In  February,  1802,  be 
attacked,  with  seven  gunboats.  Fort 
Henry,  on  the  Tennessee  river,  and 
compelled  an  unconditional  surrender. 
A  few  days  afterwards  he  attacked  Fort 
Donelson,  but  was  obliged  to  haul  off 
the  fleet  in  consequence  of  injuries  ex- 
perienced bv  the  Louisville  and  the 
flagship  St.  Louis.  In  this  engagement 
Foote  was  wounded  ill  the  ankle.  He 
nevertheless  operated  at  various  points 
on  the  Mississippi,  and  in  the  siege  of 
Island  No.  10.  His  wound,  still  un- 
healed, necessitated  temporary  absence. 
On  recovering  his  health  he  was  placed 
in  charge  of  the  bureau  of  equipment 
and  recruiting,  under  the  new  organ- 
ization of  the  navy,  with  the  rank  of 
rear-admiral.     1).  June  20,  1863. 

FORBES,  Edwahd,  professor  of 
natural  history  in  the  university  of 
Edinburgh,  b.  "in  the  Isle  of  .Man,  1815: 
d.  1854.  The  British  government,  in 
1841,  appointed  him  naturalist  to  the 
Beacon  on  its  surveying  expedition  to 
the  Mediterranean,  and  opera:  ions  con- 
ducted while  thus  engaged  gave  rise  to 
his  theories  on  the  nature  and  distribu- 
tion of  submarine  life  in  reference  to 
geological  changes.  He  subsequently 
became  professor  of  botany  in  King's 
college,  London,  then  secretary  and 
curator  to  the  geological  society,  then 
paleontologist  to  the  government  school 
of  mines,  finally  succeeding  Prof.  Jame- 
son ill  the  chair  which  he  occupied  at. 
the  period  of  his  death.  His  lectures 
and  works  placed  him  in  the  front  rank 
as  one  of  the  most  philosophic  natural- 
ists of  the  time. — Jajus  David,  a 
Scottish  naturalist,  b.  1800,  educated 
at  Edinburgh,   was  called  to   the   bar, 


but  abandoned  it  for  scien'ific  pursuits. 
At  the  age  of  24  he  became  professor  of 
natural  philosophy  in  the  university  of 
Edinburgh.  His  summers  were  devoted 
to  travel  and  observation.  In  1841  he 
was  among  the  Alps  with  Agassiz,  and 
made  a  special  study  of  glaciers,  and 
claimed  to  have  been  the  first  to  ex- 
plain their  leading  phenomena,  —  a 
claim  that  was  disputed.  He  published 
several  volumes  of  travel,  and  very 
numerous  scientific  papers.  He  suc- 
ceeded Sir  D.  Brewster  as  principal  of 
the  St.  Andrews  college.  I).  1808.— 
Sir  John,  a  distinguished  physician, 
one  of  the  editors  of  the  London  "  ( 'yclo- 
psedia  of  Practical  Medicine,"  and  of 
the  '•  British  and  Foreign  Medical  lie- 
view."  b.  1787  ;  d.  1801.  He  intro- 
duced to  English  practitioners  the  dis- 
covery of  auscultation,  having  trans- 
lated Laennee's  treatise  in  1821,  and 
three  years  afterwards  published  a 
work  from  his  own  pen  on  the  subject. 

FORCADE,  Eix.exk,  a  French  au- 
thor, b.'in  Marseilles  1820,  became  the 
political  editor  of  the  "  Revue  des  Deux 
Mondes,"  and  published  "Etudes  His- 
toriipies,"  and  "  IIi-toi;e  des  Causes  de 
la  Guerre  d'Orient."     D    186). 

FORCE,  t'KTKR,  b.  1790,  in  New  Jer- 
scv,  worked  awhile  as  a  printer  in  New 
York,  and  in  1820  commenced  in  Wash- 
ington the  "National  Calendar,"  an 
annual  volume  of  statistics  that  was 
published  for  sixteen  y.  ars.  He  edited, 
from  182-'j  to  1830,  the  "National  Jour- 
nal," the  official  paper  during  John 
Quincy  Adams'  administration.  He 
published,  under  a  coutract  with  Con- 
gress, nine  folio  volumes  of  "American 
Archives."  He  also  edited  four  vol- 
umes of  historical  tracts,  a  d  other 
works.  The  valuable  American  library 
that  he  had  collected  in  the  course  of 
his  labor-,  he  sold  to  congress  for  $100,- 
ooo.  He  was  four  \  ears  mayor  of 
Washington.     D.  1 8G8. 

FORUHHAMMER,  Joiiann  Geokg, 
chemist  and  geologist,  b.  at  Schleswig, 
1794;  d.  at  Copenhagen,  1805. 

FORD,  Richard,  author  and  con- 
noisseur, was  b.  in  London,  1790.  grad- 
uated at  Oxford,  was  called  to  the  bar, 
and  after  several  years  spent  in  foreign 
travel  devoted  himself  to  literature. 
He  was  a  contributor  to  the  '■  Quarterly 
Review."  and  was  the  author  ,.f  a  valu- 
able "Handbook  of  Spain."     D.  1858. 

FOREY,  Li. no  Fkkdekic,  a  French 

general,  b.   1804,   was   educated   in  the 

military  school  of  St.  Cyr,  took  part  in 

[  the  first  expedition  to  Algeria,  where  he 


for] 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


113 


subsequently  distinguished  himself,  and 
iu  1844  was  made  colonel.  A  general 
in  1848,  he  took  an  active  part  iu  the 
coup  d'etat,  and  in  1852  was  made  a 
general  of  division  and  commander  of 
the  legion  of  honor.  In  the  war  with 
Russia,  he  for  a  time  held  command 
of  the  siege  force  at  Sebastopol.  In 
the  Italian  war  he  gained  new  distinc- 
tion, and  was  wounded  at  Solferino.  He 
served  under  Bazaine  in  Mexico,  hut 
afterwards  as  minister  plenipotentiary 
took  charge  of  the  civil  and  military 
administration  there.  He  was  senator 
1859j  and  marshal  in  18G3.     D.  1872. 

FORREST,  Edwin,  an  eminent 
American  actor,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  in 
180(1,  exhibited  an  early  taste  for  the 
stage,  and  made  his  first  appearance  on 
the  public  boards  in  the  character  of 
"Douglas"  in  1820.  From  the  start, 
he  look  a  high  rank  in  his  profession, 
playing  "Richard  III."  and  '-Othello" 
in  Cincinnati  iu  1822,  and  4i Othello"  at 
the  Park  theatre  in  New  York  with  great 
success  at  the  age  of  twenty.  In  182.)  he 
brought  out  at  this  theatre  Stone's  In- 
dian tragedj'  of  "  Metamora,"  and  in 
18  SI  Dr.  Bird's  tragedy  of  "The  Glad- 
iator." Both  these  plays  were  written 
to  order,  with  the  express  purpose  of 
exhibiting  Forrest's  peculiar  physical 
and  mental  powers,  and  were  played  in 
every  part  of  the  Union  with  general 
applause.  In  1835  he  made  the  tour  of 
Europe,  and  in  1830  appeared  at  Drurv 
Lane  in  the  character  of  Spartacus. 
He  received  much  attention,  and  Mac- 
ready  was  especially  inclined  to  do  him 
honor.  In  18  17,  he  married  Catharine 
N.  Sinclair,  daughter  of  the  vocalist, 
and  on  his  return  to  the  United  States 
was  welcomed  by  the  fullest  and  most 
enthusiastic  audiences  throughout  the 
country.  In  18-11  he  appeared  in  Con- 
rad's tragedy  of  "Jack  Cade,"  written 
with  the  same  view  as  "Metaniora" 
and  "  Spartacus,"  and  perhaps  with 
greater  effect.  In  1845  he  made  a 
second  visit  to  Europe  with  his  wife, 
when  the  quarrel  with  Macready  origi- 
nated that  led  to  the  disgraceful' riot  at 
the  Opera  House  in  Astor  Place,  New 
York,  May  10,  1849.  Soon  after  he 
separated  from  his  wife,  and  the  suits 
and  counter-suits,  with  the  passages  at 
arms  between  their  respective  counsel 
Van  Buren  and  O'Conor,  occupied  the 
attention  of  the  courts  and  the  public 
at,  intervals  for  several  years.  Forrest's 
conduct  at  this  period  ami  the  revela- 
tions on  the  trials  impaired  to  some  con- 
siderable extent  his  popularity,  and 
8 


lost  him  the  esteem  of  some  of  his  best 
friends,  but  he  continued  to  play  to  less 
enthusiastic  houses  till  he  retired  from 
the  stage  in  1858.  His  restless  passion 
for  applause,  or  his  eager  passion  for  ac- 
cumulation, or  both  combined,  induced 
him  to  reappear  iu  18113  and  also  in 
18!J7,  so  that  his  final  engagement  was 
played  only  in  1871.  It  was  interrupted 
by  illness,  and  Forrest  took  to  the 
desk  as  a  reader  of  "Hamlet"  and 
"Othello''  but  three  weeks  before  his 
death.  Besides  the  characters  we  have 
mentioned,  Forrest  played  Falconbridge, 
King  Lear,  Claude  Melnotte,  and  Rich- 
elieu, with  acknowledged  ability,  and 
unsurpassed  popularity.  He  founded  by 
his  will  and  liberally  endowed  an  in- 
stitution for  aged  and  destitute  actors. 
D.  Dec.  12,  1872.  His  fine  library,  and 
his  unrivalled  collection  of  Shakspear- 
ian  literature,  were  almost  entirely  de- 
stroyed bv  tire  in  his  Philadelphia  man- 
sion', Jan".  15,  1873.  His  "Life,"  by 
Rev.  W.  R.  Alger,  in  two  volumes,  was 
published  in  1877. 

FQRREST,  Fkknch,  a  naval  officer, 
b.  179(5.  in  Maryland,  midshipman  1811, 
distinguished  himself  in  the  battle  oh 
Lake  Erie,  and  in  the  action  between 
the  Hornet  and  Peacock,  in  the  war  of 
1812.  In  the  Mexican  war  he  was  ad- 
jutant-general of  the  land  and  naval 
forces.  In  the  civil  war  he  joined  the 
Confederates,  and  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  navy  of  Virginia,  and  was 
acting  assistant-secretary  of  the  Con- 
federate navv  department.     D.  1806. 

FORRESTER,  Ai.kued  Hknicy,  bet- 
ter known  under  his  sobriquet  of  Alfred 
Crowquill,  was  b  about  the  year  1805; 
on  quitting  school  became  a  notary  at 
the  Royal  Exchange,  but  retired  in  1839 
to  devote  himself  exclusively  to  letters, 
the  pencil,  and  the  graver.  He  wrote 
and  illustrated  a  large  number  of  hu- 
morous works,  among  which  may  be 
named  the  "  Comic  English  Grammar," 
and  the  "Comic  Arithmetic."    1).  1872. 

FORSTER,  Fuaxcois.  a  distin- 
guished French  engraver,  b.  in  1790  in 
Switzerland;  at  an  early  age  entered 
the  Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts,  in  Pari-:,  and 
studied  painting  and  engraving,  in  the 
end  deciding  to  follow  the  latter  art.  In 
1815  he  received  the  first  Grand  Prix 
de  Gravure.  He  proceeded  to  Pome, 
and  devoted  his  attention  for  the  most 
part  to  the  works  of  Raphael,  his  tran- 
scripts of  which  are  masterpieces.  D. 
1872.  —  John,  an  English  journalist 
and  biographer,  b.  1812,  studied  at  the 
London   university,   and   first  made  a 


114 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[fou 


name  as  literary  and  dramatic  editor  of 
the  '■  Examiner,"  to  the  sole  charge  of 
which  lie  succeeded  on  the  retirement  of 
Mr.  Fonblanque.  He  particularly  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  biographical 
works,  "  Lives  of  the  Statesmen  of  the 
English  Commonwealth,"  "Lifeof  Oli- 
ver Goldsmith,"  "Biographical  and 
Historical  Essays,"  "Sir  John  Eliot," 
"  Waller  Savage  Landor,"  and  a  "  Life 
of  Charles  Dickens,"  in  3  vols  ,  8vo, 
1871-74.  He  left  an  unfinished  "Life 
of  Swift,"  of  which  only  the  first  vol- 
ume was  published.  D.  187G.  He  mu- 
nificently bequeathed  to  the  department 
of  science  and  art  of  the  South  Ken- 
sington museum  his  valuable  library, 
his  extraordinary  collection  of  manu- 
scripts and  autographs,  and  upwards  of 
fifty  valuable  oil  paintings.  Amongthe 
MSS.  were  those  of  all  the  novels  of 
Dickens,  with  one  exception. 

FORSTER,  Fkiedrich,  a  German 
historian,  b  17H2,  studied  theology,  but 
applied  himself  afterward  to  archaeol- 
ogy, and  the  history  of  the  military 
art.  With  his  friend  Kcrner  he  joined 
the  corps  of  Lutzow,  and  wrote  patri- 
otic songs.  He  became  professor  of  the 
school  of  artillery,  and  engineer  at  Ber- 
lin, but  lost  the  appointment,  in  1817, 
in  consequence  of  being  suspected  of 
democratic  sentiments.  His  works,  mil- 
itarv  and  biographical,  were  numerous. 
D.  1868. 

FORTDNY,  Mariano,  a  Spanish 
painter,  b.  1830,  began  his  art  educa- 
tion .it  the  academy  of  Barcelona,  but 
at  the  ai;e  of  sixteen  years  went  to 
Rome,  where  he  studied  the  interesting 
types  of  lower  Roman  life  in  the  streets, 
and  in  the  Campagna.  In  1850-00  he 
accompanied  the  Spanish  expedition  to 
Morocco,  and  made  studies  of  the  in- 
habitants and  t heir  picturesque  cos- 
tumes. Before  returning  to  Kome  he 
tarried  awhile  at  Madrid,  where  he 
profited  by  the  instruction  of  Goya; 
and  at  Paris,  where  he  became  a  friend 
and  great  admirer  of  Meissonier.  He 
left  Paris  for  the  eternal  city  with  im- 
portant orders  from  Goupil  for  paintings 
from  bis  Spanish  and  Morocco  studies, 
nine  of  which  were  in  the  Paris  Exhibi- 
tion of  1809.  Among  these  was  a  re- 
markable work,  "A  Marriage  in  the 
Vicaria,  Madrid;"  and  equally  cele- 
brated was  his  picture  of  the  "  Snake 
Charmers,"  now  owned  in  the  United 
States.  The  oil  paintings  he  left  were 
only  between  forty  and  fifty,  but  he 
produced  a  large  number  of  water-color 
drawings,  and  his  etchings  and  pen-and- 


ink  sketches  were  very  numerous.  The 
prices  of  his  pictures  are  said  to  have 
exceeded  those  paid  to  anv  other  artist 
of  his  day.    D.  at  Rome,  1874. 

FORWARD,  Waiteh,  secretary  of 
the  treasury  of  the  United  States  under 
President  Tyler,  and  author  of  an  able 
report  which  contributed  to  the  enact- 
ment of  the  tariff  of  1842,  was  b.  in 
Connecticut,  and  removed  in  1803  to 
Pittsburg,  Penn.,  where  he  studied  and 
practised  law  for  twenty  years,  when 
he  went  into  political  life,  and  was  sent 
to  congress.  He  was  appointed  by 
President  Taylor  minister  to  Denmark. 
1).  1852. 

FOSTER,  John  G.,  an  American 
officer,  b.  1824,  in  New  Hampshire,  was 
educated  at  West  Point,  entered  the 
army,  served  in  the  Mexican  war,  and 
at  the  outbreak  of  the  rebellion  was 
stationed  in  Charleston  harbor,  and  was 
in  Fort  Sumter  when  it  was  bombarded. 
He  rendered  important  service  during 
the  war  and  commanded  the  department 
of  the  south  in  1804.  D.  1874.  —John 
Wku.s,  b.  1815,  in  Massachusetts,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  Ohio.  After 
assisting  in  the  geological  survey  of 
that  state,  he  visited  the  Lake  Superior 
region  in  the  interests  of  several  min- 
ing companies,  and  afterwards  was  as- 
sistant in  the  government  survey,  which 
was  finally  intrusted  entirely  to  himself 
and  Mr.  J.  D.  Whitney.  It  resulted  in 
the  publication  of  their  "  Report  on  the 
Lake  Superior  Region,"  which  is  still 
the  standard  authority.  He  devoted 
the  last  sixteen  years  of  his  life  to  ar- 
chaeological researches,  and  was  the  au- 
thor of  "The  Mississippi  Valley,"  and 
the  "Prehistoric  Races  of  the  United 
States."  D.  1873. —  Stephen  Collins, 
b.  in  Pittsburg,  182S,  was  a  clerk  in 
Cincinnati,  when  he  published  one  or 
two  ballads  in  Baltimore  with  such  suc- 
cess that  he  devoted  himself  to  compo- 
sition as  a  profession.  His  negro  mel- 
odies were  sung  all  over  the  world,  and 
his  sentimental  songs  in  later  lite 
achieved  general  popularity.  He  wrote 
the  words  and  composed  the  music  of 
all  his  ballads,  which  were  distin- 
guished for  the  simplicity  and  sweet- 
ness of  their  melody.  He  published 
more  than  100  pieces.  D.  in  New  York 
1804.  Of  some  of  his  ballads  nearly 
half  a  million  of  copies  were  sold. 

FOUCAULT,  Jean  Bernahd  Leon, 
a  French  natural  philosopher,  b.  1819,  - 
devoted  much  attention  to  the  daguer- 
reotype, invented  the  gyroscope;  and  for 
his  various  scientific  discoveries  received 


fra] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


115 


the  Copley  medal  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  other  lionors.  For  many  years  he 
was  the  scientific  editor  of  the  "Jour- 
nal des  Debats."     D.  1808. 

FOUCHEB,  Paul  Hkkbi,  a  French 
novelist  and  dramatist,  b.  1810,  made 
his  debut  in  literature  in  the  romantic 
school,  under  the  auspices  of  Victor 
Hugo,  his  brother-in-law.     D.  1875. 

FOIJLD,  Achille,  a  French  finan- 
cier, b.  in  Paris,  1800,  was  the  son  of 
a  wealthy  Jewish  hanker.  After  leav- 
ing the  Lycee  Charlemagne,  where  he 
was  educated,  he  travelled  in  Italy  and 
the  East.  In  1812  he  entered  the  cham- 
ber as  deputy  from  Tarbes,  where  his 
opinions  on  economical  and  financial 
subjects  were  treated  with  great  respect. 
In  1818  he  was  returned  from  the  de- 
partment of  the  Seine.  He  was  made 
senator,  and  was  four  times  minister 
of  finance  under  Louis  Napoleon.  D. 
1807. 

FOURNEYRON,  Benoit.  inventor 
of  the  hvdraulic  turbine,  b.  in  St. 
Etienne,  1802;  d.  in  Paris,  1807. 

FOWKE,  FiiANCis,  Captain,  archi- 
tect and  engineer,  b.  1823,  served  sev- 
eral years  in  Bermuda,  where  the  skill 
he  showed  as  a  military  architect  led  to 
his  employment  in  building  the  Raglan 
Barracks  at  Devonport,  which  is  con- 
sidered a  model  work.  Various  official 
employments  followed,  and  he  designed 
in  1800  the  new  buildings  for  the 
South  Kensington  Museum,  and  soon 
after  the  Dublin  National  Gallery,  and 
the  International  Exhibition  building, 
1802.     D.  1805. 

FOX,  Stu  Chari.es,  civil  engineer, 
b.  1810,  was  articled  to  a  surgeon,  but 
was  so  much  impressed  by  t lie  opening 
of  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  Rail- 
way, that  he  relinquished  the  profession 
for  engineering,  receiving  his  first  em- 
ployment from  Captain  Ericsson,  lie 
constructed  the  building  for  the  great 
exhibition  in  London,  in  1851,  and  the 
Crystal  Palace  at  Sydenham,  besides 
many  extensive  railway  and  other  en- 
gineering works.  1).  1874.  —  William 
Johnson,  an  eloquent  speaker,  a  well- 
known  English  reformer,  and  for  sev- 
eral years  a  representative  of  Oldham  in 
the  house  of  commons,  was  b.  1780. 
After  leaving  a  Congregational  college 
in  which  he  was  educated,  he  entered 
the  ministry,  but  soon  found  himself 
unable  to  conform  even  to  the  non-con- 
formists. For  a  time  he  joined  the  Uni- 
tarians, but  finally  took  an  independent 
position  as  lecturer  in  a  chapel  in  Fins- 
bury,  London,  employing   his   pen  ac- 


tively on  the  liberal  side  of  politics, 
editing  the  "  Monthly  Repository,"  and 
contributing  to  the  "  Westminster  Re- 
view," and  the  newspaper  press.  The 
agitation  for  the  repeal  of  the  corn  laws 
called  him  to  the  platform  as  co-laborer 
with  Bright  and  Cobden.  He  published 
"  Lectures  to  the  Working  Classes " 
in  four  volumes,  12mo.     D.  1803. 

FRAAS,  Kai:l  Nicolaus,  a  German 
writer  on  natural  history,  b.  1810,  was 
for  eighteen  years  editor  of  t lie  "Jour- 
nal of  the  Agricultural  Society  "  of  Ba- 
varia, and  was  author  of  several  agri- 
cultural works.     D.  1875. 

FRANCIS,  Conveks,  D.  D.,  "  Park- 
man  Professor  of  Pulpit  Eloquence  and 
the  Pastoral  Care"  in  Harvard  college, 
and  author  of  various  discourses, 
sketches,  and  memoirs.  B.  in  West 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  1790;  d.  in  18G3.  — 
John,  an  English  portrait  sculptor,  b. 
in  Lincoln,  1780,  was  a  farmer  when  he 
attracted  the  attention  of  Mr.  Coke  of 
Holkam,  by  his  carving  in  jet  of  a  fu- 
neral car  on  the  death  of  Lord  Nelson. 
By  his  advice  he  went  to  London,  studied 
under  Chantrey,  soon  became  a  favorite 
at  court,  and  executed  busts  of  Queen 
Victoria,  Prince  Albert,  and  a  large 
gallery  including  many  of  the  leading 
statesmen  of  the  day.  D.  1801.  —  John 
Wakefield,  b.  1789,  was  in  his  boy- 
hood a  printer,  and  became  a  student 
in  Columbia  college,  N.  Y.,  where  he 
graduated  and  in  after  years  was  a  pro- 
fessor of  materia  medica.  He  studied 
medicine  with  Dr.  Hosack,  whose  part- 
ner he  remained  till  1820,  meanwhile 
perfecting  himself  in  his  profession  with 
Dr.  Abernethy  in  London.  After  offi- 
ciating many  years  as  professor  in  med- 
ical institutions  in  New  York,  he  passed 
the  remainder  of  his  life  as  a  practising 
physician  and  in  the  pursuits  of  litera- 
ture. He  was  fond  of  the  fine  arts  and 
the  theatre,  and  his  "  Old  New  York, 
or  Reminiscences  of  the  past  Sixty 
Years,"  is  full  of  pleasant  gossip,  in 
which  he  excelled.  He  was  a  good 
writer  and  published  many  pamphlets 
and  professional  works.  He  interested 
himself  much  in  the  New  York  Histori- 
cal Society,  and  wrote  memoirs  of  many 
of  his  distinguished  contemporaries. 
D.  1801. 

FRANCIS  V.,  Archduke  of  Austria, 
and  last  sovereign  duke  of  Modena,  b. 
June  1,  1819,  married  in  1842  the 
daughter  of  King  Louis  of  Bavaria,  and 
succeeded  his  father  in  1840.  On  the 
first  rumor  of  the  revolution  in  Milan  in 
1848  the   duke   took   flight,   leaving  a 


116 


CYCLOr^DIA   OF   BIOGKAPI1Y. 


[frh 


provisional  government  with  the  charge 
<5>f  promulgating  a  constitution.  After 
the  defeat  of  the  Piedmontese  at  Novara, 
he  was  reinstated  by  Austrian  arms, 
and  abolished  all  the  reforms  that  had 
been  conceded.  After  the  Italian  War 
of  1859  the  duchy  was  incorporated  with 
the  kingdom  of  Sardinia,  and  the  duke 
took  up  his  residence  in  Vienna.  He 
was  immensely  wealthy,  and  expended 
his  wealth  munificently  in  upholding 
the  cause  of  legitimacy  in  Italy.  France, 
and  Spain.  He  was  a  bitter  enemy  of 
Louis  Napoleon.  D.  November  21, 
1875. 

FRANKEL.  Zaciiakias,  b.  at 
Prague,  1801,  studied  philosophy  and 
theology  at  the  college  of  Pesth,  and  in 
1836  was  called  to  Dresden  to  exercise 
there  the  functions  of  Grand  Rabbi.  In 
this  position  he  made  successful  efforts 
for  the  recognition  by  the  state  of  the 
civil  rights  of  the  Jews.  He  wrote  nu- 
merous books,  and  from  1851  published 
a  monthly  journal  devoted  to  Hebrew 
science  and  historv.     D.  1875. 

FRANKLIN,  Sut  John,  b.  in  Lin- 
colnshire, England,  178*5,  entered  the 
British  navy  in  1800,  and  served  in  the 
action  of  Trafalgar.  He  served  after- 
ward on  various  stations,  the  last  of 
which  was  the  coast  of  the  United  States 
during  the  war  of  1812-15.  He  com- 
manded the  boats  of  the  Bedford  in  a 
fight  with  the  American  gunboats  at 
New  Orleans,  one  of  which  he  boarded 
and  captured.  He  was  wounded  in  the 
action,  and  for  his  gallantry  was  made 
a  lieutenant.  His  first  voyage  to  the 
Arctic  ocean  was  in  1818;  his  second 
extended  from  1819  to  1822;  the  third 
from  1823  to  1827.  He  then  served  his 
government  in  other  capacities,  the  most 
notable  of  which  was  the  governorship 
of  Tasmania,  where  he  continued  until 
1843.  On  his  return  to  England  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  another 
expedition    to   discover    the    northwest 

Eassage.  It  consisted  of  the  ships  Ere- 
us  and  Terror,  which  sailed  from  the 
Thames  in  Mav.  1845.  The  ships  were 
seen  by  a  whaler  in  the  month  of  July, 
but  from  that  time  nothing  was  heard 
of  them.  Numerous  expeditions  were 
sent  out  to  discover  the  fate  of  Frank- 
lin, but  without  success.  McCIintock's 
expedition,  however,  which  sailed  from 
England  in  1857,  and  returned  in  1859, 
brought  records  which  were  found  in  a 
cairn  on  King  William's  Land.  From 
these  it  is  known  that  the  Erebus  and 
Terror  were  ice-bound  off  Cape  Felix  in 
September,  184G;  that  they  there  passed 


the  winter  of  184G-47;  that  Sir  John 
Franklin  died  on  the  11th  of  June, 
1847;  and  that  the  officers  and  crews 
abandoned  the  ships  in  the  following 
spring.  They  started  for  the  Great 
Fish  river,  and  perished  on  their  jour- 
ney. Sir  John  Franklin  was  twice 
married:  in  1823  to  Eleanor  Ann, 
daughter  of  William  Poden,  the  archi- 
tect, to  whom  he  was  introduced  by  her 
poem  of  "  The  Arctic  Expedition,"  pub- 
lished 1818.  Lady  Jane,  his  second 
wife,  distinguished  herself  by  the  per- 
severance with  which  she  labored  for 
the  rescue  of  her  husband,  and  the  dis- 
covery of  his  fate.  In  18G0  parliament 
voted" £2,009  for  a  statue  to  his  honor, 
which  was  executed  in  bronze  by  No- 
ble, and  stands  in  Waterloo  Place,  Lon- 
don. See  the  narratives  of  McClin- 
tock,  Brown,  Sir  John  Richardson,  and 
Captain  Sherard  Osborn's  "  The  Career, 
Last  Voyage,  and  Fate  of  Sir  John 
Franklin,"  London,  1810. 

FRAZER,  Chaklks;  b.  1782,  in 
Charleston,  S.  C,  studied  law,  and 
practised  it  for  eleven  years  success- 
fully, and  then  devoted  himself  to  art, 
and'  distinguished  himself  as  a  minia- 
ture painter.  His  works  are  chiefly 
owned  in  his  native  state.  He  wrote 
"Reminiscences  of  Charleston."  D. 
1810  — James  Baii.lik,  traveller  and 
novelist,  was  b.  in  Inverness-shire  in 
1783.  In  1820  be  published  "A  Tour 
through  the  Snowy  Range  of  the  Him- 
alaya Mountains:"  and,  in  182'?, 
"Travels  and  Adventures  in  the  Per- 
sian Provinces."  In  1828  he  described 
the  life  and  manners  of  the  Persians  in 
a  fictitious  narrative,  "The  Kuzzilhash, 
a  Tale  of  Khorassan."  In  18 18  ap- 
peared his  work,  "A  Winter  Journey 
from  Constantinople  to  Teheran,  with 
Travels  through  various  Parts  of  Per- 
sia."    D. 185fi. 

FREDERICK  VIII. ,  king  of  Den- 
mark, the  son  of  Christian  VIII.  and 
the  Princess  Charlotte  Frederike  of 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  b.  in  Copen- 
hagen in  1808.  ascended  the  throne  in 
1S48,  and  d.  at  his  palace  in  South  Jut- 
land, 1*63. 

FREDERICK  AUGUSTUS  PL,  king 
of  Saxony,  b.  1797,  succeeded  his  un- 
cle Frederick  Augustus  I.,  in  1836,  and 
was  killed  by  an  accident  which  over- 
turned his  carriage,  in  1854. 

FREDERICK  WILLIAM,  ex-elector 
of  Hesse-Cassel,  b.  1802,  was  the  only 
son  of  the  elector  William  II.,  and  of 
Augusta  Friedrike  Ohristiane,  daughter 
of  Frederic  William  II.  king  of  Prussia. 


fry] 


CYCLOPEDIA   OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


117 


He  succeeded  his  father,  who  aban- 
doned the  electorate  in  18.il,  as  eo- 
regent,  and  afterwards  as  sole  ruler. 
His  rule  was  varied  by  a  liberal  and 
reactionary  ministry,  flight,  restora- 
tion, the  interference  of  the  Bundestag 
through  Austria  and  Bavaria,  and  Prus- 
sian interference  that  resulted  in  the  in 
corporation  of  the  electorate  with  Prus- 
sia in  1866,  whereby  the  old  German 
title  of  elector  became  extinct.  D. 
1875. 

FREILEGRATH,  Feiumnand,  poet, 
b.  at  Detmold  in  Northern  Germany, 
1810,  educated  at  the  local  gymnasium, 
entered  upon  a  mercantile  life,  and  in 
182;)  was  clerk  in  a  banking-house  at 
Amsterdam.  While  there  he  published 
poems  in  the  Musenalnianach,  and  on 
returning  to  Germany  he  found  himself 
already  famous.  In  1842  he  accepted 
a  pension  from  the  king  of  Prussia, 
which  he  renounced  two  years  after- 
wards, with  an  explanation  in  a  volume 
of  poems  published  at  that  time  which 
compelled  him  to  quit  Germany.  In 
1840  he  entered  a  commercial  house  in 
London,  and  was  about  embarking  for 
the  United  States  on  the  invitation  of 
the  poet  Longfellow,  when  the  events 
of  1848  decided  him  to  return  to  Ger- 
many. Settling  in  Dusseldorf  he  wrote 
democratic  lyrics  that  excited  great 
enthusiasm.  Prosecuted  for  a  poem, 
"The  Dead  to  the  Living,"  he  was, 
after  two  months'  detention,  acquitted 
by  the  jury,  the  first  ever  empanelled 
in  Prussia  to  try  a  political  crime.  He 
returned  in  1840  to  London,  and  in 
1808  took  up  his  residence  at  Stuttgart. 
His  principal  works  are  "Gcdiclite" 
(1838),  which  has  gone  through  more 
than  thirty  editions  ;  "  Die  Revolution  " 
(1848) ;  and  "  Neuere  Politisehe  und  So- 
ciale  Gedichte"  (1840).  His  collected 
works  in  6  vol*,  appeared  in  New  York 
in  1858-59  and  in  Stuttgart  in  1860. 
He  translated  largely  from  the  French, 
English,  and  American  poets. 

FRELINGHUYSEN,  Thkodore,  b. 
in  Millstown,  N.  J.,  1787;  d.  1802.  He 
was  attorney-general  of  his  native  state 
from  1818  to  1820,  and  one  of  its  sen- 
ators in  congress  from  1820  to  1835. 
From  1830  to' 1850  he  was  chancellor  of 
the  university  of  New  York,  and  while 
filling  this  position  was  the  candidate 
for  vice-president  on  the  ticket  with 
Henry  Clay.  In  1850  he  was  elected 
president  of  Rutgers  college,  where  he 
officiated  until  his  death. 

FRENCH,  Henry  John,  a  British 
general  served   in  the  Peninsular  war 


with  distinction,  and  afterwards  in  the 
United  States  war  of  1812,  having  been 
engaged  in  the  actions  of  P.ladensburg 
and  iialtimore,  and  the  attack  on  New 
Orleans.  He  served  also  in  Canada 
during  the  whole  of  the  rebellion.  D. 
1874,  in  his  78lh  year. 

FRKYTAG,  Geohg  Wimiki.m  Frie- 
dekich,  b.  1788,  studied  theologyj  but 
became  professor  of  the  Arabic,  Per- 
sian, and  Turkish  languages  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Bonn.  His  great  work  is  the 
"  Lexicon  Arabieo-Latinum,"  in  4  vols. 
I).  1861. 

FROSSARD,  Chart.es  Augustus, 
a  French  general,  b.  1807,  entered  the 
army  as  lieutenant  in  1831,  won  pro- 
motion in  Algeria',  took  part  in  the  ex- 
pedition to  Rome,  and  in  the  Crimean 
war  had  direction  of  the  works  which 
led  to  the  fall  of  Sebastopol.  He  com- 
manded the  engineer  corps  in  Italy  in 
185:1,  and  in  18li7  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor to  the  prince  imperial.  In  the 
Franco-German  war  he  commanded  tne 
second  army  corps,  and  was  defeated 
at  Forbach.  Retiring  to  Metz,  he  took 
part  in  the  actions  of  Gravelotte  and 
St.  Privat,  and  in  the  council  of  war 
which  decided  on  the  capitulation.  He 
was  sent  prisoner  to  Germany,  but  on 
the  peace  returned  to  Paris,  where  he 
published  a  "Report  on  the  Operations 
of  the  2d  Army  Corps  during  the  Cam- 
paign of  1870.'''     D.  1875. 

F  R  O  T  H I N  G  H  A  M ,  N atii a niel 
Laxghox,  a  Unitarian  clergyman,  b. 
in  Boston,  1703,  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1811,  was  sometime  teacher 
of  rhetoric  and  oratory  there,  studied 
theology,  and  in  1815  became  pastor  of 
the  First  Congregational  church  in  Bos- 
ton, and  remained  so  till  1850.  He  pub- 
lished more  than  fifty  occasional  ser- 
mons, a  volume  of  "  Sermons  in  the 
Order  of  a  Twelvemonth,"  and  a  vol- 
ume of  "Metrical  Pieces,  Translated 
and  Original."  D.  1870.  His  writings 
were  distinguished  by  grace  and  purity 
of  style,  in  both  prose  and  poetry. 

FRY,  Wm.i.iam  Hknuv,  a  musical 
composer  and  journalist,  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia, Aug.,  1815;  d.  at  Santa  Cruz, 
Dec,  1804.  Four  overtures,  performed 
by  the  Philharmonic  Society  of  his  na- 
tive city,  were  his  first  orchestral  com- 
positions; and  in  1845  he  produced  the 
opera  of  "Leonora."  From  1840  to 
1852  he  resided  in  Europe,  studying 
art,  and  maintaining  a  brilliant  corre- 
spondence with  the  "New  York  Trib- 
une," with  which  he  remained  con- 
nected until  his  death.     On  his  return 


118 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[GAL 


to  this  country,  in  1852,  lie  delivered 
a  series  of  lectures  on  the  history  of 
music,  introducing  symphonies  of  his 
own  composition.  He  also  composed  a 
"  Stabat  Mater,!'  which  was  produced 
at  New  York  in  1855.  — Joseph  Reese, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  and,  like  him, 
an  accomplished  scholar  and  enthusi- 
astic student  of  the  literature  of  music, 
d.  1805.  He  was  a  member  of  a  bank- 
ing firm,  but  found  time  to  translate 
and  adapt  Bellini's  opera  of  "  Norma," 
and  to  produce  the  libretto  of  the  operas 
of  "  Notre  Dame"  and  "Leonora."  He 
was  the  author  of  a  "Life  of  Zachary 
Taylor." 

FUAD,  Pasha,  b.  at  Constantinople. 
1814,  studied  medicine  and  practised 
it,  but  afterwards  entered  on  a  career 
of  diplomacy  and  statesmanship  and 
became  eminently  distinguished.  He 
filled  for  years  the  highest  positions, 
and  was  the  author  of  very  important 
measures  of  reform  and  administration. 
In  18G0  he  was  sent  as  Turkish  commis- 


sioner to  Syria,  with  powers  to  punish 
the  ringleaders  in  the  massacres  of  that 
year.  In  1801  he  became  grand  vizier, 
and  remained  so  till  1803.  lie  accom- 
panied the  sultan  in  his  visit  to  the  Eu- 
ropean sovereigns.  D.  1872.  His  tastes 
were  literary,  and  he  inherited  from 
both  of  his  parents  a  talent  for  poetry. 
He  published  a  Turkish  grammar,  a 
volume  of  poems,  and  a  pamphlet  on 
the  "  Holy  Places." 

FULLER,  Arthuk  B.,  a  Unitarian 
clergyman,  b,  at  Cambridgeport,  Mass., 
1 824,  joined  the  16th  regiment  Mass. 
volunteers  as  chaplain  early  in  the  war, 
and  was  killed  while  crossing  the  Rap- 
pahannock, Dec.  1802.  He  was  a 
brother  of  Margaret  Fuller,  and  edited 
her  works. 

ITKST,  Julius,  b.  1805,  a  German 
orientalist,  of  Jewish  origin,  was  pro- 
foundly versed  in  the  languages,  antiq- 
uities, and  theology  of  the  Fast,  and 
Wjjjpte  many  important  works  in  their 
illustration.     D.  ill  Leipsic,  1873. 


<;. 


GABELENTZ,  Hans  Conon  von 
der,  a  German  philologist  and  remark- 
able linguist,  b.  at  Altenburg.  1807,  was 
educated  there  and  at  Gottingen.  It  is 
said  that  though  he  occupied  the  greater 
part  of  his  life  various  posts  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  his  native  duchy,  he  found 
time  to  acquire  an  accurate  and  philo- 
sophical knowledge  of  more  than  eighty 
languages.  He  published  various  gram- 
mars and  dictionaries  of  little  known 
languages  in  Assam,  the  Indian  archi- 
pelago, Africa,  and  America;  but  his 
most  important  work  is  a  treatise  on 
"  The  Melanesian  Languages,  their 
Grammatical  Construction  and  their 
connection  with  one  another  and  with 
the  Malayan-Polynesian  Languages," 
in  two  vols.,  18(13  and  1873.  In  conjunc- 
tion with  Dr.  J.  Lobe  he  published  the 
fragments  of  the  Gothic  Bible  of  Ulfilas. 
with  a  Latin  translation,  glossary,  and 
grammar,  3  vols.,  4to.     D.  1874." 

GABLENTZ,  Ludwig  Karl  Wit,- 
HEi.M,  Baron  von,  an  Austrian  general, 
b.  at  Jena,  1814,  entered  the  Austrian 
service  and  distinguished  himself  in 
the  Italian  campaigns  under  Radetsky, 
1848,  in  the  Hungarian  war,  and  after- 
wards at  Magenta  and  Solferino.  Made 
lieutenant  field-marshal,  1863,  he  served 
in  Holstein,  and  in  the  Prussian  war  of 


18G6  was  vanquished  at  Kb'niggratz. 
In  I860  he  was  made  commander-in- 
chief  in  Hungary.     D.  1874. 

GABOIilAU,  Emile,  a  French  nov- 
elist, b.  1834;  d.  at  Paris,  1873.  He 
was  long  a  contributor  to  the  minor 
Parisian  journals,  and,  in  1866,  pub- 
lished his  "Dossier,  No.  113,"  which 
was  followed  by  a  number  of  stories 
that  might  have  been  wrought  out  of 
memoranda  of  the  police.  Two  of  them 
have  been  translated  into  English. 

GABOURD,  Amedke,  a  French 
author,  b.  1805,  was  a  journalist,  gov- 
ernment clerk,  and  writer  of  volumi- 
nous French  histories,  in  the  interests  of 
legitimacy.     D.  1867. 

GADSDEN,  Jamks,  minister  to  Mex- 
ico under  President  Pierce,  and  through 
whose  agency  the  "Gadsden  purchase" 
was  effected,  was  b.  in  Charleston, 
1788,  and,  after  graduating  at  Yale 
college,  entered  public  life  at  an  early 
age.  He  served  in  the  war  of  1812,  and 
with  General  Jackson  in  the  Seminole 
war.     D.  1858. 

GALES,  Joseph,  an  eminent  jour- 
nalist, was  b.  at  Eckington,  near  Shef- 
field, England,  1786,  and  came  to  this 
country  at  the  age  of  seven,  with  his 
father,  who  was  compelled  to  fly  to  the 
United  States  for  publishing  articles  in 


gas] 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    IJIOGRArilY. 


119 


his  "Sheffield  Register,"  not  approved 
bv  the  Tory  government  (if  tlie  day. 
The  son  was  educated  al  the  university 
of  North  Carolina,  and  in  1807  settled 
in  Washington.  In  1810  he  became 
the  sole  proprietor  of  the  "National 
Intelligencer,"  then  a  Iri-weeklv.     In 

1812  liis  brother-in-law,  William  W. 
Seatnn,    became    his    partner,    and    in 

1813  they  began  to  issue  the  "  Intelli- 
gencer'' daily.  He  occasionally  re- 
ported the  debates  in  congress  before 
congressional  reporting  attained  to  the 
system  upon  which  it  has  of  late  years 
been  conducted.  As  a  writer  he  was 
distinguished  by  great  force  and  clear- 
ness, and  by  a  courtesy  which  won  for 
him  the  esteem  of  bis  political  oppo- 
nents.    I).  18(50. 

GALLAUDET,  Thomas  H.,  was  b. 
at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1787.  He  was 
variously  occupied  until  1811,  when  he 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  the- 
ology, and  in  1814  he  was  licensed  to 
preach.  Becoming  interested  in  the 
subject  of  instructing  deaf  mutes,  he 
engaged  as  a  pioneer  in  this  work,  and 
to  it  be  devoted  a  large  part  of  his  life. 
In  1815  he  went  to  Europe,  in  order  to 
learn  the  best  method  of  instruction; 
and  in  April,  1817.  the  asylum  for  the 
deaf  and  dumb  was  opened  in  Hartford 
—  the  first  public  institution  of  the  kind 
in  this  country.  In  consequence  of  im- 
paired health,  he  resigned  his  place  as 
principal  id'  the  asylum  in  the  year  1830. 
He  employed  himself  subsequently  in 
the  preparation  of  various  educational 
works.  In  June,  1838,  he  became  chap- 
lain of  the  Retreat  for  the  Insane,  at 
Hartford;  and  so  continued  till  his  last 
illness.     I).  1851. 

GANNETT,  Ezka  Stiles,  an  Amer- 
ican clergyman,  b.  1801,  graduated  at 
Harvard  college,  studied  at  its  divinity 
school,  was  ordained  as  the  colleague  of 
Dr.  Channing  in  the  Federal  Street 
Unitarian  church,  in  1824,  and  re- 
mained in  pastoral  charge  of  that  con- 
gregation till  his  death  by  a  railroad 
accident  in  1871.  He  published  several 
sermons,  and  was  at  one  time  an  editor 
of  the  "Christian  Examiner." 

GARDINER,  William,  an  English 
writer  on  music  and  the  fine  arts.  B. 
1764;  (I.  1854.  He  was  a  friend  of  the 
poet  Moore,  and  bis  literary  labors 
began  with  the  publication  of  the  "  Sa- 
cred Melodies,"  in  1812.  He  wrote 
"Lives  of  Haydn  and  Mozart," 
"Music  and  Friends,"  and  "Sights  in 
Italy." 

GARESCHE,     Julius    P.,    colonel 


United  States  service,  and  chief  ol 
Major-general  llosecraus's  staff,  b.  in 
Cuba,  of  American  parents,  1821 ;  killed 
while  mi  duty,  Dec.  31,  18.12. 

GARNEAU,  Francois  Xavier,  b. 
18i).l  in  Quebec,  wrote  a  "History  of 
Canada"  in  three  vols.,  and  a  volume 
id'  "Travels  in  France  and  England." 
1).  1866. 

GARNE'I T,  Robert  Selden,  b.  in 
Essex  county,  Va  ,  1822,  was  gradu- 
ated at  West  Point,  served  honorably 
ill  the  war  with  Mexico,  being  breveted 
captain  at  Monterey,  and  major  at 
Buena  Vista.  In  1850-57-58  be  served 
on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  in  operations 
against  the  Indians  in  Washington  ter- 
ritory. On  the  outbreak  of  the  civil 
war  he  joined  the  confederates,  and  was 
appointed  adjutant-general  of  the  army 
of  Virginia,  and  commander  of  their 
forces  in  the  western  part  of  that  state. 
His  troops  were  defeated  at  Rich  Moun- 
tain, and  whilst  attempting  to  escape 
he  was  killed  at  Carrick's  Ford,  Julv 
14,  1861.  —Rich aku  B.,  b.  in  Vir- 
ginia, and  from  1841  to  18G1  an  officer 
in  the  U.  S.  army.  He  resigned  at  the 
commencement  of  the  civil  war,  and 
joined  the  confederates  with  the  rank 
of  colonel.  He  was  afterward  made 
brigadier-general,  and  was  killed  at 
Gettysburg,  1863. 

GARNIER,  Anoi.niK,  b.  in  Paris, 
1801,  assisted  in  translating  the  works 
of  Thomas  Reid,  became  professor  of 
philosophy  at  the  Sorbonne,  and  pub- 
lished several  treatises  on  social  morals, 
and  a  "Companion  of  Psychology  and 
Phrenology."     I).  1834. 

GASKELL,  Elizabeth  Ci.eghokn, 
an  English  novelist,  was  b.  about  1820, 
her  maiden  name  being  Stevenson. 
She  became  the  wife  of  a  Unitarian 
minister  at  Manchester,  and  for  fifteen 
years  interested  herself  in  Sunday- 
schools,  and  in  the  efforts  of  her  friend 
Thomas  Wright,  the  prison  philanthro- 
pist. In  1848  she  produced  her  first 
novel,  "Mary  Barton,"  a  portrait  of 
life  in  the  great  centre  of  the  cotton 
manufacture.  This  was  followed  by 
"The  Moorland  Cottage,"  a  tale  of 
country  life;  "Ruth;"  "North  and 
South;"  and  "Crawford,"  a  perfect 
creation,  and  one  of  the  most  charming 
books  of  modern  fiction.  She  wrote 
many  tales  for  "  Household  WTords," 
and  was  the  author  of  the  "  Life  of 
Charlotte  Bronte,"  published  in  1857. 
D.  suddenly,  November  12,  1865. 

GASPARlN,  Adrien  Ltiknne 
Piekkk,  Count  de,  a  French  statesman 


120 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OK    BIOGRAPHY. 


[gav 


and  agriculturist,  b.  1783,  was  minister 
of  the  interior  under  Louis  Philippe, 
and  was  all  his  life  an  industrious  writer 
on  agricultural  topics.  D.  1802.  — 
Ag^nok-Etienxe,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, b.  1810,  was  employed  when  very 
yonng  in  the  office  of  Guizot,  minister 
of  public  instruction.  After  filling  vari- 
ous bureau  appointments,  be  became  a 
deputy  in  1842.  He  was  zealous  in  ad- 
vocating prison  reform,  the  emancipa- 
tion of  slaves,  and  religious  liberty, 
and  failed  of  reelection  in  1846.  After 
the.  revolution,  be  removed  to  Switzer- 
land, and  delivered  courses  of  lectures 
on  political  anil  religious  subjects.  He 
was  a  spiritualist,  or  accepted  the  phe- 
nomena of  spiritualism,  and  attacked 
Faraday  for  bis  explanations  of  table- 
turning  by  natural  causes.  His  publi- 
cations were  very  numerous.  He  wrote 
two  volumes  in  favor  of  the  cause  of  the 
Union,  during  our  civil  war.     1).  1871. 

GATES,  William,  U.  S.  officer,  -b. 
in  Massachusetts,  1788,  gradual ed  at 
West  Point,  180G,  was  in  1812  adjutant 
of  an  artillery  regiment,  and  aid  to 
General  Porter.  He  was  at  the  capture 
of  York,  Canada,  and  the  bombard- 
ment of  Fort  George.  In  the  nullifica- 
tion troubles  be  was  stationed  at  Fort 
Moultrie,  Charleston  harbor;  be  was  en- 
gaged in  the  Indian  wars,  and  captured 
Osceola;  was  in  the  Mexican  war:  and 
in  1846-48  was  governor  of  Tampico. 
Breveted  brigadier-general,  1805.  D. 
1868. 

GAUME,  Jean  Joseph,  b.  1802,  a 
French  priest  and  author,  is  known  by 
his  earnest  opposition  to  the  use  of  the 
Pagan  classics  in  schools.  He  issued  a 
library  of  the  "  Christian  Classics,  Latin 
and  G'reek,"  in  30  vols.     D.  1869. 

GAUNTLETT,  Hkkky  John,  an 
English  composer,  b.  1806,  was  intended 
for  the  church,  but  became  a  lawyer, 
and  practised  in  London  many  years. 
From  a  very  early  age  he  bad  been 
passionately  fond  of  music,  and  espe- 
cially of  the  works  of  Sebastian  Bach. 
By  his  efforts  the  old  G  organ  was  ex- 
pelled from  the  churches,  and  the  C 
organ  became  the  ordinary  organ  of 
the  country.  He  was  alao  earnest  and 
successful  in  the  reform  of  the  hymn 
tunes.  He  edited  numerous  Psalters 
and  Hymnals,  and  in  1848  published 
the  whole  of  the  Bible  version  of  the 
Psalms  in  5  vols.,  with  collections  of 
Christinas  carols,  songs,  and  anthems. 
He  received  from  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  the  honorary  degree  of  doc- 
tor in  music,  the  first  time  that  a  pri- 


mate had  granted  the  degree  since  the 
change  of  religion  in  the  16th  centurv. 
D.  1876. 

GAUSS,  Charles  Frederic,  a  cel- 
ebrated German  mathematician,  b.  1777, 
showed  from  his  infancy  a  great  apti- 
tude for  making  calculations  in  his  head. 
He  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of 
mathematics,  and  produced  a  series  of 
profound  works,  many  of  which  mark 
an  epoch  in  the  history  of  science.  La- 
place placed  him  at  the  bead  of  the 
mathematicians  of  Europe.  He  was 
familiar  from  his  youth  with  the  dead 
languages,  and  be  read  most  and  spoke 
many  of  the  living  languages  of  Europe. 
At  the  age  of  sixty-two  he  began  to 
learn  the  Russian  tongue,  and  mastered 
it  in  two  years.  The  "  Disquisitiones 
Arithmetical,"  his  first  great  work,  was 
published  1788-1801.  1).  at  Gottingen, 
where  be  had  been  for  forty-eight  years 
professor  of  mathematics  and  directorof 
the  observatory,  in  1855. 

GA.UTIER,  Theopiiii.e,  a  French 
litterateur,  b.  1811,  was  the  pupil  of  a 
painter,  but  in  1828  abandoned  the 
brush  for  the  pen.  Novels,  vaudevilles, 
comedies,  picturesque  travels  in  Spain, 
Italy,  and  the  East,  studies  on  the  poets 
of  the  time  of  Louis  XIII. ,  and  feuille- 
tons  on  the  drama  and  the  line  arts, 
popular  and  profitable,  proved  that  the 
writer  had  not  mistaken  his  vocation. 
He  wrote  the  dramatic  and  art  criti- 
cisms for  the  "Presse"  some  twenty 
years,  and  from  1856  for  the  "Mon- 
iteur"  and  the  "Journal  Officiel."  A 
selection  of  his  dramatic  articles  was 
published  in  1850,  in  six  vols.,  as  a 
history  of  the  dramatic  art  in  France 
for  twenty-live  years.     1).  1872. 

GAVARNI  (the  pseudonym  of  Sul- 
pice),  Paul  Chevalier,  designer  and 
caricaturist,  b.  in  Paris,  1801  ;  d.  1866. 
He  worked  in  bis  youth  as  a  mechanic, 
and  it  was  not  till  1835  that  he  was 
known  as  a  professional  artist.  He  be- 
gan by  plates  of  the  fashions,  but  became 
manager  of  "Les  Gens  du  Monde,"  in 
wh'ch  he  published  in  lithograph  a 
series  of  admirable  Parisian  scenes. 
Most  of  these  designs  were  reproduced 
in  the  "Charivari,"  which  owed  to  his 
powers  much  of  its  extraordinary  suc- 
cess. In  1849  he  visited  England,  and 
published  a  series  of  low-life  sketches 
entitled  "Gavarni  in  London."  Of  bis 
innumerable  sketches  no  two  are  alike. 
A  selection  of  bis  works  in  four  volumes 
with  letter-press  by  Jauin,  Gautier,  De 
Balzac,  and  others,  was  published  in 
1845.     He  illustrated  the  "  Wandering 


GEll] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    niOGHAPIIY. 


121 


Jew"  of  Eugene  Sue,  the  "Devil  in 
Paris.'1  ami  other  works.  D.  18(56.  His 
pseudonym  originated  in  a  mistake  in 
t lie  catalogue  of  t he  Salon,  in  which 
the  artist's  place  of  residence,  "Gavar- 
nie,"  was  inserted  as  his  name. 

GAY,  Makik  1m;anc<iisk  Sophik, 
nee  de  La  Valette,  b.  in  Paris.  177(>, 
was  the  intimate  friend  of  the  princess 
Borghcse.  and  used  lier  pen  in  the  first 
instance  in  a  letter  to  the  "Journal  de 
Paris''  in  defence  of  .Madame  de  Stall. 
For  nearly  half  a  century  she  produced 
novels,  plays,  and  memoirs,  1  hat.  were 
read  or  played  in  their  day  with  more 
or  less  success.  Her  saloon  at  Ver- 
sailles, in  the  latter  years  of  her  life, 
was  a  fashionable  resort.  Her  daughter 
married  Entile  de  Girardin.     I).  1852. 

GEARY,  John  White,  soldier  and 
statesman,  b.  1819,  in  Pennsylvania, 
was  admitted  to  thi  bar,  but  obtained 
employment  as  an  engineer  and  was  so 
engaged  at  the  opening  of  the  war  with 
Mexico,  when  he  entered  the  service  as 
lieutenant-colonel  of  volunteers,  and 
joining  Scott's  army  at  Vera  Cruz  took 
part  in  all  the  battles  that  led  to  the 
capture  of  Mexico.  In  1819  he  was 
made  postmaster  of  San  Francisco,  was 
the  first  American  aleade  there,  and  the 
first  mayor.  In  July,  1856,-  he  was 
appointed  governor  of  Kansas,  and  re- 
signed the  following  March.  In  1831 
he  raised  the  28th  regiment  of  Pennsyl- 
vania volunteers,  and  served  through 
the  war  with  great  distinction,  being 
severely  wounded  at  Bolivar  Heights 
and  at  Cedar  Mountain.  He  acted  a 
conspicuous  part  at  Chaucellorsville  and 
at  Gettysburg,  at  Lookout  Mountain, 
where  he  lost  his  sou,  and  at  Mission 
Ridge.  In  Sherman's  campaigns,  his 
command  was  the  first  to  enter  Savan- 
nah, of  which  city  he  was  made  mili- 
tary governor.  He  was  governor  of  his 
native  state,  1837-1873.  D.  February 
8,  1873. 

GEEFS,  Gcir.i.AUME,  a  Belgian 
sculptor,  b.  in  Antwerp,  1803,  was  the 
son  of  a  baker,  and  began  the  practice 
of  his  art  in  forming  a  mould  for  statu- 
ettes of  gingerbread.  His  talents  became 
known,  the  government  gave  him  a 
pension  of  409  francs,  and  he  went  to 
Paris  and  entered  the  studio  ot'Ramey. 
He  afterwards  established  himself  at 
Brussels  and  executed  in  the  Place  of 
Martyrs  the  monument  to  the  victims 
of  the  revolution  of  1830.  He  also  exe- 
cuted the  monument  to  Rubens  at  Ant- 
werp, that  to  Malibran  in  the  cemetery 
of    Laeken,    and  numerous   statues   in 


marble,  among  others  one  of  Leopold  I. 
He  also  excelled  in  the  sculpture,  of 
wood.     1).  I860". 

GEIGER.  A  n i:.wt  am,  a  German  rabbi 
and  reformer,  b.  1810,  at  Frankfort-on- 
tbe-Maiu,  completed  his  education  at 
Heidelberg  ami  Bonn.  While  at  the 
latter  university  he  obtained  the  prize 
for  an  essay  on  the  Hebrew  sources  of 
the  Koran,  published  with  the  title, 
'•What  is  it  that  Mahomet  has  bor- 
rowed from  the  Jewish  religion  V"  His 
efforts  to  reform  the  r«  ligious  usages  of 
Judaism  drew  upon  him  the  seven'  ani- 
madversions of  the  party  attached  to  the 
ancient  cu-toms.     1).  1874. 

GEISINGER,  David,  U.  S.  naval 
officer,  b.  1790,  saw  much  active  service 
in  the  war  of  1812.  and  was  in  the 
Wasp  during  her  brilliant  cruise  on  the 
English  coast  in  1814.  Being  sent  home 
in  the  prize  brig  Atalanta,  he  escaped 
the  fate  of  his  comrades,  for  the  Wasp 
was  never  heard  of  afterwards.  D. 
1830. 

GENELLT,  Bonaventuke,  a  Ger- 
man designer  of  Italian  origin,  b.  1893, 
studied  art  in  the  schools  of  Berlin,  and 
afterwards  profited  by  the  influence  of 
Cornelius  at  Pome.  At  Leipsic  he  dec- 
orated the  "  Maison  Roinairie"  with 
episodes  from  the  mythology  of  Bic- 
chus,  and  at  Munich  executed  designs 
that  gave  him  a  European  reputation. 
D.  at 'Weimar.  183S. 

G  EOR  <J  E  S.  Marguerite  Jose- 
phine, nee  Wktmkk,  1787,  a  French 
actress,  of  majestic  beauty,  and  a  spe- 
cial representative  of  the  queens  of  the 
French  stage — Merope,  Clytemnestre, 
Agrippiua,  etc.  She  was  not  esteemed 
an  actress  of  creative  power.  In  1812 
she  played  at  Dresden  before  the  sov- 
ereigns who  united  to  pay  homage  to 
Napoleon  before  his  fatal  expedition  to 
Russia.  She  was  a  favorite  of  this  em- 
peror, and  also  of  Alexander  I.  In  the 
latter  part  of  her  life  she  played  at  the 
Forte  St.  Martin,  where  her  belle  tenue 
always  won  the  rapturous  applause  of 
the  parterre.     1).  1837. 

GERARD,  Juucs,  a  French  officer, 
the  hero  of  the  well-known  work  "  Le 
Tueur  de  Lions,"  was  drowned  in  the 
river  Jong,  in  Africa,  Dec.  1864.  He 
was  b.  at  Pignans  in  1817,  and  having 
volunteered  for  the  Algerine  campaign 
in  1841,  there  entered  upon  the  ad- 
venturous life  which  made  him  king 
amongst  lion-killers.  —  Maurice  Ste- 
phen, a  French  general,  who  took  part 
in  all  the  great  battles  of  the  empire,  d. 
in  Paris,  1852,  senior  marshal  of  France. 


122 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPIIY. 


[GID 


GERHARD,  Eduard,  a  German 
archaeologist,  b.  1795,  resided  many 
years  at  Rome,  and,  in  conjunction 
with  Baron  Bunaen  and  other  savants, 
founded  the  Institute  for  Archaeological 
Correspondence.  He  assisted  in  the 
production  of  Platner's  ''Description  of 
Rome,"  and  wrote  numerous  treatises 
on  ancient  works  of  art.     D.  1887. 

GERSTXCKER,  Fhikdricii,  a  Ger- 
man traveller  and  novelist,  made  nu- 
merous journeys  in  the  course  of  an 
adventurous  life  over  most  of  the  coun- 
tries of  the  globe,  and  wrote  numerous 
volumes  of  narrative  and  fiction  illus- 
trative of  the  scenes  through  which  he 
had  passed.  He  lived  six  years  in  the 
United  States.  15.  in  Hamburgh,  181G; 
(I.  in  Vienna,  1872. 

GERVINUS,  Geobge  Gottfkted, 
a  German  historian  and  politician, 
abandoned  commercial  pursuits  for  the 
studv  of  the  languages  and  history. 
In  18%'  he  became  professor  at  Gottin- 
gen.  From  tjiis  post  he  was  discharged 
for  signing,  with  Dahlmann,  the  broth- 
ers Grimm,  and  the  other  principal  pro- 
fessors, a  protest  against  the  abolition 
of  the  constitution  of  Hanover.  He 
was  an  industrious  writer  in  the  jour- 
nals on  the  politics  of  his  time,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  Germanic  diet  and 
afterward  of  the  parliament  at  Frank- 
fort. His  great  works  are  the  "His- 
tory of  German  Poetry,"  in  five  vols., 
and  the  "History  of' the  Nineteenth 
Century,"  in  eight  vols.  G.  1805;  d. 
1871. 

GESNER,  Dn.  Abraham,  an  Amer- 
ican geologist,  b.  in  Cornwallis,  Nova 
Scotia,  1797,  was  employed  by  the 
legislatures  of  the  British  Provinces  to 
report  on  their  geological  resources. 
His  chief  work  is  "  On  the  Mineralogy 
and  Geology  of  Nova  Scotia.''  He  was 
also  a  chemist,  and  patented  a  process 
for  extracting  kerosene  oil  from  a  spe- 
cies of  bituminous  asphaltum.    D.  1804. 

GFRORER,  August  Frikdhich,  a 
German  historian,  b.  1803,  published 
a  "Universal  Church  History,"  in  4 
vols.,  in  writing  which  he  became 
converted  to  Roman  Catholicism.  He 
wrote,  also,  "  Pope  Gregory  VH.  and 
his  Times,"  7  vols.,  and  a  "History  of 
the  Eighteenth  Century."     D.  1861. 

GIBBS,  Gkorgk,  an  American  au- 
thor, b.  1817.  published  in  184G  "  Me- 
moirs of  the  Administrations  of  Wash- 
ington and  John  Adams,  edited  from 
the  papers  of  Oliver  Wolcott."  U. 
1873.  — Josiah  Wiixabd,  LL.D.,  pro- 
fessor of  sacred  literature  in  the  Yale 


theological  seminary,  and  distinguished 
as  a  philologist,  b.  in  Salem,  Mass., 
1790;  d.  1881.  Besides  contributing  to 
scientific  and  critical  periodicals,  he 
translated  Storr's  " Historical  Sense  of 
the  New  Testament,"  and  Gesenius's 
"Hebrew  Lexicon  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment," and  published  "Philological 
Studies,"  "  Latin  Analyst,"  and  other 
works. 

GIBBES,  Robert  Wilson,  scientist, 
b.  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  1839,  studied 
medicine,  and  settled  in  Columbia, 
where  for  many  years  he  devoted  him- 
self to  literary  pursuits,  contributing 
largely  to  the  scientific  journals.  He 
was  author  of  a  "  Documentary  History 
of  the  United  States,"  in  three  volumes. 
For  some  years  he  edited  the  "  Colum- 
bia South  Carolinian."     D.  1803. 

GIBSON,  John,  an  English  sculptor, 
b.  1791,  was  apprenticed  to  a  marble 
cutter  in  Liverpool,  where  he  attracted 
the  notice  of  Roscoe,  the  historian, 
through  whose  influence  the  funds  were 
raised  to  send  him  to  Rome,  where  he 
studied  five  years  with  Canova,  and 
afterwards  with  Thorwaldsen.  At 
Rome  he  continued  to  reside  all  his 
life,  with  occasional  visits  to  England. 
His  ideal  figures  and  groups  were  more 
highly  regarded  than  his  statues  from 
real  life.  In  his  later  years  Mr.  Gibson 
tinted  his  works,  a  notable  instance  of 
which  was  his  Venus,  at  the  London 
Exhibition  of  18112.  D.  1S3B.  —  JoijN 
B.,  son  of  colonel  George  Gibson,  a  dis- 
tinguished officer  of  the  revolutionary 
war,  who  fell  in  a  conflict  with  the  In- 
dians in  1791.  B.  in  Carlisle,  Pa., 
1789,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1803;  was  sent  twice  to  the  state  legis- 
lature; in  1812  was  appointed  judge  of 
the  eleventh  district;  and  in  1810  was 
elevated  to  the  supreme  bench.  He 
became  chief  justice  in  1827,  and  held 
the  office  until  1.851,  when  the  elective 
principle  was  applied  to  the  jud  ciarv. 
He  was  then  elected  to  the  supreme 
bench  by  the  Democratic  party  for  nine 
years,  but  d.  1853. 

GIDDINGS,  Joshua  Reko,  b.  in 
Bradford  county,  Penii.,  1795;  d.  in 
Montreal,  1834.  His  parents  were 
among  the  first  settlers  in  the  Western 
Reserve,  Ohio,  and  his  education  was 
very  limited.  He  served  for  a  short 
time  as  a  soldier  in  the  war  of  1812, 
and  in  1817  commenced  the  study  of 
the  law.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1820,  and  eight  years  afterward  was 
elected  to  congress.  From  the  outset 
he  made  himself  conspicuous  by  a  con- 


GIL] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF   BIOGRArilY. 


123 


stant  and  unyielding  opposition  to  slav- 
ery, neglecting  no  opportunity  of  pre- 
senting his  views,  and  from  time  to 
time  embodying  them  in  resolutions, 
which  created  great,  excitement.  In 
1812,  having  introduced  a  series  of  reso- 
lutions in  reference  to  the  Creole  case, 
he  was  formally  censured  by  the  house, 
on  the  motion  of  Mr.  Notts  of  Virginia. 
Mr.  Giddings  resigned  his  seat,  with 
the  view  of  appealing  to  his  constitu- 
ents, by  whom  he  was  immediately  re- 
elected. In  party  politics  he  acted  with 
the  Whigs  until  1848,  when  he  refused 
to  support  General  Taylor,  and  acted 
with  the  Free-soil  party,  with  whom  he 
remained  allied,  lie  retired  from  con- 
gress in  1851),  having  served  twenty-one 
years.  President  Lincoln  appointed  him 
consul-general  to  Canada,  and  he  occu 
pied  that  position  at  the  period  of  his 
death,  which  occurred  suddenly  while 
playing  at  billiards.  In  1813  he  pub- 
lished a  series  of  political  essavs,  and 
in  1858,  "The  Exiles  of  Florida." 

GILBART,  James  William,  an  emi- 
nent authority  on  banking,  b.  in  Lon- 
don in  1704,  was  for  several  years  clerk 
in  London  and  provincial  banks.  Ab  ut 
1828  he  became  manager  of  a  branch  of 
the  Provincial  bank  of  Ireland,  from 
which  position  he  withdrew  to  assume 
the  management  of  the  London  and 
Westminster  Bank,  a  joint-stock  institu- 
tion, which,  under  his  direction,  rose  to 
great  prosperity  and  influence.  He  pub- 
lished "A  Practical  Treatise  on  Bank- 
ing," "The  History  and  Principles  of 
Banking."  "Banking  and  the  Curren- 
cy," "The  Logic  of  Banking,"  and  a 
"  History  of  Banking  in  America."  D. 
18(53.       "  ' 

GILBERT,  Sin  Walter  Raleigh, 
a  British  general,  served  for  fifty  years 
in  the  Indian  army,  passed  through 
much  service,  and  lixed  public  attention 
on  himself  as  a  first-rate  commander  on 
the  Sutlej,  Punjab.     D.  1853,  aged  (53. 

GILCHRIST.  .1  dux  James,  an  Amer- 
ican jurist,  b.  1809,  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college,  practised  law  at  Charles- 
town,  New  Hampshire,  became  associate 
justice  1810,  and  in  1818  chief  justice 
of  the  N.  H.  supreme  court,  and  in 
1855  of  the  U.  S.  court  of  claims.  D. 
1858. 

GILLESPIE,  William  Mitchell, 
b.  in  New  York  181G,  graduated  at  Co- 
lumbia college,  and  spfnt  ten  years  in 
European  study  and  travel.  Besides 
some  professional  works,  he  wrote 
"Rome  as  seen  by  a  New  Yorker." 
He  was   professor  of  civil  engineering 


in  Union  college  from  1845  till  he  d.  in 
18(58. 

GILLETT,  Ezra  H.,  an  American 
author,  b.  in  Connecticut,  1823,  edu- 
cated at  Yale  college,  studied  divinity, 
and  was  appointed  professor  in  the  uni- 
versity of  the  city  of  New  York,  18(58. 
He  wrote  the  "  Life  and  Times  of  John 
Huss,"  2  vols. ;  "History  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Church  in  the  United  States," 
and  other  works.     D.  1875. 

GILLIS,  Jamks,  captain  U.  S.  navy, 
superintendent,  of  the  Washington  ob- 
servatory, eminent  as  an  astronomer, 
and  as  the  author  of  a  notable  develop- 
ment, of  scientific  instrumental  art  in 
the  United  States.  In  1838  he  organ- 
ized the  first  working  observatory  in 
this  country,  and  in  1812  planned  a 
naval  observatory,  the  construction  of 
which  under  his  superintendence  was 
completed  in  1815.  Four  years  after- 
ward he  proceeded  to  Chili  on  a  scien- 
tific mission;  remaining  there  three 
years,  and  making  a  series  of  astro- 
nomical observations,  which  were  pub- 
lished by  the  U.  S.  government.  In 
1858  and  1830  he  visited  Peru  and 
Washington  territory,  respectively,  to 
report  the  total  eclipses  which  occurred 
in  those  years.  In  18G1,  when  lieuten- 
ant Maury  joined  the  confederates, Cap- 
tain Gillis  was  placed  in  charge  of  the 
observatory  at  Washington,  where  his 
attainments  and  industry  heightened 
his  reputation.  He  was  author  of  "  The 
U.  S.  Astronomical  Expedition  to  the 
Southern  Hemisphere,"  2  vols.  4to, 
1855.     D.  18G5. 

GILLOTT,  Joseph,  an  English  man- 
ufacturer, was  a  poor  mechanic,  when 
he  began  with  his  wife  in  a  garret  at 
Birmingham  to  make  steel  pens,  which 
were  retailed  at  3  s.  G  d.  apiece,  from 
this  he  increased  the  business  till  he 
manufactured  150,000,000  a  year,  and 
employed  450  workmen.  He  was  a 
large  purchaser  of  pictures  from  living 
and  rising  artists,  and  made  his  selec- 
tions with  so  much  judgment  that  he 
left  one  of  the  most  valuable  collections 
of  modern  English  paintings  in  the 
United  Kingdom.     B.  1800;  d.  1872. 

GILMAN,  Chandler  Robbins,  b. 
in  Ohio,  1802,  studied  medicine,  and 
established  himself  in  practice  in  New 
York,  where  he  was  a  professor  in  the 
college  of  physicians  and  surgeons  from 
1840  till  he  d.  in  18G5.  He  wrote  "  Le- 
gends of  a  Log  Cabin,"  and  "Life  on 
the  Lakes,"  and  prepared  for  the  press 
Dr.  Beck"s  "  Lectures  on  Materia  Med- 
ica,"  and  the  two  later  editions  of  his 


124 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[goi 


•'Medical  Jurisprudence^"  and  made 
Other  contributions  to  me<lical  literature. 
I).  18G5. —  Rev.  Sam u'kl,  pastor  of  the 
Unitarian  church  in  Charleston,  S.  C, 

b.  in  Gloucester,  Mass,  1791  ;  d.  1858. 
He  contributed  largely  to  periodicals  on 
a  wide  range  of  subject-,  some  of  which 
were  republished  under  the  title,  '•Con- 
tributions to  American  I  iterature." 

GILMER,  George!  K.J  lawyer  and 
politician,  was  b.  in  Georgia,  1790, 
served  in  the  slate  legislature  and  was 
governor  1829-31,  and  again  in  1837-39, 
when  the  Cherokees  were  removed  from 
the  stale.  He  was  at  three  different 
times  elected  to  congress.  He  wrote  in 
1855a  book  entitled  "Georgians."  1). 
185!). — John  A.,  politician,  b.  1805, 
in  North' Carolina,  was  admitted  to  tin- 
bar,  served  ten  years  in  the  state  senate, 
and  was  elected  to  the  35th  congress. 
In  185G  he  was  defeated  as  the  Whig 
candidate  for  governor.  Reelected  to 
the  30th  congress  lie  withdrew  when  his 
state  was  forced  into  secession,  and 
took  no  part  in  affairs,  till  in  1804  lie 
was  sent  to  the  Confederate  congress. 
D.  1858. 

GILPIN",  Henry  D.,  author  and  ju- 
rist, in  1840  attorney-general  of  the 
United  States,  was  b.  in  Philadelphia, 
in  1801.  He  compiled  "  Opinions  of  the 
Attorneys-General,"  edited  the  "Madi- 
son Papers,"  and  published  a  volume  of 
reports,  besides  engaging  in  other  liter- 
arv  labors,  as  essavist,  biographer,  and 
translator.     I).  1830. 

GIOBERTl,  YiNCKNZo,  an  Italian 
patriot,  statesman,  and  writer,  was  b.  at 
Turin  in  1801.  In  1825  he  was  ordain*  d 
priest,  and  soon  afterwards  was  ap- 
pointed court  chaplain  at  Turin.  Pun- 
ished in  1833,  without  any  formal  pro- 
cess, on  account  of  his  liberal  tendencies, 
the  remaining  nineteen  or  twenty  years 
of  his  life  were  spent  chiefly  in  exile. 
lie  resided  more  than  ten  years  in  Brus- 
sels, where  he  wrote  Irs  *'  Theory  of 
the  Supernatural,"  1837  ;  "  Introduc- 
tion to  the  Study  of  Philosophy,"  1840, 
three  volumes;  "Philosophical  Errors 
of  Antonio  Kosmini,"  1812;  the  treatise 
on  "The  Beautiful  and  the  Good,"  — 
and  in  1843  "The  Civil  and  .Moral  Su- 
premacy of  the  Italians."  In  1848 
Gioberti  was  recalled  to  his  native  coun- 
try aiiiid  popular  acclamation.  On  the 
proclamation  of  the  Sardinian  constitu- 
tion he  was  elected  deputy  for  Turin, 
took  an  active  part  in  all  the  great  po- 
litical questions  then  agitating  Europe, 
and  finally  became  prime  minister  of 
Sardinia.     In    1840    he    returned    into 


voluntary  exile,  and  spent  his  last  years 
in  Paris  in  writing  his  "  Rinnovamento 
Civile," — the  final  manifesto  of  the 
great  statesman  and  philosopher.  D. 
1852. 

GIRARDIN,  St.  Marc,  a  French 
journalist  and  politician,  was  a  politi- 
cal contributor  to  the  "Journal  des  De- 
bats,"  from  1827  to  1859,  and  afterward 
of  the  "Journal  de  Paris."  He  pub- 
lished "Notices  of  his  travels  in  North- 
ern and  Southern  Germany."  He  suc- 
ceeded Guizot  as  professor  of  history  in 
the  Faculty  of  Letters,  and  was  the 
last  minister  of  public  instruction  under 
Louis  Philippe.  In  1871  he  was  sent  to 
the  national  assembly  from  the  depart- 
ment of  ILiute-Vieiine.  B.  1801:  d. 
1873. —Madame  dk,  formerly  Mdlle. 
I'elphine  Gay,  celebrated  among  the 
literati  of  France  for  her  poems  and 
other  popular  works.  B.  1894:  d.  1855. 
She  was  the  wife  of  Entile  de  Girardin, 
and  frequently  wioteforthe  "  Presse." 

GIUDICI,  Paolo  Emhjani,  an  Ital- 
ian historian,  b.  in  Sicily,  1812,  was 
sometime  professor  of  aesthetics  at  Flor- 
ence, and  was  a  deputy  in  the  Italian 
parliament,  1817.  He  is  the  author  of 
a  "  History  «>f  Italian  Literature,"  2 
volumes  ;  "  History  of  the  Italian  Com- 
mune," 3  volumes;  and  a  "  History  of 
the  Italian  Stage."  He  also  translated 
into  Italian  Lord  Macaulav's  "  History 
of  England  "     1).  1872. 

GLADDEN,  Adi.ky  H-,  a  confeder- 
ate brigadier-general,  b.  in  South  Caro- 
lina, was  mortallv  wounded  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Shiloh,  April  0,  1862,  and  died 
soon  afterward.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction as  major  of  the  Palmetto  regi- 
ment of  South  Carolina  volunteers  in 
the  Mexican  war. 

GLIDDON,  George  P.,  b.  in  Eng- 
land, 1809,  succeeded  his  father  as  U. 
S.  consul  in  Egypt,  and  explored  its 
archaeological  remains  with  a  diligence 
that  enabled  him  to  make  valuable  con- 
tributions to  learning,  both  by  lectures 
and  writings.  An  essay  on  the  produc- 
tion of  cotton  in  the  valley  of  the  Nile, 
directed  attention  to  the  fitness  of  that 
region  for  its  cultivation.  The  most 
notable  of  his  works,  however,  was  one 
entitled  "Types  of  Mankind,"  pre- 
pared in  conjunction  with  Dr.  J.  C.  Nott, 
of  Mobile.     D.  at  Panama,  1857. 

GOICOURIA,  Genkeal  Domingo 
de,  revolutionist,  b.  in  Cuba,  1799,  early 
formed  measures  for  freeing  the  island 
from  the  Spanish  yoke,  was  compelled 
to  fly  and  took  up  his  residence  in  Mis- 
sissippi.    For  nearly  forty  years  he  la- 


goo] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


125 


bored  in  the  cause,  cooperating  with 
Lopez  and  Quitman  in  their  projects  of 
invasion,  but  without  going  in  person 
to  Cuba.  Wlieu  the  late  revolution 
broke  out,  he  took  an  active  part  in 
organizing  expeditions  from  this  coun- 
try, but  being  induced  to  visit  the  camp 
of  the  insurgents  was  taken  prisoner 
and  garroted  at  Principe  Fort,  Havana, 
Mav  7,  1870. 

GOLDSBOROUGH,  Lewis  M.,  rear- 
admiral  of  the  U.  S.  Navy,  b.  1805, 
lieutenant  1825,  served  in  the  Seminole 
and  Mexican  wars,  in  18G1  took  com- 
mand of  the  North  Atlantic  blockading 
squadron,  and  cooperated  with  Burn- 
side  in  the  capture  of  Roanoke  Island, 
for  which  he  received  the  thanks  of 
congress.  He  dispersed  and  destroyed 
the  Confederate  fleet  in  the  North  Caro- 
lina waters.  Rear  admiral,  1862-  L>. 
1877. 

GOLDSCHMIDT,  Hermann,  artist 
and  astronomer,  b.  at  Frankfort-on- 
the-Main,  1802,  studied  painting  under 
Cornelius  at  Munich.  Settling  at  Paris, 
he  contributed  to  the  salons  pictures 
that  were  much  commended.  But,  he 
won  most  distinction  as  an  observing 
astronomer  of  the  first  order.  With  a 
small  spy-glass,  from  his  garret  studio 
in  the  latin  quarter,  he  discovered  on 
November  15,  1852,  the  planet  baptized 
by  Arago  with  the  name  of  Lutetia, 
and  with  indefatigable  patience  contin- 
ued his  labors  till  he  had  added  fourteen 
to  the  known  asteroids  between  Mars 
and  Jupiter.  He  pointed  out  more  than 
10,000  stars  not  found  on  the  celestial 
map  of  the  academy  of  Berlin.  D. 
1866. 

GOLDSTUCKER,  Thkodor,  a  Ger- 
man philologist,  b.  1822,  studied  in 
Bonn  and  Paris,  and  in  184!)  became 
professor  of  Sanskrit  in  London  uni- 
versity. He  contributed  to  the  period 
icals,  and  left  an  unpublished  Sanskrit- 
English  dictionary  and  grammar.  D. 
1872. 

GOMM,  Sir.  William  Maynai:t>,  a 
distinguished  British  general,  b.  1784, 
entered  the  army  May  24,  1794,  as  en- 
sign, and  was  sent  to  Holland  with  the 
coin  mission  of  lieutenant,  1798.  From 
that  time  for  more  than  half  a  century 
lie  was  almost  always  in  active  employ- 
ment, distinguished  himself  by  his  skill 
and  intrepidity  in  many  severe  battles 
and  assaults,  and  became  general  in 
1854.  He  was  at  one  time  civil  gov- 
ernor and  commander  in  the  Mauritius, 
commander-in-chief  in  India,  and  was 
created  field   marshal,  1868,   and  con- 


stable of  the  tower,  1872.  D.  March 
15,  1875. 

GOODALL,  Edward,  an  eminent 
English  engraver,  b.  1705;  d.  18G8; 
best  known  by  his  illustrations,  after 
Turner,  of  Rogers'  "Italy,"  and  three 
superb  larger  line  engravings  of  Tur- 
ner's ''Cologne,"  "  Caligula's  Bridge," 
and  "Tivoli,"  early  impressions  of 
which  bring  very  large  prices. 

GOODE,  William,  an  English  the- 
ologian, b.  1801,  graduated  at  Cam- 
bridge, ordained  1825,  was  distinguished 
by  his  labors  in  sustaining  what  are 
known  as  evangelical  principles  in  the 
Church  of  England.  He  was  some 
years  editor  of  the  "Christian  Ob- 
server," wrote  a  memoir  of  his  father, 
Rev.  \V.  Goode,  and  many  tracts  and 
pamphlets  in  the  Tractarian  contro- 
versy. Among  his  larger  works  is  one 
on  '"'The  Nature  of  Christ's  Presence 
in  the  Eucharist  "  He  was  made  dean 
of  Kipon  in  1830.     D.  18J8. 

GOODRICH,  Chauncey  Allen,  ed- 
itor of  "Select  British  Eloquence,"  and 
compiler  of  Greek  and  Latin  educa- 
tional works,  b.  in  New  Haven.  Conn., 
1790.  He  was  a  professor  in  Yale  col- 
lege during  the  greater  part  of  his  life, 
and  a  lexicographer  of  recognized  abil- 
ity. In  1847  his  revised  edition  of 
"  Webster's  Dictionary  "  appeared,  and 
in  1859  he  published  a  supplement,  en- 
riched with  a  copious  collection  of  syn- 
onvins.  D.  18ft9.  —  Samuel  Gkiswold, 
b.  In  Ridgelield,  Conn.,  1793.  In  1824 
he  established  himself  in  business  in 
Hartford,  Conn.,  but  soon  removed  to 
Boston.  From  1828  to  1842  he  edited 
"The  Token."  From  1827  to  1857  he 
published  tales  under  the  name  of 
"Peter  Parley."  He  was  the  author 
of  many  volumes  and  historical  and 
geographical  school-books.  In  1838  he 
published  a  volume  of  poems,  and 
another  in  1851.  In  1857  In-  published 
his  "Recollections  of  a  Lifetime,  or 
Men  and  Things  that  I  have  seen."  in 
which  he  says  of  himself,  "  I  stand  be- 
fore the  public  as  the  author  and  editor 
of  about  170  volumes,  of  which  116 
bear  the  name  of  '  Peter  Parley.'  Of 
these  about  7,000,000  of  volumes  have 
been  sold,  and  now  (1857)  about  300,000 
are  sold  annually."  He  was  at  one 
time  a  member  of  the  senate  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  was  consul  at  Paris  during 
Mr.  Fillmore's  administration.  D.  1864. 
—  Rev.  Chables  A.,  a  Congregational 
minister,  author  of  a  "  Bible  History  of 
Prayer,"  "Great  Events  of  American 
History,"   "Universal  Traveller,"  and 


126 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPTIY. 


[GOU 


other  works  b.  1700;  d.  1802.  He  was 
a  brother  of  S.  G.  Goodrich,  and  was 
associated  with  him  in  the  preparation 
of  part  of  the  "  Peter  Parley  "  series. 

GOODYEAR,  Charles,  the  inventor 
of  the  art  of  vulcanizing  india-rubber, 
b.  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  1800  ;  d.  1800. 

GORDON,  Sut  Jamks  Alexandek, 
a  British  admiral,  b.  1782,  entered  the 
navy  at  an  early  aire,  was  in  t lie  battles 
of  St.  Vincent"  and  the  Nile,  lost  his 
leg  in  action,  1811,  and  commanded  the 
expedition  to  the  Potomac  which  cap- 
tured Alexandria,  and  was  engaged  in 
the  attack  upon  New  Orleans.  He  was 
made  governor  of  Greenwich  hospital, 
1853.  D.  1809. —  Sin  John  Watson, 
b.  at  Edinburgh,  1790,  was  a  fellow- 
student  of  Wilkie,  and  attained  a  high 
excellence  in  realistic  portrait  painting. 
Many  of  the  most  distinguished  Scotch- 
men of  his  time  sat  to  him.     D   1804. 

GORE,  Mhs.  Catherine  Frances, 
a  writer  of  fiction,  b.  in  London,  1800; 
d.  18(51.  She  succeeded  in  depict- 
ing scenes  from  daily  life,  as  in  her 
"  Women  as  They  are,"  "  Mothers  and 
Daughters,"  and  many  similar  works. 
In  "Hungarian  Tales"  she  portrayed 
the  habits  and  customs  of  Hungary. 
As  gentle  satires,  her  "Cecil,"  "The 
Woman  of  the  World,"  and  "The 
Sketch-Book  of  Fashion,"  may  be 
named.  In  1823  she  was  married  to  an 
officer  of  the  life  guards,  and  became  a 
widow  in  1840. 

GORTCHAKOFF,  Prince  Michael, 
a  Russian  general,  b.  in  17115,  came  into 
notice  as  an  officer  of  artillery  in  the 
war  between  Russia  and  Turkey  in 
1828-29.  In  the  subsequent  campaign 
against  Poland  he  commanded  the  ar- 
tillery, and  had  seventy  guns  under  his 
orders  in  the  battle  of  Ostrolenka.  In 
1846  he  was  named  military  governor 
of  Warsaw,  and  in  1852  he  visited  Lon- 
don to  represent  the  Russian  army  at 
the  funeral  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington. 
In  the  following  year  he  was  appointed 
to  command  the  army  for  the  occupa- 
tion of  the  Danubian  principaliiies, 
which  gave  occasion  to  the  Crimean 
war.  In  that  war  he  distinguished  him- 
self not  more  on  the  field  than  in  the 
defence  of  Sebastopol.  He  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Poland,  and  d. 
at  Warsaw,  1861.  —  Prince  Peter 
DmithiviCH,  Russian  general  and 
statesman,  b.  1789,  entered  the  artil- 
lery in  1807.  and  soon  saw  active  ser- 
vice, and  rose  to  distinction.  From 
1836  to  1853  he  was  governor-general 
of  Western    Siberia.     In    the   Crimean 


war  he  was  leader  of  the  Vladamir 
regiment  at  the  battle  of  the  Alma.  D. 
1868. 

GOTTHELF,  Jeremiah,  the  nom 
de  plume  of  Albert  Bitzios,  who  was 
known  also  as  the  "historian  of  the 
peasants,"  b.  at  Morat,  Switzerland, 
1797,  studied  theology,  and  in  a  hum- 
ble parsonage  acquired  that  knowledge 
of  the  minute  details  of  peasant  life 
which  appear  in  his  works.  He  wrote 
a  number  of  moral  tales  and  novels, 
which  enjov  in  Switzerland  great  pop- 
ularitv.     D.  1854. 

GoTTSCHALK,  Louis  M<>reau, 
a  much  admired  pianist,  and  author 
of  numerous'  compositions  represent- 
ing souihern  and  camp  life,  specially 
adapted  to  the  piano  and  bis  own  per- 
formance, b.  in  New  Orleans,  1829;  d. 
at  Rio  Janeiro.  1869. 

GOI-GII,  Hugh,  viscount,  a  Briiish 
general  and  field-marshal,  distinguished 
for  his  military  services  in  India.  B.  in 
Ireland,  1779  \  d.  1869. 

GOULD,  Augustus  Addison,  an 
American  naturalist,  b.  1805,  studied 
medicine,  and  practised  in  Boston, 
when  he  became  physician  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts General  Hospital.  In  con- 
chology  he  was  recognized  at  home  and 
in  Europe  as  a  leading  authority,  and 
his  works  in  this  department  are  nu- 
merous and  important.  Among  them 
niav  be  mentioned  "Mollusca  and 
Shells  of  the  U.  S.  Exploring  Expe- 
dition under  Capt.  Wilkes,"  and  the 
"Mollusca  of  the  North  Pacific  Ex- 
pedition under  Capts.  liinggold  and 
Rogers."  D.  1866.  —  Hannah  Fi.agg, 
an  American  poete  s,  b.  1789,  was  a 
popular  contributor  of  verses  to  the 
magazines  and  annuals,  which  she  col- 
lected and  published  at  intervals  in 
three  volumes.  She  was  a  natural  and 
graceful  writer,  and  her  books  for  chil- 
dren were  especially  approved.   D.  1865. 

GOULBURN,  Henry,  many  years  a 
member  of  the  British  parliament,  and 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  under  the 
Duke  of  Wellington,  and  subsequently 
urder  Sir  Robert  Peel.  B.  1789;  d. 
1856. 

GOURGAUD,  Baron,  a  French  gen- 
eral, engaged  at  Waterloo  and  oilier 
great  battles  of  Napoleon,  and  who  at- 
tended the  ex-emperor  to  St.  Helena. 
B.  1783;  d.  1852. 

GOUSSKT,  Thomas  MarieJosefh, 
a  French  prelate,  b.  1792.  of  peasant 
parents,  worked  in  the  tield  till  he  was 
seventeen,  and  then  commenced  the 
studies  which  led  to  his  ordination  as 


gra] 


CYCLOIVEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


127 


priest,  and  liis  consecration  as  bishop 
of  Perigeux,  and  in  1840  as  a rcli bishop 
of  Kheiins.  In  18i>l  lie  was  made,  by 
the  prince-president,  cardinal  and  sen- 
ator.  He  favored  the  theory  of  Gaunie, 
which  contemplated  the  exclusion  of 
the  Pagan  classics  from  a  course  of 
education,  lie  wrote  many  theological 
works,  among  which  his  "  Th^ologie 
Morale,"  and  "TJieologie  Dogina- 
tique,"  were  very  popular  with  the 
Catholic  priesthood.     D.  18lj(i. 

GOVON'E,  Giuseppe,  an  Italian  sol- 
dier and  statesman,  b.  in  Piedmont, 
182fi,  educated  at  the  military  academy 
of  Turin,  fought  in  the  campaigns  of 
1848-49;  in  1853  was  sent  by  the  Sar- 
dinian government  to  watch  the  opera- 
tions on  the  Danube,  theme  went  to 
the  Crimea  as  second  on  La  Marmora's 
staff,  was  entrusted  afterwards  with  del- 
icate negotiations  with  Prussia,  and  in 
1869  became  minister  of  war  in  the 
Lanza  cabinet.     D.  1 87-J. 

GOZLAN,  Leon,  a  French  novelist 
and  dramatist,  b.  at  Marseille-;,  1803, 
went  to  Paris  in  1828  with  a  volume  of 
verses  to  sell.  While  waiting  for  a 
publisher,  he  became  a  clerk  in  a  book- 
store, and  a  correspondent  of  [he  news- 
papers. His  novels  commenced  with 
the  "Memoirs  of  an  Apothecary,"  in 
182%  and  there  was  a  long  series  of 
them.  Besides  romances,  novels,  and 
tales,  he  wrote  numerous  dramas  and 
vaudevilles.  He  also  contributed  to  the 
"  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,"  and  other 
journals.     U   18G3. 

GRAFF,,  AuBitKCHT  von,  b.  in  Berlin, 
1828,  studied  medicine,  and  made  a  spe- 
cialty of  ophthalmology,  scientific  and 
practical,  lie  wrote  many  papers  in 
the  medical  journals  on  the  physiology 
and  pathology  of  the  eye,  and  treated 
its  diseases  in  an  establishment  he 
founded  in  his  native  citv.     D.  1870. 

GRAHAM.  Coloxkl  James  Dun- 
can, of  the  U.  8.  army,  b.  in  Virginia, 
1795,  graduated  at  West  Point,  1817, 
and  in  182J  was  brevetted  major  that 
he  might  enter  the  corps  of  topograph- 
ical engineers.  In  1839-40  be  was  as- 
tronomer of  the  surveying  party  which 
established  the  boundary  line  between 
the  U.  S.  and  Texas.  In  1840  he  was 
appointed  commissioner  for  the  survev 
of  the  N.  E.  boundary  of  the  U.  S.  Af- 
ter closing  this  survey,  he  was  ordered 
to  duty  as  U.  8.  astronomer  for  the  joint 
demarcation  of  the  boundary  between 
the  U.  8.  and  the  British  provinces, 
under  the  treaty  of  Washington.  In 
1850   he   made   a   thorough   survey  of 


"  Mason  and  Dixon's  line,"  and  pub- 
lished a  report  of  it.  In  1851  he  was 
U.  8.  astronomer  in  the  survey  of  the 
boundary  line  between  this  country  and 
Mexico.  He  was  subsequently  engaged 
on  coast  and  harbor  improvements.  D. 
1835  —  Sir  James  Robert  George, 
an  English  statesman,  with  g  eat  ad- 
ministrative talents,  b.  1792.  lie  en- 
tered public  life  an  ultra  liberal,  and 
soon  made  himself  felt  by  bis  powers 
of  sarcasm,  and  his  industry  as  a 
pamphleteer.  In  1834  he  left  the  re- 
form party,  and  joined  the  Tories  in  the 
battle  respecting  the  established  church 
in  Ireland;  in  more  recent  years  adher- 
ing to  Sir  Robert  Peel's  free-trade 
measure,  but  retiring  from  office  on 
the  defeat  of  the  Irish  coercion  bill. 
His  official  career  was  disgraced  by  an 
abuse  of  power  as  postmaster-general. 
The  tragic  fate  of  the  brothers  Bandiera 
induced  Mazzini  to  suspect  that  his 
letters  had  been  opened  in  the  London 
post-office,  and  their  secrets  betrayed. 
By  adroit  stratagem,  suspicion  was  con- 
verted into  conviction  ;  and  the  odium 
of  espionage  was  fixed  upon  Sir  James 
Graham.  D.  1831. — Thomas,  a  Scot- 
tish chemist,  b.  1805,  was  a  successful 
lecturer  in  Glasgow,  and  from  1837  to 
1855  in  the  Loudon  university.  In  the 
latter  year  he  became  master  of  the 
mint  and  held  the  office  for  bis  life. 
His  numerous  valuable  discoveries  are 
recorded  in  his  "Elements  of  Chem- 
istry," which  has  been  republished, 
with  the  notes  and  additions  of  Dr. 
Bridges,  in  the  United  States,  and 
translated  into  German.     D.  1839. 

GRANGER,  Fuancis,  a  distin- 
guished politician,  b.  in  Suflield,  Conn., 
1787,  sou,  of  Gideon  Granger,  sometime 
postmaster-general  of  the  U.  S.,  opened 
a  law  office  at  Canaudaigua,  N.  Y.,  in 
1814,  and  soon  made  himself  known  in 
local  politics  as  a  partisan  ofDeWitt 
Clinton.  He  took  part  with  Weed, 
Seward,  Fillmore,  and  other  rising 
public  men  in  the  anti-masonic  move- 
ment that  followed  the  abduction  of 
Morgan,  served  several  terms  in  the 
state  legislature,  ami  joined  the  Whig 
party  in  1814,  when  he  was  .sent  to  the 
lower  house  of  congress.  He  was  the 
auti  masonic  candidate  for  the  vice 
presidency  in  1833,  on  the  ticket  with 
General  Harrison  ;  and  on  the  Whig 
ticket  with  Mr.  Webster  in  all  the  New 
England  states  except  Vermont.  He 
was,  in  1838,  elected  to  congress  from 
the  Ontario  district,  and  again  in  1840. 
President    Harrison    made    him    post- 


128 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[GRA 


master-general,  and  he  resigned  on 
President  Tyler's  second  veto  of  the  U. 
S.  hank  bill.  He  served  again  in  con- 
gress in  the  session  of  1841-4-2,  hut  de- 
clined a  renomination,  and  never  held 
public  office  afterwards.  He  warmly 
approved  the  policy  of  Mr.  Clay  and  the 
conduct  of  Mr.  Fillmore  on  the  questions 
that  agitated  the  country  during  the  pres- 
idency of  the  latter.  Declining  health 
prevented  him  from  taking  an  active 
part  in  affairs  during  the  rebellion.  1). 
1808. —  Gokdox,  an  American  general, 
b.  in  New  York,  1825,  graduated  at 
West  Point,  captain  in  the  regular  army 
18G1,  served  at  Chickaniauga  as  major- 
general  of  volunteers  in  September, 
1863.  He  commanded  the  land  forces 
at  the  capture  of  Fort  Morgan,  1804. 
D.  at  Santa  F<5,  1870. 

GRANT,  Charles,  Lord  Glenelg.  a 
British  statesman,  h.  in  Bengal,  1778, 
studied  at  Magdalene  college,  was  called 
to  the  bar.  HO",  and  the  same  year  en- 
tered parliament.  After  filling  various 
offices  be  became  secretary  of  state  for 
the  colonies  under  Lord  Melbourne, 
1834-39.  D.  at  Cannes,  1830.  —  Sir 
James  Hope,  a  British  general,  b. 1808, 
entered  the  army,  distinguished  himself 
in  India,  and  was  entrusted  with  the 
chief  command  of  the  Briiish  force  sent 
from  India  to  China  in  1830,  with  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-general.  He  con- 
ducted the  war  in  alliance  with  the 
French,  and  brought  it  to  a  close  by  the 
march  on  Pekin,  the  burning  of  the 
summer  palace  of  the  emperor,  and  a 
formal  treaty  of  peace.  His  services 
were  recognized  by  the  rank  of  G.  C. 
B.,  and  the  I  hanks  of  both  houses  of 
parliament.     D.  1875. 

GRANVILLE,  Augustus  Bozzi,  b. 
at  Milan,  1785.  studied  medicine  alter 
various  travels  and  adventures,  settled 
in  London  as  a  practising  physician. 
For  thirty  years  he  passed  the  summer 
months  at  Kissingen,  and  wrote  works 
on  the  spas  of  Germany,  and  the  spas 
and  watering  places  of  England.  He 
wrote  an  autobiography,  that  was  pub- 
lished bv  bis  daughter.'     D.  1872. 

GRATKY,  Auguste  Joseph  Al- 
Piioxse,  a  French  priest,  founder  of  the 
"Oratory  of  the  Immaculate  Concep- 
tion," and  the  vehement  opponent  of 
Renan  and  his  school,  interested  himself 
specially  in  the  education  of  the  Parisian 
youth,  and  wrote  several  moral  and 
theological  works.     B.  18;>5;  d.  1872. 

GR\.TlAN,  Thomas  Coli.ey,  a 
popular  novelist,  was  b.  in  Dublin, 
171)0.     He  was  the  author  of  "High- 


ways and  By-ways,"  "  The  Heiress  of 
Bruges,"  and  other  tales  and  romances. 
In  1831)  he  was  appointed  British  con- 
sul at  Boston,  where  he  remained  until 
1853.  A  pamphlet  from  his  pen  in 
support  of  the  British  pretensions  on 
the  northeastern  boundary  question  at- 
tracted attention.     U.  1804. 

GRAVES,  Roukkt,  an  English  en- 
graver, was  b.  17U8.  His  latest  works 
were  some  very  pleasing  interpretations 
of  Gainsborough  and  Reynolds,  and 
Frith  s  portrait  of  Dickens."    D.  1872. 

GRAY,  Francis  Callet,  an  early 
and  frequent  contributor  to  the  "North 
American  Review,"  and  author  of  a 
pamphlet  entitled  "Prison  Discipline 
in  America,"  being  a  strong  argument 
and  appeal  against  the  system  of  soli- 
tary imprisonment.  B.  in  Salem,  Mass., 
1700.  he  was  the  son  of  a  well-known 
merchant,  William  Gray  ;  and  having 
inherited  ample  wealth,  he  devoted  his 
acquirements  and  leisure  to  various  lit- 
erary and  scientific  societies.  He  rep- 
resented Boston  in  the  state  legislature, 
was  six  years  state  senator,  and,  in 
183!),  a  member  of  the  executive  coun- 
cil. D.  1850.  —  David,  a  Scottish 
poet,  son  of  a  weaver,  bred  for  the  min- 
istry, went  to  London  with  a  sovereign 
in  iiis  pocket,  and  sonic  MS.  poems 
which  found  no  publisher.  After  his 
death,  "  The  Lugifie  and  Other  Poems  " 
was  published,  with  a  memoir  by  his 
friend  Hedderwick  and  a  notice  by  R. 
M.  Milnes,  M.  P.  In  1805,  a  monu- 
ment was  erected  over  his  grave  by 
public  subscription.  B.  1838:  d.  1831. 
—  George  Robekt,  an  English  natu- 
ralist, b.  1808,  entered  the  natural  his- 
tory department  of  the  British  Museum 
in  1831.  was  author  of  several  works  on 
entomology,  but  his  most  important 
work  is  the  "Genera  of  Birds"  in 
3  vols.,  illustrated  with  350  plates  by 
1).  W.  Mitchell,  1814-40.  D.  1872.— 
John  Edward,  b.  1800,  educated  for 
the  medical  profession,  was  for  thirty- 
five  years  keeper  of  the  zoological  de- 
partment of  the  British  Museum.  He 
was  an  industrious  contributor  of  me- 
moirs and  papers  to  scientific  societies 
and  journals  ;  and  was  author  of  sev- 
eral separate  works  in  various  branches 
of  natural  history.  His  researches  were 
especially  extensive  and  minute  on  the 
genus  "Reptilia"  and  the  "Mollusca." 
He  took  an  active  part  in  promoting 
sanitary  improvements,  prison  disci- 
pline, public  education,  and  the  open- 
ing of  museums,  picture  galleries,  and 
gardens  to  the  public.     D.  1875. 


gre] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPIIY. 


129 


GRAYSON,  John   Breckinridge, 

b.  in  Kentucky,  1807,  was  graduated  at 
West  Point  in"  18:20,  and  served  in  the 
army  of  the  U.  S.,  until  July  1,  J 8f»  1 , 
when  lie  resigned,  and  was  appointed  a 

brigadier-general  ill  the  confederate 
Briny.  He  was  chief  of  commissariat 
to  the  army  of  General  Scott  in  Mexico, 
and  received  brevet  promotions  for  gal- 
lantry at  Contreras,  Churubusco,  and 
Chaphltepec.     I).  1802. 

GREELEY,  HoKACEj  an  American 
journalist  and  politician,  b.  in  Amherst, 
N.  H..  1811,  was  the  son  of  a  farmer, 
and  in  very  early  life  worked  upon  a 
farm,  but  soon  entered  a  printing  office 
as  apprentice.  In  1831,  he  went  to  New 
York  and  first  found  employment  in 
the  printing  office  of  Mr.  John  T.  West. 
His  rirst  permanent  position  was  in  the 
publication  of  the  "New  Yorker,"  a 
weekly  journal,  which  he  edited  with 
ability  but  with  little  financial  success 
for  more  than  seven  years.  In  1841,  he 
established  the  "  New  York  Tribune," 
having  previously  made  himself  widely 
known  among  Whig  politicians  hv  the 
"  .left'ersonian,"  and  the  'Log  Cabin," 
weekly  journals  in  the  interest  of  the 
Whig  candidates  in  the  presidential  can- 
vass that  resulted  in  the  election  of  Har- 
rison and  Tyler.  The  "Tribune"  as 
originally  started  was  a  small  sheet,  and 
sold  at  a  penny.  It  struggled  with 
financial  difficulties  for  a  while,  but  at 
the  end  of  a  twelvemonth  was  firmly 
established.  Mr.  Greeley  was  elected 
to  the  lower  house  of  congress  in  1818 
to  fill  a  vacancy,  and  served  for  the 
short  session,  devoting  himself  specially 
to  a  reform  of  the  abuses  of  the  mileage 
system.  He  visited  England  in  1851. 
and  was  one  of  the  jurymen  of  the  great 
exhibition  ;  and  a  tended  the  Interna 
tional  Exposition  in  Paris  in  1855-56. 
Mr.  Greeley  always  acted  with  the  Whig 
party,  till  his  anti  slavery  principles  led 
him  to  such  an  affiliation  with  the  five 
soilers  as  made  it  desirable  to  place  the 
'•  Tribune  "  on  an  entirely  independent 
platform.  And  so  it  continued  to  the 
day  of  his  death,  for  although  he  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Republican 
party  he  cannot  be  said  to  have  pre- 
served or  pretended  to  owe  any  party 
allegiance  after  this  dismemberment  of 
the  Whigs.  This  independence  became 
so  pronounced  in  his  latter  days  that  lie 
felt  that  he  could  without  impropriety 
accept  the  presidential  nomination  not 
only  of  the  convention  of  discontented 
Republicans  at  Cincinnati  in  1872.  but 
also  that  of  the  Democratic  convention 
9 


at  Baltimore.  In  managing  bis  canvass 
he  manifested  an  ardor,  energy,  and 
ability  that  surprised  those  who  knew 
him  be<t;  but  the  struggle  destroyed 
him.  He  saw  too  late  that  defeat  left 
him  no  place  in  his  vocation  that  he 
could  fill  with  his  former  usefulness. 
He  was  alienated  from  his  political 
friends  without  having  secured  the  con- 
fidence of  his  old  political  enemies.  The 
labors  of  the  canvass  had  been  disturbed 
by  the  fatal  illness  of  his  wife,  and  his 
mental  strain  aggravated  bv  his  vigils 
at  her  bedside  and  his  tirief  for  her  loss, 
which  occurred  but  a  few  days  before 
the  election,  lie  died  on  the  2!)th  of 
November,  1872,  generally  lamented 
and  respected.  Mr.  Greeley  was  the 
author  of  several  works,  among  which 
were  his  "  Hints  towards  Reforms," 
"Glances  at  Lurope,"  "Overland Jour- 
ney to  California,"  "  What  I  know 
about  Fanning,"  "Recollections  of  a 
Busy  Life,"  and  "The  American  Con- 
flict," in  two  vols. 

GRELN,  Hokack,  an  American  phy- 
sician, published  several  works  on  the 
treatment  uf  throat  diseases  by  the  in- 
jection into  the  bronchial  tube*  of  a  so- 
lution of  nitrate  of  silver,  and  practised 
this  treatment  with  success.  J!  in  Ver- 
mont, 1892,  he  removed  to  New  York  in 
1835,  and  was  professor  in  the  New 
York  Medical  College.  I).  1808.— 
Thomas  J.,  a  general  in  the  confeder- 
ate army,  b.  1801;  d.  in  North  Caro- 
lina, 1863.  He  took  a  leadi  g  part  in 
the  Texan  war  of  independence,  was  a 
member  of  the  Texan  congress,  and  the 
leader  and  historian  of  the  Mier  expedi- 
tion.—  Joseph  Henry,  an  Engl  sh 
surgeon,  the  associate  of  Sir  Astley 
Cooper  in  the  lectureship  on  anatomy 
and  physiology  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospi- 
tal, published  lectures  entitled,  respec- 
tively, "Vital  Dynamics"  ami  "Men- 
tal Dynamics."  He  was  the  literary 
executor  of  Coleridge,  and  retiring  from 
practice  in  1S3G,  he  devoted  the  res  due 
of  his  life  to  studies  of  the  widest  and 
most  diversified  character,  bearing  up- 
on his  great  work  entitled  "Spiritual 
Philosophy;  founded  on  the  Teaching 
of  the  late  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge." 
This  work  he  completed,  but  it  was  not 
published  till  after  his  death;  when  it 
was  edited  with  a  memoir  bv  his  friend 
Mr.  Simon.     B.  1701;  d.  1833. 

GREENHOW,  Robert,  scholar  and 
writer,  b.  in  Richmond,  Va.,  1800,  stud- 
ied medicine,  travelled  in  Europe,  re- 
ceived an  appointment  as  translator  in 
U.    S.   state   department  in  18J8,  pre- 


130 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF   BIOGRAPIIY. 


[GRB 


pared  by  order  of  congress  a  report  on 
the  discovery  of  the  northwest  coast  of 
America,  and  wrote  a  "History  of  Ore- 
gon and  California,"  and  a  "History  of 
Tripoli."     1>.  185-i.     His  widow,  Rosa 

0.  11.  Greenliow,  was  a  rebel  spy  dur- 
ing the  civil  war,  and  lost  her  life  in 
landing  from  a  blockade  runner,  Sep- 
tember 2  I.  1834. 

GREENE,  Albert  Gordon,  lawyer 
and  man  of  letters,  b.  in  Providence,  K. 

1.  18  -.  graduated  at  Brown  University, 
where  at  ihe  age  of  sixteen  he  wrote  the 
well-known  ballad  of  "Old  Grimes." 
He  was  the  author  of  several  poems  of 
great  merit,  and  president  nf  the  R.  I. 
Historical  Society  from  1854.  His  pri- 
vate librarv  numbered  over  20,01)0  vol- 
umes     D/1808. 

GREENLEAF,  Simon,  LL.  D.,  was 
b.  iu  Newburyport,  Mass.,  1783.  Ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1806,  he  practised 
at  Gray  for  twelve  years,  removing  in 
1818  to  Portland.  On  the  separation  of 
Maine  from  Massachusetts,  and  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  supreme  court,  he 
was  appointed  its  reporter  until  1832. 
In  1833  he  was  appointed  Royali  pro- 
fessor of  law  in  the  Dane  law  school, 
which  office  he  held  until  184G,  when 
he  was  transferred  to  the  Dane  profes- 
sorship, then  vacant  by  the  death  of 
Judge  Story.  In  1848  he  resigned,  lie- 
fore  removing  to  Cambridge,  Mr. 
Greeuleaf  wa<  an  author  of  law  books. 
Besides  his  Reports,  nine  volumes  in 
number,  he  published,  in  1821,  a  volume 
of  Overruled  Cases;  in  1812.  the  first 
volume  of  his  work  on  "Evidence;" 
in  1813,  the  second  volume;  and  in 
1853,  the  third  and  concluding  volume. 
In  1840  he  published  an  annotated  edi- 
tion of  Cruise's  "  Digest  of  Real  Law." 
He  also  published  "An  Examination  of 
the  Testimony  of  the  lour  Evangelists 
by  the  Rulesof  Evidence  administered 
in  the  Courts  of  Justice,  with  an  Ac- 
count of  the  Trial  of  Jesus;"  and 
Other  works.     D.  1835. 

GREENOL'GH,  GeorgkBellas,  the 
first  president  of  the  Geological  Society 
of  London,  b  1777;  d.  1S54.  The  in- 
heritor of  an  ample  fortune,  he  em- 
ployed his  time,  money,  and  talents  to 
promote  the  study  of  geology  and  phys- 
ical geography. — Horatio,  an  Amer- 
ican fculpfor.b.  in  Boston  in  1805,  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college  in  1825.  and 
soon  after  left  for  Italy.  He  rapidly 
rose  to  eminence  by  the  excellence  of 
his  portrait  busts,  his  group  of  sleeping 
cherubs,  executed  for  Cooper  the  novel- 
ist iu  182J,  his  "Medora,"    the  angel 


"Abdiel,"and  other  ideal  works.  In 
1833  he  commenced  his  colossal  "  Wash- 
ington," which  occupied  him  for  ten 
years.  He  returned  home  in  1851,  and 
d.  at  Boston  in  1853. 

GREGG,  John,  confederate  brigadier- 
general,  b.  in  Alabama,  1828:  killed  in 
battle  in  Virginia,  October,  1834. 

GREGORY,  Francis  H.,  rear-admi- 
ral U.  S.  navy.  b.  at  Norwalk,  Conn., 
1783,  became  midshipman  in  1809,  first 
distinguished  himself  off  the  Balize  in 
pursuit  of  slavers,  pirates,  and  priva- 
teers. Captured  on  Lake  Erie  in  the 
war  of  1812,  he  was  eighteen  months  a 
prisoner  in  England.  He  commanded 
i he  Raritan  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  af- 
terwards the  African  squadron.  Dur- 
ing the  civil  war  he  superintended  the 
building  of  monitors.  D.  1883. — Wil- 
liam, bit.,  an  accomplished  chemist, 
the  author  of  several  treatises,  and  pro- 
fessor of  chemistrv  in  the  universitv  of 
Edinburgh.  B.  about  1803;  d.  1858. 
He  translated  Von  Reichenback's  "Re- 
searches on  Magnetism,"  and  edited 
several  of  Liebig's  works. 

GRELLET,  Stephen,  b.  in  France, 
1773,  was  at  17  one  of  the  body-guard 
of  Louis  XVI.,  on  whose  execution  he 
fled  to  America.  In  1795  he  joined  the 
Society  of  Friends  in  Philadelphia,  and 
became  a  missionary.  In  this  vocation 
he  travelled  at  intervals  over  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  and  a  great  part  of 
Europe.  D.  1855.  His  "  Memoirs," 
by  Benjamin  Seebohm,  were  published 
in  two  vols.,  1830. 

GRESWELL,  Edward,  b.  at  Man- 
chester, 1797,  graduated  at  Oxford,  and 
became  fellow  and  vice-president  of 
Corpus  Christi  college.  Here  he  elab- 
orated numerous  learned  theological 
and  chronological  works,  all  of  which 
were  printed  at  the  University  Press. 
In  1832  he  published  "The  Three  Wit- 
nesses and  the  Threefold  Cord,  '  being 
the  testimony  of  the  primitive  civil  cal- 
endar and  of  ante-diluvian  and  post- 
diluvian tradition  to  the  questions  of 
fact  in  <acred  or  profane  antiquity. 
He  published  Greek  translations  of  the 
"Counts"  and  '■Samson  Agonistes " 
of  Milton.     D.  1839. 

GRETCH,  Nikolai,  a  Russian  teach- 
er, journalist,  and  privy  councillor,  b. 
1787,  wrote  a  "History  of  Russian  Lit- 
erature" and  a  grammar.     D.  1807. 

GREVILLE,  Roi-.ki.t  Kaye,  a  Scot- 
tish botanist,  b.  17i»4,  was  author  of 
"Flora  Edinensis"  and  "Algae  Brit- 
annicse,"  and  was  a  popular  lecturer  on 
natural  history.    D.  1836. 


GKl] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGIJAPHY. 


131 


GRIFR,  Robert  CoorF.R,  an  Amer- 
ican jurist,  Ij.  in  Pennsylvania,  171)4, 
was  educated  to  the  bar,  practised  his 
profession  with  distinction,  and  in  184G 
was  appointed  associate  justice  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  United  States. 
This  position  lie  filled  with  ability  and 
integrity  for  twenty-three  years.  Orig- 
inally a  Federalist  in  his  political  views, 
with' many  of  the  strongest  men  of  his 
party  he  became  a  Democrat  in  Jack- 
son's time  and  remained  so  to  the  out- 
break of  the  civil  war,  when  he  gave  a 
firm  and  loval  adherence  to  the  Union 
party.     I).  1870. 

GRIFFIN,  Charles,  an  American 
officer,  b.  in  Ohio,  1826,  graduated  at 
West  Point,  was  sent  as  second  lieu- 
tenant of  artillery  to  Mexico,  and  served 
several  years  in  New  Mexico,  in  the 
Navajo  campaigns.  When  the  civil  war 
broke  out  he  was  at  West  Point,  and 
was  ordered  to  bring  his  battery  to 
Washington.  With  this  battery  he 
fought  at  the  first  Bull  Run,  and  in 
June,  18G2,  was  commissioned  brig- 
adier general,  and  took  an  honorable 
part  in  the  Peninsula  campaign.  At  the 
battle  of  Five  Forks  he  so  distinguished 
himself  that  he  was  assigned  to  the 
command  of  the  5th  army  corps,  and 
in  this  capacity  was  directed  by  Grant, 
after  the  surrender  at  Apponiatox  Court 
House,  to  receive  the  arms  and  colors 
of  the  Northern  army  of  Virginia.  He 
was  breVetted  brigadier  and  major  gen- 
eral in  the  regular  army  in  1805.  D. 
at  Galveston,  1867. —  George,  an  em- 
inent member  of  the  New  York  bar, 
and  author  of  two  theological  works. 
"The  Sufferings  of  our  Saviour"  and 
"The  Evidences  of  Christianity."  13. 
1778;  d.  1810. 

GRILLPARZER,  Franz,  a  German 
dramatic  author,  wrote  lyrics,  comedies, 
tragedies,  and  dramatic  poems,  which 
were  collected  in  ten  volumes.  B.  in 
Vienna,  1791;  d.  there.  1872. 

GRIMKE,  Frederick,  author  of 
"Considerations  upon  the  Nature  and 
Tendency  of  Free  Institutions,''  b.  at 
Charleston,  S.  C,  1791  ;  d.  in  Chilli- 
cothe,  Ohio,  18(33.  He  filled  positions 
upon  the  Ohio  bench;  first  as  presiding 
judge  of  a  circuit  court  of  common 
pleas;  afterwards  as  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court. — Sarah  Moore,  sister 
of  the  preceding,  b.  in  Charleston,  S.  C, 
1792.  emancipated  the  slaves  she  had 
inherited,  joined  the  Friends,  delivered 
anti-slavery  lectures,  and  wrote  a  vol- 
ume on  the  "Equality  of  the  Sexes." 
D.  in  Massachusetts.  1873. 


GRIMM,  Jacob  Ludwig,  historiog- 
rapher and  philologist,  the  elder  of  the 
"  Brothers  Grimm,"  whose  names  are 
associated  with  the  popular  literature  of 
Germany,  was  b.  at  Hanau,  1785.  After 
studying  for  iome  time  for  the  legal 
profession,  he  turned  his  attention  to 
literary  pursuits,  and  eventually  became 
librarian  at  Wilhelmshohe  in  Westpha- 
lia. His  next  appointment  was  at  Cas- 
sel.  whence  he  went  to  Gi  ttingen,  where 
he  became  first  librarian  and  was  elected 
one  of  the  professors  of  the  university. 
On  account  of  his  protest  against  the 
abrogation  of  the  fundamental  law  in 
Hanover,  upon  the  accession  of  the  late 
king,  he  was  deprived  of  his  office  and 
banished  from  the  kingdom.  He  re- 
turned to  Cassel,  and  in  1841  went  to 
Berlin,  where  lie  became  active  as  a 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 
and  in  connection  with  the  university. 
Among  the  principal  works  of  this  great 
scholar  are  the  "German  Grammar," 
"German  Mythology,"  and  "History 
of  the  German  Tongue."  The  great 
"German  Dictionary,"  the  joint  pro- 
duction of  the  two  brothers,  was  left 
unfinished,  but  is  in  course  of  com- 
pletion. D.  in  September,  13G3.  — 
Wiliiki.m  Karl,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, b.  178G,  studied  at  Marburg, 
was  employed  with  Jacob  at  Cassel  and 
at  Gi  ttingen,  and  accompanied  him  to 
Berlin.  Besides  the  works  published 
jointly  with  his  brother,  he  edited  sev- 
eral collections  of  German  mediaeval 
poetry,  a  work  on  German  Runic  in- 
scriptions, and  other  works.  D.  1859. 
Ludwig  Kjiil,  a  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, professor  of  painting  in  the 
academv  at  Cassel,  and  an  engraver  of 
great  merit,  b.  1790;  d.  18.33. 

GRISCOM,  John,  an  American  in- 
structor, began  to  teach  at  the  age  of 
17.  and  devoted  his  life  to  the  cause  of 
education.  He  projected  the  New  York 
high  school,  and  reorganized  the  school 
system  of  his  native  state.  B.  in  New 
Jersey,  1774;  d.  1852. —John  Hos- 
kin.s,  his  son,  studied  medicine,  and  was 
professor  of  chemistry  in  the  New  York 
college  of  pharmacy,  1836-40,  and  phy- 
sician to  the  New  York  hospital,  1843- 
67.  He  wrote  several  treatises  on  hy- 
giene and  ventilation.  His  last  work 
was  on  the  evils  resulting  from  the  use 
of  tobacco.  B.  in  New  York,  1S03;  d. 
1874. 

GRISI,  Gh'lia,  a  celebrated  Italian 
singer  and  actress,  was  the  daughter  of 
an  officer  of  engineers  under  Napoleon, 
and  b.  at  Milan  on  the  dav  of  the  fete 


132 


CYCLOrJEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[gro 


of  St.  Gittlia,  1812.  She  was  _a  niece 
of  the  faiiuiua  Josephine  Grassini,  and 
sister  of  Giuditta  Grisi,  for  whom  Bel- 
lini composed  the  part  of  Romeoi  in 
his  opera  of  the  "Capulets  and  Monta- 
gues." She  appeared  at  17  at  Bologna 
as  Emma  in  Rossini's  "Zelmira,"  and 
the  great  master,  struck  with  her  voice, 
beaut  v,  and  stage  talent,  at  once  pre- 
dicted for  her  a  futuro  brillante. 
Italy  did  not  keep  her  long-.  She  es- 
caped from  a  six  years'  engagement 
with  a  Florentine  manager,  and  made 
her  debut  before  the  Parisians  in  the 
Italian  opera  then  under  the  superin- 
tendence of  Rossini  in  his  "  Semira- 
mis."  From  this  time  for  a  quarter  of 
a  century  she  achieved  marvellous  his- 
trionic triumphs  in  Paris,  London,  and 
the  United  States  in  the  characters 
of  Ninetta,  Anna  Bolena,  Desdemona, 
Elvira,  Elena,  Amina,  Semiramide, 
Norma,  Donna  Anna,  and  Lucrezia 
Borgia,  being  equally  admirable  in 
lyric  tragedy,  comedy,  and  melodrama. 
She  held  her  own  against  Sontag  and 
Persiani;  she  divided  the  honors  with 
Malibran  as  Amina;  she  fairly  contested 
London  with  Jenny  Lind  when  the 
Swedish  songster  was  a  novelty;  and 
though  in  Norma  and  Anna  Bolena 
she  was  said  to  have  presented  but  a 
reflex  of  Pasta,  it  was  universally  ad- 
mitted that  she  was  Pasta's  only  suc- 
cessor. She  was  somewhat  eccentric  in 
her  private  adventures,  and  had  the 
habit  of  appearing  and  re-appearing 
for  the  last  time  too  frequently;  but 
though  she  sometimes  broke  with  man- 
agers, she  never  disappointed  the  pub- 
lic. She  was  divorced  from  her  first 
husband,  M.  de  Melcv,  ami  afterwards 
married  Signor  Mario,  of  whom  she 
made  a  better  actor  than  herself.  D.  at 
Berlin,  1839. 

GR1SWOLD,  Rufus  Wii.mot,  an 
American  author  ami  editor,  was  orig- 
inally a  printer,  but  became  a  preacher 
in  the  Baptist  church.  Literature,  how- 
ever, attracted  him  from  the  pulpit,  and 
he  was  associated  with  the  editorship 
of  literary  periodicals  in  Boston,  New 
York,  ami  Philadelphia.  He  edited  sev- 
eral separate  works,  the  principal  of 
which  are,  "Poets  and  Poetry  of  Amer- 
ica," "  Prose  Writers  of  America," 
"Female  Poets  of  America."  "Sacred 
Poets  of  England  and  America,"  and 
"The  Poets  and  Poetry  of  England  in 
the  Nineteenth  Century."  He  also  pub- 
lished "  Curiosities  of  American  Liter- 
ature," as  an  appendix  to  Disraeli's 
work,  and  "The  Republican  Court,  or 


American  Society  in  the  Days  of  Wash- 
ington." B.  in*  Vermont,  1815;  d.  in 
New  York,  1857. 

GRONOW,  Uees  Howei.i.,  a  British 
officer,  b.  17i)4,  educated  at  Eton,  en- 
tered the  army,  served  in  the  Peninsula 
and  at  Waterloo,  and  for  a  short  time 
was  M.  P.  for  Stafford.  He  wrote  sev- 
eral amusing  volumes  of  "Reminis- 
cences."    D.  at  Paris,  1885. 

GROTE,  Gkokge,  the   English   his- 
torian of  Greece,  b.  1794,  in  Kent,  was 
descended  from  a  German  family  estab- 
lished in  London  early  in  the  last  cen- 
tury.     Educated   at   the   Charterhouse 
school,  he  entered  at  an  early  age  the 
banking  house  of  his  fattier  as  a  clerk. 
In    1832    he   entered    parliament    as    a 
member   for    the  city  of   London,  and 
retired   in    1811.     The   feature    of    his 
public  career  was  an  unsuccessful  but 
persevering  advocacy  of  the  ballot,  on 
which  he  made  an  annual  motion.    The 
first   two  volumes  of   his  "  History  of 
Greece"  appeared   in  1830;  the  twelfth 
and  last  volume,  terminating  with  the 
death    of    Alexander,    in    18-tG.    _  This 
work,  which  combined  the  erudition  of 
a  German  professor  with  the   practical 
knowledge  of  a  man  of  the  world  and  a 
working  statesman,  is  recognized  as  one 
of  the  grandest  historical  works  of  the 
nineteenth  century.     It  has  been  trans- 
lated into  the  French  and  German.     In 
1805  he  published  his  "  Plato  and  the 
other   Companions   of   Socrates*."      He 
was  one  of  the  earliest  contributors  to 
the    "  Westminster    Review,"    and    in 
his  latter  days  wrote  frequently  for  the 
"  Quarterly."      D.   1871.      His  minor 
works,  with  an  introduction  by  A.  Bain, 
were   published    in    1873  ;    and    in    the. 
same  year  a  sketch  of  his  personal  life 
bv  his  widow,  the   biographer   of  Ary 
Scheffer.  —  John,  younger   brother   of 
the   preceding,    b.  "1813,    took    his   de- 
gree of  M.  A.,  in  Trinity  college,  Cam- 
bridge,  in    1838,    and    was   soon    after 
elected  fellow  of  his  college,  and  held 
the  fellowship  for  life,     lie  was  railed 
to   the   chair   of    moral    philosophy    in 
Cambridge  in  1855.     Under  the  title  of 
"  Exploratio    Philosophica  "    he    pub- 
lished   in    1885   a   masterly   review   of 
modern  philosophical  theories.  D.  1806. 
GROTEFEND,  Dr.  George  Fred- 
erick, distinguished  as   an   antiquary 
and  a  scholar,-  was  a  native  of  Hanover, 
and   d.    there    in    1853.      He    was   the 
author  of  many  profound   treatises  on 
various  branches  of  philology  ;  but  his 
chief   title  to  fame  rests  on  hi-*    being 
the  first  to  decipher  the  Persepolitan  cu- 


GUI] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


133 


neiform  inscriptions,  which  have  proved 
so  fertile  in  t heir  results  in  the  hands  of 
Botta,  Hi  ticks,  Layard,  Rawlinson,  and 
other  eminent  scholars. 

GRUND,  F  KAN  CIS  J.  a  well-known 
contributor  to  the  American  press,  b.  in 
Germany  about  1803;  d-  in  Philadelphia, 
18G3.  He  was  an  excellent  linguist, 
writing  English  as  though  it  were  his 
native  tongue,  and  corresponding  with 
French  and  German  journals  as  well  as 
with  leading  papers  of  Baltimore,  New 
Orleans,  and  other  cities.  He  adhered 
to  the  Democratic  party,  and  received 
a  foreign  appointment  from  President 
Buchanan.  On  his  return  to  this  country 
he  edited  the  Philadelphia  "Age."  He 
was  the  author  of  a  work  on  "  The 
Americans;  their  Moral,  Social,  and 
Political  Relations,"  published  in  1837. 

GRUNDTVIG,  Nikolai  Fkederik 
SeVEIUN,  a  distinguished  Danish  theo- 
logian, poet,  historian,  and  politician,  b. 
1783;  d.  1872.  He  became  the  founder 
of  a  sect  of  considerable  importance  in 
Scandinavian  countries. 

GUBITZ,  Frederic  Wilhelm,  a 
German  author  and  theatrical  critic, 
sometime  wood-engraver  and  publisher, 
b.  at  Leipsic,  1786,  founded  several  peri- 
odicals devoted  to  dramatic  literature, 
contributing  much  to  the  improvement 
of  the  stage.     D.  1870. 

GUEROULT,  Adolph,  French  publi- 
cist, b.  1810,  educated  at  Paris,  joined 
the  St.  Simonians,  and  on  their  disper- 
sion, travelled  in  the  south  of  Europe  as 
correspondent  of  the  "Journal  des  De- 
bats."  He  was  subsequently  editor  of 
political  journals,  and  in  1859  established 
the  "Opinion  Nationale,"  a  liberal  jour- 
nal at  a  low  price.  His  most  important 
newspaper  articles  were  reproduced  in 
volumes.     D.  1872. 

GUERONNIERR,  Viscount  de  la, 
Louis  Etienne  Arthuk,  French  pub- 
licist and  politician,  b.  1816,  of  a  noble 
family  of  Poitiers,  was  known  in  jour- 
nalism before  1818  only  by  some  articles 
in  "L'Aveuir  National"  de  Limoges, 
which  attracted  attention.  He  attached 
himself,  in  the  revolution  of  that  year, 
to  the  fortunes  of  La  Marti ne,  and  wrote 
in  his  journals,  as  he  did  also  in  the 
"  Presse  "  of  Girardiu.  Some  time  be- 
fore the  coup  d'etat,  he  wrote  a  sketch 
of  the  president  of  the  republic,  Louis 
Napoleon,  which  broke  up  his  relations 
with  his  old  friends,  and  brought  about 
a  connection  with  the  emperor  that  con- 
tinued through  his  life.  It  was  gen- 
erally supposed  that  the  three  pamph- 
lets,   "Napoleon  III.  and    England," 


"Napoleon  HI.  and  Italy,"  and  "The 
Pope  and  the  Congress,"  were  the  joint 
productions  of  the  emperor  and  La 
Guerroiiiere.  In  1808  he  was  sent  as 
ambassador  to  Brussels.  He  was  the 
author  of  "Etudes  et  Portraits  poli- 
tic) ues  contemporains,"  1851-50.  D. 
1375. 

GUERRAZZI,  Francisco  Domin- 
ico.  an  Italian  revolutionist  and  author, 
b.  18)5,  was  educated  to  the  law,  but 
was  diverted  to  poetry  and  politics.  He 
was  dictator  at  Florence  in  184i»,  and 
after  the  reactionary  movement  was 
imprisoned  and  banished,  lie  returned 
to  Italy  in  1855,  and  was  elected  to  the 
Turin  parliament,  where  he  continued 
an  extreme  radical.  His  literary  work 
—  poems,  dramas,  and  novels  —  occu- 
pied the  rest  of  his  life.  He  published 
in  1857  "An  Apology  for  my  Life." 
D.  1873.  Two  of  his  novels  were  trans- 
lated into  English  and  published  in  New 
York,  "  Isabella  Orsini,"  and  "  Beatrice 
Cenci." 

GUICCIOLI,  Teresa,  Italian  count- 
ess, b.  about  1802,  was  the  daughter  of 
Count  Gamba,  and  third  wife  of  Count 
Guiccioli,  when  she  became  enamored 
of  Lord  Byron  in  Venice  in  April,  1819, 
and  was  eventually  separated  from  her 
husband.  When  Byron  went  to  Greece 
the  countess  remained  in  Italy,  and  was 
so  far  reconciled  to  her  husband  as  to 
accept  an  annuity  from  his  estate.  In 
1851  she  married  the  Marquis  de  Boissy 
and  lived  afterwards  in  Paris.  In  1808 
she  published  a  volume  which  was  trans- 
lated into  English  with  the  title  of  "  My 
Recollections  of  Lord  Byron."  D.  1873. 

GLTZOT,  Francois "Piekre  Guil- 
LAUMK,  French  statesman  and  historian, 
b.  at  Nismes,  in  1787,  studied  at  Gen- 
eva, with  great  success,  philosophy  and 
German  literature,  and  went  to  Paris, 
where  he  devoted  himself  to  the  labors 
of  literature.  He  contributed  articles  to 
several  journals  of  the  day,  such  as  the 
"  Publiciste,"  "La  Gazette,"  and  the 
"  Mereure  de  France."  In  1899,  he 
published  his  first  work,  a  dictionary  of 
synonyms  of  the  French  language.  In 
1812  he  became  professor  of  history  in 
the  Sorbonne.  With  these  and  similar 
labors  he  was  exclusively  occupied  till 
1814,  when  the  return  of  the  Bourbons 
opened  to  him  a  career  in  which  he  ob- 
tained rapid  advancement.  Raised  by 
the  patronage  of  the  abbe  Montesquiou 
to  the  office  of  secretary  general  of  the 
minister  of  the  interior,  he  exercised  a 
great  influence  over  that  minister,  and 
originated  numerous  reforms  that  dis- 


134 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[GUR 


tinguished  his  administration.  In  1815, 
in  consequence  of  the  return  of  Napo- 
leon, he  accompanied  Louis  XV 111.  to 
Ghent,  and  on  ihe  restoration  was  ap- 
pointed secretary-general  to  the  minister 
of  justice.  In  IS  1 8  he  was  made  coun- 
cillor of  state,  and  on  the  fall  of  the 
ministry  of  Decazes,  he  went  into  oppo- 
sition, and  combatted  with  all  his  en- 
ergy  the  administration  of  Villele,  who 
retaliated  by  interdicting  his  lectures. 
Guizot  for  the  next  ten  years  devoted 
himself  to.historical  pursuits,  finding  as 
afterwards  in  the  productions  of  his  pen 
resources  against  ill-fortune.  It  was 
during  this  period  that  the  collection  of 
"Memoirs  relative  to  the  English  Rev- 
olution," "The  History  of  the  English 
Revolution,"  and  "Memoirs  relative  to 
the  History  of  France."  were  success- 
ively published.  In  1827  he  lost  his 
wife,  to  whom,  though  many  years  older 
than  himself,  he  was  tenderly  attached. 
On  the  fall  of  the  Villele  ministry  in 
1828,  he  was  reinstated  in  his  profes- 
sorship and  began  his  lectures  on  the 
"History  of  Civilization  in  Europe." 
In  this  year  he  married  his  second  wife, 
the  niece  of  his  first.  After  the  revolu- 
tion of  July  he  was  three  months  min- 
ister of  the  interior,  and  in  1832  he  ac- 
cepted the  portfolio  of  public  instruc- 
tion in  the  ministry  of  Marshal  Soult. 
Under  the  ministry  of  Thiers  he  held 
for  a  short  time  the  post  of  ambassador 
at  London.  From  1840  to  the  fall  of 
Louis  Philippe,  he  was,  substantially, 
prime  minister,  and  ruled  France.  His 
political  career  came  to  an  inglorious 
close  in  1848,  when  king  and  minister 
fled  from  Paris  in  disguise.  He  re- 
turned to  France  in  1849,  and  passed 
the  remainder  of  his  long  and  laborious 
life  in  literary  labors,  spending  most  of 
his  time  at  his  country  seat  ill  Nor- 
mandy. To  this  period  we  are  indebted 
for  the  "Memoires  pour  servir  a,  l'His- 
toire  de  mon  Temps,"  in  eight  vol- 
umes, with  a  supplement  in  five  more 
(1861-64),  and  the  "Histoire  de  France 
racontee  a  mes  petits  Enfans,"  com- 
menced in  1870,  and  left  unfinished. 
He  was  an  indefatigable  student  and 
writer,  and  to  the  last  the  pencil  was 
never  out  of  his  hand.  His  historical 
and  biographical  writings,  his  editorials 
and  contributions  to  the  newspapers 
and  reviews,  would  fill  scores  of  vol- 
umes. He  d.  at  Val  Richer,  and  his 
remains  were  interred  in  a  little  ceme- 
tery in  the  neighborhood. 

GUNNISON,    Captain    John  W., 
corps  of  U.  S.  topographical  engineers, 


was  massacred  by  a  party  of  Utah  In- 
dians on  the  Sevier  river,  1853,  while 
engaged  in  a  government  survey.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1837,  and 
was  transferred  from  the  artillery  to  the 
engineers  in  1838.  He  bore  an  honora- 
ble part  in  the  Seminole  war,  was  en- 
gaged  for  some  time  in  improving  the 
inland  navigation  along  the  coast  of 
Florida,  and  for  about  ten  years  was 
employed  in  the  survey  of  the  north- 
western lakes  and  harbors.  In  1849  and 
1850  he  was  associated  with  Captain 
Stansbury,  in  the  survey  of  the  Great 
Salt  Lake  region,  and  made  an  able  re- 
port thereon.  He  was  author  of  a  work 
on  the  "Mormons,"  publisned  in  Phil- 
adelphia in  1852. 

GUNTER,  Antiion,  a  German  phi- 
losopher, b.  in  Bohemia  about  1785,  or- 
dained priest,  wrote  several  works  in 
opposition  to  the  views  of  Hegel  and 
Herbart,  all  of  which  were  placed  on  the 
"Index  Expurgatorius "  in  1857.  D. 
1863. 

GURLEY,  Ralph  Randolph,  an 
American  philanthropist,  b.  1797,  was 
educated  for  the  pulpit  but  never  or- 
dained. In  1822  he  became  agent  of 
the  American  Colonization  Society,  res- 
ident at  Washington,  and  held  the  po- 
sition till  his  death.  He  visited  Africa 
three  times  in  this  capacity,  and  Eng- 
land for  the  purpose  of  securing  aid  for 
African  colonization.  He  was  thor- 
oughly devoted  to  his  work,  editing  the 
"African  Repository,"  and  making 
speeches  and  reports  on  the  subject  with 
great  zeal  and  industry.     O.  1872. 

GURNEY,  Siu  GoLDswoitriiY,  an 
English  inventor,  b.  in  Cornwall,  1793, 
educated  to  the  medical  profession, 
turned  his  attention  to  practical  chem- 
istry. He  is  the  inventor  of  the  Oxy- 
hydrogen  blowpipe,  the  "  Lime  Light" 
and  the  "  Magnesian  Light,"  of  the 
tubular  boiler,  and  other  improvements 
in  steam  by  which  he  drove  a  steam 
carriage  from  London  to  Bath  on  a  com- 
mon turnpike  road  at  fourteen  miles  an 
hour.  His  high  pressure  steam-jet  in- 
creased the  speed  of  locomotives  from 
fourteen  to  thirty  miles  an  hour,  and 
was  successfully  applied  to  the  ventila- 
tion of  coal  mines.  He  was  knighted 
for  his  inventions  in  1863.     1).  1875. 

GUROWSKI,  Adam,  Count,  a  Po- 
lish revolutionist,  b.  1805,  was  expelled 
from  the  gymnasia  of  his  native  palati- 
nate of  Kalisz,  for  his  revolutionary 
demonstrations,  pursued  his  studies  in 
Germany  and  returning  to  Poland  took 
part  in  the  insurrection  of  1830.     After- 


HAC] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


135 


wards  residing  some  time  in  Paris  he 
came  to  the  United  States  in  181!),  and 
in  18SJ1  — 0-J  was  employed  in  the  depart- 
ment of  stale  at  W  ashiugton.  Besides 
many  works  published  in  Europe,  he 
published  during  his  residence  in  the 
U.  S.,  '"  Russia  as  it  is,"  "The  Turkish 
Question,"  "Slavery  in  History,"  and 
"  My  Diary,"  18G2-GG,  3  volumes.  D. 
ISM. 

GUTHRIE,  James,  an  American 
statesman,  b.  in  Kentucky,  1792,  stud- 
ied law  and  practised  in  Louisville.  He 
was  fifteen  years  a  member  of  the  state 
legislature  and  in  1819  president  of  the 
state  constitutional  convention.  From 
1853  to  1857  he  was  secretary  of  the 
treasury  of  the  United  States",  and  in 
1860  was  a  candidate  for  the  Democratic 
nomination  for  the  Presidency,  lie  was 
a  firm  Union  man  during  the  civil  war. 
D.  1869.  —  Thomas,  an  eminent  phi- 
lanthropist and  pulpit  orator,  b.  at 
Brechin,  in  Scotland,  1803,  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Edinburgh  university,  and 
entered  the  Scottish  "church.  He  then 
passed  a  winter  in  studying  medicine  in 
Paris,  with  reference  to  his  profession 
as  a  pastor.  In  1830  he  settled  as  min- 
ister of  the  parish  of  Arbirlot,  and 
seven  years  afterwards  was  appointed 
minister  of  the  Old  Greyfriars  church  in 
Edinburgh.  He  took  an  active  part  in 
the  movement  which  severed  the  Church 
of  Scotland  and  led  to  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Free  church.  He  estab- 
lished the  system  of  ragged  schools; 
he  was  a  zealous  promoter  of  the  tem- 
perance cause;  and  on  both  these  sub- 
jects was  a  diligent  and  able  writer  and 
speaker.  He  was  editor  of  the  "  Sun- 
day Magazine,"  from  its  commence- 
ment. Among  his  more  important 
works  are  "The  Gospel  in  Ezekiel  "  and 
"The  Parables  read  in  the  Light  of  the 
Present  Day."  As  a  pulpit  orator  he 
was  unsurpassed  in  Great  Britain.  D. 
at  St.  Leonards,  1873.  His  autobiog- 
raphy with  a  memoir  by  his  two  sons 
was  published  in  two  volumes,  1873-75. 

GUTZLAFE,  Du.  Charles,  a  well- 
known  Chinese   scholar,  traveller,  and 


missionary,  was  b.  in  Stettin,  Prussia, 
1803.  He  published,  in  1831,  "  A  Jour- 
nal of  Three  Voyages  along  the  Coast 
of  China,  in  1831,  1832,  and  1833," 
and  afterwards  "  A  History  of  China," 
and  "China  Opened."  In"  183-1  he  was 
appointed  interpreter  to  the  British  su- 
perintendence'. D.  at  llong-Kong, 
1851.  b 

GUYON,  Richard  Debaufre,  a 
daring  and  skilful  military  officer,  b. 
near  Bath,  in  England,  1813.  When 
scarcely  1G  he  joined  the  British  legion 
in  Portugal.  After  its  disbandment.be 
entered  the  Austrian  army  and  served 
several  years  in  a  hmsar  regiment, 
when  he  married,  and  quitted  the  ser- 
vice. When  the  Hungarian  war  broke 
out  he  was  appointed  by  the  Hungarian 
ministry  to  t lie  command  of  a  battalion, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  a  succes- 
sion of  the  most  brilliant  exploits.  At 
the  end  of  the  war  he  was  taken  into 
the  Turkish  army  as  lieutenant-general, 
with  the  rank  of  pasha,  but  refused  to 
change  his  religion.  D.  at  Constanti- 
nople, 1856. 

GVVTLT,  Joseph,  an  English  practi- 
cal architect,  author  and  editor  of  many 
works  relating  to  his  profession;  among 
them,  "  Rudiments  of  Architecture," 
and  an  "Encyclopaedia  of  Architec- 
ture."    B.  1784;  d.  1863. 

GWIN,  William,  commander  U.  S. 
navy,  b.  in  Columbus,  Ind..  1831,  en- 
tered the  service,  as  a  midshipman,  in 
1847.  In  1861,  he  was  on  duty  as  lieu- 
tenant in  the  Mediterranean  squadron, 
but  was  ordered  home,  and  assigned  to 
the  Cambridge  on  blockading  duty  on 
the  Atlantic  coast.  In  January,  1882, 
he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  gun- 
boat Tyler,  of  the  Western  flotilla,  and 
took  part  in  the  battles  of  Fort  Henry, 
Fort  Donelson,  and  Shiloh.  In  July, 
18G2,  he  was  made  a  lieutenant-com- 
mander. He  added  to  his  already  bril- 
liant reputation  in  the  expedition  up 
the  Yazoo  river,  to  meet  the  confeder- 
ate ram  Arkansas;  and  was  mortally 
wounded  in  the  attack  of  the  Benton 
upon  Haines's  Bluff,  January  3,  18G3. 


II. 


HACKETT,  Horatio  Bai.ch,  a  dis- 
tinguished American  Biblical  scholar,  b. 
1808,  studied  thenlog}-  at  Andover,  and 
afterwards  at  Halle  and  Berlin.  He 
was  professor  of  Biblical  literature  in 
Newton  Theological  Institution,  Mass., 


from  1839  to  1859,  when  he  became 
professor  of  New  Testament  Greek  in 
the  Rochester  Theological  Seminary. 
His  contributions  to  the  literature  "of 
the  Scriptures  as  author,  editor,  and 
translator,  were  various  aud  numerous. 


136 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPIIY. 


[HAL 


Among  his  labors,  in  conjunction  with 
Dr.  Ezra  Abbot,  he  edited  the  enlarged 
and  corrected  American  edition  of 
"Smith's  Dictionary  of  the  Bible." 
lie  made  three  tours  in  Palestine,  and 
resided  several  months  in  Athens,  in 
order  to  study  modern  Greek.  1).  1875. 
—  James  Henry,  an  American  actor, 
b.  in  New  York,  1800,  was  brought  up 
to  commercial  pursuits,  but  failed  in 
business,  and  went  upon  the  stage.  He 
ran  a  successful  career  as  actor  and 
manager,  making  many  professional 
visits  to  England,  and  playing  star  en- 
gagements at  intervals  throughout  the 
United  States.  His  range  of  characters 
was  limited,  but  he  exhibited  in  all  of 
them  great  artistic  skill,  and  played 
them  to  general  acceptation.  His  most 
successful  roles  perhaps  were  Hip  Van 
Winkle  and  Kalstaff,  and  in  his  younger 
days  Sylvester  Daggerwood  was  one  of 
his  favorite  parts.    D.  1871. 

HACKLEMAN,  Pleasant  A.,  law- 
yer and  editor,  b.  in  Indiana,  1817;  in 
1801  entered  the  U.  S.  service  as  colonel 
of  the  l'Otll  Indiana  volunteers,  and 
served  until  the  expiration  of  their 
twelve  months'  term,  lie  was  then  ap- 
pointed a  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers, and  assigned  to  the  command  of 
General  Grant  in  the  sou  Invest.  Killed 
at  the  battle  of  Corinth,  Oct  4,  1852. 

HADLEY,  James,  an  American  phi- 
lologist, b.  1821,  distinguished  himself 
by  his  general  scholastic  ability,  and 
his  familiarity  with  ancient  and  modern 
languages,  lie  was  from  1851  professor 
of  Greek  in  Yale  college;  a  member, 
and  two  years  president  of  the  Ameri- 
can Oriental  Society.  His  treatises  on 
philological  topics  were  numerous,  and 
his  "  Lectures  on  Roman  Law,"  and 
"Essays,"  edited  by  Professor  Whit- 
ney, were  published  after  his  death.  D. 
1872. 

HAGENBACII,  Karl  Rudolph,  a 
Swiss  theologian  and  historian,  b.  1801, 
wrote  and  published  voluminously  on 
ecclesiastical  history.     D.  1874. 

HAIIN,  August,  a  German  orien- 
talist and  theologian,  b.  1792,  was  some 
time  professor  at  Leipsic,  and  in  1844 
became  the  ecclesiastical  superintendent 
of  Sdesia,  where,  as  a  Protestant,  he 
exercised  a  great  influence  over  the 
clergy  of  that  province.  He  wrote 
against  the  rationalists.  Among  his 
published  works  is  one  "on  the  present 
state  of  Christianity  and  the  relations 
between  Theologv  and  Science."  D. 
1803. 

HALDANE,  James  Alexander,  b. 


at  Dundee,  Scotland,  17G8,  was  a  cap- 
tain in  the  East  India  Company's  ser- 
vice, when  he  experienced  a  religious 
change,  and  retiring  with  a  moderate 
fortune,  became  a  zealous  evangelical  la- 
borer, making  successive  tour.-,  through- 
out Scotland,  opening  Sunday-schools, 
and  with  the  aid  of  bis  brother  Robert 
erecting  places  of  worship.  Eventually 
be  became  pastor  in  the  tabernacle, 
Edinburgh  :  and  in  that  capacity  con- 
tinued without  emolument  for  50  years. 
D.  1851. —His  elder  brother,  Robert, 
after  pursuing  a  similar  career  of  Chris- 
tian usefulness,  d.  in  1842  in  his  7!)th 
year.  The  brothers  were  authors  of 
several  theological  works.  A  memoir 
of  their  lives  was  published  in  1852. 

HALF,,  Benjamin, an  American  edu- 
cator, b.  in  Newbury,  Mass  ,  1797,  stud- 
ied theologv,  but  became  tutor  in  Bow- 
doin,  professor  in  Dartmouth,  and  in 
18 JU  president  of  Hobart  college,  Ge- 
neva, and  sf>  continued  twenty  years. 
He  published  "Scriptural  Illustrations 
of  the  Liturgy,"  1835.  D.  1803.— 
John  Pakkek,  an  American  senator, 
b.  1896,  educated  to  the  bar,  and  was 
appointed  by  President  Jackson  U.  S. 
attorney  for  the  district  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  held  the  oltice  till  1841.  Two 
years  afterwards  he  was  elected  to  con- 
gress. He  opposed  the  annexation  of 
Texas,  and  was  defeated  as  a  candidate 
of  the  "independent  Democrats"  for 
reelection.  In  1840  he  was  speaker  of 
Mie  legislature  of  New  Hampshire.  He 
was  elected  U.  S.  senator  for  six  years 
from  1847,  and  soon  made  himself 
known  for  a  consistent  hostility  to  slav- 
ery. He  received  upwards  of  150,000 
votes  as  the  liberty  candidate  for  the 
presidency  in  1852.  In  18  >5  he  was 
sent  again  to  the  U.  S.  senate  from 
New  Hampshire  to  fill  the  unexpired 
term  of  Mr.  Atherton,  deceased,  and 
was  reelected  in  1858.  His  support  of 
a  doubtful  claim  by  a  post-office  con- 
tractor, that  passed  congress,  ami  was 
vetoed  by  President  Buchanan,  led  to 
some  unfriendly  newspaper  strictures 
that  were  the  subject  of  a  libel  suit 
brought  by  Hale  against  the  proprietors 
of  the  "Boston  Courier."  It  was  set- 
tled without  a  trial.  To  President  Lin- 
coln's administration  he  gave  a  uni- 
form support,  and  in  March,  1805,  he 
was  appointed  minister  to  Spain.  In 
consequence  of  a  quarrel  with  his  sec- 
retary of  legation,  Mr.  Perry,  growing 
out  of  a  charge  of  an  evasion  of  the 
revenue  laws  of  Spain,  both  were  re- 
called by  President  Grant.     D.  1873.  — 


HAL] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OK    BIOGRAPHY. 


137 


Nathan,  an  American  journalist,  b.  at 
Westhamptoil,  Mass.,  1781,  was  ad- 
mitted to  t lie  liar  in  Boston,  1810,  prac- 
tised four  years,  and  was  one,  of  the 
editors  of  t lie  "  Weekly  Messenger,"  a 
journal  devoted  to  literature  and  poli- 
tics. In  1814  lie  purchased  the  "Bos- 
ton Daily  Advertiser,"  which  he  edited 
with  ability  and  dignity  for  many  years. 
He  interested  himself  in  every  project 
of  improvement,  in  printing,  in  rail- 
roads, and  in  the  introduction  of  water 
into  Boston,  lie  was  one  of  the  origi- 
nators of  the  "North  American  Re- 
view," and  of  the  "Christian  Exami- 
ner." He  served  several  terms  in  the 
state  legislature.  He  published  a  geog- 
raphy*, and  a  large  map  of  New  Eng- 
land!    I).  188-i. 

HALEVY,  Jacquks  Elie  Feomen- 
tal,  a  popular  musical  composer,  b.  in 
Paris,  18J5;  d.  at  Nice,  1832.  He  was 
the  favorite  pupil  of  Gherubini,  was 
sent  to  Rome  by  the  French  academy  to 
complete  his  professional  studies,  and 
in  1804,  was  elected  perpetual  secretary 
of  the  French  academy  of  line  arts.  He 
composed  many  operas,  some  of  which 
were  brought  out  with  success  in  every 
capital  of  Europe. 

HALIBUIiTON,  Thomas  Chan- 
DLEIt,  b.  at  Windsor,  Nova  Scotia, 
1796,  and  bred  to  the  bar  became  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  court,  llis  ear- 
liest literary  work  —  "  The  Lucubra- 
tions of  Sam  Slick,  the  Clockmaker," 
attracted  much  attention.  In  1842,  he 
crossed  the  Atlantic,  and  published 
"The  Attache;  or,  Sam  Slick  in  Eng- 
land." In  1851),  he  was  elected  M.  1'. 
for  Launceston,  on  conservative  princi- 
ples. Besides  the  works  already  men- 
tioned, he  wrote  —  "  Historical  and 
Statistical  Account  of  Nova  Scotia;" 
"  Letters  to  Lord  Durham  ;  "  "  Bubbles 
of  Canada;"  "The  Letter-Bag  of  the 
Great  Western  ;  "  "  Rule  and  Misrule 
of  the  English  in  America,"  and  others. 
D.  ISO). 

HALL,  Cii\i:r.Es  F.,  an  American  arc- 
tic explorer,  b.  1821,  was  blacksmith  and 
journalist,  before  he  volunteered  to  go 
"in  search  of  the  bones  of  Franklin," 
and  started  from  New  London  on  the 
expedition  in  May,  1860.  Two  years 
afterwards  he  returned  to  the  United 
S;ates  and  published  his  "  Arctic  Re- 
searches and  Life  among  the  Esqui- 
maux." From  1834,  to  the  close  of 
18fil),  he  was  engaged  in  his  second  ex- 
pedition. He  then  induced  congress  to 
make  an  appropriation  to  tit  out  an  ex- 
pedition to  reach  the  north  pole,  which 


was  placed  under  his  command:  In  the 
Polaris  he  reached  the  most  northern 
point  hitherto  attained  (August  30, 
1871),  when  they  turned  back,  to  win- 
ter in  latitude  81.38  X.  in  a  sheltered 
bay,  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of 
Polaris,  where  he  d.  of  apoplexy  in 
November  of  the  same.  year. — James, 
an  American  lawyer  and  author,  b 
171)3,  served  in  the  army  in  the  war  of 
1812,  and  accompanied  Decatur  on  his 
expedition  against  Algiers.  Resinning 
the  study  of  the  law  in  1818.  he  estab- 
lished himself  in  the  practice  in  Illinois, 
became  public  prosecutor  in  a  district 
where  it  was  no  sinecure,  and  was  for 
three  years  judge  of  the  circuit  court. 
He  removed  to  Cincinnati,  in  1833,  and 
for  the  residue  of  his  life  devoted  him- 
self chiefly  to  literary  pursuits,  publish- 
ing many  volumes' of  "Western  Le- 
gends and  Tales,"  a  "Life  of  Generajl 
Harrison,"  and  contributing  largely  to 
periodicals,  articles  on  western  subjects. 
His  great  work  on  the  "  Historv  of  the 
Indian  Tribes,"  3  vols,  folio,  with  120 
portraits  of  Indian  chiefs,  was  written 
in  conjunction  with  Thomas  L.  Mc Ken- 
ny. There  is  an  edition  of  bis  collected 
works  in  4  vols.     D.  in  Cincinnati  18(58. 

—  Marshall,  an  English  physician, 
and  the  author  of  works  on,  as  well  as 
of  important  discoveries  in,  the  practice 
of  medicine,  b.  1791.  He  visited  the 
United  States  in  1853-54,  as  a  lecturer. 
His  last  effort  in  the  cause  of  science 
was  the  discovery  of  the  method  of  re- 
storing asphyxiated  persons.     1).    1838. 

—  Willaim),  an  American  jurist,  b.  at 
Westford,  Mass.,  178(1,  graduated  at 
Harvard  college,  1799.  removed  to  Del- 
aware, in  1801,  was  elected  a  member 
of  congress  in  1810  and  1818,  and  in 
182-3  was  appointed  by  President  Mon- 
roe judge  of  the  U.  S.  district  court  of 
Delaware,  and  discharged  the  duties  of 
this  office  forty-eight  years.  He  re- 
signed in  1871,  and  d.  1875. 

1IALLAM,  Hknuy,  an  English  his- 
torian, li.  at  Windsor,  1777.  His  lather 
was  dean  of  Bristol.  Educated  at 
Eton  and  Oxford,  he  pursued  the  study 
of  the  law,  but  never  engaged  to  any 
extent  in  its  practice.  He  was  the  per- 
sonal and  political  friend  of  the  distin- 
guished liberal  statesmen  of  his  time, 
and  was  among  the  early  contributors 
to  the ''Edinburgh  Review."  In  1818, 
he  published  the  "View  of  the  State  of 
Europe  during  the  Middle  Ages,"  2  vols, 
•ito;  in  1827,  "  The  Constitutional  His- 
torv of  England  from  the  Accession  of 
Henry  VII.  to  the  Death  of  George  II." 


138 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[HAL 


2  vols.  4to;  in  1837-39,  the  "Introduc- 
tion to  the  Literature  of  Europe  in  the 
Fifteenth.  Sixteenth,  and  Seventeenth 
Centuries,"  appeared  in  4  vols.  8vo.  D. 
at  Peiishurst,  Kent,  1859.  He  wrote,  in 
1834,  a  memoir  of  his  son,  Arthur  Hen- 
fry,  which  was  prefixed  to  a  collection 
of  the  poems  and  essays  of  the  latter, 
printed  for  private  circulation.  The  son 
was  betrothed  to  the  sister  of  Tenny- 
son, and  was  the  subject  of  his  "  In  Me- 
jnoriain." 

HALLECK,  Fitz  Greene,  an  Amer- 
ican poet,  b.  1790,  d.  Nov.  7,  1837,  at 
Guilford,  Conn.  He  was  in  his  youth  a 
clerk  of  Jacob  Barker,  the  well  known 
financier,  and  afterwards  for  many 
years  confidential  clerk  of  John  Jacob 
Astor,  who  designated  him  as  one  of  the 
trustees  of  the  Astor  Library.  The 
sparkling  Croaker  poeins,  published  at 
intervals  in  the  "  New  York  Evening 
Post"  in  1819-20,  written  by  Halleck 
in  conjunction  with  his  friend  John 
Rodman  Drake,  excited  great  attention 
at  the  time  of  their  appearance,  and 
have  been  frequently  reprinted  in  a  col- 
lected form;  notably  in  the  exquisite 
volume  published  by  the  Bradford 
Club  with  portraits  of  the  poets.  In 
1820,  he  gave  to  the  world  "Fanny," 
his  longest  though  not  his  best  poem; 
a  pleasant  satire  on  fashionable  life, 
full  of  hits,  and  allusions  well  under- 
stood at  the  time  and  too  good- 
natured  to  give  offence.  "Alnwick 
Castle,"  "Marco  Bozzaris,"  '•Burns," 
"The  Field  of  the  Grounded  Anns," 
"Magdalen."  and  a  score  of  minor 
poems  followed,  sustaining  the  popu- 
larity and  adding  to  the  fame  acquired 
by  his  earlier  productions.  Mr.  Halleck 
was  at  all  times  very  much  courted  and 
flattered  socially,  and  was  a  most  charm- 
ing conversationist  and  dinner-table 
companion.  His  "Poems"  complete 
have  been  edited  with  notes  by  J.  G.  Wil- 
son, who  has  also  published  his  "Life 
and  Letters."  —  Hkxky  Wager,  an 
American  general,  b.  1814,  educated  at 
West  Point,  entered  the  engineer  corps, 
and  was  employed  1841  to  1844,  on  the 
fortifications  in  New  York  harbor.  In 
the  Mexican  war  he  served  on  the  Pa- 
cific coast,  and  after  the  peace  filled 
several  civil  offices  in  California,  and 
for  several  years  was  at  the  head  of  a 
prominent  law  firm  in  San  Francisco. 
In  1861,  he  was  appointed  major  gen- 
eral in  the  U.  S.  army,  and  in  Novem- 
ber of  that  year  took  command  of  the 
department  of  Missouri,  and  of  the  de- 
partment of  the  Mississippi  in  the  March 


following.  He  commanded  at  the  siege 
and  capture  of  Corinth.  In  July  he 
was  appointed  general-in-chief,  and  so 
continued  till  March,  1804,  when  he 
was  superseded  by  General  Grant,  and 
appointed  chief  of  staff,  U.  S.  army. 
In  April,  18(15,  he  took  command  of  the 
military  division  of  the  James,  and  in 
August  following  was  transferred  to 
that  of  the  Pacific,  and  in  March,  18G9, 
to  that  of  the  south  with  his  headquar- 
ters at  Louisville,  Ky.,  where  he  d. 
1872.  He  published  "  Elements  of  Mil- 
itary Art  and  Science,"  and  a  transla- 
tion of  Jomini's  "  Life  of  Napoleon  " 
and  several  other  works  on  military  and 
scientific  subjects. 

HALLE  IT,  Benjamin  F.,  b.  at  Barn- 
stable, Mass.,  1798,  graduated  at  Brown 
university  in  1810,  anil  was  admitted  to 
the  practice  of  the  law.  His  energies 
and  talents  were,  however,  directed  to 
politics,  and  for  many  years  he  was 
one  of  the  most  prominent  and  influen- 
tial partisans  in  the  state, — first  as  a 
member  of  the  anti-masonic  party,  af- 
terwards of  the  Democratic  party.  He 
was  the  author  of  the  Cincinnati  dem- 
ocratic platform  of  1850.     D.  1802. 

HALLOCK,  Gekakd,  an  American 
editor,  b.  in  Connecticut,  1800,  gradu- 
ated at  Amherst,  and  began  his  career 
as  a  journalist  by  establishing  a  weekly 
paper  in  Boston.  In  1828  he  associated 
himself  with  David  Hale  in  publishing 
the  "  New  Y'ork  Journal  of  Commerce," 
which,  under  their  management,  was 
distinguished  for  its  enterprise  and  suc- 
cess in  obtaining  the  earliest  commer- 
cial news.  In  his  political  views,  Mr. 
Hallock  leaned  to  the  Democratic  party, 
but  his  journal  was  independent  and 
conservative.  He  was  very  pronounced 
in  his  opinions  on  the  rights  of  the  south 
on  the  slavery  question,  regarding  the 
constitution  with  Garrison  and  Phillips 
as  a  pro-slavery  instrument,  but  advo- 
cating always  its  strict  maintenance. 
D.  1800. 

II  ALPINE,  Charles  G.,  b.  in  Ire- 
land, 1829,  educated  at  Trinity  college, 
Dublin,  came  to  this  country  in  1852, 
and  was  a  journalist  in  New  York  and 
Boston,  till  he  enlisted  in  the  volunteers 
in  April,  1801,  and  rose  to  be  brigadier- 
general.  He  published  "  Poems  by 
the  letter  H,"  war  songs  "by  Miles 
O'Reilly,"  and  a  volume  of  humorous 
writings  under  the  same  name,  and 
another  volume  of  poems,  in  1804. 
Soon  afterward  he  became  proprietor  of 
the  "  Citizen  "  newspaper  in  New  York, 
and  d.  1868. 


ham] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


139 


HAMEL,  Dr.  JosErii,  a  learned  Rus- 
sian, b.  1788;  d.  in  London,  1802.  He 
wrote  a  history  of  the  steam-engine  and 
of  the  electric  telegraph,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Imperial  Academy  of 
Science?,  St.  Petersburg. 

HAMELIN,  1'kuki.nand  Alphonsk, 
French  admiral,  senator,  and  minister 
of  the  marine,  h.  1790;  d.  1864. 

HAMILTON,  AnduewJackson,  an 
American  politician,  b.  in  Alabama, 
1805,  studied  law  and  commenced  prac- 
tice, but  in  1843  emigrated  to  Texas  and 
eventually  settled  in  the  city  of  Austin. 
After  serving  in  local  offices  he  was 
elected  in  1859  to  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives of  the  U.  S.  During  the 
civil  war  he  was  a  Union  man.  In  1802. 
he  was  appointed  military  governor  of 
Texas,  and  provisional  governor  in  18fi5. 
D.  1875.  — James,  b.  in  South  Caro- 
lina, 1792,  served  with  honor  in  the  war 
of  1812  ;  practised  law  in  Charleston: 
sat  in  the  state  legislature;  and  from 
1822  to  182:1  was  a  representative  in 
congress,  where  he  was  the  champion 
of  free  trade  and  southern  rights.  On 
the  passage  of  the  tariff  bill  of  1828, 
he  urged  upon  his  state  an  armed  re- 
sistance thereto.  In  1828  he  was  elected 
governor,  and  recommended  to  the  leg- 
islature the  passing  of  the  nullification 
act.  His  successor,  Governor  tlayne, 
appointed  him  commander-in-chief  of 
the  troops  raised  for  (he  defence  of  the 
state.  He  afterwards  took  an  active  in- 
terest in  the  affairs  of  Texas,  was  her 
representative  to  England  and  France, 
and  her  advocate  when  the  question  of 
admission  into  the  Union  came  up  for 
action.  He  lost  his  life  by  a  collision 
between  the  steamboats  Galveston  and 
Opelousas,  off  Texas,  Oct.  15,  1857.  — 
Sut  William,  Bart.,  b.  at  Glasgow, 
178S,  was  called  to  the  Scottish  bar  in 
1813.  In  1821  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  history  in  the  university  of 
Edinburgh,  and  in  183G,  professor  of 
logic  and  metaphysics.  In  1852  he 
published  a  volume  of  essays  under  the 
title  of  "Discussions  in  Philosophy, 
Literature,  Education,  and  University 
Reform."  He  edited  an  edition  of  Du- 
gald  Stewart's  works,  in  nine  volumes, 
1854-50.  D.  1850. —William  Rich- 
ard, diplomatist  and  archaeologist,  b. 
in  London,  1777,  was  a  secretary  of  the 
English  embassy  at  Constantinople,  as- 
sir-ted  in  the  removal  of  the  Elgin  mar- 
bles, and  procured  the  famous  Rosetta 
stone  for  the  British  Museum.  On  his 
return  to  England  he  published  ''JEgyp- 
tiaca,"  an  account  of  ancient  and  mod- 


ern Egypt.  D.  1859.  —  Sin  William 
Rowan,  a  celebrated  Irish  mathemati- 
cian, b.  in  Dublin.  1805;  d.  18EJ5.  He 
was  educated  at  Trinity  college,  where 
he  graduated  with  high  mathematical 
honors.  At  the  early  age  of  twenty- 
two  he  was  appointed  Andrews'  profes- 
sor of  astronomy  and  superintendent  of 
the  observatory  near  Dublin ;  and  soon 
after  Astronomer  Royal  of  Ireland. 
His  chief  works  are  his  "Lectures" 
and  his  "Elements  of  Quaternions." 
He  was  the  author  of  many  important 
treatises  published  in  the  "Transac- 
tions "  of  scientific  and  philosophical 
societies. 

HAMMER-PURGSTALL,  Jose™, 
Baron  von,  b.  at  Gratz,  in  Styria,  1774; 
d.  1850.  His  life  was  devoted  to  ori- 
ental literature,  and  besides  contribut- 
ing papers,  philological  and  historical, 
to  many  literary  journals,  he  published 
numerous  independent  works,  of  which 
his  "  History  of  the  Assassins"  and 
"  History  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,"  may 
be  considered  the  chief. 

HAMMOND,  Jabez  D.,  author  and 
politician,  b.  in  New  liedford,  Mass., 
1778,  d.  in  Cherry  Valley,  N.  Y.,  1855. 
He  served  in  congress,  1815-1817; 
and  in  the  state  senate  of  New  York 
until  1821.  He  was  the  author  of  the 
"Life  and  Times  of  Silas  Wright,"  the 
"Political  History  of  New  York,"  2 
volumes,  8vo,  and  other  works. — James 
Hamilton,  b.  in  South  Carolina,  181)7, 
adopted  the  profession  of  law,  edited 
the  "  Southern  Times."  and  from  1835 
to  1837  was  a  representative  in  congress. 
In  1842  he  was  elected  governor  of 
South  Carolina,  and  on  the  expiration 
of  his  term  of  office  retired  to  his  plan- 
tation on  the  Savannah  river,  where  for 
several  years  he  devoted  himself  to  liter- 
ary and  agricultural  pursuits.  In  1857 
he  was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate,  but 
resigned  after  the  passage  of  the  ordi- 
nance of  secession  by  his  state  in  Dec. 
1800.     D.  1834. 

HAMON,  Jean  Louis,  a  French 
painter,  b.  1821,  a  pupil  of  Paul  Dela- 
roche,  was  a  mannerist  in  infantile  sub- 
jects, which  he  painted  with  singular 
grace  and  spirit.     D.  1874. 

HAMPDEN,  Kknn  Dickson,  an 
English  theologian,  b.  1793,  in  Barba- 
does,  graduated  at  Oxford,  and  in  1832 
delivered  the  "Bampton  Lectures," 
which  raised  doubts  of  his  orthodoxy, 
and  led  to  a  violent  opposition  from  the 
high  church  party  to  his  appointment  as 
Bishop  of  Hereford  in  1847.  He  wrote 
"The   Fathers  of  Greek  Philosophy," 


140 


CYCLOPEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPIIY. 


[IIAR 


•^Philosophical  Evidence  of  Christian- 
itv,"  and  other  volumes  of  lectures  and 
Sfermons.     D.  1808. 

HANK  V,  Yi:m  isi.as,  philologist,  b. 
17!)1,  at  Horetiowes,  encouraged  by  his 
various  publications  the  study  «>f  the 
ancient  Bohemian  language  and  litera- 
ture. His  alleged  discovert'  of  the  .MS. 
of  the  "  Kuiigiiihof  "  (Court  of  the 
Queen),  containing  old  Bohemian  poems 
of  great  beauty,  is  ranked  by  some  with 
tlie  discoveries  of  (Jhatterton  and  Ire- 
land Tlie  poems  have  been  translated 
into  most  of  the  European  languages. 
D.  18S1. 

HANNAY,  James,  journalist  and 
novelist,  b.  1827,  in  Scotland,  edited  for 
a  few  \  ears  the  "Edinburgh  Courant," 
and  wrote  a  uuntber  of  novels,  among 
which  may  be  specially  noted  "Single- 
ton Fontenoy."  He  was  British  consul 
from  18J8,  at  Barcelona,  where  he  d. 
1873. 

HANSEN,  Peter  Andiikas,  a  Ger- 
man astronomer,  director  of  the  See- 
burg  observatory  near  Gotha,  wrote 
many  important  treatises  in  mathe- 
matics and  astronomv.  1>.  in  Sehles- 
wig,  1705  ;  d.  in  Gotha.  1X74. 

HANSTEICN,  Ciiristoi'Hkr,  a  Nor- 
wegian astronomer,  b.  at  Christiania, 
1784,  abandoned  law  for  mathematics, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  re- 
searches in  terrestrial  magnetism.  In 
pursuing  his  investigations  he  travelled 
extensively,  and  wrote  an  account  of 
his  travels  in  Siberia  which  was  trans- 
lated into  the  French  language.  He 
superintended  the  construction  of  ihe 
observatory  at  Christiania  and  became 
its  director  in  1833.     I).  IS-:; 

HAIiBAUGH.  Henry,  an  American 
theologian,  b.  1817,  in  Pennsylvania, 
studied  and  preached  there,  and  became 
professor  in  the  theological  seminary  of 
Mercersburg,  and  an  expounder  of  the 
tenets  of  the  Mercersburg  school.  He 
edited  the  "  Guardian  "  and  "  Review," 
and  published  many  volumes  of  a  re- 
ligious character  which  were  very  pop- 
ular, among  them  "The  Heavenly 
Home"  and  "Christological  Theol- 
ogy." He  also  published  poems  in  the 
Pennsylvania  German  dialect.    D.  1807. 

HARDEE,  William  J.,  an  American 
general,  b.  in  Georgia,  1818,  graduated 
at  West  Point,  and  was  brevet  ted  lieut.- 
colonel  in  the  war  with  Mexico.  In 
1 8 r>  1 ,  ho  entered  the  confederate  service, 
took  part  in  several  important  battles, 
and  commanded  at  Savannah  and  at 
Charleston  when  they  were  occupied  by 
the  Union  forces,  afterward  surrender- 


ing with  the  remainder  of  John-ton's 
army.  He  assisted  Lieut.  Benet  in  com- 
piling a  work  on  "Tactics."     I).  1873. 

HARD!!?,  James  A.,  an  American 
soldier,  graduated  at  West  Point,  1843, 
served  ill  the  Mexican  war,  ami  was 
brevetted  brigadier  and  major  general 
in  1805,  for  his  services  in  the  civil  war. 
He  d.  at  Washington  inspector  general 
U.  S.  A.,   187G. 

HARDING,  Chester,  an  American 
portrait  painter,  b.  1702,  passed  his 
youth  in  various  humble  vocations,  and 
was  working  as  a  chair  painter  when 
accident  led  him  to  attempt  a  portrait 
of  his  wife.  His  success  in  this  crude 
attempt  induced  him  to  venture  on  the 
art  as  a  means  of  livelihood,  and  he 
lived  to  achieve  great  success  in  it.  For 
many  years  he  made  his  headquarters 
ill  rSoston,  where  bis  portraits  were  al- 
ways looked  for  with  interest  in  the  an- 
nual exhibitions  of  the  Athenaeum  Gal- 
lery. He  made  several  visits  to  Eng- 
land, where  his  social  qualities  and  his 
fondness  for  Held  sports  made  him  pop- 
ular, and  advanced  his  artistic  interests. 
There  he  painted  portraits  of  Rogers  the 
p.oet,  Ricardo  the  economist,  and  Alison 
the  historian,  besides  those  of  several  of 
the  nobilitv.  In  this  country,  Clay, 
Webster,  Calhoun,  Madison,  Marshall, 
Wirt,  and  many  other  eminent  men  in 
all  professions  sat  to  him.  D.  18G0. — 
George  Perfect,  an  English  artist, 
was  engaged  most  of  his  life  in  copying 
in  water-colors  ancient  portraits  that  he 
found  in  the  mansions  of  the  nobility, 
the  public  galleries,  and  the  halls  of 
the  universities.  Many  of  these  por- 
traits were  engraved,  and  among  oth- 
ers for  the  works  of  Lodge,  and  of 
Jesse.  D.  1853. — Iamks  Dukfikld, 
a  distinguished  landscape  painter,  b.  in 
Kent,  1708;  first  worked  in  water-col- 
ors, afterwards  in  oil,  but  produced  re- 
markable effects  with  a  piece  of  chalk 
or  charcoal,  and  was  an  able  draughts- 
man upon  stone,  lie  was  the  author  of 
several  works  upon  art,  chiefly  elemen- 
tary, with  numerous  illustrations,  such 
as  "  Lessons  on  Trees,"  "  Lessons  on 
Art,"  "  Principles  and  Practice  of  Art," 
and  several  others,  which  are  highly  es- 
teemed.    D.  1803. 

HARDINGE,  Sir  Hexry,  a  British 
general,  b.  1785,  entered  the  army  at 
an  early  age,  and  served  with  gre  it  dis- 
tinction in  the  Peninsular  war.  At  the 
battle  of  Ligny  he  lost  his  left  hand. 
In  1820  he  entered  parliament,  and  was 
soon  after  made  secretary  of  war,  to 
which  post,  after  serving  from  1330  as 


iiar] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    UIOGP.APHY, 


141 


secretary  of  Ireland,  lie  returned,  and 
held  i!  till  appointed  governor-general 
of  India  in  1844  In  1852  lie  succeeded 
Wellington  as  commander-in-chief,  and 
in  1855  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of 
field  marshal.     I).  1856. 

HARDWICK,  Charles,  an  English 
theologian,  b.  1821,  in  Yorkshire,  d. 
185,0,  in  an  ascent  of  the  Pyrenees. 
He  was  a  writer  on  many  subjects  con- 
nected with  church  history,  and  left  un- 
finished an  elaborate  work  on  Christi- 
anity as  compared  with  other  forms  of 
religion.  He  was  archdeacon  of  Ely  at 
the  time  of  his  death.  —  Philip,  an 
English  architect,  l>.  1792,  erected  the 
Goldsmith's  Hall  in  London,  the  build- 
ings at  St.  Katharine's  Docks,  the  great 
hall  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  several  clas- 
sical edifices.     1).  1870. 

HARDWICKE,  Charles  Philip 
Yokke.  Earl  of,  a  British  admiral,  b. 
1800,  educated  at  the  Royal  naval  col- 
lege, saw  much  active  service  in  the 
navy,  sat  in  the  house  of  commons 
from  1831  till  he  succeeded  his  uncle 
as  fourth  earl,  in  1834.  He  attained 
the  rank  of  admiral,  was  postmaster- 
general  during  Lord  Derby's  first  ad- 
ministration, and  lord,  privy  seal  in  his 
second.     I).  1873. 

HAKE,  Julius  Charles,  archdeacon, 
b.  1795,  educated  at  Cambridge,  was 
appointed  rector  of  Hurstinouceaux, 
1832;  archdeacon  of  Lewes,  1840; 
chaplain  to  the  queen,  1853;  d  dan. 
23,  1855.  Mr.  Hare,  who  was  regarded 
as  the  leader  of  the  "  broad  "  section  of 
the  Anglican  Church,  wrote  a  great 
number  of  pieces  on  the  controversies 
of  his  day.  He  also  published  "  Guess- 
es at  Truth,"  conjointly  with  bis  broth- 
er ;  a  translation,  undertaken  with 
Thirlwall,  of  the  first  two  volumes  of 
the  second  edition  of  Niebuhr's  "  His- 
tory of  Rome;"  and  an  edition  of  the 
"Essays  and  Tales  of  John  Stirling, 
with  a  Memoir."  —  Robert,  a  distin- 
guished chemist,  the  inventor  of  the 
compound  blowpipe,  the  author  of  sev- 
eral brilliant  discoveries,  especially  in 
electro-galvanism,  and  in  later  life  a 
disciple  of  spiritualism;  b.  in  Philadel- 
phia, 1781;  d.  1858. 

HARFORD,  John  Scanimsett,  an 
English  author,  b.  1785,  was  an  inti- 
mate friend  of  Hannah  More,  and  was 
supposed  to  have  been  the  original  of 
her  once  famous  "  Coelebs."  He  wrote 
a  "  Life  of  Michael  Angelo,'"  "Life  of 
Bishop  Burgess,"  "Recollections  of 
William  Wilberfnree,"  and  several  oth- 
er volumes.     D.  18GG. 


RARING,  Wilhelm,  known  under 
his  pseudonym  of  Wilibakl  Alexis,  as 
one  of  the  best  novelists  of  Germany, 
was  b.  1798  in  I'reslau.  lie  made  his 
debut  in  authorship  with  the  romance  of 
" Walladmor,"  which  was  announced 
as  a  translation  from  Sir  Waller  Scott, 
and  which  was  so  received  by  his  Ger- 
man readers.  Numerous  successful 
novels  followed,  but  bis  historical  ro- 
mances are  the  most  esteemed,  lie  pub- 
lished also,  in  conjunction  with  M.  Ilit- 
zig,  "Der  Neue  Pitaval,"  a  collection 
of  celebrated  trials,  which  passes  in 
Germany  as  the  best  work  of  this  de- 
scription extant.     D.  1871. 

HARNESS,  William,  an  English 
clergyman,  b.  1790,  was  educated  at 
Harrow,  where  he  became  intimate 
with  Lord  Byron;  their  friendship  was 
only  terminated  by  death.  He  indig- 
nantly repudiated  the  charges  brought 
against  his  lordship  by  Mrs.  Slowe  on 
the  authority  of  lady  Byron.  After 
graduating  at  Cambridge  he  was  awhile 
a  country  curate,  but  eventually  be- 
came incumbent  of  lie^ent  Square 
Chapel,  London.  He  was  an  excellent 
conversationist,  an  eloquent  preacher, 
a  Sliakspeirian  scholar  and  editor,  and 
a  friend  of  most  of  the  eminent  literary 
persons  of  his  day.  He  published 
''Parochial  Sermons,"  and  other  works, 
but  is  best  know  n  by  what  he  has  left 
in  bis  '•  Literary  Life,"  edited  by 
L'  Estrange.     D.'l8f!9. 

HARPER,  James,  b.  1795;  d.  1869; 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  eminent 
printing  and  publishing  house  of  Har- 
per Brothers.  He  was  elected  mayor  of 
New  York,  in  1844,  and  declined  to  run 
as  a  candidate  for  the  office  of  governor 
when  a  nomination  was  tendered  to 
him.  — John,  b.  1797,  went  to  New- 
York  in  1810,  to  learn  the  art  of  print- 
ing, and  in  1817  with  his  brother  James 
formed  a  partnership  under  the  firm 
of  J.  &  J.  Harper  as  printers  and  pub- 
lishers. When  the  house  in  1^20  took 
the  style  of  Harper  Brothers,  he  was 
made  financial  manager.  1).  1875. — 
Joseph  Wesley,  b.  1801;  d.  1870,  a 
junior  partner,  had  charge  for  many 
years  of  the  literary  department  of  the 
firm.  — Fletcher,  the  youngest  of  the 
brothers,  b.  January  31,  1800,  was  for 
many  years  the  most  important  member 
of  the  firm,  being  possessed  of  an  un- 
common creative  power,  and  devoting 
himself  to  that  department  which  con- 
templated the  extension  of  the  business. 
He  was  the  founder  and  for  many  years 
the     managing     editor    of    "Harper's 


142 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    I5IOGRAPIIY. 


[iTAR 


Magazine,.'1  until  "  Harper's  Weekly  " 
assumed  a  political  character  when  lie 
made  it.  his  exclusive  charge,  and  so 
conducted  it  that  its  influence  in  public 
affairs  was  such  as  no  other  weekly 
journal  has  ever  attained  in  this  coun- 
try, lie  was  a  man  of  singular  gentle- 
ness and  tact  in  his  personal  intercourse, 
combined  with  great  firmness  and  en- 
ergy.    1>.  Mav,  1877. 

HARKING!  Habko  Paul,  a  German 
litterateur,  b.  at  llensdorf  171)8,  studied 
painting,  travelled  in  the  old  world  and 
the  new,  served  in  Greece  in  1828  and 
in  Poland  in  the  cause  of  liberty,  was 
expelled  at  different  times  from  Bava- 
ria, Saxony,  and  Norway,  as  a  political 
agitator  and  conspirator,  and  wrote 
many  plays,  novels,  and  miscellaneous 
works.  His  best  novel  is  "Dolores," 
written  in  English,  and  published  in 
New  York  in  1844.  His  "  Memoirs  of 
Poland  under  Russian  Domination  "  was 
translated  into  French.  D.  by  his  own 
hand  in  Jersev,  1870. 

HARRIS,  John,  D.  D.,  principal  of 
New  college,  London,  and  author  of 
"Mammon,"  "The  Great  Teacher," 
and  other  religious  works.  B.  1802;  d. 
1856.  —  Thaddkus  William,  an  Amer- 
ican entomologist,  b.  1795,  was  libra- 
rian of  Harvard  college  from  1831  to  bis 
death,  in  1856.  His  " Systematic  Cata- 
logue of  the  Insects  of  Massachusetts" 
includes  2,350  species.  His  "Treatise 
on  some  of  the  Insects  of  New  England 
which  are  injurious  to  Vegetation"  is 
recognized  as  a  permanent  contribution 
to  science.  He  was,  moreover,  an  anti- 
quarian, though  known  only  by  the 
fruits  of  occasional  investigations.  D. 
1858.  —  Thomas  L.,  b.  in  Connecticut, 
1816,  studied  law,  and  removed  to  Illi- 
nois in  1812.  He  raised  a  company  for 
the  Mexican  war,  was  elected  major  of 
his  regiment,  and  was  honorably  men- 
tioned in  government  despatches,  for 
placing  a  24-pounder  cannon  on  the 
heights  of  Cerro  Gordo,  the  night  pre- 
ceding the  battle.  In  1848.  he  was 
elected  to  the  lower  house  of  congress, 
and  was  reelected  to  the  35th  congress. 
D.  1858. —  Sut  William  Snow,  b.  at 
Plymouth,  England,  1792,  was  edu- 
cated for  the  medical  profession,  but 
devoted  himself  to  scientific  pursuits. 
He  discovered,  in  1820,  a  new  mode 
of  conducting  lightning,  which  was 
adopted  twenty-three  years  later  in  her 
Majesty's  navy,  and  invented  a  new 
mariner's  compass,  and  a  method  of 
lightning  conductors  for  iron  ships.  He 
was  author  of  several  treatises  on  Elec- 


tricity, Thunder-storms,  and  Electro- 
Magnetism.  For  his  scientific  services 
he  was  knighted  and  received  a  pen- 
sion of  .£:i00.     D.  1867. 

HARRISON,  William,  an  English 
vocalist  and  manager,  b.  1813,  made 
his  (l bat,  at  Covent  Garden  in  183!), 
and  played  Macbeth  in  the  "  Beggar's 
Opera  "  for  upwards  of  sixty  nights.  He 
was  the  original  Thaddeus  in  Balfe's 
opera  of  "The  Bohemian  Girl,'  and 
from  the  edit  he  gave  to  I  he  song  of 
"You'll  remember  me,"  80,000  copies 
of  it  were  sold  the  first  year.  In  1854 
he  visited  the  United  States  with  Miss 
Louisa  Pyue  and  other  artists,  and 
gave  a  hundred  concerts  and  more 
than  five  hundred  operatic  perform- 
ance*. On  his  return  he  resolved  to 
establish  the  English  opera,  and  in  1857 
commenced  his  work  at  the  Lyceum 
with  promising  success,  passing  thence 
to  Drury  Lane,  and  finally  to  Covent 
Garden,  where  for  the  first  two  years 
his  undertaking  prospered;  but,  in  spite 
of  immense  expenditures  on  musical 
copyrights,  libretti,  and  artists'  salaries, 
and  the  production  of  numerous  novel- 
ties, original  and  translated,  the  attempt 
to  make  an  English  institution  of  the 
opera  was  an  utter  failure,  and  resulted 
in  Mr.  Harrison's  pecuniary  ruin.  D. 
I860. 

HART,  Jof.L  T.,  an  American  sculp- 
tor, b.  in  Kentucky  about  1810,  at  20 
entered  a  stone-cutter's  shop  at  Lexing- 
ton. He  soon  began  to  model  busts  in 
clay,  and  bis  first  commission  in  mar- 
ble was  a  bust  of  Gen.  Jack-on.  Re- 
ceiving an  order  for  a  marble  statue  of 
Henry  Clay,  he  went  to  Florence  in 
1840  to  execute  it,  but  it  was  not  till 
ten  years  afterwards  that  the  statue 
was  shipped  to  the  United  Stales.  It 
is  placed  in  the  Capitol  square  at  Rich- 
mond, Va.  He  made  also  a  colossal 
bronze  statue  of  Mr.  Clay,  which  stands 
in  New  Orleans.  Many  busts  of  em- 
inent men  were  made  by  Mr.  Hart,  and 
a  number  of  ideal  statues,  among  which 
are  "Angelina,"  "  II  Penseroso,"  and 
"  Woman  Triumphant."  D.  in  Flor- 
ence, 1877.  —  Joseph  C,  author  of 
"Marian  Collin"  and  "Romance  of 
Yachting,"  American  consul  at  Santa- 
Cruz,  Canary  Islands;  d.  there,  1855. 

IIARTMANN,  Mouitz.  a  German 
poet  and  politician,  b.  1821,  in  Bohe- 
mia, studied  at  Prague  and  Vienna, 
and  travelled  in  Italy,  France,  and  Bel- 
gium. On  his  return  ro  Vienna,  in 
1847,  he  was  arrested  for  the  expres- 
sion of   liberal  opinions,  and    incarcer- 


II A  V] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


143 


ated.  Set  free  by  the  revolution  of 
1848,  lie  became  chief  of  the  German 
party  in  Bohemia,  and  mem  her  of 
the  Frankfort  parliament,  where  he 
voted  with  the  extreme  left.  He  ac- 
companied Ilium  and  Froebel  to  Vi- 
enna, in  184!),  to  excite  revolution,  but 
escaped  the  fate  of  his  comrades.  Af- 
ter residing  several  years  in  France,  ho 
went  to  the  Crimea  as  correspondent  of 
the  "  Cologne  Gazette."  Besides  other 
works,  he  published  at  Leipsic  "Cup 
and  Sword,"  a  collection  of  poems.  1845: 
"  New  Poems,  "  in  1847  ;  "  The  Rhymed 
Chronicle  of  the  Clerk  Mauritius,"  a 
piquant  satire  on  the  politicians  of  Cer- 
manv,  which  had  verv  great  success. 
D.  18T2. 

HARTSHORNE,  Charles  Henry, 
an  English  archaeologist,  b.  1802,  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  ordained  priest, 
and  became  rector  in  Northampton- 
shire, in  the  illustration  of  whose  his- 
tory and  antiquities  he  published  sev- 
eral interesting  volumes.     D.  1865. 

HARVEY,  Sin  Gkokgk,  a  Scotch 
painter,  b.  18iM>,  near  Stirling,  was  ap- 
prenticed to  a  bookseller,  but  with  a 
Strong  passion  for  art  removed  to  Edin- 
burgh to  draw  in  the  Trustees'  Acad- 
emy, and  in  182),  was  elected  a  full 
Royal  Scottish  Academician.  His  best 
pictures  were  illustrative  of  Scottish 
manners  and  scenery,  and  among  them 
we  may  mention  "The  Covenanters' 
{"reaching."  "  Sabbath  Evening," 
"Bun van  with  his  Blind  Daughter  sell- 
ing stay-laces  at  the  door  uf  Bedford 
Gaol,"  and  the  "Highland  Funeral." 
Most  of  his  more  successful  works  have 
been  engraved.  I).  1876.  —  Louis  1'.. 
governor  of  Wisconsin,  b  at  East  Ilad- 
dam,  Colli)-,  182;);  was  drowned  while 
en  route  with  supplies  for  the  wounded 
after  the  battle  of  Shiioh,  18H2.  —  Sin 
John,  a  British  officer,  b.  1778,  entered 
the  army,  1704.  had  seen  much  foreign 
service,  when  he  was  made  adjutant- 
general  in  Canada,  1812.  He  led  the 
attack  on  Stony  Creek,  June  5,  IS  1-1, 
and  captured  generals  Chandler  and 
Winder:  was  at  Chrvstler's  Farm,  Lun- 
dy's  Lane,  and  wounded  at  the  battle 
of  Fort  Erie.  He  was  aid  to  Welling- 
ton at  Waterloo;  governor  uf  New 
Brunswick,  then  of  Newfoundland,  and 
in  1840,  of  Nova  Scotia.  1).  at  Halifax, 
1852.  —William,  an  English  designer 
and  engraver,  b.  at  Newcastle,  170(1, 
was  apprenticed  to  Thomas  Bewick, 
the  wood  engraver,  and  after  seven 
years'  service  went  to  London  and 
6tudied  with  Havdon.  In  1824  he  aban- 


doned engraving  and  devoted  himself 
to  book  illustration.     D.  18(i(J. 

HASTINGS,  Thomas,  composer  of 
sacred  melodies,  b.  in  Connecticut, 
1784;  from  his  twenty-lir-t  year  devoted 
bimse  f  to  the  cultivation  and  leaching 
of  vocal  music.  In  1822,  he  published 
a  "  Dissertation  on  Musical  Taste,"  and 
in  1832,  established  himself  in  New 
York  city,  where  for  forty  years  he  was 
engaged  in  preparing  collections  of 
church  music,  the  composition  of  tunes, 
and  in  varied  labors  for  the  improve- 
ment of  church  music.  His  published 
works  w.  re  numerous.  D.  in  New 
York,  1872. 

HAUCII,  Johannes  Carstes  v<>n, 
b.  in  Norway,  1791,  was  poet,  drama- 
tist, zui  lojiist,  chemist,  novelist,  pro- 
fessor of  natural  sciences,  and  profes- 
sor of  aesthetics  and  belles-lettres  at  the 
university  of  Copenhagen.  During  a 
year's  residence  in  Paris  he  divided  bis 
time  between  the  theatres  and  the  Jar- 
din  des  Plantes.  His  productions  were 
numerous.  One  of  his  romances  is  en- 
titled "Robert  Fulton."     D.  1872. 

HAUPT,  Mokitz,  a  German  philol- 
ogist and  classical  editor,  and  lecturer 
on  classical  literature  in  the  university 
of  Berlin,  was  b  1808;  d.  1874.  He  took 
an  active  part  on  the  liberal  side  in  the 
revolutionary  movements  of  1848-40. 

HAUPTMANN,  Mokitz,  a  German 
composer,  b.  at  Dresden,  1792,  was  a 
pupil  of  the  celebrated  violinist,  Spohr. 
His  compositions  were  distinguished  for 
puritv  of  form  and  richness  of  melody. 
D.  18/18. 

HAL'SSEN,  Ludwio,  a  German  his- 
torian, b.  1818,  studied  at  Heidelberg, 
where  he  became  acquainted  with 
Schlosser,  who  induced  him  to  engage 
in  historical  studies.  He  mingled  ac- 
lively  in  politics  in  the  liberal  interest, 
and  in  1848  edited,  with  Gerviiiii",  the 
"  Deutsche  Zeitung."  His  works  on 
the  history  of  Germany  are  much  es- 
teemed. D.  at  Heidelberg,  where  he 
was  a  professor,  18!57. 

HAVELOCK,  Sir  Henry,  major- 
general  in  the  British  army,  rendered 
eminent  by  his  services  in  the  field  in 
India,  was  b.  at  Bishopwearmouth  in 
1705,  and  received  his  first  appoint- 
ment a  month  after  the  battle  of  Water- 
loo. D.  1857,  leaving  the  reputation  of 
an  earnest  Christian  as  well  as  that  of  a 
valorous  soldier. 

HAVEN,  Alice  Bradley,  an  Amer- 
ican authoress,  h.  1828,  wrote  as  a  school 
girl  a  number  of  pleasant  sketches  which 
she  sent  to  the  Philadelphia  "  Saturday 


114 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[iIAW 


Gazette."  This  led  to  an  acquaintance 
with  its  editor,  Mr.  Joseph  C.Neal,  who 
married  her.  On  his  death  she  edited 
the  "Gazette"  for  a  number  of  years, 
and  wrote  numerous  popular  stories  for 
the  young,  and  ''The  Gossips  of  River- 
town"  with  essays  in  prose  and  verse. 
She  married,  in  1853,  Mr.  Samuel 
Haven.  I>.  18G3.  — Joseph,  an  Amer- 
ican clergyman,  b.  1810,  became  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  in  the  university 
of  Chicago,  and  wrote  "Mental  Philos- 
ophy "  and  "  Moral  Philosophy,"  which 
are  extensively  used  in  schools.  D. 
1S74. 

HAYILAND,  John,  architect,  b.  in 
England,  1702,  studied  with  Klmes,  and 
commenced  his  career  in  Russia.  He 
came  to  this  country  warmly  recom- 
mended by  John  Quincy  Adams,  then 
minister  at  St.  Petersburg,  and  con- 
structed, from  his  own  designs,  many 
public  works,  notably,  the  United  States 
Mint  at  Philadelphia.  He  paid  partic- 
ular attention  to  the  construction  of  jails 
and  prisons,  especially  those  on  the  sep- 
arate system.     1).  1S52. 

HAVF.N,  Leoxok  JosErii.  French 
publicist,  b.  in  Nonnandv,  1709,  shared 
with  his  father,  from  1810  to  1820,  the 
exile  to  which  he  had  been  condemned 
as  a  proscribed  regicide.  lie  was  the 
political  director  of  the  "  Siecle  "  for 
many  years.     D.  1838. 

HAWKS,  Joel,  an  American  Congre- 
gational clergyman  and  author,  b.  in 
Mass.,  178.),  educated  at  Andover,  was 
licensed  to  preach,  and  in  1815  was 
called  to  the  Centre  church,  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  where  he  was  sole  pastor  42 
years;  In  1828,  he  published  "  Lec- 
tures to  Young  Men,"  of  which  probably 
300,0)0  copies  were  circulated  in  this 
country  and  Great  Britain.  He  pub- 
lished "Memoir  of  Normand  Smith," 
and  other  works,  with  many  sermons 
and  occasional  discourses.     D.  1857. 

HAWKER,  Peteis,  lieutenant-colo- 
nel in  the  British  army,  but  more  par- 
ticularly eminent  in  the  sporting  world; 
d.  1853.  He  made  many  valuable  im- 
provements in  firearms,  and  was  the 
author  of  "  Instructions  to  Young 
Sportsmen  in  all  that  relates  to  Guns 
and  Shooting." 

HAWKINS,  Edward,  English  nu- 
mismatist itnd  archaeologist,  b.  178 1, 
was  from  1824  to  1810  keeper  of  an- 
tiquities in  the  British  Museum,  lie 
possessed  the  largest  collection  ever 
made  of  English  caricatures,  from  the 
time  of  Henry  VIII.     D.  1837. 

HAWKS,  Francis  Lisieic,  an  Amer- 


ican clergyman,  b.  1708.  in  North  Car- 
olina, studied  and  practised  law,  but 
entered  the  ministry  of  the  Episcopal 
church  and  was  ordained  in  1827.  Four 
\ cars  afterward  he  became  rector  of  St. 
Thomas  Church  in  New  York,  where  he 
officiated  till  1843.  As  historiographer 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church  he 
went  to  England,  in  1835,  and  obtained 
many  important  papers  illustrative  of 
its  early  history.  With  Dr.  <'.  S.  Henry 
he  established',  in  1837,  "  The  New 
York  Review"  to  which  he  contributed 
numerous  brilliant  articles.  Krom  1844, 
he  was  five  years  rector  of  a  church  in 
New  Orleans,  and  in  1849  he  became 
rector  of  Calvary  church  in  New  York, 
while  he  remained  till  the  breaking  out 
of  the  civil  war,  when  he  resigned  and 
went  to  Baltimore.  In  September, 
18G6,  he  assisted  in  laying  the  corner 
stone  of  the  chapel  of  the  Holy  Saviour, 
in  New  York,  and  d.  on  the  27th  of  the 
<ame  month.  While  a  lawyer,  he  pub- 
lished four  volumes  of  "  Cases  adjudged 
by  the  Supreme  Court  of  North  Caro- 
lina," and  a  complete  "  Digest"  of  the 
state  reports,  lie  also  wrote  a  history 
of  his  native  state.  His  vol,  meson  the 
Kpiscopal  church  of  the  United  States 
were  valuable  contributions  to  ecclesias- 
tical history.  He  edited  from  Commo- 
dore Perry's  notes  the  history  of  his 
"  Expedition."  His  works  tor  the  young 
were  numerous.  As  a  pulpit  orator, 
Dr.  Hawks  left  but  few  equals.  —  Cic- 
ki:o  Stanley,  brother  of  the  preced- 
ing, b.  1812,  ordained  priest  in  the  Prot- 
estant Episcopal  church,  was  settled 
over  a  church  in  Buffalo,  1836-43.  and 
in  the  latter  year  accepted  a  call  from 
Christ  Church,  St.  Louis.  In  1844,  he 
became  bishop  of  the  diocese  of  Mis- 
souri.    D.  18C8. 

HAWTHORNE,  Nathaniel,  a  pop- 
ular American  author,  b.  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  1804.  He  was  h-ft  fatherless  at 
an  early  ai;e,  and  his  education  suffered 
from  feeble  health.  His  studies  were 
completed  at  Bowdoin  college,  where  he 
graduated  in  1825.  His  first  literary 
production  was  a  romance,  published 
anonymously  at  Boston,  in  1812,  and 
followed  in '1857  by  bis  "Twice-Told 
Tales,"  of  which  he"  gave  a  second  se- 
ries in  1842.  In  1838  be  was  appointed 
a  weigher  and  ganger  in  the  Boston  cus- 
tom house  ;  but  being  of  the  Democratic 
party,  he  was  removed  in  1811.  He 
next  joined  the  Brook  Farm  community, 
at  West  Roxbury,  Ma<s.,  where,  with 
its  other  inmates,  he  appears  to  have 
experienced    sufficient    disappointment 


hay] 

to  reconcile  him  to  tlie  old  ways  of  the 
outside  world.  In  1813,  having  mar- 
ried, he  went  to  reside  in  the  village  of 
Concord,  and  tenanted  the  Old  Manse, 
from  whose  windows  the  minister  of 
the  parish  observed  ihe  conflict  between 
his  friends  and  the  British  troops  on  the 
19th  April,  1775.  Here  he  passed  three 
years,  and  of  his  personal  history  at 
this  time  he  has  given  some  delightful 
glimpses  in  i  he  introduction  to  ''Mosses 
from  an  Old  Manse,"  a  collection  of 
tales  and  sketches.  In  1840.  he  was 
appointed  surveyor  of  the  port  of  Salem 
by  President  Polk,  and  the  historical 
associations  of  the  quiet  and  venerable 
place  furnished  materials  for  the  most 
graphic  and  satirical  efforts  of  his  pen. 
His  ancient  opponents,  the  Whigs,  re- 
gained supremacy  in  1849,  and  Mr. 
Hawthorne  again  passed  into  retirement, 
this  time,  however,  seeking  a  residence 
in  Lenox,  amidst  the  hills  of  Berkshire 
In  183'»,  he  published  "The  Scarlet 
Letter."  His  "House  of  the  Seven 
Gables  "  appeared  in  1851 ;  and  in  the 
following  year  "The  Blithedale  Ro- 
mance," wherein  he  reproduces  his  ex- 
periences of  his  old  home  at  Brook 
Farm.  About  the  same  time  he  re- 
moved to  Concord,  N.  H.,  the  residence 
of  his  friend,  Franklin  Pierce,  tin  n  the 
Democratic  candidate  for  the  presiden- 
cy. Mr  Hawthorne  so  far  entered  into 
the  campaign  as  to  publish  a  life  ■  f  Sir. 
Pierce,  who  rewarded  his  biographer 
with  the  office  of  consul  at  Liverpool, 
which  he  held  until  1857.  In  a  work 
entitled  "  Our  Old  Home,"  lie  describes 
his  impressions  of  England  and  her 
people.  After  travelling  on  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe,  he  returned  to  the  U. 
S.,  and  d.  at  Plymouth,  N.  II  ,  in  May. 
1804.  Besides  the  works  already  named 
he  published  "True  Stories  from  His- 
tory and  Biography,"  and  other  minor 
productions.  —  Sophia  Picauody,  his 
•wife,  h.  1810,  d.  1871.  She  edited  the 
''Note  Books"  of  her  husband,  and 
published  her  own  "  Notes  in  England 
and  Italv." 

HAWTREY,  EinvAttn  Cuavkn,  pro- 
vost of  Eton  college,  England,  an  ac- 
complished scholar,  and  remarkable  as 
a  translator.  His  "II  Trifoglio  "  con- 
tains translations  of  poems  in  Greek, 
Italian,  and  German.    B.  1783  ;  d.  1802. 

HAYDN,  JOSKPU,  author  of  "  Dic- 
tionary of  Date<,"  "The  Book  of  Dig- 
nities," and  other  works.  D.  in  Lon- 
don, 1850. 

HAYES,  Cathkiunk,  a  popular  vo- 
calist, was  b.  in  Limerick,  1820.     She 
10 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


145 


was  celebrated  for  rendering  with  sen- 
sibility, pathos,  and  expres-ion,  the 
melodies  of  her  native  country.  D. 
1801. 

I1AYNAU,  Julius  J.  yon,  an  Aus- 
trian general,  nosed  for  his  cruelty  to  the 
Hungarians  in  1840.  B.  1780;  d.  at 
Vienna.  1853. 

HAYS,  Alexander,  brigadier-gen- 
eral U.  S.  volunteers,  b.  at  Pittsburg, 
1823.  lie  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1814,  and  received  a  commission  in  the 
U.  S.  infantry  ;  fought  in  the  Mexican 
war,  and  on  his  return  applied  himself 
to  bu-iness  pursuits.  In  1801  he  raised 
a  regiment  of  volunteers,  and  was  com- 
missioned colonel  of  the.  63d  Pennsyl- 
vania infantry.  He  fought  at  Seven 
Pines  and  Pair  Oaks,  and  in  Mac,  1802, 
was  nominated  for  a  brevet  of  major  in 
the  U.  S.  army.  He  distinguished  him- 
self in  subsequent  engagements,  and  in 
September,  1802,  was  promoted  to  the 
tank  beheld  at  his  death,  lie  shared 
in  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg,  was 
wounded  at  Chancellorsville,  served  at 
Gettysburg,  and  commanded  the  second 
brigade  in  Grant's  battles  of  the  Wil- 
derness. In  one  of  these  he  was  killed, 
May,  1804.  —  William,  an  American 
soldier,  b.  in  Virginia,  was  educated  at 
West  Point,  entered  tin.  artillery,  and 
during  the  disturbances  in  Canada  was 
stationed  on  the  frontier.  I- e  was  sta- 
tioned in  Texas  at  the  opening  of  the 
Mexican  war,  when  he  went  into  active 
service,  and  was  present  at  most  of  the 
battles  on  Scott's  line  between  Vera 
Cruz  and  Mexico,  receiving  repeated 
brevets  for  meritorious  conduct.  He 
served  in  the  Seminole  war,  and  was  on 
frontier  duty  till  the  breaking  out  of  the 
rebellion.  Through  the  war  he  was  in 
active  service, and  in  March,  1835,  he  was 
brevetted  brigadier-general  of  the  U.  S. 
army  for  gallant  conduct  in  the  field. 
D.  at  Fort  Independence,  Boston  harbor, 
where  he  was  in  charge  of  the  coast  de- 
fences of  Massachusetts,  1875.—  Wil- 
liam J.,  an  American  painter,  b.  in 
New  York,  1800,  began  his  artistic 
studies  in  early  life,  exhibiting  his  first 
picture,  "  Dogs  in  a  Field,"  at  the  Na- 
tional Academy  of  Design  in  1850.  In 
I860  he  visited*  Colorado  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  one  of  the  fruits  of  this 
excursion  was  •'  The  Wounded  Buffalo." 
Though  he  devoted  himself  chiefly  to 
the  painting  of  animals,  he  was  suc- 
cessful in  bis  occasional  flower  and 
fruit  pieces.     D.  1875. 

HAYTER,  Sin  Gkoiigr,  an  English 
artist,  attained  a  high  rank  as  a  histor- 


146 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[iIEL 


ical  and  portrait  painter.  He  was  the 
author  iff  several  works  on  art.  D.  1871, 
aged  78. 

HEAD,  Sir  Edmund  Walker,  an 
Engli.-h  author,  b.  near  Maidstone, 
Kent,  1805,  studied  at  Oxford,  and  took 
his  degree  of  M.  A.  in  1830.  In  1847 
he  was  appointed  lieutenant-governor  of 
New  Brunswick,  and  governor-general 
of  Canada,  1804.  He  resigned  that  post 
18GI,  and  d.  in  London,  18U8.  Sir  Ed- 
mund was  known  as  a  writer  on  art. 
He  wrote  the  article  "  Painting  "  in  the 
"  Penny  Cyclopaedia,"  and  a  "  Hand- 
book of  the  Spanish  and  French  Schools 
of  Painting."  He  also  edited  a  hook  on 
painting,  partly  translated  from  the  Ger- 
man of  Kugler.  In  1851!  he  published  a 
little  work,  entitled  "Shall  and  Will."' 
—  Sir  Francis  Bond,  an  English  di- 
plomatist and  author,  b.  1793,  served  at 
Waterloo,  and  at  Fleurys,  and  while  a 
major  in  the  army  became  known  by  his 
literal  v  productions,  such  as  "  Rough 
Notesof  a  Journey  across  the  Pampas," 
182(5;  and  "Bubbles  from  the  Brunnen 
of  Nassau."  1833.  In  1835,  while  resid- 
ing as  a  half-pay  major  and  assistant 
poor-law  commissioner  at  Roinney 
Marsh,  in  Kent,  he  was  surprised  with  a 
despatch  offering  him  the  government  of 
Upper  Canada.  He  at  first  declined  an 
appointment  for  which  he  considered 
binlself  unlit,  hut  finally  accepted  it,  and 
served  for  three  years,  at  a  period  of 
great  difficulty  from  domestic  insurrec- 
tion complicated  with  the  movements  of 
"  sympathizers  "  on  the  frontier  of  the 
United  States.  For  his  services  in  this 
office  he  was  made  a  baronet.  On  iiis 
return  to  England  he  published  a  "  Nar- 
rative" of  the  transactions  in  which  he 
had  been  engaged,  that  attracted  great 
attention.  Among  his  other  works  are 
"  The  Defenceless  State  of  the  Country," 
185:2,  suggested  by  the  fear  of  a  French 
invasion ;  "  A  Faggot  of  French  Sticks." 
and  "Descriptive  Essays,"  in  2  vol- 
umes, composed  of  his  articles  in  the 
"Quarterly  Beview."  D.  1875.  —  Sin 
George,  tddest  brother  of  Sir  Francis 
Bond  Head,  author  and  commissari  it 
officer,  b.  1182,  served  in  the.  Peninsular 
war,  and  published  an  account  of  his 
adventures  in  the  "Memoirs  of  an  As- 
sistant Commissary  General."  After 
the  peace  of  IS  14  he  superintended  the 
commissariat  of  Canada.  In  182.)  he 
published  his  "  Forest  Scenes  and  Inci- 
dents in  the  Wilds  of  America."  In 
his  subsequent  "  Home  Tour,"  he  de- 
scribed the  manufacturing  and  the  other 
districts.     His  other  works  are  "Rome; 


a  Tour  of  Many  Days,"  in  three  vol- 
umes, and  a  translation  of  the  "Meta- 
morphoses of  Apuleius."     D.  1855. 

HFBBEL,  Friedricii.  a  German 
dramatist,  b.  1813,  studied  at  Heidel- 
berg, and  after  travelling  in  France  and 
Italy,  tixed  himself  in  Vienna,  where 
he  married  an  actress  and  became  a 
writer  for  the  stage.  He  was  distin- 
guished for  energy  of  style  and  bold- 
ness of  conception.     D.  18G3. 

HEDDING,  Elijah,  a  Methodist 
Episcopal  clergyman,  b.  at  Poughkeep- 
sie,  N.  Y.,  1780,  labored  many  years  as 
a  preacher  in  different  circuits  in  the 
New  England  states,  and  in  1824  was 
elected  bishop.  He  wrote  a  manual 
on  "Discipline  of  the  Church."  He 
was  mainly  instrumental  in  establish- 
ing in  Boston  "Zion's  Herald,"  the  first 
Methodist  journal  in  the  U.  S.  D.  1852. 
Dr.  Clark  published  a  volume  on  his 
"  Life  and  Times." 

HEG,  Hans  C,  colonel  of  United 
States  volunteers,  and  acting  brigadier- 
general,  b.  182U  ;  killed  at  Chickainauga, 
1853.  He  was  a  native  of  Norway, 
and  at  an  early  age  came  to  the  United 
States  with  his  father,  who  settled  in 
Wisconsin. 

HEIM.  Francois  Joseph,  a  French 
historical  painter,  b.  1782,  first  exhib- 
ited at  Paris,  1812.  He  decorated  sev- 
eral galleries  of  the  Louvre,  and  some 
of  his  best  works  are  in  the  conference 
hall  of  the  chamber  of  deputies.  D. 
1865. 

HELM,  Benjamin  Hardin,  confed- 
erate brigadier-general,  b.  in  Kentucky 
about  1830,  educated  at  West  Point, 
and  for  a  short  period  an  officer  of  the 
United  States  dragoons.  He  served 
under  General  Bragg  at  Shiloh,  and 
commanded  a  division  at  Stone  river 
and  Chickainauga,  being  killed  ui  the 
latter  battle,  September,  1833. 

HELPS,  Sir  Artiii'r,  an  English 
moralist,  novelist,  and  historian,  b. 
1817,  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and 
entered  active  life  as  private  secretary 
of  Spring-Rice,  and  afterwards  of  Lord 
Morpeth,  chief  secretary  for  Ireland. 
But  after  a  few  years  he  retired  to  his 
country  home  in  Hampshire,  and  de- 
voted himself  to  authorship.  The  work 
by  which  he  first  acquired  distinction 
as  an  original  writer  was  "Friends  in 
Council  ;  a  Series  of  Readings  and  Dis- 
courses thereon;"  the  first  series  of 
which  appeared  in  1847,  and  a  second 
two  years  afterwards.  Among  his  other 
works  are  "The  Conquerors  of  the  New 
World   and  their  Bondsmen;"'    "The 


her] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


147 


Spanish  Conquest  of  America  ;  "  "  The 
Life  of  Pizarro;"  "Tlie  Life  of  Her- 
nando Cortes  and  the  Conquest  of  Mex- 
ico." In  1859  lie  was  appointed  clerk 
of  the  privy  council.  This  office  brought 
him  in  relations  with  the  Queen,  and  he 
was  intrusted  with  the  charge  of  edit- 
ing the  "  Speeches  "  of  the  prince  con- 
sort, and  her  majesty's  "  Leaves  from 
the  Journal  of  our  Life  in  the  High- 
lands." He  was  knighted  in  1872.  D. 
1875. 

HEINE,  IlF.tNKicir,  an  author,  dis- 
tinguished both  in  German  and  French 
literature,  was  b.  at  Diisseldorf,  of  Is- 
raelite parents,  1797,  and  d.  at  Paris, 
1856.  He  abjured  the  Jewish  religion 
for  Lutheranism,  and  after  residing  at 
Hamburg,  Berlin,  and  Munich,  settled 
in  the  French  capital,  1830.  His  h'rst 
literary  attempt  was  a  volume  of  lyric 
poetry,  and  he  next  brought  out  in  Ger- 
many two  tragedies,  "  Almanzor,"  and 
"  Radeliff,"  with  but  slight  success.  In 
1821!  he  published  his  "  Re.isebilder " 
(Sketches  of  Travel),  which  commenced 
his  reputation,  and  in  1827  his  "  Lie- 
der,"  or  "  Songs,"  which  were  received 
with  enthusiasm  by  the  youth  of  Ger- 
many. In  1830,  and  the  following 
years,  he  contributed  to  the  ,l  Revue des 
Deux  Mondes  "  a  series  of  interesting 
articles  on  the  fine  arts,  and  also  pub- 
lished in  the  French  language  several 
works  —  viz..  "  Atta-Troll,"  "Lazare," 
"  Lutece,"  —  so  admirably  composed 
that  no  one  would  suspect  them  to  be 
from  a  foreigner's  pen.  Though  tor- 
mented with  a  painful  spinal  complaint 
for  eight  years  preceding  his  death,  he 
preserved  his  equanimity  and  his  dis- 
position to  amuse  himself  at  his  own 
expense  or  that  of  his  friends.  He 
never  spared  foe  or  friend  fur  his  jest. 
Writer  and  poet  of  the  first  rank,  Heine 
has  been  styled  the  Voltaire  of  Ger- 
many, and  said  to  have  had  many  ad- 
mirers, but  few  or  no  friends.  His 
complete  works  were  published  by  M. 
Lew,  1856-57. 

HENDERSON,  James  Pixckxev. 
b.  in  North  Carolina,  1808,  emigrated 
to  Texas  in  1836,  was  made  attorney- 
general  of  the  republic,  secretary  of 
state,  and  minister  plenipotentiary  to 
France  and  England.  In  1844  he  was 
special  minister  to  the  United  States, 
and  in  1845  member  of  the  convention 
that  formed  the  constitution  of  the 
state.  Elected  governor  the  same  year, 
in  1846  he  took  command  in  person  of 
the  volunteers  called  for  by  General 
Taylor,  and   distinguishing   himself  at 


the  battle  of  Monterey,  received  the 
thanks  of  congress  and  a  sword.  In 
1857  he  was  elected  11.  S.  senator,  and 
d.  in  Washington,  1858. 

HENGSTENBERG,  Ernst  Wil- 
iielm,  a  German  Protestant  theologian, 
b.  1802,  became  professor  at  Berlin, 
and  as  editor  of  the  evangelical 
"Church  Gazette  "  exercised  great  in- 
fluence. His  chief  works  are  commen- 
taries on  the  Scriptures.  The  most 
celebrated  of  his  writings  is  "The 
Christology  of  the  Old  Testament," 
which  has  been  translated  into  English. 
D.  1869. 

H  FN  SHAW,  David,  an  American 
politician,  appointed  secretary  of  the 
navy  of  the  United  States  by  President 
Tyler,  but  rejected  by  the  senate,  b.  in 
Massachusetts,  was  a  political  writer  of 
much  force  and  spirit.  He  was  a  fre- 
quent contributor  to  the  "Boston 
Statesman."  D.  1852,  aged  62.  —Josh- 
ua Sidney,  a  native  of  Boston,  was 
for  some  time  professor  of  mathematics 
in  the  U.  S.  navy,  after  which  he  was 
admitted  to  the  practice  of  the  law,  and 
settled  in  Utica.  He  published  a  "  Man- 
ual of  Consuls,"  "Around  the  World," 
"Life  of  Father  Mathew,"  and  other 
works      B.  1811;  d.  1859. 

HENTZ,  Caieolink  Lee,  an  Ameri- 
can novelist,  b.  18'JO,  at  Lancaster, 
Mass.,  was  the  daughter  of  General 
John  Whiting  of  the  revolutionary 
army,  and  married  in  1825  Professor 
Hentz.  At  Covington,  Kv.,  where  they 
then  resided,  Mrs.  Hentz  produced  her 
successful  tragedy  of  "  De  Lara,  or  the 
Moorish  Bride,"  which  won  a  prize  of 
$500.  She  wrote  other  plays,  and  some 
poems,  but  her  reputation  rests  on  a 
series  of  tales  and  novels,  beginning 
with  "Aunt  Patty's  Scrap  Bag,"  in 
1846;  and  terminating  with  "Ernest 
Linwood,"  1855.  D.  at  Marianna,  Fla., 
1856. 

HERBERT,  Henry  William,  a  pop- 
ular writer,  b.  in  London,  1807,  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge.  In 
1830  a  pecuniary  reverse  suddenly  re- 
duced him  from  affluence  to  poverty, 
and  he  sought  to  retrieve  his  fortune  in 
the  United  States.  On  his  arrival  in 
this  country,  and  for  eight  years  after- 
ward, he  officiated  as  Greek  teacher  in 
a  classical  school.  During  this  period, 
in  addition  to  his  classical  studies,  he 
turned  his  attention  to  authorship,  edit- 
ing the  "American  Monthly  Maga- 
zine," from  1833  to  1836,  besides  writ- 
ing for  other  periodicals.  In  1835  he 
published    "The   Brothers;"   in   1837, 


148 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


[her 


"Oliver  Cromwell;"  in  1842,  a  third 
historical    novel,    "Marmaduke    Wv- 

yill;"  and,  in  184G,  "The  Roman 
Traitor,"  a  romance  founded  on  Cati- 
line's conspiracy.  In  1848  he  pub- 
lished a  poetical  translation  of  the 
"  Prometheus  "  and  "  Agamemnon  " 
of  ^Escliylus.  He  is  most  widely 
known  as  "Frank  Forester,"  under 
which  mm  tie  plume  lie  was  the  author 
of  many  sporting  sketches,  in  addition 
to  two  text-books  of  sporting  and  nat- 
ural history,  the  "Field  Sports,"  and 
the  "Fish  and  Fishing"  of  North 
America,  both  of  which  were  eminently 
successful.  He  published,  also,  a  series 
of  historical  volumes,  including  "The 
Cavaliers  of  England,"  "  The  Captains 
of  the  Old  World."  and  others.  A 
"Treatise  on  the  Horse"  is  his  most 
elaborate  production.  He  committed 
suicde  in  New  York,  1858. 

HEREPATH,  William,  an  English 
chemist,  b.  1790,  was  the  son  of  a 
brewer,  and  succeeded  to  his  business, 
which  he  abandoned  to  devote  himself 
to  chemistry.  He  became  professor  in 
the  medical  school  at  Bristol,  a  d  was 
much  consulted  as  an  expert  in  sus- 
pected cases  of  death  by  poison.  He 
wrote  several  chemical  memoirs.  D. 
1868. 

HERXDON,  William  Lrcwis,  an 
American  naval  officer,  b.  1813,  en- 
tered the  navy  in  1828,  served  in  the 
Mexican  war,  and  in  1851,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  government,  made  his 
celebrated  exploration  of  the  river  Am- 
azon. Of  his  narrative  of  this  expe- 
dition 49,000  copies  were  printed  by 
congress.  In  1S57  he  sailed  from  Ha- 
vana for  New  York  in  command  of  the 
steamer  Central  America,  which  was 
lost  in  a  violent  gale  off  the  coast  of 
Georgia.  He  caused  the  women  and 
children  to  be  put  in  the  boats  with  a 
few  men,  and  they  were  saved.  Hern- 
don  and  423  of  the  passengers  and  crew 
perished. 

HERRICK,  Edward  Claudius, 
many  years  officially  connected  with 
Yale  college,  anil  author  of  valuable 
contributions  to  the  "American  Journal 
of  Science,"  b.  in  New  Haven,  1811;  d. 
1802.  Amongst  the  most  noticeable  of 
his  writings  were  papers  on  meteoric 
showers,  and  on  the  "Hessian  Fly  and 
its  Parasites."  His  attainments  in  en- 
tomology, meteorology,  and  astronomy 
were  considerable,  and  as  a  bibliog- 
rapher and  local  historian  he  enjoyed  a 
high  reputation. 

HERRIES,  John  Charles,  an  Eng- 


lish financier,  and  member  of  various 
Torv  administrations,  b.  about  1780:  d. 
1855. 

HERRING,  John  Frederick,  an 
English  painter  of  animal  subjects  and 
stable  life,  b.  1795,  educated  himself 
for  his  art  as  a  sign-painter  and  coach- 
driver.  He  attained  so  much  skill  as 
an  animal  portrait-painter  that  he  was 
frequently  employed  l>3r  Queen  Victoria 
to  paint  her  favorite  horses.  His  works 
are  well  known  by  the  engravings,  and 
one  of  them,  "The  Frugal  .Meal,"  is  in 
the  National  Gallery.     L>.  18  5. 

HERSCHEL,  Sin  John  Frederick 
William,  an  English  astronomer,  b. 
1792,  was  the  son  of  Sir  William  Her- 
scliel,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  pur- 
suits of  his  father  t'r  mi  his  earliest  age. 
His  first  contribution  to  physical  sci- 
ence was  his  discovery  of  the  hypo- 
sulphurous  acid  and  i:s  salts,  and  their 
application  to  photographic  purposes. 
In  1825  he  began  an  independent  series 
of  sidereal  investigations,  in  which  be 
spent  eight  years,  the  results  of  which 
were  published  at  different  times.  He 
received  the  gold  medal  of  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society  in  1824;  and  again 
in  18'ifi,  for  his  catalogue  of  the  nebulae; 
arranged  in  the  order  of  their  right  as- 
cension. In  1834  he  arranged  at  his 
own  expense  an  expedition  to  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  where  he  remained  four 
years.  The  fruit  of  this  was  the  work 
he  published  in  1S47  as  the  completion 
of  a  telescopic  survey  of  the  whole  sur- 
face of  the  visible  heavens.  This  is 
one  of  the  most  important  and  valuable 
works  of  the  age.  On  his  return  to  Eng- 
land he  received  distinguished  recog- 
nition of  his  illustrious  services  in  med- 
als ad  honorary  degrees  from  learned 
societies,  and  on  the  coronation  of  Queen 
Victoria  was  made  a  baronet.  In  1850 
he  was  appointed  master  of  the  mint, 
but  resigned  the  office  in  1855  on  ac- 
count of  ill  health.  His  contributions 
to  the  reviews,  his  articles  in  the  "  En- 
cyclopaedia Britaunica,"  and  his  "  Fa- 
miliar Lectures,"  form  three  interesting 
volumes,  with  the  publication  of  which 
he  occupied  his  retirement  from  active 
life.  His  "Outlines  of  Astronomy" 
has  passed  through  several  editions. 
To  his  scientific  labors  of  the  highest 
order  he  has  added  the  merit,  no  less 
great  and  more  rare,  of  having  popular- 
ized science.     D.  1871. 

HERTZEN,  Alexander,  a  Russian 
publicist  and  novelist,  b.  at  Moscow, 
1812,  was  educated  in  his  native  city, 
and,  as  he  tells  us  in  his  memoirs,  con- 


HI  I.] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


149 


ceived  in  good  season  a  violent  hatred 
towards  the  government  of  his  country. 
He  was  exiled  to  Siberia,  but  was  par- 
doned, and  on  coming  into  possession 
of  a  moderate  property  obtained  leave 
to  quit  Russia,  and  lived  afterwards  in 
Italy,  France,  and  England.  In  Lon- 
don" he  founded  a  Russian  printing  es- 
tablishment where  he  could  reproduce 
the  Russian  works  that  were  interdicted 
in  the  dominion  of  the  Czar,  and  nota- 
bly translations  of  Louis  Blanc,  Maz- 
ziiii,  and  kindred  authors.  In  1850 
he  founded  there  the  "Kolokol"  (The 
Bell),  which  was  clandestinely  circu- 
lated in  Russia.  His  own  works,  be- 
sides a  number  of  novels,  were  political 
and  autobiographical.  Among  these  we 
may  mention  his  "  Letters  from  France 
and  Italy  "  and  "  My  Kxile,"  memoirs 
of  tin- author.     D.  in"  Paris,  1870. 

HERVEY,  Thomas  Kibhle,  an  Eng- 
lish poet  and  editor,  b  1799,  studied  at 
Cambridge,  and  settled  in  London  in 
1824  with  the  view  of  entering  on  a  lit- 
erary life.  His  first  publication  was 
"Australia,"  a  poem  written  for  the 
University  prize.  He  was  for  many 
years  a  contributor  of  graceful  verses 
to  the  annuals,  and  wrote  largely  for 
the  "  Athenaeum,"  which  he  edited 
eight  years.  In  1843  he  married  Eleo- 
nora  Louisa  Montague,  who  was  also 
known  as  a  poet.  D.  1859.  His  col- 
lected poems,  with  a  memoir  by  bis 
widow,  were  published  in  Boston  in 
1880. 

HERWEGIT,     Gkohgk,    a    German 

fioet,  b.  in  Stuttgart,  18 17,  made  his 
iterary  debut  in  journalism.  A  quar- 
rel with  an  officer  lost  him  the  favor  of 
the  king  of  Wurtemberg,  and  caused  his 
flight  to  Switzerland.  Here  he  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  poems  that  proved  a 
great  success,  and  on  a  subsequent  visit 
to  Germany  he  was  received  with  an 
enthusiasm  that  quite  turned  his  head, 
and  induced  him  to  quit  poetry  for  pol- 
itics. Given  an  audience  by  King  Fred- 
eric William  IV.  in  1842,  lie  afterwards 
addressed  a  letter  to  his  majesty  that 
caused  his  expulsion  from  Prussia.  In 
1844  he  went  to  Paris  and  leagued  him- 
self with  the  radical  leaders,  and  in  the 
revolution  of  1848  formed  a  legion  of 
French  and  German  workmen  with 
which  he  invaded  the  duchy  of  Baden, 
intending  to  revolutionize  the  states  of 
Southern  Germany.  The  attempt  failed 
completely.  The  legion  was  dispersed, 
and  Herwegh  owed  his  escape  to  the 
courage  and  coolness  of  his  wife,  who 
had  followed  him  to  the  field  of  battle. 


lie   lived   afterwards   in   retirement  in 
Switzerland.     1).  1875. 

HESS,  Heinrioh  Hermann  Jo- 
seph, Baron  von,  an  Austrian  general, 
I),  in  Vienna.  1788,  entered  the  army 
in  1805,  ami  first  distinguished  himself 
in  the  battles  of  Asperu  and  Wagram. 
In  1814  he  was  charged  with  a  special 
mission  to  Piedmont,  and  was  fre 
quently  employed  in  important  mili- 
tary and  diplomatic  negotiations.  Ap- 
pointed lieutenant  field-marshal  in  1842, 
lie  remained  attached  to  the  army  of 
Italy,  and  in  1848-4;)  contributed  largely 
to  the  success  of  the  Austrian  arms. 
After  the  battle  of  Magenta  he  super- 
seded Gen.  Giulny,  and  arranged  with 
the  emperor  Francis  Joseph  the  plan  of 
Solferino.  He  was  then  created  field- 
marshal,  and  called  to  the  upper  house 
of  the  Reichsrath.  I),  at  Vienna,  1870. 
—  Pitkii  v..x,  b.  at  Diisseldorf,  1792, 
was  known  as  a  successful  painter  of 
battles,  from  the  results  of  his  personal 
observation  as  a  soldier.  He  went  with 
King  Otho  to  Greece  to  paint  his  entry 
and  coronation.     D.  1871. 

HESSE,  Nicholas  Augl'ste,  a 
French  painter,  b.  1795,  was  a  pupil 
of  Baron  Gros,  ami  receiving  the  first 
grand  prize  for  historical  painting  in 
the  school  of  fine  arts  in  1818,  went  to 
pursue  his  studies  at  Home.  His  early 
paintings  were  from  classical  and  his 
later  chiefly*  from  Scriptural  subjects. 
D.  1809. 

HEUGLIN.  Theodore  vox,  a  Ger- 
man traveller,  b.  1824,  published  the 
results  of  his  explorations  in  Egypt, 
Abvssinia,  the  regions  of  the  White 
Nile,  and  in  Spiizbergen  and  Nova 
Zembla.     D.  1870. 

HICKS,  Thomas  Hollyday,  b.  in 
Maryland,  1798.  worked  on  his  father's 
farm,  was  member  of  the  constitutional 
convention  of  1849,  served  in  the  state 
legislature,  and  was  governor  of  his  na- 
tive state  from  1858  to  1802. _  His  firm- 
ness and  patriotism  aided  in  keeping 
the  state  from  the  Confederate  ranks. 
Elected  U.  S.  senator  on  the  death  of  J. 
A.  Pearce,  he  d.  in  Washington,  1805. 

HIGGINS,  Matthew  James,  b. 
about  1810,  educated  at  Eaton  and  Ox- 
ford, was  some  years  in  the  army,  and 
for  more  than  twenty  years  a  constant 
contributor  to  the  "Times"  newspaper. 
He  was  a  severe  satirist.  He  is  better 
known  under  his  pseudonvm  of  "Jacob 
Omnium."     D.  1808. 

HILDRETH,  Samuel  Presoott,  a 
writer  on  geology,  palaeontology,  and 
meteorology  in  "  Silliinan's  Journal  of 


150 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


[HIT 


Science,"  and  author  of  works  relating 
to  the  early  settlement  of  the  northwest 
territory,  b.  in  Methuen,  Mass.,  1783; 
d.  1803"  He  was  educated  a  physician, 
and  removed  to  Ohio  in  1800,  settling 
at  Marietta  in  1808.  He  formed  a  val- 
uable cabinet  of  natural  history,  and  an 
extensive  scientific  library,  which  he 
gave  to  Marietta  college.  —  RirHABi), 
an  American  journalist  and  author,  b. 
in  Deertield,  Mass.,  1807.  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1820,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  practice  of  the  law  in  1830.  In  1832 
he  became  a  political  writer  for  the  Bos- 
ton "Atlas,"  with  which  he  remained 
connected  until  1834.  Impaired  health 
led  him  to  seek  a  southern  climate,  and 
in  Florida  he  wrote  an  anti-slavery 
novel  entitled  "Arehy  Moore,"  after- 
wards enlarged  and  republished  as 
"The  White  Slave."  On  his  return  to 
Boston  he  translated  from  the  French 
of  Dnmont  Bentliam's  "Theory  of  Leg- 
islation," to  which  succeeded  a  "His- 
tory of  Banks."  In  1840  he  published 
"Despotism  in  America,"  a  work  dis- 
cussing the  slavery  question  in  its  vari- 
ous aspects.  He  resided  three  years 
in  British  Guiana,  where  he  wrote  his 
"Theorvof  Morals,"  published  at  Bos- 
ton in  1844.  In  1853  his  "Theory  of 
Politics"  appeared.  His  most  impor- 
tant work,  however,  is  a  "History  of 
the  United  States"  from  the  earliest 
colonial  settlements  to  the  end  of  Mon- 
roe's first  presidential  term.  In  1855  he 
wrote  a  volume  entitled  "Japan  as  it 
was  and  is."  For  several  years  he  was 
editorially  attached  to  the  New  York 
"Tribune."  Appointed  by  President 
Lincoln  consul  at  Trieste,  his  impaired 
health  compelled  him  to  resign  in  1804. 
D.  in  Florence,  July  11,  1805. 

HILL,  Isaac,  b.  in  Massachusetts, 
1788,  on  the  expiration  of  his  appren- 
ticeship to  a  printer,  in  1809,  went  to 
Concord,  New  Hampshire,  and  on  the 
18th  of  April,  1809,  issued  the  first  num- 
ber of  the  "New  Hampshire  Patriot," 
which  attained  under  his  management 
a  large  circulation  and  great  influence 
as  a  Democratic  organ.  In  1821).  Pres- 
ident Jackson  appointed  Mr.  Hill  sec- 
ond comptroller  of  the  treasury;  and  he 
held  the  office  until  April,  1830,  when 
his  nomination  was  rejected  by  the  sen- 
ate. He  returned  to  New  Hampshire, 
and  at  the  next  session  of  the  legisla- 
ture was  elected  to  the  United  States 
senate  for  six  years.  He  resigned  his 
seat  in  1836,  to  enter  on  the  office  of 
governor  of  his  state,  to  which  he  had 
been  elected  by  a  large  majority,  and 


served,  by  reelections,  to  1839.  In  1840 
he  was  appointed  by  President  Van 
Buren  sub-treasurer  at  Boston.  For 
the.  last  fif  :een  years  of  his  life  he  pub- 
lished t he  "Farmers'  Monthly  Visitor." 
D.  in  Washington,  1851.  —  Nicholas, 
a  distinguished  lawyer  of  New  York, 
state  reporter  from  1840  to  1845,  and 
one  of  the  authors  of  "Notes  to  Phil- 
lips's Evidence."  B.  1800;  d.  1859.— 
Ambrose  1'owku,,  major-general  in 
the  confederate  service,  b.  in  Culpepper 
county.  Va.,  1826,  graduated  at  West 
Point,  1847,  and  joined  the  first  artil- 
lery. In  March,  1801,  he  resigned  and 
was  made  colonel  of  13ih  Virginia  in- 
fantry, which  he  commanded  at  Manas- 
sas. In  May,  1802,  he  commanded  a 
brigade  at  the  battle  of  Williamsburg, 
and  was  promoted  to  a  major-general- 
ship. He  was  engaged  in  the  seven 
da\  s'  battles  before  Richmond,  and  took 
part  in  the  battle  of  Antietam.  As 
commander  of  the  3d  corps  he  distin- 
guished himself  at  Chancellorsville  and 
Gettysburg.  He  was  killed  in  one  of 
the  closing  battles  of  the  war,  April  1, 
1805. 

HILLHOUSE,  Augustus  Lucas,  b. 
in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  1791;  after 
graduating  at  Yale,  went  to  France,  in 
1815,  laboring  under  infirm  health,  and 
there  engaged  in  literary  pursuits. 
He  translated  into  English*  Michaux's 
"  North  American  Svlva."  D.  near 
Paris.  1859. 

HINCKS,  Edward,  an  eminent  ori- 
ental scholar,  b.  at  Cork,  1792,  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  took 
orders,  and  especially  distinguished 
himself  by  his  labors  in  Egyptian  and 
Assyrian  learning,  and  as  ona  of  the 
scholars  to  whom  we  owe  the  decipher- 
ing of  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  of  Per- 
sepolis,  Nineveh,  etc.     D.  1800. 

HINDS,  Samukl,  an  English  clergy- 
man, b.  1793,  became  bishop  of  Nor- 
wich in  1849.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
treatise  on  "Lofric,"  an  "Inquiry  into 
the  Nature  and  Extent  of  Inspiration," 
and  other  works.     I).  1873. 

HINTON,  Rev.  John  Howard,  b. 
at  Oxford,  1791,  was  a  Baptist  clergy- 
man, who  ministered  for  some  years  to 
a  congregation  in  Devonshire  Square, 
London.  He  was  author  of  "The  His- 
tory and  Topography  of  the  United 
States  of  North  America,"  in  2  vols, 
quarto,  which  was  republished  in  this 
country.  He  wrote,  also,  "Memoirs  of 
William  Knibb."    D.  1SG9. 

HITCHCOCK,  Edward,  clergyman, 
author,  and   geologist,   long   identified 


hob] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OK    BIOGRAPHY. 


151 


with  Amherst  college  as  professor  and 

J  (resident,  b.  in  Deerfield,  Mass.,  1793. 
lis  first  printed  productions  were  an 
almanac,  and  a  tragedy  entitled  "The 
Fall  of  Bonaparte,"  in  J815.  At  dif- 
ferent periods  lie  was  engaged  as  state 
geologist  of  Massachusetts,  of  Ver- 
mont, and  of  the  first  district  of  New 
York.  His  scientific  publications  em- 
brace "Geology  of  the  Connecticut 
Valley,"  "Reports  on  the  Geology  of 
Massachusetts,"  "Illustrations  of  Sur- 
face Geology,"  "  Elementary  Geology," 
and  the  "Ichnology  of  New  England." 
His  "Religion  of  Geology  and  its  Con- 
nected Sciences"  holds  a  high  rank 
in  the  literature  of  natural  theology. 
Amongst  his  works  on  practical  religion 
are  a  "Memoir  of  Mary  Lyon,"  "A 
Wreath  for  the  Tomb,"  and  "Lectures 
on  the  Peculiar  Phenomena  of  the  Four 
Seasons."  He  was  a  strenuous  advo- 
cate of  total  abstinence,  and  wrote  two 
or  three  works  in  its  support.  His 
printed  volumes  exceeded  twenty,  be- 
sides sermons,  addresses,  tracts,  and 
articles  in  scientific  journals.  His  last 
work  was  his  "Reminiscences  of  Am- 
herst College."  D.  1864.—  Ethan  Al- 
len, an  American  soldier  and  author, 
b.  1798,  a  grandson  of  Ethan  Allen, 
graduated  at  West  Point,  and  served  in 
Florida,  and  with  Scott  throughout;  all 
his  battles  in  Mexico,  and  afterwards 
had  command  on  the  Pacific  coast. 
Jefferson  Davis,  then  secretary  of  war, 
refused  to  ratify  a  leave  of  absence  that 
had  been  granted  him  by  Gen.  Scott, 
and  he  resigned  in  1855,  but  on  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  he  re- 
entered the  service  as  major  general  of 
volunteers.  He  wrote  " Sweden borg  a* 
Hermetic  Philosopher"  (1858),  "Christ 
the  Spirit"  (1850),  and  other  works. 
D.  1870. 

H1TTORF,  Jaoquks  Igxack,  an 
architect  of  Paris,  b.  at  Cologne,  1703; 
d.  1867.  He  was  architect  of  the  Cirques 
de  1'Empereur  and  de  l'lmperatrice,  of 
the  Basilica,  of  St.  Arinceut  de  Paul, 
of  the  fountains  and  pavilions  in  the 
Champs  Elysees,  and  of  several  Mairies 
and  other  important  buildings,  llis 
various  important  publications,  espe- 
cially that  on  polyelironiv  as  applied  to 
monumental  art,  place  him  in  the  first 
rank  among  the  writers  on  his  art.  His 
last  work  was  the  station  of  the  Chemin 
de  Fer  du  Nord.  He  received  vari- 
ous honors,  foreign  and  domestic,  and 
among  others  was  made  member  and 
gold  medallist  of  the  Royal  Institute  of 
British  Architects. 


HITZIG,  Fkkdinand,  a  German 
theologian  and  orientalist,  b.  in  the 
duchy  of  Baden,  1807,  thirty  years  pro- 
fessor in  the  university  of  Zurich,  pub- 
lished numerous  works  of  Biblical  com- 
mentary and  illustration.     1).  1875. 

HOAR,  Samukl,  b.  in  Lincoln, 
Mass.,  1778,  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
18'i5,  opened  an  office  in  Concord, 
Mass.,  filled  various  state  offices  in  suc- 
cession, and  was  representative  in  con- 
gress from  1 835  to  1837.  In  1844  he 
was  appointed  agent  of  Massachusetts 
to  proceed  to  South  Carolina  and  aid 
the  colored  citizens  of  Massachusetts, 
imprisoned  by  the  authority  of  South 
Carolina,  by  testing  in  the  courts  of  the 
United  States  the  constitutionality  of 
the  act  authorizing  the  imprisonment  of 
colored  persons  who  should  enter  that 
state.  On  his  arrival  in  South  Caro- 
lina, and  making  known  the  object  of 
his  mission,  it  was  considered  an  un- 
warrantable interference  with  the  state's 
rights.  There  was  great  excitement  in 
Charleston,  and  he  was  expelled  from 
that  city  by  the  citizens,  Dec.  5,  1844. 
In  1812  he  married  Sarah  Sherman, 
voungest  daughter  of  Roger  Sherman 
"of  Connecticut.     I).  1850. 

HOI5HOUSE,  John  Cam,  Lord 
Broughton,  b.  1796,  near  Bristol,  spent 
his  early  years  at  Westminster  school, 
and  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  was  intimate  with  Lord  By- 
ron. In  1808  he  took  his  degree;  and 
the  next  year  started  with  his  friend  on 
a  prolonged  lour  in  southern  Europe. 
In  1810  he  relumed  to  England,  and 
soon  after  published  his  "Journey  into 
Albania,  and  other  Provinces  of  I  he 
Turkish  Empire."  In  1813  and  1814 
he  accompanied  the  allied  armies  in 
Germany,  and  was  present  at  the  battle 
of  Dresden.  He  was  in  Paris  when 
Napoleon  returned  from  Elba,  and  his 
"Letters  on  the  Hundred  Days"  pre- 
sent a  faithful  and  animated  picture  of 
this  interesting  period.  The  tone  of  the 
work,  however,  was  not  approved  by 
his  own  government,  and  was  offensive 
to  that  of  France.  A  controversy  grow- 
ing out  of  the  questions  of  the  day  led 
to  the  publication  by  Mr.  Hobhouse  of 
two  pamphlets,  one  in  reply  to  Lord 
Erskine,  entitled  "The  Trifling  Mis- 
take," fraught  with  important  conse- 
quences to  the  author.  In  this  pam- 
phlet language  occurred  which  might  be 
heard  in  the  peers  now-a-days  without 
exciting  much  emotion,  but  which  at 
that  time  alarmed  the  house  of  com- 
mons.   His  words  were  read  at  the  table 


152 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPIIY. 


[nOL 


of  (lie  house,  and  the  speaker's  warrant 
issued  for  committing  him  to  Newgate, 
on  the  13th  December,  1819.  It  was 
thought  at  first  he  would  have  to  share 
the  cell  of  a  convicted  felon,  but  it  was 
finally  arranged  that  he  should  lodge  in 
the  keeper's  house.  To  Newgate  he 
went,  and  the  house  left  him  there 
when  they  adjourned  for  the  holidays. 
He  spent  his  Christinas  and  New  Year's 
day  in  prison  ;  but  when,  in  a  few 
weeks,  the  doors  were  opened,  he  was 
sent  to  parliament  by  the  electors  of 
Westminster,  as  the  colleague  of  Sir 
Francis  Burdett.  In  parliament  he  was 
a  radical  reformer.  He  spoke  strongly 
against  the  interference  of  peers  in  elec- 
tions, censured  the  presence  in  the 
house  of  "placemen"  and  pensioners, 
and  the  mode  of  carrying  on  the  gov- 
ernment by  disguised  bribery.  In  1832 
he  was  appointed  secretary  for  war.  in 
1833  chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  and  in 
1835  president  of  the  board  of  con- 
trol. In  1851  he  was  raised  to  the  peer- 
age as  Lord  Broughton,  and  subse- 
quently mingled  little  in  public  affairs. 
In  1859  he  recast  his  '"Notes  on  the 
Fourth  Canto  of  Childe  Haro'd,"  and 
published  them  with  large  additions  in 
the  shape  of  a  work  on  "  Italv,"  in  two 
vols.  D.  18G8.  He  left  his  MSS.  to 
the  trustees  of  the  British  Museum,  to 
be  kept  without  examinati  n  till  the 
year  1900,  and  such  as  relate  to  state 
affairs  not  to  be  published  without  the 
consent  of  the  then  reigning  sovereign. 

HODGSON,  Francis,  a  scholar  and 
man  of  letters,  and  an  intimate  friend 
of  Lord  Byron.  D.  1852,  aged  72.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  successful  transla- 
tion of  Juvenal. 

HOFFMAN,  Ogdkx,  b.  in  New  York 
city,  1795,  in  early  life  entered  the  U. 
S.  navy,  and  served  as  midshipman 
through  the  war  of  1812.  When  peace 
was  declared  he  resigned,  and  entered 
upon  the  study  of  the  law.  On  being 
admitted  to  the  bar  he  practised  in 
Goshen,  Orange  county,  until  1826, 
when  he  removed  to  the  city  of  New 
York.  In  1828  he  was  a  representative 
in  the  state  legislature,  and  a  member 
of  the  U.  S.  house  of  representatives, 
1837-41.  He  held  the  office  of  district 
attorney  for  the  city,  and  also  U.  S. 
district  attorney  for  the  southern  dis- 
trict of  New  York.  In  1853  he  was 
elected  attorney  general  of  the  state. 
He  was  an  orator  of  a  high  order,  and 
as  a  jury  advocate  deservedly  distin- 
guished. '  D.  1856. 

HOFFMANN,  von  Fallersleben, 


August  Heixricit,  German  philolo- 
gist and  poet,  b.  1798,  studied  at  Gut- 
tingen,  and  at  Bonn,  under  the  direction 
of  Grimm,  who  inspired  him  with  a 
love  of  the  ancient  literature,  and  in 
1830  he  became  professor  of  the  German 
language  and  literature  at  Breslau.  A 
collection  of  poems  that  he  published 
in  1810,  Unpolilische  I.ieder,  were  more 
political  than  their  title  indicated,  and 
in  a  spirit  that  cost  him  his  professor- 
ship. He  wandered  afterwards  several 
years  in  Germany,  Switzerland,  mid 
France,  but  in  1848  permission  was 
granted  him  to  reside  again  in  Prussia. 
Besides  numerous  books  on  the  lan- 
guage and  literature  of  Germany,  he 
published  several  volumes  of  poems, 
which  made  him  popular  throughout 
Germany.  He  also  wrote  an  autobiog- 
raphy, in  six  vols.     1).  1874. 

HOGAN,  John,  an  eminent  Irish 
sculptor,  b.  1801:  d.  1858. 

HOGARTH,  George,  an  English 
critic  and  author,  b.  1797,  published 
several  works  on  music,  and  musical 
biography  and  history,  and  was  for 
many  years  musical  and  dramatic  edi- 
tor of  the  "Morning  Chronicle"  and 
"  Daily  News."  His  daughter  was  the 
wife  of  Charles  Dickens.     D.  1870. 

HOLBROOK,  John  Edwards,  an 
American  naturalist,  b.  1795,  in  Beau- 
fort, S.  C.  ;  after  a  thorough  education- 
al course  in  medicine  at  home  and  in 
Europe,  fixed  himself  in  Charleston, 
and  became  professor  of  anatomy  in 
the  college  of  South  Carolina.  His 
great  work  is  "American  Herpetol- 
oirv."  in  five  vols.     D.  1871. 

H<  >LLAND,  Sir  Henry,  an  eminent 
English  physician,  b.  1788,  graduated 
at  the  university  of  Edinburgh  as  M. 
D.,  in  1811,  and  after  three  or  four 
years  of  European  travel  established 
himself  in  London,  where  he  rose  to  the 
highest  eminence  as  a  practitioner,  and 
was  appointed  physician  in  ordinary  to 
Queen  Victoria  in  1852.  Early  in  life 
he  published  his  travels  in  Albania, 
Thessaly,  and  Greece;  and  afterwards 
"Medical  Notes  and  Reflections" 
(1839);  "  Recollections  of  a  Fast  Life  " 
(1871);  and  a  number  of  essays  and 
memoirs  on  professional  subjects.  His 
second  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Rev. 
Sydney  Smith,  whom  he  survived  some 
years,  and  d.  in  London,  1873. 

HOLM  AN,  James,  the  "  blind  travel- 
ler," b.  about  1787.  d.  in  London,  1857. 
Entering  the  navy,  he  became  a  lieu- 
tenant;' but  in  1812  he  lost  his  sight, 
whereupon    he  was   appointed   a  naval 


hoi:j 


CYCI.OP/KDIA    OF    BIOGIiAPHY. 


158 


knight  of  Windsor.  Subsequently  lie 
visited  various  parts  of  die  world,  and 
published  Recounts  of  his  travels,  wliii.li 
were  very  favorably  received. 

HOOD,  Thomas,  the  younger,  son 
of  the  celebrated  humorist  of  that  name, 
b.  in  Essex,  England,  1835,  educated  at 
Oxford,  published  his  lirst  work,  ''Pen 
and  Pencil  Pictures,'"'  in  1854-55.  He 
wrote  several  novels,  anion;;'  which  are 
"A  Disputed  Inheritance,"  ".Money's 
'Worth.''  and  "Love  and  Valor."  lie 
published  many  amusing  little  books 
for  the  young,  published  a  comic  al- 
manac, and  was  sometime  editor  of 
"Fun."  He  edited  the  works  of  his 
father,  and  >  is  journals  and  correspond- 
ence.    1).  1874' 

HOOK,  Hkv.  Walter  Fabqohar, 
dean  of  the  church  of  England,  b.  1798, 
was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  in  1827 
was  appointed  chaplain  in  ordinary  to 
George  IV.,  and  continued  in  office  un- 
der his  sr.cees-ors.  On  the  accession  of 
Queen  Victoria  he  preached  a  sermon 
entitled  'Hear  the  Church,"  of  which 
more  than  100,000  copies  were  published, 
which  gave  offence  in  high  quarters. 
His  great  work  is  a  biographical  history 
of  the  English  Church,  under  the  title 
of  ''Lives  of  the  Archbishops  of  Can- 
terbury." of  which  nine  volumes  had 
appeared  at  the  time  of  his  death,  in 
1875. 

HOOKER,  Sin  William  Jackson, 
an  eminent  English  botanist,  b.  1785, 
visited  Iceland  in  1809  to  study  its  nat- 
ural hislorv,  and  published  his  "  Tour.'' 
He  was  sometime  professor  at  Glasgow, 
and  afterwards  director  of  the  royal 
gardens  at  Kew,  in  which  office  he  was 
succeeded  by  his  son.  His  botanical 
works  are  numerous  and  valuable.  I). 
18S5.  —  WoMHtNGToN,  an  American 
physician,  b.  180C,  studied  medicine  in 
Harvard  university,  practised  till  1852 
in  Connecticut,  became  professor  in 
Y'h-  College,  and  remained  so  till  he  d. 
1837.  He  published  "  Physician  and 
Patient"  (1840);  "Lesson's  from  the 
History  of  Medical  Delusions  "  (1850); 
and  several  elementary  works  on  vari- 
ous branches  of  science. 

HOOPER,  Samuel,  b.  at  Marble- 
head,  Mass.,  1808,  was  brought  up  as  a 
merchant  and  was  engaged  in  the  China 
trade.  He  was  a  member  of  the  state 
legislature  several  years,  and  of  the  U. 
S.  house  of  representatives,  1801-73. 
His  financial  knowledge  and  experience 
made  him  a  useful  and  influential 
member,  and  he  served  for  several 
terms  on   the  committee  of  ways  and 


menus,  of  banking  and  currency,  and 
of  the  war  debts  of  the  states.  He  was 
ihe  author  of  two  pamphlets  on  cur- 
rency and  banking.  D.  1875.  —  Wil- 
liam Hulmk,  lieutenant  British  navy, 
author  of  "Ten  Mouths  amongst  the 
Tents  of  the  Tnski,"  and  '•Incidents 
of  a  Boat  Expedition  to  the  Mackenzie 
River,"  b.  1828;  d.  1854.  from  the  ef- 
fects of  exposure  and  privation  experi- 
enced during  four  veal's'  arctic  service 
in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin. 

HOI  E  Silt  lll-xttv,  a  British  admi- 
ral, b.  1787;  d.  I8.it.  He  entered  the 
navy  in  1708;  and  in  1815  commanded 
the  Endvniion.  40-gun  frigate,  in  the  <  n- 
gagement  with  the  l.'u  te.i  States  ship 
president,  which  he  took  as  a  prize  to 
England. 

HOPKINS.  Alrert,  an  American 
educator  and  astronomer,  h.  in  Sto<  It- 
bridge,  Mass.,  1807,  graduated  at  Wil- 
liams college,  where  he  was,  in  1829, 
elect  d  professor  of  mathematics  and 
natural  philosophy,  in  1835  he  estab- 
lished there  the  first  astronomical  ob- 
servatory in  this  country  in  connection 
with  a  college.  He  was  professor  iii 
the  college  forty  years.  1).  1872.  — 
.loiix,  a  wealthy  philanthropist,  b.  1705, 
was  of  a  Quaker  family  of  Anne  Ant  i- 
del  county,  Md..  accumulated  an  im- 
mense fortune  in  commercial  pursuits, 
and  endowed,  bv  gifts  and  bequests  to 
the  amount  of  $8,000,000.,  hospital-,  a 
university,  and  public  park  for  the  bene- 
fit of  his  native  state.  I  >.  1873.  — JoHH 
Hixnv,  an  American  bishop,  b.  in  Dub- 
lin, 1702,  came  to  the  United  Mates  at 
an  early  age,  was  a  merchant's  clerk 
in  Philadelphia,  an  iron  manufacturer, 
a  lawyer,  and  finally  a  clergyman,  and 
in  1831  assistant  minister  of  Trinity 
church,  Boston.  He  was  consecrated  in 
New  York  in  1832,  as  the  first  bishop 
of  Vermont.  His  writings  were  volu- 
minous and  diverse,  comprising  many 
controversial  pamphlets  and  treatisesj 
and  among  other  the  words  and  music 
of  "  Twelve  Canzonets  ;  "  and  a  vindi- 
cation of  slavery,  from  a  Scriptural,  ec- 
clesiastical, and  historical  point  of  view. 
His  last  work  was  "Candid  Examina- 
tion whether  the  Pope  is  the  Great  Anti- 
Christ  of  Scripture."  He  was  a  high 
churchman,  and  was  a  prominent  figure 
in  the  Pan-Anglican  svnod  of  1867  at 
Lambeth.  D.  1868.  — " Josiah,  D.  I)., 
a  Presbyterian  clergyman,  author  of  a 
theological  text-book,  entitled  "  The 
Christian  Institute,"  b.  in  Pittsford, 
Vt.,  1780;  d.  1802. 
HORNE,  Thomas  Hartwell,  author 


154 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[now 


of  "  An  Introduction  to  the  Critical 
Study  and  Knowledge  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures,"  was  for  many  years  a 
barrister's  cleric  in  London,  pursuing 
knowledge  under  difficulties,  and  eking 
out  a  scanty  living  by  literary  labor  in 
his  lei -lire  hours.  In  his  youth  he  strug- 
gled with  skepticism,  and  in  his  twen- 
tieth year  published  "A  Brief  View  of 
the  Necessity  and  Truth  of  the  Chris- 
tian Religion,"  the  result  of  his  own 
inquiries  into  the  authenticity  and  in- 
spiration of  the  Scriptures.  This  early 
effort  was  the  foundation  of  the  great 
work  by  which  he  became  as  widely 
known  in  the  United  States  as  in  Eng- 
land, and  which  has  been  translated 
into  most  of  the  languages  of  Europe 
and  several  of  those  of  India.  When 
thirty-nine  years  of  age  he  was  ordained 
a  clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England, 
and  at  a  later  date  received  the  degree 
of  D.  D.  from  the  university  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 15.  1780;  d.  1832: 
"HOl'HO,  Henri  Gcstav,  b.  at  Ber- 
lin, 1802,  was  one  of  the  principal  rep- 
resentatives of  the  philosophical  school 
of  Hegel,  and  a  historian  of  German 
and  Flemish  art.     1).  187:3. 

HOUDIN,  ltouEirr,  a  French  mech- 
anician and  conjurer,  b.  1805,  was 
the  son  of  a  watchmaker  and  appren- 
ticed to  a  notary,  but  with  a  special  pas- 
sion for  jugglery  he  went  to  Paris  to 
study  the  profession.  Pursuing  his  me- 
chanical ait  at  the  same  time,  he  pro- 
duced some  marvellous  automata  that 
obtained  medals  at  the  industrial  exhi- 
bitions. He  began  to  exhibit  his  tricks 
of  prestidigitation  in  private  salons; 
but  in  1845  he  opened  his  "Soirees 
Fantastiques  "  at  the  Palais  Royal, 
where  they  were  attended  by  the  best 
society  of  Paris.  He  was  sent  by  the 
emperor,  Napoleon  III.,  to  Algeria  to 
outjuggle  the  marabouts,  or  priests,  and 
thus  destroy  their  influence  with  the  na- 
tives. In  this  mission  he  met  with  great 
success.  He  published  two  autobio- 
graphical works  of  interest.     D.  1871. 

HOUSTON,  Samuel,  b.  in  Rock- 
bridge county,  Va.,  171)3  ;  d.  in  Hunters- 
ville,  Tex.,  1803.  His  early  years  were 
passed  amidst  poverty  and  hardship; 
Iiis  father  having  died,  and  his  mother 
removed  with  her  family  to  Tennessee. 
The  pursuits  of  frontier  life  brought 
young  Houston  into  contact  with  the 
Cherokee  Indians,  with  whom  he  re- 
mained several  years.  Returning  to 
border  civilization,  he  served  in  a  coun- 
try store,  and  undertook  a  school.  In 
1813  he  enlisted,  and  served  under  Gen- 


eral Jackson  in  the  war  with  the  Creek 
Indians.  He  distinguished  himself,  and 
at  the  conclusion  of  the  war  had  risen 
to  the  rank  of  lieutenant,  but  resigned 
his  commission,  and  commenced  the 
study  of  law  at  Nashville.  He  was,  in 
1823,  elected  to  congress,  and  continued 
a  member  of  that  body  until,  in  1827, 
he  became  governor  of  Tennessee.  In 
1820  he  resigned  his  office,  and  took  up 
his  abode  among  the  Cherokees  in  Ar- 
kansas. His  wanderings  led  him  to 
Texas,  where  he  obtained  a  seat  as  a 
delegate  in  the  convention  called  to 
form  a  constitution  previous  to  its  ad- 
mission into  the  Mexican  union.  The 
constitution  drawn  up  by  the  conven- 
tion was  rejected  by  Santa  Anna,  who 
called  upon  the  Texans  to  surrender 
their  arms.  They  determined  upon  re- 
sistance; a  militia  was  organized,  and 
Austin,  the  founder  of  the  colony,  was 
elected  commander  in-chief,  in  which  of- 
fice he  was  shortly  succeeded  by  General 
Houston.  He  conducted  the  war  with 
vigor,  and  finally  brought  it  to  a  suc- 
cessful termination  by  the  battle  of  San 
Jacinto,  which  was  fought  in  April, 
1836.  In  May,  1836,  he  signed  a  treaty 
acknowledging  the  independence  of 
Texas,  and  in  October  of  the  same  year 
he  was  inaugurated  the  first  president  of 
the  republic.  At  the  end  of  his  term  of 
office  lie  became  a  member  of  the  Texas 
congress.  In  1841  he  was  again  ele- 
vated to  the  presidential  chair.  In  1846 
Texas  became  one  of  the  states  of  the 
Union,  and  General  Houston  was  elected 
to  the  senate  of  the  U.  S.  and  remained 
a  member  until  1850.  He  was  after- 
wards elected  governor  of  Texas.  His 
course  in  the  senate  was  eminently  con- 
servative and  patriotic.  He  was  the 
advocate  of  humanity  and  justice  to  the 
Indians.  He  opposed  the  Kansas  and 
Nebraska  bill  ;  and  voted  against  the 
Lecompton  constitution.  He  opposed  in 
every  form  nullification  and  secession, 
and  when  elected  governor  of  Texas  in 
1850,  resigned  his  office  rather  than 
take  the  oath  prescribed  by  the  state 
convention.     D.  1863. 

HOWARD,  George  William  Fred- 
erick, Earl  of  Carlisle,  b.  1802.  _  For 
many  years  he  occupied  a  prominent 
place  in  the  house  of  commons  as  Lord 
Morpeth;  was  chief  secretary  for  Ire- 
land under  Lord  Melbourne,  and  more 
recently  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland.  He 
travelled  in  the  East,  and  published  his 
impressions  under  the  title,  "Diary  in 
Turkish  and  Greek  Waters;  "  and  hav- 
ing visited  the  United  States,  lectured 


nuc] 


CYCLOI^EDIA   OF   BIOGItArilY. 


155 


on  the  subject  to  societies  of  mechanics. 
He  was  a  hearty  friend  of  the  north  as 
against  the  Richmond  confederacy,  and 
labored  earnestly  to  counteract  the  in- 
trigues of  southern  sympathizers  in 
England.     D.  18t;4. 

HOWE,  Elias,  .Tit.,  inventor,  b.  in 
Spencer,  Mass.,  1 8 1 U ,  employed  as  a 
fanner  in  his  youth  and  then  a  practical 
machinist,  worked  out  the  first  sewing- 
machine  in  1845,  and  patented  it  in  1840- 
It  was  only  alter  years  of  effort,  and  of 
penury  almost  amounting  to  destitution, 
that  he  was  able  to  commend  his  inven- 
tion to  public  notice  and  establish  his 
rights  to  it.  During  the  civil  war  he 
raised  a  regiment  at  his  own  expense, 
and  served  in  it  as  a  private  till  ill 
health  compelled  him  to  retire.  D.  18(i7. 
—  Joseph,  publicist  and  statesman,  b. 
1804,  in  Halifax,  N.  S.,  became  in  1828 
proprietor  of  the  "Nova  Scotian,"  in 
which  he  advocated  the  rights  of  the 
colonial  cities  to  municipal  government. 
He  was  tried  for  libel  on  the  local  gov- 
ernment and  acquitted;  and  was  com- 
pelled to  tight  a  duel  with  the  younger 
Haliburton,  but  he  worked  his  way  into 
a  seat  in  the  provincial  government,  and 
succeeded  in  obtaining  a  municipal 
charter  for  Halifax.  He  published  in 
1858,  "Speeches  and  Public  Le'ters" 
on  the  idea  of  responsible  government 
in  the  British  colonies.  In  1872  he  be- 
came chief  executive  officer  of  Nova 
Scotia.     D.  1873. 

HOWE,  Samuel  Gkidley,  physi- 
cian and  philanthropist,  b.  in  Boston, 
1801,  graduated  at  Brown  university, 
1821,  and  studied  medicine  in  his  native, 
city.  In  1824,  he  volunteered  in  the 
cause  of  Greek  independence,  and  af- 
ter organizing  a  surgical  corps,  returned 
in  1827  to  (he  United  States,  to  raise 
food  to  relieve  the  Greeks  from  im- 
pending famine.  He  succeeded  in  rais- 
ing liberal  contributions  in  money  and 
supplies,  with  which  he  reembarked  for 
the  seat  of  war.  On  his  final  return  to 
Boston  in  1831,  he  became  interested  in 
a  projected  asylum  for  the  blind,  and 
devoted  himself  to  advancing  it  with  all 
the  energy  and  enthusiasm  of  his  gen- 
erous nature.  He  went  to  Europe  to 
visit  similar  institutions  in  England  and 
France,  and  while  in  Paris  was  made 
president  of  the  Polish  committee,  and 
employed  to  carry  and  distribute  funds 
for  the  Polish  army  in  Prussia.  In  this 
enterprise  he  was  arrested  and  impris- 
oned for  six  weeks  by  the  Prussian  gov- 
ernment. Returning  to  the  United 
States  on    his  release,  he   opened   the 


asylum  as  principal  in  1832,  and  under 
his  vigilant  superintendence  it  soon  com- 
mended itself  to  public  interest  and  lib- 
eral support.  His  remarkable  success 
in  imparting  knowledge  to  I. aura 
Bridgeman,  a  blind  deaf-mute,  excited 
universal  attention.  He  was  mainly 
instrumental  in  founding  the  Massachu- 
setts school  for  the  training  of  idiots. 
He  took  an  active  part  in  the  anti-s lav- 
ery  agitation,  and  in  the  sanitary  move- 
ment in  behalf  of  the  soldiers  in  the 
civil  war.  When  the  Cretan  struggle 
with  the  Turks  arose  in  1807,  he  went 
again  to  Greece  as  bearer  of  supplies  for 
the  insurrectionists.  In  1871  he  was  one 
of  the  commissioners  sent  by  our  gov- 
ernment to  St.  Domingo.  He  published 
a  "  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Greek  Rev- 
olution," 1828,  and  several  books  with 
raised  letters  for  the  use  of  the  blind. 
D.  1870. 

HOWELL,  Jostiua  B.,  b.  1799,  brig- 
adier-general of  U.  S.  volunteers  com- 
manding a  brigade  in  Major  general 
Terry's  division  before  Petersburg,  was 
killed  by  a  fall  from  his  horse,  Sept., 
1804.  He  had  been  several  times 
wounded  during  the  war. 

HUBER,  Victoh  Aime,  b.  at  Stutt- 
gart, 1800,  held  for  a  time  the  professor- 
ship of  literature  at  Berlin,  which  he  re- 
signed in  order  to  pursue  social  science. 
He  published  many  works  on  coi  pera- 
tion,  of  which  lie  was  one  of  the  ac- 
knowledged leaders  in  Germany.  His 
book  on  the  English  universities,  trans- 
lated by  F.  \\r.  Newman,  is  among  the 
best  works  of  its  kind.     D.  1809. 

HUBBARD,  Joseph  Stiixman,  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  in  the  U.  S.  navy, 
performing  duty  in  the  naval  observa- 
tory at  Washington,  and  an  astronomer 
of  no  ordinary  reputation,  b.  in  New 
Haven,  Conn.',  1823;  d  1803.  He  was 
an  extensive  contributor  to  the  "  Astro- 
nomical Journal."  — Samuel  Dickin- 
son, b.  at  Middle  town,  Conn.,  1799, 
although  educated  tor  the  law,  entered 
business  life  as  a  manufacturer.  He 
served  as  a  representative  in  the  2Jth 
and  30th  congress.  In  1852  he  was  ap- 
pointed postmaster-general,  and  held 
the  office  until  the  close  of  President 
Fillmore's  administration.     D.  1855. 

HUC,  Evamiste  Regis,  a  French 
priest,  labored  as  a  missionary  in  China, 
and  in  that  capacity  penetrated  into  the 
heart  of  the  Chinese  empire.  In  1852 
he  published  at  Paris  "  Souvenirs  d'un 
Voyage  dans  la  Tartaric,  le  Thibet,  et  la 
Chine,"  2  volumes,  a  most  interesting 
work,  translated  into  English  by  Wil- 


356 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OK    BIOGRAPHY. 


[hum 


]i:im  Hasslitt;  and  he  also  wrote  other 
works  concerning  Christian  it>  in  China, 
and  the  peculiarities  of  iln>  Chinese 
people.  B.  in  Toulouse^  1814;  d.  in  Pa- 
ri*. I8.'i0 

HUDSON,  GrcoitGE,  known  rs  the 
"Railway  King,"  h  at  York  in  1801. 
was  due  of  I  he  earliest  operators  in 
English  railways,  and  made  a  large  for- 
tune in  ihe  speculative  mania  (if  1845- 
184(1.  He  sat  in  parliament  for  Sunder- 
land from  1845  in  1851);  and  so  great 
was  his  popularity  and  the  idmiralion 
of  hi-  skill  in  manipulating  railroad 
property  in  the  share  market,  that  there 
was  a  large  sum  subscrilx  il  for  erecting 
a  statue  in  his  honor.  I'nt  the  co  lapse 
of  his  schemes  and  the  imputation  of 
frauds  impoverished  him  in  his  later 
da\  s  which  were  spent  in  ob.-cuiitv.     D. 

1871; 

HUGEL,  Caul  Ai.kxandkk  Akselm, 
a  German  traveller  and  naturalist,  h. 
17!  G,  was  a  captain  in  the  Austrian  ser- 
vice, and  after  1830,  visited  Greece, 
Egyit,  Hindostan,  and  penetrated  even 
to  Thibet.  He  brought  In  me  a  varia- 
ble collection  illustrative  of  ihe  natural 
history  and  ethnography  <  f  these  com  - 
tries,  that  was  purchased  bv  the  Mu- 
seum of  Vienna.     I>.  1870. 

HUGHES,  . I < > 1 1 .v ,  an  American  arch- 
bishop,  1).  in  Ireland  in  171)8,  came  to 
the  U.  S.  in  1H7,  and  for  a  brief  term 
served  with  a  florist.  He  next  entered 
a  catholic  seminary  at  F.inmittshnrg, 
3NIil  ,  and  having  been  ordaim  d  a  priesl 
in  1825,  settled  in  1'hiladelphia.  In 
1838,  he  was  appointed  coadjutor  bishop 
of  New  York,  and  in  the  following  year 
wax  made  administrator  of  the  diocese. 
On  ihe  (hath  of  Bishop  Dubois,  in  184:2, 
he  succeeded  to  the  full  dignity  of 
bishop,  and  he  forthwith  applied  him- 
self to  a  reform  in  the  tenure  of  church 
property  and  the  adjustment  of  church 
debts  in  his  diocese.  To  obtain  pecuni- 
ary aid  in  the  same  connection,  he  ed- 
ited Irance,  Austria,  and  Italy,  in  18  9. 
On  his  return  he  look  up  the  w<  rk 
of  catholic  education,  organizing  St. 
John's  college  at  l-'nrdham,  N.  Y.,  and 
directing  a  powerful  agitation  for  ihe 
modification  of  the  common  school  sys- 
tem. He  held  the  lirst  diocesan  synod 
of  New  York,  in  184-2.  In  1847',  ihe 
sees  of  Albany  and  Buffalo  were  erected, 
and  in  1850,  New  York  was  taised  to 
the  dignity  of  an  archiepiseopal  see,  the 
archbishop  proceeding  to  Home  to  re- 
ceive the  pallium  at  Ihe  hands  of  the 
pope.  The  first  provincial  council  of 
JNew  York  was  held  in  1854.     In  1858, 


he  laid  the  corner  stone  of  a  cathedral 
in  the  city  of  New  York,  and  to  the  last 
labored  persistently  in  Ihe  interest  of 
his  cllurch.  He  was  fond  of  contro- 
versy and  an  able  pamphleteer.  He 
had  two  public  discussions  with  the 
Rev.  -John  ISreekenrid.ee  on  llleol  gical 
question-,  and  a  correspondence  with 
Mr.  Krastus  Brooks  on  the  question  of 
church  property.  In  November.  181:51, 
he  went  to  Paris  as  a  special  agent  of 
the  state  del  artinent,  and  had  an  inter- 
view with  Napoleon  III.  I).  18G4.  His 
sister  Ki.i.i  n,  b  1800.  came  to  this 
country,  1M8,  joined  the  sisterhood  of 
charity,  assuming  the  name  of  Angela, 
and  became  a  prominent  member  of  ihe 
order.  During  the  civil  war  she  ren- 
dered efficient  service  to  the  Sanitary 
Commission.  I).  18G0. —  Rop.h'.tBai.i., 
a  sculptor,  b.  in  London,  1804,  studied 
with  E.  II.  Bailey,  came  to  New  York 
in  1829,  and  resided  subsequently  in  the 
United  States.  He  made  a  monumental 
alio  relief  of  life  size  of  Bishop  lb. hart, 
now  in  Trini'v  church.  New  York,  and 
the  bronze  statue  of  Nathaniel  Bow- 
ditch  at  M-  nut  Alburn.  His  ca-ts  of 
"little  Nell  "  and  the  group  "Uncle 
Tohv  and  the  Widow  VVadman''  are  in 
the  'Boston  Athenaum.      D.  18G8 

II  P  LS  KM  A  N  N,  Joitx  George, 
Chevalier de.  Austrian  ministerat  Wash- 
ington, was  li,  at  Stade  in  Hanover, 
educated  at  G<  ttingen.  and  for  several 
years  editor  of  a  journal  at  Vienna.  He 
came  to  the  United  Slates  in  1841  as 
charge  d'affaires,  and  afterward  became 
resident  minister,  and  remained  so  until 
1-863".     I>.  18G4. 

HUMBOLDT,  Frederick  Henry 
V.LEXANOEK  von,  Baron,  the  celebrated 
(Jenn  ti  naturalist,  b.  at  Berlin,  in 
1760.  was  educated  for  emphn  incut  in 
the  direction  of  the  government  mines. 
He  was  appointed  assessor  to  ihe  min- 
ing board  in  17!i'2,  subsequently  ex- 
changing the  post  for  that  of  a  director 
of  the  works  at  Bayreuth  'I  hese  duties 
he  abandoned  in  1705.  to  devote  himself 
to  those  pursuits  in  which  he  von  so 
much  renown.  Having  acquired  con- 
siderable acquaintance  with  Ihe  differ- 
ent countries  of  Europe,  he  sailed  in 
1799,  in  company  with  A  hue  Ihmpland, 
for  South  America.  Having  explored 
nearly  all  that  was  interesting  in  South 
America,  Humboldt  returned  to  Europe, 
in  1804,  and  commenced  a  seri»  s  of  co- 
lossal publications  in  nearly  every  de- 
partment of  science.  In  1829,  be  ex- 
plored Siberia  and  the  Caspian  Sea. 
The  work  bv  which  Humboldt  is  most 


hun] 


CYCLOryKDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


157 


widely  known  in  the  United  States  is 
his  "Cosmos,"  the  basis  of  the  hook 
being  a  series  of  lectures  delivered  in 
Paris  ami  Berlin.  "  Cosmos  "  was  de- 
signed to  he  an  educational  medium  to 
develop  in  the  people  an  appreciation  of 
nature.      I).  18."»S). 

HUME,  Josefh,  economist,  financier, 
and  reformer,  b  at  Montrose,  Scotland, 
in  1777,  was  left  fatherless  at  an  early 
age.  His  mother,  the  mistress  of  a 
little  shop,  apprenticed  him  to  a  sur- 
geon-apothecary. In  1790,  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  college  of  surgeons  at 
Edinburgh;  and  having  ob'ained  a  pro- 
fessional appointment  in  the  service  of 
the  East  India  Company,  he  left  for  the 
East  at  the  commencement  of  the  Mah- 
ratta  war.  In  India  he  mastered  the 
native  languages,  and  acted  as  inter- 
preter of  1'ersian  to  the  army,  being  at 
the  same  time  postmaster,  paymaster, 
and  commissariat  officer.  These  multi- 
farious occupations  enabled  him  to  re- 
turn to  England,  in  1808,  with  a  well- 
earned  fortune.  In  1812,  he  bought  a 
seat  in  parliament,  which  he  lost  almost 
immediately  by  a  dissolution.  Six 
years  afterward  he  was  more  fairli 
elected,  and  —  with  a  brief  intermission 
—  he  continued  a  member  of  the  house 
of  commons,  until  his  deaih  in  185 •">. 
His  public  services  a»  an  economist  are 
well  known.  His  dogged  perseverance 
and  inflexible  principles  enabled  him, 
year  after  year,  to  be  the  means  of  lop- 
ping off  items  of  expenditure.  The  blue 
books  and  parliamentary  papers  of  a 
quarter  of  a  century  may  be  regarded 
as  a  monument  of  his  amazing  industry, 
aud  of  his  victories  over  innumerable 
abuses. 

HUMPHREY,  Hemax,  D.  D.,  presi- 
dent of  Amherst  college,  author  of  a 
"  I  our  in  France,"  "  Sketches  of  the 
History  of  Revivals,"  "  Dome-tic  Edu- 
cation," "  Letters  lo  a  Son  in  the  Miu- 
istrv,"  and  other  works,  b.  in  Connecti- 
cut," 177U ;  d.  18.il. 

HUNT,  Eimva.kb  B.,  b.  in  Living- 
ston county,  N.  Y.,  civil  aud  military 
engineer  aud  inventor,  was  some  years 
in  the  coast  survey  bureau,  and  for  five 
years  employed  in  the  construction  of 
defences  at  Key  West.  In  18  >2,  while 
engaged  in  experimenting  with  a  sub 
marine  battery  of  his  own  invention  he 
was  injured  by  the  premature  discharge 
of  a  shell  from  the  effects  of  which  he 
d.  1863., —  Fkeeman,  founder  of  the 
''  Merchants'  Magazine,"  and  author  of 
"Lives  of  American  Merchants,"  b.  in 
Quiucy,  Mass.,  1804,  d.  iu  New  York, 


1858.  His  early  literary  labors  were  in 
connection  with  Boston  periodicals,  and 
with  "The  Traveller,"  a  miscellany 
which  he  established  in  New  York,  in 
1831.  —  James  Hicnhy  Leigh,  an  Eng- 
lish essavist,  journalist,  aud  poet,  was 
b.  iu  Middlesex,  1781.  At  the  age  of 
fifteen  he  entered  the  office  of  one  of  his 
brothers,  an  attorney,  removing  thence 
to  a  situation  in  the  war-office.  While 
thus  employed  he  contributed  to  various 
periodicals,  writing  more  especially  the- 
atrical criticisms.  In  1808.  he  became, 
wiih  his  brother  John,  joint  editor  and 
proprietor  of  the  '•Examiner"  news- 
paper. Under  their  management,  the 
"Examiner"  was  thrice  subjected  to 
government  prosecution  ;  twice  was  the 
journal  acquitted;  but  on  the  third  oc- 
i-ismn  having  been  ^"iii It \  of  describing 
the  prince  regent  as  "an  Adonis  of 
fifty,"  —  the  brothers  Hunt  were 
amerced  in  a  penalty  of  .£500,  and  two 
years  imprisonment.  One  of  the  fruits 
of  the  imprisonment  was  the  well- 
known  story  of  "  Rimini."  In  18"22, 
Leigh  Hunt  joined  Shelley  and  Byron 
in  the  management  of  the  "  Liberal," 
but  Shelley's  death  and  a  rupture  with 
Byron  soon  led  to  the  abandonment  of 
the  venture.  Thenceforward  Hunt  es- 
chewed politics,  and  iu  1817,  received 
a  pension  of  £200  from  the  queen.  His 
writings  a'e  numerous,  among  them  are 
"  Wit  and  Humor."  "The  Old  Court 
Suburb,"  "Men,  Women,  and  Books," 
and  his  " Autobiography, "  published 
1X5).  I).  1850.  —  TiioisNTnx,  eldest 
son  of  the  preceding,  b.  1810,  was  edu- 
cated as  a  painter,  but  abandoned  the 
brush  for  the  pen,  and  became  art- 
critic  and  journalist.  He  edited  his 
father's  autobiography  aud  correspond- 
ence. D.  18T3.  —  William,  painter 
in  water-colors,  was  b.  in  Loudon,  1790. 
He  first  practised  landscap  ■  painting, 
sometimes  in  oil,  but  finally  applied 
himself  to  the  painting  of  rustic  ligure- 
subjects,  peasant  boys  and  girls,  flower 
and  fruit  pieces.  From  1827.  to  the 
time  of  his  death,  he  was  an  indefatiga- 
ble contributor  to  the  exhibition  of  the 
Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colors, 
producing  an  innumerable  series  of 
small  master-pieces.  D.  18;4.  —  W ash- 
iN<iTux,  an  American  politician,  b.  at 
Windham,  New  York,  1811.  admitted 
to  the  bar,  18  54,  entered  early  into  po- 
litical life,  and  was  three  times  elected 
representative  to  congress  by  the  Whigs, 
1843-40.  He  was  comptroller  of  the 
state  of  New  York,  1840  ;  and  governor, 
1851-53.     Iu  1S50,  he  presided  over  the 


158 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ING 


Baltimore  convention  that  nominated 
Bell  and  Everett.    D.  1887. 

HUNTER,  Charles,  captain,  b.  at 
Newport,  R.  I.,  entered  the  D.  S.  navy 
in  1831,  retired  in  1855  at  his  own  re- 
quest. In  1861  he  offered  his  services 
to  the  government  and  was  assigned 
as  commander  to  the  steamer  Mont- 
gomery, of  the  Gulf  blockading  squad- 
ron. While  in  this  command  he  tired 
on  a  British  blockade-runner  that  he- 
had  chased  into  Cuban  waters.  Fur 
this  he  was  retired,  and  by  act  of  con- 
press  made  captain  on  the  retired  list. 
Lost  in  the  Ville  dn  Havre,  November, 
187;s  aged  about  GO  years.  -t- Joseph, 
an  English  antiquarian,  b.  at  Sheffield, 
3783,  was  a  Presbyterian  clergyman  2-1 
years  at  Hath,  and  from  1833  to  the 
time  of  his  death  in  the  Record  service 
in  London.  His  antiquarian  labors  re- 
sulted in  the  publication  of  numerous 
works,  anions  which  are  a  volume  of 
memorials  of  his  Puritan  ancestors,  and 
"Collections  concerning  the  Early  His- 
tory of  the  Founders  of  New  Plymouth, 
the  First  Colonists  of  New  England" 
(1850).  He  also  edited  several  volumes 
of  the  Camden  and  Shakespeare  soci- 
eties, and  left  a  number  of  valuable 
manuscripts  in  the  British  Museum.  D. 
1861. 

HURLSTONE.  Frederick  Yeates, 
b.  in  Loudon,  18.10,  studied  under  Law- 
rence and  Haydon,  and  in  1822  re- 
ceived the  Academy's  gold  medal  for 
historical  painting.  He  excelled  in  por- 
traits, especially  of  children,  and  pro- 


duced a  succession  of  works  of  historical 
or  poetical  interest.  Travelling  fre- 
quently, he  affected  Italian  and  Spanish 
subjects,  and  in  1854  visited  Morocco, 
where  he  painted  several  pictures.  D. 
1869. 

HUSSON,  Jean  Honors'  Aristide, 
a  French  sculptor,  b.  in  Paris,  1803,  a 
pupil  of  David  (d'Angers),  was  a  skill- 
fid  artist,  received  many  prize  medals, 
among  others  the  great  gold  medal  for 
a  marble  group  now  in  the  Luxembourg, 
"The  Guardian  Angel  offering  to  God 
a  Repentant  Sinner."  He  executed 
"Spring"  and  "Autumn,"  colossal 
figures,  for  one  of  the  fountains  of  the 
Place  de  la  Concorde,  and  stone  statues 
for  the  Louvre,  Hotel  du  Ville.  and  the 
garden  of  the  Luxembourg,  and  several 
marble  busts  for  the  chamber  of  peers. 
D.  1864. 

HUYSHE,  George  Lightfoot,  a 
British  officer,  served  in  Central  India 
during  the  mutiny,  but  exchanging  into 
the  Rifle  brigade,  went  with  his  regi- 
ment, to  Canada  in  18i0,  and  in  1870 
accompanied  the  Red  Kiver  expedition, 
of  which  he  published  au  interesting 
narrative.  In  1872  he  joined  the  staff 
of  Sir  Garnet  Wolsey  on  the  expedition 
to  the  West  Coast,  and  was  engaged  in 
the  bush  fighting  which  resul  ed  in  the 
retreat  of  the  enemy  beyond  the  Prah, 
and  in  missions  to  the  native  chiefs. 
He  surveyed  and  mapped  the  country 
between  the  coast  and  the  Prah,  and  d. 
of  a  fever  at  Prah-su,  in  January,  1874, 
in  his  35th  year. 


I. 


ILBF.RY,  Josiati  James,  b.  in  Lon- 
don, Sept.  16,  1769  ;  d.  at  Douglas, 
in  the  Isle  of  Man,  April  11,  1869.  He 
was  engaged  in  1828  as  superintendent 
of  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  rail- 
way, and  continued  in  the  active  dis- 
charge of  its  onerous  duties  till  th*  age 
of  8'i,  the  most  surprising  instance  of 
endurance  recorded  in  the  history  of 
railroad  emploves. 

INGEMANN,  Berxhard  Severin, 
a  Danish  poet  and  novelist,  b.  178J, 
was  one  of  the  most  prolific  writers  of 
Denmark.  His  historical  novels,  which 
illustrate  Danish  manners  in  the  middle 
ages,  are  much  read.     D.  1812. 

INGLKSOLL,  Charles  Jared,  an 
American  lawyer  and  statesman,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  1782,  studied  law,  and 
made  a  tuur  in  Europe,  devoting  him- 


self, on  his  return,  to  law,  literature, 
and  politics.  He  published  a  poem, 
called  "Cliiomara,"  in  the  "Portfolio," 
a  tragedy,  "  Edwy  and  Elgiva,"  which 
was  performed  in  Philadelphia;  and  in 
1810  a  political  and  literary  satire  under 
the  title  of  "Inchiquiii's  Letters."  In 
1813  he  was  elected  to  congress,  and 
from  1815  to  182.)  held  the  office  of 
U.  S.  district  attorney.  He  served  a 
second  time  in  congress,  from  1841  to 
1847.  He  wrote  a  history  of  the  war 
of  1812,  in  4  vols.,  and  published  nu- 
merous Democratic  speeches  and  ora- 
tions and  political  pamphlets.  D.  1832. 
—  Joseph  Reed,  a  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, b.  1786,  was  also  a  lawyer,  a 
member  of  congress,  in  1835-37,  and 
again  in  1841  for  eight  years.  Presi- 
dent Fillmore  appointed  him   minister 


IRV] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


159 


to  England.  D.  18G8.  —  Ralph  Isaacs. 
lawyer  and  politician,  b.  in  New  Ha- 
ven, Conn.,  1788,  studied  law,  and  took 
part  early  in  public  affairs.  He  repre- 
sented Ins  native  town  seven  years  in 
the  state  legislature,  where  lie  was  re- 
garded as  the  most  prominent  Demo- 
cratic debater.  In  1825  lie  was  elected 
to  the  lower  house  of  congress,  and 
reelected  three  times.  Most  of  the  time 
he  served  on  the  committee  of  ways 
and  means,  with  Verplanck,  M' Duffies 
and  Polk.  He  received  from  Mr.  Polk, 
in  1840,  the  unsolicited  appointment 
of  minister  plenipotentiary  to  Russia, 
where  he  remained  only  two  years. 
The  remainder  of  his  life  was  spent  in 
the  practice  of  his  profession.  D.  in 
1872. 

INGHVM.  Charles  C,  an  Amer- 
ican portrait  painter,  b.  in  Dublin,  171)7, 
came  to  the  United  States  in  1817,  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  National 
Academy,  and,  besides  his  ''Death  of 
Cleopatra"  and  some  fancy  pieces, 
painted  the  portraits  of  many  of  the 
reigning  beiiuties  of  New  York  in  his 
da  v.     D.  1863. 

1NGRAIIAM,  Duncan  Nathaniel, 
captain  II.  S.  navv,  b.  in  Charleston, 
S.  C.  180-2,  midshipman  in  1812,  Is 
well  known  by  his  seizure  of  Martin 
Koszta,  an  American  citizen,  from  an 
Austrian  brig  of  war  at  Smyrna.  For 
this  act  congress  requested  the  presi- 
dent to  present  him  a  medal.  Resigned 
in  1801,  and  was  made  chief  of  ord- 
nance, construction,  and  repair  in  the 
confederate  navv.  D.  at  Charleston, 
1863.  —  Josm'h'H.,  b.  1803,  was  mer- 
chant, teacher,  novelist,  and  finally 
minister  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  in  Mississippi.  "The  South- 
West,  by  a  Yankee,"  brought  him  first 
into  notice  in  1830,  and  he  produced  a 
number  of  romances  that  were  popu- 
lar at  the  time  and  largely  circulated. 
Among  these  were  "  Barton,  or  the 
Sieges,"  and  ''Captain  Kyd."  His  late 
works  were  on  Scriptural  subjects.  D. 
1800. 

INGRAM,  Herbert,  founder  and 
proprietor  of  the  "Illustrated  Loudon 
News,"  and  member  of  the  British  par- 
liament, b.  1811,  was  drowned  in  Lake 
Michigan,  1800. 

INGRES,  Jean-Augustk  Domi- 
nique, a  celebrated  French  painter,  b. 
1780,  was  a  pupil  of  David,  and  made 
his  tllmt,  like  most  of  his  contempo- 
raries, in  the  conventional  reproduction 
of  bas-relief  and  statue.  Hut  such  was 
his   progress  that  he  carried  away  the 


second  prize  of  1790,  and  the  great 
prize  of  Koine,  in  1802,  by  two  classical 
pictures,  which  Flaxiuau  pronounced 
the  best  which  he  had  seen  of  trench 
art.  A  long  residence  in  Italy  modified 
and  improved  his  style,  ami  though  he 
had  to  sustain  a  hard  Btruggle  with  for- 
tune and  the  critics,  he  persisted  in  the 
path  he  had  marked  out  for  himself, 
and  triumphed.  His  "  Stratonice  "  was 
sold,  in  1853,  with  the  confiscated  ef- 
fects of  the  house  of  Orleans,  for  40,- 
000  francs;  and  was  afterwards  bought 
by  the  Due  d'Aumale  at  an  auction  in 
Paris  for  move  than  double  that  sum. 
His  latest  works  were  "Moliere  and 
Louis  XI V.,"  and  "Christ  among  the 
Doctors."  He  painted  numerous  pur- 
traits.     D.  1807. 

INXES,  Cosmo,  a  Scottish  historian 
and  antiquary,  b.  at  Edinburgh,  171)9, 
bred  to  the  law,  devoted  much  time  to 
archaeology,  and  in  18-10  became  an  un- 
salaried professor  of  history  in  the  Edin- 
burgh university,  and  continued  so  till 
his  death.  He  was  a  frequent  contribu- 
tor to  the  "Quarterly  Review,"  ajid  to 
the  "North  British  Review:"  wrote 
several  original  works  on  Scottish  his- 
tory and  law,  and  edited  many  volumes 
for' the  Spalding,  Maitland,  and  Banna- 
tyne  clubs.  DM874. 
"  ION,  Jacob  Bond,  a  South  Carolina 
statesman,  b.  1782,  entered  the  U.  S. 
army,  in  1811,  as  captain  of  the  first 
regiment  of  artillery,  and  served  until 
1815.  He  was  afterwards  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  fortifications  at 
Charleston  and  Savannah.  He  was  an 
influential  member  of  the  South  Caro- 
lina senate,  and  for  some  \ears  its  pres- 
ident, and  took  an  important  part  in  the 
convention  of  1832,  by  which  the  ordi- 
nance of  nullification  was  passed.  D. 
1809. 

I KVING,  J.  Bemjfratx,  an  Ameri- 
can painter,  b.  at  the  south,  joined  the 
confederates  in  the  civil  war,  and  was 
stripped  of  his  property.  He  removed 
to  New  York  with  the  view  of  turning 
to  account  his  knowledge  of  painting, 
acquired  as  an  amateur.  His  style  was 
formed  on  Meissonier's,  and  he  ac- 
quired reputation  and  pecuniary  success 
in  bis  art,  but  d  in  the  ke.ght  of  his 
promise,  May,  1877. 

IRVING," Washington,  b.  in  New 
York,  1783,  was  the  youngest  son  of 
William  Irving,  a  descendant  of  an 
Orkney  family,  his  mother  being  an 
Englishwoman.  An  ordina'y  school 
education  terminated  in  Irving'*  16th 
year,  and  he  then  commenced  the  study 


1G0 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[1ST 


of  the  law.  In  1802  lie  contributed  to 
tin'  '•  Morning  Chronicle  "  newspaper  ;i 
series  of  papers  upon  the  theatres,  man- 
ners, and  local  events  of  the  town,  over 
the  signature  of  Jonathan  OJdstyle. 
lie  went  t<>  Kurope  for  his  health  ill 
18J4,  and  was  absent  nearly  two  year-, 
resuming  his  law  studies  in  18:)G.  Soon 
after,  in  conjunction  with  James  K. 
Paulding  and  li is  elder  brother  William, 
he  pioj  ctcd  "•Salmagundi,"  a  serial 
publication,  which  was  continued  dur- 
ing a  year,  and  was  highly  popular. 
"  Knickerbocker's  History  of  New 
York"  followed  about  two  years  after- 
ward. In  1810  he  wrote  a  biographical 
sketch  id'  Thomas  Campbell,  prefixed 
to  an  American  edition  of  his  works. 
Meanwhile  [rving  had  joined  two  of  his 
brothers  as  a  silent  partner  in  mercan- 
tile pursuits.  Hut  lie  continued  his  lit- 
erary labors,  and  in  1813-14  edited  the 
'•  Analrctie  Magazine  "  iu  Philadelphia 
In  1814  he  became  aid-de-camp  and 
military  secretary  on  the  staff  of  Gov- 
ernor Tonikins.  On  the  termination  of 
the  war  he  proceeded  again  to  Km-ope, 
and  remained  there  seventeen  years. 
The  first  year  or  two  of  his  slay  in 
England  passed  in  travel,  rural  wander- 
ings, and  pleasant  social  intercourse, 
amongst  others,  with  Walter  Scott. 
The  failure  of  the  New  York  firm  of 
which  he  was  a  member  deprived  [rving 
of  his  property,  and  threw  him  upon  his 
literary  resources  for  support.  The 
"  Sketch-Hook  "  was  the  earliest  prod 
net  of  his  labor,  and  lirought  him  profit 
and  distinction.  kt  Bracebridge  Hall" 
appeared  iu  1821,  Murray  having  paid 
1000  guineas  for  the  copyright  without 
seeing  the  manuscript.  Irving  next 
visited  Dresden,  and  in  1824  published 
the  "Tales  of  a  Traveller."  In  1825 
Alexander  H.  Everett.  U.  S.  minister 
tn  Spain,  commissioned  Irving  to  trans- 
late tin-  documents  relating  to  Columbus 
just  col  i -ctfil  by  Navarrete.  The  "  His- 
tory nf  the  Life  and  Vovages  of  Chris- 
tonlier  Columbus"  was  the  result, 
followed  by  the  "  Vovages  ami  Discov- 
eries of  the  Companions  of  Columbus." 
During  Iris  residence  in  Spain  Irving 
also  gathered  the  material  whi  h  he 
embodied  iu  the  ''Chronicle  "f  the 
Conquest  of  Granada."  the  •'  Al ham- 
bra,"  "  legends  of  the  Conquest  of 
S|.;ii  i,"  an  1  "  Mahomet  and  his  Suc- 
cessors." lie  had  returned  to  England 
in  182  1,  having  received  the  appoint- 
ment of  secretary  of  legation  to  the 
Anierican  embassy  at  London.  In  1833 
he  returned  to  New  York,  where  he  was 


entertained  at  a  public  dinner  under 
the  presidency  of  Chancellor  Kent.  Iu 
the  summer  of  the  same  year  he  ac- 
companied Commissioner  Ellsworth  on 
his  journey  to  remove  the  Indian  tribes 
across  the  Mississippi,  and  acquired  a 
strong  interest  in  the  adventurous  life 
of  the  West.  "'  A  Touron  the  Prairies  " 
appeared  in  1835,  "Astoria"  in  183G, 
and  in  18  i7  "Adventures  of  Captain 
Bonneville  in  the  Kockv  .Mountains  and 
the  Far  West."  In  1*841  he  wrote  a 
"Life  of  Margaret  Miller  Davidson," 
to  accompany  an  edition  of  her  poetical 
remains.  In  1842  lie  was  appointed 
minister  to  Spain,  which  post  he  tilled 
lour  years.  (In  his  return  he  published 
''  Oliver  Goldsmith,  a  Biography."  In 
1848-50  he  revised  an  edition*  of  his 
works,  published  by  Mr.  (j.  P.  Putnam. 
His  fast  and  largest  work,  the  "  Lite  of 
Washington,"  was  completed  iu  1859. 
Irving's  latter  days  were  passed  serene- 
ly and  happily  al  Suiinyside,  his  home, 
near  Tarrytown,  surrounded  by  a  gen- 
ial circle  of  relatives  and  friends.  He 
was  never  married,  in  consequence  of 
the  death  or'  the  young  lady — Miss 
Hoffman  —  whom  he  loved,  and  whose 
well-worn  Bible  lav  on  a  table  at  his 
bedside  when  he  d.",  Nov.  28,  1*59.  A 
"  Memoir  of  Irving,"  with  his  !•  tters, 
was  published  bv  his  nephew,  Pierre 
M.  Irving,  in  3  vols.,  18i7. 

ISAI5EY,  Jkax  Baitiste,  a  French 
water-color  and  miniature  painter,  I),  at 
Nancy,  1 707,  went  to  Paris  in  178  i,  and 
took  some  lessons  from  Duiuout,  sup- 
porting himself  by  painting  snuff-box 
lids  and  coat  buttons,  with  copies  from 
Boucher  and  Van  Loo.  He  painted  me- 
dallion portraits  of  the  dukes  nf  lierri 
an  1  Angoulciue,  and  of  the  Queen 
Marie  Antoinette.  He  was  much  pa- 
tronized afterwards  by  the  Bonaparte 
family,  and  made  hundreds  of  minia- 
tures of  Napoleon.  A  collection  '4'  his 
miniatures  is  one  of  the  historical  mon- 
uments of  the  epoch.  He  visited  1 1  n  — • 
sia,  and  was  employed  by  the  emperor 
Alexander.  He  painted  a  "Conference 
of  the  Congress  of  Vienna,'1  and  por- 
traits of  nui-t  of  the  sovereigns  of  his 
time.  I).  1855. 
ISMAIL  P.vs'iA,  see  Kmety,  George, 
ISTURIZ,  Francois  Xavikk  i>k,  a 
Spanish  minister  and  statesman,  b. 
17:10,  was  the  son  nf  a  Basque  mer- 
chant who  had  settled  at  Cad  /..  He 
was  deputy  to  the  Cortes  in  1822.  At 
Madrid  lie  actively  engaged  in  political 
intrigues,  and  ><>  far  compromised  nim- 
self  with  the  government  that  he  was 


JAC] 


CYCLOi\*:niA  of  i5iogi:ai>iiv. 


161 


obliged  to  fly  (o  England,  where  he 
joined  .1  commercial  house.  Under  the 
amnesty  accorded  by  llie  queen  re- 
gent, in  18:H.  lie  returned  fau  Spain, 
and  was  again  sent  by  his  native  city  io 
the  cortes.  When  his  fri<  ml  Mendiza- 
bal  was  chief  of  the  cabinet,  [stnriz  be-, 
caiue  president  of  the proGiirttihwrs,  hut 
the  friends  quarrelled,  and  fought  ;i 
bloodless  duel.  After  the  fall  of  Men- 
diz.ilial,  [flturiz  was  appointed  minister 
of  Foreign  affairs,  and  president  of  the 
council.  Troubled  time-  followed,  till 
the  people  of  Madrid  iu  insurrection  de- 
manded his  head,  and,  escaping  in  the 
garb  of  a  courier,  he  lied  to  Lisbon,  and 
there  embarked  for  England.  Return- 
ing once  more  to  Spain,  he  was  again 
sent  by  Cadiz  to  the  cories,  and  became 
president  in  1839-  After  the  return  of 
Maria  Christina,  and  the  expulsion  of 
Kspartero,  he  became  president  of  the 
council  of  ministers,  and  senator.  He 
negotiated  the  marriages  of  the  qu-en 
with  her  cousin,  and  of  her  sister  with 
the  Duke  of  Montpetisier.  His  minis- 
try fell  soon  afterward.  He  was  suc- 
cessively minister  plenipotentiary  lo 
Russia;  to  Kugluud,  and  to  France.  D. 
1871. 

[TURRIDE,  Madame  Huatk  he. 
ex-empress  of  Mexico,  b.  about  IT'.JO; 
d.  at  Philadelphia,  ISfil.  Her  husband, 
August  in  de  Ilurbide,  the  first  emperor 
of  Mexico   of   European   descent,    was 


executed  by  the  Mexican  govern m»-nt 
in  1824  frnn  win:  ll  tune  Ills  widow  re- 
sided in  the  United  States. 

IVLRSOX,  Ai.i'iii.D,  politician,  b.  in 
Georgia,  IT.lS,  practised  law,  went  to 
the  statu  legislature,  sat  one  term  in  the 
lower  house  <>f  congress,  and  was  mem- 
ber of  U.  S.  senate  1855-til,  an  advo- 
cate of  secession  and  disunion  ist.  He 
left  the  senate  in  January,  18  il,  and 
was  afterwards  a  confederate  brigadier- 
general.     I).  1873. 

IVES,  Eli,  an  eminent  American 
physician,  professor  of  materia  mtiiiea, 
and  afterward  professor  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine  in  Yale  college, 
b.  in  New  Haven,  177!* ;  (1.  1861.-. 
Lkvi  Siu. i.man,  b.  iii  Connecticut, 
1797,  received  deacon's  orders  in  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  church  in  18-22. 
He  officiated  in  the  ministry  in  different 
churches  in  Philadelphia  and  New  York 
in  18-31,  when  he  was  consecrated  bishop 
of  North  Carolina.  In  his  diocese  he 
promoted  the  cause  of  education,  and 
prepared  a  catechism  for  slaves,  which 
was  introduced  on  several  plantation's'. 
In  1852  lie  went  to  Home  and  joined  the 
Roman  Caholic  church.  The  next  year 
he  was  deposed  from  his  bishopric,  and 
published  ■'  The  Trials  of  a  Mind  in  its 
Progress  to  Catholicism."  On  his  re- 
turn north,  he  devoted  himself  to  lec- 
turing and  teaching  iu  several  Roman 
Catholic  seminaries.     D.  1SU7. 


JACKSON,  Thomas  Jonathan, 
"Stonewall,"  a  lieutenant-general  in 
the  confederate  service,  b.  in  Lewis 
county,  Va.,  182(i.  He  graduated  at 
West  Point,  in  1840,  served  iu  Mexico 
villi  Magruder's  battery,  was  brevetted 
captain  for  gallantry  at  Contreras  and 
Churubusco,  and  major  at  Cliapul  epee. 
In  1852  he  resigned  io  consequence  of 
ill  health,  and  became  a  professor  in  the 
military  institute  at  Lexington,  Va., 
marrying,  and  attaching  himself  to  the 
Presbyterian  church,  of  which  he  be- 
came a  zealous  elder.  Thus  he  re- 
mained until  his  state  declared  itself  out 
of  the  Union,  when  he  resumed  his  mili- 
tary career  with  the  rank  of  colonel 
in  the  army  of  Virginia.  His  lirst 
movement  was  upon  Harper's  Perry, 
which  he  occupied  April  18,  1831.  At 
Martinsburg,  July  2,  he  was  attacked 
and  compelled  to  retreat  by  the  Union 
11 


forces   under   General    Patterson.     He 

participated  in  the  battle  of  Bull  Run  as 
brigadier  general,  and  was  with  the 
main  army  of  I  lie  confederates  at  Cen- 
treville  during  the  winter  of  18il-(!2. 
On  March  2-i,  near  Winchester,  he  en- 
countered unsuccessfully  ihe  troops  un- 
der General  Shields;  the  circumstance 
that  he  and  his  forces  were  described  by 
another  as  having  "stood  like  a  stone 
wall  "  in  the  conflict,  giving  rise  to  the 
appellation  by  which  he  was  afterwards 
distinguished.  His  subsequent  move- 
ments against  Generals  Hanks,  McDow- 
ell, ami  Shields,  secured  f  r  him  a 
reputation  as  a  bold,  dashing,  and  withal 
successful  soldier.  After  taking  part  in 
the  series  of  battles  which  lor  the  time 
relieved  Richmond  arid  closed  the  '  hick- 
alioininy  campaign,  be  led  the  advance 
of  General  Lee's  army  as  it  moved 
north  against  General  Pope,  and  having 


1G2 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIY. 


[.JAC 


repeatedly  defeated  Mm,  crossed  tlie 
Potomac  into  Maryland  and  occupied 
Frederick;  recrossed  and  captured  Har- 
per's Ferry,  with  11.000  Union  prisoners, 
and  having  joined  Lee's  main  body, 
bore  a  prominent  part  in  the  battle  of 
Antietam.  Dining  the  winter  of  1802 
Jack-on  held  command  of  the  right 
wing  of  ihe  confederate  army  stationed 
near  Fredericksburg,  having  meanwhile 
been  promoted  to  a  lieutenant-general- 
ship. On  ihe  2d  Max,  1883,  lie  made 
an  impetuous  charge  upon  the  11th  fed- 
eral corps  under  General  Howard,  rout- 
ing them  completely  and  forcing  them 
toward  Chancellorsville.  Darkness  ar- 
rested the  contest,  and  Jackson,  who  had 
been  in  the  foremost  position,  tunx  d  with 
bis  staff  toward  his  own  lines.  A  South 
Carolina  regiment,  mistaking  the  caval- 
cade tor  Union  cavalry,  fired  a  sudden 
volley,  and  Jackson  fell  from  his  horse, 
wounded  in  both  arms,  lie  d.  on  the 
10th  May,  and  was  honored  with  a  pub- 
lic funeral  in  Richmond. — (.'iiai.i.ks, 
justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  Massa- 
chusetts from  1813  to  182-'},  was  b.  in 
Newbnrvport,  1775,  and  admitted  to 
practice  in  Essex  county  in  1700.  In 
1832  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
commi  sion  to  revise  the  statutes  of  the 
commonweal, h.  D.  1855.  —  James,  an 
eminent  phy-ic'an,  bio  her  of  the  pre- 
ceding, b.  1777,  in  Newburyport.  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college,  studied  with 
Dr.  Holyoke,  and  afterward  in  Loudon. 
On  his  return  he  settled  in  Boston  and 
practised  there  through  life.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Massachu- 
setts General  Hos|  ital  and  its  first  phy- 
sician. He  was  many  years  professor 
of  Ihe  theory  and  practice  of  medicine 
in  Harvard  college,  ami  several  times 
elected  president  of  ihe  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society.  His  professional  ar- 
ticles and  treatises  were  numerous,  and 
lie.  published  a  eulogy  on  Dr.  John 
Warren,  a  memoir  of  his  son,  James 
Jackson,  Jr.;  an  I  ■' Letters  to  a  Young 
Physician,"  of  which  several  editions 
have  been  printed.  D.  1807. — Clai- 
borne !•'.,  b.  iii  Fleming  comity,  Ky., 
18.17.  settled  in  Missouri,  and  became 
one  of  its  most  prominent  politicians. 
wielding  great  influence  in  the  state  leg- 
islature, taking  an  active  part  in  the  or- 
ganization of  the  banking  system,  and 
filling  the  office  of  bank  commissioner. 
He  was  elected  jrovernor  in  18G0,  and 
empl  yed  all  the  means  at  his  command 
to  plunge  the  state  into  recession.  In 
July,  1851,  having  left  the  capital  on 
the    approach   of    General    Lyon    with 


United  States  troops,  he  was  deposed 
by  the  state  convention.  He  became 
general  in  the  confederate  army,  and 
d.  at  Little  Lock,  Ark.,  1802.  — Cox- 
)!Ai>  Feegek,  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers in  the  United  States  army,  b. 
in  Pennsylvania,  killed  at  Fredericks- 
burg. Va.,  Dec.  10,  1802.  He  entered 
the  war  as  colonel  of  the  9th  l'ennsyl- 
vanian  reserves  in  1801,  and  in  July, 
1802,  took  command  of  the  brigade 
previously  under  General  Ord,  in  Gen- 
eral McL'all's  division.  —  Jam ks  S.  a 
Union  officer,  with  the  rank  of  briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers,  b.  in  Ken- 
tucky, 1822;  killed  in  the  battle  of  Per- 
ryviile,  Oct.  8,  1862.  lie  was  a  lawyer 
by  profession,  but  served  in  the  Ken- 
tucky cavalry  in  the  Mexican  war. 
He  was  elected  to  the  37th  congress. 
He  had  fought  several  duels,  one  with 
the  celebrated  Thomas  F.Marshall. — 
Sin  GkoiiGK.  an  English  diplomatist,  b. 
1785,  entered  early  in  the  diplomatic 
service,  and  was  employed  on  various 
missions  till  in  1823  he  went  to  Wash- 
ington and  was  occupied  four  years  as 
commissioner  under  the  rrea'yoi  Ghent. 
He  was  subsequently  engaged  on  com- 
missions for  the  suppression  id'  the  slave 
trade.  Retiring  in  1850  he  d.  at  Bou- 
logne, 1801.  Portions  of  his  diaries 
and  letters  were  published  by  Lady 
Jackson  in  1872  and  1873.  —  Samuel, 
b.  1787  in  Philadelphia,  was  distin- 
guisbed  in  the  medical  profession,  as 
physician,  surgeon,  writer,  and  lecturer. 
His  chief  work  is  "The  Principles  of 
Medicine."  D.  1872. — Thomas,  an 
English  Methodist  clergyman,  b.  1783, 
died  1873;  entered  the  itinerant  minis- 
try in  1N04,  and  twenty  years  later  was 
chosen  by  the  British  conference  "'con- 
nectional  editor"  of  the  Wesleyan 
Church.  His  publications,  biographical 
and  hist'  rival,  in  the  interests  of  his 
church  were  numerous. 

JACOlil.  Monriz  Hehmaxn,  a  Ger- 
man physicist,  b.  at  Potsdam,  1790,  was 
at  28  without  a  profession,  and  armed 
with  a  letter  from  M.  von  Humboldt, 
went  to  St.  Petersburg  to  seek  his  for- 
tunes. He  soon  distinguished  himself 
by  bis  researches  in  physics.  In  1830 
he  constructed  a  short  electric  t<  legraph, 
am!  two  years  later  a  telegraph  eighteen 
miles  long  between  the  winter  palace 
and  the  summer  palace  of  the  emperor. 
In  1810  be  made  his  important  discovery 
.J'  galvanoplasty,  and  was  made  coun- 
cillor of  the  court.  At  this  time  he  pro- 
posed to  the  emperor  the  formation  of  a 
regiment  of  galvanic  sappers,  which  was 


jam] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


1G3 


carried  out,  and  Jacobi  appointed  col- 
onel ;  lience  the  construction  of  the 
most  famous  battery  in  the  world.  He 
published  numerous  memoirs  on  sub- 
jects connected  with  his  discoveries. 
1).  187  L 

JAFFE,  Pmur-r,  a  German  histori- 
cal scholar  and  editor,  b.  near  Posen, 
1819.  Educated  for  the  medical  profes- 
sion, he  devoted  himself  to  researches 
into  the  history  of  the  middle  ages.  His 
important  works  are  the  " Itegesta  Pon- 
tilicum  Romanorum,"  and  the  "Fontes 
Rerum  Germanicorum,"  both  immense 
collections  of  materials  for  history, 
chronologically  arranged  and  anno- 
tated. Overtasked  by  his  labors,  he 
died  by  his  own  hand,   1870. 

JAHN,  Fkkderick  Ludwig,  the  in- 
ventor of  the  modern  system  of  gym- 
nastics, was  b.  in  Pomerania,  1778,  and 
went  to  Berlin  in  1803.  The  French 
were  then  masters  of  Germany,  and 
Jahn,  who  was  a  teacher  in  a  private 
institution,  established  his  first  gym- 
nasium in  1811,  as  a  covert  means  of 
nourishing  patriotic  feelings  amongst 
his  countrymen.  To  him  the  affiliated 
societies  of  "Turners"  owe  their  pater- 
nity. D.  185-2.  —  Or  to,  b.  at  Kiel,  1813, 
finished  his  studies  at  Berlin,  made  a 
long  stay  in  France  and  Italy,  and  on 
his  return  to  Kiel  opened  a  course  of 
lectures  on  philology  and  archeology. 
In  1847  he.  occupied  a  chair  of  philology 
at  Leipsic,  but  having  taken  part  in  the 
national  movements  of  1848-49,  he  was 
deprived  of  his  appointments,  and  re- 
tired into  private  life.  He  published 
numerous  philological  and  archaeologi- 
cal works,  and  a  valuable  biography  of 
Mozart.     D.  1809. 

JAL,  Augustk,  b.  at  Lyons,  1791, 
entered  upon  a  career  in  the  navy,  but 
left  it  after  some  years  and  went  to 
Paris,  and  commenced  writing  in  the 
journals.  In  1834  he  was  charged  by 
the  minister  of  marine  with  a  mission 
to  Italy  to  collect  materials  for  the  his- 
tory of  the  navy.  He  wrote  many 
volumes  of  art  criticism,  and  was  an 
assistant  in  many  literary  journals.  His 
chief  work  is  on"  "Naval  Archaeology," 
which  obtained  the  Gobert  prize  of  the 
Academy  of  Inscriptions  and  Belles- 
lettres,  and  was  published  by  order  of 
Louis  Philippe.  His  "  Dictionnaire  Cri- 
tique de  Biographie  et  Histoire  "  (1804) 
is  a  work  of  great  labor  and  research. 
D.  1873. 

JALEY,  Jean  Louis  Nicholas,  a 
French  sculptor,  b.  1802,  a  pupil  of  Car- 
tellier,  exhibited  several  busts  in  1824, 


and  some  years  later,  statues,  much 
admired,  of  "  l.a  Priere  "  and  "  La  Pu- 
deur,"  which  in  1855  were  reproduced 
at  the  Industrial  Exhibition  and  pur- 
chased by  the  emperor.     D.  1800. 

JAMKS,  G.  P.  R,  one  of  the  most 
prolific  of  modern  novelists,  was  b.  in 
London.  Some  of  his  earliest  literary 
efforts  were  seen  by  Washington  Irving, 
who  advised  him  to  aim  at  something 
higher.  The  novel  of  "Richelieu"  was 
the  result  of  this  encouragement.  Pub- 
lished in  1828,  it  met  at  once  with  signal 
success.  During  the  succeeding  twenty 
years  his  pen  was  constantly  at  work  iu 
this  division  of  the  literary  field,  all  his 
novels  belonging  too  obviously  to  one 
class  —  and  that  a  mediocre  one — to 
call  for  enumeration.  In  1852  he  he- 
came  British  consul  at  Norfolk,  Va., 
where  he  remained  some  years.  In  1858 
he  was  appointed  consul  at  Venice,  and 
d.  there,  1800. — John  Angicll,  au- 
thor of  many  popular  religious  works, 
and  pastor  of  a  Congregational  church 
at  Birmingham,  England,  b.  1784;  d. 
1859.  —  Chaui.ks  T.,  b.  in  West  Green- 
wich, R.  I.,  1806  ;  d.  1802.  Having 
turned  his  attention  to  mechanics  as 
connected  with  the  cotton  interest,  he 
wrote  a  series  of  papers  on  the  culture 
and  manufacture  of  cotton  in  the  south. 
He  was  U.  S.  senator  from  1851  to  1857 
from  Rhode  Island.  He  subsequently 
invented  a  rifle-cannon,  and  met  his 
death  from  the  explosion  of  a  shell  of 
his  own  invention. 

JAMESON,  Mrs.  Ann*,  an  emi- 
nent art  critic,  b.  in  Dublin,  1790;  d. 
in  England,  1800.  Her  "Loves  of  the 
Poets,"  "Lives  of  Celebrated  Female 
Sovereigns,"  "Characteristics  of  Wo- 
men," "Sacred  and  Legendary  Art," 
and  "  Common-place  Book  of  Thoughts, 
Memories,  and  Fancies,"  are  amongst 
the  most  important  of  her  labors.  Her 
maiden  name  was  Mmphy.  —  Robert, 
mineralogist  and  geologist,  b.  at  Leith, 
1773  ;  d.  1854.  He  was  for  many  years 
editor  of  the  "Edinburgh  Journal,"  a 
periodical  devoted  to  natural  history 
and  science,  and  was  a  fellow  of  several 
of  the  learned  societies  of  the  United 
States.  —  Chaklks  Davis,  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  armv, 
b.  in  Gotham,  Me.,  1827  ;  d.  in  1832  "of 
camp-fever,  contracted  on  the  peninsula 
of  Virginia.  He  joined  the  service  as 
colonel  of  the  2d  Maine  volunteers  in 
May,  1881,  and  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  he  held  at  the  time  of  his  death 
as  a  recognition  of  his  gallantry  at  Bull 
Run.    In  1801  and  1802  he  was  the  can- 


164 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF   BIOGIJAPIIY. 


[jab 


didnte  of  (he  "War  Democrats'"  of 
Maine  for  l lie  office  of  governor  of  that 
state. 

JANES.  Edmitkd  Stores,  b.  at  Shef- 
field, Mn-s.,  1  SOT,  studied  law.  medi- 
cine, ami  divinity,  ami  in  1844  was 
elected  bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal church,  residing  for  main'  years  in 
the  city  of  New  York.  D.  1870".  —  Ei>- 
avin  L.,  a  twin  brotherof  (he  preceding, 
a  distinguished  clergyman  of  the  Meth- 
odist church,  was  the  author  of  "  Wes- 
ley his  own  Biographer,"  and  other 
works.     D.  1875. 

JANET-LANGE,  Louis,  a  French 
painter,  b.  1818,  was  a  pupil  of  Ingres, 
and  afterwards  of  Horace  Yernet,  in 
whose  large  and  brilliant  style  he  pro- 
duced several  works.  He'  furnished 
many  designs  to  the  illustrated  jour- 
nals."    I).  1872. 

J  AN  IX,  .1  ii.i;s-Gari:iki.,  a  celebrated 
French  critic,  b.  at  St.  Eticiiue,  18:14, 
studied  law,  went  to  Paris,  and  in  1825 
became  one  of  the  editors  of  "  Figaro.*1 
a  journal  on  which,  according  to  his 
account,  the  writers  were  all  wicked 
without  wickedness,  and  cruel  without 
knowing  it.  He  attracted  the  attention 
of  Berlin  the  elder,  editor  in  chief 
of  the  "Journal  des  Di'bats,"  and  a 
permanent  connection  was  made  with 
that  journal.  Here  he  commenced  the 
fMlilleU  lit  which  were  the  great  work 
of  his  life,  and  which  in  their  collected 
form  constitute  a  dramatic  history  of 
France  for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a 
century.  His  biographies,  essays,  cri- 
tiques, prefaces,  notices,  introduction-, 
and  miscellaneous  articles  were  num- 
berless, but  all  pleasant  and  gossipping 
combinations  of  next-to-nothings.  lie 
wrote  some  novels,  but  his  claims  to  a 
seat  in  the  academy  were  perseveringly 
neg'ected  tdl  1870,  when  he  succeeded 
St.  Beuve.  I),  at  Passy,  where  he  had 
loni;  resided,  in  1874. 

JANNEY,  Samuel  M.,  a  Quaker 
philanthropist  and  author,  b.  in  Lou- 
don county,  Va.,  1801.  His  first  book, 
"The  Country  School-master,"'  a  poem, 
appealed  in  1825;  but  his  best  known 
work  is  the  "Life  of  William  Penn" 
(1852).  He  was  also  the  author  of 
"Conversations  on  Religious  Subjects," 
"Historical  Sketch  of  the  Christian 
Church,"  "  Life  of  George  Fox,"  a 
"  History  of  the  Friends,"  in  four  vol- 
umes. Tn  ISfW  President  Grant  ap- 
pointed Mr.  Janney  one  of  the  super- 
intendents of  Indian  affairs,  and  he 
held  the  office  about  two  years.  D. 
1877. 


JASMIN,  Jacques,  the  peasant  poet 
of  the  south  of  France,  who  has  been 
styled  the  last  of  the  tro >.h  idours,  b.  at 
Agen,  17U8.  was  apprenticed  to  a  hair- 
dresser, and  becoming  a  barber  mi  his 
own  account,  "shaved  well  but  wrote 
better."  He  worked  at  poetry  by  night, 
ami  bis  verses,  composed  in  the  /ritui.int 
his  province,  became  very  popular.  His 
first  publication  was  in  182),  "  .Mi  cal 
motiri,"  "I  must  die."  Afterward  he 
published  a  series  of  poems  which  gave 
him  celebrity  throughout  Kurope,  and 
brought  him  presents  from  all  the  south- 
ern cities,  and  prizes  from  the  acade- 
mies' f  Toulouse  and  Bourdeaux.  Louis 
Philippe  invited  him  to  a  private  inter- 
view, anil  he  left  Paris  with  a  pension 
of  1,000  francs,  soon  followed  by  the 
cross  of  the  legion  of  honor.  Sr.  lieuve 
places  him  in  the  school  of  the  poets, 
like  Theocritus,  Horace,  and  Gray,  who 
aim  at  perfection.  Among  his  works 
are  "Lou  Chalibari  "  (The  Charivari), 
a  comic  poehi,  1825;  "Lou  Tie-  de 
Mai"  i  The  Third  of  Mav),  1810;  "  L'- 
Abuglo  de  Castel-Cuille"  (The  Blind 
Girl  of  Castel-Cuille).  1836,  translated 
by  Longfellow  ;  and  "Las  Papillotos  de 
Jasmin  "  (Jasmin's  Curl  Papers),  1835 
and  184:i.     I).  18  i4. 

JARDINE,  Sn:  W i i.i.i am,  Scottish 
naturalist,  b.  1800,  was  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh, and  did  much  useful  scientific 
work  as. editor  and  contributor  to  the 
scientific  journals.  He  edited  the  '•  Nat- 
uralists' Library,"  and  wrote  fourteen 
of  its 'forty  volumes.     I).  1874. 

JAUX.VC,      Pmi.irt'K     Fkhdixaxd 

AUUUSTE    1)K    KollA.N    ClIAUor,    Count 

of,  h.  1818,  was  a  s f   the  viscount 

Chabol,  who  expatriated  himself  during 
the  lirst  rev.  lution,  married  in  England, 
and  distinguished  himself  in  the  British 
army.  The  son  was  educated  at  Har- 
row, and  under  Louis  Philippe  he  was 
made  chief  secretary  of  the  French  lega- 
tion at  St.  James's.  The  revolution 
soon  came,  and  he  retired  to  his  e-tate 
in  Kilkenny,  and  led  the  life  of  an  Irish 
landlord.  'After  the  fall  of  the  second 
empire  he  returned  to  Paris,  and  in  1874 
was  appointed  by  President  MacMahoti 
ambassador  to  England.  L).  1875.  He 
was  a  man  of  literary  culture  and  wrote 
well  in  English  as  well  as  French. 

JARVIS,  Rkv.  S.  Kakm  it,  I).  D.,b. 
at  Middleiown.  1787.  an  Episcopalian 
minister,  son  id"  Bishop  Abraham  Jar- 
vis,  rector  of  St.  Michaels  in  1811,  ami 
of  St.  James's  in  1 8 1  *  J ,  ill  the  diocese  of 
New  York;  he  resigned  in  181!)  and  be- 
came professor  of  Biblical  learning  in 


jek] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPHY. 


1G5 


the  theological  seminary.  He  was  after- 
ward.- seven  years  rector  of  St.  Paul's 
in  Boston,  and  in  182l>  went  to  Europe 
where  he  remained  till  1835.  On  liis 
return  lie  was  two  years  professor  of 
ori.nial  literature  in  Washington  (now 
Trinity)  college,  Hartford,  and  then 
vector"  of  Christ  Church,  Middletown. 
While  there  lie  was  appointed  by  the 
general  convention  of  18-J8  historiog- 
rapher of  the  church.  He  published 
a  "Chronological  Introduction  to  the 
History  of  the  Church,"  1820,  and  the 
first  volume  of  the  "Church  of  the  Re- 
deemed," 1850.     L).  1851. 

JAY,  William,  the  second  son  of 
John  Jay,  I),  in  New  York,  1789;  d.  in 
Bedford!  Westchester  county,  1858. 
Educated  at  Yale  college,  he  studied 
law  at  Albany,  and  soon  after  1812  was 
appointed  first  judge  in  Westchester 
county,  which  office  be  held  until  1843. 
He  was  an  early  and  efficient  advocate 
of  t lie  American  Bible  Society,  and  was 
one  of  its  vice-presidents.  He  was  also 
a  waini  advocate  of  Sunday-schools,  of 
the  peace  movement,  temperance,  and 
African  colonization,  and  wrote  and 
published  much  on  all  these  subjects 
He  was  also  ill  correspondence  with 
anti-slavery  leaders,  and  sympathized 
generally  with  every  philanthropic 
movement  of  bis  day.  He  published 
the  life  and  writings  of  his  father. 

JEANRON,  I'iiilutk  AfGUSTK,  a 
French  painter,  b.  at  Boulogne,  1809. 
lie  was  entirely  self-taught  in  bis  art. 
A  friend  of  Ledru  Hollin,  be  was  ap- 
pointed director  general  of  the  national 
museums  after  the  revolution  of  1848, 
and  occupied  himself  diligently  with  the 
restoration  of  the  Louvre.  He  was  a 
genre  painter,  and  one  of  his  best  works 
is  "The  Abandoned  Port  of  Amble- 
teuse,"  in  the  Luxembourg.     D.  1877. 

J  ELF,  Richard  William,  theolo- 
gian, b.  1798,  graduated  at  Oxford,  and 
in  1814  was  appointed  Bampton  lee- 
turer,  and  chosen  principal  of  King's 
college.  He  published  sermons  and 
pamphlets.     I).  1871. 

JELLACHIOH,  DE  Buzim,  Baron 
von,  Ban  of  Croatia,  b.  1801,  in  I  be 
fortress  of  Peterwardein,  educated  at 
the  military  school  of  Vienna,  entered 
the  Austrian  army,  served  four  years 
in  Italv,  and  afterwards  on  the  frontier 
of  Bosnia.  When  the  Hungarian  in- 
surrection of  1818  broke  out,  be  per- 
suaded the  Croats  that  the  maintenance 
of  their  own  nationality  depended  on 
the  preservation  of  Austrian  supremacy. 
Thev  declared   their  readiness  to  shed 


their  blood  in  defence  of  (he  empire, 
and  on  their  request  Jellacbicb  was  ap- 
pointed Ban  (governor)  of  Croatia.  In 
this  position  he  distinguished  himself 
by  bis  political  more  than  by  bis  mili- 
tary services  to  Austria  in  suppressing 
the  insurrection.     1).  1 859. 

JENIFER,  Daniel,  a  prominent 
member  of  the  Maryland  legislature,  a 
representative  in  congress  from  183  1  to 
1833,  and  from  1835  to  1841  ;  and  miii- 
i.-ter  to  Austria  under  Presidents  Har- 
rison and  Tyler.     1).  1855. 

JERDAN",  William,  K.  S.  A.,  was 
b.  at  Kelso,  178-2.  His  inclination  for 
literary  pursuits  led  him  to  abandon  the 
law,  and  in  1805,  he  settled  in  London. 
He  was  on  the  staff  of  the  "  Morning 
Post,"  reported  for  the  "  British  Press," 
and  was  a  contributor  to  the  "  Satirist, 
or  Monthly  Meteor,"  the  copyright  of 
which  lie  purchased.  He  was  instru- 
mental in  seizing  Bellingliam,  the  mur- 
derer of  Spencer  Perceval,  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer,  in  the  lobby  of  the 
bouse  of  commons,  and  lias  given  a 
detailed  account  of  that  event  in  his 
autobiography.  In  1817,  he  became 
editor  and  part  proprietor  of  the  ''Lit- 
erary Gazetie,"  with  which  his  name 
was  associated  for  thirty-four  years. 
He  wrote  four  volumes  of  the  memoirs 
for  "  Fisher's  National  Portrait  Gallery 
of  Eminent  Personages  of  the  Nine- 
teenth Century."  His  "Autobiogra- 
phy," was  published  in  4  vols.,  1852- 
53  ;  and  his  "  Men  I  have  Known,"  in 
1856.     D.  1809. 

JKRROLD,  Douglas  William,  b. 
in  London,  1803,  was  the  son  of  a  the- 
atrical manager  of  Sheerness,  and  hav- 
ing a  turn  for  the  sea  entered  the  navy 
as  a  midshipman,  but  exchanged  the 
service  for  the  printer's  craft,  lie  soon 
dropped  the  types  for  the  pen,  and  writ- 
ing for  the  stage  produced  "Black- 
eyed  Susan"  at  the  Surrey  with  un- 
bounded success,  in  182!).  Other  dramas 
followed,  till  he  produced  at  Drury 
Lane  the  "  Bent  Day,"  founded  on  two 
pictures  of  Wilkie.  His  success  induced 
him  to  venture  on  theatrical  manage- 
ment, and  he  managed  to  ruin  himself 
financially  by  bis  ventures.  He  then 
entered  the  field  of  general  literature, 
and  contributed  some  effective  sketches 
to  the  "  Heads  of  the  People."  His  con- 
tributions to  "  Punch  "  established  his 
reputation  as  a  humorist,  and  the  "Q" 
papers,  "  The  Story  of  a  Feather,"  "  The 
Caudle  Lectures,"  and  "Punch's  Let- 
ters to  his  Son,"  will  keep  green  the 
memory   of  Jerrold's  connection   with 


166 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF   BIOGHArilY. 


[jon 


that  periodical.  Notwithstanding  his 
success  as  a  writer,  the  ventures  under- 
taken l>v  Jerrold  on  liis  own  account 
were  pecuniary  failures.  The  "  Illumi- 
nated Magazine,"  the  "Shilling  Maga- 
zine," and  his  "  Weekly  Newspaper," 
all  of  them  come  within  this  category. 
He  afterward  became  editor  of  •'  Lloyd's 
Newspaper,"  which,  under  his  manage- 
ment, attained  a  large  circulation.  lie 
d.  1857,  in  the  full  vigor  of  his  powers. 
He  was  very  witty  and  brilliant  in  con- 
versation. His  "Life  and  Remains" 
were  published  by  his  son  in  1858. 

JES^E,  Edward,  a  naturalist,  b. 
3780,  spent  the  greater  part  of  his  life 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Windsor,  Hamp- 
ton Court,  and  Richmond,  and  by  his 
diligent  observations  added  considera- 
bly to  our  knowledge  of  the  animal 
creation.  He  wrote  "  Gleanings  in 
Natural  History"  in  three  vols.;  "  An- 
ecdotes of  Dn<js,"  and  numerous  similar 
volumes,  and  edited  Walton's  ''An- 
gler" and  White's  "Seiborne."  D. 
18H8.  —  John  Heneagk,  bis  son,  b. 
1808.  began  his  career  as  author  at  the 
age  of  sixteen,  but  earned  his  reputa- 
tion by  his  "Memoirs"  on  interesting 
periods  of  English  history.  His  la^t 
and  most  important  work  was  "Me- 
moirs of  the  Life  and  Reign  of  King 
George  HI."  Among  his  other  works 
are  "  George  Selwyn  and  his  Contem- 
poraries "  and  "  London,  its  Celebrated 
Characters  and  Places."     D.  1874. 

JESUP,  Thomas  S.,  brevet  major- 
general  United  States  army,  b.  in  Vir- 
ginia, 171)0,  entered  the  army  in  1808, 
and  served  with  distinction  in  the  war 
of  1812.  He  succeeded  General  Call 
in  command  of  the  army  in  Florida,  in 
183G,  and  was  wounded  in  an  action 
with  the  Seminoles,  Jan.  24,  1838.  Dur- 
ing the  Mexican  war  he  was  quarter- 
master general.     D.  1800. 

JEUNE,  Francis,  an  English  pre- 
late, b  1800,  more  remarkable  for  his 
efficient  business  talents  than  as  a  di- 
vine,  d.   bishop  of  Peterborough,  18;18. 

JEWETT,  Charles  Coffin,  bibliog- 
rapher, b.  in  Blaine,  1816,  was  some- 
time librarian  of  the  theological  semi- 
nary at  Andover,  catalogued  the  library 
of  Brown  university,  where  he  was  libra- 
rian and  professor,  was  librarian  of 
Smithsonian  Institution,  where  he  made 
a  valuable  report  on  the  public  libraries 
of  the  U.  S.,  and  was  superintendent  of 
the  Boston  Public  Library  from  1858  till 
his  death  in  1868.  — Isaac  Applkton, 
lawyer  and  author,  b.  in  Vermont, 
1808,    wrote     "Passages    in    Foreign 


Travel,"  2  vols  Boston,  1838  ;  and  the 
"  Appleton  Memorial,"  1850.     I).  1853. 

JOHN,  Nepomak  Maria  Joseph, 
King  of  Saxony,  b.  December  12,  1801, 
youngest  son  of  Maximilian  and  his 
first  wife,  a  princess  of  Parma.  He  was 
carefully  educated,  and  showed  an  early 
passion  for  literature.  A  visit  to  Italy 
in  1821,  produced  its  fruits  in  a  transla- 
tion of  the  first  ten  cantos  of  Dante's 
"  Inferno,"  privately  printed  in  1825. 
IIi<  metrical  version  of  the  whole  of  the 
"  Divina  Commedia  "  with  notes  and 
illustrations,  was  published  between 
1839  and  1819.  He  was  an  accomplished 
archaeologist,  and  was  twice  president 
of  the  German  Historical  and  Antiqua- 
rian Society.  On  bis  accession  to  the 
throne  in  1854,  he  promoted  many  im- 
portant public  measures.  In  the  con- 
test between  Prussia  and  Austria  he 
leaned  to  the  side  of  the  latter;  and 
when  Saxony  was  invaded  by  the  Prus- 
sians in  18.J6,  he  withdrew  to  Bohemia. 
He  afterwards  concluded  a  treaty  with 
Prussia  and  returned  to  his  kingdom- 
He  afterwards  entered  the  North  Ger- 
man Confederation  and  took  part  in  the 
war  against  Prance.  D.  at  Dresden, 
1873. 

JOHNS,  Charles  Alexander,  an 
English  clergyman,  b.  18 LI,  was  an  ac- 
complished botanist,  and  published  a 
number  of  popular  works  on  natural 
history.     D.  1874. 

JOHNSON,  Andrew,  seventeenth 
President  of  the  United  States,  b.  at 
Raleigh,  N.  G,  1808,  was  brought  up 
by  his  widowed  mother,  and  was  never 
a  day  at  school.  Bound  apprentice  to 
a  tailor,  he  learned  to  read,  and  in 
1826,  removed  with  his  mother  to  Ten- 
nessee, where  he  obtained  work,  and 
finally  married  and  settled  in  Green- 
ville. His  wife  taught  him  to  write  and 
cipher.  His  first  office  was  that  of 
alderman,  he  was  then  mayor  of  Green- 
ville, afterwards  member  of  the  state 
house  of  representatives,  and  of  the 
state  senate,  and  in  1843,  was  elected  to 
the  lower  hou-e  of  congress,  where  he 
served  ten  years.  In  the  house  he  ad- 
vocated the  annexation  of  Texas,  the 
tariff  of  1846,  and  was  a  powerful  sup- 
porter of  the  measures  of  President 
Polk  during  the  Mexican  war.  In  1853, 
he  was  elected  governor  of  Tennessee, 
reelected  in  1855,  and  in  1857,  sent  to 
the  senate  of  the  United  States.  Though 
a  southern  man  and  a  Democrat,  the 
opening  of  the  civil  war  found  him  an 
inflexible  foe  to  secession  and  a  firm 
supporter  of  the  Union.     In  December, 


JCfll] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPIIY. 


1G7 


18(50,  lie  made  a  speech  of  two  davs  in 
the  senate,  ill  vindication  of  tlie  Union 
and  the  Constitution,  and  against  the 
heresy  of  nullification  and  secession. 
In  February,  18(51,  he  made  another 
two  days'  speech  with  the  view  of  meet- 
ing the  attacks  that  had  been  made  on 
him  in  and  out  of  the  senate;  and  he 
met  them  with  vigor,  energy,  and  suc- 
cess Other  speeches  of  the  same  tenor 
made  him  exceeding  popular  in  the 
northern  states;  he  was  burned  in  effi- 
gy at  Memphis,  and  on  his  return  to 
Tennessee,  at  the  close  of  the  session  in 
April,  18(51,  he  was  assailed  and  men- 
aced with  lynching  at  various  places 
along  his  route,  and  repeatedly  insulted 
by  infuriated  mobs.  He  was  driven 
from  the  slate,  but  before  his  senatorial 
term  expired  President  Lincoln  ap- 
pointed him  provisional  governor  of 
Tennessee  with  the  rank  fit  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers.  His  rule  was  such 
as  the  condition  of  the  state  required. 
To  conciliate  the  war  Democrats,  and 
in  recognition  of  his  eminent  services, 
Mr.  Johnson  was  elected  Vice  President 
on  the  Republican  ticket  with  Mr.  Lin- 
coln, and  on  his  assassination  was  sworn 
in  as  President,  April  15,  18ii5.  On 
his  accession,  he  expressed  himself  with 
great  severity  against  the  men  who  had 
taken  part  in  the  insurrection;  but  his 
subsequent  policy  in  regard  to  the  re- 
construction of  the  southern  states  led 
to  a  quarrel  with  the  Republican  leaders 
in  congress  which  resulted  in  his  im- 
peachment, in  February,  18fJ8.  His 
trial  on  the  impeachment  terminated  on 
the  20th  of  May;  thirty-live  senators 
voting  for  his  conviction,  and  nineteen 
for  his  acquittal,  which  was  secured  by 
the  lack  of  the  two-thirds  vote  required 
by  the  Constitution.  His  presidential 
term  expired  March  4,  1869.  Return- 
ing to  Tennessee,  he  was  defeated  in 
1870,  as  a  candidate  for  the  U.  S.  sen- 
ate, but  was  elected  in  1875,  ami  took 
his  seat  at  the  extra  session  of  March. 
D.  July  31,  1875.—  Alexander  Bry- 
an, an  American  author,  b.  in  England, 
17815,  came  to  this  country  in  1801,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  but  pursued  I  he 
business  of  a  banker  for  several  years 
at  Utica.  He  wrote  a  number  of  vol- 
umes on  the  philosophy  of  human 
knowledge,  or  the  relations  which  words 
bear  to  things,  and  on  financial,  politi- 
cal, and  religious  topics.  U.  18(57.  — 
Cave,  an  American  lawyer  and  states- 
man, b.  in  Tennessee  1793,  member  of 
congress,  1829-37,  and  again  in  1839- 
45,  wheu  he  was  made  postmaster-gen- 


eral by  President  I'olk.  He  was  a  Union 
man  during  (lie  secession  war.  1).  1886. 
—  Rkvkkdy,  an  eminent  jurist  and 
statesman,  b.  179(5,  in  Annapolis,  Md., 
graduated  at  St.  John's  college  at 
the  age  of  17,  and  commenced  the  study 
of  law  in  the  office  id'  his  father,  John 
Johnson,  sometime  chancellor  of  the 
state.  Admitted  to  the  bar  in  1815,  in 
1817  he  removed  to  Baltimore,  where 
he  ever  after  resided.  He  reported  with 
Mr.  Harris  the  decisions  of  the  court  of 
appeals  in  seven  volumes.  From  1821 
to  1825,  he  served  in  the  state  senate, 
but  then  resigned,  and  for  20  years  de- 
voted himself  to  his  increasing  and  im- 
portant practice  in  the  state  courts  and 
the  U.  8.  supreme  court.  In  1845,  he 
was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate,  and  re- 
tained his  seat  till  he  was  appointed 
attorney-general,  on  the  accession  of 
President  'Taylor.  On  his  death,  Mr. 
Johnson  resigned  and  resumed  his  pro- 
fessional practice.  In  18(51  he  was  a 
delegate  to  the  peace  congress,  and  in 
1802  was  again  elected  to  the  U.  S. 
senate.  He  was  employed  by  President 
Lincoln  as  an  umpire  in  the  adjustment 
of  questions  which  had  arisen  with  for- 
eign governments  at  New  Oilcans.  In 
18.58,  he  was  nominated  as  mini.-ter  to 
England  and  unanimously  confirmed  by 
the  senate.  Here  he  negotiated  a  treaty 
for  the  settlement  of  the  Alabama 
c'aims,  which  was  rejected  by  the  sen- 
ate, receiving  only  one  vote.  On  the 
accession  of  General  Grant  to  the  Pres- 
idency in  18G9,  Mr.  Johnson  returned  to 
this  country,  and  resuming  his  profes- 
sion continued  in  the  active  practice 
of  it  in  the  highest  tribunals  of  the 
country  till  he  died  suddenly,  February 
10,  1870.  As  a  jurist  and  advocate  it 
may  be  said  that  for  many  years  Mr. 
Johnson  stood  at  the  head  of  the  bar  of 
the  United  Mates. 

JOHNSTON',  Albert  Sydney,  a 
confederate  general,  b.  in  Mason  coun- 
ty, Ky.,  1803,  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1825,  served  in  the  Black  Hawk 
war,  and  in  1836,  entered  the  Texan 
army,  in  which  be  rapidly  rose  to  dis- 
tinction. In  184(5,  he  commanded  a 
volunteer  Texan  regiment  in  Mexico, 
and  served  as  inspector-general  at  the 
siege  of  .Monterey.  In  1857,  he  directed 
the  expedition  against  the  Mormons, 
and  commanded  the  district  of  Utah 
until  I860,  when  he  was  removed  to 
San  Francisco  and  placed  in  command 
of  the  department  of  the  Pacific.  When 
the  civil  war  broke  out  in  18(51,  he 
joined  the   confederates,   and   was    ap- 


1G8 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[.JON 


pointed  commander-in-chief  of  the  con- 
federate army  of  t lie  west.  He  was 
killed  in  the "  battle  of  Shiloh,  April  6, 
1862.  —  Alexander  Keith,  an  emi- 
nent geographer,  b.  near  Edinburgh, 
1804,  studied  medicine  and  engraving, 
and  finally  devoted  himself  to  the 
science  of  geography.  He  acquired 
several  of  the  European  languages  to 
qualify  himself  for  his  pursuit.  His 
first  great  work  was  the  "  National  At- 
las," 1843.  His  next  work,  suggested 
by  Humboldt,  was  the  "Physical  At- 
las "  in  folio,  1848.  It  gave  the  author 
a  distinguished  reputation.  His  "Roy- 
al Atlas  of  Modem  Geography"  ap- 
peared in  1831.  1).  1871. —'David 
Claypole,  caricaturist,  b.  in  Philadel- 
phia, 1797,  author  of  "Comic  Scraps," 
published  in  many  annual  numbers, 
illustrated  Fanny  Kemble's  "Journal," 
and  published  "  Phrenology  Exempli- 
fied and  Illustrated,''  with  more  than 
40    etchings.     D.    1835.  —  Geokge,    a 

fihysician  at  Berwick-on-Tweed,  a  vo- 
uminous  writer  on  zoology,  concholugy, 
and  botany.  D.  1855.  —James  T.  W., 
a  noted  agricultural  chemist  and  a  pop- 
ular writer  on  chemistry  and  some  of 
the  allied  subjects,  b.  at  Paisley,  Scot- 
land, 1783;  d.  1855.  The  best  known 
of  his  works  is  the  "  Chemistry  of  Com- 
mon Life." 

JOMARD,  Edme  Fuancois,  a  French 
writer  on  geography,  archaeology,  and 
education,  b.  1777;  "d.  183-2.  He  intro- 
duced the  Lancasterian  system  of  edu- 
cation into  Fiance,  and  was  director  of 
the  Institul  des  Eyyptiens,  formed  for 
the  education  of  young  Egyptians  sent 
bv  Mehemet  Ali  to  study  in  Paris. 

'JO.UINI,  Henui,  Baron,  soldier,  his- 
torian, and  a  distinguished  writer  on 
military  science,  b.  in  Switzerland, 
1779,  served  in  one  of  the  Swiss  regi- 
ments in  the  service  of  France  ;  but  on 
the  corps  being  disbanded,  turned  his 
attention  to  commercial  pursuits.  He 
began  his  career  as  author  by  the  pub- 
lication, in  1803,  of  his  "  Traite  des 
grandes  Operations  Militaires,"  a  work 
which  contains  a  critical  and  compara- 
tive account  of  the  campaigns  of  Fred- 
eric II.  and  Bonaparte.  He  was  chief 
of  Ney's  staff  in  the  campaigns  of 
1800-07,  and  fur  his  admirable  conduct 
was  made  baron.  In  1811  he  was  made 
general  of  brigade,  and  historiographer 
of  France.  Receiving  some  indignity 
from  Napoleon,  he  left  the  French  ser- 
vice and  entered  that  of  Russia,  becom- 
ing aide  to  Alexander  I.,  and  tutor  to 
the  grand  duke,  afterwards  the  emperor 


Nicholas,  to  whom  he  rendered  great 
service  in  the  war  with  Turkey  in  1828. 
Russia  was  also  indebted  to  him  for  the 
organization  of  her  military  academy 
in  18-30.  Later,  he  retired  to  Brussels, 
but  returned  to  St.  Petersburg  when 
hostilities  broke  out  between  Russia  and 
the  western  powers  in  relation  to  the 
Ottoman  Empire.  In  1855  he  obtained 
leave  from  the  emperor  to  retire  again 
to  Brussels.  His  works  enjoy  the  high- 
est reputation.  To  the  uncontested 
merit  of  an  excellent  tactician  and  con- 
scientious historian  he  joins  that  of  an 
attractive  writer,  and  is  perhaps  the 
first  military  author  who  is  read  with 
interest  by  persons  outside  of  the  pro- 
fession. The  catalogue  of  his  works 
would  till  a  page.  Translations  of  some 
of  them  were  made,  and  published  in 
the  United  States  during  the  civil  war. 
D.  at  Passy,  1809. 

JONES,  Anson,  a  physician  and 
Texan  statesman,  b.  in  Berkshire  coiui- 
ly,  Ma-s.,  1798,  emigrated  to  Texas  in 
1833,  advocated  measures  for  its  inde- 
pendence, fought  in  the  battle  of  San 
Jacinto,  member  of  the  Texan  congress 
in  1837,  minister  to  the  United  States 
1838— 39,  and  president  of  Texas  in  1845- 
40,  till  its  annexation.  In  1859  bis  au- 
tobiography was  published  for  private 
circulation.  1).  by  his  own  hand  at 
Houston,  Texas,  1858.  —  Eisnest,  b. 
1819.  at  Berlin,  was  the  son  of  .Major 
Charles  Jones,  who  bought  an  estate  in 
Holstein,  and  remained  there  with  his 
family  till  1838,  when  he  removed  to 
England,  and  in  1841  young  Ernest 
was  presented  to  the  (jueen  by  the 
Duke  of  Beaufort.  In  this  year  ap- 
peared the  first  of  his  larger  works,  a 
romance,  entitled  "The  Wood  Spirit," 
published  anonymously.  In  1844  he 
was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Middle 
Temple,  and  commenced  his  profes- 
sional career  on  the  northern  circuit, 
but  joined  the  Chartists  (1845;,  and 
rapidly  became  their  leader.  To  advo- 
cate their  cause,  he  not  only  gave  up 
his  practice  at  the  bar,  but  spent  large 
sums  in  supporting  it.  He  surrendered 
a  fortune  of  nearly  .£2,000  a  year,  left 
to  him  on  condition  that  he  would  aban- 
don the  Chartist  cause.  From  time  to 
time  he  issued  the  "Laborer."  'Notes 
of  the  People,"  and  other  periodicals; 
and  he  established  also  the  "  People's 
Paper,"  which  remained  the  organ  of 
the  Chartists  for  eight  years.  In  1847 
he  unsuccessfully  contested  Halifax, 
and  in  the  following  year  the  alarm 
produced  by  his  seditious  harangues  at 


JOS] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OK    IJIOGttAPHY. 


109 


Manchester  led  to  his  apprehension. 
He  was  convicted,  and  sentenced  to 
two  years*  solitary  confinement.  For 
nineteen  mouths  lie  was  deprived  of  the 
n-e  of  pens,  ink,  and  paper,  ami  con- 
fined in  a  cell  13  feet  liy  ti:  but  lie  re- 
fused to  petition  for  a  coinniutaiiou  of 
the  sentence.  While  in  prison  lie  emu- 
posed  ail  epic,  published  after  his  re- 
lease in  1831,  entitled  "The  Revolt  of 
Hindustan."  Fn  1853  and  18.37  Mr. 
Jones  unsuccessfully  contested  Not- 
tingham. After  the  extinction  of 
Chartism  he  returned  to  his  practice, 
and  conducted  the  d  fence  of  tlie  three 
Fenians  tried  fur  the  murder  of  police 
sergeant  Brett  at  Manchester.  D.  18j'J. 
—  Gkohuk,  an  English  painter,  h. 
178),  devoted  himself  to  art  till  the 
peninsular  war  broke  out,  when  he  ob- 
tained a  commission,  and  served  under 
Wellington.  On  the  termination  of  the 
war  he  resumed  the  practice  of  his  art, 
a  d  was  elected  Royal  Academician. 
His  pictures  consist  chiefly  of  views  of 
English  towns,  battle  scenes,  and  rep- 
resentations of  Old  Testament  narra- 
tive. He  was  the  author  of  a  •'  Lite  of 
Cluutrey."  1).  18  !9.  —  .1  Atoit,  U.  S. 
naval  officer,  b.  in  Delaware,  1708,  stud- 
ied medicine,  entered  the  navy  17D!', 
was  an  officer  of  the  frigate  Philadel- 
phia, under  Bainbridge.  and  was  cap- 
tured in  i lie  harbor  of  Tripoli,  18)3, 
remaining  eighteen  months  a  prisoner. 
In  the  war  of  18!2he  commanded  the 
Wasp  in  her  action  of  forty  three  min- 
utes wiih  the  frolic,  captured  the  latter 
vessel,  and  with  both  vessels  was  him- 
self immediately  captured  by  the  Brit- 
ish 74,  Poictiers.  For  his  gallantry  lie 
received  the  thanks  of  congress  and  a 
gold  medal,  and  swords  were  voted 
him  be  several  states.  After  the  peace 
he  commanded  squadrons  in  the  Medi- 
terranean and  Pacific.  D.  1830.  — 
Jamks  Atiikaun,  author  and  editor,  b. 
in  Massachusetts,  1 7 JO.  published  in 
182 »  a  "Letter  to  an  English  Gentle- 
man on  English  Libels  of  America," 
"  Tradi  ions  of  the  North  American 
Indians, "  :{  vols.,  and  '"Haverhill,  or 
Memoirs  of  an  Officer  in  the  Army  of 
Wolfe,"  3  vols.  He  was  engaged  at 
different  periods  as  a  journalist.  D. 
1831. — Jamks  Chamukulain.  poli- 
tician and  popular  orator,  b.  in  Tennes- 
see, 18DJ,  passed  his  early  life,  on  a 
plantation,  interested  himself  in  polities 
as  a  follower  of  Henry  Clay;  in  18-H 
and  1813  was  elected  governor  of  the 
state  by  the  Whigs.  Elected  to  the 
U.  S.  senate  in  1831,  he  supported  the 


Kansas  Nebraska  bill,  and  acted  with 
the  Democrats  thereafter.  —  D.  1853.  - 
John  X.,  brigadier-general  confederate 
service,  b.  in  Virginia,  182  ).  educated 
at  West  Point,  entered  the  U.  S  army. 
He  resigned  in  I8il,  and  accepted  a 
commission  in  the  confederate  army,  in 
which  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general.  He  was  killed  in  battle  in  Vir- 
ginia, May,  1834. — -Ovvicx,  an  English 
architect,*!).  ISM,  in  Wales,  devoted 
himself  more  particularly  to  ornamen- 
tal architecture.  He  decorated  ihe  in- 
terior of  the  Great  Exhibitio  i  bail  ling 
in  \iy<\>!  Park  in  1831,  and  of  the  Crys- 
tal Palace  at  Sydenham.  He  was  a 
great  advocate  for  the  coloring  of  walls, 
columns,  and  statues;  and  though  his 
views  in  this  regard  were  controverted, 
his  genius  in  his  art  was  admitted.  He 
travelled  in  his  youth  in  Spain  and  the 
Last,  and  published  ''Plans,  Eleva- 
tions, Sections,  and  Detail-  of  the  Al- 
hambra,"  18J5-42.  Among  his  other 
works  are  one  "On  the  Employment  of 
Color  in  the  Decorative  Arts,"  and  t'lc 
"Grammar  of   Ornament."     D.    1874. 

—  Kogku,  brevet,  major  general  of  the 
U.  S  army.  His  services  as  a  captain 
of  artillery  in  the  campaigns  of  1813 
and  1814  on  the  Niagara  frontier,  and 
his  g dlan try  as  a  major  of  the  staff  in 
the  conflicts  of  Chippewa,  Luudy's 
Lane,  and  the  sortie  of  fort  Erie,  won 
for  him  the  respect  and  admiration  of 
his  brother  officers,  and  the  approbation 
of  the  government  He  was  raised,  in 
1S25,  to  the  post  of  adjutant-general^ 
which  he  held  at  his  decease.      D.  1832. 

—  Samuel,  an  emin  nt  jurist,  b.  in 
New  York,  17GJ  ;  studied  law  in  the 
office  of  his  father,  the  distinguished 
chief-justice  of  the  same  nam,',  was 
successively  recorder  of  the  city  of  New 
York,  chancellor  of  the  state,  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  superior  court  of  the  city  of 
New  York,  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  the  state,  and  rx  officio  of  the  court 
of  appeals.  D.  1833.  —  Thomas  CatkS- 
i'.v,  U".  S.  naval  officer,  b.  in  Virginia, 
178.),  entered  the  navy.  18)5,  was  en- 
gaged in  suppressing  piracy,  smuggling, 
and  the  slave-trale  in  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico, 1808-12.  In  resisting  the  British, 
naval  expedition  against  New  Orleans 
he  was  wounded  and  taken  prisoner. 
In  1812  he  commanded  the  Pacilic 
squadron.     D.  1858. 

JOSHvA,  Nicholas,  Baron,  a  Hun- 
garian nov.list,  b.  17JG,  of  a  noble 
family,  began  to  write  novels  at  forty, 
when  he  broke  out  with  "  devouring 
activity  "  and  published  some  seventy 


170 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[JUS 


volumes  of  romances,  the  subjects  of 
which  were  generally  drawn  from  Hun- 
garian history.  He  played  a  prominent 
part,  in  the  troubles  of  1848,  and  in  com- 
pany with  thirty-live  adherents  of  Kos- 
suth was  hung  in  effigy  at  Pesth,  in 
1851.  From  1849  he  lived  in  exile. 
D.  at  Brussels  1865.  His  collected 
works  amount  to  about  a  hundred  vol- 
umes. 

JOST,  Isaac-Marc,  an  erudite  Ger- 
man, b.  171)3,  of  a  Jewish  family, 
opened  in  181b'  a  course  of  philology 
at  Berlin,  from  which  Christians  were 
excluded.  He  was  very  devoted  to  (he 
interests  of  his  religion  and  race,  and 
published  many  volumes  illustrative  of 
their  history.    *D.  1862. 

JUAREZ,  Benito,  Mexican  general 
and  statesman,  b.  1807  in  Oajaca,  a  de- 
scendant of  the  Indian  race,  studied 
jurisprudence,  and  became  an  advocate 
in  18-50.  He  was  governor  of  Oajaca, 
1848-5-2;  exiled  by  Santa  Anna  in  1853; 
two  years  later  returned  to  Mexico,  was 
minister  of  justice  under  Alvarez,  min- 
ister of  the  interior  under  Comonfort, 
leader  of  the  insurrectionary  forces  of 
the  constitutional  party  against  Zuloaga 
and  against  President  Miramon,  and 
was  elected  president  of  the  republic, 
June  11,  1801.  His  first  acts  were  to 
decree  the  dissolution  of  the  religious 
orders,  and  the  secularization  of  the 
church  property.  A  third  measure  sus- 
pending all  payments  of  the  foreign 
debt  brought  him  into  difficulty  with 
France,  Spain,  and  England,  and  gave 
a  pretext  to  Napoleon  111.  for  invading 
Mexico.  Juarez  was  driven  out  of  his 
capital  by  the  French  troops  in  1863,  and 
the  seat  of  government  was  removed  to 
San  Luis  de  Potosi.  Ferdinand  Max- 
imilian of  Austria  was  induced  to  accept 
the  crown,  and  in  October,  1835,  de- 
clared the  republic  extinct  and  sen- 
tenced to  death  all  Juarist  leaders  taken 
in  arms.  Juarez  defeated  the  imperial 
forces,  and  Maximilian  was  betrayed 
into  his  hands  at  Queretaro  and  exe- 
cuted by  his  order  June  16,  1867.  Jua- 
rez reentered  the  capital  in  July,  and 
was  reelected  president,  in  October.  Af- 
ter five  years  of  disturbed  rule,  a  sea- 
son of  tranquillity  had  opened  when 
Juarez  d.  of  apoplexy,  1872. 

JUDD,  Sylvester,  Uev.,  author  of 
"  Margaret,  a  New  England  Tale,"  and 


other  works,  was  b.  at  Westhampton, 
Mass.,  1813,  graduated  at  Yale,  studied 
theology  at  Cambridge,  and  settled  as 
pastor  of  a  Unitarian  church  at  Au- 
gusta. Me.,  where  he  d.,  1853. 

JUD.SON,  Mr.s.  Emily  (Emily  Chub- 
buck),  widow  of  Adoniram  Judson,  the 
well-known  Baptist  missionary  to  Bur- 
undi. As  "  Fanny  Forrester  "  she  had 
considerable  celebrity  as  a  writer.  D. 
1854. 

JUKES,  Joseph  Bi.f.te,  b.  1811,  was 
educated  at  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge. In  1839,  he  was  appointed 
geological  surveyor  of  the  colony  of 
Newfoundland,  and  returned  lo  Eng- 
land in  1810.  He  afterwards  held  sev- 
eral public  appointments,  as  naturalist 
and  geologist.  He  published  main-  use- 
ful geological  works,  among  which  may 
be  mentioned  "Sketch  of  the  Phys- 
ical Structure  of  Australia,"  and  nu- 
merous papers  on  geological  subjects  in 
the  journals  of  geological  societies  and 
in  periodicals.     D.  I860. 

JULIEN,  Stanislas,  a  French  phi- 
lologist, b.  1799,  became  eminently 
versed  in  the  Chinese  language,  from 
which  he  translated  numerous  works  in 
every  department  of  literature  into  the 
French  tongue.  He  was  engaged  on  a 
most  extensive  work  for  which  he  had 
made  exhaustive  preparation,  intended 
to  be  a  complete  treasury  of  the  Chinese 
language,  when  he  d.  1873. 

JULLIEN,  M.,  a  popular  musical 
composer  and  conductor,  b.  in  France, 
1812,  performed  on  the  violin  in  con- 
certs ut  the  age  of  five,  and  after  direct- 
ing concerts  in  Paris,  in  1839  went  to 
London,  where  for  fifteen  years  he  was 
a  celebrity.  He  visited  this  country  in 
185G,  and  gave  a  series  of  monster  con- 
certs in  the  principal  cities  Subse- 
quently he  experienced  pecuniary  re- 
verses, and  d.  in  a  lunatic  asylum  near 
London.  1860. 

JUNGHUHN,  Fkanz  Wilhelm,  a 
German  traveller  and  naturalist,  b.  1812, 
became  a  surgeon  in  the  Prussian  army, 
and  for  fighting  a  duel  was  imprisoned 
in  the  castle  of  Ehrenbreitstein,  whence 
he  escaped  after  twenty  months.  Af- 
terwards he  was  engaged  several  years 
in  exploring  the  islands  of  Sumatra 
and  Java,  and  his  most  important  work 
was  a  "  Topographical,  Geological,  and 
Botanical  View  of  Java."     D.  1864. 


kea] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


171 


K. 


KALERGIS,  Demethius,  a  Greek 
soldier  and  politician,  b.  ill  the  island  nf 
Crete,  1803,  fought  in  the  war  against  the 
Turks,  and  afterwards,  in  t he  interests 
of  Russia,  raised  an  insurrection  against 
King  Otho.  Pardoned  for  the  offence, 
he  entered  the  army,  and  became  gov- 
ernor of  Athens.  Driven  from  Greece, 
he  resided  awhile  in  England,  and  on 
his  return  was  some  time  minister  of 
war,  and  in  18G1  ambassador  to  Paris. 
D.  in  Athens,  1807. 

KALISCH,  David,  a  German  hu- 
morist and  playwright,  b.  1820,  wrote 
several  dramatic  pieces  that  met  with 
great  success  on  t lie  stage,  and  estab- 
lished in  Berlin,  in  1848,  the  " Kladde- 
radatsch,"  the  German  "Punch."  D. 
1872. 

KANE,  Elisha  Kfnt,  honorably 
known  in  connection  with  Arctic  ex- 
plorations, was  a  son  of  Judge  Kane, 
and  was  b.  in  Philadelphia  in  1822, 
graduated  at  t lie  university  of  Virginia, 
studied  medicine  in  the  universi  v  of 
Pennsylvania,  where  he  graduated  in 
1813 ;  was  soon  appointed  surgeon  to 
the  American  mission  to  China,  and 
travelled  extensively  in  the  East  and  in 
Egypt,  and  traversed  (ireece  on  foot; 
served  next  on  the  western  coast  of  Af- 
rica, was  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  was 
then  in  the  coast  survey;  went  as  senior 
surgeon  to  the  first  American  expedi- 
tion in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin,  and 
published  on  his  return  a  narrative  of 
the  expedition,  and  soon  started  in  com- 
mand of  the  second  expedition,  which 
will  ever  be  the  noblest  monument  to 
his  memory.  His  constitution  yielded 
to  the  exposure  and  hardships  he  had 
encountered,  and  he  d.  in  Havana, 
Cuba,  Feb.  16,  1857.  Hs  death  elicited 
expressions  of  sympathetic  mourning 
from  all  parts,  and  many  cities  in  the 
United  States  passed  resolutions  honor- 
ing his  memory. 

KA  RAJ  ITCH,  Vuk  Steptiaxovich 
(Wolf,  son  of  Stephen),  b.  in  a  village 
of  Turkish  Servia,  1787,  being  unfitted 
by  personal  feebleness  and  deformity 
for  manual  labors,  applied  himself  to 
literary  studies,  and  in  the  bloody  in- 
surrection of  the  Servians  against  the 
Turks  acted  as  secretary  to  several  of 
the  chiefs,  and  afterwards  to  the  senate 
of  Belgrade,  and  to  the  Prince  Kara- 
George  till  his  defeat  in  1813.  Then 
compelled  to  seek  refuge  in  Austria,  he 


collected  the  materials  for  a  Servian 
anthology.  He  resided  afterwards  much 
of  his  time  in  Germany.  His  '"Popular 
Songs  of  Servia"  was  partially  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Sir  J.  Bowring. 
His  ''Popular  Tales  of  Servia"  were 
translated  into  Gel  man  by  his  daugh- 
ter. He  published  a  grammar  and  a 
dictionary  of  the  Servian  tongue,  a1  d 
translated  into  it  the  New  Testament. 
D.  18H-1. 

KAULBACH,  William,  a  German 
painter,  b.  1804,  manifested  but  little 
predilection  for  art,  but  was  induced  by 
his  lather  to  enter  the  academy  at  DUs- 
seldorf.  His  first  work  on  the  frescoes 
for  the  University  hall  at  Bonn,  from 
the  cartoons  of  Cornelius,  was  so  little 
satisfactory  to  himself  that  he  thought 
of  giving  up  painting,  and  of  giving 
lessons  in  design.  He  followed  Cor- 
nelius, however,  to  Munich,  in  1825, 
and  there  executed  many  frescoes  for 
the  new  public  buildings,  and  "'Apollo 
and  the  Muses"  in  the  Odeou.  In  1829 
he  executed  his  great  painting  of  "The 
Madhouse,"  the  engravings  from  which 
by  Merz  carried  his  name  and  fame 
over  Europe.  He  was  employed  in  the 
decoration  of  the  new  palace  in  fresco 
with  subjects  from  Goethe  and  Klop- 
stock.  In  1837  he  completed  his  cele- 
brated painting  of  "  I  he  Spectre  Bat- 
tle," which  created  an  enthusiasm  in 
his  behalf  in  Germany,  and  was  known 
through  Europe  by  the  enf,rra\  ings.  He 
now  produced  in  Hogarth's  style  illus- 
trations of  Schiller's  "Criminal  from 
Lost  Honor,"  and  G'ethe's  "Faust,' 
and  "Reynard  the  Fox,"  in  which  he 
showed  much  skill  as  a  |  ainter  of  ani- 
mals. He  has  also  illustrated  an  edi- 
tion of  the  Gospels,  and  the  works  of 
Shakspeare.  He  was  many  years  oc- 
cupied in  decorating  the  new  museum 
at  Berlin  with  designs  illustrative  of 
the  history  of  mankind,  that  were  ex- 
ecuted in  fresco  by  his  pupils.  Besides 
numerous  portraits,  he  executed  many 
other  paintings,  some  of  which  are  in 
private  galleries  in  the  United  States. 
D.  1874. 

KEANj  Chamles  John,  a  distin- 
guished tragedian,  h.  1811,  son  of  the 
celebrated  Edmund  Kean,  studied  a' 
Eton,  and  adopting  the  stage  as  a  pro- 
fession, made  his  first  appearance  at 
Drury  Lane  theatre  as  Young  Norval, 
in  the  autumn  of  1827.   His  earlv  efforts 


172 


CYCl.OI'vEDIA    OK    MOGHAPHY. 


[kkb 


were  not  successful,  and  lie  withdrew 
to  the  provincial  stage.  In  1830  he  vis- 
ited America,  where  lie  was  warmly 
received  ;  b  t  his  success  when,  in  18)3, 
lie  appeared  as  Sir  Edward  Mortimer. 
at  Coveut  Garden,  was  not  sufficient  to 
induce  bin  to  remain  lung  in  London. 
It  was  during  'his  engagement  that  he 
aeteil  will  his  father  for  tile  first  and 
last  time  in  the  British  capital,  being 
the  I  igo  ti>  Edmund's  Othello.  Another 
provincial  tour  was  followed  by  his  np- 
pearan  e  at  Urury  Lane,  as  Hamlet,  on 
Jan.  8.  1  --J8.  Practically,  this  may  he 
regarded  as  his  debut,  for  it  was  in 
38>8  that  hy  Irs  Hamlet,  his  Sir  Giles 
Overreach,  and  his  Richard,  he  fairly 
took  his  position  as  a  tragedian  of  the 
highe-t  rank.  In  1812  he  married  Miss 
FJIeii  'Five.  In  1850  he  undertook,  in 
Conjunction  with  Mr.  Keeley,  the  man- 
agement of  the.  Princess's  theatre;  hut 
it  was  not  till  aft  r  the  dissolution  of 
partnership  that  Mr.  Kean  eonim  need 
that  gorgeous  series  of  Shakspea  ian 
"revivals"  which  make  an  epoch  in 
the  history  of  the  stage,  and  which  for 
Several  years  rendered  the  theatre  in 
Oxford  Street  as  fashionable  as  an 
Italia  i  opera  house,  lie  retired  from 
tlii'  management  of  the  Princess's  in 
185:)  For  some  time  he  was  director 
of  the  royal  theatricals  at  Windsor. 
Jletweeu  1833  and  18;itl  he  made  a  tour 
around  the  world  with  a  theatrical  com- 
pany, beginning  with  a  visit  to  Austra- 
lia, and  comprising  a  series  of  perform- 
ances in  the  United  States.     I).  18 J8. 

KEARNEY,  Lawkkn'  k,  an  Amer- 
ican commodore,  b.  in  Perth  Ainboy, 
N.  J  ,  178.1,  entered  the  navy  as  a  mid- 
shipman, and  after  the  war  of  1812  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  clearing  the  Gulf 
coast  and  the  West  Indies  from  pirates. 
He  afterwards  broke  up  the  nest  of 
Greek  pirates  in  the  Mediterranean.  In 
18 1 1  he  took  command  of  the  Ka_st  In- 
dia squadron.  In  186(5  he  was  made 
commodore,  and  d.  18j8. 

KEARNY,  I'll  it.  it*,  major-general  of 
volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army.  b.  in  New 
York,  181"),  and  educated  for  the  law; 
in  18  !7  joined  the  lirst  dragoons  with  a 
commission  as  second  lieutenant.  Be- 
ing sent  to  France  to  study  and  report 
Upon  the  French  cavalry  tactics,  he  en- 
tered the  polytechnic  school,  fought  ill 
Algeria  as  a  volunteer  in  the  ranks  of 
the  chasseurs  iV  Afrique,  and  returned 
to  this  country  with  the  cross  of  the 
legion  of  honor.  He  served  with  the 
rank  of  captain  under  General  Scott  in 
Mexico,  distinguishing  himself  at  Con- 


treras  and  Churubusco.  and  losing  his 
left  arm  in  the  attack  upon  the  capital. 
His  next  service  was  in  California, 
where  he  commanded  an  expedition 
against  the  Indians  of  the  Columbia 
River.  He  resigned  hi-  commission  in 
1851,  and  again  went  to  Europe;  serv- 
ing as  volunteer  aid  on  the  staff  of  a 
French  general  dining  the  Italian  war 
of-  1858,  and  receiving  from  the  Empe- 
ror Napoleon  a  second  decoration  of  the 
legion  of  honor.  He  returned  to  the 
United  States  immediately  after  the 
battle  of  Bull  Run,  and  having  been 
appointed  brigadier  general  of  volun- 
teers, was  placed  in  command  of  a 
New  Jersey  brigade  in  General  Frank- 
lin's division.  He  served  through  the 
Chickahominy  campaign  in  command 
of  a  division  in  General  lleintzelman'a 
army  corps,  and  on  July  4,  18<J2,  was 
commissioned  major-general.  After 
General  Met  'lellau's  retreat  to  the  James 
River,  Kearny's  division  was  engaged, 
in  various  battles  between  the  Rappa- 
hannock and  Washington,  and  in  one 
of  these,  near  Ohautillv,  Va.,  he  was 
killed,  Sent.  1.  1812. 

KEATING,  John,  a  native  of  France, 
b.  17(>.').  was  an  officer  in  the  service  of 
Louis  XVI.,  on  the  death  of  whom  he 
came  to  the  United  States,  with  a  num- 
ber of  families  id'  the  French  nnbU'SSi 
and  the  military,  and  founded  the  col- 
ony known  as'"  The  Asylum."  near 
Towanda,  Penn.  He  was  the  grandson 
of  Jeffries  Keating,  who  raised  a  troop 
of  horse  during  the  siege  of  Limerick. 
I).  I8V5. 

KEBLE,  John,  an  English  divine 
and  poet,  was  horn  in  18T),  and  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  where  he  obtained  high 
honors.  He  was  one  of  the  four  emi- 
nent clergymen  who  initiated  the  Hi"-h 
Church,  oT  Oxford  movement  in  1812, 
bv  starting  the  celebrated  '"Tracts  for 
the  Times'."  From  1811  to  1812  he  was 
professor  of  poetry  at  Oxford;  and  in 
18S1  he  was  presented  to  the  vicarage 
of  Hurslev,  Hants,  which  he  retained 
till  his  death,  1836.  His  great  work  is 
a  volume  of  poems,  entitled  "  The  Chris- 
tian Year,"  which  passed  through  more 
than  a  hundred  editions.  He  was  also 
author  of  the  "  Lyra  Innoeentium," 
1843  :  and  (with  Newman,  Fronde,  and 
others)  of  the  "  Lvra  Apostolica.  '  His 
biography,  by  Sir  John  Taylor  Cole- 
ridge, has  passed  through  several  edi- 
tions. Within  five  weeks  of  the  expira- 
tion of  the  copyright  of  the  "Christian 
Year,"  in  1873,  ten  different  editions 
were  issued  by  London  publishers. 


kem] 


CYCLOIVEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


173 


KEELER,  RAi.rit,  an  American  jour- 
nalist, b.  in  Western  Ohio,  1840,  wiis 
successively  cabin  boyon  ;i  lake  steamer. 
train-boy  on  a  railroad,  strolling  min- 
strel, student  at  St.  Vincent's  college, 
and  at  Kenyon,  clerk  in  a  post  office, 
cattle  drover,  steerage  passenger  to  Lon- 
don, traveller  in  Europe  on  his  little 
Savings  in  his  various  employments, 
newspaper  correspondent,  teacher,  proof 
reader,  and  artist ;  editor  of  "  Every  Sat- 
urday "  He  was  the  author  of  "  Glov- 
ersnn  and  his  Silent  Partner,-'  1888; 
"  Vagabond  Adventures  "  (autobio- 
graphical), 1872,  and  translator  of 
George  Sand's  "Marquis  de  Villemer," 
1873.  He  contributed  to  the  "Atlantic 
Monthly  "  "  Three  Years  of  a  Negro 
Minstrel,"  and  a  "Tour  of  Europe  for 
$181."  The  "  N.  Y.  Tribune"  had 
employed  him  as  a  special  correspond- 
ent in  Cuba,  and  he  was  lost  from  a 
steamer  plying  between  Santiago  de 
Cuba  and  Batahano,  on  the  night  of 
December  10.  187:3.  It  was  suspected 
that  he.  was  thrown  overboard. 

KEELEY,  RoBKKT.  an  English  comic 
actor,  b.  1793,  was  first  brought  into 
notice  by  his  Jemmy  Green  in  "Tom 
and  Jerry,"  and  was  admirable  in  such 
parts  as'  Bob  Acres,  Natty  Larkspur, 
Tonv  Lumpkin,  and  Hill v  Black  in  the. 
farce  of  "The  .£100  Note."  With  his 
wife  he  made  a  successful  tour  of  the 
United  States.  She  afterwards  acquired 
great  reputation  in  Smik-e.  and  other 
characters  from  the  stage  adaptation  of 
Dickens's  novels.     Mr.  Keeley  d.  1881). 

KEENE,  Lauua,  an  actress,  b.  in 
England,  1820,  came  to  this  country  in 
1852,  and  played  in  light  comedy  with 
success.  She  managed,  for  a  few  years, 
n  theatre  known  by  her  own  name,  in 
New  York,  where  she  brought  out  the 
"American  Cousin,"  in  which  Sothern 
achieved  his  triumph  as  Dundreary. 
For  ten  years  she  managed  a  travelling 
com  nan  v,  awl  d.  1873,  in  New  Jersey. 

KEIGHTI.EY,  Thomas,  a  British 
author,  0.  1789  wrote  a  number  of  pop- 
ular compends  of  history  and  biogra- 
nhv,  and  edited  several  of  the  Latin 
classics,     D.  1872. 

KEIM.  William  IT.,  a  brigadier- 
general  in  the  United  States  service,  b. 
3813:  d.  18f!2.  He  entered  service  in 
the  civil  war  with  the  position  of  major- 
general  conferred  by  Governor  Ctirtin 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  at  the  outset  was 
in  General  Patterson's  division  on  the 
Upper  Potomac.  He  joined  McCIellan's 
division,  as  a  brigadier-general,  in  the 
fall  of  1831,  and  commanded  a  brigade 


composed   principally  of   Pennsylvania 
regiments. 

KEITT,  Lawrence  M.,  b.  in  South 
Carolina,  1821  :  d.  in  battle  in  Virginia, 
1854.  I'rom  1853  to  18(i0  he  was  a  rep- 
resentative in  congress,  resigning  in 
December  of  the  latter  year  to  take  part. 
in  Hi,,  ^cession  movement  then  at  work 
in  his  native  state.  He  was  an  active 
promoter  of  the  ordinance  of  secession, 
and  was  afterwards  elected  to  the  con- 
federate confess. 

KELLER,  Joseph,  a  distinguished 
German  engraver,  b.  at  Lin/.,  1811. 
Dissatisfied  with  the  mezzotint  method 
taught  at  an  ait  school  he  attended  in 
Bonn,  he  taught  himself  to  engrave  in 
line,  and  afterwards  studied  at  Diissel- 
dorf  under  Hubner.  His  great  work  is 
the  plate  of  Raphael's  "Dispute  on  the 
Sacrament."  He  was  three  years  in 
Rome  for  preparing  the  drawing,  and 
the  plate,  30  inches  by  21,  occupied 
him  twelve  years.  Among  hi-t  other 
works  are  prints  of  Raphael's  "Trin- 
ity;" Overbeck's  "Evangelists;"  and 
A*rv  Scheffer's  "Entombment."  He 
was  elected  a  correspondent  of  the 
French    Institute,  1859.      D.  1873. 

KEMBLE,  Ciiahi.ks,  the  last  snrvir- 
ing  brother  of  a  distinguished  family  of 
actors,  b.  in  South  Wales,  1775  ;  d.  185-t. 
He  possessed  remarkable  powers  as  a 
comedian,  and  acted  the  subsidiary  char- 
acters of  the  drama  with  great  effect. 
Miss  Fannv  Kemble,  afterwards  Mrs. 
Butler,  is  his  elder  daughter.  —  John 
Mitciikll.  an  eminent  Aii£;lo-Saxon 
scholar  and  archaoloufist,  and  the  eldest 
son  of  Charles  Kemble,  was  b.  1890.  In 
182>  he  entered  at  Trinity  college.  Cam- 
bridge, and  there  graduated  B.  A.  and 
M.  A.,  at  the  same  time  acquiring  emi- 
nence as  a  speaker  at  the  "  Union,"  a 
literarv  society  of  which  Tennyson, 
Charles  Buller,  Maurice,  Sterling,  and 
Trench  were  members.  Soon  after  leav- 
ing college,  he,  with  other  Englishmen, 
was  induced  by  General  Torrijos  to  en- 
gage in  an  enterprise,  for  the  deliver- 
ance of  Spain  from  the  tyranny  of  Fer- 
dinand, reimposed  upon  the  nation  by 
the  Bourbons.  'The  plot  was  behaved 
to  the  Spanish  government,  and  Torri- 
jos and  several  of  his  friends  were  shot 
By  an  accident  Kemble  was  prevented 
from  landing  in  Spain,  and  thus  es- 
caped the  fate  of  his  comrades.  He 
next  resided  in  Germany,  where  he  be- 
came an  intimate  friend  and  disciple  of 
the  celebrated  Jacob  Grimm.  Return- 
ing to  England,  Kemble  was  appointed 
editor   of    the    "British    and    Foreign 


174 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGUAPIIY. 


[KES 


Review,"  during  the  management  of 
which  lie  produced  his  "Saxons  in 
England,"  a  work  mainly  founded  on 
a  collection  of  documents  relating  to  the 
Saxon  period,  which  he  had  amassed 
from  various  sources.  A  great  archaeo- 
logical work,  the  "Horae  Ferules,"  for 
which  he  found  materials  amongst  the 
ancient  sepulchres  of  Germany  and  Eng- 
land, was  left  by  Mr.  Kemlile  unfin- 
ished, his  death  occurring  suddenly  in 
Dublin,  1857. 

KENDALL,  Asms,  an  American  pol- 
itician and  journalist,  h.  1781),  in  Dun- 
stable, Mass.,  was  graduated  at  Dart- 
mouth college,  studied  law  and  emi- 
grated to  Kentucky,  where  he  edited 
the  "Frankfort  Argus."  lie  distin- 
guished himself  as  an  able  political 
writer  in  the  presidential  canvass  which 
resulted  in  the  election  of  General  Jack- 
sou,  and  was  appointed  by  him  fourth 
auditor  of  the  treasury  department. 
During  the  eight  years  of  this  adminis- 
tration he  was  supposed  to  exercise 
great  influence  in  public  affairs.  Some 
of  the  presidential  documents  of  the 
period  were  attributed  to  his  pen,  and 
he  had  the  reputation  of  furnishing  im- 
portant articles  to  the  "Globe"  news- 
paper, then  under  the  editorial  charge 
of  Sir.  Blair.  No  name  figured  more 
largely  in  the  newspapers  in  connection 
with  the  exciting  measures  of  this  pe- 
riod than  that  of  Mr.  Kendall.  He  was 
made  postmaster-general  in  1835,  and 
was  retained  in  office  by  Mr.  Van  Bu- 
ren.  He  retired  from  the  cabinet  in 
June,  1840.  to  look  after  the  interests  of 
the  Democratic  party  in  the  then  pending 
presidential  canvass,  and  never  again 
entered  public  life.  He  occupied  him- 
self subsequently  in  professional  labors 
at  Washington,  more  particularly  in  the 
interests  of  Professor  Morse  in  connec- 
tion with  the  electric  telegraph.  In 
18(JG-(i7  he  visited  Europe  and  travelled 
in  Egypt  and  Palestine.  He  published 
a  small  portion  of  a  "Life  of  General 
Jackson,"  which  he  left  unfinished. 
His  "Autobiography,"  edited  by  bis 
son-in-law,  was  published  in  1872.  D. 
18GJ.  -Gkoiigk  Wilkin s,  an  Ameri- 
can editor,  b.  1807,  was  a  printer  by 
trade,  and  in  1835  established  in  con- 
nection with  Mr.  Lumsden  the  "  Pica- 
yune "  newspaper,  with  which  Mr.  A. 
C.  Bullitt  was  afterward  associated, 
and  which  became  under  their  joint 
management  the  leading  journal  of  the 
southwest.  He  was  of  an  adventurous 
character,  and  in  18U  joined  the  Santa 
F6  expedition,  which    led    to   his   cap- 


ture and  imprisonment  by  the  Mexi- 
cans, and  a  "  Narrative  "  in  two  vol- 
umes, from  his  pen.  He  accompanied 
the  American  forces  in  the  Mexican 
war,  as  correspondent  of  his  own  jour- 
nal, and  on  its  termination  spent  two 
years  in  Europe  engaged  in  bringing 
out  a  costly  folio  with  colored  plates, 
i  lustrating  the  principal  battles,  by 
Carl  Nebel.  D.  in  Texas,  where  he  had 
established  a  large  grazing  farm,  in 
18G7. 

KENNEDY,  John  Pendleton,  an 
American  author  and  politician,  b.  in 
Baltimore,  1795,  was  educated,  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar,  and  practised  for 
twenty  years  in  that  city.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Maryland  house  of  del- 
egates in  1820-23."  In  1837  he  was 
elected  to  the  lower  house  of  congress, 
and  reelected  in  1841  and  1843.  lie 
was  a  prominent  Whig,  a  strenuous  ad- 
vocate of  the  protective,  system,  and 
prepared  the  manifesto  by  which  the 
Whig  members  of  congress  publicly 
separated  themselves  from  President 
Tyler.  In  1818  be  made  his  ikbut  in 
letters  by  his  contributions  to  the  "lied 
Book"  published  in  connection  with  his 
friend  Mr.  Peter  Hoffmann.  He  is  known 
as  a  novelist  by  his  "  Swallow  Barn," 
"  Horse  Shoe  Kobinson,"  and  "Bob  of 
the  Bowl."  His  other  publications  were 
"Defence  of  the  Whins,"  "'Mr.  Am- 
brose's Letters  on  the  Hebellion,"  and  a 
"Life  of  William  Wirt."  In  1852  he 
was  appointed  secretary  of  the  navy  by 
President  Fillmore.  D.  at  Newport, 
1!.  I..  1870. 

KENRICK,  Fhancis  Patrick,  D. 
I).,  an  eminent  Catholic  controversialist 
and  Biblical  critic,  b.  in  Dublin,  1707. 
After  receiving  a  classical  education  in 
Ireland,  he  studied  for  the  church  in 
Home,  and  in  1821  was  ordained  a 
priest.  He  came  to  the  United  States 
in  the  same  year,  and  for  nine  years 
officiated  as  the  head  of  an  ecclesiasti- 
cal seminary  at  Bardstown,  Kv.  In  • 
18  10  he  was  consecrated  bishop  of  A  rath, 
and-  coadjutor  to  Bishop  Conwell,  of 
Philadelphia,  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1842.  In  1851  he  was  transferred  to 
the  archiepiscopal  see  of  Baltimore,  and 
in  1859  received  from  the  pope  "the 
primacy  of  honor,"  conferring  upon  him 
and  his  successors  precedence  over  other 
catholic  prelates  in  the  United  States. 
He  was  the  author  of  many  controver- 
sial works,  remarkable  for  learning  and 
power;  and  also  of  two  treatises  on 
dogmatic  theology,  "  Theologia  Dog- 
matica,"  and  "Theologia  Moralis,"  ex- 


kil] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


175 


tensively  used  as  text-bonks.  At  the 
time,  of  "his  death  ho  was  engaged  upon 
a  revised  English  version  of  the  Scrip- 
tures, a  large  part  of  which  lias  been 
published.     D.  in  Baltimore,  1863. 

KE.\SETT,  Joh.n  1'kkdmi  k  k,  an 
American  landscape  painter,  b.  in  Con- 
necticut 181S,  was  originally  an  en- 
graver of  vignettes  for  bank  notes,  and 
occasionally  attempted  painting  as  an 
amusement.  In  1840  he  went  to  Eng- 
land, and  in  1815  exhibited  bis  lirst 
picture,  "A  Distant  View  of  Windsor 
Castle,"  in  the  royal  academy  at  Lon- 
don, lie  remained  abroad  seven  years, 
and  spent  two  of  them  in  Rome,  send- 
ing home  pictures  from  time  to  time 
which  established  his  reputation  before 
he  returned  to  New  York.  His  works 
now  followed  each,  other  in  rap  d  suc- 
cession, and  were  spread  widely  over 
the  country;  and  yet  so  great  was  his 
industry  that  be  left  in  his  studio  more 
than  live  hundred  of  his  sketches  and 
finished  works  when  he  died  in  1872. 
Without  naming  the  subjects  of  any  of 
his  paintings,  a  brother  artist  gives  a 
faithful  idea  of  his  general  characteris- 
tics when  be  says:  "He  delighted  in 
silvery  gray,  and  could  send  the  mists 
drifting  along  the  hill  sides,  make  the 
mountain  brook  sparkle  among  the 
moss-grown  rucks,  or  the  sea  waves  roll 
in  on  sandy  beaches,  or  on  rich  toned 
cliffs,  dripping  with  foam  and  illumined 
by  golden  light,  with  a  magical  skill 
and  living  force  peculiarly  bis  own.'' 

KENT,  Victoria  Maria  L<>uisa, 
Duchess  id',  the  mother  of  Queen  Victo- 
ria, h.  in  Saxe-t'oburg.  178.1 ;  d.  near 
Windsor,  1831.  She  was  married  twice: 
first  to  the  Prince  of  Leiningen,  who  d. 
in  1814,  and  in  1818  to  Edward,  Duke 
of  Kent,  fourth  son  of  George  111. — 
William,  an  American  jurist,  son  of 
Chancellor  Kent,  b.  1802;  d.  1831.— 
Euvv.Min,  an  American  jurist  and  poli- 
tician, b.  in  Concord,  N.'  11.,  1802,  prac- 
tised law  in  Bangor,  Me.,  from  1825. 
He  was  governor  of  Maine,  1818  and 
1841.  In  1843,  he  was  appointed  one 
of  the  commissioners  for  settling  the 
N.  E.  boundary  line  under  the  Ashbur- 
ton  treaty.  He  was  appointed  consul  to 
Rio  Janeiro,  under  Taylor's  administra- 
tion. Returning  to  Bangor,  he  was  ap- 
pointed associate  justice  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  state.     D.  1877. 

K.ERNER,  Axijrkas  Justixus,  a 
German  poet,  b.  17sG,  at  Ludwigsbtirg 
in  Snabia,  studied  medicine  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Tubingen,  where  he  formed 
an  intimacy  with  L'hland.    After  visit- 


ing portions  of  Germany,  Kernel-  sta- 
tioned himself  a  few  years  at  Wildbad, 
but  took  up  his  permanent  residence  in 
the  little  village  of  Weinsberg,  where 
he  devoted  himself  to  poetry  and  the 
healing  art  for  the  rest  of  his  life. 
Though  successful  as  a  lyric  poet,  Ker- 
nel* s  name  was  hardly  known  beyond 
the  limits  of  his  own  country,  when  his 
works  on  animal  magnetism  gave  hiin 
a  European  reputation.  His  "  Seeress 
of  l'revorst  "  had  an  immense  success. 
It  is  the  report  of  his  observations  upon 
a  magnetic  subject  who  was  confided  to 
bis  professional  care  in  a  dying  state  in 
February,  1826. anil  survived  till  August, 
182J.  He  published  other  works  on 
somnambulism  and  animal  magnetism, 
several  volumes  of  poems,  and  a  prose 
novel,  "  Reiseschatten  "  which  bears 
comparison  with  the  best  productions  of 
Jean  Paul.     D.  1832. 

KETTELL,  Samuel,  b.  in  Newbury- 
port,  Mass..  18)0.  early  engaged  in  lit- 
erary pursuits,  and  was  employed  by 
S.  G.  Goodrich,  then  a  considerable  pub- 
lisher in  Boston,  in  editing  "Specimens 
of  American  Poetry,''  3  volumes,  182J, 
a  popular  geography,  and  other  works. 
He  also  edited  "A  Personal  Narrative 
of  the  First  Voyage  of  Columbus."  and 
"  Records  of  the  Spanish  Inquisition." 
A  self-educated  man,  he  became  an  ac- 
complished linguist,  and  translated  one 
of  the  Parley  volumes  into  modern 
Greek.  He  was  for  some  time  a  con- 
tributor to  i lie  •'  Boston  Courier,"  and  on 
the  retirement  id'  Air.  Buckingham,  in 
1848,  he  assumed  the  editorship  of  that 
journal.  He  was  representative  from 
Boston  in  the  state  legislature  in  1851— 
1852,  and  d.  in  Maiden,  .Mass  ,  1855. 

KIDD,  John,  professor  at  Oxford, 
England,  author  of  one  of  the  "  Bridge- 
water  Treatises,"  and  of  works  on  med- 
icine, mineralogy,  and  geologv.  B. 
1775;  d.  1857. 

KILNKR,  Thomas,  actor,  b.  in  Lan- 
cashire, Euuland,  1777,  first  appeared  at 
the  Park  theatre,  N.  V.  in  1815,  and 
in  1821  became  a  lessee  of  the  Federal 
Street  theatre,  in  Boston,  where  he  was 
a  great  favorite  in  characters  of  the  Sir 
Anthony  Absolute  style.  His  acting 
was  very  rich  in  humor.  Retiring  from 
the  stage  in  18  il  he  d.  on  his  farm  in 
Indiana.  1802. 

K.1LVERT,  Rev.  Francis,  an  Eng- 
lish clergyman,  author  of  "Memoirs  of 
the  Life  and  Writings  of  Bishop  Hard." 
B.  1793:  d.  1863. 

KING,  Charles,  an  American  jour- 
nalist, b.  in  New  York,  178J,  was  the 


17G 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[kix 


son  of  Rufus  King,  and  was  educated 
at  Marrow  school,  while  his  father  was 
U.  S.  minister  in  Rutland.  On  return- 
ing t,"  New  York  he  einharked  in  com- 
mercial pursuits  unsuccessfully,  and  in 
38:23  became  connected  with  Johnson 
Verplanck  in  publishing  the  "  N.  Y. 
American,"  a  daily  evening  journal  of 
high  diameter,  which  Mr.  Verplanck 
left  in  1827,  and  which  in  1847  was 
united  with  t lie  "Courier  and  En- 
quirer.'' Mr.  King  continued  associate 
editor  of  the  united  journals  till  184'J, 
when  he  was  chosen  president  of  Colum- 
bia college,  a  post  fur  which,  by  his 
classical  attainments,  he  was  eminently 
qualified.  This  place  he  resigned  in 
1814,  when  he  visited  Europe,  and  d. 
at  r'rescati,  near  Rome,  in  1807.  He 
was  author  of  a  memoir  on  the  Croton 
aqueduct,  a  history  of  the  N  Y.  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce,  "New  York  lifiy 
Years    Ago,"    and    various    historical 

anil    other   addresses. lAMKS    Coin:, 

brother  of  the  preceding,  b.  1791.  was 
an  eminent  banker  and  member  of 
congre  s  from  New  York,  184J-51.  I). 
1853. — John  Ai  soi',  brother  of  the 
preceding,  b.  1788,  served  through  the 
war  of  1812  as  lieutenant  of  a  cavalry 
troop,  was  repeatedly  member  of  the 
N.  Y.  legislature,  secretary  of  legation 
to  his  father  in  1825,  was  a  member  of 
the  31st  congress,  and  governor  of  New 
York,  18.7-5:).  1).  1838.—  William, 
brother  of  Rufus,  and  uncle  of  the  pre- 
ceding, b.  in  Scarborough,  17(18,  was 
the  first  governor  of  .Maine.  He  figured 
conspicuously  in  the  poli  ical  affairs  of 
the  state,  and  was  identified  with  all 
that  relates  to  the  separation  from  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  the  adoption  of  the  state 
constitution.  I).  1852.  —  Dan,  physi- 
cian and  author,  b.  in  Connecticut, 
1781,  studied  medicine,  practised  in  his 
native  stale,  and  afterwards  removed 
to  Charh's  own,  K.I.  Here  he  took  an 
active  part  in  politics,  and  was  a  prom- 
inent member  of  the  legislature,  1828- 
84.  lie  was  the  author  of  "Quackery 
Unmasked,"  "  The  Life  and  Times  of 
Thomas  W.  Dorr,  with  Outlines  of  the 
Political  History  of  Rhode  Island," 
and  other  work's.  1).  1864.  —Pill lip 
Pai!K1-:h,  rear-admiral,  was  b.  at  Nor- 
folk Island,  of  which  his  father  was 
then  governor,  and  entered  the  British 
navy  in  18)7.  He  served  in  several 
expeditions,  among  which  was  a  survey 
of  the  coasts  of  Australia  in  1817,  the 
results  of  which  are  contained  in  a  work 
which,  with  an  accompanying  atlas,  lie 
compiled.     In  1825  lie  was  employed  to 


survey  the  southern  coast  of  Anierca, 
from  the  entrance  ff  the  Rio  Plata  round 
to  Chiloe,  and  of  ierra  del  Fuego,  and 
in  18.12  published  a  volume  entitled 
"Sailing  Directions  to  the  Coasts  of 
Eastern  and  Western  Patagonia,"  etc. 
On  retiring  from  active  service,  in  1810, 
he  went  hack  to  Australia,  and  d.  there, 
1 850.  —  Pukston*,  politician,  b.  in  Og- 
densburg,  N.  Y.,  181)0,  studied  and  prac- 
tised law,  and  in  1810  became  editor 
and  proprietor  of  the  "St.  Lawrence 
Republican,"  a  journal  which  he  con- 
ducted in  the  interests  of  the  Demo- 
cratic party.  In  1834  he  was  elected 
to  the  assembly,  and  three  times  re- 
elected. In  1845  he  first  occupied  a 
>eat  in  the  lower  house  of  congress,  re- 
taining it  till  1851.  In  1848  he  had 
acted  with  the  Barnburner  wing  of  the 
New  York  Democracy,  and  on  its  or- 
ganization he  joined  the  IScpuhlican 
party  In  1857  he  was  elected  as  a 
Republican  to  the  U.  S.  senate,  and 
served  out  his  term.  Here  he  was  the 
first  to  tell  the  southern  senators  that  if 
they  wanted  war  ihey  could  have  it. 
lie  was  an  intimate  friend  of  President 
Johnson,  and  in  Angus  ,  1X05.  was  ap- 
pointed by  him  collector  of  the  port  of 
New  York.  Worn  out  by  the  fatigues 
and  responsibilities  of  the  nliice,  he  be- 
came insane,  and  drowned  himself  from 
a  Jersey  City  ferry-boat,  in  November, 
1805.  —  Thomas  Butlbk,  long  promi- 
nent in  the  polities  and  in  connection 
with  the  internal  improvements  of 
Georgia,  was  l>.  in  Hampden,  Mass., 
18)4,  and,  after  studying  law,  re- 
moved to  Georgia  in  1821,  ami  became 
a  planter,  lie  sat  several  years  in  the 
state  senate,  and  was  thrice  elected  a 
representative  to  congress.  He  also 
took  an  active  part  in  the  Milledgeville 
convention  in  18J3,  and  in  the  Macon 
railroad  convention  in  1810.  He  re- 
siled some  time  in  California,  but  on 
his  return  to  Georgia  was  again  elected 
a  state  senator.  He  identified  himself 
with  the  secession  authorities  at  an 
early  stage  of  the  civil  war,  and  went 
to  Lurope  as  a  commissioner.  1).  in 
Georgia,  1814.  —  Thomas  St  t  Kit,  au- 
thor'of  "The  White  Hills,  their  Le- 
gends LaiuLcapes.  and  Poetry,"  and 
a  distinguished  Unitarian  clergvinan, 
h.  in  New  York,  1824  His  father,  the 
Rev.  V.  V-  King,  a  Universalis!  min- 
ister, died  early,  anil  at  the  age  of  12 
the  son  (lit 'red  upon  employment  to 
assist  in  he  family's  maintenance.  He 
devoted  his  leisure  hours  to  study,  and 
after  preaching  in  Woburu  and  Charles- 


KIS] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OK    BIOGIIAPIIY. 


177 


town,  bocnme  pastor  of  the  Unitarian 
church  in  Hollis  Street,  Boston,  with 
which  he  was  connected  from  1848  |o 
18ii(t.  In  the  latter  year,  being  invited 
by  the  Unitarians  of  San  Francisco  to 
be  their  minister,  he  removed  to  that 
city.  Apart  from  his  pulpit  efforts, 
he  enjoved  great  popularity  as  a  lec- 
turer. D.  1864.  —  William  1!ii  is, 
many  years  a  senator  in  congress  from 
Alabama,  during  a  part  of  which  he 
officiated  as  president  /»"  Inn.;  minis- 
ter to  trance;  and  elected  vice-president 
of  the  United  States  in  1852.  He  was 
b.  in  North  Carolina  in  I78ii.  but  re 
moved  to  Alabama,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  planting.  At  the  time  of  his 
election  as  vice  | resident  his  health  was 
feeble,  and  when  the  period  of  the  in- 
auguration arrived  he  was  in  Cuba, 
where  the  oath  of  office  was  adminis- 
tered liv  the  I'.  S.  consul,  lie  returned 
to  Alabama,  and  d.  1853. 

KINGSLKY.Ciiai:i.is,(  anon  of  West- 
minster, a  celebrated  English  writer,  b. 
ill  Devonshire,  181!),  received  his  early 
education  at  home,  and  d  ok  his  degree 
at  Magdalen  college,  Cambridge  In 
38-14  he  was  made  rector  of  Eversley, 
and  retained  this  |  a'sotiage  till  his  death. 
That  year  he  published  "Village  Ser- 
mons,'' remarkable  for  tlieir  bold  hand- 
ling of  topics  then  of  immed  ate  in  cr- 
est', ill  1848  he  published  "The  Saints' 
Tragedy."  a  metrical  drama.  His  first 
novel,  "Alton  Locke,  Tailor  and  l'oet," 
appeared  not  long  after,  and  gave  him 
the  opportunity  of  discussing  social 
and  political  questions  in  the  interest 
of  Chartism.  This  was  followed  by 
"Yeast,  a  Problem,"  "  Ilypatia,"  and 
"Westward  Ho!  or  the  Voyages  and 
Adventures  of  S  r  Amyas  Leigh,  Knt." 
In  his  theological  views  he  was  identi- 
fied wi:h  the  small  party  known  as  the 
"Broad  Chur  h."  of  which  Frederic 
Maurice  was  the  representative,  and 
which  was  the  school  of  Chartist  cler- 
gymen and  '•Muscular  Christians." 
His  other  works  were  numerous,  in- 
cluding volumes  of  sermons,  travels, 
history,  and  popular  science.  He  wrote 
for  "  Eraser."  the  "North  British," 
and  the  "Encyclopaedia  Britannica." 
For  ten  years  he  was  regius  professor 
of  modern  history  at  Cambridge,  and 
resigned  that  post  in  18(19,  when  he  was 
made  canon  of  Chester.  Lour  years 
later  he  exchanged  his  stall  in  Chester 
for  one  in  Westminster  Abbey.  I).  1875. 
—  Hkxky,  brother  of  the  preceding,  b. 
1830,  educated  at  King's  college,  Lon- 
don, and  at  Oxford,  left  Oxford  in 
12 


1853  for  Australia,  where  he  remained 
live  ye  is.  On  his  return  he  published 
"  liecollectious  of  Geoffry  Haiulyn."  a 
story  of  Australian  life,  "Austin  El- 
liott," "  Leighton  Court,"  and  other 
novels,  for  eighteen  months  he  edited 
the  '* Daily  Review,"  a  journal  which 
represented  the.  Free  Church  party  in 
Edinburgh.  I  luring  this  time  he  passed 
some  weeks  in  France,  as  his  own  war 
correspondent,  and  was  present  at  the 
battle  of  St'dan.  Quitting  the  "Re- 
view," he  resumed  novel  writing,  and 
produced,  among  others,  "Valentin,  a 
trench  Boy's  Story  of  Sedan."  D. 
1876'. — Iamks  Lice,  b.  in  Windham, 
Conn  ,  1778.  He  graduated  at  Vale  col- 
lege in  1739,  and  was  connected  with 
it  as  tutor,  professor,  and  librarian  for 
half  a  century.  He  was  a  scholar  of 
extensive,  varied,  and  exact  learning, 
and  as  a  writer  distinguished  for  accu- 
racy, terseness,  and  force.  Many  im- 
portant papers  on  subjects  of  literary 
and  classical  criticism  were  published 
by  him  in  the  "N.  A.  Review."  the 
'•American  Journal  of  Sciences,"  and 
other  periodicals.  He  published  "Notes 
on  the  History  of  New  Haven,"  a  his- 
tory of  Vale  college,  and  a  life  of  Pres- 
ident Stiles  for  Sparks's  "American 
Biography.  '     1).  1852. 

KIliK,  EmvAKT)  Nomas,  a  Oongre- 
gatiou.-il  divine,  b.  in  New  York,  1802, 
studied  theology  tit  Princeton,  and  was 
pastor  of  a  church  in  Albany,  and  after- 
wards in  Boston,  1*44-71.  He  pub- 
lished numerous  sermons  and  addresses, 
"Lectures  on  Christ's  1  arables."  and 
trail  latinns  of  "Gaussen  on  Inspira- 
tion," and  id'  Attics'  "  Lectures  on  the 
Literature  of  the  Times  of  Louis  XIV." 
1).  at  Boston,  1874.  —  Li>waki>  N., 
brigadier-general  U.  S.  service,  b.  in 
Ohio,  wounded  iu  the  battle  id'  Stone 
river,  d.  18  i-'i.  He  commanded  a  brig- 
ade at  Shiloh  and  Corinth. 

KISS,  AttGi  st i  S,  a  Prussian  sculp- 
tor, was  born  at  Bless  in  Upper  Silesia, 
1802.  He  was  educated  in  the  school  of 
GleiwitK,  and  afterwards  proceeded  to 
Berlin,  where  he  placed  himself  under 
Ranch  and  Tieck,  and  produced  various 
works  for  a  fountain  tit  Charlottenhof, 
near  Potsdam.  He  afterwards  finished 
"The  Mounted  Amazon  attacked  by  a 
Tiger,"  which  was  much  admired  and 
eventually  cast  in  bronze,  lie  exe- 
cuted three  colossal  equestrian  statues 
of  Frederick  the  Great,  and  two  of 
Frederick  William  III.,  which  were 
cast  in  bronze,  and  the  statins  of  four 
heroes  of  the   seven  years'   war,  viz.: 


178 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


the  prince  of  Anhalt-Dessau,  the  gen- 
erals Schwerin,  Winterfeld,  and  Seyd- 
litz,  also  cast  in  bronze,  for  the  square 
called  Wilheims-Platz,  at  Berlin.  D. 
ISO.') 

KITTLITZ,  F.  H.  von,  Baron,  a 
German  naturalist,  b.  171)8,  an  officer 
in  the  Prussian  army,  painter  and  en- 
graver, circumnavigated  the  globe,  and 
wrote  two  volumes  of  travels  in  Bus- 
sian  America.     D.  1874. 

KITH),  John,  1).  D.,  a  writer  on 
Biblical  subjects,  b.  at  Plymouth,  Eng- 
land, 18  )1,  was  the  son  of  a  jobbing 
mason,  and  in  his  boyhood  was  inmate 
of  a  workhouse,  and  apprentice  to  a 
shoemaker.  A  fall  from  a  housetop,  in 
1817,  deprived  bun  of  his  bearing,  and 
a  long  confinement  in  consequence  of 
his  accident  developed  a  taste  for  read- 
ing. In  182'i  he  was  enabled  by  the 
kindness  of  friends  to  go  abroad,  and 
he  spent  ten  years  in  travel  in  the 
north  of  Europe  and  in  western  Asia. 
Returning  to  England  in  1833  lie  at- 
tracted attention  by  a  series  of  articles 
in  the  "Peiinv  Magazine,"  under  the 
title  of  the  '"'  Deaf  Traveller."  The 
first  independent  work  he  attempted 
was  the  "  Pictorial  Bible."  "The  Pic- 
torial History  of  Palestine"  and  "The 
Court  of  Persia  "  were  amongst  the 
next  products  of  his  untiring  assiduity. 
In  conjunction  with  several  coadjutors, 
he  next  projected  and  edited  "  The  Cy- 
clopaedia of  Biblical  Literature"  and 
"The  Journal  of  Sacred  Literature;" 
following  these  with  the  "  Daily  Illus- 
trations of  the  Bible."  His  latter  days 
were  relieved  by  a  government  pension 
of  .£1(10.  L>.  1854.'  See  "Memoirs  of 
Dr.  Kitto."  bv  J.  E.  Kvland  and  Dr. 
Eadie. 

KLEMM,  Fhiedrich  Gustav,  a 
German  historian,  b.  1832;  d.  1839. 
His  most  remarkable  work  is  a  "  His- 
tory of  Civ  Natation,"'  in  10  vols.  His 
earliest  publication  was  "  Attila,  accord- 
ing to  History,  Tradition,  and  Legend." 

KLENZE,  Lko  vox,  a  German  ar- 
chitect, b.  1781,  was  the  first  to  intro- 
duce the  Florentine  style  into  Germany. 
His  career  may  be  said  to  have  com- 
menced in  1823,  when,  under  King 
Louis  l.,he  erected  the  public  buildings 
which  are  now  the  principal  ornaments 
of  Munich.  He  was  the  architect,  also, 
of  the  Walballa.  He  built  in  St.  Pe- 
tersburg!) a  superb  palace  to  contain  the 
art  collections  of  the  emperor.  He  was 
a  successful  landscape  painter,  and  pub- 
lished many  volumes  on  his  art.  D. 
1834. 


sha),a; 

edfte 


KMETY,  George  (Ismail-Pasha) 
distinguished  Hungarian  general, 
1813,  at  Pokoragy,  early  entered 
Austrian  army,  but  on  the  insurrection 
of  1848  returned  to  bis  native  country, 
and  received  the  command  of  a  Honved 
battalion.  He  took  an  active  part  in 
the  struggle,  and  two  days  after  the 
surrender  of  Gi  rgei  lie  fought  on  the 
heights  of  Logos  the  last  battle  of  the 
Hungarian  war,  which  secured  the  re- 
treat of  the  refugees  into  Turkey. 
There  he  remained  till  1851,  when  be 
went  to  England,  and  labored  hard  to 
obtain  his  living  as  a  teacher  of  music. 
He  published  at  this  time  a  refutation 
of  the  misstatements  of  Gorgei,  that 
appear  in  his  memoirs.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Russian  war,  in  1853,  be  re- 
turned to  Turkey,  offered  his  services, 
and  was  sent  to  the  army  of  Anatolia. 
During  the  blockade  of  Kars,  he  com- 
manded a  Turkish  division  under  the 
name  of  "Madjar  Ismail  Pasha."  In 
the  great  battle  of  the  2Jth  September, 
1855,  be  saved  Ears  for  the  moment  by 
defeating  a  Russian  army  of  30,000 
men,  which  attacked  the  heights  of 
Takmass.  In  front  of  this  position  the 
enemy  left  G.00J  dead  bodies,  which 
fact  shows  this  to  have  been  one  of  the 
most  bloody  battles  of  modern  times. 
At  the  surrender  of  Kars,  General 
Kmety.  not  wishing  to  fall  into  the 
bauds  of  the  Russians,  received  permis- 
sion to  leave  the  arniv,  and  accompanied 
by  a  small  escort  of  Kurds,  cut  his  way 
through  the  enemy's  lines,  and  found 
his  way  to  Constantinople.  His  last 
military  service  was  in  suppressing  the 
disorders  which  attended  the  massacres 
in  Syria,  in  time  to  avert  the  threatened 
French  intervention.  With  broken 
health  be  again  went  to  England,  where 
be  died  suddenly  id"  paralysis  in  Lon- 
don, 1833.  He  was  buried  by  the 
Turnish  embassy  in  Kensall  Green 
cemetery. 

KXAPP,  Alheijt,  a  German  poet, 
b.  17H8,  was  a  clergyman  by  profession, 
and  published  several  volumes  of 
hymns  and  sacred  poetry.  D.  I8i4. — 
Jacoii,  celebrated  as  a  revivalist,  was 
b.  in  Otsego  county,  N  Y.,  17'J!).  His 
parents  were  Episcopalians,  but  when 
he  reached  his  20rh  year  he  joined  the 
Baptist  church,  and  became  a  minister. 
About  eight  years  be  preached  as  an 
established  clergyman,  but  be  resigned 
bis  charge,  and  started  as  an  indep  tal- 
ent itinerant  preacher,  in  which  voca- 
tion he  became  widely  known.  Thirty 
years  before  his  death  be  gave  up  count- 


KOC] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


179 


in.LC  (lie  persons  converted  under  his 
ministration  —  thev  had  then  readied 
the  number  of  100,000.  He  published 
an  autobiography,  in  which  he  gave  the 
statistics  of  his  conversions  and  labors. 
D.  1875.  » 

KNIGHT,  Chart.es,  author  and  pub- 
lisher, I).  1791,  at  Windsor,  apprenticed 
to  his  father, a  bookseller;  started  with 
him,  in  1811,  the  ""Windsor  and  Eton 
Express,"  and  edited  it  for  fourteen 
years.  In  1820  he  published  the  first 
number  of  "The  Plain  Englishman, "  a 
monthly  magazine,  which  lie  edited  for 
three  years:  and  "The  Etonian,"  of 
which  W.  M.  Praed  was  editor,  and 
some  clever  Etonians  contributors. 
"Knight's  Quarterly  Magazine"  was 
stalled  in  1822,  when  the  publisher  had 
established  himself  in  l'all  Mall,  Lon 
don;  and  it  was  singular  that  it  should 
have  died  in  its  sixth  number,  when  it 
was  sustained  by  Praed,  Moultrie, 
Henry  N.  Coleridge,  Derwent  Coleridge, 
and  Macaulay.  In  1827  he  became  the 
editor  and  publisher  of  many  of  the 
■works  of  the  Society  for  the  Diffusion 
of  Useful  Knowledge,  the  "British  Al- 
manac," the  "Companion  to  Alma- 
nac," and  the  "  Library  of  Entertaining 
Knowledge."  In  1832  he  commenced 
the  "Penny  Magazine,"  which  be  con- 
tinued for  eleven  years;  and  in  1838 
the  "Pennv  Cyclopaedia,"  for  contribu- 
tions to  which  he  paid  $200,000.  He 
edited  the  "Pictorial  Shakespeare," 
and  wrote  the  life  of  the  poet  prefixed 
to  this  admirable  edition  of  his  works. 
His  "English  Cyclopaedia,"  in  22  vol- 
umes; his  "Popular  History  of  Eng- 
land," completed  in  1802,  are  honorable 
monuments  of  his  enterprise  no  less 
than  of  his  indefatigable  diligence  as 
an  editor.  His  "Passages  of  a  Work- 
ing Life  during  half  a  Century.''  in 
three  volumes,  is  an  interesting  account 
of  his  various  enterprises,  and  of  the 
men  with  whom  he  had  been  brought  in 
contact  in  carrying  them  out.  He  was 
a  man  much  loved,  and  highly  esti- 
mated.    I).  1873. 

KNOWLLS,  James  Sheridan,  the 
most  distinguished  of  modern  English 
dramatists,  b.  at  Cork,  1784,  was  edu- 
cated by  his  father,  and  in  1792  went 
to  London,  where  he  manifested  an 
early  passion  for  the  stage.  His  popu- 
lar ballad  of  the  "Welsh  Harper"  was 
written  when  he  was  only  fourteen.  In 
London  he  became  acquainted  with 
William  Hazlitt.  whom  he  styles  his 
intellectual  father,  and  was  guided  iu 
his   dramatic  tastes   by  Charles   Lamb 


and  Coleridge.  On  returning  to  Ire- 
land he  determined  to  try  the  stage, 
and,  making  a  failure  at  Dublin,  in 
1803  he  joined  a  strolling  company, 
which  numbered  Edmund  Kean  among 
its  members.  For  him  he  wrote  the 
drama  of  "  Leo,  the  Gipsy,"  which  was 
successfully  brought  out  at  Waterford. 
The  next  year  he  published  a  volume 
of  "  Fugitive  Pieces."  when  he  retired 
to  Belfast,  and  there  opened  a  school 
for  teaching  grammar  and  declamation. 
It  was  here  he  composed  "Brian  Bo- 
roihine,"  and  the  tragedy  of  "  Cains 
Gracchus,"  first  represented  at  Belfast 
i  i  1815,  and  reproduced  at  Covent  Gar- 
den in  1823.  His  first  great  dramatic  tri- 
umph was  in  '•  Virgiuius,"  written  orig- 
inally for  Edmund  Kean,  but  destined 
to  make  the  reputation  of  both  author 
and  actor  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Ma- 
cready.  It  was  first  brought  out  at 
Covent  Garden  on  the  17th  of  May, 
1820,  when  the  curtain  fell  "amidst 
the  most  deafening  applause  of  a  high- 
ly excited  auditory."  "  William  Tell  " 
followed  after  a  long  interval;  "The 
Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green,"  "The 
Hunchback,"  and  "  The  Wife,"  in  the 
last  two  playing  himself  a  leading  char- 
acter. In  1835  he  visited  the  United 
States,  where  he  was  warmly  received, 
and  played  his  limited  round  of  charac- 
ters in  his  own  plays  with  success.  On 
his  return  to  England  he  wrote  "The 
Love  Chase,"  produced  at  the  Haymar- 
ket;  "  Woman's  Wit,"  for  Covent  Gar- 
den; "  The  Maid  of  Mariendorpt,"  and 
"Love."  His  last  dramatic  production 
was  "The  Secretary."  When  over 
sixty  he  essayed  novel-writing,  without 
much  success;  "  Gporge  Lovell "  and 
"  Henry  Eortescne "  did  not  add  to  his 
reputation.  Under  Sir  Robert  Peel's 
ministry,  a  pension  of  .£200  a  year  was 
bestowed  upon  him.  In  his  old  age  he 
abandoned  fiction  and  occupied  himself 
with  theology,  becoming  a  Baptist 
preacher,  and  making  speeches  at  Exe- 
ter Hall.  He  entertained  a  strong  an- 
tpatliv  to  the  Roman  Catholic  church, 
and  published  "  The  Rock  of  Rome," 
and  "The  Idol  demolished  by  its  own 
Priest,"  the  latter  being  in  reply  to  a 
book  by  Cardinal  Wiseman.  D.  at 
Torquay,  1862.  A  posthumous  play  by 
Knowles,  entitled  "Alexina,  or  True 
unto  Death,"  was  produced  in  May, 
1866. 

KOCK.  Chari.es  Pail  he,  a  French 
novelist,  b.  at  Passy,  1794.  received 
an  imperfect  education,  and  was  in- 
tended for  a  commercial  life,  but  em- 


180 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGUAPIIY. 


[kux 


braced  the  profession  of  letters.  At  an 
early  age  he  finished  his  first  novel 
"L'Enfant  de  ma  Femnie."  The  ef- 
fort was  not  successful,  and  lie  turned 
his  attention  to  writing  for  the  tlieatres, 
laboring  diligently  in  that  department 
of  literature,  until  18:20,  when  he  re- 
sumed novel  writing.  "  Les  Eufants 
de  M  ait  re  Pierre"  (1825),  and  ''Le 
Camp  dn  Drap  d'Or"  (1828V placed 
him  in  the  first  rank,  and  a  long  cata- 
logue of  popular  and  successful  novels 
maintained  his  reputation.  In  a  moral 
sense  some  of  his  productions  are 
very  exceptionable,  but  his  inventive 
genius  and  skill  in  the  depiction  of 
character  are  unquestionable.  His  col- 
lected works  number  50  vols.  D.  in 
Paris,  1871. 

KOENIG,  Heinrich  Joseph,  a  Ger- 
man dramatist  and  novelist,  b.  17U0  ;  d. 
1809. 

K  0 1 , 0  W  R  A  T-  L I E  15  S  T  E  N  S  K  Y, 
Fraxjc  Anton,  Dike  of,  b.  in  Prague, 
1778:  d.  1801.  He  held  an  influential 
position  in  Bohemia,  and  in  1820,  was 
called  to  the  counsels  of  the  Austrian 
empire.  He  founded  the  Bohein  an 
national  museum  at  Prague,  and  be- 
queathed to  it  a  large  ami  valuable  li- 
brarv,  with  an  endowment. 

KOLTES,  John  A.,  b.  in  Rhenish 
Prussia,  in  1823,  came  to  this  country 
in  1840,  and  served  in  the  Mexican  war. 
In  1801,  he  raised  a  German  regiment 
and  took  the  field  in  support  of  tile  Un- 
ion. He.  was  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Gainesville,  Va.,  1812.  beingat  the  time 
an  acting  brigadier-general  in  General 
Stein  wehr's  division. 

KONKWKA,  Paul,  an  artist  re- 
markable for  his  skill  and  expression  in 
nlhouelte  designs,  was  a  Pole  by  birth, 
studied  both  sculpture  and  painting. 
II  s  chief  works  are  the  illustrations  of 
"Faust,"  and  of  the  ".Midsummer's 
Night  Dream."  D.  in  his  31st  vear  at 
Berlin.  1871. 

KOP1SCH,  August,  a  German  poet 
and  painter,  b.  1700;  d.  1853.  He 
translated  Dante,  and  a  collection  of 
Italian  souths.  His  name  is  connected 
with  the  blue  grotto  in  the  island  of 
Capri,  as  its  discoverer. 

KOIT,  Joseph  Eutvch,  cdled  the 
Miebuhr  of  Switzerland,  b.  17i»3;  d. 
1800.  Of  his  most  important  work, 
the  "History  of  the  Swiss  Confedera- 
tions," 5  vols.,  had  appeared  at  the 
time  of  his  death.  The  story  of  Wil- 
liam Tell  he  showed  to  be  fabulous. 

KOZ.MIAX,  Gaktan,  a  Polish  states- 
man and  poet,  b.  1771,  after  the  fall  of 


his  country  in  1795,  devoted  himself  to 
agriculture  and  letters.  He  translated 
Horace  and  Tibullus,  and  wrote  odes 
which  placed  him  in  the  first  rank  of 
the  national  poets.  He  wrote  "The 
Georgics  of  Poland, "find  left  his  "  Me- 
moirs "  and  an  epic  poeln  initld 
"  Stephen  Czarnlecki."     D   1850. 

KRAITSIK,  Cm  \i:i,Ks,  a  Hungarian 
philologist,  b.  1804,  was  educa  ed  in 
the  university  of  l'eth  ;  and  having 
taken  part  in  the  Polish  revolution,  was 
exiled,  and  came  to  the  United  States 
in  1833.  He  became  professor  of  mod- 
ern languages  in  the  university  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  published  i-ome  treatises  on 
philology.     D.  1830. 

KRASIXSKI,  Count  Vat.eim  a  v.  a 
Polish  diplomatist  and  historical  writer, 
b.  in  White  Russia,  about  178J,  exiled 
from  his  country.  Annum  his  works  is 
"  Montenegro  and  the  Slavonians  in 
Turkey,"  Edinburgh,  1855.  D.  1858. 
—  Zvwu'M'  Xai'oi.Iv in,  a  Polish  au- 
thor, b.  in  Paris,  1812,  wrote  -'The  Un- 
divine  Comedy  "  in  three  parts,  1 837— 
48,  on  which  Owen  Meredith's  "  Fool 
of  Time"  is  founded.  It  was  trans- 
lated into  French,  German,  and  Fn<f 
lish.  His  collected  works  were  pub- 
lished in  1803.     D.  1839 

KRUMMACHER,  FnffiniucH  Wit- 
iiki.m.  a  German  theologian,  I).  17i)0, 
was  distinguished  for  his  rigorous  Lu- 
theran orthodoxy,  and  was  esteemed  one 
of  the  most  eloquent  preachers  of  his 
day.  He  published  volumes  of  sermons, 
and  is  widely  known  by  his  ''  Elias  del' 
Thisbitcr,"  which  has  passed  through 
many  editions  in  German  and  Eng- 
lish. In  1853,  he  was  appointed  court 
preacher  at  Potsdam,  where  ho  d. 
1808. 

KUGLER,  FtsANZ TttKODouK,  a  Ger- 
man art-critic  and  historian,  b.  at  Stet- 
tin, 1808,  pur-ued  a  wide  rame  of  stud- 
ies at  the  universities,  and  in  1835  was 
named  professor  of  the  history  of  art  in 
the  academy  of  fine  arts  at  Berlin.  In 
the  same  year  he  made  a  journey  to 
Italv,  and  in  1843.  visited  Eug'aud  and 
Belgium.  His  great  work  is  the  "  Hand- 
book of  the  Hi-tory  of  Painting  from 
the  Affe  of  Coustautine  to  the  present 
Time."  That  portion  of  the  hand- 
book which  relates  to  Italy  was  trans- 
lated by  Sir  Charles  Ea<llake,  with 
notes  and  illustrations.  The  portions 
which  treat  of  the  Dutch,  Flemish, 
German,  Spanish,  and  freuch  schools 
were  translated  bv  Sir  Edmund  Head. 
D.  1856. 

KUNTII,  Kap.l  Sioismuno,  a  Ger- 


lam] 


CYCLOPEDIA   OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


181 


man  botanist,  b.  1783,  was  entrusted  by 
Alexander  Humboldt  with  the  classifi- 
cation of  the  plants  lie  had  collected  in 


his  American  voyage.  His  botanical 
publications  were  numerous  and  valua- 
ble.   D.  1300. 


L. 


LABLACI1E,  Lours,  a  lyric  actor,  b. 
1792.  He  made  his  d^but  in  'England  in 
1830,  and  for  many  years  reigned  su- 
preme on  the  stage  of  the  Italian  opera 
ID  Paris  during  the  winter,  and  in  the 
spring  in  London.  His  voice  was  of 
wonderful  sweetness  and  strength,  and 
he  was  equallv  successful  in  comedy 
and  tragedv.    D.  18:>8. 

LABOliDE.  Lk«>n  Emmanuel  Simon 
Joseph,  Comtk  i>k,  a  French  archaeol- 
ogist and  traveller,  b.  at  Paris,  1807, 
was  many  years  conservator  of  the 
museum  of  antiquities  in  the  Louvre, 
and  in  185G  was  appointed  director-gen- 
eral of  the  archives  of  the  empire.  D. 
186).  His  works  were  numerous,  among 
which  we  may  mention  "  Histoire  de 
la  Gravure  en  Manic-re  Noire,"  and 
"  La  Renaissance  des  Arts  a  la  (Jour  de 
France." 

LACORDAIRE,  Jean  B.UTISTK 
Hknui,  a  distinguished  French  preacher, 
was  b.  in  the  department  < f  Cote  d'Or, 
France,  1892.  In  his  youth  he  studied 
law  at  Dijon,  and  was  then  an  avowed 
skeptic.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1822,  and  practised  in  Paris  unil  1824, 
when  he  entered  the  theological  semi- 
nary of  St.  Sulpice.  Ordained  to  the 
priesthood  in  1827,  in  1830  he  became 
the  associate  of  Lamennais  and  Mmtu- 
Iembert  in  the  publication  of  il  L'Ave- 
nir."  When  Pope  Gregory  XVI.,  in 
18:*2,  issued  an  encyclical  letter  denoun- 
cing the  principles  of  this  journal,  Lacor- 
daire  bowed  to  the  authority  of  the 
Church,  and  devoted  himself  to  preach- 
ing at  Notre  Dame.  In  18-40  he  entered 
the  convent  of  Minerva,  and  took  the 
Dominican  habit,  in  the  following  year 
resuming  his  place  in  the  pulpit  of 
Notre  Dame,  where  with  white  robe 
and  shaven  head  he  enchained  crowded 
assemblages,  including  the.  most  emi- 
nent men  in  Paris.  His  liberal  politi- 
cal views  adhered  to  him,  and  when  the 
revolution  of  1848  occurred  he  was 
elected  to  the  constituent  assembly,  and 
ranged  himself  with  the  most  decided 
Republicans,  but  he  soon  resigned. 
Political  allusions,  however,  were  in- 
troduced into  his  discourses,  and  in 
1853  led   to   his  temporary  retirement 


from  Notre  Dame.  In  the  following 
year  he  retired  permanently,  and  as- 
sumed the  direction  of  the.  college  of 
Sorreze.  In  18  JO  he  was  elected  to  the 
academy  of  France  as  the  successor  of 
M.  de*  Tocqueville.  D.  1861.  His 
"Memoirs"  have  been  written  by 
Comte  de  Montalembert. 

LAMAR,  Mikabkao  B.,  was  b.  in 
Georgia,  1798.  In  ]8>5,  he  emigrated 
to  Texas,  and  distinguished  himself  at 
the  battle  of  San  Jacinto,  lie  was  ap- 
pointed attorney  general,  and  soon  after 
secretary  of  war  of  the  republic,  and 
was  its  second  president.  He  was  af- 
terward U.  S.  minister  to  Central  Amer- 
ica.    I).  1859. 

LAMARTINE,  Alphonsh  i»e,  an 
eminent  French  poet,  orator,  and  states- 
man, b.  at  Macon,  1700,  completed  his 
studies  at  the  college  of  Belley.  His 
family  was  royalist,  and  the  lirst  pro- 
nounced sentiment  of  his  life  was  hos- 
tility to  the  empire.  In  1820  he  suc- 
ceeded with  some  difficulty  in  finding  a 
publisher  for  his  "Meditations  Poe- 
tiques,"  in  the  interests  of  legitimacy, 
recognized  by  his  appointment  as  sec- 
retary of  legation  to  Naples,  where  ho 
met  the  young  English  lady  who  after- 
ward became  bis  wife.  His  ''  Noil- 
velles  Meditations  "  i»  1823  shared  the 
fate  of  most  continuations,  in  being  de- 
clared inferior  to  its  predecessor.  In 
182.)  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
academy.  The  revolution  of  1830 
found  him  minister  plenipotentiary  at 
Athens.  He  resigned  his  post,  declined 
to  serve  the  new  government,  and  of- 
fered himself  for  the  popular  suffrage 
as  a  candidate  for  the  chamber  without 
success.  In  1812  with  his  wife  and 
daughter  he  made  the  tour  of  the  East 
in  a  style  of  princely  splendor.  The 
fruit  of  this  journey  was  a  work  on  the 
Fast  that  proved  a  disappointment  to 
the  public  and  to  himself,  but  he  was 
consoled  by  an  election  to  the  chamber. 
He  failed  in  his  maiden  speech.  In 
18'io  he  produced  "Jocelyn,"  a  poem 
which  was  at  first  coldly  received,  but 
afterward  grew  into  favor.  "  La  Chute 
d'nn  Ange,"  followed,  and  in  18-19  his 
"  Recuillements    Poetiques,"  the  fare- 


182 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[LAM 


well  of  the  poet  to  the  muse.  Mean- 
while he  was  acquiring  practice  and 
reputation  as  an  orator.  In  1847  he  pub- 
lished his  master-work,  »he  "  Histoire 
des  Girondins."  It  attained  immense 
popularity.  When  Louis  Philippe  fled, 
Lamartine  was  called  upon  to  form  part 
of  the  provisional  government,  which 
soon  proclaimed  the  Republic.  In  the 
months  of  disorder  and  confusion  that 
ensued,  Lamartine  may  he  said  to  have 
governed  France  by  the  influence  of  his 
eloquence  and  his  will  on  the  masses, 
but  he  lost  this  influence  by  allying 
himself  with  Led'ru-Rolliif,  anil  insist- 
ing that  this  representative  of  the  Keds 
should  he  a  member  of  the  executive 
commission  instituted  on  the  9th  May, 
by  the  assembly.  The  insurrection  of 
June  followed,  and  here  ended  the  po- 
litical career  of  Lamartine.  In  the 
election  of  president  he  received  only 
7, 910  votes,  and  in  the  general  elections 
of  April,  1849,  he  was  not  even  elected 
a  member  of  the  assembly.  During 
the  Republic  he  lent  his  name  and  his 
ability  to  "  Le  Pays,"  but  after  the  coup 
d'etat  he  abandoned  the  direction  of 
this  journal,  and  held  himself  entirely 
aloof  from  public  affairs.  For  several 
years,  going  back  as  far  as  the  princely 
voyage  to  the  East,  his  circumstances 
had  been  embarrassed.  The  brilliant 
success  of  the  "  Girondins  "  had  not  re- 
paired the  breach  in  his  fortunes,  and 
the  active  and  various  employment  of 
his  pen  for  a  series  of  years  could  not 
keep  him  abreast  with  the  world.  His 
friends  in  1858  made  a  direct  appeal  to 
the  public  for  a  subscription  in  his  be- 
half which  was  not  favorably  received  ; 
and  various  attempts  subsequently  made 
by  lotteries,  new  editions  of  his  complete 
works,  and  oilier  efforts,  from  which 
the  poet  did  not  withhold  his  personal 
intervention,  were  equally  inefficient  to 
extricate  him  from  his  embarrassments. 
Some  two  years  before  his  death  an  an- 
nuity of  25,000  francs  was  voted  to  him 
by  the  legislative  chamber.  His  works 
are  numerous.  Besides  those  already 
alluded  to  we,  may  mention  "  Trois  Mois 
an  Pouvoir,"  "  Les  Confidences,"  and 
histories  of  the  Restoration,  of  the  Con- 
stituent Assemblv,  of  Russia  and  of 
Turkev.     D.  1859. 

LAMFNNAIS,  Hugues  Feltcite 
Robekt  dk,  a  French  political  and 
religious  writer,  was  b.  at  St.  Malo,  in 
1782.  He  entered  the  catholic  prie-t- 
hood  with  extreme  ultramontane  views. 
Soon  after  Napoleon  had  concluded  the 
"Concordat"  with  the  pope,  he   pub- 


lished his  "Reflections  on  the  State  of 
the  Church,"  which  gave  great  offence 
to  the  imperial  government,  and  was 
suppressed.  He  hailed  the  restoration 
of  the  Bourbons  with  satisfaction,  in 
1814,  and  during  the  hundred  days  he 
escaped  to  England.  After  the  fall  of 
Napoleon,  in  1815,  he  returned  to 
France;  and  in  1817,  he  published  the 
first  volume  of  his  "  Essai  sur  I'lndif- 
fi'rence  en  matiere  de  Religion."  Soon 
afterwards  he  became  connected  with 
the  '"  Conservateur,"  a  royalist  journal, 
founded  by  Chateaubriand  and  others, 
and  after  his  return  from  a  journey  to 
Home,  he  published,  in  1825,  his  "'Re- 
ligion considcree  dans  ses  Rapports 
avec  l'Ordre  Civil  et  Catholique,"  in 
which  he  contended  that  the  pope  should 
be  placed,  as  in  the  middle  ages,  at  the 
head  of  all  temporal  and  spiritual  mat- 
ters. For  proclaiming  these  doctrines 
he  was  brought  to  trial,  and  condemned 
to  pay  a  small  fine.  A  change  now 
came  over  him.  Without  abandoning 
his  ultramontane  views,  he  became  a 
strenuous  advocate  for  the  separation 
of  church  and  state.  These  opinions 
were  set  forth  with  great  power  in  his 
"  Progres  de  la  Revolution,"  published 
in  182:),  which  foretold  the  revolution 
that  placed  Louis  Philippe  on  the  throne 
in  1830  ;  and  in  conjunction  with  M. 
Montalembert  and  the  Abbe  Lacordaire, 
he  then  started  the  "  Avenir,"  with  the 
view  of  effecting  a  holy  alliance  be- 
tween the  catholic  church  and  democ- 
racy. But  these  sentiments  found  no 
echo  at  Rome  ;  and  after  a  short  period 
passed  in  negotiating,  and  in  a  visit  to 
the  pope,  tJie  "  Avenir  "  was  discontin- 
ued. M.  Lamennais  then  quitted  Paris 
for  some  time;  and  in  18)4  he  sent 
forth  the  "Paroles  d'un  Croyant,"  in 
which  he  threw  off  his  allegiance  to  the 
pope,  who,  in  return,  issued  an  encycli- 
cal letter,  in  which  it  was  formally  con- 
demned. Various  works  of  a  similar 
tendency  emanated  from  his  fertile  pen. 
In  1840  he  was  condemned  to  a  year's 
imprisonment  and  a  tine  of  2,000  francs, 
for  a  publication  entitled  '*  Le  Pays  et 
le  Grouvernement."  in  which  King  Louis 
Philippe,  his  ministers,  and  the  parlia- 
ment were  assailed.  The  next  few 
years  were  occupied  with  the  prepara- 
tion of  his  "  Esquisse  d'une  Philoso- 
phic," in  four  volumes.  After  the  rev- 
olution of  1848,  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  constituent  and  legislative 
assemblies;  and  on  the  coup  d  etat,  he 
retired  into  private  life.  Without  being 
reconciled  to  the  church  he  d.  1854. 


LAN] 


CYCLOIVEDIA    OF    UIOGHArilY. 


183 


L  A  M  O  R  I C I  E  E  E,  Chrtstophk 
Loris  Leon  Juchault  de,  a  French 
general,  b.  in  Nantes,  1800,  was  educated 
at  the  Polytechnic  School  of  Paris,  and 
at  Metz,  entered  the  corps  of  Zouaves 
of  the  Algerian  army  at  its  formation  in 
1830.  He  organized  the  expedition 
against  Abd-el-Kader,  which  finished 
the  war;  and  made  eighteen  African 
campaigns,  which  made  him  lieutenant- 
general.  He  attempted  to  re-instate 
Louis  Philippe  with  a  new  ministry,  in 
1848,  was  desirous  of  proclaiming  the 
regency  of  the  Duchess  of  Orleans,  and 
the  same  evening  gave  in  his  adhesion 
to  the  provisional  government.  He  was 
Cavaignac's  minister  of  war  until  De- 
cember, 1848,  and  strenuously  opposed 
the  presidency  of  Louis  Napoleon.  Af- 
ter the  coup  d'etat  he  was  arrested  and 
imprisoned  at  Ham  for  some  six  weeks, 
when  he  was  permitted  to  go  to  Prussia. 
He  remained  in  exile  till  1857,  and,  with 
the  consent  of  the  emperor,  in  1860, 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
papal  troops.  He  was  routed  by  the 
Sardinian  generals  and  capitulated  at 
Ancona.     D.  1865. 

L  A  N  C  K,  George,  a  celebrated 
flower  and  fruit  painter,  b.  1802;  d. 
1804.  He  did  not  confine  himself  to 
the  branch  of  art  in  which  he  so  emi- 
nently excelled,  but  took  the  prize  of 
the  Liverpool  academy  for  the  best 
historical  picture  of  the  season,  with 
his  "  Melanchthon's  First  Misgiving  of 
the  Church  of  Rome.'' 

LANDELLS,  Ebenezek,  a  wood 
engraver,  was  a  pupil  of  the  celebrated 
Bewick.  He  went  to  London  about 
18:50,  and  became  connected  with  the 
leading  illustrated  periodicals  of  the 
day.  In  1842,  he  was  commissioned  by 
the  "Illustrated  London  News"  to 
sketch  and  engrave  the  scenes  and  inci- 
dents of  the  Queen's  visit  to  Scotland, 
and  subsequently  to  illustrate  several 
royal  visits  to  various  parts  of  the 
United  Kingdom  and  the  continent. 
He  d.  1860.  aged  51. 

LANDER,  Frederick  West,  b.  in 
Salem,  Mass.,  1822,  educated  as  a  civil 
engineer,  was  employed  by  the  federal 
government  on  a  survey  to  determine 
the  practicability  of  a  railroad  route  to 
the  Pacific  along  the  northern  boundary 
of  the  United  States.  From  a  second 
survey  of  the  same  nature,  organized  at 
his  own  expense,  he  alone  of  all  the 
party  engaged  returned  alive.  Subse- 
quently he  surveyed  and  constructed 
the  central  overland  wagon  route  to  the 
Pacific,  exploring  passes  in  the  Wan- 


satch  mountains  until  then  unknown, 
and  gaining  a  decisive  victory  over  the 
Pah  Ute  Indians.  In  1861, 'he  offered 
his  services  to  the  national  government, 
and  was  employed  on  several  secret 
missions  in  the  southern  states.  He 
served  as  a  volunteer  aid  on  the  staff  of 
Gen.  McClellan,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  coolness  and  courage  in  the  cap- 
ture of  Philippi  and  the  battle  of  Rich 
Mountain.  In  July,  he  was  appointed 
a  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  and 
served  with  great  efficiency  at  various 
points  on  the  Upper  Potomac.  At  Ed- 
ward's Ferry  he  was  wounded  in  the 
leg,  but  before  the  wound  was  healed 
reported  for  duty,  and  was  placed  in 
command  of  Gen.  Kelley's  forces  at 
Romney.  From  this  period  to  the  end 
of  February,  1862,  despite  debility  re- 
sulting from  his  wound,  he  performed 
much  arduous  work  with  daring  and 
skill,  and  by  a  succession  of  dashing 
and  impetuous  charges  strengthened 
the  attachment  of  his  troops,  and  elic- 
ited a  special  letter  of  thanks  from  the 
war  department.  Ill  health  now  com- 
pelled him  to  apply  for  a  respite  from 
active  duty.  Pending  compliance  with 
his  request,  he  prepared  for  a  midnight 
surprise  upon  the  enemy  ;  but  the  ex- 
ertion proved  too  much  for  his  enfeebled 
frame,  and  on  the  2d  March,  1862,  he 
d.  suddenly  of  congestion  of  the  brain. 
—  Robert  Scott,  a  painter,  b.  at 
Edinburgh,  1803,  attained  distinction 
in  his  art.  Many  of  his  subjects  were 
taken  from  Scott's  novels,  but  he  ex- 
celled in  Scriptural  scenes.     I).  I860. 

LAXDOR,  Walter  Savage,  an  Eng- 
lish poet,  politician,  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  b.  in  Warwickshire,  1775, 
and  started  in  life  with  an  ample  private 
fortune.  In  1806  he  sold  large  estates 
which  he  had  inherited,  and  in  1808 
raised,  at  his  own  expense,  a  body  of 
troops,  with  whom  he  joined  Blake,  the 
viceroy  of  Gallicia.  For  his  services  to 
Spain  he  received  the  thanks  of  the  su- 
preme junta.  He  married  in  1811,  and 
from  1815  to  1835  resided  in  Italy,  when 
he  returned  to  England,  and  made  Bath 
his  home  ;  all  the  time  maintaining  in- 
timate relations  with  the  leaders  of  Eu- 
ropean liberalism,  and  using  his  means 
to  further  their  cause.  Having  exposed 
himself  to  an  action  for  libel,  and  a  judg- 
ment against  him  of  .£1,000,  he  went 
again  to  Florence  in  1856.  His  princi- 
pal poetical  works  are  "Gebir,  Count 
Julian  and  other  poems,"  "  Hellenics," 
"The  Last  Fruit  off  an  Old  Tree,"  1853, 
and  "Dry  Sticks  Fagoted,"  1858.     His 


184 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[lax 


most  important  prose  work  is  "Imagin- 
ary Conversations  of  Literary  Men  and 
Statesmen,"  1L24-2:),  in  five  volumes. 
D.  in  Florence,  18t>4.  His  life  was 
written  by  John  Forster.  —  Robert 
Evkhs,  a  younger  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, for  some  time  chaplain  to  the 
prince  regent,  wrote  "The  Count  Ar 
ezzi,"  a  tragedy,  1824,  and  two  novels, 
"The  Fawn  of  Serlorius,"  and  "The 
Fountain  of  Arethusa."  D.  1830,  aged 
87. 

LANDSEER,  Sir  Edwin,  animal 
painter,  b.  in  London,  1802,  was  the 
youngest  of  the  three  sons  of  John 
Landseer,  the  celebrated  engraver.  He 
drew  animals  well  before  he  was  five 
years  old,  and  began  to  exhibit  in  the 
Royal  Academy  when  only  thirteen. 
The  pictures  then  sent  were  "Portrait 
of  a  Mule,"  and  "Portraits  of  a  Pointer 
Bitch  and  Puppy."  The  picture  that 
first  gave  him  a  start  in  the  world  was 
that  of  "Fighting  Dogs,"  which  was 
bought  by  Sir  George  Beaumont,  and 
brought  the  young  artist  into  fashion. 
He  produced  in  his  eighteenth  year  his 
•'  Dogs  of  St.  Bernard,"  which  was  en- 
graved by  his  father,  and  became  a  gen- 
eral favorite.  During  a  career  of  sixty 
years  he  exhibited  fifty-one  seasons  at 
the  Royal  Academy,  and  a  list  of  his 
pictures  would  be  a  long  biography  of 
their  author.  In  1850  he  was  knighted, 
in  1855  received  the  large  gold  medal 
of  the  Paris  Exposition  Universelle,  and 
in  1800  declined  the  presidency  of  the 
Academy.  He  has  been  well  called  the 
Shakspeare  of  the  dog-world.  His  en- 
graved works  have  enjoyed  unbounded 
popularity.  D.  1873. — John,  a  cele- 
brated engraver,  b.  in  London,  17(51, 
studied  with  Byrne,  and  engraved  vign- 
ettes after  the  designs  of  De  Louther- 
bourg,  for  Macklin's  "  Bible,"  and  Bow- 
yer's  "History  of  England."  In  1800 
lie  published  the  lectures  on  engrav- 
ing, delivered  before  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion. In  the  same  year  he  was  elected  an 
associate  engraver  of  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy, and  soon  afterwards  presented  a 
memorial  to  the  president  and  council 
on  the  question  of  admitting  engravers 
to  the  rank  and  title  of  Royal  Academi- 
cians. His  views  were  not  adopted.  He 
afterwards  established  two  art  journals 
which  had  but  a  brief  existence,  and  de- 
voted himself  to  archaeological  pursuits. 
He  wrote  a  memoir  on  the  engraved 
gems  brought  from  Babylon,  by  Cap- 
tain Loekett,  and  a  volume  entitled 
"Sabaean  Researches."  He  engraved  a 
portrait  of  Nelson,  the  Stafford  Gallery, 


in  four  volumes,  and  the  "Dogs  of 
Mount  St.  Bernard,"  after  his  son 
Edwin.  D.  1852.  He  left  three  sons, 
Charles,  an  eminent  painter,  Thomas, 
distinguished  as  an  engraver,  and  Ed- 
win tile  preceding. 

LANE,  Jamks  Henry,  an  American 
soldier  and  politician,  b.  in  Lawrence- 
burg,  Indiana,  1814,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1840,  served  as  a  volunteer 
in  the  Mexican  war,  and  commanded  a 
brigade  at  Buena  Vista  with  distinction. 
He  was  M.  C.  from  Indiana,  1853  to 
1855.  He  afterwards  settled  in  Kansas, 
was  president  of  the  Topeka  constitu- 
tional convention,  and  was  chosen  ma- 
jor-general of  the  territorial  troops.  In 
1857  he  was  president  of  the  Leaven- 
worth constitutional  convention.  In 
March,  18G1,  he  was  elected  to  the  U. 
S.  senate.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the 
rebellion  he  tendered  his  services  to  the 
government,  and  was  made  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers,  and  rendered 
good  service  with  his  Kansas  troops  in 
western  Missouri.  He  was  reelected  to 
the.  U.  S.  senate  in  1835,  and  on  his  way 
home  from  Washington  he  was  attacked 
with  paralysis,  and  in  a  fit  of  insanity 
destroyed  himself  July  11,  1833.— 
Richard  J.,  an  English  engraver,  b. 
1800,  studied  with  Charles  Heath,  but 
on  the  introduction  of  lithography  de- 
voted himself  to  the  new  process,  and 
attained  great  excellence  in  it.  He  pro- 
duced more  than  a  thousand  works, 
among  them  some  charming  reproduc- 
tions of  Gainsborough,  SirT.  Lawrence, 
Leslie,  and  Landseer.     D.  1872. 

LANGDALE,  Chari.es,  b.  1787, 
through  life  devoted  himself  to  the  in- 
terests of  the  Roman  Catholics,  and  par- 
ticularly to  the  education  of  poor  chil- 
dren of  that  community.  He  wrote 
'•Memoirs  of  Mrs.  Fitzherbert,"  with 
the  account  of  her  marriage  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  afterwards  George  IV. 
D.  1808. 

LANKESTER.  Edwin,  a  popular  and 
voluminous  English  writer  on  medical 
and  scientific  subjects,  b.  1814,  lecturer 
and  professor,  was  the  author  of  many 
separate  treatises,  contributor  to  scien- 
tific journals,  and  translator  from  the 
German  of  Schleiden's  "Principles  of 
Scientific  Botany,"  and  of  Kiichen- 
meister's  "Animal  Parasites."  D.  1874. 

LANSDOWNE,  Hkxry  Petty 
FitzMaurice.  Marquis  of,  an  English 
statesman,  of  the  Whig  party,  b.  1780, 
entered  parliament  in  1802,  and  suc- 
ceeded Pitt  as  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer in  1803.     He  was  home  secre- 


law] 


CYCI.OI'.KDIA   OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


185 


tary,  1827:  and  lord  president  of  the 
council  at  three  different  periods.  For 
many  year-  he  was  leader  of  ; tie  Whij;- 
parti-  ill  til"  house  of  lords.      D.  1833. 

LAI'HAM,  iKCKKAhK  A.,  scientist, 
b.  in  Palmyra,  N.  Y.,  1811.  became  a 
civil  engineer,  and  removing  la  Wis- 
consin in  1815.  devoted  himself  to  the 
studies  which  resulted  in  various  publi- 
cations intended  to  illustrate  the  geog- 
raphy, geology,  and  antiquities  of  his 
adopted  state."  He  framed  the  law  of 
the  United  States  of  1870  establishing 
the  rignal  office.     1>.  1875. 

LARDNEK.  Dioxysuts,  Dr.,  was  I,. 
in  Dublin,  1793,  and  in  1817  graduated 
at  Trini  y  college  He  remained  at 
the  university  ten  years,  and  published 
treatises  <>n  mathematics,  and  on  the 
steain-eiighif,  and  wrote  various  --ci- 
cntilic  articles.  In  1827  he  was  elected 
professor  of  natural  philosophy  and  as- 
tronomy in  the  London  university.  He 
held  the  office  only  a  short  period,  and 
then  d.  voted  himself  to  the  publication 
of  tin-  "Cabinet  Cyclopaedia."  In  1840 
he  visited  I  he  United  States,  where  he 
lectured  with  great  success.  He  re- 
turned to  Europe  in  1845.  His  Inst 
important  work  was  the  "Museum  of 
Science  and  Art."     1>.  1859. 

LAROCHE,  Rkxjamix,  publicist, 
poet,  and  translator,  b.  1797,  was  a 
professor  of  modern  languages,  and 
published  a  little  work,  for  which  he 
was  condemned  by  default  to  six  years' 
imprisonment  and  (>,0  '0  francs  tine. 
He  sought  refuge  in  England,  where 
he  acquired  the  language  in  a  very 
short  time,  and  lived  by  giving  lessons 
in  '  ivneh.  In  1827  he  returned  to 
Paris,  a»d  translated  many  English 
works  with  fidelity  and  elegance.  He 
was  author  of  several  political  pam- 
phlets, and  translated  into  French  Ir- 
ving's  "Adventures  of  Captain  Bnnne- 
ville,"  (lie  complete  works  of  Shak- 
speae,  Sheridan,  Byron,  and  Seott,  six 
volumes  of  Cooper,  and  works  of  Miss 
Martin. 'an  and  Dickens.     D.  1852. 

LAROUSSE,  Pikkkk,  French  lit- 
terateur and  publisher,  b.  1817.  wrote 
many  educational  books,  but  is  best 
known  by  his  "Grand  Universal  Dic- 
tionary of  the  XlXth  Century,"  which 
was  begun  in  1804,  and  bad  reached 
the  ninih  quarto  volume  at  the  time  of 
his  death.     I).  1874. 

LAURENTIE,  Pikkkk  Rkrastien, 
a  French  publicist,  b.  at  Houga,  179:1, 
was  for  many  years  editor  of  the 
"Quotidienne,"  and  o'her  Legitimist 
journals.   He  wrote  a  history  of  France, 


and  a  history  of  the  Roman  empire. 
D.  1870. 

LAV  ALETTE,  Run  A.  F,  rear- 
admiral  U.  S.  navy,  b.  in  Virginia, 
178.J.  si  rved  under  Macdonough  on 
Lake  Champlain,  and  under  Shuhrick 
in  tiie  Gulf  of  California.     1>.  1802. 

LAWRENCE,  Abbott,  b.  in  Gro- 
ton,  Mass.,  1792,  educated  in  the  school 
and  academy  there,  went  to  Boston, 
and  in  18.18  entered  his  brother  Amos's 
store  as  clerk,  and  became  a  partner  in 
1814.  Upon  the  establishment  of  the 
tariff,  Mr  Lawrence  and  his  associates 
turned  iheir  energies  to  the  building 
up  of  American  manufactures.  He  was 
one  of  the  seven  delegates  from  his 
state  to  the  Harrisburg  convention  of 
1827,  and  until  his  death  he  aided,  by 
his  money,  advice,  and  experience,  ibis 
C'eat  department  of  American  labor. 
The  city  of  Lawrence,  projected  by 
him,  perpetuates  alike  his  name  and 
the  memory  of  his  deeds.  In  1834  he 
was  elected  to  congress,  and  sen  ed  the 
term,  and  again  to  till  a  vacancy  in 
18:19.  In  1812  he  was  appointed  a  com- 
missioner on  the  part  of  Massachusetts 
to  arrange  the  northeastern  boundary 
question,  and  rendered  efficient  service. 
In  1849  he  aeeepted  the  appointment  of 
minister  to  Gre*f  Britain.  He  endowed 
the  scientific  school  of  Harvard  col- 
lege with  SIOO.OOO.  D.  1855.  —  Am. >s, 
brother  of  Abbott  Lawrence,  and  for 
many  years  his  partner  in  business, 
was  a  prosperous  merchant,  and  ac- 
quired a  larjje  fortune,  which  he  dis- 
tributed with  unsurpassed  generosity. 
His  unostentatious  charities  amounted 
in  a  few  vears  to  several  hundred  thou- 
sand dollars.  B.  1775;  d.  1852.  Ex- 
tracts from  his  diary  and  correspond- 
ence were  published  by  his  son,  W.  It. 
Lawrence,  M.  D.  —  Slit  IIkxky  Mont- 
gomery, b.  in  Ceylon,  18H6,  distin- 
guished himself  as  an  officer  and  ad- 
ministrator in  the  East  India  service, 
and  was  mortally  wounded  by  a  shell 
in  the  defence  of  Lucknow  against  the 
Sepoys.  He  wrote  "Adventures  of  an 
Officer  in  Runjeet  Singh's  Service," 
and  a  volume  of  military  and  political 
es<avs.  D.  1857  — Sin  William,  b. 
1783,  on  completing  his  elementary  ed- 
ucation was  apprenticed  to  the  cele- 
brated Abernethy,  and  after  three  years' 
pupilage  was  appointed  by  him  demon- 
strator of  anatomv  at  S'.  Bartholomew's 
hospital.  In  1815  be  was  elected  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  and  surgery  to  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons.  As  a  lec- 
I  turer  he  was  terse  and  perspicuous ;  as 


186 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRATHY. 


[LEE 


an  operator  he  was  distinguished  for 
neatness,  dispatch,  and  safety.  His 
lectures,  published  under  the  title  of 
"Physiology,  Zoilogy,  and  Natural 
History  of  Man,"  were  severely  criti- 
cised, and  he  was  denounced  by  Aber- 
nethy  as  a  materialist.  The  governors 
of  the  Royal  hospitals  called  upon  him 
to  resign  or  retract,  and  he  retracted, 
with  expressions  of  penitence.  He  re- 
ceived all  the  honors  that  can  be  as- 
pired to  bv  the  medical  nrofession  in 
England,  and  d.  5th  July,  18G8. 

LEAKE.  William  Martin,  b.  1777; 
d.  1800.  He  commenced  his  career  in 
the  British  army,  but  soon  afterward 
devoted  himself  to  the  .illustration 
of  Greek  topography  and  antiquities. 
These  subjects  he  treated  with  great 
learning  and  accuracy  in  his  "  Re- 
searches in  Greece,"  published  in  1S14, 
and  in  his  "Topograply'  of  Athens," 
and  "Journal  of  a  War  in  Asia  Minor," 
published  in  1821  and  1824.  These 
works  were  followed  by  "Travels  in. 
Northern  Greece,"  "  Peloponnesiaca," 
and  "  Numismatica  Hellenica." 

LEAVITT,  Joshua,  an  American 
journalist  and  reformer,  b.  in  Heath, 
Mass.,  1794,  graduated  at  Yale  college, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1819,  and 
ordained  pastor  in  1825.  The  same 
year  he  began  his  career  as  an  anti- 
slavery  writer.  Removing  to  New  York 
in  1828,  he  became  editor  and  propri- 
etor of  the  "Evangelist,"  a  revivalist 
journal,  and  was  known  as  a  temper- 
ance lecturer  and  a  leading  abolition- 
ist. In  1837  he  became  editor  of  the 
"Emancipator."  which  he  transferred 
to  Boston  in  1841.  He  was  active  in 
forming  a  political  anti-slavery  party. 
In  1848  he  became  managing  editor  of 
the  "Independent,"  and  remained  con- 
nected with  it  till  he  d.  in  1873. 

LEDRU-ROLLIN,  Alexandre  Au- 
gusts, b.  in  Paris,  1808,  was  bred  to 
the  bar,  and  distinguished  himself  as 
an  advocate  in  defence  of  persons  and 
journals  charged  with  political  offences 
in  the  reign  of  Louis  Philippe.  He  was 
a  radical  reformer  in  his  views,  which 
he  urged  with  uncompromising  vio- 
lence. Elected  to  the  chamber  of  dep- 
uties from  Mans,  and  reelected  in  1842 
and  1840,  his  extreme  opinions  were 
offensive  to  all  parties  ;  and  though  he 
took  the  position  of  a  leader,  from  his 
vehemence  and  energy,  he  was  a  leader 
without  followers  in  the  house.  But 
among  the  masses  he.  was  building  up 
a  party,  and  when  the  revolution  of 
1848  came  he  took  a  prominent  part  in 


forming  the  provisional  government  in 
which  he  occupied  an  important  post. 
He  received  370,119  votes  for  the  presi- 
dency. Engaged  in  an  abortive  insur- 
rection against  the  new  government,  he 
was  obliged  to  fly  to  England,  where 
he  repaid  the  hospitality  that  protected 
him  by  a  work  in  two  volumes,  entitled 
"  De  la  Decadence  d'Angleterre."  He 
lived  in  London  on  the  remains  of  his 
fortune  and  the  fruits  of  his  pen.  With 
Kossuth,  Mazzini,  and  Ruge,  he  formed 
a  revolutionary  committee  with  the  view 
of  concentrating  the  efforts  of  the  Euro- 
pean democracy.  In  1857  he  was  im- 
plicated in  a  plot,  against  Napoleon  HI. 
and  his  name  was  excepted  from  the 
general  amnesties  of  1800  and  1869. 
In  March,  1870,  he  returned  to  Paris, 
but  beyond  attending  some  radical 
meetings,  where  he  urged  immediate 
elections  for  the  Commune,  he  took 
no  part  in  public  affairs,  and  though 
elected  to  the  chamber  of  deputies  by 
more  than  one  constituency,  declined 
to  take  his  seat.     1).  1874. 

LEE,  Robert,  a  Scottish  Presby- 
terian divine,  b.  1804,  obtained  a  li- 
cense to  preach,  and  in  1843  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Old  Greyfriars'  Church, 
in  Edinburgh.  He  attempted  the  in- 
troduction of  liturgies,  organs,  and  at- 
titudes of  prayer  in  Presbyterian  wor- 
ship, at  the  close  of  18(35  celebrated  a 
man1  age  in  church,  and  was  condemned 
bv  the  Presbytery,  and  afterwards  by 
the  synod.  He  then  published  an  im- 
portant "  Letter  to  the  Members  of  the 
General  Assembly."  and  d.  a  few  days 
afterwards,  in  18G8. 

LEE,  Roiiekt  Edmund,  an  Ameri- 
can general,  b.  in  Virginia  in  1808,  was 
the  son  of  General  Henry  Lee,  of  the 
revolutionary  army,  and  graduated  at 
West  Point  ID  1829.  He  was  appointed 
to  a  lieutenancy  in  the  corps  of  topo- 
graphical engineers,  and  in  1835  ac- 
companied as  astronomer  the  expedi- 
tion, charged  to  ascertain  the  boundary 
line  between  Ohio  and  Michigan.  The 
Mexican  war  found  him  with  the  rank 
of  captain,  but  his  capacities  were  well 
understood  by  his  superior  officers,  and 
he  was  appointed  chief  engineer  of  the 
army  under  General  Wool,  in  1840,  di- 
recting almost  exclusively  the  engineer- 
ing operations  of  the  war.  Here  he  ex- 
hibited remarkable  skill,  judgment,  and 
gallantry,  and  for  his  distinguished  ser- 
vices was  successively  promoted  major, 
lieutenant-colonel,  and  colonel  by  bre- 
vet. At  the  battle  of  Cbapultepec  he 
was  severely  wounded.    In  1852  he  was 


lee] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF   BIOGRAmY. 


187 


made  superintendent  of  the  West  Point 
academy,  and  remained  so  until  3d  of 
March,  1855,  when  he  received  his  full 
commission  of  lieutenant-colonel  of  the 
2d  cavalry.  His  regiment  was  sent  to 
Texas,  but  he  himself  obtained  leave 
of  absence  in  1857,  and  retired  to  Ar- 
lington, the  estate  on  the  Potomac  of 
which  lie  had  become  possessor  by  his 
marriage  with  Mary,  daughter  of  G. 
W.  P.  (Justis,  the  grand-on  of  Martha 
Custis,  and  adopted  Sun  of  Washington. 
In  October,  185!),  he  commanded  the 
forces  employed  on  the  occasion  of  the 
John  Brown  raid  in  Virginia.  From 
February  to  December,  1860,  he  was 
with  his  command  in  Texas,  but  in  the 
latter  month  obtained  leave  of  absence. 
On  the  20th  of  April,  18G1,  he  resigned 
his  commission  by  a  letter  addressed  to 
his  warm  friend,  General  Scott.  In  a 
letter  addressed  about  this  time  to  his 
sister,  the  wife  of  a  loyal  officer,  he  de- 
clared that  he  recognized  no  necessity 
for  the  state  of  things  then  existing, 
but  added:  "With  all  my  devotion  to 
the  Union,  and  the  feeling  of  loyalty 
and  duty  as  an  American  citizen,  I 
have  not  been  able  to  make  up  my  mind 
to  raise  my  hand  against  my  relatives, 
my  children,  my  home,  I  have  there- 
fore resigned  my  commission  in  the 
army,  and  save  in  defence  of  my  na- 
tive state, —  with  the  sincere  hope  that 
my  poor  services  may  never  be  needed, 
—  I  hope  I  may  never  be  called  upon  to 
draw  1113'  sword."  His  resignation  was 
accepted,  and  he  at  once  repaired  to 
Richmond,  and  accepted  the  command 
of  the  forces  of  Virginia  with  the  rank 
of  major-general.  When  Richmond  be- 
came the  seat  of  the  confederate  gov- 
ernment, the  Southern  congress  passed 
a  law  appointing  live  generals,  of  which 
number  Lee  stood  third  on  the  list,  and 
was  assigned  to  duty  in  West  Virginia. 
For  more  than  a  year  his  part  in  the 
war  was  comparatively  insignificant: 
but  in  March,  1862,  he  was  appointed 
general-in-chief  of  the  confederate 
forces,  and  was  occupied  till  .lime  in 
their  organization  and  equipment. 
From  that  time  he  conducted  all  the 
operations  for  the  defence  of  Richmond. 
On  the  2  th  of  June  began  that  series 
of  severe  battles,  known  as  the  seven 
days'  battles,  which  resulted  in  defeat- 
ing McClellan,  raising  the  siege  of 
Richmond,  and  transferring  the  theatre 
of  war  to  the  north  of  the  Potomac.  In 
August  Lee  routed  Pope's  army,  and 
drove  it  back  on  Washington.  In  Sep- 
tember he  invaded  Maryland,  but  met 


with  a  disastrous  repulse  at  Antietam, 
September  1G,  17.  He  recrossed  the 
Potomac  into  Virginia,  and  finally  took 
up  a  strong  posiiion  near  Culpeper 
court-house.  McCle  Ian  followed  him 
with  considerable  delay,  and  was  about 
giving  him  battle,  when  he  was  super- 
seded, November  7,  by  General  Uurn- 
side.  Lee  posted  himself  at  Fredericks- 
burg; and  in  attempting  to  dislodge  him, 
December  13,  Burnside  was  repulsed 
with  fearful  slaughter.  He  defeated 
Hooker  at  (Jhancellorsville  May  2d  and 
3d,  18G3,  and  moving  northward  invad- 
ed Pennsylvania,  but  at  Gettysburg  was 
signally  defeated  by  General  Meade,  2d 
and  3d  of  July.  Withdrawing  his 
troops  during  the  night,  he  retreated  to 
the  Potomac,  which  he  crossed  on  the 
13th,  and  fell  back  to  the  Rapidan. 
During  the  fall  and  winter  of  1863 
there  were  no  decisive  or  important 
movements  in  Virginia.  In  1864,  Gen- 
eral Grant,  as  commander-in-chief  of 
the  Union  forces,  took  the  field  in  per- 
son, and  then  ensued  the  series  of  san- 
guinary battles,  in  which  Lee  contested 
with  hopeless  valor  and  skill  the  ap- 
proach to  Petersburg  and  Richmond. 
On  the  2d  of  April,  18G5,  his  army  was 
utterly  discomfited  and  broken  up,  and 
on  the  9th  he  formally  capitulated  for 
the  army  in  Virginia.  In  October  of 
the  same  year  he  became  president  of 
Washington  college,  at  Lexington,  Va., 
where  he  d.  Sept.  28,  1870.  He  had 
three  sons  and  a  nephew  in  the  confed- 
erate army.  His  wife  survived  him 
about  three  years.  His  "Life"  was 
written  by  John  Kstes  Cooke,  1872;  and 
the  Rev.  J.  VV.  Jones  published  person- 
al reminiscences  of  the  general,  187-4- 

LEE,  Hannah  F.  (Sawykk),  an 
American  authoress,  b.  in  Newbury- 
port,  Mass,  1780,  was  the  daughter  of 
an  eminent  physician,  married  Mr.  G. 
G.  Lee,  and  resided  many  years  in  Bos- 
ton. Her  first  known  publication  was 
the  appendix  to  Hannah  Adams's  me- 
moir of  herself,  which  was  followed  by 
"Grace  Seymour,"  a  novel,  and  "Three 
Experiments  of  Living."  Among  her 
other  works  are  "  The  Old  Painters," 
•'Luther  and  his  Times,"  "Cranmer 
and  his  Times,"  "Memoir  of  Pierre 
Toussaint,"  and  "  Rosanna,  or  Scenes 
in  Boston."  1).  1865.  —  Harkikt,  the 
sister  of  Sophia,  b.  in  London,  1756,  is 
well  known  in  literature  as  one  of  the 
authors  of  the  "Canterbury  Tales,"  a 
series  of  novelettes  that  were  very  pop- 
ular in  the  early  part  of  the  century, 
and  are  still  reprinted  in  the  standard 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[i-KO 


collections.  It  is  to  one  of  these, 
"  Kruitzner,"  that  Lord  Byron  was  in- 
debted for  i he  [dot,  and  to  a  remarka- 
ble extent  for  the  laminate  of  his  trag- 
edy of  '•  Werner."  She  was  the  author, 
al-"n,  of  iwo  dramas.  |>.  at  Clifton, 
1851.—  S\mii;i„  a  great  master  of  Bib- 
lieal  and  oriental  literature,  and  renins 
professor  of  Hebrew  in  t In-  university  of 
Cambridge,  was  originally  a  carpenter. 
A  record  of  his  studies  and  advance- 
ment exhibits  remarkable  perseverance 
in  self  education  under  embarrassing 
circumstances,  rewarded  al  last1  by  the 
liij;lievt  siicce  s  in  Ihe  career  marked 
out  for  himself.  He  edited  the  .Scrip- 
tures in  the  Arabic.  Persian,  and  Malay 
languages.  B.  178:):  .1.  1852.  —  Wil- 
liam L.,  b.  at  Sandy  Hill,  N.  Y.,  ISlM. 
studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  liar, 
settled  at  Honolulu,  became  chief  jus- 
tice and  chancellor,  was  one  of  the  com- 
missioners to  draft  the  new  constitution 
and  ihe  code-,  and  in  1855  was  minister 
from  the  Sandwich  Islands  to  the  United 
States.     1).  at   Honolulu,  1857. 

LEECH,  JullM.  an  artist,  whose  week- 
ly contributions  to  •'  Punch  "  earned  for 
him  a  world-wide  ce'ebritv,  was  b.  in 
London,  181(i,  and  d.  18ii4.  He  suc- 
ceeded in  hitting  the  most  salient  points 
of  the  ii  cidenls  he  illustrated,  and  bis 
likenesses  are  so  well  sketched  as  at 
once  to  suggest  the  subject  of  his  pen- 
cil in  all  possible  peculiarities.  He  pub- 
lished, in  a  collected  form,  some  hun- 
dreds of  his  sketches  entitled  "  Pictures 
of  Life  ami  Character." 

LEFP.OY,  Thomas  Laxglois,  b.  8lh 
of  January,  I77ti,  was  called  to  the  bar 
in  17i)G.  reported,  in  conjunction  with 
Mr.  Scboales,  the  decisions  of  Lord 
Kedexl.de  in  ihe  Irish  chancery,  and 
appointed  by  Lord  Derby,  in  1852,  chief 
justice  of  the  court  of  queen's  bench. 
in  Ireland,  continued  to  take  his  seat 
on  the  bench  and  hear  causes  till  his 
!)0th  year.  He  sat.  repeatedly  in  the 
house  of  commons  for  Ihe  university  of 
Dublin,  alwavs  givinga  consistent  Tory 
vote.     D.  4th  of  May,  !8fi9. 

LI".  KEUX,  Hkniiv,  an  English  en- 
graver, b.  in  1787,  was  a  pupil  of  James 
liasire.  He  engraved  many  plates  after 
Turner,  notably  the  small  plates  in 
Rogers's  Poems-  and  ihe  large  plate 
of  Venice  after  Prout,  for  which  he  was 
paid  seven  hundred  guineas.     1).  J8(i8. 

LEMAITBE,  Fhedkkick,  a  cele- 
brated French  actor,  b.  17;l8,  played 
several  years  in  the  minor  theatres  of 
Paris,  before  he  could  obtain  a  hearing 
at  the   Odeon.     In   1827,  at   the   Porte 


St.  Martin, his  performance  in  "  Thirty 
Years,  or  the  Life  of  a  Gamester,"  was  a 
brilliant  success,  and  from  ibis  moment 
he  dictated  his  own  terms  at  anv  of  the 
theatres  of  the  Boulevard-.  It  was  not 
till  18i4  that  he  produced  the  most 
famous  of  all  his  creations  in  the  part 
of  Pobert  Maeaire,  in  the  inelodram  i  of 
that  name  of  which  he  was  one  of  ihe 
au.hors.  Dumas  and  Victor  Hugo  were 
now  anxious  to  secure  his  aid  in  bring- 
ing out  their  dramas;  and  he  played 
"  Keau  "  and  "Buy  Bias"  wiih  won- 
derful power  and  effect.  On  the  boards 
of  the  Tlu'atre  fiaiuais.  he  made  an  en- 
tirely unsuccessful  appearance,  and  he 
returned  promptly  to  the  arena  where  be 
was  welcoim  d  as  the  ''Talma  of  the 
Boulevards."  There  a  series  of  dra- 
matic triumphs  awaited  him  in  "Don 
Ciesar  de  Kazan,''  "  Le  Chiffonier," 
"  l.e  Yieux  Caporal,"  •'  Le  lioi  des 
Droles,"  and  other  pieces  adapted  to  Ilia 
peculiar  powers.  He  retired  from  the 
stage  in  I85G,  and  d.  187t>.  At  bis 
L'rave,  Victor  Hugo  pronounced  him 
'•  the  greatest  actor  id'  the  century  and 
pet  haps  the  most  wondrous  comedian 
of  all  ages." 

LE  MARCHANT,  Sin  J. mix  Gas- 
i'Ai:i),  a  British  officer,  b.  180:S,  served 
with  distinction  in  Spain,  and  was  gov- 
ernor of  Newfoundland,  from  1847  to 
1852,  and  of  Nova  Scotia,  from  1852  to 
1857.     D.  1874. 

LEMON,  Mai.k,  an  English  humor- 
ist, b.  1801),  made  his  first  attempt  at 
composition  in  writing  for  the  stage. 
In  the  course  of  his  life  he  wrote  sixty 
dramatic  pieces,  and  a  hundred  songs. 
On  the  establishment  of  "Punch"  he 
was  on  the  editorial  staff,  and  soon  be- 
came sole  editor,  and  so  continued  to 
universal  acceptance  through  his  life. 
In  his  latter  years  be  gave  successful 
impersonations  of  Falstaff,  in  public 
readings.     D.  1870. 

LENN'EP,  J  \c  n  Vax,  a  Dutch  poet, 
dramatist,  novelist,  and  translator,  b. 
1802,  was  a  devoted  student  of  English 
literature,  and  made  numerous  trans- 
lations from  Byron  and  SlAi^peare. 
His  original  works  were  very  numerous. 
D.  18ti8. 

LLON'HARDI,  IIkiimann  Kaiii., 
Fukihkk  Vi'N,  a  German  philosopher, 
who  passed  his  life  in  his  efforts  to  unite 
the  two  philosophical  schools  of  Krause 
and  l'roebel,  in  which  he  succeeded  by 
means  of  the  general  educational  union 
in  1871.     D   1875. 

LEOPOLD  I.,  king  of  the  Belgians, 
b.  17U0.     In  early  life  be  was  known  as 


LES] 


CYCLOP/EDIA    OF    BIOGUAniY. 


189 


Prince  Leopold  of  Saxe-Ooburg-Saal- 
feld.  Among  his  elder  brothers  and 
sisters  were,  Prince  Ernest  of  Saxe- 
Coburg,  t lie  father  of  Prince  Albert, 
consort  of  Queen  Victoria  ;  and  the 
Princess  Victoria,  afterwards  duchess 
of  Kent,  and  mother  of  Queen  Victoria. 
After  experiencing  many  vicissitudes 
of  fortune,  he  married  ill  181IJ  the 
Princess  Charlotte,  and  received  the 
title  of  Duke  of  Kendal  in  the  English 
peerage.  The  princess  d.  in  1817,  but 
the  prince  had  so  identified  himself  with 
the  nation,  that  he  continued  to  he  re- 
garded as  one  of  themselves.  lie  re- 
sided in  retirement  at  Claremont  until 
1830,  when  he  was  offered  the  kingdom 
of  (ir.  ece,  which  he  declined.  In  .lune, 
3831,  the  Belgian  people  elected  him 
their  kins;,  and  ill  the  following  month 
he  swore  to  observe  the  constitution, 
and  to  preserve  the  independence  and 
integrity  of  i be  country.  He  had  first, 
however,  to  tight  for  his  crown,  fur  the 
Dutch  had  not  yet  consented  to  the  sev- 
erance of  Belgium.  He  was  beaten  at 
Louvain,  hut  an  army  of  50.01)0  men 
having  heen  sent  from  France  to  his  re- 
lief, tiie  king  of  the  Netherlands  with- 
drew his  troops.  I  he  remainder  of  his 
life  was  chiefly  occupied  in  developing 
the  internal  resources  of  his  kingdom. 
Leop.  Id's  official  position,  however. 
sank  into  insignificance  when  compared 
with  the  part  he  played  in  the  state 
affairs  of  Europe.  With  singular  unan- 
imity he  was  chosen  the  umpire  in  in- 
ternational disputes;  the  grievances  of 
hostile  governments  were  submitted  to 
him  ;  and  the  secrets  of  most  royal 
houses  were  in  his  keeping.  M.  de 
Lagiu'ronniere,  styled  him  "le  Jiigce 
de  Paix  de  I'Europe."  He  d.  Dec.  10, 
1865,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest 
soil  (Leopold  II.),  by  his  second  wife, 
the  Princess  Louise,  eldest  daughter  of 
Louis  Philippe. 

LEOPOLD  [L,  the  last  grand  duke  of 
Tuscimy,  b.  1797.  succeeded  his  father 
in  182-1.  and  on  the  occurrence  of  the 
revolutionary  movements  of  1817,  was 
one  of  the  first  to  yield  to  the  demands 
of  the  time.  But  in  18+9,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  fly  from  his  duchy,  and  was 
indebted  to  Austrian  interference  for 
his  restoration.  His  government  took 
its  policy  accordingly,  and  in  1859  he 
again  tied  from  Florence  and  abdicated 
in  favor  of  his  son.  80011  after  Tus- 
canv  was  annexed  to  the  kingdom  of 
Ital'v.     1).  1871. 

LEOPOLD,  Paul  Frieprich  Emit,, 
prince  of  Lippe,  b.  1821,  succeeded  his 


father  in  1851,  and  in  18(50  added  hi.-. 
forces  to  those  of  Prussia  and  joined  the 
North  German  Confederation.    D.  1875. 

LEKOUX,  Pikkke,  French  philoso- 
pher and  economist,  h.  1798,  began  life 
as  a  reader  in  a  printing  office,  and  at 
twentv-MX  became  one  of  the  editors  of 
the  "Globe."  He  was  a  follower  of  St. 
Simon,  and  in  his  writings  developed 
a  philosophy  mixed  up  with  I  he  ideas 
of  his  master,  and  with  Pythagorean 
and  Bi  uddhist  theories.  He  in. parted 
his  views  and  impressed  them  nnO  orgis 
Sand,  ami  together  1  hey  established  "  La 
Revue  Iiidepeiidante,"  in  which  they  in- 
culcated the  humanitarian  doctrines  that 
the  great  novelist  about  the  same  time 
popularized  ill  "Consuelo,"  and  oilier 
works.  In  184G,  he  settled  as  a  printer 
at  Boussac,  and  organized  a  socialist  as- 
sociation, publishing  two  journals  and  a 
succession  of  pamphlets  in  advocacy  of 
his  social  theories.  In  1848  he  was 
elected  mayor  of  his  town  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Constituent  assembly,  where 
he  spoke  without  much  effect  on  the  or- 
ganization of  labor,  and  the  coloniza- 
tion of  Algeria:  and  labored  to  induce 
the  assembly  to  insert  the  prii  ciple  of 
the  triad  in  the  preamble  of  ihe  consti- 
tution. He  was  reelected  to  the  legisla- 
tive assembly,  and  on  the  coup  d'ittU 
left  France  and  sought  refuge  in  Lon- 
don. He  returned  to  Paris  on  the  proc- 
lamation of  general  amnesty  in  1859. 
His  great  work  is  "  De  I'Humanitc,  de 
son  Principe  ft  de  son  Avenir  "  (1839). 
1).  at  Paris,  1871. 

LESLIE,  Charles  Robert,  artist 
and  author,  was  b.  of  American  parents 
in  London,  1794.  Ill  1799  his  father 
left  England  and  settled  ill  Philadel- 
phia, where  the  young  painter  was  ed- 
ucated. He  returned  to  England  in 
1811,  where  he  received  instruction 
from  West  and  Allston.  Le-lie  was 
elected  associate  of  the  academy  in, 
1821:  II.  A.,  in  182i.  Seven  year's  af- 
terwards he  was  appointed  by  the  U. 
S.  government  professor  of  drawing  at 
^Ye-t  Point,  but  he  soon  returned  to 
England,  where  he  secured  a  high  posi- 
tion as  the  most  poetic  of  painters,  and 
the  one  most  truly  progressive  in  his 
excellence.  He  illustrated  Shakspeare 
with  great  success,  and  his  subjects 
from  Cervantes,  Sterne,  Fielding,  and 
Smollett,  were  treated  with  a  congenial 
appreciation  of  the  authors.  His  Sir 
"  linger  de  Coverley,"  "  Anne  Paire  and 
Slender."  ami  ''May-day in  theTimeol 
Queen  Elizabeth."  were  among  his  best 
early  pictures.     These  are  well  known 


190 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[lew 


by  the  engraving'!.  Among  his  more 
important  portrait-pieces  are  "  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott,"  "Coronation  of  the  Queen," 
and  the  "Christening  of  the  Princess 
Royal."  In  1844  he  executed  one  of 
the"  frescoes  from  "L'uimis,''  for  Prince 
Albert,  in  the  Buckingham  Palace  sum- 
mer-house. Leslie  was  a  lover  of  lit- 
erature, and  in  1845  he  produced  a 
"Life"  of  his  friend  Constable.  He 
was  professor  of  painting  at  the  acad- 
emy from  1848  to  1851;  and  his  lec- 
tures have  been  published,  with  addi- 
tions, as  a  "Hand  Book  for  Young 
Painters."  D.  1850. —  Eliza,  an  Amer- 
ican authoress,  sister  of  the  preceding, 
b.  m  Philadelphia,  1787,  first  appeared 
in  print  in  her  fortieth  year,  with  "  Sev- 
enty-live Receipts  for  Pastry,  Cakes, 
and  Sweetmeats,"  which  was  followed 
by  a  series  of  cook  books.  She  was  a 
contributor  for  many  years  of  popular 
tales  and  sketches  to  the  periodicals. 
Among  her  productions  are  "  Mrs. 
Washington  Potts;"  three  volumes  of 
"Pencil  Sketches;"  and  "Amelia,  or 
a  Young  Ladv's  Vicissitudes,"  a  novel. 
D.  1858. 

LECTZE,  Emanukl,  historical  paint- 
er, b.  in  Wurtemburg,  1810,  was 
brought  at  a  tender  age  to  the  United 
Stales,  and  his  youth  was  passed  be- 
tween Philadelphia  and  Fredericksburg, 
Va.  About  1840  he  produced  his  first 
important  picture,  which  led  to  a  pat- 
ronage that  enabled  him  to  go  to  Eu- 
rope for  the  study  of  his  art.  He  at 
once  proceeded  to  Dusseldorf  and  be- 
came a  pupil  of  the  celebrated  Lessing. 
Devoting  himself  to  the  painting  of 
subjects  drawn  from  American  history, 
he  finished  at  Munich  in  1843  his  "Co- 
lumbus and  tbe  Queen,"  under  the  in- 
spiration of  the  works  of  Cornelius  and 
Kaulbach.  After  a  visit  to  Venice  and 
Koine,  he  returned  to  Dusseldorf  and 
remained  there  sixteen  years,  when  in 
1859  he  returned  to  the"  United  States 
and  established  himself  in  a  studio  in 
New  York.  From  this  he  was  called  in 
1800  to  execute  a  fresco  in  the  capi- 
tol  at  Washington.  The  subject  was 
"  Westward  the  Star  of  Empire  takes 
its  way,"  and  the  painting  is  said  to  be 
by  far  the  finest  fresco  in  the  country. 
Leot/.e  executed  a  series  of  important 
paintings  illustratingeventsin  the  Amer- 
ican revolution.  One  of  these,  "  Wash- 
ington crossing  the  Delaware,"  is  well 
known  by  the  engravings.  He  was  ex- 
ecuting further  commissions  for  the  gov- 
ernment, when  he  d.  in  Washington, 
July  10,  18G8. 


LEVER,  Chart.es  James,  an  English 
novelist,  b.  in  Dublin,  18US,  practised 
sometime  as  a  physician,  but  relin- 
quished this  profession  for  that  of  novel 
writing,  in  which  he  acquired  great  and 
deserved  celebrity.  His  tirst  work, 
"  Harry  Lorrequer,"  was  a  brilliant 
success,  and  it  was  followed  by  Charles 
O'Malley,  '  "The  Dodd  "  Family 
Abroad,"  and  a  score  of  others  that 
enjoyed  equally  great  popularity.  In 
the  latter  years  of  his  life  he  resided  at 
Florence,  and  published  his  writings  in 
the  first  instance  in  "Blackwood's 
Magazine."     D.  1872. 

LEVI,  UitiAJi  P.,  an  officer  of  the  U. 
S.  navy,  b.  in  Pennsylvania,  entered 
the  service  in  1812,  and  in  the  brig 
Argus,  which  took  out  Mr.  Crawford 
as  minister  to  France,  was  captured 
and  kept  prisoner  lor  two  years.  In 
1858  he  was  flag  officer  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean squadron,  lie  was  the  mover 
in  the  effort  to  abolish  flogging  in  the 
navy.  He  became  the  owner  of  "Mon- 
ticello,"  the  famous  residence  of  Mr. 
Jefferson,  which  was  confiscated  by  the 
confederates  in  the  civil  war  on  account 
of  his  devotion  to  the  Union.  D.  in 
New  York  city,  1832 

LEVY,  Michel,  an  eminent  French 
publisher,  b.  1821,  having  made  an  un- 
successful attempt  on  the  stage,  opened 
an  old  book-stall  in  one  of  the  passages 
of  Paris,  and  from  this  beginning  grew 
rapidly  into  one  of  the  most  prominent 
publishers  in  Europe.  His  list  soon 
embraced  the  works  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished French  writers  of  the  cen- 
tury. D.  suddenly,  1875,  leaving  a  for- 
tune of  several  millions. 

LEWIS,  Taylok,  an  American 
scholar  and  author,  b.  in  Saratoga 
county,  N.  Y.,  1802,  graduated  at  Union 
college,  studied  law  and  abandoned  the 
profession  in  18-33,  and  devoted  himself 
to  education.  From  1838  to  1859  he 
was  professor  of  Greek  in  the  university 
of  New  York,  and  from  the  latter  pe- 
riod in  Union  college  until  his  death. 
He  lectured  thereon  ancient  philosophy 
and  poetry,  and  gave  instruction  in  the 
Oriental  languages.  He  was  an  emi- 
nent philologist.  Of  his  publications  we 
may  mention  "The  Six  Days  of  Crea- 
tion," 1855;  "The  Bible  and  Science," 
1850 ;  "  The  Divine  Human  in  the  Scrip- 
tures," ISiiO;  "State  Rights,  a  Photo- 
graph from  the  Ruins  of  Ancient 
Greece;"  "Heroic  Periods  of  a  Na- 
tion's History;"  ''A  Defence  of  Cap- 
ital Punishment,"  1844.  From  1851 
to  1850,  he  wrote  most  of  the  Editor's 


lie] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


191 


Table  in  Harper's  Magazine.  In  con- 
junction with  K.  W.  151  vdeii  and  T. 
Dwighr,  lit'  published,  1871,  "The  Peo- 
ple of  Africa,  their  Character,  Condi- 
tion, and  future  Prospects."  1).  1877. 
LEWIS,  Sir  George  Cornewall, 
an  English  statesman  and  author,  b. 
1800;  d.  1803.  lie  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  Oxford,  and  in  1831  was 
called  to  the  liar.  In  1847  be  entered 
the  bouse  of  commons,  and  be  remained 
a  member  of  it  until  bis  death,  with  the 
exception  uf  three  years,  during  which 
he  lacked  a  constituency.  He  was  sec- 
retary of  the  board  of  control  in  1847, 
secretary  to  the  treasury  in  1850;  be- 
came chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  under 
Lord  1'aluierston,  in  1855,  and  secretary 
for  the  home  department  in  1859.  On 
the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  in  this 
country,  in  1801  he  was  one  of  the  first 
to  avow  his  sympathy  with  the  cause  of 
the  Union.  For  some  years  he  was  ed- 
itor of  the  "Edinburgh  Review,"  and 
his  literary  labors  were  varied  and 
multifarious.  Among  his  works  are  a 
philosophical  essay  "On  the  Influence 
of  Authority  in  Matters  of  Opinion;" 
an  "Essay  on  the  Origin  and  Forma- 
tion of  the  Romance  Languages; "  an 
"Inquiry  into  the  Credibility  of  Early 
Roman  History ;"  a  valuable  treatise 
on  "The  Astronomy  of  the  Ancients;  " 
and  a  translation  of  Bi.ekh's  "Public 
Economy  of  Athens  "  Sir  George  mar- 
ried, 1814,  Maria  Theresa,  sister  of  the 
Earl  of  Clarendon,  and  widow  of  Mr. 
T.  H.  Lister,  of  Armilage  Park.  York- 
shire. Lady  Lewis  published  "  The 
Lives  of  Lord  Clarendon's  Friends  and 
Contemporaries,"  and  ihe  "Extracts  of 
the  Journals  and  Correspondence  of  Miss 
Berry,"  3  vols.  I).  1805.  — John  Fred- 
erick, an  English  painter,  in  oil  and  wa- 
ter colors,  b.  in  London,  1805,  tirst  at- 
tracted attention  by  a  series  of  studies  of 
wild  animals,  engraved  by  himself.  He 
travelled  extensively,  and  made  many 
paintings  of  Spanish.  Italian,  and  Ori- 
ental scenes.  In  1853,  his  sixty -four 
copies  in  water-colors  of  the  most  famous 
pictures,  chiefly  of  the  Venetian  and 
Spanish  schools,  were  purchased  by  the 
Scottish  Academy.  He  published  two 
volumes  of  sketches  from  Spanish  sub- 
jects. I).  1870. —  WiNsL'ivv,  an  emi- 
nent American  surgeon,  b.  in  Boston, 
1709.  filled  various  professional  and  po- 
litical offices  in  Massachusetts.  He  ed- 
'ited  "Paxton's  Anatomy,"  and  trans- 
lated from  the  French,  "Gall  on  the 
Structure  and  Functions  of  the  Brain," 
6  volumes.    D.  1875. 


LEYS,  Jean  Auguste  Henri,  a  cel- 
ebrated Belgian  painter,  b.  at  Antwerp, 
1815;  d.  186*9.  lie  selected  usually  me- 
diaeval subjects,  and  treated  them  with 
feeling  and  effectiveness.  His  "'.Mary 
of  Burgundy  giving  Alms  to  Ihe  Poor," 
bought  for  1,000  guineas  at  the  sale  of 
Mr.  Uzelli's  collection  in  1801.  At  the 
time  of  his  death  be  was  employed  in 
the  decoration  of  the  Hotel  de  Ville  of 
Antwerp,  with  mural  paintings  illus- 
trative of  the  history  of  the  Nether- 
lands. 

LIBRI-CARRUCCI,  Guglielmo 
Bkuti's  Iciiirs  Ti.Moi.itoN,  an  Italian 
mathematician,  b.  at  Florence,  1803, 
devoted  at.  a  very  early  age  to  scientific 
studies,  was  appointed  in  1823  pro- 
fessor of  mathematical  physics  at  the 
university  of  Pisa.  At  the  same  time 
he  was  known  by  valuable  memoirs 
contributed  to  the  proceedings  of  sci- 
entific academies.  Implicated  in  the 
political  movements  in  Italy  in  1831, 
lie  fled  to  Paris,  where  he  obtained  the 
friendship  of  Arago,  and  a  seat  in  the 
Academy  of  Sciences.  Soon  after  he 
was  made  inspector-general  of  public 
instruction  and  of  public  libraries.  He 
bad  formed  a  vast  collection  of  books 
and  MSS.  which  he  offered  for  sale  to 
the  French  government  on  terms  that 
were  not  accepted.  He  was  accused  in 
the  latter  days  of  Louis  Philippe's  reign 
of  having  pillaged  the  libraries  under 
bis  charge,  and  after  the  revolution  of 
1848  the  process  was  tried  in  the  courts 
and  he  was  condemned  as  in  contu- 
macy, deprived  of  bis  appointments, 
and  sentenced  to  ten  years'  imprison- 
ment. This  sentence  was  the  cause  of 
long  controversy,  Libri  indignantly  re- 
pudiating the  charge,  which  was  dis- 
credited entirely  by  his  English  friends. 
His  great  work  is  the  "History  of  the 
Mathematical  Sciences  in  Italy  from 
the  Renaissance  up  to  the  End  of  the 
Seventeenth  Century,"  4  vols,  1838-41. 

I.IEBER,  Fkancis,  an  emineiii  pub- 
licist, b.  at  Berlin,  1800,  began  to  study 
medicine,  but  ill  1815  volunteered  in 
the  army,  fought  at  Waterloo,  ami  was 
wounded  at  the  siege  of  Naniur.  Four 
years  afterwards  he  was  accused  of 
propagating  revolutionary  doctrines, 
and  imprisoned,  but  was  soon  after  re- 
leased, and  proceeded  to  Jena  to  com- 
plete his  education.  He  took  part  in 
tne  lirst  Greek  war  of  independence, 
and  on  the  conclusion  of  that  struggle 
made  his  way  to  Rome,  where  he  was 
befriended  by  the  historian  Niebuhr. 
In  1823  lie  published  bis  "Journal  in 


192 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGHAPHY. 


[i.IN 


Greece,"  and  afterwards  returning  to 
Prussia  was  imprisoned  the  second 
time,  luit  eventually  discharged" through 
the  influence  of  Niebubr,  and  tied  to 
England.  In  1827  he  proceeded  to  Hus- 
ton, where  he  established  a  swimming- 
Bclmnl,  and  commenced  the  publicaiion 
of  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Americana."  a 
work  which  occupied  him  for  nearly 
five  years.  He  also  published  several 
translations  into  English,  and  among 
them  the  work  of  l)e  Beaumont  and  De 
Tocqueville  on  the  Penitentiary  Sys- 
tem. In  18-'iy  he  was  invited  to  a  pro- 
fessorship of  history  and  political  econ- 
omy in  South  Carolina  college,  an 
office  which  lie  tilled  for  upwards  of 
twenty  years.  In  18-14  he  revisited 
Europe,  and  in  1857  returned  to  New 
York,  a  new  chair  in  Columbia  college 
having  been  expressly  created  to  secure 
his  services.  He  was  a  voluminous 
writer,  but  the  works  by  which  he  is 
best  known  are  bis  "Manual  of  Po- 
litical Ethics,"  "Legal  and  Political 
Henneneurics,"  anil  "'Civil  Liberty 
and  Self-Governnient."  His  "Remiti- 
iscenees  (if  Niebuhr"  (ISO")),  is  a  por- 
traiture of  the  daily  life  of  the  histo- 
rian, and  a  charming  work.  During  the 
civil  war  he  prepared,  at  the  request  of 
the  government,  a  paper  on  the  ex- 
change id'  prisoners,  and  another  on  the 
principles  to  be  observed  between  the 
contending  forces.  At  the  time  id'  his 
death  he  held  the  position  of  arbitrator 
ot  the  Mexican  claims.  I).  1872.— 
Oscaii  Montgomkuy,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, b.  in  Boston.  1850,  geologist, 
published  several  articles  and  works  on 
mining,  and  in  ISlit)  accompanied  the 
American  astronomical  expedition  to 
Labrador.  He  joined  the  Confederates 
in  the  civil  war,  and  died  in  Richmond, 
1862.  of  wounds  received  in  the  battle 
of  Williamsburg. 

LI  Eli  It  i,  .Justus  vox,  Baron,  a  Ger- 
man chemist,  b.  at  Darmstadt,  18)3. 
weni  to  Paris  m  1822,  and  was  the  first 
and  only  pupil  of  the  eminent  Gay- 
Lussac.  A  memoir  on  the  nature  of 
fulminating  sal  s,  communicated  to  the 
French  Institute,  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  Humboldt  to  the  author,  and 
procured  his  appointment  as  professor 
of  chemistry  at  Giessen.  where  he  lec- 
tured twenty-five  years  to  crowds  of 
students  from  Germany  and  England. 
He  there  «ave  the  first  impulse  to  the 
study  of  organic  chemistry,  a  science 
then  in  its  infancy.  In  1852  he  ac- 
cepted a  professorship  at  .Munich.  His 
published    works    are    numerous,    and 


many  of  them  have  been  translated 
into  the  leading  European  languages. 
His  "Organic  Chemistry  applied  to 
Agriculture"  was  translated  into  Eng- 
lish by  Dr.  Lyon  Plavfair,  and  his 
'•  Natural  Laws  of  Husbandry  "  by  Dr. 
Blvth.  A  French  ed  tion  of  his  differ- 
ent works  on  organic  bodies,  revised 
and  considerably  augmented  by  one  of 
his  most  distinguished  pupils,  Charles 
Gerhardt,  was  published  in  Paris  under 
the  title  of  a  "Treatise  on  Organic 
Chemistry,"  3  vols.  He  frequently  vis- 
ited England,  and  was  received  with 
great  attention  at  the  agricultural  fairs. 
He  received  all  the  honors  from  the  sci- 
entific and  learned  societies  of  Europe. 
D   187::. 

LIEVEN,  Dohothisa,  net  Yon  Bkn- 
k  i-.nim>i.i  r,  a  Russian  princess,  b.  iu 
Riga  about  178'),  was  educated  at  St. 
Pet'  rsburg,  and  married  at  10  the 
Count  de  l.ieveu,  a  diplomatist,  and 
followed  him  as  minister  to  Berlin  and 
London.  She  acquired  great  reputation 
at  court  and  in  the  diplomatic  salons  by 
her  ap  itmle  and  intel  igeuce  in  public 
affairs.  From  1812  to  1834  she  was  one 
of  the  queens  of  society  in  London,  and 
the  most  distinguished  political  men  of 
all  parlies  met  in  her  house  on  neutral 
ground.  On  her  return  to  St.  Peters- 
burg in  the  latter  year,  she  met  with 
a  most  distinguished  reception  at  court, 
but  the  loss  of  two  of  her  children  ren- 
dered a  residence  in  Russia  insupport- 
able, and  she  removed  to  Paris.  After 
the  death  of  her  husband,  which  oc- 
curred iu  Rome,  183!),  she  continued  to 
reside  iu  l'aris,  at  the  Hotel  Talleyrand, 
where  her  salon  was  frequented  by  the 
most  distinguished  society.  D.  iu  Paris, 
1857. 

LIGIER,  PiEintE,  a  French  actor,  b. 
in  Bourdeaux.  1797,  was  a  glazier  by 
trade,  and  made  his  debut  at  the  The- 
atre Prancais  in  181!),  under  the  aus- 
pices of  Talma,  lie  distinguished  him- 
self ill  "Marino  Faliero,"  "Richard 
HI.,"  and  "Tartuffe."  Pity  and  ter- 
ror were  the  two  great  emotions  he  re- 
lied upon  tor  his  effects.     D.  1872. 

LINCOLN,  Abkaham,  sixteenth 
president  of  the  United  States,  was  b. 
iu  Hardin  county,  Ky.,  Feb.  12,  1809. 
His  grandfather  removed  from  Vir- 
ginia to  Kentucky  in  1782.  and  was 
soon  afterwards  killed  by  Indians. 
Thomas  Lincoln,  Abraham's  father, 
migrated  with  his  family,  iu  18lfi,  to 
Spencer  county,  [lid.,  where  Abraham 
labored  on  a  farm  for  ten  y>  ars,  his 
schooling  being  confined  to  intervals  so 


i.in] 


CYCI.01MCDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


193 


brief  tliat  in  (lie  aggregate  it  did  not  I 
exceed  twelve  mouths.  At  1!)  he  was 
a  hired  hand  on  u  Mississippi  flat-boat, 
trading  between  St.  Loins  and  New  Or- 
leans. In  18-50  he  accompanied  his 
father  to  a  new  home  in  Macon  county,  j 
111.,  where  lie  oss-isted  in  building  a 
log-house  and  in  splitting  rails  to  fence 
the  fir.-t  field.  Ill  18  U  lie  en-aged  in 
the  construction  of  a  flat-boat  and  in 
its  navigation  to  New  Orleans,  working 
so  much  to  the  satisfaction  of  his  em- 
ployer that  on  his  return  he  was  placed 
in  charge  of  a  mill  ami  store  at  New 
Salem,  Menard  county,  III.  In  the 
Black  Hawk  war  he  joined  a  company 
of  volunteers,  was  elected  their  captain, 
and  served  through  the  campaign.  At 
its  close  lie  was  nominated  by  the  Whigs 
of  his  district  a  candidate  for  the  state 
legislature,  but  without  success.  He 
next  kept  a  country  store,  and  then  be- 
came postmaster  of  New  Salem.  Here  i 
lie  commenced  the  study  of  law,  for  a 
time  also  doing  the  work  of  an  assistant 
surveyor.  In  18  ii  bin  Wliii;-  friends 
elected  liim  a  member  of  the  legisla- 
ture. In  18  iJ  a  d  1840  he  was  re- 
elected, and  by  his  course  acquired  pop- 
ularity and  influence.  He  was  chair- 
man of  the  finance  eoniiuitiee,  and,  in 
connection  with  his  colleague  from 
Sangamon  county,  wrote  a  notable  pro- 
test against  the  passage  of  resolutions 
protecting  slavery  in  Illinois,  atlirming 
the  injustice  ami  inexpediency  of  the 
institution,  but  declaring  that  congress 
bad  no  power  to  interfere  with  it. 
Meanwhile  he  hail  been  licensed  to 
practise  law,  and  had  removed  his  res- 
idence to  Springfield,  the  capital  of  the 
state.  In  1 84-1  he  canvassed  Illinois 
and  part  of  Indiana  for  Henry  Clay, 
and  in  1848  was  elected  a  representa- 
tive in  Congress  from  the  central  dis- 
trict of  Illinois.  He  took  his  seat  in  De- 
cember, 1847,  and  in  his  congressional 
career  supported  the  Wilmot  proviso, 
voted  for  the  reception  of  anti-slavery 
petitions,  urged  inquiry  into  the  con- 
stitutionality of  slavery  in  the  District 
of  Columbia,  and  affirmed  •  the  expe- 
diency of  abolishing  the  slave-trade 
there,  and  finally  subinittted  a  plan  for 
the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  District 
and  for  the  compensation  of  slave- 
owners. He  supported  a  protective 
tariff,  favored  the  reduction  of  the 
price  of  public  lands,  opposed  the  an- 
nexation of  Texas  and  the  Mexican 
war,  but  voted  for  the  war-loan  bill 
and  for  resolutions  prohibiting  slavery 
in  the  territory  to  be  acquired  from 
13 


Mexico.  In  1841)  he  was  a  candidate 
for  the  United  States  senate,  but  was 
defeated.  On  retiring  from  congress 
he  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion at  Springfield,  hut  reappeared  in 
the  political  arena  on  the  repeal  of  the 
Missouri  compromise,  and  did  much  to 
secure  the  defeat  of  Gen.  Shields,  and 
the  election  of  Judge  Trumbull  to  the 
senate  in  his  place.  Mr.  Lincoln  was 
now  thoroughly  identified  with  the  Ke- 
puldieau  parly,  and  was  pressed  as  a 
candidate  for  the  vice-presidency  upon 
the  national  convention  which  nomi- 
nated Fremont  and  Dayton  in  18Vi.  In 
18-J8  his  party  unanimously  nominated 
him  for  the  United  States  senate  ill 
opposition  to  Mr.  Douglas.  The  two 
candidates  traversed  the  state  simul- 
taneously, speaking  at  the  same  place 
on  the  same  day,  and  Mr.  Lincoln's 
speeches  in  ibis  canvass  lirst  gained 
for  hi  in  a  national  reputation.  He 
avowed  himself  adverse  to  l he  uncon- 
ditional repeal  of  the  fugitive  slave 
law,  and  refused  to  pledge  h  mself 
against  the  admission  of  any  more 
slave  states  into  the  Union,  if  the  peo- 
ple of  any  new  st..te  chose  to  adopt  a 
slave  constitution.  Some  of  his  utter- 
ances, read  in  the  light  of  subsequent 
events,  sound  prophetic.  "I  believe," 
he  said,  " ■  i li is  government  cannot  en- 
dure p  rnianently  half  slave  and  half 
free.  I  do  not  expect  the  Union  to  be 
dissolved:  I  do  not  expect  the  house  to 
fall;  but  I  do  expect  it  will  cease  to  be 
divided."  Although  Mr.  Lincoln  had 
a  majority  over  his  opponent  on  the 
popular  vote,  he  was  defeated  in  the 
legislature.  In  May,  18)0,  he  was  nom- 
inated for  the  presidency  by  the  Repub- 
lican uati  nil  convention  assembled  at 
Chicag  >,  and  was  elected.  ILs  popu- 
lar vote,  with  thre-  oilier  candidates  in 
the  field,  was  1,857,010,  and  his  vote  in 
the  electoral  college  18.)  against  1-43  for 
all  others.  His  election  was  the  signal 
for  the  movements  which  soul  hern  poli- 
ticians had  threatened.  The  brief  ad- 
dresses he  delivered  at  various  points 
of  his  journey  from  Springfield  east- 
ward did  not  indicate  an  appreciation 
of  the  gravity  of  the  crisis.  He  antici- 
pated liitle  difficulty,  and  congratulated 
his  hearers  that  ''nobody  was  hurt." 
On  his  arrival  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  21, 
18.il,  he  was  informed  of  a  plan  for 
his  assassination  during  his  passage 
through  the  streets  of  Baltimore,  lie 
spoke  at  Harrisburg  on  the  next  day, 
and  having  returned  privately  to  Phila- 
delpuia,  left  by  the  regular  night  train 


194 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[LIN 


for  'Washington,  where  he  arrived  on 
the  morning  of  the  23d.  His  inaugural 
address  was  candid  and  conciliatory. 
He  declared  that  lie  had  no  purpose, 
"directly  or  indirectly,  to  interfere 
with  the"  institution  of  slavery  where  it 
exists,"  hut  he  left  no  room  to  suppose 
that  secession  would  he  tolerated.  His 
peaceful  overtures  were  of  no  avail. 
Fort  S  miter,  in  Charleston  harbor,  was 
bombarded  and  compelled  to  surrender. 
On  the  15th  of  April  President  Lincoln 
issued  his  first  proclamation,  calling  out 
75,000  of  the  militia  and  convening  an 
extra  session  of  congress.  By  other 
proclamations  he  declared  the  blockade 
of  all  the  ports  of  the  United  States 
south  of  the  Chesapeake,  increased  the 
regular  army  and  navy,  and  called  for 
500,0, )0  volunteers  to  serve  during  three 
years.  These  measures  were  promptly 
ratified  by  congress.  His  desire  still 
was  to  restore  peace  and  unity,  with- 
out interfering  with  the  institution  of 
slavery.  Hence  his  modification  of  the 
order  of  Gen.  Fremont  for  the  emanci- 
pation of  the  slaves  of  rebels  in  Mis- 
souri, and  his  repudiation  of  the  similar 
order  of  Gen.  Hunter  in  regard  to  South 
Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Florida,  with  the 
reservation  to  himself  of  the  right  to 
take  such  a  step,  as  commander-in- 
chief,  when  it  should  become  a  military 
necessity.  He  held,  fur  her,  that  com- 
pensation should  attend  emancipation. 
Events  did  not  allow  Mr.  Lincoln  long 
to  halt  upon  the  subject.  On  Sept.  '22, 
18G2,  he  isMied  a  preliminary  proclama- 
tion, setting  forth  his  purpose  to  eman- 
cipate all  slaves  in  states,  or  farts  of 
states,  which  should  remain  in  insur- 
rection on  the  first  of  the  ensuing  .Jan- 
uary. This  radical  change  of  policy  he 
justified  as  a  military  measure.  With 
regard  to  Kentucky,  Maryland,  Mis- 
souri, and  such  portions  of  Tennessee, 
Louisiana,  and  West  Virginia,  as  were 
loyal  or  under  the  control  of  the  Union 
forces,  it  had  been  Mr.  Lincoln's  desire 
that  they  should  adopt  some  plan  of 
gradual  emancipation  ;  and  accordingly, 
on  the  6th  of  March,  18t»2,  he  recom- 
mended to  congress  the  passage  of  a 
resolution  pledging  the  pecuniary  aid 
of  the  national  government  to  any  state 
adopting  a  system  of  gradual  and  com- 
pensated emancipation.  He  afterward 
urged  this  measure  upon  members  front 
the  bord-r  slave  states,  and  renewed  it 
in  his  message  of  Dec.  3,  L8B2.  These 
proceedings  served  to  prepare  the  pub- 
lic mind  for  the  emancipation  procla- 
mation of  Jan.  1,  1833.     In  letters  pub- 


lished during  this  year  he  defended  the 
conscription  law,  the  principle  of  mili- 
tary arrets  in  time  of  civil  war,  and 
the  employment  of  colored  regiments 
then  being  raised.  In  the  summer  of 
1804  attempts  were  ineffectually  made 
to  induce  him  to  modify  his  policy  on 
the  slavery  question,  but  he  persisted 
in  holding*  "the  integrity  of  the  whole 
Union  and  the  abandonment  of  slavery  " 
an  essential  condition  of  any  negotiation 
looking  toward  peace.  How  generally 
the  p-ople  of  the  loyal  states  shared  this 
determination  was  proved  by  the  ma- 
jority with  which  Mr.  Lincoln  was  re- 
elected to  the  presidency  in  November, 
18G4.  In  his  message  to  congress  in 
December  he  renewed  his  recommenda- 
tion for  the  passage  of  a  constitutional 
amendment  forever  prohibiting  slavery 
within  the  United  States,  and  the  pop- 
ular will  found  a  reflex  in  the  decision 
of  congress  in  favor  of  the  measure. 
In  January,  1865,  overtures  for  peace 
were  received,  and  Mr.  Seward,  secre- 
tary of  state,  was  ordered  to  Fortress 
Monroe  to  meet  commissioners  ap- 
pointed by  Mr.  Jefferson  Davis.  On 
that  occasion  the  instructions  dictated 
by  Mr.  Lincoln  embodied  three  condi- 
tions a<  iiu^-pen*able  to  peaee :  1.  The 
territorial  integrity  of  the  Union;  2.  No 
abandonment  or  modification  of  execu- 
tive or  congressional  action  on  the  sub- 
ject of  slavery  :  3.  No  armistice.  Sub- 
ject  to  these  "terms,  Mr.  Lincoln  was  so 
earnestly  desirous  of  peaee  that  he  fid- 
lowed  Mr.  Seward  on  the  mission,  and 
was  present  with  him  at  a  conference 
with  the  Richmond  commissioners  in 
Hampton  Loads.  The  effort,  though 
hoot  less,  and  undertaken  at  the  risk  of 
displeasing  a  section  of  his  own  party, 
vindicated  Mr.  Lincoln's  position,  and 
greatly  increased  his  moral  influence  in 
the  north.  The  effect  was  heightened 
by  the  tone  and  style  of  the  brief  ad- 
dress delivered  by  Mr.  Lincoln  on  his 
second  inauguration,  March,  1855.  A 
few  weeks  later,  when  the  strategy  of 
Gen.  Grant  had  restored  Richmond  to 
the  Union,  and  President  Lincoln  tem- 
porarily occupied  the  mansion  which 
Mr  Jefferson  Davis  had  hastilv  aban- 
doned, the  same  firmness,  mingled  with 
the  same  conciliatory  spirit,  was  exhib- 
ited. The  terms  on  which  Gen.  Lee  sur- 
rendered were  dictated  by  Gen.  Grant 
in  conformity  with  Mr.  Lincoln's  in- 
structions, and  he  made  no  secret  of 
his  intention  to  afford  the  Confederate 
leaders  an  opportunity  to  leave  the 
country.     He  was  not  permitted,  how- 


lin] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


195 


ever,  to  witness  the  final  triumph  of 
the  war  he  conducted,  or  of  the  policy 
he  inaugurated  in  the  interest  of  justice 
and  humanity.  He  lived  to  hear  only 
the  earliest  echoes  of  the  nation's  joy. 
While  sitting  in  a  private  box  at  Ford's 
theatre,  Washington,  with  Mrs.  Lincoln 
and  some  friends,  on  the  night  of  Fri- 
day, April  14,  1805,  an  assassin  entered 
and  shot  him  in  the  back  of  the  head, 
at  the  same  instant  leaping  upon  the 
stage  from  the  box,  brandishing  a  knife, 
and  exclaiming,  "  Hie  semper  tyrannis," 
and  escaping  from  the  rear  of  the  build- 
ing. The  president  was  conveyed  in  a 
state  of  syncope  to  a  neighboring  house, 
where  he  lingered,  totally  insensible, 
until  a  few  minutes  after  seven  on  the 
following  morning.  The  murderer  was 
recognized  as  J.  Wilkes  Booth,  an  actor; 
and  it  was  subsequently  ascertained  that 
the  horrible  deed  was  but  one  feature  of 
a  scheme  for  the  concurrent  destruction 
of  the  president,  the  vice-president,  the 
secretary  of  state,  and  Gen.  Grant.  Be- 
sides the  president,  Mr.  Seward  alone 
Buffered,  and  he  not  mortally.  The 
death  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  at  such  a  time, 
and  under  such  circumstances,  appalled 
the  country.  Business  was  for  several 
days  suspended.  A  poignant  sorrow 
pervaded  all  classes,  and  manifested 
itself  in  a  thousand  ways.  They  who 
deemed  themselves  constrained  to  op- 
pose particular  measures  of  his  admin- 
istration now  joined  his  party  sup- 
porters in  bearing  testimony  to  the 
inflexible  honesty  of  his  purpose  and 
the  gentleness  of  his  nature.  It  was 
felt  that  though  greater  statesmen  and 
abler  men  have  passed  away,  to  him 
belongs  the  credit  of  having  cautiously 
but  judiciously  adapted  his  measures  to 
the  needs  and  temper  of  the  times.  His 
remains  were  conveyed  to  Springfield, 
111.,  for  interment,  amidst  memorable 
evidences  of  mourning  along  the  entire 
route. 

LINCOLN,  Levi,  an  American  states- 
man, b.  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  1782,  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college,  studied  law 
with  his  father,  then  U.  S.  attorney- 
general,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1805.  He  served  his  state  as  represent- 
ative, senator,  member  of  the  consti- 
tutional convention  of  1820,  lieutenant- 
governor  and  governor  from  1825  to 
1834.  He  represented  the  Worcester 
district  in  congress  from  1835  to  1841, 
when  at  the  solicitation  of  President 
Harrison  he  accepted  the  position  of 
collector  of  the  port  of  Boston.  His 
last  office  was  that  of  Republican  presi- 


dential elector  in  1804.  He  paid  much 
attention  to  agriculture,  and  was  for 
many  vears  president  of  the  Worcester 
Agricultural  Society.     U.  18(58. 

LINHLEY,  John,  an  English  botan- 
ist, b.  near  Norwich,  1799,  was  the  son 
of  a  nursery  gardener  and  from  his  in- 
fancy educated  in  the  study  of  plants. 
He  wrote  on  botanical  subjects  at  an 
early  age,  and  in  a  clear  and  agreeable 
style.  From  1829  he  taught  botany  at 
the  university  of  London,  and  delivered 
courses  of  lectures  at  the  royal  institu- 
tion and  at  the  garden  of  plants  at 
Chelsea.  His  exertions  in  organizing 
and  taking  charge  of  the  colonial  de- 
partment of  the  international  exhibition 
in  1802  prostrated  him  in  body  and 
mind.  L>.  1805.  His  separate  publica- 
tions and  his  contributions  to  botanical 
journals  were  very  numerous. 

LINDPAINTNER,  Pktek  Joseph 
von,  a  German  composer,  author  of 
the  operas  of  "  The  Sicilian  Vespers," 
the  "Vampire,"  and  "Joko."  His 
compositions  in  operas,  oratorios,  and 
vocal  and  instrumental  music  of  every 
description, are  very  numerous,  and  were 
verv  popular  and  successful.  •  B.  1791 ; 
d.  1856. 

LINDSAY,  James  B.,  a  remarkable 
linguist,  a  native  of  Scotland,  b.  1800; 
d.  1862.  He  published  the  "  Lord's 
Prayer  "  and  the  "  Creed  "  in  fifty  differ- 
ent languages,  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  had  nearly  completed  a  polyglot 
dictionary  of  equal  extent. 

LINGAKD,  John,  historian  and  pub- 
licist, b.  at  Winchester,  England,  1771, 
was  educated  at  the  college  of  Douay, 
and  remained  attached  to  it  after  its 
transfer  to  England,  in  the  time  of  the 
French  revolution.  In  1800  he  was 
settled  in  the  functions  of  a  priest  at 
Newcastle-on-Tyne,  and  his  first  dis- 
tinction was  acquired  by  a  series  of 
letters  in  the  "Newcastle  Courant," 
which  were  collected  in  a  volume,  with 
the  title  of  "Catholic  Loyalty  Vindi- 
cated." Encouraged  by  its  success  he 
engaged  in  a  controversy  with  the  Prot- 
estant bishop  of  Durham, and  published 
several  pamphlets  which  he  issued  in 
a  volume,  styled  "Tracts  on  Several 
Subjects  connected  with  the  Civil  and 
Keligious  Principles  of  the  Catholics." 
His  first  work  of  permanent  interest 
was  on  "The  History  and  Antiquities 
of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Church,"  two  vol- 
umes. The  second  and  by  far  the 
most  considerable  was  the  "  History  of 
England  from  the  First  Invasion  of  the 
Komans  to  the  Accession  of  William  and 


19G 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OK    BIOGRAPHY. 


[LIV 


Mary."  wliicli  appeared  in  London, 
1811I-2"),  in  six  quarto  volumes.  The 
last  edition  was  in  ten  volumes,  8vo. 
This  work  cost  the  author  thirteen  years 
of  labor  and  is  founded  on  the  ancient 
chronicles  and  original  documents.  In 
it.  he  seeks  to  present  the  facts  as  he 
finds  them  without  speculating  on  mo- 
tives and  causes,  which  he  regards  as 
the  privilege  of  the  romancer  and  not 
of  the  historian.  He  shows  no  favor  to 
what  is  termed  the  philosophy  of  his- 
tory, and  says,  "I  do  not  hesitate  to 
say  that  few  writers  have  contributed 
more  to  pervert  the  truth  of  history 
than  the  philosophical  historian."  Leo 
XII.  offered  him  a  cardinal's  hat,  which 
he  refused.  Toward  the  close  of  his 
life  the  (.^ueen  gave  him  a  pension  of 
.£300.     1).  18ol. 

LITTLE,  Hknky,  a  confederate  hrijr- 
ndier-general.  b.  in  Mississippi,  3818: 
killed  in  battle,  1862  He  was  formerly 
an  officer  in  the  U.  S.  army,  and  at  the 
commencement  of  the  ciwl  war  com- 
manded the  post  of  Albuquerque  in 
New  Mexico. 

LIVINGSTONE,  Rkv.  David,  an 
eminent  -African  missionary  and  trav- 
eller, was  b.  in  1817,  in  the  village  of 
Blantyre,  Scotland.  At  the  age  of 
ten,  he  entered  Blantyre  factory  as  a 
"piecer."  Wit  li  part  of  his  first  week's 
wage-  he  purchased  L'uddinian's 
"Rudiments  of  Latin"  The  labor  of 
(he  factory  extended  from  six  in  the 
morning  until  eight  at  nitrht ;  the  Latin 
was  learned  at  an  evening  school,  and 
by  dint  of  energy  and  perseverance  the 
piecer  lad  had  fully  mastered  the  clas- 
sical authors  before  he  reached  his  six 
teenth  year.  In  addition  to  the  classics, 
books  of  travel  and  scientific  works 
were  his  special  delight.  At  the  age  of 
nineteen  Livingstone  became  a  cotton- 
spinner.  He  had  now  resolved  to  de- 
vote himself  to  the  work  of  a  medical 
missionary.  Having  passed  through 
the  clas-ieal,  medical,  ami  theological 
courses,  Mr.  Livingstone  was  admitted  a 
Licentiate  of  the  Faculty  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  Glasgow,  and  was  ac- 
cepted by  the  London  Missionary  So- 
ciety as  one  of  its  agents.  China  had 
been  his  contemplated  sphere  of  labor, 
but  the  opium  war  closed  that  Held  of 
benevolent  enterprise.  Mr.  Moffat t  was 
then  in  England  urging  the  claims  of 
Africa,  and  in  1810  Dr.  Livingstone  em- 
barked for  (hat  continent,  reaching 
Cape  Town  after  a  voyage  of  three 
months.  During  sixteen  years  he  la- 
bored  there  with   surpassing  zeal  and 


devotion.  The  story  of  these  years  is 
told  with  unadorned  eloquence  "in  that 
well-known  work,  his  ''Missionary 
Travels  and  Researches  in  South  Af- 
rica." For  eight  years  he  lived  far  in 
the  interior  with  a  Beth  nana  tribe, 
guiding  them  in  the  paths  of  industry, 
virtue,  and  Christianity,  lie  discovered 
the  magnificent  lake  Ngami,  traced  the 
course  of  the  great  river  Zambezi,  in 
Eastern  Africa,  and  penetrated  the  inte- 
rior id'  that  continent  to  the  eighth  degree 
of  southern  latitude,  twehtv-six  degrees 
north  of  the  Cape  of  Good' I  lope.  Hav- 
ing superintended  the  publication  of  his 
"  Travels,"  and  received  the  most  sat- 
isfactory testimonials  of  the  esteem  of 
his  countrymen  of  all  classes,  from  his 
old  comrades  in  Blantyre  mill-,  to  the 
most  accomplished  sir  ml.-!  of  Britain, 
the  intrepid  traveller,  provided  by  gov- 
ernment with  the  necessary  outfit",  went 
both  on  a  fresh  voyage  of  discovery. 
This  expedition  sailed  in  January,  18o8, 
and  its  work  occupied  three  years,  dur- 
ing which  they  explored  the  river  Shire, 
discovered  the  Murchi.-ou  Falls,  Lake 
Slurwa,  and  Lake  Nyassa,  ascended  the 
Zambesi,  and  discovered  the  great  Victo- 
ria Falls.  In  18:;:{  Dr.  Livingstone  was 
recalled,  ami  published  his  second  work, 
a  narrative  of  this  expedition.  Another 
expedition  was  organized  at  Bombay 
in  the  winter  of  18  >5-00.  It  occupied 
seven  years  of  adventures  and  discov- 
eries and  disasters,  terminating  in  the 
death  of  its  heroic  leader.  Hi-  men  de- 
serted him  and  spread  in  England  the 
report  of  his  death.  Years  elapsed 
during  which  the  truth  of  the  report 
could  not  be  ascertai  ed,  and  -earch  ex- 
peditions vent  out  for  h  in  w i  h  supplies 
in  several  cases  failed  to  r.  ach  him. 
At  length  in  February,  1871,  Mr  .lames 
(iordeii  Bennett,  editor  of  the  "  New 
York  Herald,"  commissioned  Mr.  Stan- 
ley to  undertake  a  journey  in  search  of 
Living-tone.  Stanley  found  him  in 
Ujiji,  November  3.  1871,  reduced  to 
great  extremities  by  illmss  and  hard- 
ship, and  remained  with  him  four 
months.  When  Stanley  returned  with 
the  story  of  his  discovery,  it  was  dis- 
credited in  many  quarters,  and  he  was 
denounced  as  an  iiuposter.  Livingstone 
determined  to  struggle  on  to  di-over 
if  possible  the  true  sources  of  the  Nle, 
bit  he  succumbed  to  his  disease  at 
Chitambo's  village,  Ulala.  May  1,  1873. 
His  embalmed  body  was  carried  to 
England.'  and  interred  in  Westminster 
Abbey,  April  18,  1874.  Before  the  close 
of  the    year   his    "Last  Journals"   ap- 


lon] 


CYCLOP/EDIA   OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


197 


peared  in  London,  with  a  continuation 
to  the  moment  of  liis  death  from  the 
narrative  of  his  servants. 

LOCKE  .John,  h.  in  Frycburg,  Me., 
1792,  studied  medicine,  and  having  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  M.  I),  at  Yale  col- 
lege in  181!),  was  for  a  time  a  surgeon 
in  the  U.  S.  navy.  He  was  a  zealous 
geologist,  and  was  connected  with  the 
geological  surveys  of  Ohio  and  of  the 
mineral  region  of  Lake  Superior.  His 
name  is  especially  associated  with  mag- 
netical  researches  and  the  "  magueto- 
astronomical  clock."     D.  1856. 

LOCKIIART,  John  Gibson,  the  son 
of  a  Glasgow  minister,  and  the  son-in- 
law  and  biographer  of  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
1)  1794.  Educated  at  Glasgow  and  Ox 
ford,  he  went  to  Germany  to  study  its 
literature,  and  soon  became  a  profes- 
sional author.  He  was  one  of  the  ear- 
liest, most  active,  and  most  sarcastic  of 
the  writers  in  '"Blackwood's  Maga- 
zine," and  was  considered  responsible 
for  much  of  the  unscrupulous  bitterness 
which  characterized  its  palmy  days. 
In  1819  lie  published  anonymously 
"Peter's  Letters  to  his  Kinsfolk." 
He  next  collected  bis  spirited  versions 
of  Spanish  ballads,  and  then  produced, 
in  succession,  his  novels,  •'Valerius," 
"Reginald  Ualton,"  "Adam  Blair." 
and  "Matthew  Wald."  He  assumed 
the  editorship  of  the  "Quarterly  Re- 
view" in  182G,  and  retained  it  until 
185-3,  when  ill  health  compelled  his  re- 
tirement. His  "Life  of  Scott"  ap- 
peared in  the  interim.  A  visit  to  Italy 
failed  to  restore  his  health,  and  he  d. 
at  Abbotsford  in  1854. 

LONDONDERRY,  Chakles  AVii.- 
ltam  Vane,  third  marquis  of,  b.  at  Dub- 
lin, IT'.iS,  entered  the  army,  and  passing 
through  the  various  grades  of  the  ser- 
vice, joined  Sir  John  .Moore  in  the  pen- 
insula as  brigadier-general,  and  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  field.  From  180.0 
to  1813,  he  was  adjutant-general  under 
Sir  Arthur  Wellesley.  In  the  latter 
year  Ik  went  as  ambassador  to  Berlin, 
and  was  charged  with  the  duty  of  look- 
ing after  Beruadotte,  king  of  Sweden, 
who  was  suspected  by  the  allies.  He 
was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron 
Stewart,  and  was  one  of  the  plenipoten- 
tiaries at  the  congress  of  Vienna,  1814- 
15.  He  was  known  as  an  author  by 
"A  Steam  Voyage  to  Constantinople," 
"  Story  of  thePeninsular  War."  which 
has  gone  through  several  editions,  and 
by  editing  the  correspondence  of  his 
brother,  the  second  marquis  of  London- 
derry, K.  G.     D.  1854. 


LONG,  Stephen  Harkiman,  officer 
of  the  U.  S.  aroiv,  b.  in  Hopkinton, 
N.  IL.  1781,  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
college,  entered  the  engineer  corps,    in 

1814,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
western  and  north  western  explorations, 
1818-24.  See  the  narrative  of  bis  first 
expedition  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  by 
Edwin  James,  1823;  and  "Long's  Ex- 
pedition to  the  Sources  of  St.  Peter's 
River,  I  ake  of  the  Woods,  etc.,"  bv 
W.  H.  Keating,  2  vols.,  Phil.  18  j4  He 
was  made  colonel,  in  1803,  and  retired 
soon  afterwards.      I).  1834. 

LONGACRE,  James  Barton,  en- 
graver, b.  in  Pennsylvania,  1794,  was 
apprenticed,  as  historical  and  portrait 
engraver,  to  Murrav  of  Philadelphia, 
and  from  1819  to  1831  was  employed  in 
illustrating  the  best  class  of  works.  In 
1834-39,  with  -lames  Herring  of  New 
York,  he  published  (be  "National  Por- 
trait Gallery  of  Distinguished  Ameri- 
cans." 4  vols.,  which  he  afterwards  con- 
tinued alone.  Many  of  the  excellent 
portraits  in  this  work  are  from  Mr. 
Longacre's  drawings  from  life.  From 
1844,  to  his  death  in  183;).  be  was  en- 
graver to  the  U.  S.  mint,  and  made  the 
designs  for  the  new  coin  struck  during 
that  period.  He  superintended  the  re- 
modelling of  the  entire  coinage  of  Chili, 
which  he  completed  a  year  or  two  be- 
fore Ins  death. 

LONGET,  Francois  Achii.ie,  a 
French  physician  and  physiologist,  b. 
1811,  devoted  himself  very  much  to  the 
Study  of  the  nervous  system,  and  was 
one  of  the  consulting  physicians  of  the 
emperor.  He  twice  obtained  the  Mollr 
tlivon  prize  at  the  Academy  of  Sciences. 
D.1871. 

LONGLEY,  Chael.es  Thomas,  an 
English  prelate.b.  1794,  was  educated  at 
Christ  college,  Oxford,  lie  was  head 
master  of  Harrow  school  from  182)  to 
1836,  and  after  tilling  successively  the 
sees  of  Ripon,  Durham,  and  York,  be- 
came Archbishop  of  Canterbury  and  pri- 
mate of  England,  in  1802.  The  event 
which  distinguished  his  primacy  was 
the  Lambeth,  or  Pan-Anglican,  Synod. 
1).  1808.  He  published  sermons  and 
visitation  charges. 

LONGS  1'REET,  Auoustus  Bald- 
win, an  American  educator  anil  author, 
b.  in  Augusta,  Ga.,  1790,  studied  at 
Yale  college  and  at  Litchfield,  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  his  native  state,  in 

1815.  He  was  successively  a  judge, 
Methodist  minister,  editor  of  the  "  Au- 
gusta Sentinel,"  and  president  of  E  nory 
college,   of    the   Centenary   college    of 


198 


CYCLOr.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIY. 


[lou 


Louisiana,  and  of  the  universities  of 
South  Carolina  and  Mississippi.  He 
was  the  author  of  "Georgia  Scenes," 
and  "  William  Mitton,"  a  novel ;  and 
of  an  able  review  of  the  judgment  of 
the  U.  S.  supreme  court  in  the  case  of 
McCulloch  v.  Maryland.  He  was  an 
ardent  s'ate  rights  man  in  politics.  D. 
at  Oxford.  Miss..  1870. 

LONGWOKTH,  Nicholas,  an  Ohio 
vine-grower,  b.  in  New  Jersey,  1782. 
Having  studied  law,  he  removed  to 
Ohio,  ill  1803,  and  settled  at  Cincinnati, 
then  a  little  village.  The  practice  of 
his  profession  enabled  him  to  acquire 
real  estate,  which  the  growth  of  Cincin- 
nati invested  with  enormous  value.  In 
1828,  he  withdrew  from  law  and  applied 
himself  to  the  culture  of  the  grape,  and 
gradually  became  a  wine  manufacturer 
on  a  large  scale,  and  secured  for  his 
wines  the  first  place  in  the  list  of  Amer- 
ican products.     I).  1803. 

LOPEZ,  Carlos  Antonio,  president 
of  Paraguay,  b.  1790,  elected  president, 
1844,  and  serving  by  reelection  till  his 
death,  was  in  fact  absolute  dictator,  and 
advanced  the  material  interests  of  his 
native  state  in  a  remarkable  degree. 
D.  18(i2. — Don  Francisco  Solano, 
son  of  the  preceding,  b.  1827,  educated 
in  Europe,  was  sent  in  1853,  as  minis- 
ter to  ratify  the  treaties  of  commerce 
made  with  England,  Fiance,  and  Sar- 
dinia. He  succeeded  his  father  as  pres- 
ident, in  1832,  and  at  once  adopted 
measures  to  encourage  the  culture  of 
cotton,  and  to  push  forward  railroads 
and  other  public  works.  But  the  grow- 
ing prosperity  of  the  country  was  ar- 
rested by  a  war  with  Brazil,  in  which 
Lopez  commanded  in  person,  with 
courage  and  vigor,  but  without  success. 
Paraguay  was  ruined,  and  Lopez  was 
killed  in' battle,  March  1,  1870.  —  Nar- 
ciso,  a  Cuban  revolutionist,  b.  in  Ven- 
ezuela, 1799,  left  there  after  its  evacua- 
tion by  the  Spanish,  and  went  to  Cuba 
where  he  made  himself  conspicuous  by 
his  liberal  principles.  In  1849  he  came 
to  the  United  States,  and  organized  an 
expedition  for  the  invasion  of  Cuba, 
which  failed.  In  1851,  he  again  landed 
there,  but  was  captured  and  garotted, 
Sept.  20,  1851. 

LORD,  Eleazar,  author  and  philan- 
thropist, b.  in  Connecticut,  1788,  studied 
at  Andover,  entered  the  ministry  and 
left  it,  engaged  in  various  philanthropic 
societies,  visited  Europe,  and  on  his  re- 
turn, in  1818,  engaged  in  banking,  and 
interested  himself  in  important  public 
enterprises.     He  was    president   of   the 


Erie  railroad  from  its  commencement 
till  1845.  In  1829,  he  published  his 
"  Principles  of  Currency  and  Banking," 
recommending  the  free  banking  system. 
He  published,  in  1843,  "  Geology  and 
Scripture  Cosmogony,"  "  The  Epoch  of 
Creation:"  and  several  other  theolog- 
ical works.  In  1861,  he  addressed  a 
letter  to  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  on 
the  "National  Currency."  He  edited 
"  Lempriere's  Biographical  Diction- 
ary," 2  vols.  8vo,  1825.  D.  1871.  —J. 
K.,  an  English  naturalist,  was  at  one 
time  in  the  British  army,  and  was  in 
the  famous  Balaclava  charge.  He  left 
the  army  and  was  appointed  naturalist 
to  the  British  North  American  Boundary 
Commission.  His  observations  in  this 
capacity  he  published  in  "  A  Home  in 
the  Wilderness"  and  "The  Naturalist 
in  Vancouver's  Island."  D.  1872.  — 
Nathan,  a  clergyman,  b.  in  Maine, 
1793,  distinguished  as  a  pulpit  orator, 
and  president  of  Dartmouth  college, 
from  1828  to  1803.  He  published  nu- 
merous sermons  and  theological  essays, 
and  two  "  Letters  to  Ministers  of  the 
Gospel  of  all  Denominations  on  Slav- 
ery," in  which  he  attempted  to  prove 
from  the  Bible  the  lawfulness  of  slavery. 
D.  1870. 

LORTZING,  Albert  Gustav,  a 
German  composer,  actor,  and  singer,  b. 
in  Berlin,  1803;  d.  1851. 

LOUDON,  Jane  Webb,  the  author- 
ess of  many  works  on  botany  and  flori- 
culture, b.  near  Birmingham,  in  1800; 
d.  1858.  Obliged  to  depend  on  her 
own  exertions  for  support,  in  1820  she 
went  to  London  and  wrote  "  The  Mum- 
my," a  work  of  fiction  which  not  only 
secured  the  young  authoress  a  name, 
but  b}'  various  scientific  improvements 
mentioned  in  it  as  having  taken  place 
in  the  year  2120  ((he  period  in  which 
the  story  was  laid),  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  the  well-known  botanist,  Mr. 
Loudon,  and  led  to  an  acquaintance 
which  ended  in  their  marriage.  Her 
works  were  chiefly  on  botanical  sub- 
jects, the  principal  being  "The  Ladies' 
Flower  Garden,"  in  six  quarto  volumes; 
"The  Ladies'  Country  Companion," 
"Botany  for  Ladies,"  "British  Wild 
Flowers,"  and  "The  Ladies'  Compan- 
ion to  the  Flower  Garden." 

LOUIS  I.,  Charles  Augustus,  king 
of  Bavaria,  b.  1780,  at  Strasburg,  was 
educated  at  Gottingen,  showed  an  early 
fondness  for  the  tine  arts,  travelled  in 
Italy,  served  in  the  French  campaigns 
of  1806,  1807,  1808,  accompanied  'the 
allied    sovereigns   to    London   in    1814, 


LUS] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


199 


and  succeeded  his  father  on  the  throne 
in  1825.  He  immediately  introduced 
important  liberal  reforms,  and  occu 
pied  himself  with  the  embellishment  of 
his  capital,  with  the  view  of  making 
of  Munich  a  modern  Athens.  He 
erected  in  the  city  a  number  of  noble 
edifices,  that  were  decorated  by  great 
works  of  sculpture  and  painting,  by 
Schwanthaler,  Cornelius,  and  their  pu- 
pils. At  the  same  time  he  introduced 
railroads  in  Bavaria,  launched  the  first 
steamboat  on  Lake  Constance,  and  dug 
a  canal  that  bears  his  name,  and  unites 
the  Main  with  the  Danube.  After  the 
events  of  July,  1830,  king  Louis  became 
the  champion  of  reactionary  ideas,  but 
the  ultramontane  influence  was  sudden- 
ly destroyed  by  the  ascendency  acquired 
over  him  bv  the  celebrated  dancer  Lola 
Montez,  who  was  an  advanced  liberal 
in  politics.  The  insolence  of  this  wom- 
an, who  had  been  created  Countess  of 
Lansfeldt  by  her  royal  lover,  excited  an 
emeute  at  Munich,  which  compelled  her 
to  quit  Bavaria.  The  king's  abdica- 
tion in  favor  of  his  eldest  son  followed. 
From  that  time  he  lived  in  retirement. 
D.  at  Nice,  1868.  King  Louis  pub- 
lished two  volumes  ot  poems  in  1829, 
and  a  third  ten  years  afterwards. 

LOUIS,  Pierre  Charles  Alexan- 
dre, a  French  physician,  b.  1787,  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  researches 
and  publications  in  pathologv.  D. 
1872. 

LOVEJOY,  0\vi:N,b.  in  Maine,  1811, 
exchanged  preaching  for  politics,  and 
acquired  celebrity  by  the  vehemence 
with  which  he  denounced  slavery  as  a 
representative  of  Illinois  at  Washing- 
ton, where  he  served  from  the  35th  to 
the  38th  congress.     D.  1864. 

LOVELACE,  Ada  Augusta,  Coun- 
tess of,  only  child  of  Lord  Byron, — 
"  sole  daughter  of  my  house  and  heart," 
—  b.  1815;  d.  1852.  *  She  inherited  nei- 
ther poetical  genius  nor  poetical  taste, 
mathematics  and  metaphysics  being  her 
favorite  studies.  She  married  the  Earl 
of  Lovelace  (originally  Lord  King)  in 
1835;  and  in  their  issue  the  lineage  of 
Locke  and  Byron  is  united. 

LOVER,  Samuel,  an  Irish  novelist 
and  song  writer,  b.  at  Dublin,  1797, 
began  life  as  a  painter,  but  soon  relin- 
quished art  for  literature.  He  wrote  a 
volume  of  popular  songs,  and  the  nov- 
els of  "  Rory  O'More,"  "Treasure 
Trove,"  and  "  Handy  Andy."  His  en- 
tertainment, called  "  Irish  Evenings," 
was  successful  in  England  and  the 
United  States.     D.  1868. 


LUCAS,  Frederick,  a  Roman  cath- 
olic polemical  writer  of  masterly  abil- 
ity; founder  and  editor  of  the  London 
"Tablet;  "  and  representative  of  Meath 
in  the  house  of  commons,  died  in  his 
43d  vear,  1855. — Samukl,  brother  of 
the  preceding,  b.  1811;  d.  1865.  He 
was  managing  proprietor  and  editor  of 
the  "  Star,"  a  London  daily  journal, 
radical  in  its  h  une  politics,  which  sus- 
tained the  northern  states  and  the  union 
from  the  inception  of  the  civil  war.  — 
John,  a  well-known  English  painter,  b. 
1807,  commenced  his  career  as  an  engra- 
ver, but  soon  turned  his  attention  ex- 
clusively to  portrait  painting,  in  which 
he  pursued  a  successful  career,  painting 
portraits  of  the  most  distinguished  men 
of  his  time,  — the  Duke  of  Wellington, 
Prince  Albert,  Metternich,  Palmerston, 
Joseph  Hume.  Gladstone,  and  others. 
One  of  his  most  elaborate  pictures  was 
a  group  representing  the  consultation 
of  Robert  Stephenson,  Brunei,  Ridder, 
Locke,  and  other  eminent  engineers, 
previous  to  the  floating  of  the  last  tube 
of  the  bridge  over  the  Menai  straits. 
Upwards  of  sixty  of  his  works  have 
been  engraved.     D.  1874. 

LUDEKS,  Alexander  Nikolaye- 
vitch,  a  Russian  general,  in  1861  lieu- 
tenant general  of  Poland,  b.  1790;  d. 
1874. 

LUMLEY,  Benjamin,  an  English 
lawyer,  b.  about  1812,  became  director 
of  her  majesty's  theatre,  in  London,  in 
1845,  and  continued  to  manage  it  till 
1863,  when  he  resumed  the  practice  of 
the  law.  He  published  "Reminiscences 
of  the  Opera  "  in  1864.     D.  1875. 

LUMPKIN,  Wilson,  an  American 
statesman,  b.  in  Virginia,  1783.  was  re- 
moved when  an  infant  to  Georgia,  where 
he  was  educated  to  the  law,  and  entered 
early  into  politics.  He  was  several 
times  elected  to  the  state  legislature, 
was  twice  governor,  and  served  in  the 
LT.  S.  house  of  representatives  from 
1815  to  1817,  and  from  1827  to  1831, 
and  in  the  senate  from  1838  to  1841. 
D.  1871.  — Josicph  Henry,  brother  of 
the  preceding,  b.  in  Georgia,  1799,  was 
distinguished  as  a  jurist,  and  as  a  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric  and  oratory  in  the 
university  of  Georgia.     D.  1867. 

LUSHING  TON,  Stephen,  an  Eng- 
lish jurist  and  judge,  b.  1782,  educated 
at  Oxford,  admitted  as  an  advocate  in 
Doctors'  ('ominous,  1808;  was  appoint- 
ed, in  1828,  judge  of  the  consistory 
court,  and  ten  years  afterwards  judge 
of  the  high  court  of  admiralty.  His 
decisions,  in  the  cases  that  came  before 


200 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[lyo 


the  ecclesiastical  courts  in  his  time,  em- 
braced many  difficult  questions  relating 
to  doctrine,  discipline,  and  ritual,  and 
were  marked  with  learning  and  ability. 
He  sat  in  parliament  in  the  liberal  in- 
terest from  1820  till  1841,  when  be  was 
disqualified  by  a  special  law  forbidding 
the  judge  of  the  admiralty  court  to 
hold  a  seat  in  the  lower  house.  At  the 
age  of  85  he  retired  from  the  bench. 
He  was  the  counsel  *of  Lady  Byron, 
and  advised  the  separation  from  her 
husband,  but  on  what  grounds  it  was 
never  known.     D.  1873. 

LUTTRELL,  Henky,  a  famous  wit 
and  epigrammatist,  many  years  distin- 
guished in  London  literary  society,  and 
the  author  of  a  "Letter  to  Julia,"  and 
other  light  verses.     D.  1851,  aged  86. 

LUYNES,  Honors  Theodoric  Paul 
Josf.i'H  d' Albert,  Duke  de,  a  French 
savant,  b.  in  Paris,  1802,  displayed  an 
early  taste  for  archaeology  and  the  study 
of  languages.  Succeeding  to  an  im- 
mense estate,  he  was  able  to  indulge  in 
magnificent  publications  at  his  own  ex- 
pense, and  in  adorning  his  chateau  of 
Dampierre  with  the  works  of  the  most 
distinguished  artists.  In  all  the  arts 
and  sciences  he  was  interested,  and 
made  important  contributions  to  nu- 
mismatics and  archeology.     D.  1867. 

LYELL,  Sir  Charles,  a  British  ge- 
ologist, b.  at  Kinnordy,  Scotland,  1797. 
graduated  at  Oxford,  practised  law  a 
while,  but  abandoned  the  profession  to 
devote  himself  to  the  study  of  geology. 
In  182-1  he  travelled  for  scientific  pur- 
poses in  Switzerland,  France,  Germany, 
and  Italy ;  and  in  1830  g;ive  to  the  world 
the  first  volume  of  his  famous  work  on 
"The  Principles  of  Geology,"  followed 
by  the  second  and  third  in  the  two 
years  succeeding.  In  opposition  to  the 
then  prevailing  theory  that,  the  inner 
and  external  construction  of  the  earth 
is  to  be  explained  only  by  old  convul- 
sions and  catastrophes,  he  maintained 
the  doctrine  that  causes  now  in  opera- 
tion are  sufficient  to  explain  it,  provided 
they  repeated  themselves  often  enough 
in  an  unmeasured  space  of  time.  Sir 
Charles  twice  visited  the  United  States, 
and  published  the  results  of  bis  obser- 
vations in  "Travels  in  North  America," 
1841,  and  "  A  Second  Visit  to  the  United 
States,"  1845.  His  work  on  "  The  An- 
tiquity of  Man,"  is  intended  to  furnish 
proofs  of  human  existence  on  earth  much 
earlier  than  is  supposed,  and  in  some 
aspects  sustain  the  views  promulgated 
in  Mr.  Darwin's  book  on  the  "Origin 
of    Species."     D.    February   22.    1875. 


His  remains  were  interred  in  Westmin- 
ster Abbey. 

LYNCH,  William  F.,  an  American 
naval  officer,  b.  in  Virginia,  1801,  en- 
tered the  service  as  midshipman  in  1819. 
He  planned  an  expedition  in  1847, 
which  the  government  approved,  and 
the  results  of  which  were  published  in 
1849  under  the  title  of  a  "  Narrative  of 
the  U.  S.  Expedition  to  the  River  Jor- 
dan and  the  Dead  Sea,"  which  passed 
through  numerous  editions.  He  wrote 
also  "  Naval  Life,  orObservations  Afloat 
and  Ashore,"  1851.  He  resigned  his 
commission,  1861,  and  entered  the  con- 
federate service,  in  which  he  was  em- 
ployed chiefly  on  the  coast  of  North 
Carolina.      D.*1865. 

LYNDHURST,  John  Singleton 
Copley,  Lord,  b.  at  Boston,  1772;  d. 
in  London,  1863.  When  a  child  he  was 
taken  to  England  by  his  father,  the  cele- 
brated painter.  After  preliminary  stud- 
ies, lie  went  to  Cambridge,  where  he 
obtained  high  honors.  In  1804  be  was 
admitted  to  the  English  bar,  and  for 
some  time  travelled  the  midland  circuit 
without  any  special  success.  Some  po- 
litical trials  brought  him  into  notice, 
and  he  entered  the  house  of  commons, 
under  Tory  auspices,  in  1818.  As  solic- 
itor-general he  was  engaged  in  the  trial 
of  Queen  Caroline,  was  subsequently 
attorney-general,  and  in  1827  became 
lord  chancellor  during  the  administra- 
tion of  Lord  Canning.  On  the  retire- 
ment of  his  party  from  government,  he 
was  appointed  chief  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer by  its  successors.  He  again 
became  lord  chancellor  under  Sir  R. 
Peel,  but  after  the  break-up  of  the  Peel 
government  in  1846,  he  did  not  hold  of- 
fice. As  a  politician,  Lord  Lyndbtirst 
adhered  to  Toryism  to  the  last,  and  was 
among  the  most  unrelenting  of  its  ex- 
ponents. As  a  chancery  judge  he  was 
highly  spoken  of  by  all  parties,  and  as 
an  orator  he  had  few  to  equal  him  among 
the  peers.  His  last  appearance  of  any 
note  as  an  orator  was  in  1860,  when,  al- 
though eighty-eight  .years  of  age,  he 
spoke  with  great  clearness  and  force  of 
argument. 

LYON,  Nathaniel,  brigadier-gen- 
eral of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S-  army,  b. 
at  Ashford,  Conn.,  1819,  graduated  at 
West  Point,  and  served  with  honor  in 
the  Florida  war,  throughout  the  Mexi- 
can campaign,  and  at  various  posts  on 
the  western  frontier.  After  the  out 
break  of  hostilities  in  1861,  he  was 
placed  in  command  of  the  arsenal  of 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  played  a  conspieu 


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CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


201 


ous  part  in  the  early  troubles  of  that 
state.  To  his  energy  and  judgment 
may  be  attributed  the  frustration  i>f 
the"  plans  of  Gov.  Jackson,  who,  with 
Gen.  Sterling  Price,  the  commander  of 
the  state  militia,  resisted  the  acts  per- 
formed by  Capt.  Lyon  under  national 
authority,  and  called  for  a  large  body 
of  militia  to  <:  repel  the  invasion  of  the 
state."  Captain  Lyon  —  then  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers  —  took  possession 
of  Jefferson  city  with  the  state  archives 
and  followed  Jackson  and  Price  with 
the  militia,  to  Booneville,  where  he  de- 
feated them  on  the  17th  June,  1861. 
On  August  1,  he  met  and  defeated  a 
bodv  of  confederates  under  command 
of  Gen.  McGulloch.  The  latter,  how- 
ever, was  soon  afterward  reinforced  by 
Price,  and  their  combined  forces  threat- 
ened the  position  then  held  by  General 
Lyon  in  S.  W.  Missouri.  A  battle  en- 
sued at  Wilson's  Creek,  on  the  10th 
August,  in  which  he  was  killed.  He  be- 
queathed nearly  the  whole  of  his  prop- 
erty to  the  government  to  aid  in  putting 


down  the  rebellion.  A  memoir,  prefac- 
ing a  collection  of  his  political  writings, 
was  published  in  1862. 

LYONS,  Lord  Edmund,  an  English 
diplomatist  and  commander  of  the  Brit- 
ish fleet  during  the  Crimean  war,  b. 
1790:  d.  1858. 

LTTLE,  William  Haines,  b.  at  Cin- 
cinnati, 1826,  served  with  distinction  in 
the  Mexican  war,  at  the  conclusion  of 
which  he  applied  himself  to  the  practice 
of  law  in  his  native  city.  In  1861  he 
accepted  the  colonelcy  of  the  10th  Ohio 
volunteers,  and  took  part  in  the  kittle 
of  Rich  Mountain.  He  commanded  a 
brigade  at  Carnifax  Ferry,  where  he 
was  wounded.  After  his  recovery  he 
assumed  the  command  of  the  Bards- 
town  camp  of  instruction.  He  next 
commanded  the  17th  brigade  under 
Gen.  Mitchell,  and  was  again  wounded 
at  Perrvville,  where  he  was  taken  pris- 
oner. Early  in  1863  he  was  appointed 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  and 
served  under  Gen.  Rosecrans  until 
killed  at  Chickamauga,  Sept.  1863. 


M. 


McALESTEPt,  Miles  D.,  an  Ameri- 
can officer,  b.  in  New  York,  1834,  grad- 
uated at  West  Point,  entered  the  civil 
war  as  lieutenant  of  the  engineer  corps, 
May  2,  1861,  and  for  his  meritorious 
and  gallant  services  was  brevetted  brig- 
adier general  in  April,  1865.     D.  1869. 

MACAULAY,  Thomas  Babingtox, 
Lord  Macaulay,  b.  Oct.  25,  1800,  at 
Rothley  Temple,  in  Leicestershire,  was 
the  son  of  Zachary  Macaulay,  the  phi- 
lanthropist, distinguished  specially  for 
his  labors  in  the  abolition  of  the  slave 
trade.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge 
with  great  distinction,  and  became  fel- 
low of  Trinity  college  in  1822.  Called 
to  the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1826,  he 
was  two  years  afterwards  appointed 
commissioner  in  bankruptcy,  and  in 
1830  returned  to  parliament  as  mem- 
ber for  Calne.  He  subsequently  became 
secretary  to  the  board  of  control,  and 
aided  the  Grey  ministry  by  zealously 
advocating  their  policy  in  the  debates 
on  the  reform  bill.  In  1832  he  was  re- 
turned to  the  reformed  parliament  for 
the  borough  of  Leeds,  and  resigned  his 
seat  in  1834  to  go  to  India  as  member  of 
the  supreme  council  of  Calcutta.  Here 
he  remained  two  years  and  a  half,  prin- 
cipally employed  in  preparing  a  code  of 


penal  laws  for  India,  published  in  1838, 
but  never  put  in  execution.  In  1839 
he  became  secretary  of  war,  and  was 
elected  M.  P.  for  Edinburgh  in  1840. 
In  1841  he  resigned  his  secretaryship  on 
the  accession  of  Sir  Robert  Peel.  In 
1846,  on  the  return  to  office  of  the 
Whigs,  he  was  made  secretary  of  war, 
with  a  seat  in  the  cabinet;  but  lost  his 
seat  for  Edinburgh,  in  1847,  for  his 
course  on  the  Maynooth  grant  question.. 
His  former  constituents  made  an  honor- 
able amende  by  reelecting  him,  in  1852, 
at  their  own  charge,  and  he  continued 
to    represent   Edinburgh    till   January, 

1856,  when  he  resigned.    In  September, 

1857,  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage  with 
the  title  of  Baron  Macaulay,  of  Roth- 
ley, in  the  county  of  Leicester.  But  it 
was  as  an  essayist,  historian,  and  poet, 
that  Mr.  Macaulay  was  even  more  dis- 
tinguished than  as  a  statesman  and 
orator,  and  it  was  to  his  eminence  in 
literature  that  he  owes  his  prominent 
place  in  the  history  of  his  times.  His 
first  published  productions  in  verse 
were  the  poems  of  "  Pompeii,"  and 
"  Evening,"  which,  in  1819  and  1821, 
gained  the  chancellor's  medal  in  his 
university.  His  writings  in  "Knight's 
Quarterly    Magazine,"    in    prose    and 


202 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


[MAC 


verse,  attracted  attention,  and  led  to 
the  overtures  on  the  part  of  the  editor 
of  the  "  Edinburgh  Review,"  which  re- 
sulted in  the  essay  on  Milton,  in  August, 
1825,  and  in  a  series  of  papers  for  the 
next  twenty  j-ears,  which  placed  him 
without  a  peer  at  the  head  of  that 
branch  of  English  literature.  The  fame 
acquired  by  the  essa}'  on  Milton  culmi- 
nated with  the  essays  on  Clive  and 
Hastings,  and  the  series  terminated 
with  his  second  article  on  Lord  Chat- 
ham, in  1844.  His  "Lays  of  Ancient 
Rome"  were  published  in  1842,  and 
fully  sustained  the  poetical  reputation 
he  had  acquired  by  the  noble  ballads  of 
his  youth.  It  was  in  1849  that  he  pub- 
lished the  first  and  second  volumes  of 
'"The  History  of  England,  from  the  Ac- 
cession of  King  James  II.  down  to  the 
Time  which  is  within  the  Memory  of 
Men  still  living."  The  third  and  fourth 
volumes  were  promised  by  the  publish- 
ers on  Dec.  17,  1855;  no  doubt  the  most 
memorable  publication  day  in  literary 
history.  An  edition  of  25,000  copies 
was  printed,  no  less  than  56  tons  of 
books;  but  the  demand  for  the  day  over- 
ran the  supply,  and  eleven  thousand 
applicants  were,  disappoinftd.  The  pub- 
lishers made  one  payment  to  the  author 
on  account  in  a  check  of  .£20,000.  Four 
volumes  only  appeared  during  the  life 
of  the  author;  a  fifth,  which  had  not 
received  his  final  revision,  was  pub- 
lished as  a  fragment  after  his  death, 
preceded  by  a  biographical  sketch  from 
the  pen  of  Dean  Milnian.  Lord  Macau- 
lay  was  never  married.  He  died  sud- 
denly, Dec.  28,  1859,  at  Holly  Lodge, 
his  residence  in  Kensington.  He  was 
buried,  January  9,  186(1.  in  the  Poet's 
Corner,  in  Westminster  Abbey,  between 
the  statues  of  Addison  and  Campbell. 
A  uniform  edition  of  his  works,  by  his 
sister,  Lady  Trevelyan,  appeared  in 
London  in  1866;  reproduced  in  this 
country,  with  some  important  additions, 
at  the  Riverside  Press.  A  marble  statue 
of  Lord  Macaulay  has  been  executed 
by  Mr.  Woollier  for  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge.  "  The  Life  and  Letters  of 
Lord  Macaulay,"  by  his  nephew,  G. 
Otto  Trevelyan,  M.  P.,  was  published 
in  two  vols.,  1876. 

MACAULEY,  Charles  Stewart, 
commodore  U.  S.  navy,  b.  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, 1793,  commanded  at  the  Norfolk 
navy  yard  at  the  breaking  out  of  the 
rebellion,  and  destroyed  the  property 
there,  to  prevent  its  falling  into  the 
hands  of  the  rebels.     D.  1869. 

McCALL,  George  Archibald,  an 


American  general,  b.  in  Philadelphia, 
1802,  graduated  at  West  Point,  was  a 
captain  in  the  Florida  war,  commanded 
with  great  distinction  in  the  Mexican 
war,  resigned  in  1853.  When  the  civil 
war  broke  out  he  organized  the  Penn- 
sylvania reserve  corps  of  15,000  men, 
and  became  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers. He  was  engaged  at  Drainsville, 
Mechanicsville,  Gaines's  Mill,  and  was 
victorious  at  Charles  City  Cross  Roads  ; 
but  on  the  same  evening,  while  recon- 
noitering,  was  taken  prisoner,  and  con- 
fined nearly  seven  weeks  in  the  Libby 
prison.  When  released,  his  impaired 
health  prevented  him  from  engaging  in 
active  service,  and  he  resigned,  1863. 
D.  1888.  He  was  author  of  "  Letters 
from  the  Frontier,  written  during  30 
Years'  Service  in  the  U.  S.  Army,"  a 
posthumous  volume. 

McCLIXTOCK,  John,  an  American 
Methodist  clergyman,  b.  in  Philadel- 
phia, 1814,  translated,  with  Dr.  Blumen- 
thal,  Neander's  "Life  of  Christ,"  and 
with  Prof.  Crooks  edited  a  series  of 
Greek  and  Latin  text  books.  From 
1848  to  1856  he  was  editor  of  the 
"Methodist    Quarterly   Review."       In 

1860  he  was  called  to  be  preacher  at  the 
American  chapel  in  Paris,  France,  and 
remained  there  till  1864.  From  1867 
till  his  death  he  was  president  of  the 
Drew  Theological  seminary,  Madison, 
N.  J.  He  was  a  distinguished  pulpit 
orator,  and  he  wrote  "  Sketches  of  Emi- 
nent Methodist  Ministers,"  and  a  trans- 
lation of  Bungener's  "  History  of  the 
Council  of  Trent."  For  several  years 
he  was  engaged  with  Dr.  Strong  in  pre- 
paring the  "Cyclopaedia  of  Biblical, 
Theological,  and  Ecclesiastical  Litera- 
ture," of  which  only  three  volumes 
were  published  at  the  time  of  his  death, 
in  1870. 

McCLUNEY,  William  J.,  commo- 
dore U.  S.  navy,  entered  the  service  in 
1812,  and  was  an  acting  lieutenant  on  the 
Wasp  during  the  engagement  between 
that  vessel  and  the  British  ship  Frolic. 
In  1853  he  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  Powhatan,  attached  to  the 
East  India  squadron  under  Commodore 
Perry,  and  returned  in  18">6  with  a  rep- 
utation for  gallantry  and  tact.  From 
1858  to  1860  he  commanded  I  he  home 
squadron.     D.  in  Brooklyn,  1864. 

McCOOK,  Robert  Latimer,  b.  in 
Ohio,  1827,  adopted  the  law  as  a  profes- 
sion, but  entered   the  U.  S.  service  in 

1861  as  colonel  of  the  9th  Ohio  volun- 
teers. He  served  in  Western  Virginia 
and  in  S.  E.  Kentucky,  and  in  March, 


mac] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


203 


1861,  was  made  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers.  He  commanded  a  division 
in  Thomas's  corps  of  Buell's  army,  and 
was  murdered  by  guerillas,  while  lying 
sick  in  an  ambulance,  near  Salem,  Ala., 
Aug.  5,  1862.  His  brother  Daniel, 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  was 
killed  at  kenesaw  Mountain,  186-4. 

McCORD,  David  J.,  a  South  Caro- 
lina lawyer  of  considerable  repute,  one 
of  the  authors  of  Nott  and  McCord's 
reports,  and  the  successor  of  Dr.  Cooper 
as  editor  of  the  statutes  at  large  of  that 
state.  B.  1797;  d.  1855.  His  wife, 
Louisa  S.,  a  daughter  of  Langdon 
Cheves,  published,  in  1848,  "My 
Dreams,"  and  a  translation  of  Bastiat's 
"Sophisms  of  the  Protective  Policy." 
In  1851  she  produced  her  tragedy  of 
"Cains  Gracchus." 

McCULLOCH,  John  Ramsay,  a  vo- 
luminous compiler  of  statistics  and  writ- 
er on  political  economy,  was  b.  in  Wig- 
tonshire  in  1789,  and  was  for  several 
years  a  contributor  to  the  Edinburgh 
press.  In  1828  he  left  Scotland  to  be- 
come professor  of  political  economy  in 
the  university  of  London.  His  best 
known  works  are  a  "  Dictionary  of 
Commerce  and  Commercial  Naviga- 
tion," and  a  "Dictionary  of  Geogra- 
phy." He  edited  "  The  Wealth  of  Na- 
tions," and  his  "Principles  of  Political 
Economy"  are  held  in  high  repute  by 
the  advocates  of  free  trade.  D.  1864. 
—  Ben.,  b.  in  Rutherford  county,  Tenn., 
1814,  removed  to  Texas,  and  distin- 
guished himself  on  various  occasions  in 
the  Mexican  war.  He  was  appointed 
marshal  of  Texas  by  President  Pierce, 
and  a  commissioner  to  adjust  the  diffi- 
culties with  the  Mormons  in  Utah  by 
President  Buchanan.  He  threw  himself 
zealously  into  the  secession  movement, 
and  in  June,  1861,  was  appointed  a 
brigadier-general  of  the  forces  of  Ar- 
kansas. He  led  a  corps  of  Arkansas, 
Louisiana,  and  Texas  troops  into  Mis- 
souri, and  was  killed  in  the  battle  of 
Pea  Ridge,  March  7,  1862. 

McDOUGALL,  James  A.,  an  Amer- 
ican lawyer  and  politician,  b.  in  Beth- 
lehem, N.  Y.,  studied  law,  settled  in 
Illinois,  and  became  attorney-general 
of  the  state,  emigrated  to  California, 
and  was  there  attorney-general,  and 
sent  to  the  lower  bouse  of  congress,  in 
1853-55,  and  to  the  U.  S.  senate,  in 
1861-67.  He  was  a  war  Democrat.  D. 
at  Albanv,  N.  Y.,  1867. 

MACDOWELL,  Patrick,  a  sculptor, 
was  born  at  Belfast,  in  1799.  His  first 
work  of  consequence  was  a  successful 


model  intended  for  a  monument  to 
Major  Cartwright.  Among  the  most 
prominent  of  his  works  are  his  "Cu- 
pid," "Psyche,"  "A  Girl  going  to 
Bathe."  He  executed  two  statues 
for  the  houses  of  parliament,  namely, 
"The  Earl  of  Chatham,"  and  "  William 
Pitt,"  and  the  group  of  "  Europe  "  for 
the  Albert  Memorial  in  Hyde  Park.  D. 
1870. 

McGEE,  Thomas  D'Arcy,  a  politi- 
cian and  writer,  b.  in  Ireland,  1825. 
In  1843,  he  emigrated  to  the  United 
States,  and  was  employed  on  the  Bos- 
ton press.  When  the  "  Young  Ireland  " 
movement  began,  in  1848,  he  returned 
to  his  native  country,  and,  on  the  staff 
of  the  "Nation,"  was  very  active  in 
promoting  the  agitation.  When  the 
emeutewa.*  quelled  he  escaped  to  Amer- 
ica, where  he  established  "The  Amer- 
ican Celt."  During  the  "  Know-Noth- 
ing  "  movement  of  1854-56,  however, 
he  became  an  ardent  royalist,  and  re- 
moved to  Canada;  and  in  1857,  the 
citizens  of  Montreal  elected  him  to  the 
Canadian  parliament.  In  1864,  he  was 
made  president  of  the  executive  coun- 
cil, and  retained  that  office  till  1867, 
when  he  was  reelected  to  the  parlia- 
ment of  the  new  Dominion  of  Canada, 
and  appointed  minister  of  agriculture 
in  the  new  cabinet.  He  was  assassi- 
nated at  Ottawa,  by  a  member  of  the 
Fenian  secret  society,  April  7,  1868. 
His  works  are,  "  Historical  Sketches  of 
O'Connell  and  his  Friends,"  "The 
Irish  Writers  of  the  Seventeenth  Cen- 
tury," "  History  of  the  Irish  Settlers 
in  North  America,"  "  Canadian  Bal- 
lads," "  A  Popular  History  of  Ireland," 
2  vols.,  1863;  "Speeches  and  Ad- 
dresses," 1865. 

McGILLIVRAY,  William,  a  Scot- 
tish naturalist,  b.  1796,  held  a  profes- 
sorship of  natural  history  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Edinburg,  and  from  1841  in  the 
university  of  Aberdeen.  He  published 
several  popular  works  and  numerous 
articles  on  natural  history,  —  among 
them  "  Lives  of  Eminent  Zoologists," 
and  "History  of  British  Birds."  At 
the  time  of  his  death  in  1852  he  was 
engaged  on  a  work  illustrating  the  nat- 
ural history  of  the  environs  of  Balmo- 
ral Castle, "the  MS.  of  which  was  pur- 
chased bv  the  Queen  and  printed  in 
1856. 

MACGREGOR,  John,  a  British  econ- 
omist, b.  1797,  was  placed  when  young 
in  a  commercial  house  in  Canada,  and 
returning  to  England,  became  M.  P. 
for  Glasgow,  in  1847.     He  wrote  "  The 


204 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mac 


Progress  of  America  from  the  Discovery 
by  Columbus  to  184*5,"  and  "Commer- 
cial Statistics  of  All  Nations,"  5  vols. 
1857. 

McGRIGOR,  Sir  James,  b.  1772,  a 
British  surgeon,  was  with  the  army  in 
Egypt  during  trie  outbreak  of  the  plague, 
an  "account  of  which  he  published,  in 
1804,  entitled,  "Medical  Sketches  of 
the  Expedition  to  Egypt  from  India." 
He  afterwards  published  a  "  Sketch  of 
the  Medical  History  of  the  British  Ar- 
mies "  during  the  Peninsular  war.  D. 
1858. 

McILVAINE,  Charles  Pettit,  an 
American  bishop,  b.  at  Burlington,  X. 
J.,  1798,  graduated  at  Princeton  col- 
lege, was  admitted  to  deacon's  orders, 
1820,  and  became  in  1825  professor  of 
history  and  ethics  at  West  Point.  In 
1831,  he  was  made  professor  of  the  evi- 
dences of  revealed  religion  and  sacred 
antiquities  in  the  university  of  the  city 
of  New  York.  In  1832,  he  was  conse- 
crated bishop  of  Ohio,  and  from  that 
time  exercised  great  influence  over  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the 
United  States.  During  the  civil  war  he 
was  an  active  member  of  the  Sanitary 
and  Christian  Commissions,  and  visited 
England  to  explain  the  position  of  the 
Federal  Union  on  the  question  at  issue. 
His  published  works  were  numerous. 
Of  these  his  "Evidences  of  Christian- 
ity," first  published  in  1832,  has  passed 
through  more  than  thirty  editions.  D. 
1873. 

MACKAY,  Chari.es,  an  eminent 
Scotch  actor,  whose  Bailie  Nicol  Jarvie 
elicited  from  Sir  Walter  Scott  the  praise 
that  the  part  seemed  made  for  him  and 
he  for  the  part.     B.  1787  ;  d.  1857. 

McKEAN,  William  W.,  commodore 
U.  S.  navy,  b.  in  Pennsylvania,  1801, 
was  the  son  of  Judge  McKean,  and  en- 
tered the  service  in  1814.  He  com- 
manded a  schooner  in  Porrer's  squadron 
in  1823-24,  and  was  actively  engaged 
in  suppressing  piracy  on  the  coast  of 
Cuba  and  among  the  islands  of  the  bay. 
He  was  frequently  employed  upon 
special  service,  and  commanded  the 
screw  steamer  Niagara,  which  conveyed 
the  Japanese  ambassadors  to  their 
home.  For  a  brief  period  he  com- 
manded the  West  Gulf  blockading 
squadron.  His  connection  with  the 
service  extended  over  nearly  half  a 
century,  and  his  active  employment 
over  more  than  thirty  years.     D.  1865. 

McKENNEY,  Thomas  Lorraine, 
b.  in  Maryland,  1785,  was  appointed  in 
1816  superintendent  of  the  U.  S.  trade 


with  the  Indian  tribes,  and  subsequently 
of  the  bureau  of  Indian  affairs  in  the 
war  department.  He  was  author  of 
"Tour  to  the  Lakes,  and  Treat v  of 
Fond  da  Lac,"  1827,  "Memoirs  Offi- 
cial and  Personal,"  1846 ;  and  of  a  "  His- 
torv  of  Indian  Tribes,"  3  vols.  fol. 
1838-44.     D.  1858. 

.MACKENZIE,  Charles  Kenneth, 
a  London  litterateur,  and  in  early  life 
aid-de-camp  and  military  secretarv  to 
the  Duke  of  Wellington".  B.  1788;  d. 
in  New  York,  1862.  —  William  Lyon, 
the  leader  of  the  Upper  Canada  rebel- 
lion in  1837,  was  b.  in  Dundee,  Scot- 
land, 1704,  and  was  brought  up  to  the 
trade  of  a  weaver.  About  1825,  he  em- 
igrated to  Canada,  and  became  an  ac- 
tive politician,  published  and  edited  a 
newspaper  in  opposition  to  the  Tory 
theory  and  practice  of  colonial  admin- 
istration, and  after  a  time  was  elected 
to  the  legislature  of  the  sparsely  peo- 
pled colony.  His  efforts,  and  those  of 
his  co-patriots,  resulted  in  the  insurrec- 
tion of  Dec.  1837.  A  few  days,  how- 
ever, sufficed  for  the  defeat  and  disper- 
sion of  the  insurgents,  Mackenzie, 
after  many  narrow  escapes,  reaching 
the  United  States  side  of  the  Niagara. 
Here  he  was  joined  by  sympathizers 
from  both  sides  of  the  line,  with  whose 
aid  he  maintained  a  position  of  hostility 
on  Navy  Island,  in  the  Niagara  river. 
This  camp  was  broken  up  through  the 
exertions  of  General  Scott,  and  Mac- 
kenzie was  tried  at  Rochester  for  a 
breach  of  the  neutrality  laws,  found 
guilty,  and  sentenced  to  12  months' 
imprisonment.  On  regaining  his  lib- 
erty he  became  connected  with  the 
press,  and  in  New  York  published  sev- 
eral political  pamphlets.  On  the  proc- 
lamation of  amnesty,  in  1849,  he  re- 
turned to  Canada,  and  regained  a  seat 
in  the  provincial  legislature,  entering 
afresh  into  political  warfare.  He  re- 
tired from  parliament  about  1859,  and 
d.  in  Toronto,  1861. 

Mcl.AXE,  [.oris,  an  American  states- 
man, b.  in  Kent  Co..  Del  ,  1785,  served  in 
the  U.  S.  navy  as  midshipman  under 
Decatur;  was  admitted  to  the  bar;  rep- 
resented Delaware  in  congress;  was  for 
two  years  minister  to  England  under 
President  Jackson;  and,  successively, 
secretary  of  the  treasury  and  secretary 
of  state".  While  the  Oregon  negotia- 
tions were  pending,  he  again  accepted 
the  mission  to  England.  On  retiring 
from  active  political  life,  he  became 
president  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
Railroad  Co.     D.  in  Baltimore,  1857- 


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CYCLOPAEDIA    OK    BIOGRAPHY. 


205 


McLEAN,  John,  a  distinguished 
American  lawyer  and  statesman,  b.  in 
Morris  county",  N.  J.,  1785;  d.  in  Cin- 
cinnati, 1861.  During  his  childhood 
his  father  emigrated  with  his  family  to 
Virginia,  whence  he  removed  to  Ken- 
tucky, and  finally  settled  in  the  state  of 
Ohio".  Here  the  son  received  a  scanty 
education;  and,  in  1807,  entered  upon 
the  practice  of  the  law  at  Lebanon, 
Ohio.  In  1812  he  became  a  candidate 
for  congress,  and  was  elected  by  a  large 
majority.  He  belonged  to  the  Demo- 
cratic party,  being  an  ardent  supporter 
of  the  war  and  of  President  Madison's 
administration.  In  1814  he  was  again 
elected  to  congress  by  a  unanimous 
vote,  and  remained  a  member  of  the 
house  until  1816,  when  he  resigned  — 
the  legislature  of  Ohio  having  elected 
him  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
state.  He  remained  six  years  upon  the 
supreme  bench  of  Ohio.  In  1822  he 
was  appointed  commissioner  of  the  gen- 
eral land-office  b}-  President  Monroe  ; 
and  in  1823  he  became  postmaster  gen- 
eral. In  1829,  he  was  appointed  bv 
President  Jackson  a  justice  of  the  U. 
S.  supreme  court.  In  the  Dred  Scott 
case  he  dissented  from  the  judgment 
of  the  court. 

MACLEAY,  William  Sharp,  an 
English  zoologist,  was  educated  at  Trin- 
ity college,  Cambridge.  His  writings 
produced  quite  a  revolution  in  the  opin- 
ions of  zoologists  as  to  the  relations  of 
natural  objects,  and  their  systematic 
classification.     D.  1865. 

MACLEOD,  Norman,  a  Scottish  di- 
vine and  writer,  b.  in  Argyleshire,  1812, 
was  educated  in  Edinburgh,  and  after- 
wards travelled  in  Germany.  From  1851 
to  his  death  he  was  minister  of  the  Bar- 
ony parish  of  Glasgow.  He  visited 
Canada  and  the  United  States  in  1850, 
and  Palestine  in  1864.  From  18  id  he 
was  editor  of  "  Good  Words,"  a  monthly 
periodical.  He  wrote  "  Reminiscences 
of  a  Highland  Parish,"  "The  Earnest 
Student,"  and  "  Home  Education." 
D.  1872. 

JVIcLEOD,  Xavier  Donald,  b.  in 
New  York,  1821,  graduated  at  Colum- 
bia college,  and  in  1845  entered  the  min- 
istry of  the  Episcopal  Church.  He  vis- 
ited Europe,  1850-52,  and  whilst  there 
became  a  Roman  Catholic.  On  his  re- 
turn he  wrote  for  various  periodicals  ; 
some  of  his  poems  exhibiting  much  tal- 
ent. He  published  a  "  Life  of  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott,"  and  several  works  of  fiction. 
Removing  to  the  west,  he  was  for  a 
time  connected  with   the  press  of   St. 


Louis,  and  afterwards  professor  of  rhet- 
oric and  bttlles-lettres  at  the  catholic 
college  near  Cincinnati.  Eventually  he 
was  admitted  to  the  priesthood,  and 
was  killed  by  a  railroad  accident  whilst 
on  an  errand  of  mercy.     D.  1865. 

MACLISE,  Daniel,  a  distinguished 
painter,  b.  at  Cork,  1811,  practised  for  a 
time  portrait-drawing  in  pencil,  and  in 
1828  went  to  London  and   entered  the 
Royal   Academy,    and    here    soon    ob- 
tained leading  prizes  for  his  drawings 
from    life,  and    for   the  best  copy  of  a 
picture.     He  sketched  for  "  Eraser's," 
a   remarkable   series  of   character-por- 
traits, under  the  pseudonym  of  Alfred 
Croquis,  and  then  devoted   his  talents 
to  oil  painting,  in  which   he  met  with 
extraordinary  success.     He  was  elected 
a    member   of   the   Royal  Academy  in 
1840.     His   productions  were  very  nu- 
merous, and  some  of  the  following  are 
specially  admired:    l-The  Vow  of  the 
Ladies  "and  the  Peacock,"  "Henry  the 
Eighth's  Interview  with  Anne  Boleyn," 
"  Gil    Bias   and   the   Parasite,"    "  The 
Sleeping  Beauty,"  and  "  Caxton  in  his 
Printing  Office."     He   made  many  de- 
signs for  illustrated  works,  was  a  first- 
rate  draughtsman,  and  painted  two  large 
frescoes  in  the  royal  gallery  of  the  pal- 
ace at   Westminster,  viz.,  "The  Death 
of  Nelson,"  and  the  "Meeting  of  Wel- 
lington  and   Blucher  after  Waterloo." 
Two  of  his  best  pictures  are  in  the  na- 
tional collection  at  the  Kensington  Mu- 
seum, his  "  Plav  Scene  in  Hamlet,"  and 
"  Malvolio  and  the  Countess."  D.  1870. 
MACLURE,  Sir  Robkkt  John  Le 
Mesukiek,    an    arctic   discoverer    and 
traveller,    was    b.    at   Wexford,    1807. 
His   first   arctic  voyage  was  under  Sir 
George    Back.     In"  1848    he    went    in 
search  of  Franklin,  who  had  been  ab- 
sent for  three  years,  unheard  of  since  he 
re-victualed  at  Greenland,  shortly  after 
his  departure  from  England.    This  voy- 
age, however,  was   unsuccessful.     An- 
other expedition  was  fitted  out  in  1850, 
in  which  Captain  Maclure  commanded 
the    Enterprise ;    and    in    this    voyage 
he  obtained   a  result  which   had   been 
long    sought,  — the   discovery   of    the 
Northwest     passage.     Instead    of    pro- 
ceeding northwards  to  Greenland,  which 
is   the   usual    course,  Captain   Maclure 
sailed  round  to  Behring's  Straits,  and 
then   pursued  an   eastern   course.     He 
travelled    by  sledge   and   on  foot  from 
the    Pacific*  to   the   Atlantic;  and    al- 
though finding  no  trace  of  the  Franklin 
expedition,  he  succeeded  in  that  which 
had  hitherto   baffled  every  other  navi- 


206 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mac 


gator.  On  his  return  home,  he  was 
knighted  by  her  Majesty,  #nd  received 
a  portion  of  the  reward  of  .£10,000 
which  had  been  offered  for  the  discov- 
ery of  a  passage  to  India  by  proceed- 
ing in  a  northwesterly  direction,  in- 
stead of  the  usual  route  bv  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  He  afterwards  rendered 
important  service  in  the  Chinese  war. 
D.  1873. 

McNAB,  Sir  Allan  Napier,  Bart., 
a  Canadian  politician,  who  earned 
knighthood  by  the  seizure  and  destruc- 
tion of  the  "Caroline,  an  American 
steamer  used  by  the  Mackenzie  insur- 
gents in  1837.  He  was  several  times  a 
member  of  the  provincial  cabinet,  and 
in  1858  had  a  baronetcv  conferred  upon 
him.     B.  1798;  d.  1862. 

McNEIL,  .Tons,  an  American  soldier, 
b.  in  New  Hampshire,  1781,  commis- 
sioned as  captain  in  the  11th  regiment 
of  infantry  in  1812,  distinguished  him- 
self in  leading  the  bayonet  charge  of 
that  regiment  which  secured  the  victory 
to  the  Americans  in  the  battle  of  Chip- 
pewa. Promoted  for  his  services  in 
this  battle  and  in  the  battle  of  Bridge- 
water  he  attained  the  rank  of  brevet 
brigadier  general,  and  resigned  his  com- 
mission in  1830.     U.  1850. 

MACOMB,  William  H.,  an  Ameri- 
can naval  officer,  b.  1818,  entered  the 
service  1834 ;  in  the  Portsmouth,  E.  I. 
squadron,  engaged  and  captured  the 
barrier  forts  in  Canton,  China,  1856. 
He  was  in  frequent  actions  with  the 
confederate  batteries  in  1863;  com- 
manded the  naval  force  in  the  capture 
of  Plymouth,  N.  C,  in  October,  1861, 
and  was  promoted  for  his  services  on 
Roanoke  Kiver.  D.  in  Philadelphia, 
1872. 

Mcpherson,  James   bikdseye, 

major-general  U.  S.  volunteers  and 
brigadier-general  of  the  regular  army, 
b.  in  Sandusky,  Ohio,  1828,  graduated  at 
West  Point  and  entered  the  army  with 
a  brevet  rank  of  second  lieutenant  of 
engineers.  He  became  an  assistant  in- 
structor of  practical  engineering  at  the 
military  academy,  and  in  the  autumn 
of  1854  was  appointed  assistant  engi- 
neer on  the  defences  of  New  York  har- 
bor. He  was  engaged  as  chief  of  engi- 
neers on  the  Pacific  coast  when  the 
civil  war  broke  out.  In  August,  1861, 
he  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  fortifi- 
cations of  B  'Ston  harbor,  and  in  the 
following  November  became  aide  to 
(Jen.  Halleck  in  the  department  of  the 
west,  with  the  rank  of  lieut. -colonel. 
He  was   chief  engineer  of  the  expedi- 


tions against  Forts  Henry  and  Donel- 
son,  and  remained  with  Gen.  Grant 
after  the  reduction  of  these  works. 
For  services  at  Shiloh  he  was  nomi- 
nated lieutenant-colonel  of  engineers. 
The  engineering  works  during  the  siege 
of  Corinth  were  under  his  direction. 
In  May,  1862,  he  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general  of  volunteers, 
and  the  various  military  railroads  in  the 
department  of  West  Tennessee  were 
placed  under  his  management.  He 
again  distinguished  himself  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Corinth,  and  promoted  major- 
general  of  volunteers,  was  assigned  to 
the  command  of  the  Union  forces  at 
Bolivar,  Tenn.  When  Gen.  Grant  was 
placed  in  command  of  the  U.  S.  armies, 
Gen.  McPherson  took  the  command  of 
the  army  and  department  of  the  Ten- 
nessee. He  was  killed  in  battle  before 
Atlanta,  .July  22,  1864.  In  his  report  of 
the  engagement  General  Grant  speaks 
of  him  as  the  brave,  accomplished,  and 
noble-hearted  McPherson. 

McRAE,  John  J.,  an  American  poli- 
tician, b.  in  Mississippi,  1810,  bred  to 
the  bar,  served  in  the  state  legislature, 
was  in  the  U.  S.  senate  in  1851,  gov- 
ernor of  his  state  1854-58,  and  mem- 
ber of  congress  1858-61.  He  joined  the 
confederates  but  took  no  noiable  part  in 
the  war.     D.  at  Honduras,  1868. 

MACREADY,  William  Charles, 
an  eminent  English  tragedian,  was  b. 
in  London  in  1793.  His  early  educa- 
tion was  received  at  Rugby,  but.  owing 
to  his  father's  failure  as  manager  of  the 
Manchester  theatre,  he  was  compelled 
to  go  upon  the  stage.  He  made  his 
debut  at  Birmingham  in  1810,  in  "Ro- 
meo," and  after  performing  in  many  of 
the  leading  provincial  theatres,  appeared 
before  a  London  audience,  in  Covent 
Garden,  in  1816,  as  "Orestes,"  in  the 
"Distressed  Mother."  His  reception 
on  this  occasion  was  enthusiastic,  and 
encouraged  him  to  persevere  in  the  study 
of  some  of  Shakspeare's  principal  char- 
acters, till,  he  appeared  successfully 
in  "Hamlet,"  "Macbeth,"  "Lear," 
"  Shylock,"  and  "  Coriolanus."  His 
great  triumph,  however,  was  in 
Knowles's  tragedy  of  "  Virgin  ins," 
which  confirmed  his  position  and  repu- 
tation. He  made  a  tour  in  the  United 
States  in  1826,  and  also  appeared  in 
Paris  two  years  later.  In  1837  he  be- 
came lessee"  of  Covent  Garden  theatre; 
hut  after  two  years'  trial  gave  it  up,  on 
the  grounds  of  injustice  and  rapacity 
on  the  part  of  the  proprietors.  He  af- 
terwards performed  at  the  Haymarket, 


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CYCLOTjEDIA  of  biograthy. 


207 


and  in  the  provinces.  Assuming  the 
management  of  Drury  Lane,  he  en- 
deavored to  elevate  the  public  tasle, 
but  did  not  meet  with  an  adequate  pecu- 
niary return  for  his  exertions.  He  per- 
formed in  America  a  second  time  in 
1843,  and  again  in  1849  ;  and  was  in 
danger  of  losing  his  life  during  a  riot 
which  occurred  on  this  last  visit  at  the 
Astor  Place  theatre  in  New  York.  He 
returned  home,  and  after  appearing  in 
many  of  his  favorite  representations  in 
different  parts  of  the  kingdom,  retired 
from  the  stage  in  1851.  D.  1873.  Two 
years  after  his  death  appeared  his 
"  Reminiscences  and  Selections  from 
his  Diaries  and  Letters,"  edited  by  Sir 
Frederick  Pollock. 

MacVICKAK,  John,  author  and 
professor,  b.  in  New  York  1787,  studied 
theology  and  was  ordained  an  Episco- 
pal clergyman,  was  forty  years  profes- 
sor of  moral  philosophy,  rhetoric,  and 
belles-lettres  in  Columbia  college,  and 
from  1857  to  1864  professor  of  natural 
and  revealed  religion.  He  was  author 
of  a  life  of  Samuel  Bard,  1822;  "Out- 
lines of  Political  Economy,"  1825; 
"Early  Years,"  1834;  "The  Profes- 
sionaf  Years  of  Bishop  Hobart,"  1836; 
and  other  treatises,  essavs,  and  ad- 
dresses.    D.  1868. 

MADDEN,  Sir  Frederick,  anti- 
quarian writer,  b.  at  Portsmouth,  in 
1801.  He  was  keeper  of  the  manuscript 
department  in  the  British  Museum, 
from  1837  to  1806.  Amongst  the  most 
important  of  his  publications  may  be 
named  "The  Holy  Bible  in  the  earliest 
English  Version,  by  Wycliffe;"  the 
ii  prjVy  Purse  Expenses  of  the  Princess 
Mary,  afterwards  Queen  Mary,  with  a 
Memoir  of  the  Princess,  and  Notes  ;  " 
"Havelock,  the  Dane;"  "Layamon's 
Brut,  or  Chronicle  of  Britain  ;  "  and  the 
"  Historia  Anglorum  "  of  Matthew 
Paris.     D.  1873. 

MADLER,  Johann  Heinrich  von, 
a  German  astronomer,  b.  1794,  pub- 
lished in  1837,  in  the  great  work  enti- 
tled "  Der  Mond,"  the  fullest  descrip- 
tion of  the  phenomena  of  the  moon's 
surface  that  had  appeared  up  to  that 
time.  He  was  director  of  the  observa- 
tory at  Dorpat.  from  1840  till  his  death. 
His  more  important  works  are  "On  the 
System  of  the  Fixed  Stars,"  1845  ; 
"The  Starry  Heavens,"  1851;  and  the 
"  History  of  Astronomy  from  the  Ear- 
liest to  the  most  Recent  Times,"  1873. 
D.  1874. 

MAFFIT,  John  Newland,  an  ef- 
fective Methodist  preacher,  b.  in  Dub- 


lin, Ireland,  1794,  came  to  the  United 
States  in  1819,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  remarkable  pulpit  eloquence. 
He  was  professor  of  elocution  and  belles- 
lettres  in  La  Grange  college,  Alabama, 
in  1837,  and  chaplain  to  congress  in 
1841.  In  1847,  he  removed  to  Arkan- 
sas. He  published  "Poems,"  1839, 
and  "Tears  of  Contrition."  an  autobi- 
ography, in  1822.     I).  1850. 

MAGNAN,  Pierre  Bernard,  a 
French  marshal,  was  b.  in  Paris,  on  7th 
December,  1791.  Appointed  in  the 
month  of  July,  1851,  to  the  chief  com- 
mand of  the  army  of  Paris,  and  devoted 
to  Prince  Louis  Napoleon,  he  was  one 
of  the  persons  who  prepared  for  the 
amp  d'etat.  He  aided  the  projects  of 
the  president  during  the  eventful  days 
of  December,  and  was  made  marshal. 
He  remained  in  command  of  the  army 
of  Paris  during  the  Crimean  and  Italian 
campaigns.     D.  1865. 

MAGNUS,  Edwaid,  a  German 
painter,  b.  at  Berlin,  1799,  was  distin- 
guished for  his  admirable  portraits, 
among  which  are  those  of  Jenny  Lind, 
Countess  Rossi,  the  Queen  of  Prussia, 
Mendelssohn,  etc.  D.  1872.—  IIkinrich 
Gustav,  a  distinguished  German  chem- 
ist and  physicist,  b.  at  Berlin,  1802;  d. 
1870. 

MAGRUDER,  John  Bankhead,  an, 
American  general,  b.  in  Virginia,  1811, 
graduated  at  West  Point,  distinguished 
himself  at  Cerro  Gordo  and  Chapulte- 
pec,  resigned  in  1861,  and  joined  the 
confederates.  He  was  made  a  colonel  in 
the  army  of  Virginia,  and  commanded 
at  Yorktown,  until  its  evacuation,  re- 
ceiving the  rank  of  major-general.  He 
was  in  the  Chickahominy  campaign, 
and  Oct.  16,  1862,  was  put  in  command 
of  the  forces  in  Texas,  Arizona,  and 
New  Mexico,  and  compelled  the  national 
forces  to  evacuate  Galveston.     D.  1871. 

MAGUIRE.  John  Francis,  an  Irish 
politician,  b.  1815,  was  called  to  the 
bar  in  1843,  and  in  1865  was  elected 
M.  P.  for  the  city  of  Cork.  He  was  for 
many  years  editor  of  the  "  Cork  Exam- 
iner," a  Roman  Catholic  journal  of  con- 
siderable influence.  He  published  in 
1857,  the  first  edition  of  "  Rome  and  its 
Ruler,"  which  reached  a  third  edition 
much  enlarged  with  the  title  of  "The 
Pontificate  of  Pius  the  Ninth."  He 
published  "  Fathew  Mathew,  a  Biogra- 
phy," in  1863;  "The  Irish  in  Amer- 
ica," 1868;  and  "The  Next  Genera- 
tion," a  prophetic  political  novel,  in 
1864.  He  advocated  self-government 
for  Ireland.     D.  1872. 


208 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[HAN 


MAIIAN,  Dennis  Hart,  engineer, 
b.  in  New  York  city,  1802,  graduated 
at  West  Point,  1824,  was  professor 
there  of  mathematics,  and  of  military 
and  civil  engineering  till  his  death. 
He  pursued  his  studies  in  Europe  four 
years  under  the  orders  of  the  war  de- 
partment. His  professional  works  were 
numerous,  and  are  used  as  text-books  in 
the  Military  Academy  and  at  some  of 
our  colleges.  Drowned  near  Stony 
Point,  on  the  Hudson,  Sept.  16,  1871. 
—  MlLO,  brother  of  the  preceding,  b. 
1819,  was  an  Episcopal  clergyman,  for 
12  years  professor  of  ecclesiastical  his- 
tory in  the  general  seminary  of  the 
Episcopal  Church;  wrote  among  other 
works  a  "Reply to  Colenso,"  1863;  and 
"  Comedv  of  Canonization,"  1868.  D. 
in  Baltimore,  1870. 

MAHOXT,  Francis,  a  journalist  and 
litterateur,  b.  at  Cork,  1805.  He  was 
educated  at  a  Jesuit  college  at  Paris, 
and  at  Rome.  After  some  years  he 
look  holy  orders,  but  his  taste  for  litera- 
ture led  him  to  settle  in  London,  and 
accept  an  appointment  on  the  staff  of 
"Eraser's  Magazine."  His  essays  in 
that  journal,  under  the  nam  deplume  of 
"Father  Prout,"  were  published  in  a 
collected  form.  He  was  afterward  cor- 
respondent of  the  "Daily  News"  in 
•Koine,  and  many  years  the  Paris  cor- 
respondent iif  the  "Globe."  In  1864 
he  retired  to  a  monastery  in  Paris, 
where  he  d.  1866. 

MAI,  Angklo,  Cardinal,  chief  libra- 
rian of  the  Vatican,  and  memorable  for 
his  discoveries  of  lost  portions  of  the 
classics.  He  made  the  discoveries  when 
he  was  keeper  of  the  Ambrosian  library 
at  Milan,  in  1814,  and  they  were  pub- 
lished in  a  collected  form  in  the  years 
1825  to  1838.     B.  1782;  d.  1854. 

MAINZER,  Dit.  Joseph,  originator 
of  the  system  for  popularizing  instruc- 
tion in  music,  was  b.  at  Treves,  1801. 
In  1830  he  went  to  Paris,  where  he  soon 
found  a  field  for  his  plan  of  teaching 
music;  but  the  police  became  jealous  of 
his  ascendency,  and  invited  him  to 
close  his  singing-school  in  the  Place  de 
l'Estrapade.  During  his  residence  in 
Paris,  he  was  a  regular  contributor  to 
the  "  Kevue  des  Deux  Mondes,"  and 
for  six  years  he  was  the  musical  redac- 
teur  of  the  "National."  In  1844  he 
went  to  England,  where  he  found  an 
ample  field  for  his  scheme  of  teaching 
singing  to  the  masses.     D.  1851. 

MAITLAND,  Samuel  Roffey,  b. 
1702,  was  called  to  the  bar,  but  took 
orders  in  1821,  and  was  many  years  li- 


brarian and  keeper  of  the  MSS.  of  Lam- 
beth Palace.  He  was  a  very  volumi- 
nous writer  on  religious  subjects.  D. 
1866.  - 

MALMSTROM,  Elis,  a  Swedish  poet 
and  writer,  b.  1816;  d.  1865.  He  pub- 
lished "Angelica,"  a  collection  of  ele- 
gies, and  "Ariadne,"  an  epic  poem. 

MALONEY,  Mauisice,  an  American 
officer,  b.  in  Ireland,  came  to  this  coun- 
try young,  and  enlisted  in  the  army  as 
a  "private  in  1834.  He  served  in  the 
Florida,  Cherokee,  and  Mexican  wars, 
was  promoted  repeatedly  for  meritori- 
ous services,  and  in  the  civil  war  was 
breveted  lieutenaiit-colonel  during  the 
siege  of  Vicksburg,  and  afterward  colo- 
nel. In  1867  he  was  commissioned  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, and  was  placed  on  the 
retired  list  after  thirty-five  years  of 
honorable  service.     D.  1872. 

MALTITZ,  Apollonius,  Baron  von, 
German  diplomatist,  poet,  and  drama- 
tist, b.  1795:  d.  at  Weimar,  1870. 

MAXBY,  George  William,  captain 
in  the  British  army,  the  inventor  of  ap- 
paratus for  saving  lives  in  cases  of  ship- 
wreck.    D.  1854. 

MAXGUM,  Willie  P.,  b.  in  Orange 
county,  X.  C,  1702;  d.  1861.  lie  stud- 
ied law,  rose  to  eminence  in  his  profes- 
sion, entered  into  politics,  and  was 
elected  to  the  house  of  commons  in 
1818.  In  1810  he  was  elected  a  judge 
of  the  superior  court,  and  from  1823  to 
1826  served  as  a  representative  in  con- 
gress. He  was  elected  a  U.  S.  senator 
in  1831,  reelected  in  1841,  and  for  a 
third  term  in  1848,  serving,  on  one  oc- 
casion, as  president  pro  tern,  of  that 
body.  In  1837  he  received  eleven  elec- 
toral votes  for  president  of  the  United 
States. 

MA XIX,  Daniel,  an  Italian  patriot, 
b.  1804,  in  Venice.  Educated  at  Padua, 
he  became  a  student  of  jurisprudence, 
a  translator  of  the  Roman  law,  and  au 
assailant  of  the  treachery  and  despot- 
ism exercised  by  Austria  toward  his  na- 
tive country.  Avoiding  secret  societies, 
and  always  zealously  supporting  order, 
he  imparted  immense  moral  force  to  the 
demand  he  urged  for  a  separate  govern- 
ment for  Venice  and  Lombardy,  a  re- 
vision of  codes,  an  annual  budget,  free- 
dom of  worship,  and  freedom  of  the 
press.  When  the  revolution  of  1848 
broke  out  he  was  in  prison;  and,  liber- 
ated by  a  decision  of  the  tribunal,  he 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  affairs,  and  a 
month  afterward  was  proclaimed  dic- 
tator of  the  republic.  To  his  genius 
and    spirit    the    resistance    of    Venice 


MAR 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


209 


through  a  year's  siege  by  Austria  was 
mainly  attributable  ;  and  when  capitu- 
lation" became  inevitable,  he  retired  to 
Paris,  where  he  d.  1857. 

MANN,  Horace,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent 
educational  reformer,  b.  in  Franklin, 
Mass.,  1796,  graduated  at  Brown  uni- 
versity, and  practised  as  a  lawyer  in 
Norfolk  county  and  in  Boston.  Elected 
to  the  state  senate,  he  labored  to  ma- 
ture the  system  of  education  and  chari- 
table institutions  ;  and  in  1835  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  commissioners  to 
superintend  the  publication  of  the  re- 
vised statutes.  He  was  twelve  years 
secretary  of  the  board  of  education  of 
Massachusetts,  and  his  annual  reports 
are  an  enduring  monument  to  his  fame. 
The  great  cause  of  common-school  edu- 
cation is  indebted  to  no  man  more  than 
to  him.  In  1848  he  was  elected  to  con- 
gress, and  served  as  representative  there 
until  1853,  when  he  was  appointed  pres- 
ident of  Antioch  college.  In  that  ca- 
pacity he  officiated  with  self-sacrificing 
zeal,  and  d.  at  Yellow  Springs,  O., 
1859. 

MANSEL,  Henry  Longueville,  a 
distinguished  philosopher  and  divine, 
was  born  in  Northamptonshire,  1820. 
Graduated  at  Oxford,  he  took  orders  in 
1845,  and  in  1855  was  appointed  reader 
in  moral  and  metaphysical  philosophy 
at  Magdalen  college,  which  became  the 
Wayneflete  professorship  in  1859.  In 
1868  he  succeeded  Dean  Milman  at  St. 
Paul's.  Among  his  works  are  "Prole- 
gomena Logica,"  a  popular  treatise  on 
Kant's  philosophy;  the  Bampton  Lect- 
ures (1858)  on  the  "Limit  of  Relig- 
ious Thought,"  which  gave  rise  to  much 
animated  controversy;  and  the  "Phi- 
losophy of  the  Conditioned."  He  was 
joint  editor  with  Veitch  of  Hamilton's 
"Lectures  on  Metaphysics  and  Logic." 
D.  1871. 

MANSFIELD.  Joseph  King  Fenno, 
brigadier-general  in  the  U.  S.  army,  b. 
in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  1803.  was  grad- 
uated at  West  Point  in  1822,  and  ap- 
pointed second  lieutenant  in  the  engi- 
neer corps.  He  was  chief  engineer 
under  General  Taylor  in  the  Mexican 
war,  and  was  promoted  to  a  colonelcy. 
In  May,  1861,  he  was  commissioned 
a  brigadier-general,  and  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  department  of  Washing- 
ton, and  for  a  brief  time  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Virginia.  He  was  afterward 
assigned,  successively,  to  Cape  Hatter- 
as,  Camp  Hamilton,  Newport  News, 
and  Suffolk,  Va.  He  was  summoned 
to  Washington  as  a  member  of  the 
14 


court  of  inquiry  into  the  circumstances 
of  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run  ;  but 
preferring  active  service,  he  was  ordered 
to  report  to  McClellan,  and  placed  in 
command  of  the  corps  previously  under 
Banks.  General  Mansfield  took  part  in 
the  battle  of  Antietam,  Sept.  17,  1862, 
and  was  mortally  wounded  at  the  head 
of  his  troops. 

MANTELL,  Gideon  Algernon,  au- 
thor of  "The  Wonders  of  Geology," 
"Thoughts  on  a  Pebble,"  and  other 
geological  works,  b.  1790;  d.  in  London, 
1852. 

MANZONI,  Alessandro,  Count, 
was  b.  at  Milan,  1784.  His  mother  was 
the  daughter  of  Marquis  Beccaria,  the 
celebrated  author  of  the  treatise  on 
crimes  and  punishments.  He  studied 
at  Milan  and  Pavia  with  distinction, 
and  at  an  early  age  adopted  the  doc- 
trines of  Voltaire.  Repairing  with  his 
mother  to  Paris,  they  mingled  in  the 
best  literary  society,  and  Manzoni  pub- 
lished, in  1806,  his  first  poem,  "In 
Morte  di  Carlo  Imbonati."  He  soon 
abandoned  his  skepticism,  and  became 
a  devout  Roman  Catholic.  The  first 
fruit  of  this  change  was  a  collection  of 
five  sacred  hymns,  published  in  1810. 
He  published  his  first  tragedy,  "II 
Conte  de  Carmagnolia,"  in  1820,  which 
gave  him  a  European  celebrity;  his 
second,  "  Adelche,"  in  1823.  His  great 
work,  however,  is  "  I  Promessi  Sposi," 
a  Milanese  story  of  the  17th  century, 
produced  in  1827,  which  has  been  trans- 
lated into  nearly  every  European  lan- 
guage.    D.  1873. 

MARCH,  Charles  W.,  an  Ameri- 
can author,  b.  in  Portsmouth,  N.  H., 
1815,  graduated  at  Harvard  college, 
studied  law,  and  removing  to  New 
York,  became  a  correspondent  of  the 
journals,  writing  from  Washington.  He 
was  the  author  of  "  Travels  in  Madeira 
and  Spain,"  "  Daniel  Webster  and  his 
Contemporaries,"  and  "Reminiscences 
of  Congress."  D.  at  Alexandria,  Egypt, 
1864. 

MARCHI,  Padre,  an  eminent  ar- 
chaeologist, and  keeper  of  the  Kirche- 
rian  museum  in  Rome.     D.  1860. 

MARCY,  William  Larned.  a  states- 
man and  diplomatist,  b.  in  Southbridge, 
Worcester  county,  Mass.,  1786,  gradu- 
ated at  Brown  university  in  1808,  studied 
law,  and  commenced  practice  in  Troy, 
N.  Y.  He  was  appointed  recorder  of 
that  city  in  1816,  was  made  state  comp- 
troller in  1823,  and  removed  to  Albany. 
In  1829  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of   the   state,  and  was 


210 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[kAR 


chosen  U.  S.  senator  in  1831,  was  elected 
governor  of  New  York  in  1832,  and  re- 
elected in  1S34.  He  was  secretary  of 
war  from  1845  to  1849,  during  Mr.  Polk's 
administration,  and  secretary  of  state 
from  1853  to  1857,  in  the  Pierce  admin- 
istration. Integrity  distinguished  him 
in  every  office,  and  his  administration 
of  the  state  department  was  marked  by 
hard  work,  and  great  judgment  and 
ability.  He  d.  suddenly  at  Ballston 
Spa,  N.  Y.,  Julv4,  1857. 

MAEIA  ADELAIDE,  queen  of  Sar- 
dinia, daughter  of  the  Archduke  Reign- 
ier  of  Austria,  b.  182:2  ;  d.  1855.— 
Thehksa,  queen-dowager  of  Sardinia, 
daughter  of  the  Archduke  Ferdinand 
of  Austria,  b.  1801;  d.  1855. 

MARIA  DA  GLORIA,  queen  of 
Portugal,  I).  1819;  d.  1853.  She  was 
daughter  of  the  emperor  of  Brazil,  Pe- 
dro I.,  and  on  the  death  of  her  grand- 
father, John  VI.,  was  designated  suc- 
cessor to  the  crown  of  Portugal  by  virtue 
of  the  act  of  renunciation  executed  by 
Pedro.  Don  Miguel,  however,  usurped 
the  throne,  and  her  accession,  in  1833, 
was  secured  only  after  war.  Her  reign 
was  a  continual  scene  of  intrigues  at 
court,  and  of  discontent  rising  into  re- 
bellion throughout  the  country. 

MARIE  AMELIE  DE  BOURBON, 
queen  of  the  French,  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Ferdinand  IV.  of  Naples  and 
Marie  Caroline,  archduchess  of  Austria, 
daughter  of  Maria  Theresa,  and  sister 
of  Marie  Antoinette.  She  was  most 
carefully  educated  under  the  care  of 
Madame  d'Ambrosio.  "  We  three  sis- 
ters," said,  on  one  occasion,  the  widow 
of  Charles  Felix,  king  of  Sardinia,  to 
M.  Donuet,  archbishop  of  Bordeaux,  — 
"we  three  sisters  were  called  respec- 
tively La  Bella,  La  Dotta,  and  La  Santa. 
La  Santa  was  Marie  Amelie."  Nov.  25, 
180!},  she  was  married,  at  Palermo,  to 
Louis  Philippe,  duke  of  Orleans,  after- 
ward king  of  the  French.  When  the 
king  fled  from  Paris,  she  accompanied 
him  as  far  as  Evreux,  where  she  sep- 
arated from  him  for  safety.  She  after- 
wards rejoined  him  at  Honfleur,  and 
shared  the  difficulties  of  his  passage  to 
England.  In  the  quiet  seclusion  of 
Claremont  she  devoted  herself  to  the 
task  of  soothing  the  regrets  of  the  king. 
She  survived  him  sixteen  years,  dying 
March  24.  1806,  aged  83. 

MARMONT,  Marshal,  duke  of 
Ragusa,  b.  1774  ;  d.  at  Venice  in  1852, 
where  he  had  lived  in  exile  since  the 
dethronement  of  Charles  X.,  at  which 
time  he  was  commandant  of  Paris. 


MAROCHETTI,  Pietro  Carlo 
Giovanni  Battista,  Baron,  an  emi- 
nent sculptor,  b.  at  Turin,  1805.  He 
received  his  education  in  Paris,  at  the 
Lycee  Napoleon,  and  with  Bosio,  a 
Parisian  sculptor  of  some  eminence, 
completing  his  studies  in  Italy.  In  1827 
he  returned  to  France,  and  in  the  same 
year  exhibited  a  group,  "A  Girl  play- 
ing with  a  Dog,"  for  which  a  medal 
was  awarded  him.  In  1831  he  exhib- 
ited his  "  Fallen  Angel,"  and  somewhat 
later  he  executed  for  the  Academy  of 
Arts  of  Turin  a  statue  of  Monsignor 
Mossi.  He  presented  to  the  capital  of 
Sardinia  an  equestrian  statue  of  Eman- 
uel Philibert,  which  is  by  many  es- 
teemed his  chef  d'asuvre.  Many  of  his 
works  are  well  known  in  Paris,  and 
among  them  are  the  tomb  of  Bellini  at 
Pere  la  Chaise,  three  equestrian  statues 
of  the  duke  of  Orleans,  a  St.  Michel, 
and  a  statue  of  the  emperor.  Shortly 
after  the  revolution  of  February,  1848, 
Marochetti  went  to  England.  In  1851 
he  contributed  the  model  of  a  colossal' 
equestrian  statue  of  Richard  Cceur  de 
Lion  to  the  Great  Exhibition,  which 
was  afterwards  executed  in  bronze  and 
placed  close  to  the  palace  at  Westmin- 
ster. In  1856  he  executed  the  granite 
monument  to  the  memory  of  the  Eng- 
lish soldiers  slain  in  the  Crimea,  and 
subsequently  a  statue  of  the  Duke  of 
Wellington,  which  surmounts  a  huge 
monolith  erected  to  his  memory  at 
Strathtieldsave.     D.  1807. 

MARRAST,  Armand,  a  leading 
journalist  of  France.  He  played  a 
conspicuous  part  in  the  revolution  of 
February,  1848,  when  he  was  chosen 
mayor  of  Paris  and  a  member  of  the 
provisional  government.  He  was  the 
author  of  the  French  constitution  of 
1848.     D.  1852. 

MARSH-CALDWELL,  Anne,  a  pop- 
ular novelist,  b.  in  Staffordshire  about 
1796.  Her  maiden  name  was  Caldwell. 
In  1834  she  published  "Two  Old  Men's 
Tales,"  which  immediatel}-  became  pop- 
ular, and  were  followed  by  a  long  series 
of  novels,  many  of  which  are  still  read. 
Among  them  were  "Emilia  Wynd- 
ham,"  and  the  "Rose  of  Ashurst." 
She  wrote,  also,  a  historical  work  on 
"  The  Protestant  Reformation  in  France 
and  the  Huguenots."     D.  1874. 

MARSHALL,  Thomas  F.,  politician 
and  orator,  b.  in  Kentucky,  1801,  a 
nephew  of  Chief  Justice  Marshall, 
practised  law  and  became  distinguished 
for  his  eloquence.  He  was  member  of 
congress,  in  1841-43.     His  tine  genius 


mas] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


211 


was  marred  by  intemperate  habits.    D. 
1864. 

MARTIN,  John,  an  English  painter, 
endowed  with  original  genius  and  im- 
aginative power,  b.  1789  ;  d.  1854.  The 
greatest  of  his  paintings  are  the  "Fall 
of  Babylon,"  "Macbeth,"  "Belshaz- 
zar's  Feast,"  the  "Fall  of  Nineveh," 
and  "Pandemonium." 

MARTINEAU,  Harriet,  an  English 
authoress,  b.  at  Norwich,  1802.  She  was 
descended  from  one  of  the  old  French 
families  who  sought  a  refuge  in  Eng- 
land on  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes.  At  the  cost  of  much  self-de- 
nial, the  parents  secured  for  their  chil- 
dren a  superior  education,  and  when 
some  years  after  the  death  of  her  father 
pecuniary  disasters  befell  the  family, 
Miss  Martineau  was  able  and  ready  to 
rely  upon  her  pen  for  their  support.  In 
1823,  she  published  a  volume  of  "De- 
votional Exercises  for  Young  Persons;" 
in  1824,  "Christinas  Day:"  in  1826, 
"Principle  and  Practice,"  and  "The 
Rioters,"  succeeded  by  "  rJ? he  Turn 
Out,"  "  Mary  Campbell,"  and  "My 
Servant  Rachel,"  — a  series  of  tracts  on 
subjects  relating  to  the  working  classes, 
of  whose  interests  she  was  invariably  an 
earnest  advocate.  In  1831,  her  "Tra- 
ditions of  Palestine  "  appeared,  and  was 
successful.  The  committee  of  the  Brit- 
ish and  Foreign  Unitarian  Association 
having  offered  prizes  for  three  tracts  on 
the  introduction  and  promotion  of  Uni- 
tarianism  among  the  Roman  Catholics, 
the  Jews,  and  the  Mohammedans,  Miss 
Martineau  sent  in  three  essays  for  com- 
petition, and  was  awarded  the  first  prize 
for  each.  Shortly  afterwards  she  pro- 
jected a  monthly  series  of  tales,  illus- 
trative of  political  economy,  and  offered 
one  of  them  to  the  Society  for  the  Diffu- 
sion of  Useful  Knowledge;  but  being  re- 
jected by  that  body,  they  were  brought 
out  independently,  and  became  ex- 
tremely popular.  The  "  Illustrations 
of  Political  Economy"  were  followed 
by  "  Illustrations  of  Taxation,"  a  series 
of  six  tales;  and  these  were  succeeded 
by  others  on  "  Poor  Law  and  Paupers." 
In  1834,  Miss  Martineau  visited  the 
United  States;  and  on  her  return  pub- 
lished a  work  entitled  "Society  in 
America,"  and  a  "Retrospect  of  West- 
ern Travel."  In  1838,  she  wrote 
"Deerbrook,"  the  most  widely  circu- 
lated of  any  of  her  works,  except  the 
series  on  political  economj'.  In  the 
course  of  a  protracted  period  of  suffer- 
ing from  ill  health  she  wrote  "The 
Playfellow,"     "The     Hour    and    the 


Man,"  and  "Life  in  the  Sick  Room." 
Recovering  her  health,  in  1844,  she 
produced  "  Forest  and  Game  Law 
Tales."  After  publishing  "The  Bil- 
low and  the  Rock,"  in  1846.  she  visited 
Egypt,  Arabia,  and  the  Holy  Land, 
and  "Eastern  Life,  Present  and  Past," 
was  published  on  her  return.  Miss 
Martineau,  afterwards,  at  the  instance 
of  Mr.  Charles  Knight,  brought  to  a 
conclusion  the  "  History  of  the  Thirty 
Years'  Peace."  She  has  since  given  to 
the  English  public  a  translation  of 
Comte's  "Positive  Philosophy."  In 
her  latter  years  her  pen  was  busily  em- 
ployed in  leading  articles  for  the*"  Daily 
News"  and  in  short  social  sketches  for 
"Once  a  Week."  Among  her  later 
works  were  "  Steps  in  the  Dark,"  1864, 
and  "Biographical  Sketches,"  1869. 
D.  1876.  Her  "Autobiography,"  ed- 
ited by  Mrs.  M.  W.  Chapman,  was  pub- 
lished in  Boston,  in  1877. 

MARTIUS,  KarlFrikdricu  Philip 
von,  naturalist  and  traveller,  b.  at  Er- 
langen,  Bavaria,  1794,  studied  medicine, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  body  of  sa- 
vants who  took  part  in  the  Austrian  and 
Bavarian  expedition  to  the  Brazils  in 
1817-20.  He  published  "Voyages  au 
Bresil,"  1824-31,  written  jointly  with 
Spix,  his  travelling  companion,  and  his 
monograph  "  Genera  et  Species  Pal  ma- 
rum  "1823-45.     D.  1868. 

MASON,  Georgk,  a  distinguished 
English  landscape  painter,  b.  in  Stafford- 
shire, 1818,  was  entirely  self-taught  as 
an  artist.  His  first  exhibited  picture  was 
"  Ploughing  on  the  Campagna."  "  Mist 
on  the  Moors,"  1862,  was  the  first  of  a 
remarkable  series  of  paintings  that  gave 
him  his  special  reputation.  D.  1872.  — ■ 
James  L.,  one  of  the  most  skillful  of- 
ficers of  the  United  States  engineer 
corps,  was  b.  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  and 
educated  at  West  Point.  He  served 
under  General  Scott  in  Mexico,  and 
was  brevetted  major  and  afterwards 
lieutenant-colonel  for  gallant  conduct. 
Appointed  by  President  Pierce  to  su- 
perintend the  construction  of  the  forti- 
fications at  San  Francisco,  he  contracted 
fever  while  crossing  the  isthmus,  and  d. 
1853. — James  Murray,  an  American 
politician,  b.  1797,  in  Fairfax  county, 
Va.,  grandson  of  George  Mason,  stud- 
ied law  at  William  and  Mary  college 
and  commenced  its  practice  in  1820. 
He  was  a  member  of  congress,  1837-39, 
and  U.  S.  senator  from  1847,  till  he  was 
expelled  in  1861  for  taking  part  in  the 
rebellion.  He  was  an  ultra  pro-slavery 
politician,  and  when  member  of  the  con- 


212 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mad 


federate  congress  was  appointed  with 
John  Slidell  commissioner  to  England. 
They  were  captured  Nov.  8,  1861,  and 
taken  out  of  the  Trent  steamship  hy 
Captain  Wilkes,  and  consigned  to  Fort 
Warren  in  Boston  harbor  This  act 
created  great  excitement  in  England 
as  a  violation  of  the  law  of  nations, 
and  it  was  so  regarded  hy  the  U.  S. 
government,  who  delivered  the  captives 
to  Lord  Lyons,  Jan.  2,  1862.  A  fort- 
night afterwards  they  arrived  in  Eng- 
land, but  were  not  officially  received. 
They  resided  sometime  in  Paris  as  Eu- 
ropean representatives  of  the  confeder- 
acy. Mr.  Mason,  on  the  close  of  the 
wiir,  spent  three  years  in  Canada  and 
then  returned  to  Virginia.  D.  1871.  — 
John  Y.,  b.  in  Virginia,  1795;  d.  in 
Paris,  1859.  After  officiating  as  a  dis- 
trict court  judge,  he  was  elected  to  con- 
gress in  1831,  and  served  till  1837.  He 
was  secretary  of  the  navy  under  Presi- 
dent Tyler  ;  attorney -general  and  sec- 
retary of  the  navy  under  President  Polk  ; 
and  minister  to  France  under  presidents 
Pierce  and  Buchanan.  —  Lowell.,  a 
distinguished  musical  teacher,  composer 
and  author,, b.  at  Mediield,  Mass.,  1792; 
early  manifested  a  passion  for  vocal  and 
instrumental  music,  and  devoted  his  life 
to  its  cultivation.  In  1821  he  made  his 
first  publication  of  a  volume  of  tunes 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Handel  and 
Haydn  Society  of  Boston,  and  during 
his  long  life  he  published  more  than 
fifty  volumes,  alone,  or  in  connection 
with  Mr.  G.  J.  Webb  and  others.  In 
1855  he  received  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Music,  from  the  university  of  New 
York.  D.  in  Orange,  N.  J.,  1872.  His 
labors  gave  a  great  impulse  to  the  cul- 
tivation of  church  music  in  this  coun- 
trv. 

MASSINGBAND,  Francis  Charles, 
an  English  clergyman,  b.  1800,  chancel- 
lor of  Lincoln  cathedral  in  1832,  exerted 
himself  in  the  revival  of  the  active  pow- 
ers of  the  convocation  of  the  Church  of 
England.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  the 
English  Reformation."     D.  1872. 

MATHEW,  Theobald,  Rev.,  the 
apostle  of  temperance,  b.  in  Tipperary, 
1796,  was  ordained  at  Dublin,  and  soon 
began  to  labor  as  a  missionary  at  Cork. 
His  special  labors  in  the  temperance 
cause  commenced  in  1839,  and  by  these 
he  conferred  incalculable  benefit  on  the 
Irish  people;  many  of  whom  believed 
for  a  time  that  he  possessed  superhuman 
power,  not  only  to  save  them  from  the 
evils  consequent  upon  intemperate  hab- 
its, but  that  he  coidd  heal  the  sick,  re- 


store sight  to  the  blind,  and  grant  ab- 
solution for  mortal  sins.     D.  1856. 

MATIIIEU,  Claude  Louis,  astrono- 
mer, b.  at  Mons,  1783,  went  to  Paris  in 
1801  and  studied  under  Lacroix  and  De- 
lambre.  He  accompanied  Biot  to  the 
Mediterranean  coasts  to  conduct  some 
experiments  relating  to  the  pendulum, 
and  on  his  return  was  made  astronomer 
to  the  observatory.  In  1834  he  engaged 
in  politics,  was  sent  to  the  chamber  of 
deputies,  and  made  some  valuable  re- 
ports on  a  decimal  system  of  weights 
and  measures.     D.  1875. 

MAUBOURG,  the  Countess  Anas- 
tasie  de  la  Tour,  daughter  of  the 
Marquis  de  Lafayette,  b.  in  Paris,  1777; 
d.  at  Turin,  1863.  She  remained  wiih 
her  father  during  his  captivity  in  the 
citadel  of  Olmutz,  and  on  her  return  to 
France  married  the  Count  of  Tour-Mau- 
bourg. 

MAURICE,  John  Frederick  Den- 
ison,  an  English  theologian,  b.  1805, 
graduated  at  Cambridge,  and  after  some 
delay  arising  from  his  inability  to  sign 
the  Thirty-nine  Articles,  took  his  de- 
grees at  Oxford  and  was  ordained  priest. 
He  was  soon  after  appointed  chaplain 
to  Guy's  Hospital,  and  theological  pro- 
fessor in  King's  college  in  1846.  His 
"  Theological  Essays,"  in  1853,  induced 
the  suspicion  that  he  was  not  orthodox 
on  the  question  of  the  atonement  and 
eternal  punishment,  and  he  was  obliged 
to  retire  from  his  professorship.  In 
1800  he  was  appointed  perpetual  curate 
of  St.  Peter's,  Vere  Street,  and  in  1866 
professor  of  moral  philosophy  at  Cam- 
bridge. He  was  one  of  the  chief  rep- 
resentatives of  the  party  known  as  the 
"  Broad  Church."  His  publications 
were  numerous,  consisting  of  sermons, 
lectures,  and  treatises  on  philosophy. 
D.  1872. 

MAURY,  Matthew  Fontaine,  an 
American  hydrographer,  was  b.  in  Spott- 
sylvania  county,  Va  ,  1806.  After  re- 
ceiving an  ordinary  education,  he  ob- 
tained a  midshipman's  appointment, 
and  made  several  voyages  in  which  he 
distinguished  himself.  He  then  com- 
menced his  celebrated  Wind  and  Cur- 
rent Charts,  and  came  into  notice  as  a 
scientific  man.  In  1853  he  visited  Eu- 
rope for  the  purpose  of  inducing  the 
maritime  nations  to  agree  upon  and 
carry  out  some  general  plan  of  obser- 
vation and  registry  at  sea.  For  this 
purpose,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  U.  S. 
government,  a  conference  was  called 
for  August  of  that  j'ear,  at  Brussels. 
He  was   there   met   by  representatives 


may] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


213 


from  England,  France,  Holland,  and 
the  other  principal  maritime  powers. 
The  plan  of  observation  then  adopted  is 
now  carried  on  under  all  flags.  His 
services  there  rendered  were  recognized 
by  most  of  the  European  governments 
by  appropriate  tokens.  Humboldt  as- 
cribed to  him  the  credit  of  founding 
a  new  department  of  science,  and  .re- 
quested his  king  to  bestow  the  great 
Cosmos  medal  upon  him.  His  princi- 
pal work  is  the  "  Physical  Geography 
of  the  Sea."  At  the  commencement  of 
the  civil  war,  Captain  Maun-  was  super- 
intendent of  the  National  Observatory 
at  Washington,  a  position  that  he  had 
occupied  from  its  foundation  in  1844. 
He  resigned  his  appointments  and  was 
made  a  commodore  in  the  confederate 
navy,  and  afterwards  professor  of  phys- 
ics "in  the  Virginia  military  institute. 
D.  1873. 

MAVROCORDATO,  Alexander,  a 
Greek  statesman  and  soldier,  b.  1791, 
was  carefully  educated,  and  became  a 
leader  among  the  young  men  who  were 
associated  with  the  view  of  securing 
the  independence  of  their  country.  He 
signed  the  declaration  of  January  1, 
1822,  and  prepared  the  plan  for  a  pro- 
visional government.  The  same  year  he 
commanded  an  expedition  into  Epirus, 
and  in  1823  distinguished  himself  by 
the  successful  defence  of  Missolonghi. 
He  was  the  friend  of  Lord  Byron,  who 
died  in  his  arms.  Under  king  Otho, 
he  was  successively  minister  at  Munich, 
Berlin,  London,  and  Constantinople. 
He  was  several  times  called  upon  to 
form  an  administration.  In  1801  he 
held  the  office  of  minister  of  public  in- 
struction.    I).  1805. 

MAXIMILIAN,  Ferdinand  Maxi- 
milian Joseph,  archduke  of  Austria 
and  emperor  of  Mexico,  was  b.  at 
Vienna,  in  1832,  the  younger  brother 
of  the  emperor  Francis  Joseph.  Of 
studious  habits,  he  was  carefully  edu- 
cated at  Vienna,  and  entered  the  navy 
in  1846.  He  became  rear  admiral  and 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  Austrian 
navy.  In  1850  he  visited  France  and 
spent  a  fortnight  with  Louis  Napoleon 
at  St.  Cloud.  On  his  return,  he  stopped 
at  Brussels  where  he  formed  the  ac- 
quaintance of  Charlotte,  daughter  of 
Leopold  I.  of  Belgium.  Early  in  1857 
he  was  appointed  viceroy  of  Lombardy 
and  Venice,  and  in  July  he  married  the 
princess  Charlotte,  then  aged  seventeen 
years.  Recalled  from  Italy  in  1859,  he 
resumed  his  position  as  the  head  of  the 
Austrian  navy,  and  lived  with  his  wife 


at  their  castle  ofMiramaron  the  Adri- 
atic. From  this  life  of  domestic  happi- 
ness he  was  called  by  the  project  of  Na- 
poleon III.,  to  place  him  on  the  throne 
of  Mexico.  An  apparent  Mexican  sanc- 
tion of  the  enterprise,  in  the  form  of  an 
alleged  large  majority  of  votes  for  the 
archduke  on  an  appeal  to  the  people,  in- 
duced him  to  waive  his  scruples  on  the 
subject  and  to  accept  the  proffered  im- 
perial crown.  He  landed  at  Vera  Cruz, 
at  the  close  of  May,  1804,  entered  the 
city  of  Mexico  in  June,  and  assumed 
the  government,  and  devoted  himself  to 
its  reorganization.  He  proposed  a  con- 
ference with  Juarez,  president  of  the 
Republic,  which  was  rejected.  Juarez 
was  supported  by  the  United  States, 
whose  government  was  in  a  position  on 
the  close  of  the  civil  war  to  insist  that 
Napoleon  should  withdraw  his  troops 
from  Mexico.  They  were  withdrawn. 
In  1800  the  young  empress  Charlotte 
made  a  voyage  to  Europe  to  obtain  aid 
►  from  the  French  emperor,  but  utterly 
failed.  She  fell  ill  and  lost  her  reason. 
Maximilian  was  invested  by  the  Juarists 
at  Queretaro,  was  betrayed  by  General 
Lopez,  one  of  his  staff,  was  found  guilty 
of  treason  and  shot  June  19.  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States  in  vain 
interceded  in  his  behalf. 

MAY,  Samuel  Joseph,  a  Unita- 
rian clergyman,  distinguished  for  his 
labors  in  the  anti-slavery  cause  ;  b.  in 
Boston,  1797,  d.  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  in 
1871.  He  was  the  author  of  "Recol- 
lections of  our  Anti-Slavery  Conflict." — 
William,  commander  United  States 
navy,  b.  1815;  d.  1801.  He  entered 
the  navy  in  1831,  and  was  engaged  in 
the  exploring  expedition  to  the  South 
Sea.  During  the  Mexican  war  be  was 
the  executive  officer  of  the  brig  Por- 
poise, and  was  severely  wounded  at  the 
capture  of  Tobaseo. 

MAYIIEW,  Henry,  an  English  au- 
thor and  reformer,  b.  1812,  is  best 
known  by  his  "  London  Labor  and  the 
London  Poor,"  a  work  in  three  volumes 
8vo,  originally  published  as  letters  in 
the  "  London  Morning  Chronicle."  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  "Punch." 
With  his  brothers  Horace  and  Augustus 
he  produced  a  series  of  Christmas  sto- 
ries and  humorous  tales  by  the  "  Broth  • 
ers  Mayhew."  D.  May  1,  1872.  — 
Horace,  brother  of  the  preceding,  b. 
1819;  besides  his  part  in  the  works 
above  referred  to,  published  several  hu- 
morous volumes  under  his  own  name  — 
such  as  "  Letters  Left  at  the  Pastry 
Cook's;"    and   "Wonderful  People." 


214 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[mea 


D.  April  30,  1872.  The  brothers  were 
five  in  number,  including  besides  those 
above  named  Thomas  and  Edward,  all 
of  whom  were  engaged  in  literary  pur- 
suits. 

M  A  Y  O,  Richard  Southwell, 
Boukke,  Earl  of,  an  English  states- 
man, b.  at  Dublin,  18-22.  He  entered 
parliament  in  1847  as  a  conservative 
member  for  the  county  Kildare.  He 
was  three  times  secretary  for  Ireland 
under  the  Derby  administrations,  and 
the  third  time  with  a  seat  in  the  cabi- 
net. In  November,  1868  he  was  ap- 
pointed viceroy  of  India,  and  while 
engaged  on  a  tour  of  observation  was 
assassinated  by  a  Mohammedan  convict 
at  Port  Blair,  Andaman  Islands,  Feb- 
ruary 8,  1872. 

MAZZINI,  Giuseppe,  an  Italian  pol- 
itician and  revolutionist,  b.  at  Genoa, 
in  180'J,  entered  the  legal  profession,  but 
turning  to  politics  soon  brought  himself 
into  notice  by  his  pen,  and  conceived 
the  idea  of  forming  a  universal  society,' 
whose  objects  were  the  spread  of  revo- 
lutionary ideas  by  secret  means.  Maz- 
zini  thus  fell  under  the  displeasure  of 
the  Piedmontese  government,  and  after 
being  imprisoned  for  some  time  was  ex- 
pelled from  Italy,  and  settled  at  Mar- 
seilles in  1831.  Here  he  urged  a  gen- 
eral insurrection  as  the  only  means  of 
freeing  Italy.  I?y  correspondence  with 
refugees  and  others,  he  succeeded  in 
organizing,  in  1833,  an  extensive  con- 
spiracy, which  came  to  nothing,  but 
compelled  Mazzini  to  take  refuge  in 
Switzerland.  Again  engaged  in  revo- 
lutionary attempts,  he  had  to  leave 
Switzerland,  and  went  to  London,  where 
for  some  time  he  engaged  in  literary 
pursuits.  In  1848  he  took  advantage  of 
the  continental  revolutions,  and  pro- 
ceeding to  Koine  was  elected  Triumvir 
of  the  Republic,  and  defended  the  Eter- 
nal City  against  the  arms  of  France. 
Again  was  he  doomed  to  disappoint- 
ment, and  fled  to  England  on  the  oc- 
cupation of  Rome  by  the  French  army. 
After  the  astonishing  progress  of  Gari- 
baldi in  Sicily  and  Naples,  Mazzini 
once  more  returned  to  Italy,  but  failed 
to  accomplish  any  results,  and  returned 
to  England.  In  1864  an  attempt  was 
made  to  implicate  him  in  the  conspiracy 
of  four  Italians  to  murder  Napoleon 
III.,  and  in  consequence  of  the  discus- 
sion on  this  subject  in  the  house  of  com- 
mons Mr.  Stanfeld,  who  was  deeply  con- 
nected with  him  was  obliged  to  resign 
his  post  as  secretary  of  the  admiralty. 
Amongst  other  works  Mazzini  was  the 


author  of  "Italy,  Austria,  and  the 
Pope;"  ''Life  and  Writings"  1864- 
1806  ;  and  "  Address  to  Pope  Pius  IX.," 
1865.     D.  1872. 

MEADE,  George  Gordon,  an 
American  general,  b.  1815,  in  Cadiz, 
Spain,  where  his  father  was  U.  S.  con- 
sul; he  was  educated  at  West  Point, 
served  in  the  Florida  war  and  resigned 
in  1836,  to  enter  on  the  career  of  a  civil 
engineer.  Again  entering  the  army  in 
1842  he  distinguished  himself  in  the 
Mexican  war,  serving  on  Taylor's  staff, 
afterwards  on  that  of  Scott,  and  was 
engaged  at  Palo  Alto,  Resaca  de  la 
Palina,  and  at  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz. 
Commissioned  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers Aug.  31,  1861,  he  joined  the 
army  of  the  Potomac  and  took  part  in 
the  advance  on  Richmond.  During  the 
seven  days'  battles,  General  Meade  was 
severely  wounded,  but  soon  resumed 
active  duties.  He  commanded  a  corps 
in  the  Maryland  campaign.  At  Antie- 
tam,  when  Gen.  Hooker  was  wounded, 
General  Meade  was  placed  in  command 
and  fought  gallantly,  being  slightly 
wounded  and  having  two  horses  killed 
under  him.  In  June,  1863,  he  was  sud- 
denly called  upon  to  succeed  General 
Hooker  in  command  of  the  army  of  the 
Potomac  of  100,01)0  men.  On  July  1-3, 
he  fought  the  battle  of  Gettysburg, 
and  was  made  brigadier-general.  In  the 
autumn  he  was  engaged  in  several 
skirmishes  in  Virginia.  He  was  second 
in  command  of  the  army  operating 
against  Richmond  in  1864,  and  fought 
great  battles  at  the  Wilderness,  Spott- 
sylvania  Court  House,  and  Cold  Har- 
bor, and  at  the  siege  of  Petersburg. 
His  commission  as  major-general  in 
the  U.  S.  army  was  of  August  18,  1864. 
In  1866.  he  received  the  thanks  of  con- 
gress for  his  conduct  at  Gettysburg. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  3d  military  district  with 
headquarters  at  Philadelphia.  D.Nov. 
6,  1872.  Distinguished  funeral  honors 
were  paid  him  by  bis  fellow  citizens, 
who  gave  his  wife  the  house  in  which 
he  died,  and  subscribed  a  fund  of 
$100,000  for  his  family.  —  William,  D. 
D.,  bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  in  Virginia,  author  of  "Family 
Prayer,"  "  Lectures  on  the  Pastoral 
OIHce,"  and  other  works  on  doctrinal 
questions  and  local  church  history.  B. 
178!);  d.  1862. 

MEAGHER,  Thomas  Frakcis,  an 
Irish  agitator,  b.  in  Waterford,  1823, 
was  early  a  favorite  orator  of  "  Young 
Ireland,"  and  was  sent  as  a  delegate  to 


mer] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


215 


congratulate  the  French  republicans,  in 
1848.  On  his  return  he  was  charged 
with  treason,  arrested,  tried,  and  con- 
victed. The  deatli  sentence  was  com- 
muted for  banishment  to  Van  Dieman's 
Land,  whence  he  escaped  and  came  to 
New  York,  in  1852.  He  lectured  with 
success,  studied  law,  and  in  1850  edited 
the  "Irish  News.''  During  the  civil 
war  he  served  in  the  Union  army,  be- 
came brigadier-general  of  volunteers, 
and  in  1805  was  appointed  secretary  of 
Montana  Territory.  Drowned  at  Fort 
Benton,  1867. 

MEDAKY,  Samuel,  an  American 
journalist  and  politician,  b.  1801,  was 
brought  up  a  printer,  and  edited  for 
many  years  the  "Ohio  Statesman" 
and  the  "Columbus  Crisis,"  wielding 
great  influence  in  his  party.  He  was 
governor  of  Minnesota  Territory  in 
.1857-58,  and  of  Kansas,  in  1859-60. 
During  the  rebellion  he  was  a  peace 
Democrat.     D.  1865. 

MEEK,  Alexander  Beaufort,  au- 
thor and  lawyer,  b.  in  South  Carolina, 
1814,  removed  with  his  father  to  Ala- 
bama, where  he  became  known  as  an  edi- 
tor, and  held  several  legal  and  judicial 
offices.  He  published  volumes  of  poems 
and  of  miscellaneous  essays  and  ora- 
tions, and  wrote  a  "  History  of  Ala- 
bama."    D.  1865. 

MEIGS,  Charles  Delucena,  b. 
1792,  physician,  enjoyed  a  lucrative 
practice  in  obstetrics  and  diseases  of 
women  and  children,  in  Philadelphia, 
for  many  years,  and  published  several 
works  in  his  specialty  of  recognized 
merit.     D.  1869. 

MELINE,  James  F.,  an  American 
soldier  and  author,  b.  in  Sackett's  Har- 
bor about  1813,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  engaged  in  banking,  served  on 
General  Pope's  staff,  in  the  civil  war. 
In  1865-66,  he  made  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain trip,  and  published  a  volume,  "  Two 
Thousand  Miles  on  Horseback."  Sub- 
sequently he  wrote  much  for  the  "  Cath- 
olic. World,"  in  which  his  review  of 
Mr.  Fronde's  treatment  of  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots  appeared  in  numbers,  after- 
wards collected  in  a  volume.  He  wrote 
also  a  "  Life  of  Sixtus  V.,"  and  many 
smaller  works.     D.  1873. 

MELLON1,  Macedonio,  a  celebrated 
natural  philosopher,  director  of  the  me- 
teorological observatory  on  Mount  Ve- 
suvius.    D.  1854,  aged  53. 

MELVILLE,  Viscount,  first  lord  of 
the  British  admiralty,  from  1812  to 
1827,  and  again  under  the  administra- 
tion of  Wellington.    B.  in  1771 ;  d.  1851. 


MENTCHIKOFF,  Alexander  Ser- 
geivitch,  a  Russian  general  and  diplo- 
matist, b.  1789.  His  fame  as  a  soldier 
mainly  rests  on  the  stubborn  defence  he 
made  during  the  war  with  Turkey, 
France,  and  England,  when  he  was  in- 
vested with  the  chief  command  in  the 
Crimea.  In  the  battle  of  the  Alma  he 
met  with  a  disastrous  defeat;  but  he 
exhibited  great  resolution  and  readiness 
of  resource  in  preventing,  at  that  criti- 
cal moment,  the  fall  of  Sebastopol.  D. 
1869. 

MEXZEL,  Karl  Adolf,  a  German 
historian,  b.  1784,  was  the  author  of  a 
"History  of  Germany,"  8  vols.  ;  and  a 
modern  "  History  of  Germany  from  the 
Reformation  to  the  Act  of  Confedera- 
tion," 14  vols.,  both  much  esteemed. 
D.  1855.  — Wolfgang,  a  German  critic 
and  historian,  b.  in  Silesia,  1798,  served 
as  a  volunteer  in  the  campaign  of  1815, 
then  pursued  his  studies  at  Jena,  whence 
in  1820  political  reasons  induced  him 
to  fly  to  Switzerland.  In  1824  he  re- 
turned to  Germany,  and  finally  estab- 
lished himself  at  Stuttgart,  where  for 
many  years  he  edited  the  "  Litera- 
blatt,"  a  journal  which  violently  at- 
tacked Goethe  and  the  old  German 
school.  His  "German  Literature," 
which  provoked  much  comment  and 
censure,  has  appeared  in  two  English 
translations.  He  published  many  his- 
torical works,  and  among  them  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Last  Forty  Years,"  "  Prussia 
and  Austria,  in  the  Year  1866,"  and  a 
"  History  of  the  French  War  of  1870." 
He  was  also  a  poet  and  novelist,  wit- 
ness his  "  Songs  of  the  People,"  1851  ; 
and  his  "  Furore,"  a  historical  ro- 
mance of  the  Thirty  Years'  War.  D. 
1873 

MERCER,  Charles  Ff.nton,  b.  in 
Fredericksburg,  Va.,  1778  ;  d.  1858. 
In  hi>  20th  year,  when  an  invasion  by 
the  French  was  deemed  imminent,  he 
offered  his  services  to  General  Wash- 
ington, and  received  from  him  a  com- 
mission as  fist  lieutenant  of  cavalry. 
In  1803,  after  spending  a  year  in  Eu- 
rope, he  returned  and  practised  law. 
From  1810  to  1817,  he  was  a  member  of 
the  general  assembly  of  Virginia.  In 
1811,  he  was  again  called  to  military 
duty  by  the  federal  government  ;  and 
in  1813,  was  appointed  aid  to  the  gov- 
ernor, and  rose  to  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general  of  militia,  having  command  of 
the  forces  at  Norfolk.  In  1816,  as 
chairman  of  the  committee  on  finance, 
in  the  legislature,  he  devoted  his  time 
to  the  promotion  of  internal  improve- 


216 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ME8 


merits,  and  was  chief  supporter  of  the 
Dlan  for  the  construction  of  the  Chesa- 
peake and  Ohio  Canal.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  congress  from  1817  to  1840.  In 
1853,  he  visited  Europe  from  philan- 
thropic motives,  at  his  own  expense, 
and  used  his  efforts  for  the  entire  aboli- 
tion of  the  African  slave-trade,  confer- 
ring with  the  chief  executive  officers  of 
most  of  the  kingdoms  of  Europe  on  the 
subject. 

MEREDITH,  William  Morris, 
secretary  of  the  treasury  under  Presi- 
dent Taylor,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  1799, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  a  very  early 
age,  and  became  one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent jurists  and  counsellors  of  the  state. 
In  the  last  year  of  his  life  he  presided 
over  the  constitutional  convention  of 
Pennsylvania.     D.  1873. 

MERIMEE,  Prosper,  a  French  ar- 
chaeologist and  senator,  b.  at  Paris, 
1803,  was  son  of  Mt'rime'e  the  artist. 
He  studied  law,  and  became  an  advo- 
cate. In  1831  he  was  appointed  in- 
spector of  the  historical  and  antiquarian 
monuments  of  France.  In  connection 
with  this  office  he  travelled  extensively. 
He  was  chosen  by  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment, in  1848,  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners to  decide  upon  the  extent  and 
value  of  the  property  of  the  house  of 
Orleans;  and  some  time  after,  when 
M.  Libri  was  condemned  by  the  tribu- 
nals for  contumacy,  Merimee  inserted 
two  letters  in  the  "Revue  des  Deux 
Mondes,"  impugning  the  judgment,  for 
which  act  he  was  sentenced  to  fifteen 
days'  imprisonment.  In  1853  he  was 
made  senator.  M.  Me'rime'e  has  pub- 
lished various  archaeological  works, 
based  on  his  French  and  Corsican  trav- 
els, and  has  also  written  history  and 
romance.  Of  his  histories,  the  "Chro- 
nique  du  Regne  de  Charles  IX.,"  and 
the  "Histoire  de  Don  Pedre  I.,  roi  de 
Castille,"  are  the  best  specimens.  His 
works,  ';La  Venus  d'llle,''  "La  Peste 
de  Toledo,"  "La  Partie  de  Trictrac," 
"  La  Double  Meprise."  and,  above  all, 
"Colomba,"  are  charming  novels,  full 
of  life  and  character.  His  tirst  two  lit- 
erary efforts  were  published  under  the 
nom  de  plume  of  "  Hyacinthe  Maglann- 
wieh."  A  posthumous  work,  "  I. cities 
a  Une  Inconnue,"  comprising  a  series 
of  letters  from  1842  to  1870,  was  pub- 
lished in  1873.     D.  1870. 

MKRIVALE,  Herman,  an  English 
lawyer  and  political  economist,  b.  1806, 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1831,  and  a 
few  years  afterward  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  political  economy  at  Oxford. 


Here  he  delivered  a  series  of  lectures 
on  "Colonization  and  Colonies,"  after- 
wards published.  The  reputation  thus 
acquired  led  to  his  appointment  as 
under-secretary  for  the  colonies  in  1847, 
and  in  1800  as  permanent  under-secre- 
tary at  the  India  office.  He  edited  and 
completed  Mr.  Parkes's  "Life  of  Mr 
Philip  Francis,"  and  published  in  1808 
a  volume  of  "Historical  Studies," 
made  up  from  his  contributions  to  the 
"Edinburgh  Review."     D.  1874. 

MERLE  D'AULTGNE,  Jean-Henri, 
D.  D.,  divine  and  historian,  b.  at  Geneva, 
preached  some  years  at  Hamburg  and 
at  Brussels.  His  great  work  is  the  "  His- 
tory of  the  Reformation  in  the  XVIth 
Century,"  which  in  the  translation  has 
been  very  largely  circulated  in  English- 
speaking  countries.  He  is  the  author 
also  of  a  "History  of  the  Revolution  in 
Europe  in  the  Time  of  Calvin,"  five 
volumes  of  which  left  the  work  incom- 
plete.    I).  1872. 

MERRIt  K,  James  Lyman,  author 
and  pastor,  b.  in  Monson,  Mass.,  1803, 
studied  theology,  and  became  a  mis- 
sionary to  Persia,  where  he  labored 
from  1835  to  1845.  He  was  afterwards 
pastor  at  Amherst.  Among  his  works 
were  a  volume  of  poems  (1847),  "Life 
and  Religion  of  Mohammed"  (1850), 
a  Persian  translation  of  "Keith  on 
Prophecv  "  (1840),  and  a  "Treatise  on 
English  Orthography."     D.  1866. 

MERY,  Joseph,'  b.  at  Marseilles, 
1799,  began  his  literary  career  by  a 
satire  in  verse  on  a  priest  who  had 
offended  him,  but  the  priest  got  the 
better  of  him,  and  had  him  imprisoned 
fifteen  months  for  a  libel.  Emerging 
from  prison,  he  turned  journalist,  ami 
went  to  Paris.  Here  he  became  asso- 
ciated wilh  Victor  Hugo,  Armand  <  'ar- 
rel,  ihe  poet  Barfhelemy,  and  other 
noted  writers.  After  an  active  career 
as  a  journalist,  Mery  paid  a  visit  to 
Italy,  and  on  his  return  to  Paris  pub- 
lished a  dozen  romances  or  novels  in 
the  course  of  seven  years.  In  1840  he 
visited  England,  and  recorded  his  im- 
pressions de  voyage  in  a  work  entitled 
"Les  Nuits  de  Londres."  He  subse- 
quently produced  a  large  number  of 
romances,  and  several  successful  dra- 
mas.    1).  1866. 

MESSAROS,  Lazarus,  a  Hunga- 
rian general  and  patriot,  b.  1796,  was 
Hungarian  minister  of  war  in  1848. 
He  was  confined  in  Kutaia  from  Au- 
gust, 1849,  to  May,  1851,  and  on  his 
release  went  to  England,  remaining 
there  two  vears,   and  then   visited  the 


MIC] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


217 


United  States.  la  1858  he  returned 
to  England,  and  d.  there  in  the  same 
vear. 

"  METCALF,  Theron,  a  distinguished 
jurist,  b.  in  Franklin,  Mass.,  1784,  was 
reporter  of  the  supreme  court  of  Massa- 
chusetts from  1839  to  1848,  and  judge 
from  1848  to  1805.  He  edited  "  Starkie 
on  Evidence,"  "Russell  on  Crimes," 
and  other  works,  with  great  accuracy 
and  ability.     D.  1871. 

METCALFE,  Thomas,  b.  in  Vir- 
ginia, 1780,  served  in  the  war  of  1812, 
and  in  1813  commanded  with  distin- 
guished gallantry  a  company  of  in- 
fantry at  the  battle  of  Fort  Meigs.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Kentucky  legis- 
lature for  many  years,  representative 
in  congress  from  that  state,  1819-29, 
and  then  governor  till  1836.  In  1848 
he  was  appointed  to  till  Mr.  Critten- 
den's unexpired  term  in  the  U.  S.  sen- 
ate.    D.  1855. 

METTEKNICH,  Clemens  Wen  z  el 
Nepomuic  Lothar,  Prince,  an  Aus- 
trian statesman,  h.  at  Coblentz,  May 
15,  1773,  adopted  the  profession  of 
diplomacy,  and  married  the  grand- 
daughter of  the  diplomatist  Kaunitz, 
whose  large  domains  he  inherited.  He 
represented  the  Westphalian  nobility 
at  the  congress  of  Rastadt  (1797-99), 
and  afterward  officiated  as  ambassador1 
at  Dresden,  Berlin,  and  Paris  (1806). 
He  managed  affairs  at  the  French  court 
with  so  much  ability  that  when  the 
war  broke  out  in  1809,  and  he  bad  to 
return  to  the  Austrian  court,  be  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  ministry  of  foreign  affairs 
as  successor  to  Count  Stadion.  It  was 
during  this  tenure  of  office  that  he  sug- 
gested a  marriage  of  Napoleon  to  an 
Austrian  archduchess,  as  a  means  of 
purchasing  a  respite  for  the  empire. 
He  conducted  the  negotiations  with 
Champagny.  Napoleon  was  divorced 
from  Josephine,  and  Metternich  es- 
corted Marie  Louise  to  Paris.  This  set- 
tlement was  not  a  permanent  one,  and 
in  1813,  after  the  great  French  catas- 
trophe in  Russia,  war  was  again  de- 
clared by  Austria  against  France.  In 
the  autumn  of  that  year  the  grand  al- 
liance was  signed  at  Ti'plitz,  and  on 
the  field  of  Leipsic  Metternich  was 
made  a  prince  of  the  empire.  In  the 
subsequent  conferences  and  treaties  he 
took  a  very  prominent  part,  and  he 
signed  the  treaty  of  Paris  on  behalf  of 
Austria.  He  afterwards  paid  a  visit  to 
England,  and  received  an  honorary  de- 
gree from  the  university  of  Oxford. 
Prince     Metternich    was    unanimously 


chosen  to  preside  over  the  congress  of 
Vienna,  and  from  that  time  till  the  rev- 
olution of  1848  he  wielded  great  influ- 
ence over  the  affairs  of  Europe.  In 
1848  he  was  driven  from  Vienna,  and 
went  to  England,  but  in  1851  he  ven- 
tured to  return  to  Austria.  He  was 
afterwards  consulted  often  on  state 
affairs,  but  never  held  his  office,  nor 
regained  the  immense  influence  he  once 
possessed.  His  death  took  place  at 
Vienna,  June  11,  1859. 

MEYERBEER.  Giacomo,  a  German 
composer,  b.  at  Berlin,  1794,  studied  at 
Darmstadt  under  Vogler.  Ilis  earliest 
dramatic  piece,  "Jephthah's  Daugh- 
ter,!" was  not  successful  on  its  first  per- 
formance; nor  did  "  The  Two  Caliphs," 
brought  out  at  Vienna,  receive  more 
encouragement.  Meyerbeer  now  dis- 
covered that  he  was  working  upon  a 
mistaken  principle,  and  repaired  to 
Italy  to  study  melody.  His  first  suc- 
cessful work.  "Romilda  e  Costanza," 
was  performed  at  Padua  in  1818,  and 
after  that  time  his  reputation  steadily 
increased.  "  Les  Huguenots."  "  Le 
Prophete,"  "L-'Etoile  du  Nord,"  "  Le 
Pardon  de  Ploermel,"  and  "  Robert  le 
Diable,"  are  the  operas  by  which  he  is 
best  known.     D.  1864. 

MEZZOFANTI,  Giuseppe  Gaspar- 
do,  the  most  remarkable  linguist  ever 
known,  was  b.  at  Bologna,  Sept.  17, 
1774.  He  was  ordained  priest  1797, 
and  appointed,  the  same  year,  professor 
of  Arabic  in  his  native  city,  and  after- 
ward to  the  chair  of  oriental  languages. 
In  1815  he  was  made  head-librarian  of 
the  university  of  Bologna.  Pope  Greg- 
ory XVI.,  hearing  of  Mezzofanti's  mar- 
vellous linguistic  attainments,  invited 
him  to  Rome,  and  gave  him  a  prebend 
in  the  church  of  St.  John  Lateran,  and 
a  canonry  of  St.  Peter's.  In  1833  he 
succeeded  the  famous  Arigelo  Mai  as 
chief  keeper  of  the  Vatican  library, 
which  office  he  held  till  1838,  when  he 
was  created  a  cardinal.  At  the  time  of 
his  death  he  is  said  to  have  been  ac- 
quainted with  one  hundred  and  fourteen 
languages  and  dialects,  most  of  which 
he  spoke  with  astonishing  accuracy  and 
fluency.  Mezzofanti's  only  published 
work  is  a  panegyrical  memoir  of  Father 
Emanuel  da  Ponte.  His  "Life,"  by 
Dr.  Charles  William  Russell,  president 
of  Mavnooth  college,  was  published  in 
1858,  and  reprinted  1863.     D.  1849. 

MICHELET,  Jules,  an  eminent 
French  historian,  b.  1798,  was  the  son 
of  a  printer,  and  worked  at  the  trade 
whilst   pursuing  his  studies  at   the  ly- 


218 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[MIL 


ceum  Charlemagne.  His  first  employ- 
ment was  in  giving  lessons  in  the  lan- 
guages, in  philosophy  and  history.  On 
the  accession  of  Louis,  Philippe  he  was 
named  head  of  the  historical  section  of 
the  archives  of  France,  and  succeeded 
Guizot  in  the  chair  of  history  at  the 
Sorbonne.  In  1838  he  obtained  the  chair 
of  history  at  the  college  of  France,  and 
held  it  thirteen  years.  After  the  coup 
d'etat  he  was  deprived  of  his  chair.  His 
works  are  very  numerous.  There  is  his 
"  Histoire  de  France,''  16  vols.,  1837- 
67;  "Histoire  de  la  Revolution  Fran- 
chise," 7  vols.,  1847-53;  and  three  vol- 
umes, in  which  he  discussed  the  Jesuits 
—  "  Des  Jesuites,"  1843,  "  Du  Pretre, 
de  la  Feinme,  et  de  la  Famille,"  1844, 
and  "Du  Peuple,"  1846.  In  his  later 
years  he  wrote  in  an  original  and  poet- 
ical style  some  works  of  natural  his- 
tory; such  as  "  L'Oiseau,"  and  "L'ln- 
secte."  His  historical  style  is  entirely 
his  own  —  vivid,  highly  colored,  and 
bold,  and  has  been  called  "rashly  el- 
liptic." Among  his  last  works  are, 
"  L'  Amour,"  "  La  Femme,"  "La  Sor- 
cerie,"  and  "La  Montagne,"  all  of 
which  passed  through  several  editions. 
D.  1874. 

MILES,  Dixon  H.,  b.  in  Maryland, 
1803,  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1824, 
distinguished  himself  in  the  Mexican 
war,  and  in  1848  was  appointed  civil 
and  military  governor  of  Jalapa.  He 
adhered  to  the  Union  cause  in  1861,  and 
had  charge  of  the  5th  division  at  the 
battle  of  Bull  Run.  He  was  in  com- 
mand of  Harper's  Ferry  in  September, 
1862,  and  surrendered  the  post,  with 
about  12,000  men  and  a  large  quantity 
of  arms  and  military  stores.  He  was 
mortally  wounded  by  a  shell  after  the 
surrender  had  taken  place.  —  Pliny,  b. 
at  Watertown,  X.  Y.,  1818;  besides 
some  miscellaneous  works,  wrote  on 
"  Postal  Reform  "  in  1855,  and  devoted 
his  later  years  to  the  subject.  D.  in 
Malta,  1865. 

MILL,  John  Stuart,  an  English  phi- 
losopher and  economist,  b.  1806,  was 
son  of  James  Mill,  the  historian  of  In- 
dia, and  examiner  of  Indian  correspond- 
ence in  the  East  India  House.  Here 
he  obtained  a  clerkship,  and  gradually 
rose,  until,  in  1856,  he  succeeded  to  the 
post  that  had  so  long  been  tilled  by  his 
father.  From  that  service  he  retired  in 
1858.  His  first  appearance  as  a  man  of 
letters  was  in  1827,  when  he  edited 
with  notes  Bentham's  "Rationale  of 
Judicial  Evidence."  In  the  following 
year  he  contributed  to  the  "  Westmins- 


ter Review,"  of  which,  from  1837  to 
1841,  he  was  editor  and  proprietor.  His 
first  great  work.  "  The  System  of  Log- 
ic," appeared  in  1853,  and  has  passed 
through  seven  editions.  In  1844  he 
published  a  volume  of  "  Essays  on  some 
unsettled  Questions  of  Political  Econ- 
omy.'' This  was  followed,  in  1848,  by 
his  now  standard  work,  the  "Princi- 
ples of  Political  Economy,  with  some 
of  their  Applications  to  Social  Philoso- 
phy." Among  his  other  works  may  be 
mentioned,  '■  Considerations  on  Repre- 
sentative Government,"  1861;  "Utili- 
tarianism," 1862;  •'  August  Comte  and 
Positivism,"  and  "  Examination  of  Sir 
William  Hamilton's  Philosophy,"  1865; 
and  "  The  Subjection  of  Women," 
1869.  He  was  elected  M.  P.  for  West- 
minster, 1865,  and  acted  with  the  ad- 
vanced Liberals.  He  lost  his  seat  in 
1868.  Most  of  his  time,  after  the  loss 
of  his  wife,  he  spent  at  Avignon,  where 
she  died,  and  there  he  himself  died 
after  a  four  days'  illness,  in  1873.  He 
left  ready  for  publication  his  "Autobi- 
ography," and  three  essays,  on  "Na- 
ture," "Theism,"  and  "Religion." 

MILLER.  Jamks,  b.  in  Peterborough, 
N.  H.,  entered  the  U.  S.  army  in  1810, 
and  distinguished,  himself  in  the  battles 
of  Chippewa,  Bridgewater,  and  Lundy's 
Lane.  At  the  last-named  battle  he  gave 
the  answer,  "  I'll  try,  sir,"  when  asked 
if  he  could  take  an  important  position 
held  by  the  English  troops.  He  was 
subsequently  governor  of  Arkansas  and 
collector  of  the  port  of  Salem,  1825-49. 
D.  1851.  —  Hugh,  editor  of  the  Edin- 
burgh "Witness,"  and  celebrated  as  a 
geologist  and  tine  descriptive  writer, 
exemplified  in  his  career  the  power  of 
genius  in  overcoming  the  most  formi- 
dable obstacles.  Left  fatherless  in  child- 
hood, the  education  he  received  was 
that  of  the  peasantry  of  Scotland;  and 
at  an  early  age  he  was  sent  to  earn  his 
bread  at  the  craft  of  a  mason.  Hard 
manual  labor  did  not  prevent  him  from 
pursuing  the  work  of  self-cultivation, 
and  when  in  his  27th  year  he  published 
a  volume  of  poems,  without,  however, 
achieving  much  poetical  reputation. 
"  Scenes  and  Legends  of  the  North  of 
Scotland,"  formed  his  first  prose  work, 
and  indicated  the  possession  of  the  pe- 
culiar talent  which  he  afterwards  em- 
ployed with  great  success.  An  appoint- 
ment conferred  upon  him  in  a  Cromarty 
bank  removed  him  from  the  drudgery 
on  which  his  sustenance  had  hitherto 
depended,  and  increased  his  facilities 
for  literary  culture.    Entering  zealously 


mit] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


219 


into  the  conflict  which  resulted  in  the 
secession  of  what  was  known  as  the 
evangelical  section  of  the  chinch  of 
Scotland,  he  was  chosen  to  be  intrusted 
with  the  Free-church  organ,  then  about 
to  be  started  in  Edinburgh  —  the  "  Wit- 
ness," through  the  columns  of  which 
he  for  several  years  exerted  a  wide  in- 
fluence on  the  ecclesiastical  and  educa- 
tional events  of  Scotland.  Geological 
investigations  now  occupied  his  leisure, 
and  in  1840  his  discoveries  in  the  old 
red  sandstone  were  first  made  known 
bv  Sir  Roderick,  then  Mr.  Murchison. 
The  publication  of  the  "  Old  Red  .Sand- 
stone" followed,  and  continued  his  ce- 
lebrity as  a  discoverer  and  writer.  His 
subsequent  works  were,  "  First  Impres- 
sions of  England  and  its  People," 
"Footprints  of  the  Creator,"  "My 
Schools  and  School-masters,"  and 
"The  Testimony  of  the  Rocks." 
Over-exertion  of  the  brain  gradually 
impaired  the  strength  of  a  frame  orig- 
inally powerful  ;  his  reason  tottered, 
and  in  a  paroxysm  of  insanity  he  com- 
mitted suicide"  B.  1802;  d*.  1856.— 
Samuel,  Presbyterian  clergyman,  b.  in 
Dover,  Delaware,  1769,  acquired  much 
reputation  as  a  polemical  writer,  and 
was  the  author  of  a  "Life  of  Jonathan 
Edwards,"  in  Sparks's  Biographies.  D. 
1850.  —  Thomas,  an  English  poet  and 
novelist,  was  b.  1808,  in  Lincolnshire. 
He  was  at  first  a  farmer's  boy,  and  af- 
terwards a  basket-maker.  He  wrote 
some  fifty  volumes  of  history,  poetry, 
biography,  and  novels;  his  most  at- 
tractive publications  being  those  which 
relate  to  country  life, — such  as  "A 
Day  in  the  Woods,"  "Beauties  of  the 
Country,"  "Rural  Sketches,"  "  Coun- 
trv  Scenes,"  "Our  Old  Town,"  etc. 
D".  1874. 

MILMAN,  Henry  Hart,  D.  I).,  b. 
1791,  being  the  youngest  son  of  Sir 
Francis  Milman,  physician  to  George 
III.  He  was  educated  at  Dr.  Burnev's 
school  at  Eton,  and  entered  at  Bra- 
senose  college,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
his  B.  A.  degree  in  1813.  He  gained,  in 
1812,  the  Newdigate  prize  for  an  Eng- 
lish   poem,    "  Apollo    Belvidere."      In 

1816  he  was  ordained  deacon,  and  in 

1817  priest.  In  the  following  year  he 
was  presented  by  Lord  Chancellor  El- 
don  to  the  vicarage  of  St.  Mary's,  Read- 
ing. He  had  already  published  the 
tragedy  of  "Fazio,"  which  was  acted 
at  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  where  Miss 
O'Neill  sustained  the  character  of  the 
heroine.  In  1821  he  was  elected  to  the 
professorship  of  poetry  in  the  univer- 


sity of  Oxford,  and  he  held  it  the  full 
term  of  ten  years.  In  1835  he  was 
nominated  by  the  crown,  to  a  canonry 
residentiary  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
with  the  rectory  of  St.  Margaret's  an- 
nexed; and  these  he  held  until  1849, 
when  he  was  nominated  to  the  deanery 
of  St.  Paul's.  In  addition  to  the  works 
above  enumerated,  Dr.  Milman  wrote 
a  "  History  of  Latin  Christianity,"  a 
"History  of  the  Jews,"  Notes  and 
Illustrations  to  Gibbon's  "Decline  and 
Fall,"  the  "Martyr  of  Antiocb," 
"Anne  Bolevn,"  "  Belshazzar,"  and 
other  works.     D.  1868. 

MINER,  Charles,  an  American 
journalist,  b.  in  Norwich,  Conn.,  1780, 
emigrated  to  the  Wyoming  Valley, 
Penn.,  in  1799,  and  was  for  many  years 
a  popular  editor,  and  from  1825-29 
member  of  congress.  He  wrote  a 
"Historv  of  Wyoming,"  1845.  D. 
1865. 

MITCHEL,  John,  an  Irish  agitator, 
b.  in  county  Derry,  1815,  bred  to  the 
bar,  edited  the  Dublin  "Nation"  in 
1845,  and  in  1847  founded  the  "  United 
Irishman,"  which  was  soon  suppressed 
by  the  government  and  Mitchel  ban- 
ished to  Australia  for  fourteen  years. 
He  escaped  from  the  colony  in  1854  and 
came  to  New  York.  Removing  to  Ten- 
nessee he  established  the  "Southern 
Citizen,"  in  which  he  advocated  the 
reopening  of  the  slave  trade.  During 
the  civil  war  he  edited  the  "  Examiner  " 
at  Richmond,  a  violent  secession  jour- 
nal, and  afterwards  returned  to  New 
York.  In  February,  1875,  he  was  elected 
to  parliament  from  Tipperary,  though 
disqualified.  The  election  was  declared 
by  the  house  of  commons  to  be  null  and 
void,  and  a  new  writ  was  issued.  Mr. 
Mitchel  stood  again  and  was  once  more 
returned  by  a  vote  of  3,146,  to  746  for 
his  competitor,  Mr.  Moore.  The  seat 
was  given  to  Mr.  Moore  by  the  court 
of  common  pleas  to  whom  the  question 
was  referred.  Mr.  Mitchel  d.  a  few 
days  afterwards,  1S76.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  '"  Hugh  O'Neill,"  his  own  "  Jail 
Journal,"  and  a  continuation  of  Mac- 
Geoghean's  "History  of  Ireland."  — 
Okmsby  Macknight,  eminent  as  an 
astronomer,  and  author  of  "Planetary 
and  Stellar  Worlds,"  and  "  Popular  As- 
tronomy," b.  in  Union  county,  Ky., 
1810.  He  was  appointed  in  1825  to  a 
cadetship  in  West  Point.  He  graduated 
in  1829,  and  for  two  years  thereafter 
was  assistant  professor  of  mathematics. 
He  studied  law,  and  entered  upon  its 
practice  in  Cincinnati.     In  1834  he  be- 


220 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


[MIT 


came  professor  of  mathematics,  philos- 
ophy, am)  astronomy,  in  Cincinnati 
college,  and  in  L845  succeeded  in  estab- 
lishing an  observatory  in  that  city. 
Without  resigning  his  position  in  Ohio, 
in  1X59.  he  accepted  the  directorship  of 
the  Dudley  Observatory  at  Albany,  N. 
Y.,  and  succeeded  in  greatly  improving 
its  apparatus.  In  August,  1861,  lie 
abandoned  his  scientific  pursuits,  and 
accepted  a  commission  as  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers,  serving  in  the 
department  of  the  Ohio,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Major-general  Buell.  For  his 
services  in  this  connection  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  major-general.  In  Sept.  1862, 
lie  was  appointed  commander  of  the  de- 
partment of  the  south,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing month  d.  of  yellow  fever  at 
Beaufort,  S.  C. 

MITCHELL,  Alexander,  civil  engi- 
neer, b.  in  Dublin,  1780,  was  a  brick- 
maker  and  builder  for  thirty  years,  and 
in  1842  invented  the  screw  pile  and  moor- 
ing as  means  of  constructing  durable 
light-houses  in  deep  water  or  on  mud 
banks  or  shifting  sands.  D.  in  1868.  — 
Elisha,  D.  D.,  professor  of  chemistry, 
mineralogy,  and  geology,  in  the  univer- 
sity of  North  Carolina,  and  a  frequent 
contributor  on  scientific  subjects  to  the 
American  "Journal  of  Science.*'  He 
was  b.  in  Connecticut,  and  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  181'2.  He  was  killed  in 
Yancey  Co.,  N.  C,  1857,  by  falling  over  a 
precipice  in  the  Black  Mountains,  while 
engaged  in  making  scientific  observa- 
tions.—  John  Kearsley,  an  Ameri- 
can physician,  born  in  Virginia,  1796, 
was  the  author  of  numerous  professional 
and  scientific  essays,  and  published  a 
work  "On  the  Gryptogamous  Origin  of 
Malarious  and  Epidemical  Fevers." 
D.  1858.  —  Nahum,  jurist,  b.  in  Bridge- 
water,  Mass.,  1769;  d.  suddenly,  Aug. 
1, 1853,  while  attending  the  first  celebra- 
tion of  the  embarkation  of  the  pilgrims 
at  Delft  Haven.  He  was,  successively, 
a  representative  in  the  general  court  of 
the  state,  representative  in  congress, 
state  senator,  one  of  the  governor's 
council,  judge  of  the  circuit  court  of 
common  pleas,  and  chief  justice.  He 
published  a  "  History  of  Bridgewater," 
and  the  "  Bridgewater  Collection"  of 
sacred  music. 

MIUAMoX,  Miguel,  a  Mexican 
soldier,  b.  in  the  city  of  Mexico,  1832, 
of  French  descent,  became  a  brigadier- 
general  at  25,  and  the  most  conspicuous 
leader  of  the  church  party.  Defeating 
in  important  battles  the  liberal  coalition 
under  Juarez,  he  became  president  ad 


interim  of  the  Republic  in  February, 
1859.  Before  the  close  of  1860  he  was 
compelled  to  seek  safety  in  flight.  He 
passed  several  years  in  Paris,  but  re- 
turned in  1866,  and  joined  Maximilian, 
with  whom  he  was  captured  and  shot 
at  Queretaro,  June  19,  1867. 

MIKES,  Jules,  speculator,  of  Jewish 
extraction,  born  at  Bordeaux,  1809,  was 
a  small  broker  in  Paris,  converted  into 
an  extensive  operator  by  the  revolution 
of  1848.  He  acquired  large  interests  in 
influential  journals,  obtained  conces- 
sions of  the  great  works  of  the  port  of 
Marseilles,  and  for  supplying  Marseilles 
with  gas;  founded  the  railway  bank, 
and  the  Credit  Foncier,  and  negotiated 
a  Turkish  loan.  His  operations  became 
so  enormous  that  the}-  excited  no  little 
scandal,  and  on  charges  of  maladminis- 
tration he  was  arrested,  tried,  and  con- 
victed, and  after  appeals  and  retrials, 
served  out  a  term  of  imprisonment  of 
five  years.  On  regaining  his  liberty  in 
1866,  he  reappeared  on  the  Bourse  and 
was  patronized  by  his  old  clientage. 
In  1870  he  was  sentenced  to  six  months 
imprisonment  and  a  tine  of  3,000  francs 
for  a  printed  attack  on  his  old  judges. 
D.  1871. 

MITFORD,  Mart  Russell,  an  Eng- 
lish author,  b.  at  Alresford,  in  Hamp- 
shire, in  1789.  Her  father,  Dr.  Russell 
Mitford,  was  an  impulsive  and  warm- 
heart  i-d  man,  always  in  pecuniary  diffi- 
culties, which  his  daughter  shared  and 
bore  in  the  most  unrepining  spirit. 
When  she  was  about  ten  years  of  ag-e, 
she  gained  a  lottery  prize  of  .£20,000, 
which  her  father  soon  ran  through.  It 
was  necessary  that  she  should  turn  her 
literary  talents  to  account,  and  in  the 
"Annuals"  she  found  at  once  a  remu- 
nerative field  for  her  labors;  but  it  was 
not  till  the  series  of  rural  pictures  which 
she  hail  written  for  the  "Lady's  Maga- 
zine "  were  collected  into  the  volume 
entitled  "Our  Village,"  in  1832.  that 
her  fame  was  established.  In  1823  she 
published  the  tragedy  of  "Julian,"  fol- 
lowed by  "Foseari,"  "Charles  I.,"  and 
"  Rienzi,"  all  of  them  highly  intellect- 
ual compositions,  though  the  last  only 
has  proved  successful  on  the  stage. 
After  some  years  spent  in  seclusion, 
she  again  came  before  the  world  as  an 
author,  her  last  productions  being  a 
collected  edition  of  her  works,  "  Ath- 
erton,  a  Tale,"  and  "Recollections  of 
a  Literary  Life."  D.  1855. — Rev. 
John,  a  poet,  and  editor  of  the  works 
of  Grav,  Milton,  and  Drvden,  d.  1859. 

MlfZKIKVITCH,    Adam,   a   Polish 


mon] 


CYCLOV.KDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


221 


poet  and  professor  of  the  Sclavonic  lan- 
guage in  fllC  college  ol  France.    1).  1855. 

WilTSCHERLICH,  Eilhard,  a  Ger- 
man chemist,  wash,  in  the  Grand  Duchy 
of  Oldenburg,  in  1794.  He  discovered 
the  law  <>f  isomorphism,  for  which  he 
received  the  medal  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  London.  He  wrote  a  "Treatise  on 
Chemistry,"  which  has  been  frequently 
reprinted,  and  is  recognized  as  a  stand- 
ard work.     D.  1803. 

MiTTERMAIER,  Karl  Joskph  An- 
tiion,  a  German  jurist  and  statesman, 
b.  in  Munich,  1787,  was  professor  of 
jurisprudence  at  Heidelberg  from  1821 
till  his  death.  His  numerous  publica- 
tions embraced  almost  every  branch  of 
civil  and  criminal  law  relating  to  the 
processes  and  the  administration  of  jus- 
tice. His  numerous  treatises  are  dis- 
tinguished by  clearness  of  style,  great 
erudition,  and  the  liberality  which  he 
also  carried  into  politics.  He  took  an 
active  part  in  public  affairs,  and  was 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  moderate  Dem- 
ocratic party.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Baden  legislature  for  nearly  twenty 
years,  and  retired  in  1841  in  conse- 
quence of  his  grief  at  the  loss  of  his 
son.  During  this  period  he  was  three 
times  president,  and  having  resumed 
his  seat  in  1846,  lie  was  again  presi- 
dent in  1847-48.  In  1848  he  presided 
over  the  provisional  parliament  at 
Frankfort,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
German  parliament.  D.  at  Heidelberg, 
1867. 

MOHL,  Jut.es  dk,  a  distinguished 
French  orientalist,  b.  at  Stuttgart,  1800. 
Among  other  works  he  edited  Firdusi's 
celebrated  poem  of  "  Shah  Nameh," 
5  vols.,  1838-66.  From  1852  he  was 
director  of  the  oriental  department  of 
the  imperial  printing-office.  D.  1877. 
MOIR,  David  Macbeth,  the  "Delta" 
of  "Blackwood's  Magazine,"  b.  1708; 
d.  at  Dumfries,  Scotland,  1851.  His 
"Autobiography  of  Mansie  Wauoh" 
is  well  known  on  both  sides  of  the  At- 
lantic. 

MOLE,  Louis  Mathiku,  Count,  a 
French  statesman,  made  his  first  appear- 
ance as  the  author  of  "  Essais  de  Morale 
et  de  Politique,"  which  attracted  the 
attention  of  the  first  Napoleon,  and  led 
to  official  employment,  rising  higher 
and  higher  so  long  as  the  empire  lasted. 
Durintr  the  hundred  days  he  became 
one  of  Napoleon's  peers,  and  resumed 
his  old  functions  of  director-general  of 
bridges  and  roads,  wdiich  he  continued 
to  exercise  under  the  second  restoration. 
When  Louis  Philippe  became  king,  he 


appointed  M.  Mole  foreign  minister, 
and  at  a  later  period  prime  minister. 
On  the  outbreak  of  the  revolution  in 
1848.  he  retired  ;  reappearing  promi- 
nentlv  only  once  again,  ami  then  as 
auditor  to  the  council  of  state  during 
the  presidency  of  Louis  Napoleon.  B. 
1781;  d.  of  apoplexv,  1855. 

MOLKSWOKTII,  Sin  William,  an 
English  statesman  of  the  highest  type, 
who  devoted  great  attention  to  the  col- 
onies of  Great  Britain,  and  cherished 
plans  fitted  to  prepare  them  for  libera- 
tion and  independence*  15.  in  London 
in  1810,  he  entered  the  house  of  com- 
mons in  1832,  representing  at  different 
periods  a  division  of  Cornwall,  Leeds, 
and  Southwark,  and  always  working 
with  the  advanced  wing  of  the  reform 
partv.  Appointed  secretary  of  state  for 
the  "colonies,  he  seemed  at  last  to  have 
realized  the  object  of  his  laborious  life, 
when  death  put  an  end  to  his  useful- 
ness, Oct.  22,  1855.  To  the  politician 
he  added  the  character  of  the  philoso- 
pher and  man  of  letters,  editing  and 
publishing  at  his  own  cost  the  works  of 
Hobbes  in  English  and  Latin. 

MONAGAS,  Jose  Tadko,  soldier  and 
statesman,  b,  1786,  fought  under  Boli- 
var for  South  American  independence, 
and  elected  president  of  Venezuela,  in 
1846,  made  himself  dictator  in  1848,  for 
eleven  vears,  until  overthrown  in  1859. 
D.  1868. 

MONSON,  Hon.  William  John,  a 
waiter  on  archa?ologieal  and  antiquarian 
subjects,  and  author  of  a  book  of  travel. 
15.  in  Tanjore,  India,  1796;  d.  in  Lon- 
don, 1862. 

MONTAGU,  Basil,  editor  of  Lord 
Bacon's  works,  and  author  of  his  life, 
b.  1770;  d.  1851.  He  was  the  natural 
son  of  the  Earl  of  Sandwich,  by  whom 
he  was  educated  for  the  bar. 

M  O  N  T  ALEJIBE  Pt  T,  Charles 
Forbes  de  Tyron.  Comte  de,  a  French 
statesman  and  author,  b.  1810,  in  Lon- 
don. On  attaining  the  legal  age,  he 
took  his  seat  as  a  peer  of  France  (1835). 
The  scheme  of  a  union  of  Catholicism 
and  Democracy,  which  Lamennais,  La- 
cordaire,  and  Montalembert  defended 
with  so  much  energy,  found  but  little 
favor  at  Rome,  and  the  friends  resolved 
to  proceed  thither  and  plead  their  cause 
in  person.  After  some  delay  their  doc- 
trines were  reprobated  by  Gregory 
XVI.,  in  the  encyclical  of  June,  1835, 
as  they  had  been  three  years  previously. 
Lacor'daire  and  .Montalembert  submitted 
to  the  Pope;  but  Lamennais  revolted, 
aud  from  that  day  all  intercourse  ceased 


222 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mon 


between  him  and  his  two  former  associ- 
ates. Montaleinbert  now  betook  him- 
self  to  study  the  ideas  and  manners  of 
the  Middle  "Ages,  and,  in  1830,  brought 
out  Iiis  first  important  work,  "  The  Life 
of  !St.  Elizabeth  of  Hungary."  The 
following  year  he  made  his  three  famous 
speeches  in  the  chamber  of  peers,  on 
the  liberty  of  the  church,  the  liberty  of 
instruction,  and  the  liberty  of  the  mo- 
nastic orders.  He  therein  declared 
himself  the  defender  oi  the  Society  Of 
Jesus.  After  the  coup  d'etat  he  pro- 
tested against  the  arrest  and  imprison- 
ment of  the  representatives.  He  gave 
his  support  to  the  government  for  some 
time  ;  but  becoming  indignant  at  the 
decree  confiscating  the  property  of  the 
Orleans  princes,  he  went  into  opposition 
(1852).  In  the  same  year  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  French  Acade- 
my. At  the  general  election  of  1857, 
he  was  defeated  in  his  own  department 
of  the  Doubs.  This  defeat  closed  his 
parliamentary  career.  His  most  impor- 
tant works  are  "  Du  Catholieisme  et  du 
Vandalisme  dans  1' Art,"  1820  ;  "L'Ave- 
nir  Politique  de  l'Angleterre,"  1855  ; 
"  Pie  IX.  et  Lord  Palmerston,"  1856; 
a  biographical  sketch  of  Lacordaire; 
and  "  Les  Moines  d'Occident  depuis 
Saint  Benoit  jusqu'  a  Saint  Bernard," 
of  which  live  volumes  have  appeared. 
1).  1870. 

MONTANELLI,  Giuseppe,  an  Ital- 
ian revolutionist,  b.  in  Tuscany,  1813, 
d.  1862.  At  18  he  obtained  the  degree 
of  doctor  of  laws.  At  23  he  published 
a  volume  of  poems,  and  at  27  he  was 
chosen  professor  of  Tuscan  and  com- 
mercial law  in  the  university  of  Pisa; 
and  published  "a  Philosophical  Intro- 
duction to  the  Study  of  Commercial 
Law."  In  1844,  he  organized  the 
'•  Italian  Brothers,"  a  secret  Republican 
association,  and  in  the  following  year 
originated  a  journal  entitled  '"  Italy," 
lo  propagate  the  liberal  principles  of  the 
brotherhood.  He  afterwards  became 
prime  minister  of  Tuscany,  and  after 
the  flight  of  the  grand  duke,  in  1849, 
he  formed  one  of  the  triumvirate  chosen 
by  the  people  to  carry  on  the  govern- 
ment. The  restoration  of  the  grand 
duke  necessitated  the  exile  of  Monta- 
nelli,  and  for  some  years  he  resided  in 
Paris,  where  he  wrote  tragedies  for 
Ristori,  and  also  his  "Recollections." 
Still  later,  he  incurred  the  displeasure 
of  Italian  liberals  by  the  advocacy  of  a 
confederation  of  states  as  opposed  to 
the  united  kingdom  of  Italy. 

MONTEZ,  Lola,  Countess  of  Lauds- 


feld,  b.  in  Limerick,  1824  ;  d.  in  New 
York,  1861.  She,  married  when  very 
young,  but  abandoned  her  husband, 
appeared  as  a  dancer  in  Paris,  in  1840, 
ami  transferred  to  the  stage  at  Munich, 
became  the  favorite  of  king  Louis  of 
Bavaria;  acquiring  over  him  a  remark- 
able influence,  and  using  it  as  a  parti- 
san in  the  politics  of  the  country.  In 
1846,  the  king  conferred  upon  her  the 
title  of  Countess  of  Landsfeld,  but  her 
intrigues  provoked  resistance,  and  she 
was  obliged  to  leave  the  country.  In 
1852,  she  came  to  the  United  States  and 
performed  as  a  dancer,  and  also  in  a 
dramatic  piece  designed  to  embody  her 
own  version  of  her  adventures  in  Bava- 
ria. She  subsequently  went  to  Austra- 
lia and  England,  coming  again  to  the 
U.  S.  in  1850,  and  lecturing  on  trivial 
subjects.  For  several  months  previous 
to  her  decease,  she  suffered  from  par- 
alysis. 

'MONTGOMERY,  James,  an  Eng- 
lish poet,  was  b.  of  Moravian  parents  in 
Ayrshire,  Scotland,  1771.  Commencing 
life  behind  a  shop  counter,  in  1782  he 
entered  the  employment  of  Mr.  Gales, 
of  Sheffield,  editor  of  the  "  Register." 
With  politics  too  liberal  for  the  time, 
Mr.  Gales  found  it  convenient,  to  quit 
England,  and  Montgomery  assumed  the 
editorship  of  the  journal,  which  he  re- 
named the  "Iris."  Always  moderate 
and  conciliatory,  he  was  nevertheless 
twice  prosecuted  and  imprisoned  by  the 
Tory  government  of  the  day.  He  re- 
tained the  editorship  of  the  ''Iris"  till 
1840,  when  he  retired  with  a  govern- 
ment pension.  His  larger  poems  are, 
"  The  Wanderer  in  Switzerland,"  "  The 
West  Indies,"  '-The  World  before  the 
Flood,"  "Greenland,"  and  "The  Peli- 
can Island."  D.  1854. — Robekt,  au- 
thor of  the  "  Omnipresence  of  the 
Deity,"  and  suruamed  by  irreverent 
satirists  "Satan  Montgomery,"  was  an 
English  Episcopal  minister,  with  some 
reputation  as  a  pulpit  orator.     D.  1855. 

MONTGOMERY,  John  B.,  an  Amer- 
ican naval  officer,  b.  in  New  Jersey,  en- 
tered the  service  in  1812,  was  a  mid- 
shipman on  the  flag-ship  Niagara  in 
Perry's  victory  on  Lake  Erie,  and  re- 
ceived a  sword  and  the  thanks  of  con- 
gress. He  commanded  the.  Portsmouth 
in  the  Pacific  squadron,  1845-48,  and 
during  the  cn.ise  took  possession  of 
California,  and  blockaded  Mazatlan. 
He  was  commissioned  rear-admiral  in 
1866.     D.  1873. 

MONTHOLON,  Count,  one  of  Na- 
poleon   Bonaparte's    generals,     distin- 


MOIt] 


CYCLOP/EPIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


223 


guished  for  his  fidelity  to  his  com- 
mander  in  evfery  phase  of  his  fortunes. 
After  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  together 
with  his  wife  and  children,  he  shared 
voluntarily  the  emperor's  exile  at  St. 
Helena,  lie  was  one  of  his  executors, 
and  on  returning  to  Europe  published, 
in  conjunction  with  General  Gourgaud, 
"Memoires"  of  the  history  of  France 
under  Napoleon,  written  at  St.  Helena 
under  his  dictation,  in  8  vols.  He  aided 
Louis  Napoleon  in  his  Boulogne  enter- 
prise of  1840,  and  shared  his  imprison- 
ment at  Hani.     B.  1783;  d.  185:}. 

MOORE,  Cl.kmk.nt  Clarke,  an 
American  scholar,  b.  in  New  York, 
1779,  was  the  pioneer  in  this  country 
in  the  department  of  Hebrew  lexicog- 
raphy. He  was  from  1821  professor  in 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  seminary  in 
New  York,  and  gave  to  that  institution 
the  large  plot  of  ground  on  which  it 
stands  in  New  York.  He  published  a 
volume  of  poems  in  1844,  and  "  George 
Castriot"  in  1850.  D.  1863. —Edwin 
Wahd,  b.  in  Alexandria,  Va..  1811, 
entered  the  U.  S.  navy  in  1825,  and 
resigned  in  1837  to  take  command  of 
the  Texan  navy,  then  uncreated.  He 
bought  partly  with  his  own  resources 
two  small  ships,  with  which  he  set 
sail  from  New  Orleans  in  the  spring  of 
1843,  and,  against  the  orders  of  Presi- 
dent Houston,  attacked  the  Mexican 
navy  of  eight  vessels,  and  routed  and 
dispersed  them  after  a  series  of  bot 
engagements.  For  this  service  lie  re- 
ceived a  large  grant  of  land  and  money 
from  the  Texan  congress.  D.  in  New 
York,  1865. — Jacob  Bailey,  histori- 
cal writer,  b.  in  Andover,  N.  H.,  1797, 
learned  the  trade  of  a  printer,  and  was 
editorially  connected  with  newspapers, 
and  in  1845-48  was  librarian  of  the 
N.  Yr.  Historical  Society,  in  which  office 
he  was  succeeded  by  his  son  George 
H.  Moore,  now  (1877)  librarian  of  the 
Lenox  Library.  He  was  one  of  the  ed- 
itors of  '"  Farmer  &  Moore's  Historical 
Collections  of  New  Hampshire,"  3  vols. 
(1822-24),  and  also  published  "  .Memoirs 
of  American  Governors"  (1846).  I)  at 
Bellows  Fads,  Vt.,  1853. —Thomas  P., 
soldier  and  politician,  b.  in  Kentucky, 
1795,  was  an  officer  in  the  war  of  1812, 
was  member  of  congress  in  1823-2. t, 
and  in  1833-35,  minister  to  Colombia 
in  1829-33,  and  a  major  of  infantry  in 
the  Mexican  war.     I).  1853. 

MOORE,  Thomas,  an  English  poet, 
b.  in  Dublin  in  1780.  His  parents  were 
Catholics,  and  family  intimacy  with 
many  of  the  United  Irishmen  impressed 


upon  his  boyish  mind  a  vivid  sense  of 
the  sufferings  and  wrongs  of  Ireland. 
He  studied  at  Trinity  college,  and  went 
to  London  in  1798  to  study  for  the  bar. 
His  poetical  aspirations,  however,  soon 
made  the  law  subordinate,  and  he  pub- 
lished a  translation  of  Anacn ,  fol- 
lowing with  the  "Poems  of  Thomas 
Little,"  and  another  volume  still  more 
objectionable.  A  severe  but  just  criti- 
cism of  these  amatory  productions  ap- 
peared in  the  •"  Edinburgh  Review," 
and  led  to  an  abortive  duel  between 
Moore  and  Jeffrey.  His  reputation  as 
a  song-writer,  his  musical  accomplish- 
ments, and  his  general  companionable 
qualities,  opened  to  Moore  the  road  to 
aristocratic  society,  and  in  1804  the 
patronage  of  Lord  Moiia  procured  for 
him  a  registrarship  in  Bermuda.  The 
position  involved  him  in  pecuniary  em- 
barrassments, from  which  he  honorably 
extricated  himself  out  of  the  products 
of  his  literary  labors.  Lord  Melbourne 
granted  him  a  pension  of  $1,500  in 
1835,  and  in  I860,  when  bis  health  was 
broken,  other  -9500  were  granted  to 
Mrs.  Moore.  His  poetical  works  in- 
clude his  '"Sacred  Songs,"  and  "Lalla 
Kookh,"  an  Oriental  romance,  for  which 
he  received  from  the  Messrs.  Longman 
3,000  guineas.  These  were  followed 
by  the  "Fudge  Family  in  Paris," 
"Rhymes  on  the  Road,"  and  "The 
Loves  of  the  Angels."  "The  Epi- 
curean," an  unrhymed  poem,  appeared 
in  1827.  His  biographical  works  in- 
clude "The  Life  of  Sheridan"  (1825), 
"'The  Life  of  Lord  Byron,"  2  vols. 
quarto  (1830),  and  the  '"Life  of  Lord 
Edward  Fitzgerald,"  2  vols.  8vo  (1831). 
He  wrote  a  "History  of  Ireland,"  in  4 
vols,  for  "Dr.  Lardner's  Cyclopaedia." 
His  "Memoirs,  Journals,  and  Corre- 
spondence," in  8  vols,  were  edited  after 
his  death  by  Lord  John  Russell,  and 
were  bought  hv  the  Longmans  for 
£3,000.     D.  1852. 

MOREHEAD.  Charles  S.,  lawyer 
and  statesman,  b  in  Nelson  county, 
Ky.,  1802,  studied  law,  and  entered  on 
political  life  in  1828  as  a  member  of  the 
legislature.  Attornev-general  of  the 
state  1834-38,  he  again  entered  the  leg- 
islature in  1838  and  was  speaker  of  the 
house  for  four  sessions  between  1840  and 
1844.  In  1847  he  was  sent  to  congress 
from  the  Ashland  district,  and  in  1849 
was  reelected  and  was  a  prominent  sup- 
porter in  the  house  of  Mr.  Clay's  com- 
promise measures.  In  1855  he  was 
elected  governor  of  Kentucky.  In  1801 
he  was  a  member  of  the  peace  conven- 


224 


CYCLOI\£DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mor 


tion,  and  of  the  bonier  state  convention 
that  met  at  Frankfort  in  May.  His 
proclivities  to  the  southern  side  in  the 
civil  war.  and  the  unguarded  expression 
of  his  feelings  in  that  direction,  led  to 
his  arrest  in  September,  1861,  and  con- 
finement in  Fort  Lafayette,  New  York 
harbor,  and  in  Fort  Warren,  Boston 
harbor,  where  he  was  detained  several 
months.  The  intercession  of  friends, 
and  the  absence  of  any  overt  act  of  dis- 
loyalty, led  ultimately  to  his  discharge, 
and  he  went  to  Europe,  and  remained, 
till  peace  was  restored,  in  London  and 
Paris.  Returning  to  the  United  States, 
he  undertook  the  personal  charge  of  his 
plantation  in  Greenville,  Miss.,  and  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  the  law.  But  his 
health  had  suffered  from  his  long  con- 
finement and  was  never  restored.  D. 
1868.  —  James  T.,  a  prominent  lawyer 
in  Kentucky;  lieutenant-governor  and 
governor  of  that  state;  and  a  member 
of  the  United  States  seuate  from  1841 
to  1847.     15.  179li ;  d.  1854. 

MORGAN,  .John  Mintkk,  a  philan- 
thropic co-laborer  of  Robert  Owen, 
wrote  "  The  Revolt  of  the  Bees,"  "  The 
Christian  Commonwealth,"  and  other 
works,  and  labored  strenuously  in  be- 
half of  projects  which  were  never  real- 
ized, lie  was  b.  and  d.  in  London, 
1783-1854. —  Lady  Sydney,  known 
in  earl}'  life  as  Miss  Owenson,  the  au- 
thoress of  ■-Tlie  Wild  Irish  Girl,"  and 
other  fictions,  and  in  later  years  by  her 
sketches  of  France,  Italy,  and  Ireland, 
b.  1783:  d.  1859.  —Charles  W.,  com- 
modore United  States  navy,  b.  1790;  d. 
1853.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1808, 
served  gallantly  in  the  action  between 
the  Constitution  and  the  Guerriere,  and 
twice  commanded  the  U.  S.  naval  force 
in  the  Mediterranean.  —  John  EL,  a 
noted  confederate  soldier,  b.  in  Ken- 
tucky, 182G.  In  1801  he  raised  a  body 
of  horsemen,  at  the  head  of  whom  he 
conducted  a  series  of  guerrilla  opera- 
tions in  Missouri  and  Kentucky.  For 
these  he  was  commissioned  colonel,  and 
afterward  brigadier-general.  He  joined 
the  forces  of  Bragg  in  Tennessee,  and 
resumed  his  operations  as  a  raider  south 
of  the  Cumberland.  His  most  exten- 
sive raid  extended  into  Kentucky,  In- 
diana, and  Ohio;  and  in  the  last  named 
state  lie  and  many  of  his  followers  were 
captured,  lie  escaped  from  prison  in 
Nov.  1803,  and  having  again  reached 
the  confederate  lines  was  restored  to  a 
command  including  Western  Virginia 
and  Eastern  Kentucky.  He  was  next 
attached  to  the  cavalry  force  operating 


for  the  defence  of  Atlanta,  and,  in  a 
raid  designed  to  interrupt  Gen.  Sher- 
man's communications,  was  killed,  Sep- 
tember, 18G4. 

MORLOT,  Fkancots  Nicolas  Made- 
leine, Archbishop  of  Paris,  the  succes- 
sor of  the  murdered  Archbishop  Sibour, 
and  a  writer  on  theological  topics.     He 
was  b.  at  Langres  in    1795,  and  studied 
in   the    ecclesiastical    college   of    Dijon. 
In  1839  he  was  made  Bishop  of  Orleans, 
and  in  1812  Archbishop  of  Tours.     He 
was  created  cardinal  in  1853.     L>.  18G2. 
MORNY,  the  Duke  dk,  — whose  preco- 
cious intelligence  led  Talleyrand  to  say, 
"This  little  gentleman  will  b«  a  minis- 
ter some  day,"  —  was  b.  in  Paris,  181 1, 
and  was  the  son  of  Queen  Horteuse  by 
Count  Flahaut.     He  was  therefore  half- 
brother  to  Napoleon   III.     In  his  21st 
year  he  received  a  commission  in  a  reg- 
iment of  lancers.     He  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  Africa,  under  the  late  Duke 
of  Orleans,  and   under  the  command  of 
Gen.  Changarnier,  took  part  in  the  cam- 
paign of  Moseara  and  the  first  campaign 
of  Constantine,  in   the   latter  of  which 
he   was  wounded.      Retiring   from   the 
army  in   1838,  and  being  possessed  of 
independent  means,  he  devoted  himself 
to  industrial  and  economical  questions, 
buying  a  large  manufactory  for  the  pro- 
duction   id'    sugar    from    beet  root.     In 
1842  he  was  returned  to  the  chamber  of 
deputies  by  the  electors  of  Puy-de-1  K>me. 
After  the  revolution  of  1848  he  at  first 
kept  aloof  from  politics,  but  in  1849  he 
was   again   returned  by  his  former  con- 
stituency  to    the    legislative    assembly, 
when  he  at  once  identified  himself  with 
the  policy  of  Louis  Napoleon.     During 
the  coup  d'etat  he  was  one  of  the  few 
who  were  in  the  confidence  of  the  em- 
peror.    He  was  appointed  on  the  same 
day  (Dec.  2,  1851)  minister  of  the  in- 
terior,  which    position    he    resigned   in 
January,  1852,  on   the  question  of  the 
confiscation   of   the    Orleans    property. 
In   1854  he  was  appointed  president  of 
the   corps    legislatif.      He    represented 
France    at   the   court  of    Russia  during 
the  coronation   of    Alexander  II.,   and 
married   at   the   same   time   a  Russian 
princess.     In  1858  he  was  made  mem- 
ber  of  the  privy  council.     The  Duke  de 
Morny  was  as  successful  on  the  bourse 
as  in  "politics.     He  was  in  the  confidence 
of  his   imperial    relative    in   all   things, 
and  the  information  he  thus  acquired  he 
turned   to  profitable  account,     lie  has, 
indeed,  been  described  as  "a  jobber  of 
the   first   magnitude."     From  a  man  of 
very  moderate  means  he  rapidly  rose  to 


mor] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPHY. 


225 


be  one  of  the  richest  men  of  Europe. 

His  liberality,  however,  kept  pace  with 
his  riches.  And  he  was,  withal,  a 
graceful  man,  a  great  wit,  the  lion  of 
French  society,  the  idol  of  his  fair  coun- 
trywomen, and  a  devoted  adherent  of 
the  empire.    D.  1865. 

M  O  R  R I S,  Ohakles,  commodore 
United  States  navy,  was  b.  in  Wood- 
stock, Conn.,  in  1784,  entered  the  navy 
as  midshipman  in  1799.  In  the  war 
with  the  Barbary  States,  he  showed  in 
several  instances  the  intrepidity,  en- 
ergy, and  judgment  which  characterized 
bis  after-life.  He  was  a  volunteer  to 
aid  Decatur  in  the  destruction  of  the 
Philadelphia,  and  was  the  first  upon  her 
deck.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  war 
of  1812  he  was  a  lieutenant,  and  was 
the  executive  officer  of  the  Constitution 
in  1812,  in  her  memorable  escape,  after 
a  chase  of  sixty  hours,  from  the  British 
squadron,  and  also  when  she,  during 
the  same  season,  captured  the  Guerriere. 
In  this  action  he  was  shot  through  the 
body  by  a  musket-ball.  In  Sept.  1813, 
for  special  services,  he  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  post-captain  over  the  heads 
of  some  of  his  seniors,  his  commission 
dating  from  the  day  of  the  surrender  of 
the  Guerriere.  In  that  year  he  took 
command  of  the  Adams  sloop-of-war, 
was  disabled  by  a  storm,  ran  into  Pe- 
nobscot Bay  and  up  the  river  for  re- 
pairs, and  being  attacked  by  a  superior 
force,  destroyed  his  vessel.  After  the 
conclusion  of  the  war  he  was  employed 
in  important  commands  at  sea  and  on 
shore.  He  was  the  captain  of  the 
Brandywine,  which  carried  Lafayette  to 
France  in  1825,  and  afterwards  com- 
manded squadrons  on  the  Brazil  and 
Mediterranean  stations.  His  last  sea- 
service  was  his  cruise  in  the  Delaware, 
in  1814;  and  from  that  time  he  was  al- 
most constantly  at  the  head  of  some  one 
of  the  bureaus  of  the  navy  department  at 
Washington.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
(1850),  he  was  chief  of  the  bureau  of 
hydrography  and  repairs.  —  George 
P.,  a  lyric  poet  and  journalist,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  1802.  In  1823  he  assisted 
in  starting  the  "New  York  Mirror," 
with  which  he  continued  associated  un- 
tilits  discontinuance  in  1842.  In  1843 
he"  joined  N.  P.  Willis  in  the  "New 
Mirror,"  and  in  1844,  commenced  the 
"  Evening  Mirror."  Some  time  after  he 
issued  the  "National  Press,"  a  weekly 
journal,  which  in  1846  was  metamor- 
phosed into  the  "Home  Journal,"  of 
which  he  remained  one  of  the  editors  un- 
til his  death.  Mr.  Morris's  reputation 
15 


rests,  however,  upon  his  songs  and 
poems.  His  "Woodman,  Spare  that 
Tree,"  "  We  were  Boys  Together," 
"Land-ho!"  "My  Mother's  Bible," 
and  "The  Origin  of  Yankee  Doodle," 
are  still  remembered.  Among  his  other 
productions  are  the  libretto  of  "The 
Maid  of  Saxony."  "The  Deserted 
Bride,  and  other  Poems,"  a  volume  of 
prose  sketches,  and  a  volume  of  selected 
American  songs.  D.  1864. — Henry 
W.,  commodore  United  States  navy, 
and  grandson  of  Gouverneur  Morris,  b. 
in  New  York,  1805 ;  d.  1863.  He  en- 
tered the  navy  as  midshipman  in  1819. 
In  Jan.  1862,  he  assumed  command  of 
the  steam  sloop-of-war  Pensaeola,  which 
joined  the  blockading  squadron  in  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  performed  an  im- 
portant part  in  the  attacks  upon  Forts 
Jackson  and  St.  Philip,  and  upon  the 
Chalmette  batteries.  — William  Wal- 
ton, an  American  officer,  b.  at  Ballstou 
Springs,  N.  Y.,  1801,  graduated  at  West 
Point,  distinguished  himself  in  the 
Florida  and  Mexican  wars,  and  was  mil- 
itary governor  of  Tampico  and  after- 
ward of  Puebla.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  rebellion  he  was  on  duty  at  Fort 
McHenry,  Baltimore,  and  promptly 
turned  his  guns  on  the  city  during  the 
riot  of  19th  April,  1801.  Brevetted 
major-general  10th  Dec.  1865,  he  d.  on 
the  following  day. 

MORROW,  Jeremiah,  statesman, 
was  b.  in  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  1771,  and 
removing  to  the  N.  W.  territory  in  1795, 
was  the  first  member  of  congress  from 
Ohio,  1803-1813.  He  was  U.  S.  senator 
1813-19;  and  governor  of  Ohio,  1822- 
26.  He  was  again  M.  C.  in  1841-43. 
D.  1852. 

MOUSE,  Samuel  Finley  Breese, 
an  American  artist  and  inventor,  was 
born  in  Charlestown,  Mass.,  in  1791. 
He  was  educated  at  Yale  college,  and 
took  his  bachelor's  degree  in  1810. 
Having  a  great  taste  for  art,  he  decided 
on  becoming  a  painter,  and,  in  1811,  pro- 
ceeded to  London,  to  study  under  Ben- 
jamin West.  In  1813  he  received  the 
gold  medal  for  his  first  effort  in  sculp- 
ture, "The  Dying  Hercules."  On  his 
return  to  the  United  States  he  followed 
his  profession  with  moderate  pecuniary 
results,  but  he  succeeded  in  laying  the 
foundation  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Design,  and  was  annually  elected  its 
president  for  sixteen  years.  In  1829  he 
again  visited  Europe,  and  resided  in 
Rome,  Florence,  Venice,  and  Paris  for 
three  years.  On  his  voyage  home,  in 
1832,   in   the   packet  ship   Sully   from 


226 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[MOT 


Havre,  he  conceived  and  made  draw- 
ings of  the  recording  telegraph  which 
bears  his  name.  A  portion  of  the  ap- 
paratus was  constructed  before  the  ex- 
piration of  the  year  1832,  but  it  was  not 
until  1835  that  he  completed  his  first 
rude  instrument.  In  1837  it  was  im- 
proved upon,  and  publicly  exhibited  at 
work  upon  a  circuit  of  upwards  of  ten 
miles.  By  the  aid  of  the  American 
government  he  established  the  first  tel- 
egraphic line  on  his  plan  between  Wash- 
ington and  Baltimore,  a  distance  of  forty 
miles.  His  patent  brought  him  hand- 
some returns,  and  his  invention  was 
recognized  by  degrees  from  colleges, 
gold  medals  and  memberships  from 
academies  and  learned  societies,  and 
decorations  from  most  of  the  crowned 
heads  of  Europe.  The  most  distin- 
guished mark  of  public  gratitude  per- 
haps was  conferred  upon  him  by  a  con- 
gress of  representatives  of  ten  of  the 
governments  of  Europe,  specially  con- 
vened for  the  purpose  in  Paris  in  1858. 
at  the  suggestion  of  the  Emperor  Napo- 
leon, when  it  was  unanimously  decided 
that  the  sum  of  400,(100  francs  should  be 
presented  to  him.  His  statue  in  bronze 
was  erected  in  Central  Park  in  1871. 
D.  1872.  His  "Life"  by  Rev.  S.  Ire- 
neeus  Prime,  was  published  1875. 

MORSON,  Thomas,  an  English 
chemist,  scientific  and  practical;  was 
the  inventor  of  the  medicine  called 
"  Pepsine  "  designed  to  aid  the  nutri- 
tive processes  for  the  assimilation  of 
food.  The  first  sulphate  of  quinine  and 
the  first  morphia  made  in  England  were 
produced  in  his  laboratory.  D.  in  Lon- 
don, 1874. 

MORTON,  James  St.  Clair,  brevet 
brigadier-general  U.  S.  A.,  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia, 1829,  graduated  at  West  Point, 
was  engaged  in  the  engineer  corps,  ren- 
dered efficient  service  during  the  war  of 
the  rebellion,  and  was  killed  in  leading 
the  assault  on  Petersburg,  June  17, 
1864. — William  Thomas  Green,  M. 
D.,  discoverer  of  the  use  of  ether  as  an 
anesthetic  in  surgery,  b.  at  Charlton, 
Mass.,  1819,  studied  dentistry  and  es- 
tablished himself  in  Boston.  In  1846 
he  obtained  a  patent  for  his  discovery 
of  ethereal  anaesthesia,  under  the  name 
of  "Letheon,"  offering  free  rights  to  all 
charitable  institutions.  In  1852  he  re- 
ceived from  the  French  academy  the 
great  gold  medal,  the  Monthyon  prize 
in  medicine  and  surgery.  Our  govern- 
ment appropriated  the  discovery  to  its 
own  use  without  compensation.  Many 
years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  the  una- 


vailing pursuit  of  justice  from  congress 
and  the  departments.  In  1858  he  insti- 
tuted a  suit  against  a  marine  hospital 
surgeon  for  an  infringement  of  his  pat- 
ent, and  the  result  before  the  U.  S.  cir- 
cuit court  was  in  his  favor.  His  claims 
to  the  honor  of  the  discovery  were  dis- 
puted b}'  Dr.  Horace  Wells  of  Hartford, 
Conn.,  and  by  Dr.  Charles  T.  Jackson 
of  Boston.  His  monument  in  Mt.  Au- 
burn erected  by  citizens  of  Boston  bears 
an  inscription  which  proclaims  him  the 
"inventor  and  revealer  of  amesthetic 
inhalation."  And  there  is  no  doubt  that 
the  introduction  of  this  discovery  into 
general  surgery  dates  from  an  experi- 
ment in  the  Massachusetts  General  Hos- 
pital on  Oct.  16,  1846,  conducted  by  Dr. 
J.  C.  Warren  and  Dr.  Morton.  D.  in 
New  York,  July  15,  1868. 

MOSEN,  Julius,  a  German  drama- 
tist and  poet,  b.  at  Mariency,  Saxonv, 
1803  ;  d.  1867.  He  wrote,  comedies, 
dramas,  tragedies,  novels,  poems,  and 
pastoral  sketches.  His  works  are  of 
unequal  merit,  but  are  distinguished 
by  a  vivid  imagination,  an  excellent 
stvle,  and  well-defined  characters. 

MOSENTHAL,  Salomon  Hermann, 
a  German  dramatist,  b.  in  Cassel,  1821, 
removed  in  1842  to  Vienna.  In  1851  he 
was  made  keeper  of  the  archives  of  pub- 
lic instruction  of  Austria,  and  held  this 
position  through  his  life.  He  became 
celebrated  for  his  dramatic  productions, 
three  of  which,  "Deborah,"  "Sonnen- 
wendhof,"  and  "Die  Deutschen  Ko- 
maedianten,"  have  become  the  most  pop- 
ular pieces  of  the  German  stage.  The 
first  was  translated  into  several  Eu- 
ropean languages.  He  also  produced 
"Pietra,"  a  tragedy,  and  "Isabella 
Orsini,"  which  was  produced  simulta- 
neously at  Vienna  and  Hamburg,  and 
was  received  with  great  favor.  One  of 
his  plays  under  the  title  of  "  Madelein 
Morel,"  was  translated  and  brought  out 
in  New  York.     D.  1877. 

MOTLEY,  John  Lotiirop,  historian, 
b.  in  Dorchester,  Mass.,  April  15,  1814, 
the  son  of  Thomas  Motley,  Esq.,  a 
prominent  merchant  of  Boston,  was 
educated  at  Round  Hill  school,  North- 
ampton, and  at  Harvard  college,  where 
he  graduated  in  1831.  He  travelled  in 
Europe,  and  was  two  years  at  the  col- 
leges in  Gottingen  and  Berlin.  Return- 
ing to  the.  United  States,  he  studied 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  but 
his  predelictions  were  for  literature,  and 
he  did  nothing  in  his  profession.  He 
wrote  for  the  "North  American  Re- 
view," and  for  the  "New  York  Quar- 


MOU] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


227 


terly,"  articles  that  were  above  the 
general  standard  of  those  journals.  His 
first  separate  publication  was  a  novel 
entitled  "  Morton" s  Hope,  or  the  Me- 
moirs of  a  Young  Provincial,"  in  1839. 
In  1840  he  obtained  from  Mr.  Webster, 
then  secretary  of  state,  the  appointment 
of  secretary  of  legation  to  the  Ameri- 
can embassy  in  Russia,  and  remained 
about  eight  months  in  St.  Petersburg. 
It  was  not  till  1849  that  he  published 
'•Merry  Mount,  a  Romance  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Colony."  Meanwhile  he  had 
been  collecting  materials  for  the  history 
of  Holland,  but  lacking  the  documen- 
tary collections  for  completing  it  to  his 
satisfaction,  he  embarked  with  his  fam- 
ily for  Europe  in  1851.  During  the 
next  five  years  he  resided  at  Dresden, 
Berlin,  and  the  Hague,  in  composition 
of  his  great  history,  "  The  Rise  of  the 
Dutch  Republic,"  which  appeared  in 
3  vols.,  8vo,  London  and  New  York,  in 
1856.  Its  success  was  immediate  and 
universal.  No  history  of  the  day,  ex- 
cepting only  that  of  Macaulay,  was  so 
thoroughly  popular  and  triumphant.  It 
was  translated  into  Dutch,  German, 
Russian,  and  French.  In  1860  he  pub- 
lished the  first  two  volumes  of  "The 
History  of  the  United  Netherlands,  from 
the  Death  of  William  the  Silent  to  the 
Twelve  Years'  Truce,  1609,"  and  in 
1867  the  two  volumes  completing  the 
work.  This  was  followed,  in  1874,  by 
"The  Life  and  Death  of  John  of  Bar- 
neveld,  Advocate  of  Holland;  with  a 
View  of  the  Primary  Causes  of  the 
Thirty  Years'  War,"  2  vols.  He  was 
said  afterwards  to  have  been  engaged 
on  a  "History  of  the  Thirty  Years' 
War,"  and  on  an  historical  novel,  which 
have  not  been  published.  On  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  rebellion  he  published  in 
the  "London  Times"  an  essay  on  the 
"Causes  of  the  Civil  War,"  in  which 
he  undertook  to  explain  to  the  English 
people  the  relations  of  the  states  to  the 
federal  constitution.  In  1861  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  President  Lincoln  minister 
to  Austria,  and  resigned  in  1867  in  con- 
sequence of  some  misunderstanding  with 
Secretary  Seward.  In  December,  1868, 
he  delivered  before  the  New  York  His- 
torical Society  an  address  entitled 
"  Historic  Progress  and  American  Dem- 
ocracy." On  the  accession  of  President 
Grant,  in  1869,  Mr.  Motley  was  sent  as 
minister  to  England,  but  was  recalled 
in  1870.  From  that  period  he  resided 
in  England,  where  his  daughters  were 
married,  and  there  he  died,  in  May,  1877. 
Mr.  Motley  married  early  in   life  Miss 


Mary  Benjamin,  the  sister  of  the  poet, 
Mr.  Park  Benjamin,  a  lady  of  high  cul- 
ture and  distinguished  social  gifts. 
Mr.  Motley's  literary  success  was  rec- 
ognized by  the  colleges  and  learned 
societies  in  this  country  and  in  Europe 
by  the  bestowal  of  memberships,  de- 
grees, and  other  honors. 

MOTT,  Valentine,  an  eminent  sur- 
geon, b.  at  Glen  Cove,  L.  I.,  1785;  d. 
in  New  York,  April  26,  1805.  He  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  M.  D.  at  Columbia 
college  in  1806,  and  after  studying  two 
years  in  London  under  Astley  Cooper, 
Abernethy,  and  Cline,  proceeded  to 
Edinburgh,  where  he  remained  a  year. 
On  his  return  to  the  United  States,  in 
1809,  he  became  professor  of  surgery  in 
Columbia  college,  and  so  remained  until 
1813,  when  he  assumed  the  same  posi- 
tion in  the  college  of  physicians  and 
surgeons.  He  originated  the  university 
medical  college,  and  was  its  professor  of 
surgery  and  relative  anatomy.  His  rare 
sagacity  in  the  diagnosis  of  disease, 
and  his  extraordinary  skill  in  surgery, 
established  for  him  a  fame  as  great  in 
Europe  as  that  which  he  enjoyed  in  this 
country.  Astley  Cooper  said  of  him, 
"He  has  performed  more  of  the  great 
operations  than  any  man  living,  or  that 
ever  did  live."  In  1821  he  performed 
the  first  operation  for  osteosarcoma  of 
the  lower  jaw.  He  was  the  first  sur- 
geon who  removed  the  lower  jaw  for 
necrosis.  No  professor  ever  won  more 
completely  the  esteem  of  his  pupils,  or 
enjoyed  more  universally  the  regard  of 
the  profession.  He  published  a  transla- 
tion of  "  Valpeau's  Operative  Surgery," 
in  four  vols.,  and  contributed  many 
papers  to  the  scientific  journals  of  this 
country  and  Europe. 

MOULTON,  Joseph  White,  histo- 
rian and  lawyer,  b.  1789,  in  Stratford, 
Conn.,  studied  law,  and  finally  estab- 
lished himself  in  New  York  city.  He 
published  an  early  "  History  of  the  State 
of  New  York,"  in  conjunction  with  J. 
V.  R.  Yates,  1824-20;  '"New  York  as 
it  was  Seventy  Years  Ago ;  "  and  "  View 
of  the  City  of  Orange  as  it  was  in  1673." 
He  edited  "Chancery  Practice  of  New 
York,"  3  vols.  8vo.,  and  "Mitford's 
Pleadings."     D.  1875. 

MOULTRIE,  John,  an  English  di- 
vine and  poet,  b.  1800,  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  Cambridge,  was  associated 
with  Praed,  in  the  "Etonian"  and 
"Knight's  Quarterly  Magazine."  He 
was  rector  of  Rugby,  and  besides  "  Ser- 
mons at  Rugby,"  1852,  published  sev- 
eral volumes  of  poems.     D.  1874.    His 


228 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


[mux 


grandfather  was  lieut-governor  of  Flor- 
ida during  the  American  revolution,  and 
adhered  to  the  British  crown. 

MOUNT,  William  Sidney,  an 
American  artist,  b.  at  Setauket,  L.  I., 
1807,  was  apprenticed  to  his  brother  a 
sign  painter  in  New  York,  and  produced, 
in  1828,  his  first  picture,  his  own  por- 
trait. His  pictures  of  negro  life  and 
physiognomy  were  characteristic  ;  and 
among  the  best  were  his  "Husking 
Corn,"  "  Banjo-Plaver,"  "  Nooning," 
and  "  The  Raffle."  "  U.  1868. 

MOWATT  (Ritchie),  Anna  Cora, 
an  American  actress  and  author,  b.  at 
Bordeaux,  France,  1819,  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Samuel  G.  Ogden,  known  from  his 
connection  with  the  Miranda  expedi- 
tion, was  married  at  17  to  Mr.  James 
Mowatt,  a  lawyer  of  New  York.  Soon 
after  she  published  "Pelayo,"  an  epic 
in  five  cantos,  and  "  The  Reviewers  Re- 
viewed," a  satire  on  her  critics.  Finan- 
cial reverses  having  overtaken  her  hus- 
band, she  determined  to  turn  to  the 
best  account  her  talents  for  the  stage, 
and  in  1845,  made  her  debut  at  the  Park 
Theatre  in  Pauline  in  the  "  Lady  of 
Lyons."  She  made  a  favorable  im- 
pression and  played  successful  engage- 
ments in  this  country  and  in  London, 
Manchester,  and  Dublin.  Her  husband 
died  while  she  was  abroad,  and  in  1851, 
she  returned  to  the  United  States,  and 
played  in  the  principal  cities;  but  took 
final  leave  of  the  stage  in  June,  1854, 
when  she  married  Mr.  W.  F.  Ritchie, 
editor  of  the  "Richmond  Enquirer." 
She  was  the  author  of  "  Armand,"  a 
drama;  "Autobiography  of  an  Ac- 
tress; "  "Mimic  Life;  "  "Twin  Roses:  " 
"The  Clergyman's  Wife,  and  other 
Sketches;"  and  the  "Mute  Singer." 
After  her  second  marriage  she  resided 
a  good  deal  abroad,  and  d.  near  London, 
in  1870. 

MOWER,  Joseph  A.,  an  American 
soldier,  b.  in  Vermont,  1830,  learned 
the  trade  of  a  carpenter,  was  a  private 
soldier  in  the  Mexican  war,  was  ap- 
pointed a  lieutenant,  in  1855,  and  in  the 
civil  war  displayed  great  gallantry  and 
ability,  and  was  b revetted,  major-gen- 
eral, In  1865.     D.  1870. 

MOZIER,  Joseph,  sculptor,  b.  in 
Vermont,  1812,  was  engaged  in  mercan- 
tile pursuits,  till  1845,  when  he  went  to 
Italy  and  devoted  himself  to  sculpture 
which  he  practised  successfully  at  Flor- 
ence and  Rome.  Among  his  works  are 
the  statues  of  "  Truth  "  and  "Silence  " 
in  the  possession  of  the  New  York  Mer- 
cantile Association.     D.  1870. 


MUGGE,  Theodore,  a  voluminous 
novelist,  and  founder  and  editor  of  the 
"National  Zeitung,"  b.  in  Berlin,  1806; 
d.  1861. 

MUHLENBURG,  William  Augus- 
tus, an  American  clerg}-man,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  1796,  was  for  20  years 
principal  of  St.  Paul's  college,  at  Flush- 
ing, L.  I.,  and  afterwards  secured  the 
establishment  of  St.  Luke's  hospital  in 
the  city  of  New  York,  of  which  he  was 
superintendent  and  pastor,  from  1858 
till  his  death  in  1877.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  sacred  poems,  and  among  them 
of  the  well-known  hymn,  "I  would  not 
Live  AI way,"  and  published  "Church 
Poetry,"  and  in  connection  with  Bishop 
Wainwright  "Music  of  the  Church," 
and  "  The  People's  Psalter." 

MULLER,  Jean,  Dr.,  a  German 
physiologist  and  anatomist,  b.  1801  ; 
d.  1858.  —  Hieronymus,  a  German 
scholar  and  writer  on  education,  b. 
1785  ;  d.  1861. 

MULREADY,  William,  a  painter, 
b.  at  Ennis,  Ireland,  1Y86;  d.  near  Lon- 
don, 1863.  In  his  15th  year  he  entered 
the  Royal  Academy  as  a  student.  His 
pictures  at  first  were  small,  and  it  was 
not  until  1815,  when  he  exhibited  his 
"Idle  Boys,"  that  his  position  was  as- 
sured; its  merits  being  recognized  by 
his  election  as  an  associate  of  the  acad- 
emy. In  1816,  his  "  Fight  Interrupted  " 
secured  his  elevation  to  the  rank  of  R. 
A.  Engrossed  as  he  was  in  perfecting 
his  powers  of  expression,  a  very  simple 
range  of  subject  throughout  sufficed. 
A  sketch  from  nature  of  "  A  Street 
Preacher"  he  made  in  1809;  a  finished 
drawing  of  the  same,  in  1822.  Pictures 
finished  in  1830  ("The  Dog  of  Two 
Minds,")  or  in  1840  ("Fair  June,") 
were  commenced  20  or  30  years  before; 
gradually  ripening  under  his  hands. 
In  1840,  he  executed  20  designs  for  an 
illustrated  edition  of  the  "  Vicar  of 
Wakefield ; "  and  from  this  source 
were  subsequently  derived  many  of  his 
finest  pictures.  In  1848,  an  exhibition 
of  his  works  was  formed  at  the  London 
society  of  arts,  and  the  public  and  pri- 
vate galleries  of  England  are  rich  in 
examples  of  his  genius. 

MUNDT,  Clara,  nee  Miller,  well 
known  by  her  novels  under  the  nomde 
plume  ot  Louisa  Muhlback,  b.  in  New 
Brandenberg,  Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 
1814;  d.  in  Berlin,  1873.  She  married 
Theodore  Mundt,  a  young  author  of 
promise,  and  some  time  professor  in  the 
university  of  Breslau,  who  died  in  1861, 
having  been  some  years  hopelessly  in- 


MUS] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPnY. 


229 


firm.  Her  first  novel  was  "First  and 
Last  Love,"  published  in  1838  before 
her  marriage,  and  from  that  time  her 
pen  was  continually  at  work.  Her 
novels,  some  of  them,  treat,  moral  and 
social  questions,  and  arc  stories  of  every- 
day life  ;  but  the  most  popular  are  her 
historical  novels,  twenty  of  which  have 
been  translated  into  English  and  pub- 
lished by  the  Messrs.  Appleton  of  New 
York.  Her  salon  in  Berlin  emulated  the 
interest  and  distinction  of  that  of  Mad- 
ame Reeaniier.  Among  her  translated 
novels  are  "Andreas  Hofer,"  "Queen 
Hortense,"  "Old  Fritz  and  the  New 
Era,"  "Napoleon  and  Blucher,"  "Fred- 
erick the  Great  and  his  Family,"  "  The 
Thirty  Years'  War,"  and  "From  K6- 
nigriitz  to  Chiselhurst." 

MUNDY,  SCR  George,  admiral  in 
the  British  service,  b.  1777;  d.  1861. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  the  battles 
of  St.  Vincent  and  the  Nile. 

MUNK,  Salomon,  a  French  Orient- 
alist, b.  in  Glogau,  1805,  published  at 
Paris,  in  1856-66,  a  French  translation  of 
"  Le  More  Nebokhim,"  ("  The  Teacher 
of  the  Perplexed,")  the  great  work  of 
the  celebrated  Maimonides,  in  3  vols. 
He  wrote  also  a  historical,  geographical, 
and  archaeological  description  of  Pales- 
tine, for  Didot's  "  Univers  Pittoresque." 
D.  1867. 

MUNOZ,  Fernando,  duke  of  Rian- 
zeYes,  husband  of  Maria  Christina,  queen 
dowager  of  Spain,  b.  of  very  humble 
parents  at  Tarancon  in  the  province  of 
Cuenca,  1810,  was  serving  in  the  royal 
guards  in  1833,  when  the  queen  became 
enamored  of  him,  and  soon  after  the 
death  of  Ferdinand  VII.,  in  1833,  con- 
tracted a  secret  marriage  which  was  not 
publicly  ratified  till  1844.  He  played 
no  part  in  politics,  but  was  created  Due 
de  Rianzeres  in  1844,  and  received  from 
Louis  Philippe  the  French  title  of  Due 
de  Montmorot  in  1847.     D.  1873. 

MURCHISON,  Sir  Roderick  Im- 
pey,  geologist,  was  b.  at  Tarradale, 
Ross-shire,  in  1792.  He  entered  the 
army  at  fourteen,  and  served  in  the 
Peninsular  war.  In  1814  he  left  the 
army  and  after  some  years  passed  in 
travel,  fox-hunting,  and  desultory 
study,  he  applied  himself  to  geology, 
in  which  he  attained  the  highest  dis- 
tinction. Scientific  honors  were  show- 
ered upon  him  from  all  quarters.  He 
was  president  of  the  geographical  and 
geological  societies,  was  made  knight 
of  two  Russian  orders,  and  was  made 
knight  and  afterwards  baronet  by  Queen 
Victoria.      His  works   are  "The  Silu- 


rian System,"  1839  ;  "  Geology  of  Rus- 
sia and  the  Ural  Mountains,"  1845; 
"  Siluria,"  in  1854;  and  a  "Geological 
Atlas  of  Europe,"  1856.  D.  1871.  A 
"  Memoir  "  of  him  by  Archibald  Geike, 
appeared  in  1875. 

MURDOCK,  James,  D.  D.,  studied 
theology  under  Dr.  Dwight,  and  in  1862 
was  ordained  pastor  of  the  church  at 
Princeton,  Mass.  He  was  successively 
professor  of  Greek  and  Latin  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Vermont,  and  professor  of 
sacred  rhetoric  and  ecclesiastical  history 
in  the  theological  seminary  at  Andover, 
Mass.,  whence  he  removed  to  New  Ha- 
ven. Amongst  his  works  are,  a  trans- 
lation of  Mosheim's  "Ecclesiastical  His- 
tory," a  version  of  the  New  Testament 
from  the  Syriac  Peshito,  a  translation 
of  Muenscher's  "  Dogmatic  History," 
and  "Sketches  of  Modern  Philosophy." 
B.  at  Westbrook,  Conn.,  1776;  d.  in 
Mississippi,  1856. 

MURE,  William,  who  held  a  high 
reputation  amongst  European  scholars, 
was  b.  1799,  and  was  educated  at  West- 
minster and  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh. He  studied  subsequently  in 
Germany.  His  chief  work,  "A  Crit- 
ical History  of  the  Language  and  Lit- 
erature of  Ancient  Greece,"  was  left 
unfinished  ;  but  the  several  portions  of 
it,  on  the  epic  and  lyric  poets,  and  the 
historians,  may  be  regarded  as  sepa- 
rate works.  The  first  two  volumes  are 
almost  wholly  devoted  to  an  examina- 
tion of  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey,  in  which 
he  endeavors  to  prove  the  essential  uni- 
ty of  both  these  poems,  together  with 
the  identity  of  their  authorship.  D. 
1860. 

MURRAY,  Nicholas,  D.  D.,  b.  in 
Ireland,  1802,  came  to  the  United  States 
in  1818,  studied  theology  at  Princeton, 
and  from  1833  to  his  death  was  pastor 
of  a  church  in  Elizabethtown,  N.  J. 
He  published  "Letters  to  Archbishop 
Hughes,"  under  the  signature  of  Kir- 
wan,  that  attracted  no  little  attention, 
and  several  volumes  of  sketches  of  men 
and  things  as  he  saw  them  at  home  and 
in  Europe.     D.  1801. 

MUSPRATT,  James  Sheridan, 
chemist,  b.  in  Dublin,  1821,  in  1843 
went  to  Giessen  and  studied  under  Lie- 
big.  He  published  in  Liebig  and  Woh- 
ler's  "Annalen,"  a  paper  on  the  sul- 
phites, which  procured  him  the  degree 
of  doctor  of  philosophy.  While  at  Gies- 
sen he  edited  Plattner's  "  Treatise  on  the 
Blowpipe,"  with  additions.  In  1848  he 
returned  to  England,  where  he  married 
Susan  Cushman  the  American  actress, 


230 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    UIOGKATHY. 


[nea 


sister  of  Charlotte,  who  d.  in  1859.  He 
founded  at  Liverpool  a  college  of  chem- 
istry.    In  1854   he  commenced   a  Dic- 


tionary of  Chemistry,  published  in  parts 
and  completed  in  I860,  which  attained 
a  large  circulation.     D.  1871. 


N. 


NACHIMOFF,  Admiral,  command- 
er of  the  Russian  fleet  when  the  Turkish 
ships  were  destroyed  at  Sinope,  in  1853. 
Killed  at  Sebastopol,  1855. 

NAPIER,  Sir  Charles  James,  lieu- 
tenant-general in  the  British  army,  was 
b.  in  1782.  His  first  laurels  were  won 
under  Sir  John  Moore  in  the  Peninsular 
war,  where  he  was  made  prisoner  dur- 
ing the  retreat  on  Corunna.  He  after- 
wards fought  under  Wellington  in  some 
of  the  severest  actions  in  the  Peninsula. 
Appointed  governor  of  Cephalonia,  he 
joined  Lord  Byron  in  drawing  up  a  plan 
for  securing  the  independence  of  Greece ; 
winning  the  gratitude  of  the  Cephalo- 
nians,  but  being  snubbed  by  the  author- 
ities he  served.  In  1841  he  went  to 
India,  as  commander  of  the  Bombay 
army,  and  at  once  applied  himself  to 
the  reform  of  abuses  with  an  energy 
that  incurred  the  displeasure  of  the 
East  India  monopoly,  and  the  authori- 
ties under  its  influence.  In  1843  he  en- 
tered upon  a  campaign  in  Affghanistan, 
achieving  great  victories  at  Meeanee 
and  Hyderabad,  and  adding  Scinde  to 
the  conquered  territories  of  Britain.  As 
governor  of  Scinde  he  carried  into  ef- 
fect many  salutary  reforms.  The 
scheme  of  conquest  was  completed  by 
the  battles  of  Ferozeshah  and  Sobraon, 
and  in  1847  he  returned  to  England. 
The  occurrence  of  another  Sikh  war,  in 
1849,  led  him  back  to  India,  but  only 
for  a  brief  period.  He  d.  near  Ports- 
mouth, 1852.  —  Sir  George  Thomas, 
a  younger  brother  of  the  preceding, 
served  in  the  Peninsula,  and  as  gover- 
nor of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  D. 
1855.  —  Sir  William  Francis  Pat- 
rick, another  brother,  general  and 
historian,  b.  1785;  d.  I860.  — Sir 
Charles,  vice-admiral,  commander  of 
the  Baltic  fleet  during  the  Russian  war. 
The  glory  he  had  won  in  Egypt,  Syria, 
and  Spain,  faded  before  Cronstadt ;  the 
sole  products  of  this  his  last  command 
having  been  the  blockade  and  the  affair 
of  Bomarsund.  B.  1786;  d.  I860.— 
Robert,  a  Scotch  shipbuilder  and  me- 
chanical engineer,  b.  at  Dumbarton, 
1791,  where  his  father  pursued  the  trade 
of  a  blacksmith.    In  1815  he  bought  out 


the  good-will  of  a  blacksmith  at  Glas- 
gow for  ■  .£45  out  of  a  total  capital  of 
£50,  and  from  these  small  beginnings 
became  a  builder  of  iron  ships,  like  the 
Black  Prince,  for  the  British  navy,  of 
6,100  tons,  and  steam  rams  and  iron- 
clad ships  of  war  for  foreign  govern- 
ments. He  received  the  great  gold 
medal  of  honor  at  the  Paris  Exposition 
of  1855.     D.  1876. 

NARVAEZ,  Ramon  Maria,  duke  of 
Valencia,  a  Spanish  statesman,  was  b. 
at  Loja,  in  Granada,  August,  1800.  He 
entered  the  army  at  an  early  age,  and 
took  part  in  the  war  of  liberation 
against  Napoleon  I.  He  afterwards 
made  himself  conspicuous  by  his  abili- 
ties in  the  Carlist  war,  and  was  raised 
to  the  rank  of  brigadier.  In  1840  he 
quarrelled  with  Espartero,  and  for  sev- 
eral years  was  the  prime  mover  in  all 
the  intrigues  and  plots  of  Queen  Chris- 
tina against  her  daughter  Queen  Isa- 
bella. From  1857  the  government  of 
Spain  was  either  in  the  hands  of  Gen- 
eral O'Donnell  or  Marshal  Narvaez.  In 
1865  the  former  was  once  more  suc- 
ceeded by  General  Narvaez,  who  re- 
mained prime  minister  till  his  d.,  April, 
1868. 

NEAGLE,  John,  an  American  por- 
trait painter,  b.  in  Boston,  1799,  ac- 
quired reputation  in  1826  by  an  admi- 
rable full  length  of  l>  Patrick  Lyon,  the 
Blacksmith."  Among  his  best  portraits 
are  those  of  Gilbert  Stuart,  Mrs.  Wood, 
the  singer,  as  Amina,  Henry  Clay,  Dr. 
Chapman,  and  Commodore  Barron.  D. 
1865. 

NEAL,  John,  an  American  author, 
b.  in  Portland,  Me.,  1793,  engaged  in 
various  pursuits  in  his  youth,  and  in 
1815  established  himself  in  commercial 
business  at  Baltimore  with  John  Pier- 
pont.  The  firm  failed  shortly,  and 
Neal  began  the  study  of  the  law,  and 
his  career  as  a  writer.  His  first  produc- 
tion was  a  review  of  Lord  Byron's 
works,  in  the  "Portico."  In  1817  ap- 
peared "Keep  Cool,"  his  first  novel, 
which  was  followed  the  next  year  by 
"  The  Battle  of  Niagara,  Goldau,  and 
other  Poems."  In  1819  he  published 
the  tragedy  of  "Otho,''in  the  preface 


nel] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OK    BU  GllAPHY. 


231 


to  which  he  took  up  the  defence  of  the 
unities,  and  claimed  to  have  refuted  the 
"  great  argument  of  I>r.  Johnson."  He 
prepared  an  Index  to  the  first  50  vols, 
of  Niles's  Register,"  and  wrote  about  a 
fourth  part  of  Paul  Allen's  "History 
of  the  American  Revolution."  In  1821 
ami  1822  he  published  a  series  of  nov- 
el-, of  which  we  give  his  own  account: 
"Logan,"  a  piece  of  declamation; 
"Seventy-six,"  of  narrative,  written  in 
twenty-seven  days:  '•  Randolph,"  epi.i- 
tolary,  in  thirty-six  days;  "  Errata,  or 
Will  Adams,"  colloquial,  in  less  than 
thirty-nine  days.  The  last  three  were 
written  between  20th  November,  1821, 
and  the  19th  of  March,  1822;  and  dur- 
ing the  whole  period  the  author  was 
publicly  engaged  every  week-day  in 
professional  business.  He  went  to  Ens- 
land  in  January,  182-1,  and  wrote  for 
various  periodicals,  notably  for  "  Black- 
wood's Magazine,"  in  which  appeared 
his  '"  Sketches  of  the  Five  American 
Presidents,  and  of  the  Five  Presiden- 
tial Candidates,"  a  series  of  five  arti- 
cles on  "American  Writers,"  and  other 
articles  on  American  subjects,  that  at- 
tracted much  attention.  Blackwood 
also  published  in  1825  his  three  volume 
novel  of  "Brother  Jonathan,  or  the 
Xew-Fnglanders."  During  a  consider- 
able portion  of  his  residence  in  England 
he  was  the  guest  of  Jeremy  Benthaim 
On  his  return  to  the  United  States,  in 
1827,  he  established  himself  in  Portland, 
where  he  published  "  The  Yankee,"  a 
literary  periodical,  fill  1  of  the  peculiari- 
ties and  egotisms  of  the  editor,  and  -not 
over  long-lived.  He  also  practised  law 
till  1850.  His  other  works  are  "Rachel 
Dyer,"  1828;  "  Bentham's  Morals  and 
Legislation,"  1830;  "Authorship,  a 
Tale,"  and  "The  Down  Easters,"  1833; 
"One  Word  More,"  1854;  "True  Wom- 
anhood, a  Tale,"  1 8 "> ! »  ;  "  Wandering 
Recollections  of  a  Somewhat  Busv 
Life,"  1869  ;  and  "  Portland  Illus- 
trated," 1874.  Mr.  Xeal  was  of  a  Qua- 
ker family,  and  was  of  the  society  him- 
self till,  as  he  said,  "he  was  'read  out' 
for  several  transgressions,  to  wit,  for 
knocking  a  mail  who  insulted  him  head 
over  heels;  for  paying  a  militia  fine; 
for  making  a  tragedy  ;  and  for  desiring 
to  be  turned  out,  whether  or  no."  D. 
1876. 

NEALE,  John  Mason,  an  English 
clergyman  and  hymnofogist,  b.  in  Lon- 
don. 1818,  took  the  Seatonian  prize 
at  Cambridge  for  a  sacred  poem  nine 
times  between  1845  and  1861.  He  was 
of  the  High  Church  party,  and  in  1855 


founded  the  Sisterhood  of  St.  Margaret. 
He  wrote  some  seventy  volumes,  and 
among  them  "  Ayton  Priory,"  and  two 
other  High  Chinch  novels,  several  his- 
tories for  the  young,  and  a  "  History  of 
the  Holy  Eastern  Church,  the  Patriar- 
chate of  Alexandria."  He  published 
"Hvmni  Ecclesise"  and  "Hvmns  of 
the  Eastern  Church."     D.  1866. 

NEES  VOX  ESENBECK,  Chris- 
tian Godfrey,  a  German  botanist,  b. 
1776,  wrote  many  botanical  works  and 
several  volumes  of  philosophy  and  poli- 
tics.    D.  1858. 

XELAToX,  Augusts,  an  eminent 
French  physician,  b.  1807,  was  the  in- 
ventor of  a  remarkable  surgical  opera- 
tion for  the  immediate  extraction  of 
calculi.  He  was  the  author  of  "Ele- 
ments of  Surgical  Pathology,"  5  vols. 
8vo.  He  was  eminent  as  a  professor 
and  practitioner,  and  was  the  favorite 
surgeon  of  Napoleon  III.     D.  1873. 

NELSON,  William,  b.  at  Mavs- 
ville,  Ky.,  1825,  was  shot  in  a  per- 
sonal quarrel  by  brigadier-general  J.  C. 
Davis,  at  Louisville,  1862.  He  entered 
the  U.  S.  navy  in  1840,  and  in  1861 
was  detailed  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
commander,  to  command  the  gunboats 
on  the  Ohio  river.  Being  transferred 
to  the  department  of  the  secretary  of 
war,  he  was  appointed  brigadier-general, 
and  subsequently  major-general  of  U.  S. 
volunteers,  and*  served  with  efficiency 
in  Eastern  Kentucky  and  about  Cor- 
inth, Miss.  —  Samuel,  a  distinguished 
American  jurist,  b.  at  Hebron,  X.  Y., 
1792,  graduated  at  MiddleburV  college, 
Vt.,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  Xew  York  bar  in  1817.  Circuit 
judge  from  1823  to  1831,  in  the  latter 
year  associate  justice,  and  in  1837  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  his  state, 
in  1844  was  appointed  associate  justice 
of  the  U.  S.  supreme  court.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  state  constitutional  con- 
vention of  1846.  and  of  the  joint  high 
commission  to  settle  the  Alabama  claims 
in  1871.  He  retired  from  the  bench  in 
October,  1872,  and  d.  at  Cooperstown, 
Dec.  13,  1873.  —  Woi.FKED,  a  leader 
of  the  Lower  Canadian  insurrection  in 
1837,  was  b.  at  Montreal  toward  the 
close  of  the  last  century.  He  served 
as  surgeon  during  the  war  with  the 
United  States.  In  1^27  he  entered  the 
field  of  colonial  politics,  and  in  the 
partial  and  imperfectly  organized  re- 
bellion of  1837  he  commanded  the  small 
armed  force  which  encountered  the 
government  forces  at  St.  Denis  on  the 
liichelieu  river.     He  was  compelled  to 


232 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[NIC 


fty,  and  being  captured,  was  taken  to 
Montreal,  and  there  tried,  and  banished 
to  Bermuda.  On  his  release  he  settled 
at  Pittsburgh,  N.  Y.,  where  he  prac- 
tised his  profession  until  permitted  to 
return  to  Canada.     I).  1863. 

NESSELRODE,  Carl  Robert, 
Count  von,  a  Russian  diplomatist  and 
statesman,  was  b.  of  German  parents 
in  Livonia,  about  1770,  was  educated 
at  the  military  college  of  St.  Peters- 
burg, and  received  a  commission  in  the 
guards  from  the  empress  Catherine. 
When  Paul  ascended  the  throne  he  ap- 
pointed Nesselrode  one  of  his  aids,  but 
the  latter  preferred  the  diplomatic  ser- 
vice. In  1807  he  was  connected  with 
the  embassy  to  Paris,  and  took  part  in 
the  various  events  which  transpired  till 
the  fall  of  Napoleon,  in  1814,  suiting 
his  policy  to  the  various  changes  with  a 
dexterity  which  added  to  his  influence 
at  home  and  abroad.  When  the  con- 
gress assembled  at  Vienna,  Nesselrode 
appeared  as  Russian  plenipotentiary, 
and  exercised  his  diplomatic  skill  to 
procure  the  partition  of  Poland  and  the 
annexation  of  a  great  part  of  Saxony 
to  Prussia.  From  that  date  to  1856  he 
was  the  servant  of  successive  czars  as 
chancellor  of  the  empire.  After  nearly 
sixty  years  of  labor  in  the  service  of 
the  state,  he  is  said  to  have  become  an 
object  of  suspicion  to  his  sovereign  and 
to  the  heads  of  both  the  great  parties  in 
Russia.  He  retired  from  public  life  on 
the  accession  of  Alexander  II.,  and  d. 
in  St.  Petersburg,  1862. 

NEWCASTLE,  Hknry  Pelham 
Clinton,  Duke  of,  b.  1811.  lie  was 
chief  secretary  for  Ireland  in  1846,  war 
minister  (luring  the  earlier  campaigns 
in  the  Crimea,  and  tinallv  secretary  of 
state  for  the  colonies.  He  visited  the 
United  States  as  director  of  the  move- 
ments of  the  Prince  of  Wales.    D.  1864. 

NEWCOMB,  Harvey,  D.  D.,  editor 
of  various  religious  journals,  and  author 
of  the  "  Cyclopaedia  of  Missions,"  and 
of  177  smaller  works,  mostly  for  young 
persons,  b.  in  Thetford,  Vt.,  1803;  d.  in 
Brooklvn,  1863. 

NEWTON,  Sir  William  John,  an 
eminent  miniature  painter,  b.  in  Lon- 
don, 1785,  was  much  employed  by  the 
aristocracy  in  the  time  of  the  Regent. 
D. 1869. 

NEUMANN,  Karl  Fhiedrich,  a 
German  orientalist,  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  East  India  Company  "  and 
a  "History  of  the  United  States,"'  d. 
at  Berlin,  1870,  aged  72.  He  at  one 
time  held  a  professorship  of  history  at 


Spire,  but  was  compelled  to  resign  it 
in  consequence  of  his  liberal  opinions. 
A  translation  of  his  "  Hoei-Sehein,  or 
the  Discovery  of  America  by  Buddhist 
Monks  in  the  Fifth  Century,"  appeared 
in  London,  1874. 

NIEL,  Adolphe,  a  French  soldier 
and  statesman,  b.  at  Muret,  1802,  en- 
tered the  army  in  1823,  and  was  rap- 
idly promoted  for  his  services  in  Alge- 
ria, and  in  the  expedition  of  1849  to 
Rome.  In  the  Crimean  war  the  cap- 
ture of  Bomarsund  added  to  his  honors, 
and  as  commander-in-chief  of  engineers 
he  conducted  the  siege  operations  which 
resulted  in  the  assault  and  capture  of 
the  Malakoff.  He  was  created  marshal 
of  France  in  the  Austro-Italian  war  of 
1859,  and  was  minister  of  war  from 
January,  1867,  to  July,  1869.  He  pub- 
lished an  account  of  the  "  Siege  of  Se- 
bastopol."     D.  1869. 

NIEPCE  DE  SAINT  VICTOR, 
Claude  Marie  Francois,  a  French 
chemist  and  photographer,  born  at  St. 
Cvr,  1805.  Having  studied  at  Saumer, 
he  entered  the  army,  and  became  a 
chef  d'tscadron  in  1854.  He  had  mean- 
while devoted  himself  to  scientific  pur- 
suits, and  made  important  discoveries 
in  photography.  He  published  several 
works,  among  which  are  his  "Photog- 
raphy on  Glass,"  "The  Production 
of  Colored  Images  by  the  Action  of 
Light,"  and  "Sun  Engravings  on  Steel 
and  Glass."  His  principal  productions 
are  collected  in  one  work  of  eight 
volumes,  entitled  "  Photographic  Re- 
searches."    D.  1870. 

NIUHOL,  John  Pkinglk,  Scottish 
astronomer,  b.  1804.  In  1836  was  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy  in  the  Glasgow 
university.  His  "Architecture  of  the 
Heavens"  (1837),  has  passed  through 
many  editions.  His  most  important 
work,  a  "  Cyclopaedia  of  the  Physical 
Sciences,"  was  published  in  its  second 
edition  in  I860.     D.  1859. 

NICHOLAS  (Nicolai  Pavlovitch), 
Emperor  of  Russia,  b.  1796 ;  d.  sud- 
denly of  paralysis  of  the  lungs,  1855. 
The  death  of  his  brother  and  prede- 
cessor, Alexander,  Dec.  1,  1825,  proved 
the  signal  for  a  wide-spread  res'olt,  at 
the  head  of  which  were  many  officers 
of  distinction,  who,  having  served  with 
the  Russian  army  in  Germany,  had  ac- 
quired ideas  of  constitutional  govern- 
ment. The  conspiracy  extended  from 
St.  Petersburg  to  Kief;  and  in  the  cap- 
ital the  populace  were  supported  by  the 
guards,  under  pretence  of  supporting 
Prince  Constant iue,   who  had  long  be- 


nil] 


CYCLOP.EDIA   OF   BIOGRArHY. 


233 


fore  resigned  the  crown  in  favor  of 
Alexander.  It  was  under  these  cir- 
cumstances that  Nicholas  ascended  the 
throne.  His  personal  daring,  and  the 
terrible  use  he  made  of  his  cannon  in 
the  streets  of  St.  Petersburg,  overcame 
his  rebellious  subjects,  and  he  was 
crowned  with  unusual  pomp  in  1820. 
The  affairs  of  Greece  then  occupied  the 
attention  of  the  Western  powers,  re- 
sulting in  the  treaty  of  London,  1827, 
between  England,  France,  and  Russia. 
Simultaneously  war  had  proceeded  be- 
tween Russia  and  Persia,  and  the  vic- 
torious arms  of  Paskievitch  extended 
the  Russian  frontier  to  the  Arras.  In 
1828  Nicholas  declared  war  against 
Turkey,  for  alleged  violations  of  the 
treat}'  of  Bucharest,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  obtained  the  treaty  of  Adrian- 
ople,  surrendering  to  Russia  the  Cir- 
cassian coast  of  the  Black  Sea.  The 
struggle  of  the  Poles  for  liberty  next 
occupied  the  attention  of  the  czar;  it 
lasted  from  Nov.,  1830,  to  Oct.,  1831, 
when  the  wreck  of  the  patriot  army 
surrendered  to  Riidiger  and  Paskie- 
vitch. Scarcely  had  this  cruel  con- 
flict terminated  when  the  revolt  of  the 
Pasha  of  Egypt  against  the  Grand  Sul- 
tan led  Nicholas  to  send  an  expedition 
to  the  Bosphorus.  The  treaty  of  Unkiar 
Skelessi  followed  (duly,  1832),  the  effect 
of  which  was  to  close  the  Dardanelles, 
against  the  fleets  of  Europe.  Although 
these  events  produced  complications 
of  no  ordinary  difficulty  amongst  the 
Western  powers,  bringing  Britain  and 
France  to  the  verge  of  war,  and  causing 
the  operations  of  Britain  against  Mehe- 
met  Ali  in  Syria,  the  career  of  Nicholas 
presented  no  point  demanding  mention 
until  the  outbreak  of  the  revolutionary 
flame  which  involved  the  greater  part 
of  Europe  in  1848.  The  peril  of  the 
house  of  Hapsburg  afforded  a  pretext 
for  interference,  and  in  duly,  1848,  the 
Russian  troops  were  marched  into  Hun- 
gary, where  Bern  and  Dembinski  at 
the'head  of  20,000  Poles  had  joined  the 
Magyars.  The  surrender  of  GOgey  to 
the  Russian  General  Riidiger,  on  the 
11th  of  August,  blasted  the  hopes  of 
the  Hungarians,  and  relieved  the  czar 
from  the  presence  of  a  constitutional 
government  in  close  proximity  with  his 
dominions.  In  1852  Nicholas  asserted 
the  right  of  Russia  to  the  protectorate 
of  the  Greek  Church  throughout  Turkey, 
and  in  support  of  the  claim  part  of  the 
Russian  army  was  ordered  towards  Mol- 
davia. Two  divisions  crossed  the  Pruth 
in  July,  1853,  the  interim  having  been 


occupied  by  the  mission  of  Prince  Men- 
schikoff  to  Constantinople,  and  the  na- 
val demonstrations  on  the  part  of  Eng- 
land and  France  in  Besika  bay.  The 
war  in  the  Crimea  followed,  during  the 
progress  of  which  Nicholas  breathed 
his  last.  The  temper  and  policy  of 
Nicholas  were  alike  imperial;  all  his 
designs  tending  to  the  advancement  of 
the  glory  of  his  country  and  the  im- 
provement of  his  people,  so  far  as  these 
are  compatible  with  absolute  govern- 
ment. 

NICHOLS,  Rev.  Ichabod,  D.  D., 
b.  in  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  1784,  was  a 
graduate  of  Harvard  college,  studied 
theology,  settled  in  Portland,  Me.,  in 
1809,  and  continued  there  until  1855, 
when  he  removed  to  Cambridge.  He 
was  author  of  a  work  on  "Natural 
Theology,"  and  left  "  Hours  with  the 
Evangelists,"  which  was  published  after 
his  death  in  1859. — John  ISowyek, 
the  son  of  a  well-known  literary  biog- 
rapher of  the  last  century,  and  himself 
for  a  long  time  publisher  and  editor 
of  the  "  Gentleman's  Magazine,"  b. 
in  London,  1779  ;  d.  18G3.  He  edited 
many  works,  and  was  an  industrious 
writer  of  literary  memoirs.  —  John 
Gough,  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  in 
London,  1807,  embarked  early  in  liter- 
ary pursuits,  was  connected  with  the 
"Gentleman's  Magazine"  from  1824 
to  1856,  and  edited  a  number  of  gene- 
alogical and  topographical  works.  In 
1838  he  set  on  foot  the  Camden  Society, 
for  the  publication  of  historical  docu- 
ments, and  edited  several  of  its  vol- 
umes. He  also  suggested  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Shakspeare,  the  Percy,  the 
Parker,  and  the  Sydenham  societies, 
for  similar  objects.     D.  1873. 

NICOL,  William,  a  lecturer  on  nat- 
ural philosophy,  d.  in  Edinburgh,  1851, 
aged  83.  His  name  is  associated  with 
the  invention  of  the  single  image  prism 
of  the  calcareous  spar  known  to  the  sci- 
entific world  as  Nicol's  prism. 

NICOLLINT,  Giovanni  Battista, 
an  eminent  sculptor,  b.  near  Pisa,  1782  ; 
d.  1801.  The  most  widely  known  of 
his  statues  are,  "Arnold  of  Brescia," 
"  Ludovicus  the  Moor,"  "  Filippo 
Strozzi,"  and  "Rosa  Munda." 

NIEMANS,  Baron  von,  a  learned 
traveller,  d.  in  Cairo,  1858.  He  was 
on  the  eve  of  a  journey  into  the  inte- 
rior of  Africa,  to  ascertain  the  fate  of 
Dr.  Vogel. 

NILES,  John  M.,  one  of  the  found- 
ers, and  long  a  principal  editor  of  the 
"Hartford  Times,"  senator  in  congress 


234 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRArHY. 


[not 


from  1835  to  1839,  postmaster-general 
in  Mr.  Van  Buren's  administration,  and 
again  senator  from  1842  to  1848.  B. 
1788;  d.  1856. 

NITZCH,  Gregory  Wilhelm,  a 
German  philologist,  b.  1790 ;  d.  1861. 

NOAH,  Mokdecai  Manuel,  for 
more  than  thirty  years  connected  with 
the  New  York  press,  b.  in  Philadelphia 
in  1785.  In  his  youth  he  was  appren- 
ticed to  a  mechanical  business,  which 
he  soon  abandoned  to  study  law,  and 
follow  political  and  literary  pursuits. 
In  1813  he  was  appointed  United  States 
consul  to  Morocco.  The  vessel  in  which 
lie  took  passage  to  enter  upon  the  duties 
of  his  office  was  taken  by  the  British, 
and  after  several  weeks'  detention  in 
England,  he  was  permitted  to  proceed 
to  the  place  of  his  appointment.  On 
his  return,  in  1816,  he  settled  in  New 
York,  and  became  a  proprietor  and  ed- 
itor of  the  "National  Advocate,"  a 
Democratic  journal,  which  he  left  on 
his  election  as  sheriff  of  the  city  and 
count}-.  He  subsequently  established 
the  ''Enquirer,"  which  was  merged 
in  the  "Courier."  When  that  journal 
joined  the  Whigs,  Noah  established 
"The  Evening  Star,"  which  he  edited 
for  many  years  with  great  success.  It 
finally  declined  in  circulation  and  was 
merged  in  other  journals.     I).  1851. 

NOEL,  Baptist  Wriothesley,  an 
eminent  English  divine,  b.  1798,  was 
educated  and  ordained  in  the  Church  of 
England,  from  which  he  withdrew  in 
1848  and  joined  the  Baptists.  He  was 
a  voluminous  writer,  and  an  impressive 
preacher.  Among  his  publications  was 
an  "Essay  on  American  Freedom  and 
Slavery.""    U.  1873. 

NOEL-FEARN,  Rev.  Henry,  b.  in 
London,  1811,  graduated  at  Cambridge, 
filled  several  curacies,  edited  at  different 
times  the  "Church  of  England  Quar- 
terly Review,"  the  "  Churchman,'' 
"The  British  Churchman,"  and  the 
"Literary  Gazetie."  He  was  author 
of  a  large  number  of  volumes  on  pro- 
fessional and  other  subjects,  and  trans- 
lated poems  from  the  French,  German, 
and  Portuguese.  His  original  name  was 
Henrv  Christmas.     D.  1868. 

NORMANBY,  Con»tantine  Henry 
Phipps,  Marquis  of,  b.  1797;  d.  1863. 
He  was  governor  of  Jamaica  when  the 
emancipation  of  the  slaves  was  effected, 
was  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland  from  1835 
to  1839,  and  successively  secretary  for 
the  colonies  and  home  secretary.  In 
1846  he  was  ambassador  to  Paris,  and  in 
that  capacity  recognized  the  provisional 


government  of  1848.  He  remained  in 
Paris  until  after  the  coup  d'etat  and  the 
elevation  of  Louis  Napoleon  to  the  im- 
perial throne,  officially  favoring  both 
events.  He  wrote  "A  Year  of  Revolu- 
tion," being  his  Parisian  experience  of 
1848-49  ;  and  several  novels,  now  al- 
most forgotten. 

NORRIS,  Edwin,  an  English  Assyri- 
ologist,  b.  1795,  was  for  twenty- live 
years  secretary  to  the  Asiatic  Society, 
and  was  the  author  of  the  h'rst  at- 
tempted "Assyrian  Dictionary,"  the 
third  volume  of  which  was  published 
just  before  his  death.  Among  the  re- 
sults of  his  Celtic  studies  was  an  edi- 
tion and  translation  of  the  "Cornish 
Drama,"  1859.     D.  in  London,  1872. 

NORTHUMBERLAND,  Algernon 
Percy,  Duke  of,  b.  1792  ;  d.  1865.  He 
entered  the  British  navy  in  1809,  rose 
to  the  rank  of  captain  in  1815,  and  was 
appointed  admiral  on  the  reserved  list 
in  1862.  In  politics  he  adhered  to  the 
Tory  party,  but  rarelv  acted  in  public 
life. 

NORTON,  Andrews,  a  man  of  let- 
ters and  biblical  critic,  b.  in  Hingham, 
Mass.,  in  1786,  graduated  in  1804  at 
Harvard  college,  Cambridge,  where  he 
was  afterwards  tutor,  teacher  of  theol- 
ogy from  1813  to  1819,  Dexter  profes- 
sor of  sacred  literature  from  1819  to 
1830,  and  librarian  from  1813  to  1821. 
Dr.  Norton  was  a  profound  scholar,  and 
for  talent,  acquirements,  and  influence, 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  men  in  New 
England.  He  was  the  author  of  several 
theological  works,  the  principal  one  be- 
ing "  Evidences  of  the  Genuineness  of 
the  Gospels."  In  his  publications  he 
supported  the  views  of  the  Unitarians. 
He  also  wrote  verses  of  a  devotional 
cast  and  of  great  beauty  and  sweetness. 
D.  1853. 

NOTT,  Eliphalet,  educator  and  in- 
ventor, b.  in  Ashford,  Conn.,  1773, 
studied  theology,  and  was  called  to  the 
Presbyterian  Church  at  Albany,  where 
he  remained  till  in  1804  he  was  chosen 
president  of  Union  College,  Schenec- 
tady, with  which  the  rest  of  his  life  was 
identified.  He  published  a  sermon  on 
the  death  of  Hamilton,  "Counsels  to 
Young  Men,"  1810,  and  "Lectures  on 
Temperance,"  1847.  He  obtained  some 
thirty  patents  for  improvements  in  the 
use  of  heat,  among  which  was  the  stove 
known  by  his  name,  for  burning  an- 
thracite coal.  I).  1866.  —  Josiah  Clark, 
an  American  physician  and  ethnologist, 
b.  in  South  Carolina,  1804,  after  study- 
ing medicine  at  home  and  in   Europe, 


o'co] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


235 


settled  in  its  practice  at  Mobile,  Ala., 
where  he  subsequently  founded  a  med- 
ical college.  In  1808  he  removed  to 
New  York.  He  wrote  "Two  Lectures 
on  the  Connection  between  the  Biblical 
and  Physical  History  of  Man,"  "Phys- 
ical History  of  the  Jewish  Race,"  and 
in  conjunction  with  George  K.  Glidden, 
"Types  of  Mankind,"  and  "Indigen- 
ous Paces  of  the  Earth."  The,  object 
of  the  last  two  works  is  to  disprove  the 
unity  of  the  human  race.     D.  1873. 

NOVELLO,  Vinoest,  a  popular  Eng- 
lish musical  composer,  b.  1781;  d.  1861. 

NOYES,  George  Rapall,  Rev.,  an 
eminent  Hebrew  scholar,  b.  in  New- 
buryport,  Mass.,  1798,  studied  at  Har- 
vard college  and  its  divinity  school, 
and  was  appointed  its  professor  of  He- 
brew, and  Dexter  lecturer  on  Biblical 
literature,  in  1840.  His  works  included 
new  translations  of   Job,   the   Psalms, 


the  Prophets  Proverbs,  Ecclesiastes, 
the  Canticles,  and  the  New  Testament. 
D.  1869. 

NUGENT,  Marshal,  a  soldier  in 
the  Austrian  service  more  than  sixty 
years,  and  the  recipient  of  honors  from 
successive  emperors.  B.  in  Ireland, 
1777;  d.  at  Croatia,  Austria,  1802. 

NUTTAL,  Thomas,  b.  in  England, 
1786,  was  brought  up  a  printer,  and 
came  to  the  United  States  in  early  life. 
Here  he  studied  botany  and  geology, 
and  published  the  "Genera  of  North 
American  Plants,"  "The  Birds  of  the 
United  States,"  and  other  works.  From 
1822  to  1834  he  was  professor  of  botany 
in  Harvard  college.  He  travelled  in 
California,  and  published  several  papers 
on  the  shells  and  plants  found  there. 
He  returned  to  England  to  enjoy  an 
estate  devised  to  him  on  condition  that 
he  should  reside  on  it,  and  d.  1859. 


(). 


O'BRIEN,  William  Smith,  an  Irish 
patriot,  descended  from  the  ancient 
kings  of  Minister,  was  b.  at  Dromoland, 
1803.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow  and 
Cambridge,  and  having  inherited  a  for- 
tune from  his  mother,  entered  parlia- 
ment, in  1830,  as  member  for  Ennis, 
and  afterwards  for  Limerick.  Though 
connected  with  aristocratic  families,  he 
joined  O'Connell  in  demanding  a  repeal 
of  the  union  as  the  only  remedy  for 
Irish  grievances.  The  Young  Ireland 
party,  of  which  O'Brien  was  the  leader, 
was  gaining  ground  steadily  when  the 
French  revolution  of  1848,  broke  out. 
He  proceeded  to  Paris;  was  received 
with  sympathy  by  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment, and  returned  impressed  with 
the  conviction  that  Ireland  would  be 
supported  by  France  in  separating  from 
England.  The  Earl  of  Clarendon,  then 
lord  lieutenant,  at  once  suspended  the 
habeas  corpus  act,  ami  placed  the  dis- 
affected districts  under  martial  law. 
O'Brien  held  on  his  way  firmly,  review- 
ing assemblages  of  peasantry,  and  pro- 
nouncing insurrection  inevitable.  He 
led  an  attack  upon  a  police  station  at 
Ballini;arry,  July  29,  1848,  and  in  the 
following  September,  was  arrested  on  a 
charge  of  high  treason.  He  was  found 
guilty  and  condemned  to  death,  but  the 
penalty  was  commuted  to  transportation 
for  life,  and  that  again  was  mitigated 
m    1856.     On    his   return   to   Ireland, 


O'Brien  abstained  from  active  partici- 
pation in  political  affairs,  although  he 
avowedly  cherished  his  old  opinions  as 
to  the  wrongs  of  his  native  country  and 
their  remedy.  D.  1864.  —  Fitz  James, 
a  poet  and  brilliant  writer,  b.  in  Ire- 
land, 1829;  came  to  the  United  States, 
about  1850  ;  enlisted  in  the  7th  regi- 
ment, N.  Y.  state  militia,  April,  1861; 
in  Jan.  1862,  was  appointed  upon  the 
staff  of  Gen.  Lander;  and  in  the  follow- 
ing month  received  a  wound  in  a  skir- 
mish in  Virginia  from  the  effects  of 
which  he  died. 

O'CONNELL,  Maurice,  eldest  son 
of  Daniel  O'Connell,  called  to  the  Irish 
bar,  in  1827,  entered  parliament  for 
Clare,  in  1831,  and  d.  1853. —John, 
third  son  of  Daniel  O'Connell,  and  the 
editor  of  the  "Life  and  Speeches"  of 
his  father.  B.  in  1810,  he  entered  the 
house  of  commons,  in  1832,  and  pub- 
lished two  volumes  of  "Parliamentary 
Recollections  and  Experiences."  D. 
1858. 

O'CONNOR,  Arthur,  General,  was 
a  prominent  actor  in  the  Irish  rebellion 
of  1798,  and  after  that  event  went  to 
France,  where  the  first  consul  appointed 
him  general  of  division.  In  1809,  he 
married  the  daughter  of  Condorcet, 
niece  on  her  mother's  side  to  Marshal 
Grouchy,  and  in  1834,  purchased  from 
the  heirs  of  Mirabeau,  the  chateau  of 
Bignon,  where  he  d.,  1852.  — Feargus, 


236 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[o'do 


nephew  of  the  preceding,  b.  in  179G,  at 
Dargan  Casile,  county  Meath.  He  ob- 
tained a  seat  in  the  house  of  commons, 
in  1832,  as  a  supporter  of  O'Connell, 
but  subsequently  addressed  himself  to 
the  working  classes  of  England,  and 
became  the  leader  of  the  chartist  move- 
ment. In  1847,  he  was  elected  to  par- 
liament by  the  chartists  of  Nottingham, 
and  as  proprietor  and  editor  of  the 
"Northern  Star"  set  afoot  the  move- 
ment which  resulted  in  the  famous  pe- 
tition for  the  charter,  and  the  formidable 
popular  gathering  in  London,  in  1848. 
He  originated  a- land  scheme,  with  the 
view  of  facilitating  the  acquisition  of 
small  freehold  allotments,  but  it  totally 
failed,  and  involved  him  in  unmerited 
disgrace.  Calumny  and  embarrassment 
overturned  his  reason,  and  he  was  fi- 
nally consigned  to  a  private  asylum  at 
Chiswick   where  he  d.,  1855. 

ODILON-BARROT,  Camille  Hya- 
cinthe,  a  French  statesman,  b.  at 
Villepot,  1791,  at  the  age  of  19  was 
called  to  the  bar.  At  this  time  he  man- 
ifested an  attachment  to  the  Bourbons. 
Dissatisfied  with  the  policy  of  the  gov- 
ernment, he  passed  over  to  the  ranks  of 
the  liberals,  headed  by  Dupont  (de 
l'Kure)  and  La  Fayette.  He  took  an 
active  part  in  the  revolution  of  Jul}', 
1830.  He  was  secretary  to  the  muni- 
cipal commission,  and  is  said  to  have 
had  a  powerful  influence  in  placing  the 
Orleans  family  on  the  throne.  Under 
the  patronage  of  Dupont  and  La  Fay- 
ette, he  stood,  in  1831,  as  representative 
for  the  department  of  the  Eure,  and  at 
the  age  of  forty  entered  the  chamber  of 
deputies,  in  which  he  distinguished 
himself  as  a  speaker  until  the  fall  of  the 
parliamentary  system  in  France.  He 
was  the  hero  of  the  "Banquets  ReTor- 
mistes,"  of  1847.  He  failed,  however, 
to  understand  the  nature  of  the  tem- 
pest he  had  raised;  and  the  revolution 
of  February  was  a  bitter  disappoint- 
ment to  him.  Under  the  new  order  of 
things  he  was  returned  representative 
of  the  Departement  de  l'Aisne  Under 
the  presidency  of  Louis  Napoleon  he 
took  office  as  minister  of  justice,  and 
president  of  the  council,  in  the  absence 
of  the  prince.  The  resignation  of  the 
ministry  on  the  31st  October,  1849,  was 
the  signal  of  the  rupture  between  the 
legislative  assembly  and  the  adherents 
of  Louis  Napoleon.  On  hearing  of  the 
dissolution  of  the  assembly,  he  was  one 
of  the  first  to  protest  and  proceed  to  the 
Mairie  of  his  arrondissement  to  proclaim 
the  fall  of  the  president.     He  from  that 


time  ceased  to  hold  office,  and  aban- 
doned public  life.  Emerging  tempora- 
rily from  his  retirement,  in  1864,  he 
took  part  in  the  conferences  held  in 
Paris  in  favor  of  Poland.  After  the 
overthrow  of  the  empire  in  1870,  though 
80  years  of  age  he  pleaded  vigorously 
for  a  republican  form  of  government. 
In  1872,  President  Thiers  appointed 
him  vice  president  of  the  council  of 
state.     D.  1873. 

O'DONNELL,  Leopold,  Duke  of 
Tetuan,  marshal  and  minister  of  Spain, 
b.  in  1808,  was  descended  from  an  old 
Irish  family.  He  entered  the  army, 
and  in  the  civil  war  incited  by  Don 
Carlos  took  part  with  the  queen,  and 
in  1838  was  chief  of  the  staff,  and  sub- 
sequently commander.  Espartero  was 
his  patron  and  friend;  but  O'Donnell 
eventually  adopted  the  cause  of  the 
queen-mother,  and  was  obliged  to  fly  to 
France  for  safety.  In  1841  he  returned 
to  Spain,  but  immediately  began  to  plot 
for  the  overthrow  of  Espartero,  who  at 
last  fell  through  his  intrigues.  He  af- 
terwards was  Governor  of  Cuba,  where 
he  was  said  to  have  grown  very  rich  by 
the  slave  trade.  He  returned  to  Spain, 
and  was  appointed  director-general  of 
infantry.  Narvaez  soon  after  gave  way 
to  Sartorius  ;  O'Donnell  raised  an  in- 
surrection in  Andalusia,  but  was  de- 
feated at  all  points,  and  his  property 
confiscated.  He  was,  however,  again 
restored  to  office,  and  made  secretary 
of  war,  and  again  betrayed  Espartero. 
O'Donnell  was  nominated  president  of 
the  council,  in  place  of  Espartero ;  but 
the  change  was  unpopular.  I  he  streets 
of  Madrid  ran  with  the  blood  of  citi- 
zens, and  the  minister  was  triumphant, 
but  only  for  a  season,  for  Narvaez 
plotted,  and  O'Donnell  was  forced  to 
retire.  He  returned  to  power  again, 
however,  in  1858,  and  in  1859  held  the 
double  position  of  prime  minister  and 
commander-in-chief  of  the  forces  de- 
spatched to  wage  war  against  Morocco. 
On  his  return  to  Spain  he  was  received 
with  high  honors,  and  created  Duke  of 
Tetuan.  He  headed  another  ministry 
in  June,  1865,  but  in  July,  1866,  Nar- 
vaez was  called  upon  by  the  queen  to 
displace  him,  and  he  retired  to  Paris, 
where  he  di«-d  in  1867. 

O'  DONOVAN,  John,  LL.D.,  the 
greatest  of  Irish  scholars,  was  b.  in  the 
county  of  Kilkenny,  1809.  About  1830 
he  was  employed  in  the  historical  de- 
partment of  the  ordnance  survey^  of 
Ireland,  to  examine  Irish  manuscripts 
and  to  settle  the  orthography  of  places 


OLO] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


237 


on  tlie  ordnance  maps.  Tie  was  also 
engaged  with  Professor  O'Curry  in 
the  transcription  and  translation  of  the 
Brehon  laws.  In  the  course  of  these 
investigations  he  acquired  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  language  and  historic 
topography  of  Ireland.  lie  edited  a 
Dumber  of  curious  works  for  the  Irish 
Archaeological  and  Celtic  Society;  pub- 
lished an  admirable  "Grammar  of  the 
Irish  Language"  (1845),  and  brought 
out  a  superb  edition  of  "  The  Annals  of 
the  Four  Masters."     L).  1801. 

OERSTED,  Hans  Christian,  the 
discoverer  of  electro-magnetism,  b.  at 
Rudkjbbing.  Denmark,  1777;  d.  1851. 
When  twelve  years  of  aye  he  became 
assistant  to  his  father,  who  was  an 
apothecary,  but  in  1704  he  entered  the 
university  of  Copenhagen,  where  he 
soon  distinguished  himself  by  the  close- 
ness of  his  application  to  study,  and  his 
originality  of  thought.  In  18*01  he  left 
Copenhagen  on  a  tour  through  Ger- 
many, 1'rance,  and  Holland,  and  in 
1806  he  was  appointed  to  the  chair 
of  natural  philosophy  in  Copenhagen, 
where  he  labored  assiduously  till  his 
death.  In  1820  his  labors  were  crowned 
by  his  discovery  of  electro-magnetism. 
Renown  and  honorable  testimonials 
were  then  showered  upon  him  from 
every  side.  Many  learned  societies 
elected  him  as  their  member;  the  Royal 
Society  of  England  sent  him  the  Copley 
medal"  and  the  insthute  of  France,  as 
an  extraordinary  acknowledgment,  pre- 
sented him  with  one  of  the  mathemat- 
ical class  prizes,  worth  3,000  francs. 
In  18:30'  he  visited  England,  and  at  the 
meeting  of  the  British  Association,  held 
at  Southampton  in  that  year.  Sir  John 
Herschel,  in  reference  to  his  discovery, 
used  these  words:  "'The  electric  tele- 
graph, and  other  wonders  of  modern 
science,  were  but  mere  effervescences 
from  the  surface  of  this  deep  recondite 
discovery,  which  Oersted  had  liberated, 
and  which  was  yet  to  burst  with  all  its 
mighty  force  upon  the  world.  If  I 
were  to  characterize  by  any  figure  the 
advantage  of  Oersted  to  science,  I  would 
regard  him  as  a  fertilizing  shower  de- 
scending from  heaven,  which  brought 
forth  a  new  crop,  delightful  to  the  eye, 
and  pleasing  to  the  heart."  How  this 
prophetic  anticipation  has  been  realized 
all  the  world  knows.  On  his  return  to 
Copenhagen,  he  continued  to  labor  in 
his  scientific  pursuits,  varied  with  ex- 
cursions into  the  regions  of  politics  and 
literature. 

OFFOR,  Geokge,  an   English   anti- 


quary, d.  1804,  aged  77.  He  was  at  one 
time  a  bookseller  upon  Tower-hill,  where 
he  amassed  a  considerable  fortune.  He 
made  a  most  extensive  collection  of  early 
printed  English  Bibles,  which  were  de- 
stroyed by  lire  shortly  after  his  death. 

OKEN,  Lokknz,  an  eminent  German 
physiologist,  successively  professor  of 
natural  history  at  Jena,  Munich,  and 
Zurich.  The  work  on  which  his  reputa- 
tion mainly  rests  is  his  "  Physio-philos- 
ophy "(which  has  been  translated  by 
the  Ray  Society),  and  which  is  remark- 
able for  proclaiming  the  law  of  unity 
that  pervades  the  composition  of  all 
animal  bodies, — a  theory  that  in  the 
hands  of  Geoffroy  Saint  Hilaire,  in 
France,  and  of  Owen,  in  England,  has 
since  been  prolific  in  gigantic  results. 
B.  1778;  d.  1851. 

OLIN,  Rkv.  Stephen,  D.  D.,  LL.  D., 
born  in  Vermont,  graduated  at  Middle- 
bury  college  ;  was  an  eloquent  preacher 
connected  with  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  and  a  professor  in  Franklin  col- 
lege, Georgia;  in  1833  he  was  elected 
president  of  Randolph  college,  Macon, 
Ga.,  and  subsequently  president  of  the 
Wesleyan  university  at  Middletown. 
He  published  "  Travels  in  the  East," 
and  various  lectures  and  discourses.  D. 
1851. 

OLIVER,  George,  D.  D.,  a  Catholic 
divine  and  antiquary,  b.  1781.  In  1800 
he  was  admitted  to  holy  orders,  and  the 
next  year  he  was  appointed  to  the  mis- 
sion at  Exeter,  where  he  continued  to 
discharge  the  duties  of  his  office  for 
forty-rive  years.  D.  1861.  Dr.  Oliver 
published  numerous  works  illustrative 
of  Catholic  Church  history  in  Devon 
and  Cornwall,  and  the  biography  of 
British  Jesuits,  and  other  orders  in 
England. 

OLIVER,  Geohge,  D.  D.,  an  English 
writer  and  clergyman,  b.  about  1783, 
received  his  education  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  officiated  as  vicar  and 
rector  in  Lincolnshire  till  he  d.  in  1807. 
He  wrote  several  volumes  at  different 
times  illustrative  of  the  history,  institu- 
tions, and  spirit  of  Freemasonry. 

OLOZAGA,  Don  Salustiano,  a 
Spanish  statesman,  b.  at  Logrofio,  about 
1803,  entered  early  into  political  in- 
trigues; conspirator;  refugee;  member 
of  the  Cortes  and  leader  of  the  opposi- 
tion ;  ambassador  to  Paris;  recalled  to 
form  a  short-lived  ministry;  again  a 
refugee;  returning  on  the  strength  of 
the  amnesty,  but  arrested  and  impris- 
oned; released  and  again  banished ; 
again  returning  and  sitting  in  the  Cor- 


238 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ORT 


tes  as  the  heail  of  the  Progressist  party; 
arrested  after  the  troubles  of  1848,  ac- 
quitted, but  going  out  of  sight;  reap- 
pearing iu  1854,  and  again  ambassador 
to  Paris;  again  elected  to  the  Cortes; 
forced  to  the  background  by  the  coun- 
ter-revolution of  1856;  admitted  to  the 
ministry  after  the  revolution  of  1888, 
and  in  November  again  ambassador  to 
Paris  ;  president  of  the  constitutional 
committee  appointed  by  the  Cortes  ; 
once  more  appointed  ambassador  to 
Paris,  in  February,  1871,  and  in  April 
elected  president  of  the  chamber  of 
deputies  at  Madrid;  defeated  in  the 
autumn  session,  he  found  refuge  in  his 
old  post  at  Paris,  and  remained  there 
till  his  last  illness  sent  him  to  Belgium 
for  relief,  where  he  d.  Sept.  26,  1873. 

OMER  PASHA,  Michael  Lattas, 
commander-in-chief  of  the  Turkish  ar- 
my, was  b.  1806  at  Plaski,  about  60 
miles  from  Fiume,  on  the  Adriatic.  He 
entered  the  Austrian  army,  but  not  lik- 
ing the  service  he  deserted  and  went  to 
Turkey,  where  he  adopted  the  Mahom- 
etan religion,  and  obtained  an  appoint- 
ment in  the  army.  He  first  distinguished 
himself  in  quelling  an  insurreeion  in 
Syria  and  Albania,  and  in  1848  he  was 
made  a  pasha.  When  the  Russian 
troops  invaded  the  Danubian  Principal- 
ities in  1853,  Omer  Pasha  was  appointed 
generalissimo  of  the  Turkish  army,  and 
rendered  important  services  in  that  ca- 
pacity during  the  Crimean  war.  His 
most  eminent  service  after  that  time 
was  the  suppression  of  the  insurrection 
in  Crete,  1867.     Died  18th  April,  1871. 

ONDERDONK,  Right  Rev.  Benja- 
min Tkeadwell,  Protestant  bishop  of 
the  diocese  of  Eastern  New  York,  b.  in 
New  York,  1791;  d.  1861.  He  was 
elected  to  the  episcopate  in  1830,  but 
was  suspended  from  the  exercise  of  his 
episcopal  functions,  in  1845,  in  conse- 
quence of  charges  affecting  his  clerical 
character  and  reputation. 

O'NEILL,  Eliza  (afterwards  Lady 
Becher),  a  celebrated  actress,  was  b.  in 
Ireland,  and  made  her  first  appearance 
on»the  stage  in  a  very  humble  way,  but 
on  her  debut  in  London  as  Juliet,  in 
1814,  at  once  rose  to  the  top  of  her  pro- 
Cession,  dividing  the  attention  of  play- 
goers with  Edmund  Kean.  In  her  fa- 
mous characters  of  Mrs.  Haller,  Mrs. 
Beverley,  and  Belvidera,  she  is  repre- 
sented by  contemporary  critics  as  unap- 
proachable. She  d.  in  1872  in  her  81st 
year. 

OPIE,  Amelia,  an  English  authoress, 
b.  1771 ,  d.  1853.     The  daughter  of  Dr. 


Alderson,  of  Norwich,  she  was  married 
to  John  Opie,  an  eminent  historical 
painter,  in  1784,  and  survived  him 
nearly  half  a  century.  Her  works  have 
been  chiefly  admired  for  their  simplicity 
and  genial  feeling. 

ORFILA,  Matthew  Joseph  Bona- 
ventura.  a  distinguished  toxicologic, 
b.  at  Mahon,  in  Minorca,  studied  at  Va- 
lencia and  Barcelona,  in  1807  repaired 
to  Paris,  where  he  remained  until  his 
death  in  1853.  His  scientific  reputation 
may  be  said  to  have  commenced  with 
his  "Treatise  on  Poisons;  or,  General 
Toxicology;"  but  there  is  scarcely  a 
department  of  medical  jurisprudence 
which  he  has  not  profoundly  investi- 
gated, and  the  treatises  which  he  has 
published  on  these  and  analogous  sub- 
jects have  given  him  a  world-wide  rep- 
utation. 

ORLOFF,  Alexei  Feodoiiewitch, 
Prince,  a  Russian  general  and  states- 
man, an  illegitimate  son  of  Duke  Feo- 
dorOrloff,  b.  1787;  d.  1861. 

ORMERORD,  Geokgk,  an  English 
historian  and  archaeologist,  b.  1785,  pub- 
lished many  valuable  topographical  and 
archaeological  works  illustrating  the  his- 
tory of  Cheshire,  most  of  which  were 
privately  printed.     D.  1873. 

ORR,  James  Lawrence,  an  Ameri- 
can statesman  and  diplomatist,  b.  in 
South  Carolina,  1822,  educated  at  the 
university  of  Virginia,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  his  native  state,  and  entered 
on  its  practice  in  Anderson,  where  he 
edited  for  several  years  a  village  paper. 
After  serving  in  the  state  legislature  he 
was  elected  to  congress  from  the  2d 
district  in  1848,  and  was  reelected  till 
March  4,  1859,  serving  the  two  last  ses- 
sions as  speaker.  He  contended  for  the 
right  of  secession,  but  opposed  its  exer- 
cise. In  the  civil  war  he  went  with  the 
South,  and  in  1862  was  elected  to  the 
confederate  congress  and  served  to  its 
close.  In  1865  he  was  appointed  pro- 
visional governor  of  South  Carolina, 
and  served  till  1868.  In  1870  he  was 
sent  as  minister  plenipotentiary  to  St. 
Petersburg,  where  he  d.  May  5,  1873. 

ORSINI,  Felice,  an  Italian  revolu- 
tionist, b.  1819.  His  name  is  associated 
with  an  attempt  to  assassinate  Napoleon 
III.,  on  14th  Jan.  1858,  when,  as  the 
emperor  and  empress  were  approaching 
the  Grand  Opera  at  Paris,  three  bombs 
were  thrown  under  their  carriage.  Ma- 
ny persons  were  killed  or  wounded,  but 
the  intended  victims  escaped.  Orsini 
was  guillotined  13th  March,  1858. 

ORTON,  Reginald,  an  English  sur- 


out] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPI1Y. 


239 


geon  and  writer  on  medical  subjects, 
and  the  author  of  experiments  in  induc- 
ing spontaneous  generation  bv  means 
of  electricity.     B.  1810;  d.  1862. 

OSBOKN,  Shi-hahi.,  of  the  British 
navy,  was  li.  1822,  entered  the  royal 
service  in  1837,  was  rapidly  promoted 
to  a  captaincy.  He  took  an  active  and 
honorable  part  in  the  capture  of  the 
Taku  forts,  and  rendered  much  impor- 
tant service  in  Chinese  waters.  In  the 
search  for  Sir  John  Franklin,  he  was 
commander  of  the  Pioneer.  In  later 
life  Capt.  Osborn  made  important  ex- 
periments in  the  employment  of  heavy 
ordnance  in  naval  warfare.  He  was 
the  author  of  several  interesting  works 
of  travel,  including  "  Stray  Leaves  from 
an  Arctic  Journal ;  "  "A  Criise  in  Ja- 
panese Waters,"  and  "  The  Career, 
Last  Vovage,  and  Fate  of  Sir  John 
Franklin'."     D.  1875. 

OSGOOD,  Frances  Sargent 
(Locke),  an  American  ppetess,  h.  in 
Boston,  1811,  was  married  in  1835,  to 
S.  S.  Osgood,  a  portrait  painter,  with 
whom  she  shortly  afterwards  went  to 
London,  where  he  pursued  his  art  stud- 
ies. She  published  there  a  small  vol- 
ume, called  the  "Casket  of  Fate,"  two 
dramas,  and  a  collection  of  her  poems 
under  the  title  of  "  A  Wreath  of  Wild 
Flowers  from  New  England.'1  Return- 
ing to  Boston,  in  1840,  she  published 
"  The  Poetry  of  Flowers  and  the  Flowers 
of  Poetry,"  and  the  "  Floral  Offering." 
An  illustrated  edition  of  her  poems  was 
published  in  Philadelphia,  in  1849.  I). 
1850.  A  "Memorial,"  with  a  memoir 
by  Dr.  Griswold,  was  published  in  New 
York,  in  1851.  —  Helen  Louise  (Gil- 
son),  philanthropist,  b.  in  Boston, 
about  1835,  distinguished  herself  by 
her  services  to  the  sick  and  wounded 
soldiers  of  the  Union  army  during  the 
civil  war.  She  was  among  the  first  to 
organize  soldiers'  aid  societies,  in  her 
own  city,  and  to  collect  supplies  and 
arrange  for  their  transportation.  When 
the  secretary  of  the  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion in  1862,  called  for  volunteer  nurses 
for  the  hospital  transport  service  on  the 
peninsula,  she  gladly  tendered  her  ser- 
vices, and  remained  with  the  army  and 
in  the  hospital  at  Richmond  and  in  its 
neighborhood,  till  July.  1865.  In  1866, 
she  married  Mr.  Osgood,  a  co-laborer 
in  the  sanitarv  work  of  the  army  of  the 
Potomac.     D'  1868. 

OSSINGTON,  Viscount,  the  Rt. 
Hon.  John  Evelyn  Denison,  b.  I860, 
educated  at  Eton  and  Oxford,  in  1821, 
with  the  then  Lord  Stanley,  made  a  tour 


through  Canada  and  the  United  States. 
He  entered  parliament  in  1830,  and  in 
1857,  was  unanimously  chosen  speaker, 
and  unanimously  reelected,  in  1859, 
1866,  and  1868.'  He  retired  from  the 
chair,  Feb.  8,  1872,  and  a  few  days 
afterwards  was  raised  to  the  peerage 
with  the  title  of  Viscount  Ossington. 
D.  1873. 

OTEY,  Right  Rev.  James  Hkwey, 
bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  in  Tennessee,  and  known 
throughout  the  southwest  as  "The 
Good  Bishop."  B.  in  Virginia,  1799; 
d.    at   Memphis,    1863. 

OTIS,  Harrison  Gray,  an  Ameri- 
can statesman  and  orator,  nephew  of 
James  Otis,  the  revolutionary  patriot, 
was  b.  in  Boston,  Oct.  8,  1765,  graduated 
at  Harvard  college,  and  entered  on  the 
practice  of  the  law  in  his  native  city  in 
1786.  He  took  a  distinguished  part  in 
politics  from  an  early  age,  was  member 
of  the  Mass.  legislature  in  1796,  and  of 
congress  1797-1801,  a  prominent  and 
influential  leader  of  the  Federal  party. 
In  1801  he  was  U.  S.  district  attorney, 
member  of  the  state  legislature  and 
speaker  1803-05,  and  president  of  the 
senate  1805-11.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  U.  S.  senate  from  1817  to  1822,  and 
made  an  eloquent  speech  in  opposition 
to  the  extension  of  slavery  in  reply  to 
a  speech  of  William  Pinkney  on  the 
Missouri  question.  With  a  passion  for 
public  life,  and  admirable  talents  for 
success  in  it,  his  relations  to  the  Hart- 
ford convention,  of  which  he  was  a  lead- 
ing member,  rendered  him  unavailable 
for  party  purposes,  and  on  leaving  the 
senate  his  public  career  may  be  said  to 
have  closed.  His  election  to  the  may- 
oralty of  Boston  from  1829  to  1832  was 
a  compliment  to  a  distinguished  citizen 
rather  than  a  political  triumph.  His 
"Letters  in  Defence  of  the  Hartford 
Convention"  in  1824  created  no  reaction 
in  his  favor,  and  the  most  brilliant  pub- 
lic man  of  his  generation  went  into  a 
forced  retirement.  Among  his  pub- 
lished addresses  were  a  Fourth  of  July 
oration  (1788),  an  Eulogy  on  Alexan- 
der Hamilton  (1804),  and  his  speech 
on  the  Missouri  question  (1820).  In  the 
latter  portion  of  his  life  he  voted  with 
the  Whig  party,  and  in  reference  to  the 
questions  involved  in  the  slavery  agita- 
tion with  the  conservative  branch  of  it. 
D.  1848. 

OUTRAM,  Sir  James,  a  British 
general,  b.  in  Derbyshire,  1803,  went 
to  Bombay  as  a  cadet,  in  1819.  He 
displayed   executive   ability  and   strict 


240 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[owe 


integrity  in  the  various  functions  he 
discharged  in  the  Indian  empire,  and 
in  1850,  was  named  chief  commissioner 
of  Oude,  and  military  commander.    For 

his  services  in  the  war  with  Persia,  that 
broke  out  soon  afterwards,  he  was  made 
baronet  and  lieutenant-general.  D.  at 
Tan.  1863. 

OVERBECK,  Friedkich,  founder 
of  the  modern  German  religious  school 
of  painting,  b.  at  Lubeek,  1789,  com- 
menced his  artistic  education  at  Vienna, 
1806.  In  1810.  he  went  to  Rome,  with 
Schadow,  Veit,  and  Cornelius,  embraced 
the  Catholic  faith,  and  made  that  city 
his  residence.  A  Madonna,  exhibited 
in  1811,  attracted  much  attention,  but 
the  first  considerable  work  executed  by 
the  artists  of  the  new  school  were  the 
frescoes  from  the  "  History  of  Joseph," 
•at  the  villa  of  the  Prussian  consul-gen- 
eral Bartholdy.  Of  these,  Overbeck 
painted  the  "Selling  of  Joseph,"  and 
the  "Seven  Lean  Years,"  in  1810,  and 
the  school  won  a  still  higher  reputation 
by  the  frescoes  at  the  villa  of  the  Mar- 
chese  Massini,  in  1817,  of  which  Over- 
beck  furnished  live  large  compositions 
from  Tasso's  "Jerusalem  Delivered." 
His  best  fresco  is  the  "  Miracle  of  Roses 
of  St.  Francis,"  in  the  church  at  Assisi. 
His  oil-paintings  are  not  numerous.  The 
school  to  which  Overbeck  belonged  is 
characterized  by  much  of  the  simplicity 
of  the  early  painters.  His  fundamental 
belief  was  that  art  exists  only  to  sub- 
serve the  cause  of  religion.  Many  of 
his  productions  have  been  engraved. 
He  was  made  foreign  associate  of  the 
French  Institute,  and  published  at 
Paris,  in  1842-43,  a  splendid  edition  of 
the  "Passion  de  N.  S.  Jesus-Christ." 
D.  at  Rome,  Nov.  18G9. 

OWEN,  IIohert,  an  English  social 
reformer,  b.  1771;  d.  1858.  He  entered 
early  upon  commercial  life,  and  at  the 
age  of  18  became  partner  in  a  cotton- 
mill.  In  1801,  he  married  the  daughter 
of  David  Dale,  a  Glasgow  manufacturer, 
and  the  proprietor  of  a  large  cotton  fac- 
tory in  New  Lanark,  Scotland,  of  which 
Owen  became  the  manager.  Here  he 
introduced  various  reforms,  which, 
without  lessening  the  profits  of  the  en- 
terprise, improved  the  condition  and 
added  greatly  to  the  prosperity  of  the 
working  people  employed.  After  a 
time  the  factory  ceased  to  be  successful, 
and  Owen's  connection  with  it  termi- 
nated. Possessed  of  a  large  fortune, 
mainly  derived  from  his  father-in-law, 
he  entered  upon  his  career  as  a  social 
reformer,    promulgating,    in   1812,    his 


"  New  Views  of  Society."  In  1823  he 
came  to  the  United  States  for  the  pur- 
pose of  establishing,  at  his  own  cost,  a 
society  formed  on  his  theory  of  modi- 
fied communism.  He  bought  from 
Rapp  the  settlement  of  New  Harmony, 
in  Indiana,  embracing  20,000  acres  of 
land  and  dwellings  for  1,000  persons; 
but  the  experiment  proved  a  failure. 
In  1827  he  returned  to  England,  where 
other  but  smaller  experiments  of  a 
similar  nature  ended  in  loss  and  disap- 
pointment. In  1828  he  went  to  Mex- 
ico, on  the  invitation  of  the  government, 
to  carry  out  his  experiment  there,  but 
effected  nothing.  He  returned  to  Eng- 
land with  faith  in  his  principles  and 
plans  unshaken  by  events,  and  for 
man}'  years  labored  in  various  ways  to 
promulgate  his  views  and  apply  them 
in  practice.  In  his  old  age,  deism  cul- 
minated in  spiritualism,  and  he  pub- 
lished several  conversations  purporting 
to  have  been  held  with  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin and  other  persons.  —  David  Dale, 
geologist,  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  in 
Lanarkshire,  Scotland,  1807.  In  1837 
he  was  employed  by  the  legislature  of 
Indiana  to  make  a  geological  reconnois- 
sance  of  the  state.  Subsequently  he 
examined  the  mineral  lands  of  .Iowa; 
and  in  1848  was  employed  by  the  U.  S. 
government  to  conduct  a  geological  sur- 
vey of  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  and  Minne- 
sota. The  task  occupied  three  years, 
and  its  results  are  embodied  in  a  quarto 
volume,  published  in  1852.  From  1852 
to  1857  he  was  employed  in  conducting 
a  survey  of  Kentucky,  published  in  4 
vols,  with  an  atlas.  In  1857  he  was 
appointed  state  geologist  of  Arkansas. 
D.  1860. — Robeht  Dale,  brother  of 
the  preceding,  was  b.  in  Glasgow,  Scot- 
land, Nov.  1,  1801.  He  came  to  this 
country,  in  1826,  and  was  for  a  time 
associated  with  the  well-known  Fanny 
Wright,  afterwards  Madame  Darus- 
mont,  in  the  editorial  management  of 
the  "  Free  Enquirer  "  a  weekly  radical 
newspaper,  publi>hed  in  New  York. 
He  assisted  in  the  socialist  experiment 
at  New  Harmony,  Ind.  He  served 
three  successive  years  in  the  Indiana 
legislature,  and  was  active  in  passing 
measures  for  popular  education  and  the 
giving  of  property  rights  to  women. 
He  was  elected  to  congress,  in  1843, 
and  again  in  1845.  He  introduced  the 
bill  organizing  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tute, and  was  one  of  its  first  regents. 
In  1849,  he  was  President  of  the  Indi- 
ana Constitutional  Convention,  and  iu 
1853,  he  was  sent  by  President  Pierce 


pal] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    P.10GKAPIIY. 


241 


as  minister  to  Naples.  He  was  a  warm 
advocate  of  emancipation  in  the  early 
years  of  the  rebellion.  He  published  a 
number  of  books,  including  a  novel,  an 
autobiography,  a  drama,  and  several 
volumes  of  discussion  and  controversy. 
Like  his  father  he  was  a  decided  spirit- 
ualist, and  his  "  Footfalls  on  the  Bound- 
ary of  Another  World,"  and  "  The  De- 
batable Land,"  hold  a  high  rank  in  the 
literature  of  spiritualists.     1).  1877. 

UXKNFOKL),  John,  an  English  au- 
thor, b.  in  London,  1812,  was  educated 
to  the  bar,  but  abandoned  it  for  litera- 


ture. He  wrote  several  successful  pieces 
for  the  stage,  and  numerous  songs,  orig- 
inal and  translated.  He  translated  the 
autobiography  of  Goethe,  and  Eeker- 
mau's  "Conversation  with  Goethe," 
1850,  and  was  for  many  years  the  dra- 
matic critic  of  the  Loudon  "Times." 
D.  1877. 

OXLEE,  John,  an  English  divine, 
reported  to  have  been  master  of  120  lan- 
guages or  dialects.  He  wrote  on  the 
"Christian  Doctrine  of  the  Trinity  and 
Incarnation,"  3  vols.,  8vo.  B.  1779  ; 
d.  1854. 


PAEZ,  Jose  Antonio,  a  South  Amer- 
ican general,  b.  in  Caraccas,  1700,  joined 
the  revolutionists  in  1810,  and  acted  in 
concert  with  Bolivar.  He  was  made 
president  of  Venezuela  in  1829,  and 
again  in  1839.  In  the  turn  of  events 
he  was  exiled,  and  lived  in  New  York 
1850-1858,  when  he  returned  to  Vene- 
zuela, lie  was  minister  to  the  United 
States  in  1850.     D.  in  New  York,  1873. 

l'AIXHANS,  Henri  Joseph,  a 
French  general  and  inventor,  b.  1783, 
educated  at  the  polytechnic  school,  en- 
tered the  artillery,  rose  to  the  rank  of 
general  of  division,  and  invented  the 
guns  and  projectiles  known  by  his 
name.  He  was  member  of  the  chamber 
of  deputies,  1830-48,  and  connected 
with  several  commissions  of  military 
defence.     D.  1854. 

PAKENHAM,  Sir  Richard,  an 
English  diplomatist,  b.  1797,  was  envoy 
extraordinary  and  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary to  the  United  States  from  Dec.  14, 
1843,  to  May  29,  1847.     D.  1808. 

PALACKY,  Francis,  historian,  b.  at 
Hodslawitz,  in  Moravia,  1798,  received 
from  the  states  of  Bohemia  the  appoint- 
ment of  historiographer,  in  1831.  His 
chief  work  is  the  "  History  of  Bohe- 
mia," written  in  the  German  language, 
and  published  in  six  volumes,  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  states.     D.  1870. 

PALGRAVE,  Sir  Francis,  was  b.  in 
London.  1788,  of  Jewish  parents  of  the 
name  of  Cohen.  In  1823  he  married, 
and  changed  his  name  from  Cohen  to 
Palgrave,  the  maiden  name  of  his  wife's 
mother.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  in 
1827.  In  1832  he  published  the  "Rise 
and  Progress  of  the  English  Common- 
wealth," and  "Observations  on  the 
Principles,  etc.,  of  New  Municipal  Cor- 
porations." He  was  many  years  deputy 
16 


keeper  of  her  majesty's  records.  Among 
his  works,  "The  Merchant  and  the 
Friar  "  is  well  known;  as  also  are  his 
"Hand-book  for  Travellers  in  Northern 
Italy,"  and  his  "  History  of  England 
and  Normandy."  He  contributed  a 
series  of  articles  to  the  Edinburgh  and 
Quarterly  Reviews.     D.  1861. 

PALMER,  James  S.,  rear-admiral  in 
the  U.  S.  navy,  I),  in  New  Jersey,  1810; 
midshipman  in  1825:  in  the  summer  of 
18:J2  led  the  advance  in  the  passage  of 
the  Vicksburg  batteries  ;  was  engaged 
in  the  fight  with  the  confederate  ram 
Arkansas  ;  and  was  Admiral  Farragut's 
flag-captain  in  the  battles  of  New  Or- 
leans ami  Mobile.     D.  1867. 

PALMERSTON,  Henry  John  Tem- 
ple, Viscount,  b.  Oct.  20,  1784,  in 
Westminster,  educated  at  Harrow,  the 
university  of  Edinburgh,  and  of  Cam- 
bridge, entered  parliament  in  1806  as 
member  for  Newport,  I.  W. ;  but  from 
1811  he  represented  the  university  of 
Cambridge  for  twenty  years.  He  was 
made  lord  of  the  admiralty  in  1807;  and 
in  1809,  under  the  ministry  of  Perceval, 
he  became  secretary  of  war,  and  kept 
the  place  through  all  changes  of  admin- 
istration till  1828.  During  this  period 
he  seldom  spoke  in  parliament,  except 
on  questions  relating  to  the  business  of 
his  department.  In  the  latter  days  of 
the  Liverpool  government  Palmerston 
sided  with  the  liberal  section,  and,  like 
Canning,  was  in  favor  of  Catholic  eman- 
cipation ;  and  after  the  death  of  this 
great  minister  and  orator  he  was  re- 
garded as  the  most  prominent  of  his 
disciples.  In  November,  1830,  Palmer- 
ston became  secretary  of  state  for  for- 
eign affairs  ;  and,  with  the  exception 
of  the  short-lived  Peel  ministry,  be- 
tween December,  1834,  and  April,  1836, 


242 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[par 


he  filled  the  post  with  great  ability  till 
September,  1841.  Under  the  Feel  min- 
istry, 1841-46,  Palmerston  was  in  oppo- 
sition, denounced  the  Ashburton  treaty 
with  the  United  States,  and  declared 
himself  in  favor  of  the  absolute  repeal 
of  the  corn  laws.  He  became  foreign 
secretary  again  on  the  formation  of  the 
Whig  ministry  under  Lord  John  Russell, 
and  remained  so  till  differences  of  opin- 
ion with  his  chief  and  his  colleagues 
led  to  his  resignation  in  1851.  He  was 
not,  however,  long  out  of  office.  In 
1852  he  became  home  secretary  in  the 
coalition  government  of  Lord  Aberdeen, 
and  premier  in  February,  1855,  when 
that  ministry  broke  up  through  the 
events  of  the  Crimean  war.  In  1857  a 
vote  of  censure  was  passed  in  the  house 
of  commons  on  his  policy  in  China,  the 
effect  of  which  was  a  dissolution.  The 
election  went  in  his  favor  ;  but  he  was 
obliged  to  retire  in  1858,  in  consequence 
of  a  defeat  on  the  Conspiracy  Fill.  In 
June,  1859,  he  returned  once  more  to 
the  post  of  premier,  ami  held  it  till  his 
death,  Oct.  18.  1835.  During  tin-  sixty 
years  of  his  public  life  every  prime 
minister,  except  Feel,  solicited  his  ser- 
vices, and  all,  except  Lord  Derby,  ob- 
tained them  ;  and  on  all  occasions  he 
took  his  office  with  the  approbation-  of 
his  party  and  the  country.  English  po- 
litical history  furnishes  no  parallel  to 
this  uniform  prosperity  and  success.  He 
was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
Lord  Palmerston  married  (i839)  Lady 
Emily  Mary,  sister  of  Viscount  Mel- 
bourne, ami  widow  of  Earl  Cowper  : 
but  as  he  had  no  issue,  his  title  became 
extinct. 

FANGALOS,  M.  Vaknav as,  the  old- 
est of  the  patriots  who  struggled  for 
the  independence  of  Greece,  and  one  of 
those  who  sacrificed  a  large  fortune 
to  the  cause.  D.  at  Athens,  1855.  aged 
111. 

PAFINEAU,  Louts  Joseph,  a  Can- 
adian statesman,  b.  at  Montreal,  1789, 
was  bred  to  the  bar,  entered  the  Cana- 
dian parliament  in  18(19,  and  in  1815 
was  speaker  of  the  house.  When  the 
liberal  party  took  up  arms  in  1837,  in 
consequence  of  the  sudden  prorogation 
of  parliament  and  the  determination  of 
Governor  Gosford  to  rule  without  their 
advice  or  assistance,  Papineau  was  in 
favor  of  peaceful  and  constitutional  re- 
sistance only.  After  the  events  of  Oc- 
tober and  November,  1837,  Papineau 
sought  refuge  in  the  United  States,  and 
in  1839  went  to  France.  He  returned 
to  Canada  in  1847,  and  was  returned  to 


parliament,  but  after  1854  took  no  prom- 
inent part  in  affairs.     D.  1871. 

PARDOE,  Miss  Julia,  an  English 
authoress,  b.  1812;  d.  in  London,  1862. 
Her  principal  works  are,  "  Traits  and 
Traditions  of  Portugal;  "  "The  City  of 
the  Sultan;"  "Louis  XIV.  and  the 
Court  of  France  in  the  Seventeenth 
Century;  "  "  Court  and  Reign  of  Fran- 
cis I.;"  "Life  of  Mary  de  Medicis,"  3 
vols. ;  and  "  Episodes  of  French  His- 
tory during  the  Consulate  and  the  Em- 
pire." 

PAREPA-ROSA,  Euphrosyne,  a 
distinguished  vocalist,  b.  in  Edinburgh, 
1839,  made  her  debut  as  a  singer  at 
Malta  in  1855,  and  performed  with  brill- 
iant success  in  the  principal  Italian  cities, 
before  appearing  in  London  at  the  Ly- 
ceum theatre  in  1857.  She  married  for 
her  second  husband  HerrCarl  Rosa,  the 
eminent  violinist,  whom  she  met  on  a 
professional  tour  in  the  U.  S.  in  1866. 
She  made  another  successful  tour  in  this 
countrv,  and  returning  to  England,  died 
1874.  * 

PARIS,  John  Ayton,  a  very  emi- 
nent, physician,  d.  in  London,  1856,  in 
his  72d  year.  He  founded  the  Royal 
Geological  Society  of  Cornwall,  and 
gave  the  miners  the  great  boon  of  the 
''tamping  bar,"  by  which  they  are  ena- 
bled to  pursue  their  labors  amid  inflam- 
mable gases,  without  fear  of  striking  fire 
from  the  rock.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
"  Life  of  Sir  Humphry  Davy,"  and  a 
work  called  "  Philosophy  in  Sport." 
In  1844  he  was  made  president  of  the 
College  of  Physicians,  and  remained  so 
till  his  death. 

PARKER,  Rev.  Theodore,  b.  in 
Lexington,  Mass.,  1811);  d.  in  l-'lorence, 
Tuscany,  May  10,  1860.  He  entered 
the  divinity  school  at  Cambridge  in 
1834;  and  was  settled  as  a  Unitarian 
pastor  in  West  Roxbury  in  1837.  In 
1840  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
master  of  arts  from  Harvard  college. 
In  1841.  in  an  ordination  sermon,  he 
uttered  the  sentiments  which  led  to  the 
theological  controversies  that  marked 
the  active  j-ears  of  his  life.  In  1843  he 
visited  Europe;  began  to  preach  in  Bos- 
ton in  1845,  and  in  1846  was  settled 
over  a  Congregational  society  in  that 
city.  In  1859  his  health  failed,  and  he 
went  to  Kurope  to  seek  its  restoration, 
but  without  success.  He  was  a  ripe 
scholar,  of  extensive  and  varied  attain- 
ments. Radical  in  his  opinions  in  re- 
ligion and  politics,  and  vigorous  and 
denunciatory  in  his  utterance  of  them, 
he   excited  a  large  opposition.     But  he 


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CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


243 


was  much  beloved  by  those  acquainted 
with  him  for  his  simplicity  and  purity 
of  character.  He  collected  a  valuable 
library  of  13,000  volumes,  which  he  be- 
queathed to  the  city  of  Boston,  to  be 
made  part  of  the  Public  Library.  His 
publications  chiefly  consist  of  sermons, 
addresses,  speeches,  and  lectures,  a  com- 
plete collection  of  which  was  published 
Li  London  in  12  vols.,  1803-65,  and  an- 
other in  Boston  in  10  vols.,  1870.  His 
"Life  and  Correspondence,''  by  Rev. 
John  Weiss,  was  published  in  New 
York,  1864;  and  his  ''Life,"  by  Rev. 
0.  B.  Frothingham,  in  New  York.  1874. 
■ — Juki.,  an  American  jurist,  b.  in  Jaf- 
frey,  N.  H.,  1795,  graduated  at  Dart- 
mouth college,  where  he  was  afterwards 
professor  of  medical  jurisprudence.  He 
practised  law  in  Keene,  was  associate 
judge  and  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  New  Hampshire,  and  from 
1847  Royall  professor  of  law  at  Har- 
vard university.  Besides  numerous  re- 
ports, charges,  addresses,  and  lectures, 
he  wrote  treatises  on  "Personal  Liberty 
Laws  and  Slavery  in  the  Territories," 
the  "Right  of  Secession,"  "Revolution 
and  Reconstruction,"  "  Conflict  of  De- 
cisions," and  other  subjects.  D.  1875. 
—  Sir  William,  an  English  admiral, 
b.  1781,  entered  the  navy  at  the  age  of 
twelve  years,  was  naval  commander  in 
chief  in  the  East  Indies  in  May,  1841, 
and  conducted  the  operations  in  the  Chi- 
nese war.     D.  1866. 

PARMA,  Ferdinand  Chari.es  de 
Bourbon,  Duke  of  Parma,  b.  182i,  was 
the  son  of  Charles  II.  and  the  Princess 
Theresa  of  Sardinia.  On  the  death  of 
Marie  Louise,  in  1847,  his  father  became 
Duke  of  Parma,  abdicating  in  favor  of 
his  son,  who  assumed  the  title  of  Charles 
III.,  in  1849.  He  was  assassinated  in 
1854. 

PARRLS,  Albion  K.,  a  representa- 
tive of  Maine  in  congress  in  1815  and 
1817.  governor  of  the  state  from  1821 
to  1826,  senator  in  congress  1827-28, 
and  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
state  from  1828  to  1836.  B.  1785;  d. 
1857. 

PARRY,  Sir  William  Edward, 
rear-admiral  in  the  British  service,  was 
engaged  in  the  North  American  station 
from  1813  to  1817.  He  commanded 
four  different  expeditions  to  the  arctic 
seas,  and  was  knighted  for  his  services. 
B.  1790;  d.  1855. 

PARTON,  Mrs.  Sarah  Pay  son 
(Willis),  sister  of  the  poet  N.  P.  Willis, 
b.  in  Portland,  Me.,  1811,  on  being  left 
a  widow  in  1846  found  herself  compelled 


to  trust  to  her  pen  for  a  livelihood.  Her 
tirst  composition  was  sold  with  difficulty 
for  fifty  cents  to  a  Bosion  journal,  but 
she  soon  found  herself  in  a  situation  to 
command  lierown  terms.  Her  first  col- 
lection in  1853,  under  the  title  of  "Fern 
Lea  vis,"  was  sold  to  an  extent  of  an 
hundred  thousand  copies  in  the  United 
States  and  England.  Other  popular 
works  followed — a  second  series  of 
"Fern  Leaves,"  "Ruth  Hall,"  and 
"Rose  Clark,"  novels,  and  several 
books  for  the  young.  Her  later  publi- 
cations appeared  for  the  most  part  in  the 
"New  York  Ledger,"  and  were  paid 
for  with  great  liberality.  In  1856  she 
married  Mr.  James  Parton,  the  popular 
and  successful  author.  D.  in  the  city 
of  New  York,  1872. 

PASCO,  John,  rear-admiral,  was  the 
signal-officer  at  Trafalgar  when  Nelson 
gave  the  order,  "  England  expects  every 
man  to  do  his  duty."  B.  1776  ;  d. 
1854. 

PASKIEWITSCH.  Ivan  Fedoro- 
witch,  a  celebrated  Russian  general,  b. 
1782,  was  appointed  at  an  early  age  aid- 
de-camp  to  the  Emperor  Paul.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  wars  with 
Fiance,  Turkey,  and  Persia,  and  in  sup- 
pressing the  Polish  insurrection.  Suc- 
ceeding to  the  command,  on  the  death 
of  General  Diebitsch,  he  signally  de- 
feated the  Poles  and  captured  Warsaw, 
for  which  services  he  was  raised  to  the 
dignity  of  Prince  of  Warsaw.  He  was 
appointed  lieutenant  of  the  kingdom  of 
Poland,  and  held  the  position  till  his 
death  in  1856. 

PASLEY,  Sir  Charles  William, 
lieutenant-general  in  the  British  service, 
and  colonel  commandant  of  royal  engi- 
neers, b.  1780 ;  d.  1861.  He  was  emi- 
nent as  an  engineer.  He  published  a 
treatise  on  "Military  Instruction,"  and 
"  An  Essay  on  the  Military  Policy  and 
Institutions  of  the  British  Empire." 

PASQLTER,  Etienne  Denis,  Duke, 
a  French  statesman,  b.  1767  ;  d.  1862. 
He  tilled  important  offices  under  the 
empire.  After  the  second  restoration 
he  accepted  a  seat  in  the  Talleyrand 
cabinet,  and  in  1819  assumed  the  port- 
folio of  foreign  affairs.  Under  Louis 
Philippe,  as  president  of  the  cham- 
ber of  peers,  he  presided  at  the  trial 
of  Louis  Napoleon  for  the  Boulogne  at- 
tempt. 

PASSAVANT,  Johann  David,  an 
artist  and  writer  on  art,  b.  at  Frankfort- 
on-the-Main,  1787;  d.  1861.  He  pub- 
lished "  Essays  upon  the  Fine  Arts," 
"Artistic  Voyage  to  England  and  Bel- 


244 


CYCI.OP/KDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[PAY 


gium,"  "Raphael  of  Urbino,"  "Chris- 
tian Art  in  Spain,"  and  other  works. 

PASSY,  Hip>'Olyte  Phii.ibert,  a 
French  statesman,  b.  1793,  was  minis- 
ter of  finance  for  three  days  in  the  min- 
istry of  the  Duke  de  Bassano,  1X34; 
and  again  under  Marshal  Soult  in  1839- 
1840;  and  again  under  Louis  Napoleon 
from  Dec.  1848  till  Oct.  1840.  He  re- 
tired with  the  coup  d'etat  from  public 
life.     D.  1873. 

PASTA,  Judith,  a  celebrated  singer, 
b.  1798;  d.  1865.  She  was  a  Jewess  by 
birth,  and  at  the  age  of  fifteen  became 
a  pupil  at  the  Milan  conservatory  of 
music.  In  1824  she  had  become  an 
European  celebrity,  for  whom  Bellini 
and  Pacini  composed  their  most  exqui- 
site operas.  Her  earliest  fame  was  won 
in  the  operas  of  Rossini:  and  she  was 
the  admitted  creator  of  "  Anna  Bolena," 
the  '•  Somnambula,"  and  "Norma." 

PATIN,  HenriJoseph  Guii,- 
laume,  a  French  scholar  and  author, 
b.  in  Paris,  1793,  and  educated  there, 
succeeded  M.  Villemain  as  professor  at 
the  Sorbonne,  in  1830,  and  for  many 
years  occupied  the  chair  of  Latin  poetry. 
He  was  well  versed  in  ancient  literature, 
and  his  "  Etudes  "  on  the  Greek  tragic 
poets  in  three  volumes  enjoy  a  high 
reputation.  "He  had  only  one  failing." 
says  La  Libert/,  "  and  that  was  that 
although  a  member  of  the  French  Acad- 
emy he  did  not  know  French."  But 
nobodv  disputed  his  knowledge  of 
Greek  and  Latin.     D.  1876. 

PAT  MORE,  Peter  George,  a  well- 
known  contributor  to  the  English  peri- 
odical press,  and  the  author  of  numer- 
ous works.  Hazlitt's  "Liber  Amoris" 
is  addressed  to  him,  as  are  also  some  of 
Charles  Lamb's  epistles.  B.  1787  ;  d. 
1855. 

PATON,  Andrew  Archibald,  an 
English  traveller  and  author,  b.  1809, 
published  several  volumes  of  travel  and 
observations  that  were,  republished  col- 
lectively in  1862  tinder  the  title  of  "  Re- 
searches on  the  Danube  and  Adriatic,  or 
Contributions  to  the  Modern  History  of 
Hungary,  Transylvania,  etc."  Among 
his  other  works  was  a  "  History  of  the 
Egvptian  Revolution."     D.  1874. 

PATTERSON,  Francis  E.,  briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S. 
service,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  1827;  d. 
1862. 

PAULDING,  James  Kirke,  an 
American  politician  and  novelist,  b.  in 
Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.,  1779,  removed 
to  the  city  of  New  York  in  early  man- 
hood and  was  associated  with  \Y.  Irving 


in  the  production  of  "  Salmagundi." 
In  1812  he  published  "John  Bull  and 
Brother  Jonathan,"  which  ran  through 
several  editions,  and  was  followed  by  the 
"  Lay  of  the  Scottish  Fiddle,"  a  satiri- 
cal poem  that  called  forth  an  angry  re- 
view from  the  "  London  Quarterly." 
His  pamphlet  in  reply  to  the  review  at- 
tracted the  notice  of  President  .Madison, 
and  led  to  his  appointment  as  secretary 
of  the  board  of  navy  commissioners. 
He  was  afterwards  many  years  navy 
agent  at  New  York,  and  secretary  of 
the  navy  under  Van  Buren.  His  most 
popular  novel  was  "The  Dutchman  s 
Fireside."  His  "  Backwoodsman  "  was 
an  unsuccessful  poem.     D.  1860. 

PAULUS,  H.  E.  G.,  a  distinguished 
German  orientalist  and  critic,  b.  1791  ; 
d.  at  Heidelberg,  1851. 

PAUTHIER,  Jean  Pierre  Guil- 
laume,  a  French  orientalist  and  Chi- 
nese scholar,  b.  at  Besancon  in  1801, 
published  a  valuable  edition  of  the 
"Travels  of  Marco  Polo,"  with  an  in- 
troduction and  illustrative  notes  brought 
from  Chinese  sources.     D.  1873. 

PAXTON,  Edward  F.,  a  confed- 
erate brigadier-general,  b.  in  Virginia, 
and  educated  at  the  military  academy 
of  that  state.  He  served  under  "  Stone- 
wall "  Jackson,  and  was  killed  at  Chan- 
cellorsville,  May,  1863.  —  Sir  Joseph, 
the  son  of  an  English  yeoman,  was  b. 
in  1802,  was  patronized  by  the  Duke  of 
Devonshire,  and  by  the  taste  and  skill 
which  he  displayed  in  the  gardens  of 
Chatsworth  soon  became  known  as  a 
horticulturist  and  landscape  gardener. 
His  success  with  the  Crystal  Palace  of 
1857  earned  him  the  honor  of  knight- 
hood, and  led  to  his  connection  with 
many  public  works.  He  superintended 
the  palace,  and  designed  the  grounds  at 
Sydenham.  He  edited  works  on  horti- 
culture and  botany,  and  was  a  member 
of  many  learned  societies  in  Europe. 
He  sat  some  years  as  member  for  Cov- 
entrv  in  the  house  of  commons.  D. 
1865. 

PAYEN,  Anselme,  a  French  chem- 
ist, b.  1795,  wrote  a  number  of  works 
on  chemistry  as  applied  to  the  industrial 
and  agricultural  arts,  and  a  treatise  on 
•'  Distillation."     D   1871. 

PAYNF,  John  Howard,  an  Ameri- 
can actor  and  dramatist,  was  b.  at  New 
York  in  1792.  In  his  13th  year  he 
was  a  writer  for  the  press,  and  editor  of 
the  "  Thespian  Mirror."  At  sixteen  he 
appeared  as  Norval  in  "  Douglas,"  at 
the  Park  theatre,  New  York.  At  Bos- 
ton he  appeared,  among  other  charac- 


pel] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRATIIY. 


245 


ters,  in  those  of  Hastings,  Rolla,  Ed- 
gar, and  Hamlet.  In  1812  lie  went  to 
England,  and  made  his  <Ubut  at  Drury 
Lane  in  his  21st  year.  In  1820  he  ed- 
ited a  London  dramatic  paper  called 
"The  Opera  Glass."  Many  dramas 
were  prepared  \>y  him  when  on  the 
London  stage,  chiefly  adaptations  from 
the  French.  The  now  cosmopolitan  air 
of  "Home,  Sweet  Home,"  first  ap- 
peared in  Payne's  "Clari,  the  Maid  of 
Milan."  In  his  latter  years  he  was  U. 
S.  consul  at  Tunis,  where  he  d.  1852. 

PEABODY,  George,  b.  in  Danvers, 
Mass.,  February  18,  1795,  was  brought 
up  from  an  early  age  ill  business  pur- 
suits, established  himself  in  George- 
town. D.  O.  during  the  war  with  Great 
Britain  of  1812.  and  afterwards  in  Bal- 
timore as  a  partner  of  the  house  of 
Rigga  &  Peabody.  In  1843  he  estab- 
lished a  commercial  house  in  London 
and  accumulated  a  large  property,  which 
lie  dispensed  with  such  munificence  as 
to  gain  for  himself  the  well  deserved 
fame  of  "the  great  philanthropist  of 
the  old  and  new  worlds."  He  gave 
two  millions  and  a  half  of  dollars  to  the 
poor  of  London,  for  which  Queen  Vic- 
toria offered  him  a  baronetcy,  which  he 
declined,  and  gave  him  her  miniature, 
which  he  deposited  in  the  Institute  that 
he  had  established  and  largely  endowed 
in  Danvers.  He  gave  $2,000,000  for 
the  education  of  blacks  and  whites  at 
the  South,  $1,000,000  to  found  an  In- 
stitute at  Baltimore,  and  numerous  other 
gifts  to  charitable  and  educational  pur- 
poses in  the  United  States.  D.  4th  of 
November,  1869.  His  statue,  by  Story, 
is  erected  near  the  Royal  Exchange  in 
London. 

PF ACOCK,  Thomas  Love,  a  Brit- 
ish humorist  and  novelist,  b.  1785,  au- 
thor of  "Headlong  Hall,"  "  Nightmare 
Abbey,"  and  "Crotchet  Castle,"  was 
employed  in  the  East  India  House  from 
1818  till  1850,  when  he  retired  on  a  pen- 
sion. He  published  poems  that  were 
not  received  with  much  favor.  His  col- 
lected works  were  published  in  London 
in  1875  in  three  vols.     U.  1806. 

PFALE,  Rembrandt,  painter,  son  of 
Charles  Wilson,  b.  in  Bucks  county, 
Penn.,  1778,  evinced  early  talent  as  a 
draughtsman,  and  in  September,  1795, 
was  able  to  gratify  a  desire  he  had  long 
entertained  of  painting  a  portrait  of 
Washington.  He  for  a  while  painted 
portraits  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  and  in 
1801  went  to  London  and  studied  with 
West,  and  afterwards  pursued  his  pro- 
fession for  some  years  in  Paris.    Return- 


ing to  Philadelphia  in  1809,  he  painted 
"The  Roman  Daughter,"  and  the 
"Court  of  Death,"  the  latter  of  which 
brought  him  large  returns  by  its  exhi- 
bition in  our  principal  cities.  In  1859- 
00  he  lectured  on  the  portraits  of  Wash- 
ington. He  published  "  Notes  on  Italy," 
the  "  Portfolio  of  an  Artist,"  and  "  Reni- 
iniscencesof  Art  and  Artists."  D.  1860. 
PEARCE,  James  A.,  b.  in  Virginia, 
1805;  d.  in  Maryland,  1802.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Maryland  legislature  in 
1831;  a  representative  in  congress  from 
that  state  from  1835  to  1839,  and  from 
1841  to  1843;  and  a  senator  in  congress 
from  1843  to  1802.  He  also  held  the 
post  of  professor  of  law  in  Washington 
college,  Chestertown. 

PEASE,  Calvin,  D.  D.,  professor  of 
Greek  and  Latin  in  the  university  of 
Vermont,  and  afterward  its  president, 
contributed  papers  on  classical  and  other 
subjects  to  the  "Bibliotheca  Sacra," 
and  published  several  discourses.  B.  in 
Canaan,  Conn.,  1813  ;  d.  1803. 

PEDRO  V.,  King  of  Portugal,  b.  at 
Lisbon,  1837;  d.  1801. 

PEET,  EuvvAKi),  author  of  text-books 
for  the  use  of  deaf  mutes,  and  professor 
in  the  New  York  institution  for  the  deaf 
and  dumb.  B.  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  1820; 
d.  1802. 

PFGRAM,  William  Johnson,  aeon- 
federate  brigadier-general,  b.  at  Peters- 
burg, Va.,  1841,  in  1801  volunteered  as 
a  private  in  the  artillery,  and,  having 
distinguished  himself  in  successive  en- 
gagements, rose  to  the  rank  of  colonel, 
after  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  lie  sub- 
sequently became  brigadier-general,  and 
was  killed  before  Petersburg,  April  2, 
1865. 

PELISSIER,  Amable  Jean  Jac- 
ques, Due  tie  Malakoff,  marshal  in  the 
French  army,  was  b.  at  Maromme,  1794. 
Educated  at  St.  Cyr,  he  entered  the 
French  military  service,  and  went  to 
Spain  in  1823, "where  he  highly  distin- 
guished himself.  In  1829  he  went  to 
Greece,  where  his  talents  and  bravery 
again  became  conspicuous,  and  were 
duly  rewarded.  His  next  campaign  was 
in  Africa,  serving  in  Algiers,  till  from 
ill  health  he  was  obliged  to  return  to 
France.  In  1840  he  was  again  sent  to 
Africa,  and  for  some  years  was  occupied 
in  reducing  the  wild  tribes  of  the  desert 
to  submission.  On  one  of  these  expe- 
ditions he  destroyed  about  six  hundred 
of  the  enemy  in  a  cavern,  into  which 
they  had  retreated,  by  burning  fagots 
at  its  mouth  ;  an  act  of  barbarity  which 
drew  on  Pe'lissier  the  indignation  of  the 


246 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[PER 


world.  Tlis  services  in  the  Crimea  re- 
stored him  to  favor.  He  joined  the 
French  army  before  Sebastopol  in  1855, 
and  succeeding  Canrobert  in  the  chief 
command,  was  highly  successful,  and 
for  his  gallantry  was  created  duke  of 
Malakoff,  marshal  of  France,  and  G.  C. 
B.  of  Great  Britain.  He  succeeded  M. 
Persigny  as  ambassador  to  London  in 
1858.  from  which  office,  however,  he 
was  recalled  in  1859.     D.  1864. 

PELOUZE,  Theopiiilk  Jules,  a 
French  chemist,  b.  at  Valognes,  1807, 
studied  pharmacy,  went  to  Paris  in 
1827,  and  studied  under  Gay-Lussac 
and  Lassaigne.  He  visited  Germany, 
and  cooperated  with  Liebig  in  various 
useful  discoveries  ;  and  subsequently 
filled  professorial  chairs  in  the  college 
of  France  and  the  polytechnic  school. 
His  scientific  writings  were  numerous, 
and  in  1848  he  became  director  of  the 
Mint.     D.  1807. 

PENDER,  William  D.,  major-gen- 
eral in  the  confederate  service,  b.  in 
North  Carolina,  1833,  graduated  at 
West  Point,  1854,  killed  at  Gettysburg, 
1863. 

PENDERGAST,  Garret  J.,  commo- 
dore U.  S.  navy,  b.  in  Kentucky,  1800; 
d.  1802.  His  term  of  service  extended 
over  more  than  half  a  centurv. 

PENNEFATHER,  Sir  John  Ly- 
sACiiir,  K.  C.  B.j  a  British  general,  was 
b.  in  Tipperary,  in  1800,  and  entered 
the  army  in  1818.  He  distinguished 
himself  in  India  in  1843,  during  the 
war  in  Scinde  ;  and  was  engaged  in  the 
Crimea  during  the  Russian  war,  and 
displayed  great  gallantry  at  the  Alma, 
and  in  the  battle  of  Inkermann.  He 
was  five  vears  governor  of  Malta.  D. 
1872. 

PENNETHORNE,  Sir  James,  a 
British  architect,  b.  1801,  went  to  Lon- 
don in  1820,  studied  with  Pugin.  trav- 
elled in  Italy,  and  was  subsequently  for 
some  years  principal  assistant  to  Mr. 
Nash.  In  1843  he  was  appointed  archi- 
tect to  the  Board  of  Works,  and  the  de- 
partment of  Woods  and  Forests,  and 
liad  much  to  do  with  the  public  build- 
ings and  reconstructed  streets  in  mod- 
ern London.     D.  1871. 

PENNINGTON,  William,  b.  in 
Newark,  N.  J.,  1797,  was  governor  of 
that  state  from  1837  to  1843,  and  as 
chancellor,  ex  officio,  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  "Broad  seal  controversy." 
He  was  elected  a  representative  to  the 
36th  congress,  and  became  speaker  of 
the  house.     D.  1862. 

PF>PE.  Gulielmo,  an  Italian  patriot 


and  general,  b.  in  Calabria,  1783;  d. 
1855. 

PERCIVAL,  James  Gates,  physi- 
cian, poet,  and  geologist,  was  b.  at  Ber- 
lin, Conn.,  1795,  and  received  from  Yale 
the  degree  of  M.  D.  in  1820.  In  the 
same  year  he  published  his  first  volume 
of  poems.  In  1822-27  appeared  the 
three  numbers  of  "  Clio."  In  1824  he 
was  for  a  short  time  professor  of  chem- 
istry in  the  military  academy  at  West 
Point.  In  1827  he  was  employed  to  re- 
vise the  manuscript  of  Dr.  Webster's 
large  dictionary,  and  not  long  after  this 
he  prepared  a  translation  of  Malte- 
Brun's  "Geography."  In  1835  he  was 
appointed,  in  conjunction  with  Professor 
C.  U.  Shepard,  to  make  a  survey  of  the 
geology  and  mineralogy  of  Connecti- 
cut. Dr.  Percival  took  charge  of  the 
geological  part,  and  his  report  thereon 
was  published  in  1842.  In  1843  he  pub- 
lished at  New  Haven  "The  Dream  of  a 
Day,  and  Other  Poems."  In  1854  he 
was  appointed  state  geologist  of  Wis- 
consin ;  his  first  report  being  published 
in  1855.  Exposure  incident  to  his  duty 
undermined  his  health,  and  he  d.  at 
Hazel  Green*  Wis.,  1856. 

PEREIRA,  Jonathan,  a  London 
physician,  author  of  "  Elements  of 
Materia  Medica,"  and  distinguished  for 
his  knowledge  of  pharmacy  and  gen- 
eral science.     B.  1804;  d.  1853. 

PEREIRE,  Emile,  a  French  banker, 
of  the  second  empire,  b.  1800,  was  a 
Saint  Simonian  in  his  early  manhood, 
and  wrote  for  the  "  Globe  "  and  "  Na- 
tional "  in  conjunction  with  Armand 
Carrel.  A  contract  for  building  the 
Saint  Germain  railway,  undertaken 
with  his  brother  Isaac,  was  the  founda- 
tion of  their  fortune;  and  in  1852  they 
established  the  "Credit  Mobilier,"  with 
a  capital  of  sixty  millions  of  francs. 
He  was  a  patron  of  art  ;  and  a  member 
of  the  corps  legislatif  from  1863  to 
1809.     I).  1875. 

PERIER,  Auguste  Casimir  Victor 
Laurent,  a  French  statesman,  b.  in 
Paris,  1811,  was  early  in  the  diplomatic 
service,  but  retired  in  1846  to  take  his 
seat  in  the  chamber  of  deputies,  to  which 
he  had  been  elected  from  the  first  ar- 
rondissement  of  Paris.  He  retired  to 
his  estates  on  the  coup  d'etat,  and  re- 
mained in  private  life  till  the  fall  of  the 
empire.  He  was  minister  of  the  inte- 
rior under  Thiers  from  Oct.  12,  1871,  to 
the  following  5th  February,  and  agaiu 
for  a  week  in  May,  1873.     I).  1876. 

PERRY,  Matthew  Calbraitii, 
commodore    U.    S.    navy,  b.   in    South 


phi] 


CYCLOT.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


247 


Kingston,  R.  I.,  1795,  entered  the  navy 
in  1809,  and  rose  to  a  captaincy  in 
1837.  During  a  part  of  the  war  with 
Mexico  he  commanded  the  trulf  squad- 
ron, and  in  1852  commanded  the  .la- 
pan  expedition,  with  which  his  name 
is  inseparably  connected.  D.  1858.  — 
James  H.,  b.  1811;  d.  while  in  com- 
mand of  Fort  Pulaski,  6a.,  1862.  Al- 
though educated  at  West  Point,  and 
schooled  as  a  soldier  in  the  Texan  war 
of  independence  and  in  Mexico,  the 
civil  war  found  him  pastor  of  a  church 
in  Brooklyn.  Leaving  the  pulpit,  he 
raised  the  48th  regiment  New  York 
state  volunteers  and  served  as  its  colo- 
nel. 

PERSIAN  I,  Fanny,  an  Italian 
singer,  b.  1818,  was  the  daughter  of  the 
distinguished  tenor  Tacchinardi,  and 
married  the  composer,  Joseph  Persiani. 
She  made  her  debut  at  Leghorn,  in 
1832,  with  great  success,  and  for  about 
twelve  years,  from  1838,  was  an  attrac- 
tion of  the  Italian  opera  in  Paris.  Her 
special  part  was  "  Lucia."     D.  1867. 

PERSIGNY,  Jean-Gilbekt-Victob 
Fiauin,  Duke  pe,  a  French  politician 
and  diplomatist,  was  b.  in  1808,  entered 
the  army,  was  originally  a  loyalist,  but 
favored  the  revolution  of  July.  lie 
went  to  Paris,  in  18-13,  and  became  for 
a  short  period  attached  to  the  "  Temps  " 
journal.  Though  an  active  supporter 
of  the  Bourbons,  in  1834,  he  was  con- 
verted to  the  cause  of  the  Bonapartes, 
and  in  the  "Occident  Francais,"  which 
he  founded,  advocated  the  "Napoleon 
idea-  "  with  great  vigor.  He  was  the 
principal  instigator  of  the  Strasbourg 
attempt.  More  fortunate  than  Prince 
Louis  Napoleon,  he  escaped  to  England 
anil  published  an  account  of  the  enter- 
prise. In  1840  he  shared  in  the  Bou- 
logne affair,  for  which  he  was  tried  and 
sentenced  to  20  years'  imprisonment. 
Partisan  of  President  Louis  Napoleon 
in  1848.  he  afterwards  carried  out  the 
coup  d'etat,  and  was  by  some  supposed 
to  have  been  its  contriver.  He  was 
afterwards  twice  minister  of  the  inte- 
rior, and  twice  minister  to  England,  un- 
der the  empire.  In  1863  he  was  made 
a  duke.     D.  in  Nice,  1872. 

PETERMANN,  Julius  Heixrich, 
a  German  orientalist,  b.  1801,  published 
in  1840,  a  series  of  grammars  entitled 
'■  Portce  Linguarum  Arabicse,  Chaldaics, 
et  Armenicse,"  which  passed  through 
several  editions.  Having  obtained  the 
Prussian  consulate  at  Jerusalem  in  or- 
der to  prosecute  his  Armenian  and  Sa- 
maritan studies,  he  published,  in  1868, 


his  "  Attempt  at  a  Doctrine  of  the  lie- 
brew  Grammatical  Forms  according  to 
the  Pronunciation  of  the  Present  Samar- 
itans."    D.  1876. 

PETIGRU,  James  Louis,  a  lawyer 
and  statesman,  b.  in  Abbeville  district, 
S.  C,  1789,  and  educated  at  the  univer- 
sity of  that  state.  From  1822  to  1830 
he  was  attorney-general  of  the  state. 
In  the  times  of  nullification,  and  in  the 
times  of  secession,  he  was  an  unflinch- 
ing, outspoken,  and  able  advocate  of 
the  Union.     I).  1863. 

PETIT,  John  Louis,  an  English 
draughtsman,  etcher,  and  antiquary,  b. 
1801,  had  a  special  taste  for  drawing 
old  churches,  and  after  a  tour  on  the 
continent  published,  in  1841,  his  "Re- 
marks on  Church  Architecture."  He 
was  an  accomplished  artist,  and  left 
numerous  valuable  drawings.  His'most 
important  work  was  "  Architectural 
Studies  in  France."     D.  1868. 

PETRIE,  Geokge,  LL.  D.,  an  Irish 
artist  and  archaeologist,  was  the  son  of 
a  portrait-painter  in  Dublin.  He  was 
acknowledged  as  the  best  draughtsman 
in  water-colors  in  Ireland,  and  employed 
by  all  the  publishers  of  tours  or  topo- 
graphical works.  His  principal  liter- 
ary work  is  "  An  Inquiry  into  the  Ec- 
clesiastical Architecture  of  Ireland." 
B.  1789;  d.  1866. 

PETTIGREW,  Thomas  Joseph,  an 
eminent  English  surgeon  and  antiqua- 
rian, b.  in  London,  1791,  was  the  au- 
thor of  memoirs  of  Dr.  Lettsom,  Dr. 
Thomas  Cogan,  and  Lord  Nelson; 
"  The  Medical  Portrait  Gallery,"  con- 
taining biographies  of  sixty  eminent 
physicians  and  surgeons;  "On  Super- 
stitions connected  with  Medicine  and 
Surgery;"  and  "Chronicles  of  the 
Tombs*."     I).   1865. 

PFEIFFER,  It. a  [nee  Ryer),  one  of 
the  most  remarkable  of  modern  travel- 
lers, b.  in  Vienna  in  1795  ;  d.  1858. 
Besides  visiting  all  the  countries  of  Eu- 
rope and  great  part  of  Asia,  in  1846  she 
made  her  tirst  voyage  round  the  globe, 
returning  in  1848;  and  again  in  1851 
she  sailed  from  London,  penetrated  Bor- 
neo, visited  Java  and  Sumatra,  and 
found  her  way  back  to  England  by  Cali- 
fornia, South  America,  and  the  United 
States,  in  1854.  Her  last  expedition 
was  directed  towards  Madagascar,  in 
1856.  With  the  exception  of  her  last 
adventurous  trip,  she  published  an  ac- 
count of  all  her  travels;  and  her  two 
"Voyages  Round  the  Globe"  were 
translated  into  English. 

PHILLMORE,  John  Geouge,  anEng- 


248 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


[PIC 


lish  jurist,  b.  in  Oxfordshire,  1809;  d. 
18G5.  He  wrote  two  treatises  on  the 
Koman  law,  a  "  History  of  the  Law  of 
Evidence,"  and  the  first  volume  of  a 
History  of  England  under  George  III., 
left  incomplete  by  the  author's  death. 

PHILIP,  John,  an  English  artist,  b. 
at  Aberdeen,  1817,  began  life  as  a  house 
painter,  but  early  used  his  brush  in 
higher  efforts,  and  by  a  picture  of  a 
Scotch  interior  attracted  the  notice  of 
Lord  Pan m ure,  who  enabled  him  to 
prosecute  his  studies  in  London.  En- 
tering the  Royal  Academy  as  a  student 
in  1837,  he  amazed  his  fellows  by  his 
dexterity  with  the  brush.  For  many 
years  he  confined  himself  to  Scottish 
subjects  without  exciting  great  atten- 
tion, but  a  visit  to  Spain  opened  his 
e}-es  to  new  scenes  and  new  modes  of 
expression,  and  his  works  soon  became 
famous.  His  "Andalusian  Letter  Writ- 
er "  was  purchased  from  the  walls  of 
the  London  Exhibition  of  1854  by  her 
majesty  Queen  Victoria,  said  to  have 
been  the  first  manifestation  of  the  royal 
patronage,  which  has  since  been  liber- 
ally exercised.  From  that  time  his  pic- 
tures found  eager  purchasers  at  high 
prices.  In  1860  he  exhibited  a  picture 
of  the  "Marriage  of  the  Princess  Royal 
with  the  Prince  Frederick  William  of 
Prussia,"  by  command  of  her  majesty. 
It  was  engraved  bv  Auguste  Blauchard. 
D.  1867. 

PHILLIPS,  John,  learned  in  physics, 
astronomy,  and  most  of  the  natural  sci- 
ences, became  a  geologist  under  the 
guidance  of  his  uncle,  Mr.  William 
Smith,  and  was  em  ployed  with  him 
from  1815  to  1824  in  mapping  the  strata 
of  England  and  Wales.  He  was  some- 
time professor  of  geology  at  King's 
college,  London,  and  in  the  university 
of  Dublin.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  ge- 
ology in  two  volumes,  for  Dr.  Lard- 
ner's  "Cyclopaedia."  His  other  pub- 
lished works  are  very  numerous.  He 
succeeded  Dean  Buckland  as  profes- 
sor of  geology  in  the  university  of  Ox- 
ford. D.  1874.  —  RiCHAEi),  *an  emi- 
nent English  chemist,  b.  1776;  d.  1851. 
He  first  attracted  attention  by  the  pub- 
lication of  "Analyses  of  the  Bath  Wa- 
ters." In  1817  he  was  appointed  lecturer 
on  chemistry  at  the  London  hospital ; 
and  he  was  appointed  to  deliver  several 
courses  of  lectures  at  the  London,  and 
other  institutions.  In  1821  Mr.  Phillips 
became  the  sole  editor  of  the  "  Annals 
of  Philosophy,"  and  published  three 
years  afterwards  his  first  translation 
of  the    "  Pharmacopoeia   Londinensis." 


From  1839  he  was  chemist  and  curator 
of  the  museum  of  practical  geology. 
In  the  "  Transactions  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety," and  in  the  "Philosophical  Mag- 
azine," will  be  found  his  contributions 
to  science  ;  and  all  the  chemical  articles 
of  the  "  Penny  Cyclopaedia  "  were  from 
his  pen.  —  Samuel,  author  of  "Caleb 
Stukely,"  and  literary  reviewer  for  the 
London  "Times."  B.  1815;  d.  1854. 
—  Charles,  author  of  a  "  Life  of  Cur- 
ran,"  and  an  eminent  member  of  the 
English  bar,  b.  in  Ireland,  1788 ;  d.  in 
London,  1858.  —  Willard,  lawyer  and 
author,  b.  in  Bridge  water,  Mass.,  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  college,  studied  law, 
and  began  the  practice  in  Boston.  He 
was  some  years  assistant  editor  of  the 
"North  American  Review,"  and  pub- 
lished several  legal  treatises,  and  among 
them  a  "  Treatise  on  Insurance,"  2 
vols.,  that  has  a  high  reputation.  He 
was  for  some  years  editor  of  the  "Jur- 
ist." From  1843  to  1873  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  X.  E.  Mutual  Life  Insurance 
Co.     D.  1873. 

PHILPOTTS,  Henry,  bishop  of  Ex- 
eter, an  Anglican  prelate,  was  b.  at 
Gloucester,  1778.  He  was  educated  at 
'  >xford.  and  after  filling  various  cleri- 
cal positions,  was  promoted  to  the  see 
of  Exeter,  in  1830.  He  was  especially 
distinguished  as  a  polemical  divine,  and 
was  the  recognized  leader  of  the  high 
church  party.  As  a  peer  he  opposed  in 
parliament  all  liberal  measures.  He 
was  engaged  in  controversies  with  Dr. 
Lingard,  with  Mr.  Charles  Butler,  on 
his  "Book  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,"  and  with  Lord  Maeaulav,  on 
some  passages  of  his  "  History  of  Eng- 
land."    1X1869. 

PICKENS,  Francis  W.,  an  Ameri- 
can statesman,  b.  in  South  Carolina, 
1807,  son  of  Governor  Andrew  Pickens, 
studied  law,  and  became  prominent  in 
nullification  times  as  a  debater  in  the 
legislatnre.  He  was  a  member  of  con- 
gress, 1835-45;  and  minister  to  Russia, 
1858-60.  When  South  Carolina  seceded 
he  was  elected  governor,  and  demanded 
of  Major  Anderson  the  surrender  of 
Fort  Sumpter.  On  his  refusal  to  comply 
with  the  demand,  the  governor  ordered 
that  fire  should  be  opened  upon  the  fort. 
He  cooperated  ardently  with  the  confed- 
erates during  his  term,  but  in  1862  he 
was  succeeded  by  Governor  Bonham, 
and  went  into  comparative  obscuritv. 
D.  1869. 

PICKERING.  Octavius,  lawyer  and 
editor,  b.  in  Wyoming,  Pa.,  1792,  was 
admitted  to  the*  Suffolk  bar  in  Massa- 


pie] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


249 


chusetts,  1816,  and  in  1822-40,  as  state 
reporter,  produced  the  admirably  edited 
24  volumes  known  as  "  Pickering's  Re- 
ports." He  was  t  tie  author  of  a  "Life 
of  Timothy  Pickering,''  his  father.  I). 
1808.  His  younger  brother,  Henry, 
who  published  a  volume  of  poems,  b. 
1781;  d.  1838.  His  elder  brother,  John, 
eminent  as  a  lawyer  and  philologist, 
was  acquainted  with  22  languages,  and 
published  a  valuable  Greek  and  English 
lexicon,  prepared  hi  the  intervals  of 
professional  labors.  B.  at  Salem,  1777 ; 
d.  at  Boston,  1846. 

PICKERSGILL,  Henry  William, 
an  English  painter,  b.  1782,  became  a 
student  at  the  Royal  Academy  iu  1805, 
began  his  career  with  historical,  mytho- 
logical, and  fancy  subjects,  and  lapsed 
into  portraiture  almost  exclusively.  He 
was  especially  the  favorite  with  gentle- 
men who  wished  to  have  full-length 
portraits  for  presentation  purposes,  and 
was  "thus  employed  in  painting  like- 
nesses of  men  eminent  iu  rank,  politics, 
science,  and  letters."     D.  1875. 

PICKETT,  Albert  J  ames,  an  Amer- 
ican author,  b.  in  North  Carolina,  1810, 
studied  law,  and  lived  as  a  planter  in 
Alabama.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  Al- 
abama," in  two  volumes.  D.  1858. — 
George  E.,  a  confederate  general,  b. 
at  Norfolk,  Va.,  1825,  graduated  at 
West  Point,  entered  the  army,  was  in 
the  Mexican  war,  and  resigned  in  June, 
1861.  In  September  he  entered  the  con- 
federate service  as  colonel,  and  after- 
wards commanded  a  division  at  Freder- 
icksburg, Gettysburg,  and  in  the  attack 
on  Newbern,  N.  C.  He  captured  Plym- 
outh, N.  C,  1864,  and  lost  most  of  his 
division  at  Five  Forks.  He  surrendered 
with  Lee.     D.  1875. 

PIERCE,  Franklin,  an  American 
statesman,  14th  President  of  the  United 
States,  b.  in  Hillsborough,  N.  H.,  No- 
vember 23,  1804,  was  the  son  of  Benja- 
min Pierce,  a  revolutionary  officer,  and 
governor  of  his  state  in  1827-29.  He 
graduated  at  Bowdoin  college  and  stud- 
ied law  with  Levi  Woodbury,  and  at 
the  school  in  Northampton.  From  the 
position  of  his  father  as  a  Democratic 
leader  he  may  be  said  to  have  been 
cradled  in  politics,  and  in  1829  he  was 
elected  to  the  state  legislature,  and  con- 
tinuing a  member  by  reelection  for  four 
years,  he  was  made  speaker  of  the  house 
in  1832-33.  In  the  latter  year  he  was 
elected  to  congress  and  served  for  two 
terms,  during  which  he  wras  a  consistent 
advocate  of  all  the  measures  of  Presi- 
dent Jackson's  administration.    In  1836 


he  was  elected  to  the  IT.  S.  senate  from 
New  Hampshire,  and  was  the  youngest 
member  of  that  bod)'.  He  took  but  little 
part  in  debate,  and  was  on  the  commit- 
tees which  had  charge  of  revolutionary 
pensions  and  the  public  defence.  In 
1842  he  gave  up  his  seat  in  the  senate, 
and  removing  to  Concord  entered  in 
earnest  on  the  practice  of  the  law.  His 
manners  were  conciliatory  and  agreea- 
ble, and  his  style  of  oratory  was  alike 
suited  to  the  bench  and  the  jury.  Pres- 
ident Polk  offered  him  a  seat  in  his  cab- 
inet as  attorney  general,  or  as  secretary 
of  war,  but  he  declined  both,  and  for 
some  years  resolutely  refused  all  nom- 
inations to  public  office.  When  the 
Mexican  war  broke  out,  in  1847,  he 
enrolled  himself  in  a  volunteer  corn- 
pan}-  at  Concord,  and  was  soon  made 
colonel  of  the  9th  regiment.  In  March 
he  was  commissioned  a  brigadier-gen- 
eral, and  on  the  27th  of  May  arrived 
at  Vera  Cruz.  He  joined  General  Scott 
at  Puebla  in  August.  At  the  battle  of 
Contreras  he  was  severely  wounded  by 
the  falling  of  his  horse,  but  remained  on 
the  field  during  the  clay.  He  was  also 
with  his  command  at  Churubusco,  and 
was  one  of  the  commissioners  on  the 
armistice.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he 
resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession. 
In  1850  he  was  president  of  the  New 
Hampshire  convention  for  revising  the 
state  constitution.  In  the  Democratic 
Baltimore  convention,  of  1852,  the 
prominent  candidates  for  the  Presi- 
dency were  Cass,  Buchanan,  and  Doug- 
las. Thirty-five  ballotings  had  taken 
place  when  the  Virginia  delegation  for 
the  first  time  introduced  the  name  of 
Mr.  Pierce,  and  he  received  on  the  49th 
ballot  a  majority  of  271  votes.  In  No- 
vember he  received  254  votes  in  the 
electoral  college,  against  42  for  his  op- 
ponent, General  Scott.  In  his  inaugu- 
ral he  denounced  the  agitation  of  the 
slavery  question,  and  he  composed  his 
cabinet  of  the  ablest  members  of  his 
party  who  coincided  with  him  in  his 
views  on  this  subject.  The  chief  events 
of  his  administration  were  the  acquisi- 
tion of  Arizona ;  the  explorations  for  a 
Pacific  railroad ;  the  Kansas-Nebraska 
act  repealing  the  Missouri  compromise  ; 
the  Ostend  conference;  the  affair  of 
Martin  Koszta ;  the  Canadian  reci- 
procity treaty  with  Great  Britain ;  the 
Walker  invasion  of  Nicaragua;  and  the 
dismissal  of  the  British  minister  and 
three  British  consuls,  for  sanctioning 
the  unlawful  enlistment  of  recruits  for 
the  British   army.     He  considered  the 


250 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[PLU 


formation  of  a  free  state  government  in 
Kansas  as  an  act  of  rebellion,  and  so 
denounced  it  in  his  message  to  congress 
of  January  24,  1856.  His  whole  public 
course  was  consistent  with  his  idea  that 
slavery  was  a  part  of  the  Constitution, 
and  so  entitled  to  the  recognition  and 
support  of  the  federal  government. 
Mr.  Pierce  was  a  candidate  for  reelec- 
tion before  the  Democratic  national 
convention,  of  1856,  at  Cincinnati,  but 
received  no  efficient  support.  After  the 
close  of  his  term  of  otfice  he  sailed  for 
Europe  with  his  wife,  and  made  a  pro- 
tracted tour  for  the  restoration  of  her 
impaired  health.  She  failed  to  benefit 
materially  by  the  change  of  scene  and 
air,  and  died  in  1863.  The  loss  of  his 
wife  and  of  his  friend  Hawthorne,  de- 
pressed his  spirits  and  impaired  his 
health,  and  he  d.  at  Concord,  October 
8,  1869.  During  the  civil  war  he  ex- 
pressed his  sympathy  with  the  confed- 
erates. A  "  Life  of  Pierce,"  by  Na- 
thaniel Hawthorne,  was  issued  during 
the  presidential  contest  of  1852. 

PIERPONT,  John,  an  American 
clergyman,  b.  in  Litchfield,  Ct.,  1785, 
studied  law,  and  practised  a  while  in 
Newburyport,  Mass.  His  healih  re- 
quiring a  more  active  life,  he  adopted 
the  mercantile,  and  went  into  business 
in  Baltimore  with  John  Neal.  They 
failed,  and  in  1816  he  began  the  study 
of  theology,  and  was  ordained  in  1819 
over  the  Hollis  Street  Society  in  Boston. 
This  connection  was  terminated  by  his 
resignation  in  1845,  in  consequence  of 
his  outspoken  opinions  on  the  temper- 
ance question,  which  were  not  accepta- 
ble to  some  of  his  congregation.  He 
was  afterwards  pastor  of  a  church  in 
Trby,  and  in  Medford,  resigning  the 
last  charge  in  1856.  He  was  a  zeal- 
ous advocate  of  temperance  and  anti- 
slavery,  and  was  a  Free  Soil  candidate 
for  governor  and  for  member  of  con- 
gress. On  the  breaking  out  of  the  re- 
bellion, notwithstanding  his  advanced 
age,  he  went  into  the  field  as  chaplain 
of  a  Massachusetts  regiment,  but  was 
soon  transferred  to  an  employment  in 
the  treasury.  He  published  many  occa- 
sional discourses,  wrote  a  number  of 
excellent  hymns,  and  spirited  odes  for 
public  occasions,  and  published  in  1814 
the  "Airs  of  Palestine,"  which  has  been 
several  times  reprinted.  D.  at  Medford, 
Mass.,  1866. 

PINCKNEY,  Richard  Shubrick, 
b.  in  South  Carolina,  1797,  entered  the 
U.  S.  navy  in  1814,  and  was  made  com- 
mander in  1841.     He  was  engaged  in 


the  operations  against  the  Algerine 
pirates,  receiving  severe  wounds,  and 
during  the  Mexican  war  commanded 
the  Decatur.     D.  1854. 

PISE,  Charles  Constantine,  an 
American  clergyman  and  author,  b.  in 
Maryland,  1802,  studied  theology  at 
Rome,  and  was  ordained  priest  in  1825. 
He  ministered  afterwards  in  Baltimore, 
Washington,  New  York,  and  Brooklyn. 
While  in  Baltimore  he  published  the 
"  History  of  the  Church,"  5  vols.,  and 
"Father  Rowland."  He  wrote  a  num- 
ber of  religious  poems.  D.  in  New  York, 
1866. 

PLACIDE,  Henry,  an  American 
comedian,  b.  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  1799, 
where  his  father,  Alexander,  a  dancer 
and  pantomimist,  was  at  that  time  man- 
ager of  the  theatre.  He  made  his  first 
appearance  at  nine  vears  of  age,  as 
David  in  "The  Blind  Bargain."  For 
twenty  years,  under  Simpson,  at  the 
Park  theatre  in  New  York,  he  played 
the  leading  old  men  in  comedy,  and 
was  some  time  manager.  Among  his 
best  parts  were  Sir  Peter  Teazle  (which 
he  played  at  the  Haymarket  in  Lon- 
don), Sir  Anthony  Absolute,  Rip  Van 
Winkle,  Sir  Ilaicourt  Courtly,  and 
Corporal  Cartouche,  in  the  last  of  which 
he  took  leave  of  the  stage  in  1865,  at 
the  Winter  Garden  —  in  New  York, 
where  he  had  been  a  favorite  profes- 
sionallv  and  personally  some  forty 
vears."  D.  1870. 

PLANTIER,  Claude  Henri  Au- 
gustin,  a  French  ecclesiastic,  b.  at 
Ceyzerieux,  1813,  was  consecrated  bish- 
op of  Nimes  in  1865.  He  was  an  em- 
inent preacher,  an  extreme  Catholic, 
and  a  zealous  upholder  of  papal  in- 
fallibility. His  works  were  numerous, 
and  among  them  may  be  noted  his  pas- 
toral letters  in  confutation  of  M.  Renan's 
"  Life  of  Jesus."     D.  1875. 

PLUMER,  William,  an  American 
politician  and  lawyer,  b.  in  Newbury- 
port,  Mass.,  1759,  removed  with  his 
father's  family  to  Epping,  N.  H.,  where 
he  died  in  1850.  Admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1787,  he  was  soon  in  full  practice; 
went  eight  years  as  representative  to 
the  state  legislature,  where  he  was  two 
years  speaker;  was  twice  president  of 
the  state  senate  ;  U.  S.  senator  1802-7, 
and  governor  of  New  Hampshire  1812- 
13,  and  again  1816-19.  His  last  thirty 
years  he  devoted  to  literary  pursuits. — 
His  son,  William,  b.  1789,  who  was 
also  much  in  public  life,  and  member 
of  congress  1819-25,  wrote  the  life  of 
his  father,  which  was  edited  by  Rev. 


POL] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


251 


A.  P.  Peabody  (1856),   and   published 
two  vols,  of  poems.     D.  1854. 

PLUMMER,  Joseph  B.,  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  annv, 
b.  in  Massachusetts,  1822;  d.  1862.  He 
served  from  the  commencement  of  the 
civil  war,  principally  in  Missouri  and  in 
the  neighborhood  of  the  Mississippi. 

PLUNKET,  William  Conyngham, 
Lord,  b.  1764,  was  the  son  of  an  Irish 
Presbyterian  minister.  After  practising 
with  success  as  a  barrister,  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Irish  parliament.  lie 
opposed  the  government,  and  resisted 
the  legislative  union.  Suddenly  he  de- 
serted his  friends,  and  appeared  for  the 
crown  on  the  prosecution  of  Emmet. 
In  1803  he  became  solicitor-general  for 
Ireland,  and  in  1805  attorney-general. 
For  years  he  was  associated  with  the 
English  Whigs,  and  he  was  always  the 
advocate  of  Catholic  emancipation.  In 
1827  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage,  and 
was  chancellor  of  Ireland  for  many 
years,  retiring  in  1841.  D.  1854.  The 
"  Life,  Letters,  and  Speeches  of  Lord 
Plunket,"  edited  by  his  grandson,  with 
a  preface  by  Lord  Brougham,  appeared 
in  1867. 

POERIO,  Caulo,  an  Italian  patriot 
and  statesman,  b.  in  Naples,  1803,  of 
a  distinguished  family,  acquired  fame 
as  an  advocate  in  the  defence  of  po- 
litical prisoners.  In  1828  he  was  im- 
plicated in  the  conspiracy  of  Avellino, 
and  imprisoned  for  ten  years.  Again  a 
prisoner  in  1847,  he  was  released  by  the 
revolutions  of  the  following  year,  which 
opened  to  him  a  way  to  honors  and 
office.  He  became  minister  of  public 
instruction.  After  the  reaction  of  1849 
he  became  again  a  prisoner,  and  was 
sentenced  to  a  tine  and  twenty-four  years 
in  irons.  Mr.  Gladstone's  visit  to  Na- 
ples in  1850  led  to  the  exposure  of 
the  cruelties  practised  in  their  political 
prisons,  and  in  1859  Poerio  and  other 
prisoners  were  shipped  for  South  Amer- 
ica, but  they  rose  upon  the  crew  and 
escaped.  Poerio  reached  London,  and 
thence  Turin.  In  1860  he  was  elected 
deputv  to  the  parliament  of  the  new 
kingdom  of  Italy.    D.  1867. 

POlNDEXTER,  Geokge,  a  delegate 
from  the  territory  of  Mississippi  to  con- 
gress, 1807-13:  a  representative  in  con- 
gress, 1817-1819  ;  the  second  governor 
of  the  state  under  the  state  constitution, 
1819-1821  ;  United  States  senator,  1831- 
1835.     D.  1853. 

POINSETT,  Joel  Roberts,  was  a 
native  of  South  Carolina,  and  passed 
his  early  life   in  England  and  on  the 


continent.  He  travelled  extensively  in 
Europe,  and  penetrated  far  into  the  in- 
terior of  Asia.  He  was  some  time  in 
the  Spanish  American  states,  and  with 
Clay  and  Webster  espoused  their  cause, 
and  that  of  Greece,  in  the  house  of  rep- 
resentatives, where  he  served  from 
1821  to  1825.  In  1825,  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  President  Adams  minister 
to  Mexico.  He  was  secretary  of  war 
during  Mr.  Van  Buren's  administra- 
tion. Since  1840,  he  had  been  in  re- 
tirement, occasionally  writing  upon  the 
topics  of  the  day.  "  His  latest  labors 
were  devoted  to  the  preservation  of  the 
Union,  and  to  save  from  secession  or 
revolution  his  native  state.  B.  1779; 
d.  in  Statesburg,  S.  C,  1851. 

POIRSON,  Auguste  Simon  Jean 
Chkysostome,  a  French  historian,  b. 
at  Paris,  1795,  wrote  "  Histoire  Ro- 
maine,"  ''Precis  de  1'Histoire  An- 
cienne,"  "Precis  de  1'Histoire  de 
France,"  "Histoire  de  Henri  IV."  D. 
1871. 

POLK,  William  H.,  a  brother  of 
President  Polk,  b.  in  Tennessee,  1815, 
served  with  distinction  as  a  major  of 
dragoons  in  the  Mexican  war,  was 
charge  d'affaires  to  Naples  under  Presi- 
dent Tyler,  and  a  representative  in  con- 
gress, from  1851  to  1853.  He  resisted 
the  allurements  of  secession,  and  d.  a 
Union  man  at  Nashville,  1862. —  Leon- 
idas,  b.  in  Raleigh,  N.  C,  1806,  grad- 
uated at  West  Point,  in  1827,  studied 
theologv  and  was  ordained  deacon  in 
the  Episcopal  Church,  in  1830.  In  1841, 
he  was  chosen  bishop  of  Louisiana.  In 
July,  1861,  he  accepted  a  commission  as 
major-general  from  the  confederate 
government.  He  distinguished  himself 
in  the  service,  and  in  January,  1864, 
was  appointed  the  temporary  successor 
of  General  Johnston,  in  the  command 
of  the  confederate  department  of  the 
Mississippi,  and  in  this  position  meas- 
ured skill  with  General  Sherman.  A 
few  months  later  he  again  encountered 
General  Sherman,  this  time  in  western 
Georgia;  and  on  the  14th  June,  1864, 
he  was  killed  at  Pine  Mountain,  while 
making  telescopic  observations  of  the 
Union  lines. 

POLLARD,  Edward  A.,  an  Amer- 
ican journalist  and  historian,  b.  in  Rich- 
mond, 1827,  was  educated  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Virginia,  and  entered  when 
quite  young  on  the  profession  of  a  jour- 
nalist. He  held  an  office  in  Washing- 
ton under  Buchanan,  and  in  1859-60 
was  an  avowed  and  violent  secessionist. 
From  1861  to  1867,  he  edited  the  "Rich- 


252 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[POS 


mond  Examiner."  in  which  he  sus- 
tained the  confederate  caus<\  btrt  was 
an  unsparing  critic  of  Jefferson  Davis. 
He  was  taken  prisoner  towards  the  close 
of  the  war,  and  after  eight  months  con- 
finement released  on  parole.  In  1867, 
he  became  editor  of  the  "Southern 
Opinion,"  in  Richmond,  and  conducted 
it  for  two  years  when  the  assassination 
of  his  brother,  also  a  journalist,  led  to 
his  abandonment  of  the  South,  and  his 
residence  in  New  York  and  the  neigh- 
borhood for  the  next  two  years.  Dur- 
ing this  period  he  wrote  for  the  North- 
ern Magazines.  He  was  the  author  of 
"Black  Diamonds,"  1859;  a  "South- 
ern History  of  the  War,"  3  vols.,  1863- 
65;  "  Eight:  Months  in  Prison  ;  "  "  Lee 
anil  his  Lieutenants;"  "The  Lost 
Cause  Regained"  (1868);  "Life  of 
Jefferson  Davis,"  and  the  "Virginia 
Tourist."    D.  at  Lynchburg",  Va.,  1872. 

POLLOCK,  Sir  Frederick,  an 
English  judge,  b.  in  London,  1783,  was 
called  to  the  liar  in  1807,  was  appointed 
attorney-general  in  1834,  and  again  in 
1841,  and  succeeded  Lord  Abinger  as 
chief  baron  of  the  court  of  exchequer 
in  1844,  and  retired  from  the  bench  in 
1866.  D.  1870.  —  Sir  Georgej  brother 
of  the  preceding,  b.  1786,  a  British  gen- 
eral, entered  the  army  of  the  Last  India 
Company,  in  1802,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  his  gallantry  in  the  Burmese 
war  (1824-26),  and  by  his  services  in 
Affghanistan  (1H41).  "He  was  breveted 
field  marshal  in  1870,  and  made  con- 
stable of  the  Tower  of  London,  1871, 
and  baronet,  1872,  the  year  of  his 
death. 

PONCELLET,  Jean  Victor,  a 
French  general  and  mathematician,  !>. 
1788,  entered  the  army,  was  taken  pris- 
oner in  the  Russian  campaign,  and  on 
his  return  to  France  became  professor 
of  mechanics  at  the  Ecole  d'Applieation, 
where  he  remained  15  years,  during 
which  his  contribution's  to  the  "  Annales 
de  Mathematiques  "  gave  him  the  high- 
est rank  among  mathematicians.  He 
was  president  id'  the  scientific  commis- 
sion for  the  great  exhibition  in  London. 
His  "Menioire  sur  les  Roues  Ilvdrau- 
liques,"  was  crowned  bv  the  academy. 
D.  1867. 

PONSARD,  Francis,  a  French 
dramatist,  b.  in  Vienna,  1812,  was  in- 
duced by  the  success  of  his  "Luerece  " 
in  Paris,  in  1843,  to  leave  the  bar  and 
devote  himself  to  writing  for  the  stage. 
This  tragedy  was  followed  by  "Char- 
lotte Corday,"  "  L'Honneuret  L'Ar- 
gent,"  and  "La  Bourse."     In  1855,  he 


was  received  in  the  French  academy. 
D.  1867. 

PONSON,  Pierre  Alexis  de,  a 
French  novelist,  b.  near  Grenoble,  in 
1829  :  at  the  age  of  twenty  went  to  Paris, 
and  became  a  writer  of  J'euilletons  for 
the  daily  journals.  His  fertility  was 
something  wonderful,  and  he  carried  on 
half  a  dozen  serials  at  the  same  time. 
One  of  the  most  noted  of  his  fictions  was 
the  "Exploits  de  Rocambole,"  contin- 
ued in  the  "Resurrection"  and  the 
"Dernier  Mot  de  Rocambole."  D. 
1871. 

POOLE,  John,  dramatist,  d.  in  Lon- 
don, 1872,  aged  87.  He  wrote  "Paul 
Pry,"  1825,  "  Deaf  as  a  Post,"  "  Turn- 
ing the  Tables,"  and  many  popular 
farces. 

PORTER,  Andrew,  an  American 
officer,  partly  educated  at  West  Point, 
entered  the  army  and  greatly  distin- 
guished himself  during  the  Mexican 
war.  At  the  commencement  of  the 
civil  war,  he  received  a  commission  as 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  and 
was  provost-marshal-general  during 
M'Clellan's  peninsular  campaign.  He 
resigned  his  commission  after  the  war 
and  went  to  Europe  on  account  of  ill 
health  contracted  in  the  service.  D. 
1872,  aged  52  years.  —  James  Madi- 
son, son  of  General  Andrew  Porter,  of 
the  Revolutionary  army,  and  himself  a 
volunteer  in  the  war  of  1812,  b.  1792  ; 
d.  1862.  He  was  secretary  of  war  in 
President  Tyler's  cabinet,  and  filled 
many  prominent  positions  in  Pennsyl- 
vania.—  William  David,  commodore 
U.  S.  navy,  a  son  of  the  hero  of  the 
Essex,  b.  in  New  Orleans,  was  ap- 
pointed a  midshipman  in  1823.  He 
served  in  the  Mexican  war,  in  1846-47. 
In  Sept.  1861,  he  was  ordered  to  St. 
Louis,  where  he  superintended  the  con- 
struction of  an  iron-clad  gun-boat,  in 
the  command  of  which  he  distinguished 
himself  at  various  points  on  the  Miss- 
issippi. Amongst  his  achievements 
were  the  defeat  of  four  confederate  gun- 
boats, the  bombardment  of  Natchez, 
and  the  attack  upon  the  batteries  of 
Vicksburg  and  Port  Hudson.  D.  in 
New  York,  1864.  —  George  Richard- 
son, joint-secretary  of  the  British  Board 
of  Trade,  and  an  able  cultivator  of  sta- 
tistical science,  was  b.  in  1792.  The 
most  lasting  monument  of  his  talent  is 
his  "  Progress  of  the  Nation."  D. 
1852. 

POSEY,  Conrad,  confederate  briga- 
dier-general, b.  in  Mississippi;  d.  in 
Virginia,  1863. 


pra] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


253 


POTTER,  Alonzo,  Protestant  Epis- 
copal bishop  of  Pennsylvania,  b.  in 
Dutchess  county,  N.  Y".,  1800;  d.  at 
San  Francisco,  1865.  He  graduated  at 
Union  college  in  1818,  became  profes- 
sor of  mathematics  and  natural  philos- 
ophy in  1821,  and  in  the  same  year  was 
ordained  deacon.  He  removed  to  Bos- 
ton in  1825,  and  was  for  six  years  rec- 
tor of  St.  Paul's  in  that  city.  In  1831 
he  was  elected  vice-president  and  pro- 
fessor of  moral  philosophy  in  Union 
college.  In  1815  he  was  consecrated  to 
the  bishopric  he  held  at  the  time  of  his 
death  He  was  the  author  of  "  A  Hand- 
book for  Readers  and  Students,','  and 
other  publications. — Cipriani,  com- 
poser and  pianist,  b.  in  Loudon  1792, 
belonged  to  a  family  that  had  been  dis- 
tinguished for  two  generations  for  its 
musical  talent.  At  the  age  of  fourteen 
he  composed  symphonies.  Soon  after 
he  travelled  on  the  continent  and  made 
the  acquaintance  of  Beethoven  at  Vi- 
enna, and  did  much  to  make  his  works 
appreciated  in  England.  From  1832 
to  1859  he  was  principal  of  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Music.  Among  his  compo- 
sitions were  an  overture  to  "  Cymbe- 
line,"  and  to  "Anthony  and  Cleopatra." 
He  educated  distinguished  pupils.  D. 
1871. 

POTTINGER,  Sir  Henry,  an  Eng- 
lish soldier  and  diplomatist,  was  b.  in 
1789,  distinguished  himself  in  the  India 
service,  and  held  the  post  of  governor 
and  commander-in-chief  of  the  presi- 
dency of  Madras  from  1850  to  1854, 
when  he  finally  returned  to  England. 
D.  1856. 

POUCHET,  Felix  Archimede,  a 
French  naturalist,  b.  in  Rouen,  1800, 
took  his  degree  in  medicine  at  Paris,  and 
became  professor  of  natural  history  in 
the  museum  of  his  native  town,  and 
afterwards  in  the  school  of  medicine. 
His  controversy  with  M.  Pasteur  on 
spontaneous  generation,  excited  great 
interest  in  the  learned  world.  The  pub- 
lications of  M.  Pouchet  were  very  nu- 
merous, and  marked  by  a  clear  and  pre- 
cise method  of  statement.  His  last 
work  was  translated  into  English,  with 
the  title  of  "The  Universe  ;  or  the  In- 
finitely Great  and  the  Infinitely  Little." 
D.  1872. 

POUILLET,  Claude  Servais  Mat- 
thias, a  French  physicist,  b.  1791  at 
Cuzance,  was  sometime  professor  in  the 
College  Bourbon  in  Paris,  and  after- 
wards tutor  to  several  of  the  children  of 
Louis  Philippe.  He  was  chief  director 
in  the  Conservatory  of  Arts  and  Indus- 


try from  1831  till  the  coup  d'etatoi  1851. 
His  elements  of  "Experimental  Physics 
and  of  Meteorology,"  2  vols.,  is  said  to 
be  the  most  complete  and  the  best  writ- 
ten treatise  on  the  subject  that  France 
possesses.     D.  1868. 

POWELL,  Baden,  a  church  of  Eng- 
land divine  and  Savilian  professor  of 
geometry  in  the  university  of  Oxford, 
wrote  works  purely  scientific,  and  others 
on  the  relation  of  science  to  theology. 
In  the  former  class  he  published  the 
"  History  of  Natural  Philosophy"  in 
1831;  a"  "View  of  the  Undulatory 
Theory  of  Light,"  with  many  others. 
Belonging  to  the  latter,  he  wrote  "The 
Connection  of  Natural  and  Divine 
Truth,"  "  The  Unity  of  Worlds  and  of 
Nature,"  "Christianity  without  Juda- 
ism," "The  Order  of  Nature,"  and 
others,  in  which  he  sought  to  deline  the 
limits  of  faith  and  of  knowledge.  B. 
1796;  d.  1860. 

POWERS,  Hiram,  sculptor,  b.  at 
Woodstock,  Vt.,  1805,  was  the  son  of 
a  farmer,  and  while  a  boy  found  employ- 
ment with  a  clock-maker  in  Cincinnati, 
Ohio.  In  this  position  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  a  Prussian  sculptor  en- 
gaged  there  in  modelling  a  bust  of 
President  Jackson,  and  soon  learned 
from  him  the  rudiments  of  his  art. 
Succeeding  with  his  busts  and  medal- 
lions he  went  to  Washington,  where  he 
pursued  his  studies  till  he  was  enabled 
by  the  aid  of  Mr.  Longworth  to  go  to 
Florence,  where  he  passed  his  life.  His 
first  ideal  work  was  a  statue  of  Eve, 
commended  by  Thorwaldsen  ;  which 
was  followed  by  the  well  known  and 
much  admired  "  Greek  Slave."  He 
now  entered  on  a  prosperous  career  and 
found  a  ready  sale  for  his  works,  and 
received  commissions  freely,  from  his 
countrymen  who  visited  Europe  as  well 
as  from  English  and  continental  con- 
noisseurs. Among  his  works  may  be 
named  "II  Penseroso,"  the  "Fisher 
Boy,"  "Proserpine,"  a  bust;  "Cali- 
fornia," "America,"  "The  Last  of  his 
Tribe,"  and  a  "  Head  of  Jesus  Christ." 
He  also  executed  a  bronze  statue  of 
Webster,  and  portrait  statues  of  Cal- 
houn and  Washington,  and  numerous 
busts  of  distinguished  Americans  of  his 
time.     D.  1873. 

PRAED,  Winthrop  Mackwortii, 
an  English  poet  and  politician,  b.  in 
London,  1801,  was  educated  at  Eton 
and  Cambridge,  and  was  with  his  prizes 
for  Greek  odes  and  epigrams,  and  for 
English  poems,  and  his  cleverness  at 
the  debating  societies,  the  most  brilliant 


254 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[pre 


university  man  of  his  time.  He  was 
the  chief  hand  in  "The  Etonian,"  and 
in  "Knight's  Quarterly  Magazine." 
In  1829  he  was  called  to  the  bar,  and 
the  following  year  entered  parliament, 
where  he  was  a  zealous  opponent  of  the 
reform  bill.  D.  1839.  His  "  Poems," 
with  a  memoir  by  Rev.  Derwent  Cole- 
ridge, were  published  in  1864. 

PREBLE,  William  Pitt,  an  Ameri- 
can jurist,  b.  1783;  d.  1857.  He  was 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Maine 
1820-29;  and  in  the  latter  year  was  ap- 
pointed agent  with  Mr.  Gallatin  to  pre- 
sent to  the  king  of  the  Netherlands  the 
claim  of  the  United  States  in  the  con- 
troversy with  Great  Britain  on  the 
northwestern  boundary.  In  1832  he  was 
one  of  the  commissioners  of  Maine  in 
Washington  on  the  same  subject. 

PRELLER,  Ludwig,  an  archaeologist 
and  classical  scholar,  b.  at  Hamburg, 
1809;  d.  at  Weimar,  1861. 

PRENTICE,  George  Denison,  poet 
and  journalist,  b.  in  Connecticut  in 
1802,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  but  entered  on  his  career  as  an 
editor  in  1828  in  the  "  N.  E.  Weekly 
Review,"  at  Hartford.  In  1830  he 
began  to  edit,  in  Louisville,  Kentucky, 
the  "Louisville  Journal,"  which  soon 
became  distinguished  forits  wit  and  sat- 
ire  even  more,  perhaps,  than  its  merely 
political  ability.  In  1831  he  published 
a  ''Life  of  Clay,"  and  adhered  to  the 
fortunes  of  this  eminent  leader  and  his 
party  to  the  close  of  his  career.  He 
published  numerous  fugitive  poems,  but 
thej'  were  never  collected  in  a  volume. 
During  the  civil  war  he  maintained  the 
Union  side  with  great  ardor  and  abilitv. 
D.  1870. 

PRENTISS,  John  Holmes,  a  prom- 
inent Democratic  politician  and  editor  in 
the  state  of  New  York,  and  sometime 
member  of  congress;  b.  1784;  d.  1861. 
—  Samuel,  jurist  and  senator,  b.  in 
Stonington,  Conn.,  1782,  studied  law, 
and  commenced  practice  at  Mohtpelier, 
Vt.,  in  1803.  After  some  service  in  the 
legislature,  and  in  the  supreme  court  of 
the  state,  he  was  U.  S.  senator  from  1831 
to  1842.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed judge  of  the  federal  district 
court,  which  office  he  held  until  his 
death,  in  1857. 

PRESCOTT,  William  Hickling, 
historian,  b.  at  Salem,  Mass.,  in  1796, 
was  the  son  of  an  eminent  jurist,  and 
grandson  of  Prescott  who  commanded 
at  Bunker  Hill.  In  1811  he  entered 
Harvard  college,  and  graduated  in  1814 
with  an  intention  to  devote  himself  to 


the  legal  profession.  But  the  great  mis- 
fortune of  his  life  had  befallen  him. 
Before  he  had  graduated,  an  accidental 
blow  had  deprived  him  of  the  sight  of 
one  eye  ;  and  after  a  severe  illness,  dur- 
ing which  he  was  entirely  blind,  he 
found  the  sight  of  his  remaining  eye  so 
much  impaired,  that  he  was  compelled 
to  give  up  his  professional  studies.  The 
two  next  years  he  spent  in  Europe,  and 
sought  the  aid  of  the  greatest  oculists  of 
London  and  Paris.  He  returned  home 
with  renewed  health;  but  for  his  great 
misfortune  he  found  no  relief.  Still  he 
was  not  disheartened,  but  resolved  to 
become  an  historian,  and  freely  gave 
himself  ten  years  to  prepare  for  the 
task.  He  next  selected  his  subject,  and, 
having  done  this,  gave  ten  years  more 
to  his  "History  of  Ferdinand  and  Isa- 
bella." With  "this,  in  1838,  at  the  age 
of  42,  he  appeared  as  an  author.  His 
work  was  received  on  both  sides  of  the 
Atlantic  with  unhesitating  applause.  It 
has  since  passed  through  several  edi- 
tions, and  has  been  translated  into  Ger- 
man, Italian,  French,  and  Spanish.  His 
"Conquest  of  Mexico"  was  first  pub- 
lished in  1843,  and  the  "Conquest  of 
Peru  "  in  1847.  Two  volumesof  "Phil- 
ip the  Second  "  appeared  in  1855;  and 
the  third  volume  shortly  before  his 
death,  in  1859.  In  1856  "he  published 
an  edition  of  Robertson's  "Charles  the 
Fifth,"  with  a  sequel  that  treated  of  the 
emperor's  cloister  life.  Literary  honors 
were  heaped  upon  him  from  nearly  all 
countries.  He  was  made  an  honorary 
member  of  a  large  number  of  societies 
in  this  country  and  Europe.  A  "Life 
of  Prescott,"  by  George  Ticknor,  ap- 
peared in  1864.  An  edition  of  his  com- 
plete works,  edited  by  John  Foster 
Kirk,  was  published  in  15  vols.  1874— 
75. 

PRESSNITZ,  Vixcens,  the  founder 
of  hydropathy,  b.  1799,  at  Griifenberg, 
Austrian  Silesia;  d.  1851. 

PRESTON,  William  B.,  b.  in  Vir- 
ginia, d.  1862,  was  a  representative  in 
congress  from  that  state  from  1847  to 
1849;  and  secretary  of  the  navv,  under 
President  Taylor,  in  1849  and  1850.  He 
took  part  in  the  rebellion  of  1861  as  a 
member  of  the  confederate  congress. — 
William  Campbell,  LL.  1).,  states- 
man and  jurist,  was  b.  in  Philadelphia, 
1794,  his  father  being  then  a  member  of 
congress  from  Virginia.  He  graduated 
in  South  Carolina,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1821,  and  settled  in  Columbia,  S 
C.  From  1834  to  1843  he  was  a  senator 
in  congress,  where  he  was  a  strenuous 


pro] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


255 


advocate  of  states'  rights  and  free  trade, 
and  was  recognized  as  one  of  the  most 
eloquent  speakers  and  able  debaters  in 
an  assembly  which  was  then  regarded 
as  an  arena  of  intellectual  giants.  He 
was  afterwards  president  of  the  uni- 
versity of  South  Carolina,  and  estab- 
lished the  Columbia  Lyceum,  which  he 
endowed  with  his  library  of  3,000  vols. 
D-  1860. 

PREVOST-PARADOL,  Lucres  An- 
Atole,  a  French  political  writer,  b.  in 
Paris,  1829,  and  there  educated,  joined 
in  1856  the  staff  of  the  "Journal  des 
Dehats,"  and  afterwards  that  of  the 
"  Courrier  du  Dimanche."  For  one  of 
his  articles  in  the  latter  journal  it  was 
suppressed  by  the  imperial  government. 
In  1860  he  suffered  tine  and  imprison- 
ment for  his  book  entitled  "  Anciens 
Partis."  In  the  summer  of  1870  he  was 
sent  ambassador  to  the  United  States, 
and  soon  after  his  arrival  in  Washing- 
ton committed  suicide.  Besides  the 
work  mentioned,  he  wrote  a  "  Kevue 
de  I'Histoire  Universelle,"  "Essais  de 
Politique  et  de  la  Literature, "  and 
"  France  Nouvelle." 

PRICE,  Sterling,  soldier  and  states- 
man, b.  in  Virginia,  1809,  settled  as  a 
farmer  in  Missouri  in  1830,  soon  became 
known  in  public  life,  and  was  sent  to 
congress  in  1815-47.  He  distinguished 
himself  in  the  Mexican  war.  In  1853— 
57,  during  the  border  war  with  Kansas, 
he  was  governor  of  Missouri.  He  was 
a  leader  of  the  secession  party,  and  did 
his  best  in  vain  to  enlist  his  state  on  the 
side  of  the  rebels.  In  September,  1861, 
he  captured  Lexington  with  3,000  pris- 
oners. Entering  the  confederate  army 
as  major-general,  he  was  a  leader  at 
Tea  Ridge,  fought  at  Iuka  and  at  Cor- 
inth, was  afterwards  in  command  of  the 
department  of  Arkansas,  and  invaded 
Missouri,  whence  he  was  driven  with 
great  loss.     1).  1867. 

PRIM,  Juan,  a  Spanish  soldier  and 
statesman,  b.  at  Reuss,  Catalonia,  1814, 
entered  the  army,  fought  against  the 
Carlists,  and,  colonel  at  25,  entered  po- 
litical life  after  the  close  of  the  civil 
war,  and  in  1843  was  elected  deputy  to 
the  Cortes.  The  same  year  he  was 
made  brigadier-general  and  Count  de 
Reuss.  He  conspired  against  Narvaez, 
and  escaped  the  consequences  of  his 
conviction  by  the  revocation  of  his  sen- 
tence by  the  queen.  In  1853  he  con- 
spired against  Bravo  Murillo,  and  was 
banished.  In  1856  he  was  made  lieu- 
tenant-general, and  married  a  Mexican 
ladv.     He  terminated  the  Morocco  war 


of  1859  by  a  victory  over  the  Moors  at 
Castillejos,  for  which  he  was  created 
Marquis  tie  Castillejos,  and  first-class 
grandee.  In  1861  he  was  sent  to  Mex- 
ico as  commander  of  the  Spanish  con- 
tingent in  the  joint  expedition  of  Eng- 
land, France,  and  Spain,  and  was  at  the 
same  time  appointed  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary. He  withdrew  with  the  Eng- 
lish contingent.  Banished  in  1864,  he 
was  recalled  to  Madrid  in  1865,  when 
he  allied  himself  with  Espartero,  and 
vacated  his  seat  in  the  senate.  Next 
implicated  in  an  abortive  revolt,  he 
fled  to  England.  Joining  the  insurrec- 
tion against  Queen  Isabella  which  drove 
her  from  the  throne,  he  became  minis- 
ter of  war  in  the  provisional  govern- 
ment. He  was  prime  minister  under 
Serrano.  A  monarchical  form  of  gov- 
ernment having  been  adopted,  Prim  of- 
fered the  crown  to  the  Duke  of  Genoa, 
Prince  Leopold,  of  Hohenzollern  ;  and 
finally  to  the  Duke  of  Aosta,  Amadeo, 
son  of  Victor  Emanuel,  by  whom  it  was 
accepted.  Before  the  prince  reached 
Madrid  Prim  was  shot  bv  assassins, 
and  d.  Dec.  30,  1870.  He  was  the  chief 
of  the  Liberal  party,  and  all  the  tran- 
quillity Spain  enjoyed  during  his  latter 
days  was  due  to  his  tact  and  adminis- 
trative ability. 

PRIOR,  Sir  James,  an  English 
author,  b.  at  Lisburn,  Ireland,  1790, 
became  a  physician  in  the  naval  ser- 
vice, and  is  known  in  literature  by  his 
Lives  of  Goldsmith,  Burke,  and  Ed- 
mund Malone.     D.  1869. 

PROCTOR,  Bryan  Waller  (Bar- 
ry Cornwall),  b.  1790,  educated  at 
Harrow,  was  bred  to  the  law,  and  was 
all  hi*  life  a  lawyer;  but  he  published, 
in  1815,  a  volume  of  poems  under  a 
pseudonym  which  he  has  made  more 
famous  than  that  of  the  barrister  and 
commissioner  of  lunacy.  In  1821,  he 
produced  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre  the 
tragedy  of  Mirandola,  in  which  Mr. 
Mac-ready  played  the  leading  character, 
and  which  he  "adapted  to  the  stage.  It 
was  successful  and  brought  the  author 
£300.  Besides  his  "  Dramatic  Scenes," 
1819,  he  published  several  volumes  of 
"  Poems,"  among  which  the  most  pop- 
ular were  his  "  Songs."  He  also  pub- 
lished a  "  Life  of  Edmund  Kcan,"  "  Es- 
says  and  Tales  in  Prose,"  and  "Charles 
Lamb,  a  Memoir,"  1866.  D.  1874.  In 
1877  was  published  "Bryan  Waller 
Proctor,"  an  autobiographical  fragment, 
and  biographical  notes,  with  personal 
sketches  of  contemporaries,  unpublished 
lyrics,   and   letters  of  literary  friends, 


2uG 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[PYK 


edited  l>v  Coventry  Patmore.  —  His 
daughter,  Adelaide  Anne,  b.  1825, 
published  two  volumes  of  (humus,  which 
were  reprinted  in  one  volume,  tn  L865, 
with  mii  introduction  In-  Charles  Dick- 
ons.    D.  1864. 

PROTET,  Auguste  Leopold,  a 
French  rear-admiral,  long  employed  in 
attempts  to  suppress  the  slave-trade, 
and  in  promote  geographical  explora- 
tions in  the  interior  of  Africa.  He  was 
1).  in  L809,  and  was  killed  in  action  in 
China,  1862. 

l'KOUDHON,  Fctjrke  Joseph,  a 
vigorous  French  political  writer,  b. 
1809,  author  of  the  dogma  "  La  Propri- 
ete,  c'est  le  vol."  lie  originated  in 
Paris  several  journals,  and  published 
works  expounding  his  views  of  philc- 
sophic  socialism  with  a  degree  of  power 
as  a  logician  and  writer  which  won  the 
respect  of  his  adversaries.  He  was  im- 
prisoned more  than  once  as  the  utterer 
of  ideas  at  variance  with  the  present 
order  of  society.     D.  1865. 

PROUT,  Samuel,  an  eminent  water- 
color  painter,  b.  at  Plymouth,  in  1794; 
d.  1852.  His  "  Studies  "  were  pub- 
lished in  1810;  followed  by  "  Progres- 
sive Fragments,"  in  1818;  by  "Rudi- 
ments of  Landscape  Views,"  and  other 
works.  His  illustrations  of  France, 
Italy,  Flanders,  and  Germany  are  con- 
sidered the  finest  of  his  works. 

PRUTZ,  Uouekt  Ernest,  a  German 
novelist,  dramatist,  and  lyric  poet,  b. 
at  Stettin,  1816  ;  d.  1872.  "  His  articles 
in  the  liberal  journals  excited  no  little 
attention,  and  led  to  his  persecution  by 
the  police  in  the  different  countries  of 
Germany  where  he  resided  successively. 
He  wrote  a  history  of  German  Journal- 
ism, and  a  "History  of  Ten  Years  — 
1840-50." 

PRYME,  George,  an  English  polit- 
ical economist,  b.  in  1781,  graduated  at 
Cambridge,  and  was  called  to  the  bar. 
From  181(1  to  18(53  he  was  unsalaried, 
and  till  1828  an  untitled  professor  of 
political  economy  in  his  university.  In 
1863  he  retired  from  the  position,  hav- 
ing procured  tin-  establishment  of  a 
chair  of  political  economy  at  Cam- 
bridge, with  a  stipend  for  the  profes- 
sor. His  "  Autobiographic  Recollec- 
tions," edited  by  his  daughter,  were 
published  after  his  death.      1).  18118. 

1'UGIN,  Augustus  Northmoke 
Wii.uv,  an  English  architect  of  French 
descent,  b.  1810,  inherited  a  taste  for  the 
Gothic  style,  and  was  extensively  em- 
ployed on  the  Roman  Catholic  churches 
and  cathedrals  in  England.    He  was  the 


chief  promoter  of  the  mediaeval  taste  in 
building  and  decoration.  Among  his 
architectural  treatises  may  be  men- 
tioned "Gothic  Furniture,"  "  The  True 
Principles  of  Pointed  or  Christian  Ar- 
chitecture," and  "The  Glossary  of  Ec- 
clesiastical Ornament."  Prostrated  by 
overwork  he  d.  in  a  lunatic  asylum, 
1852.-  His  "Notes  of  Travel"  on  the 
continent,  with  photographic  copies  of 
500  of  his  drawings,  was  published  in 
1865.  His  son,  EDWARD  WELBY,  him- 
self an  eminent  architect,  published  a 
book  to  establish  his  father's  claim  as 
the  actual  architect  of  the  new  houses 
of  parliament. 

PURCHAS,  Rev.  John,  an  English 
ritualist,  b.  1823,  educated  at  Rugby 
and  Cambridge,  was  known  as  curate 
and  author,  when  the  case  of  Hebbert 
V.  Purchas  gave  him  wider  notoriety. 
On  appeal  before  the  judicial  committee 
of  the  privy  council,  the  defendant  was 
admonished  to  discontinue  the  use  of 
certain  vestments  in  the  communion  ser- 
vice, and  of  certain  ceremonies  that  he 
had  practised,  and  of  lighted  candles 
and  incense,  and  of  mixing  water  with 
the  communion  wine,  and  of  wafer 
bread,  for  disobeying  these  monitions 
Mr.  Purchas  was,  in  1872,  suspended  for 
a  year,  and  his  lay  property  was  se- 
questered  to  pay  the  costs  of  the  pro- 
ceedings. He  published,  in  1858,  the 
"  Directorium  Anglicanum,"  a  text- 
book of  Anglican  Ritualism.  His  other 
published  works  were  a  comedy,  a  vol- 
ume of  poems,  two  volumes  of  sermons, 
and  "The  Death  of  Ezekiel's  Wife." 
D.  1872. 

PUTNAM,  George  Palmer,  pub- 
lisher and  author,  b.  in  Maine,  1814, 
established  himself  as  a  bookseller  in 
New  York,  where  he  was  sometime  of 
the  firm  of  Wiley  &  Putnam,  residing 
himself  in  London.  He  compiled,  in 
1845,  "American  Facts,"  and  among 
other  works,  "The  World's  Progress, 
a  Dictionary  of  Dates,"  that  has  passed 
through  several  editions.  He  estab- 
lished "Putnam's  Monthly  Magazine," 
and  the  "Rebellion  Record."  He  was 
the  publisher  of  the  collected  works  of 
Washington  Irving,  and  between  1848 
and  1870  issued  more  than  three  hun- 
dred volumes  by  American  authors.  D. 
1872.  —John  "N.,  an  eminent  Greek 
scholar,  and  professor  of  the  Greek  lan- 
guage and  literature  in  Dartmouth  col- 
lege.    1$.  1820;  d.  1803. 

PYE,  John,  an  eminent  landscape 
engraver,  b.  at  Birmingham,  at  the  age 
of  eighteen  went  to  Loudon,  and  was 


Qui] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


257 


apprenticed  to  James  Heath,  for  about 
four  years.  During  this  time  he  began 
to  develop  those  principles  of  chiaro- 
oscuro  in  which  lie  became  a  master 
and  an  authority  among  engravers  and 
painters.  He  also  evinced  a  rare  fac- 
ulty for  interpreting  atmospheric  effects, 
which  rendered  him  a  most  successful 
exponent  of  the  works  of  Turner,  with 
whom  he  was  intimate.  The  etigraving 
of  "Pope's  Villa"  led  to  the  produc- 
tion of  the  important  plate  from  "The 
Temple  of  Jupiter  in  yEgina,"  with 
which  Turner  was  so  much  pleased  that 
he  offered  to  paint  a  companion  picture 


expressly  for  the  engraving.  Pye  was 
virtually  the  founder  of  the  "Artist's 
Fund."  He  left  behind  him  a  mass  of 
interesting  notes  on  the  artists  of  his 
time,  particularly  Turner.  D.  1874,  at 
the  age  of  ninety-tigo. 

l'YNK,  . I a.mes  15.,  an  English  land- 
scape painter,  was  b.  1800,  studied  for 
the  bar,  but  gave  up  the  profession  for 
art.  He  was  successful  as  a  teacher, 
and  published  several  volumes  of  pic- 
turesque sketches:  "Windsor  with  its 
Environs;"  "English  Lake  District," 
and  "Lake  Scenery  of  England."  D. 
1870. 


Q. 


QUAIN,  Jones,  an  eminent  English 
anatomist,  educated  in  Paris,  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  anatomy  and  phys- 
iology in  London  university  soon  after 
its  establishment.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  "  Elements  of  Anatomy,"  a  stand- 
ard text-book,  and  published,  in  connec- 
tion with  Mr.  Erasmus  Wilson,  a  very 
elaborate  series  of  anatomical  plates. 
1).  18(15. 

QUEKETE,  John  Thomas,  an  Eng- 
lish microscopist,  b.  1815,  was  professor 
of  Histology  in  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  of  England,  and  published  a 
"Practical  Treatise  on  the  use  of  the 
Microscope,"  and  "Lectures  on  His- 
tology."    D.  1861. 

QUETELET,  Jacques  Adolphe 
Lamiskht,  a  Belgian  statistician,  b.  at 
Ghent,  in  1793,  made  his  early  studies 
in  the  field  of  pure  mathematics,  and 
published  his  first  scientific  memoir  in 
1820i  Quetelet  was  the  originator  of  the 
International  Statistical  Congresses,  the 
first  of  which  was  held  in  Brussels,  in 
1853.  Ten  years  before  his  death  his 
scientific  memoirs  numbered  more  than 
200,  and  he  was  continually  adding  to 
them.     I),  at  Brussels,  1874. 

QUINCY,  Josiah,  an  American 
statesman  and  author,  b.  in  Boston, 
1772;  d.  1864.  After  graduating  at  Har- 
vard, and  practising  the  profession  of 
the  law  in  his  native  city,  he  was  elected 
a  representative  in  congress  in  1804, 
and  was  for  eight  years  a  prominent 
leader  of  the  Federal  party  in  the  house. 
He  was  state  senator  for  Suffolk  from 
1814  to  1820;  representative  from  Bos- 
ton, and  speaker  of  the  house,  in  1821; 
judge  of  the  municipal  court  in  Boston 
in  1822,  and  mayor  from  1823  to  1828. 
17 


In  1829  he  was  chosen  president  of 
Harvard  university,  and  held  that  of- 
fice until  his  resignation,  in  1845.  His 
published  works  are  ''Speeches  in  Con- 
gress, and  Orations  on  Various  Occa- 
sions," "Memoirs  of  Josiah  Quincy, 
Jr.,  of  Massachusetts,"  "Centennial 
Address  on  the  Two  Hundredth  Anni- 
versary of  the  Settlement  of  Boston,'' 
"A  History  of  Harvard  University, 
from  1636  to  1836,"  "Memoir  of  Major 
Samuel  Shaw,"  "History  of  the  Boston 
Athenaeum,''  "A  Municipal  History  of 
the  Town  and  City  of  Boston,  from 
1630  to  1830." — Edmund,  an  Ameri- 
can publicist,  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  1808,  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college,  in  1827,  studied  law,  but 
never  practised.  From  the  time  of  the 
murder  of  Lovejoy  he  devoted  himself 
with  single-hearted  assiduity  to  the 
cause  of  Abolition.  For  many  years  he 
furnished  the  weekly  editorial  leader 
for  the  "Anti-Slavery  Standard,"  be- 
sides contributing  a  Boston  letter  under 
the  signature  of  D.  Y.  He  was  also  an 
occasional  correspondent  of  the  "  Tri- 
bune," and  of  the  "  Liberator."  In 
1867  he  produced  his  valuable  and  in- 
teresting "  Life  of  Josiah  Quincy."  In 
1875  he  edited  fourteen  speeches  deliv- 
ered by  his  father  while  in  congress. 
He  published,  in  1854,  "Wensley,  a 
story  without  a  Moral."  His  last  ap- 
pearance in  public  was  when  he  deliv- 
ered before  his  townsmen  a  lecture  on 
"Glimpses  of  Colonial  Life,"  in  aid  of 
the  fund  for  preserving  the  Old  South 
Church.     D.  1877. 

QUINIT,  Edgar,  a   French   author 

and  politician,  b.  at  Bourg,  Ain,  1803, 

j  studied   at   home   and    at    Heidelberg. 


2o8 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[RAF 


On  lii>  I'eturn  to  France  he  published 
"Tablettes  du  Juif  Errant,"  in  1823; 
and  in  1827,  a  translation  of  Herder's 
''Ideas  on  the  Philosophy  of  History." 
A  member  of  the  government  commis- 
sion sent  to  tin-  Morea,  he  collected  the 
materials  for  his  "Modern  Greece  in 
relation  to  Ancient  Greece"  (1830). 
He  was  appointed,  in  1842.  professor  of 
the  literatures  of  Southern  Europe  in  the 
of  France.  In  conjunction  with 
Michelet,  he  published  "  Les  Jesuites," 
in  1843.  His  writings  were  too  strongly 
liberal,  ami  he  was  removed  from  his 
chair  in  1 846,  Elected  a  deputy,  in  1847, 
he  became  an  active  agitator,  fought  at 
the  barriers  in  1848,  and  was  expelled 
from  France  in  1852.  An  exile  during 
the  whole  term  of  the  empire,  he  re- 
turned to  Paris  after  Sedan,  and  was 
reinstated  in  his  old  chair  at  tin  I 
of  France.  Editions  of  his  collected 
works  were  published  in  1856  and  1859. 
Some  particulars  of  his  life  are  given  in 
Madame  Quinet's  "Souvenirs  d*Exile" 
(1874).  D.  1875.  M.  Gambetta  deliv- 
ered his  funeral  oration. 

QULNTANA,  Manuel  .To.se.  a  dis- 
tinguished Spanish  poet,  b.  in  Madrid, 
1772.  wa-  educated  at  Salamanca,  prac- 
tised law,  wrote  two  tragedies,  a  volume 
of  lyric  poems,  and  a  volume  of  patri- 
otic odes.     He  took  part  on  the  popular  [ 


side  during  the  Peninsular  war,  and 
after  the  restoration  of  Ferdinand  VII. 
was  confined  in  the  fortress  of  Pam- 
plona till  he  was  released  by  the  revolu- 
tion of  1820.  He  wrote  "Lives  of  Cele- 
brated Spaniards,"'  in  3  volumes,  8vo.  ; 
and  edited  "Select  Castilian  Poetry," 
3  volumes.  He  superintended  the  edu- 
cation of  Isabella  II.,  was  created  sena- 
tor, in  1835,  and  publicly  crowned  with 
laurel  by  the  queen,  in  1855.  D.  1857. 
QUIT/MAN,  John  Anthony,  lawyer, 
soldier,  and  politician,  b.  in  Rhinebeck, 
N.  Y.,  1799,  removed  at  an  early  age  to 
Ohio,  and  thence  to  Mississippi.  For  a 
time  he  was  chancellor  of  the  superior 
court  of  chancery  of  that  state.  In 
1846-47  he  volunteered  for  the  Mexican 
war,  and  was  engaged  in  most  of  the 
important  actions.  Congress  voted  him 
a  sword  for  his  gallantry  at  Monterey. 
On  the  surrender  of  the  city  of  Mexico 
he  was  made  its  governor.  He  was 
elected  governor  of  Mississippi  in  1855, 
and  a  representative  in  congress  in  1855 
and  1857.  He  was  an  adherent  of  Mr. 
Calhoun  and  a  supporter  of  his  doctrines, 
and  was  the  acknowledged  leader  of 
ivorable  to  the  annexation  of 
Cuba.  D.  1858.  A  memoir  of  his  life 
and  a  selection  from  his  correspondence 
wen-  published  in  two  volumes  by  J.  F. 
H.  Claiborne. 


R. 


RADETZKY.   Joseph    Wenzel,   a 

distinguished  Austrian  field-marshal, 
b.  in  Bohemia,  17'i'i.  entered  the  army 
and  distinguished  himself  in  the  war 
with  Turkey,  in  1788.  anil  in  the  war 
with  France,  contributing  greatly  to  the 
defeat  of  Napoleon  at  Aspern,  and  at 
the  battle  of  Leipsic,  in  1813.  In  1831 
he  was  appointed  general  of  the  Aus- 
trian forces  in  Italy.  Raised  to  the 
rank  of  field-marshal,  in  1846,  he  dis- 
played wonderful  skill  and  energy  in 
checking  the  insurrectionary  move- 
ments of  1848,  and  in  bringing  about 
the  capitulation  of  Milan  and  the  armis- 
tice between  the  Austrians  and  Sar- 
dinians. In  reward  for  his  services  on 
the  field  of  No  vara,  and  in  the  subse- 
quent reduction  of  Venice,  he  wa-  ap- 
pointed go\ ernor-general  of  the  Aus- 
trian provinces  in  Italy.  In  1856,  in 
his  ninetieth  year,  he  retired  into  pri- 
vate life,  and  d.  Januarv  2.  1858. 

RADOWITZ,  Joseph  Maria  von. 
a  Prussian  statesman  of  Hungarian  an- 


cestry, b.  at  Blankenburg,  Brunswick, 
became  an  artillery  officer  of  Westpha- 
lia, and  was  taken  prisoner  at  Leipsic. 
He  was  afterwards  in  the  Hessian  ser- 
vice, but  being  dismissed,  became  math- 
ematical tutor  to  Prince  Albert  of  Prus- 
sia and  was  a  captain  on  the  general 
staff.  He  was  for  many  years  the  pri- 
vate adviser  of  Frederick  William  IV., 
King  of  Prussia,  and  was  minister  of 
foreign  relations  from  Sept.  27  to  Nov. 
29,  1850,  when  he  retired  from  the  cab- 
inet in  consequence  of  the  opposition  to 
his  plan  for  a  rupture  with  Austria.  D. 
L853.  His  collected  works  were  pub- 
lished in  five  volumes,  1852-53. 

RAFN,  Cabl  Christian,  an  Icelan- 
dic scholar,  b.  in  the  island  of  Fiinen, 
in  1796.  It  is  claimed  that  he  estab- 
lished, by  the  evidence  of  passages  in 
the  Icelandic  Sagas,  the  fact  of  the  dis- 
covery of  America  (Vinland)  by  the 
Northmen  in  the  10th  century.  He 
was  largely  interested  in  founding  the 
Society  of  Northern  Antiquities,  which 


ran] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


259 


has  published  siu'h  a  number  of  impor- 
tant works.     D.  18fi4. 

RAGLAN,  Fitzroy  Somerset, 
Lord,  an  English  general,  b.  1788,  was 
the  youngest  son  of  the  fifth  Duke  of 
Beaufort.  He  joined  the  4th  Light 
Dragoons  as  ensign  at  the  age  of  six- 
teen, being  then  known  as  Lord  Fitzroy 
Somerset.  In  1807  he  was  attached  to 
Sir  Arthur  Paget's  embassy  to  Turkey  ; 
and  the  same  year  served  on  the  staff 
of  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  on  the  ex- 
pedition to  Copenhagen,  and  continued 
with  him  as  aide  and  military  secretary 
in  the  Peninsular  war.  At  the  siege  of 
Badajos  he  was  among  the  first  to 
mount  the  breach  at  the  storming  of  the 
fortress,  and  received  the  sword  of  the 
governor.  He  was  slightly  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Busaco.  At  Waterloo 
he  lost  his  right  arm.  For  these  ser- 
vices he  was  made  aide  to  the  prince 
regent  and  knight-commander  of  the 
Bath.  In  August,  1814,  he  married  a 
daughter  of  Lord  Mornington,  a  niece 
of  the  Duke  of  Wellington.  In  1819 
he  was  appointed  military  secretary  to 
the  duke  as  master-general  of  ordnance  ; 
and  in  1827,  military  secretary  to  the 
commander-in-chief,  and  held  this  posi- 
tion till  1852.  In  the  parliaments  of 
1818  and  1820  he  held  a  seat,  and  acted 
with  the  Tories.  After  the  death  of  the 
Duke  of  Wellington  he  was  made  mas- 
ter-general of  the  ordnance,  and  made 
a  peer,  with  the  title  of  Baron  Raglan 
(1852).  On  the  breaking  out  of  the 
war  with  Russia,  Lord  Raglan  was  ap- 
pointed to  command  in  chief  the  Brit- 
ish armv,  and  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
field  marshal.  In  March.  1854,  he  left 
England,  reached  the  Crimea  in  Septem- 
ber, and  on  the  20th  of  that  month 
fought,  in  conjunction  with  Marshal 
St.  Arnaud,  the  battle  of  the  Alma. 
During  the  following  winter  the  allied 
troops  perished  in  large  numbers  in  the 
trenches  before  Sebastopol ;  and  Lord 
Raglan's  anxiety  in  regard  to  the  con- 
dition of  the  men  and  the  attacks  of  the 
English  newspapers  upon  his  military 
movements  weighed  heavily  upon  his 
spirits.  In  this  state  of  mind  he  was 
seized  with  the  cholera,  which  carried 
him  off  28  June,  1855,  ten  days  after 
the  unsuccessful  attacks  on  the  Mala- 
koff  and  the  Redan. 

RAINS,  James  E.,  confederate  brig- 
adier-general, b.  in  North  Carolina,  and 
educated  at  West  Point,  took  part  in 
the  Seminole  war,  and  was  promoted 
for  gallantry.  He  resigned  his  com- 
mission in  the   U.  S.  service   in    1861, 


and  distinguished  himself  by  skill  and 
daring  at  the  head  of  confederate  troops 
at  Shiloh  and  Perryville.  Killed  at 
Stone  River,  1862. 

RAMSAY,  Edward  Bannerman,  a 
Scottish  writer,  b.  1793,  is  best  known 
by  his  "  Reminiscences  of  Scottish  Life 
and  Character,"  1857,  which  has  passed 
through  over  twenty  editions.    D.  1872. 

RANDALL,  Henry  Stephens,  an 
American  author,  b.  in  Madison  Co.,  X. 
Y.,  studied  law,  was  secretary  of  state 
of  New  York,  in  1851,  wrote  the  "  Life 
of  Jefferson,"  in  three  volumes,  and 
several  works  on  Sheep  Husbandrv.  D. 
1876.  J 

RANDON,  Jacques  Louis  Cesar 
Alexandre,  a  French  officer,  b.  1795, 
was  made  general  in  Africa,  became 
minister  of  war,  governor  of  Algeria, 
marshal-general  in  the  Italian  cam- 
paign, and  senator.     D.  1871. 

RANKINE,  William  John  Mac- 
quokn,  a  Scottish  civil  engineer,  b.  in 
Edinburgh,  1820,  held  several  honorary 
offices  in  the  line  of  his  profession,  and 
wrote  manuals  on  Applied  Mechanics, 
Prime  Movers,  Machinery  and  Mill- 
work,  and  other  works.     D.  1872. 

RANSOM,  Thomas  E.  Gkeexfield, 
brigadier-general  U.  S.  service,  b.  in 
Windsor  county,  Vt.,  1834.  He  was  a 
civil  engineer  by  profession,  and  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  civil  war  raised  a  com- 
pany of  volunteers,  and  served  with 
honor  in  Missouri,  Kentucky,  and  in  the 
operations  of  General  Grant  on  the  Ten- 
nessee and  Cumberland  rivers.  In  the 
attack  upon  Fort  Donelson  he  was 
wounded.  He  was  again  severely 
wounded  at  Shiloh,  where,  according  to 
an  official  report,  he  performed  "prodi- 
gies of  valor."  In  Aug.,  1862,  he  was 
assigned  to  the  command  of  the  district 
of  Cairo,  and  in  the  following  January 
was  made  brigadier-general.  He  took 
part  in  the  operations  against  Vicks- 
burg,  commanded  the  post  of  Natchez, 
served  with  General  Banks  in  the  Red 
River  expedition,  and  was  for  the  third 
time  wounded  in  the  battle  at  Sabine 
Cross-roads.  Shortly  after  the  capitu- 
lation of  Atlanta  he  d.  at  Rome,  Ga., 
Oct..  1864. 

RANTOUL,  Robert,  Jr.,  lawyer 
and  politician,  b.  in  Beverly,  Mass., 
1805,  graduated  at  Harvard  university, 
in  1826,  studied  law,  and  commenced 
practice  in  Gloucester,  in  his  native 
county,  in  1829.  He  was  successively 
member  of  the  state  legislature,  collector 
of  the  port  of  Boston,  U.  S.  district  at- 
torney for  Massachusetts,  and  in  1851, 


260 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


[REA 


U.  S.  senator  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused 
by  Mr.  Webster's  resignation.  In  the 
same  year  he  was  elected  to  the  bouse 
from  the  second  district  by  the  com- 
bined votes  of  the  Democrats  and  Free- 
soilers.  1).  1852.  He  was  a  Demo- 
cratic doctrinaire,  and  a  pronounced 
radical  in  his  views.  His  report  in 
favor  of  abolishing  capital  punishment, 
made  in  the  Massachusetts  legislature, 
is  still  cited  as  the  ablest  presentation 
of  his  side  of  the  question.  A  selection 
from  his  writings,  with  a  memoir,  was 
published  in  1854. 

RATTAZZI,  Urbano,  Italian  states- 
man, b.  in  Piedmont,  1808,  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  and  became  distinguished 
as  an  orator.  He  was  an  extreme  lib- 
eral in  the  parliament  of  1848.  After 
having  held  office  in  other  ministries  he 
became  minister  of  justice  (185:3),  and 
afterwards  minister  of  the  interior 
(1855),  in  the  cabinet  of  Cavour,  whom 
he  succeeded  for  a  short  time  after  the 
peace  of  Villa  Franca.  He  was  again 
prime  minister  a  few  months,  in  1802, 
and  once  more  from  April  to  October, 
1867,  during  which  period  he  was  ac- 
cused by  the  Garibaldians  of  subser- 
viency to  Napoleon  III.,  and  by  the 
clerical  party  was  charged  with  aiding 
the  Garibaldians.  D.  at  Frosinone, 
June  5,  1873. 

RAU,  Karl  Heinrich,  a  German 
publicist,  b.  at  Frlangen,  1792,  was  the 
author  of  the  "  Lehrbuch  der  Polit. 
Okonomie,"  in  three  volumes;  of  "  Mal- 
thas und  Say,"  and  other  works.  D. 
at  Heidelberg,  187U. 

KAUCH,  Christian  Daniel,  a  Ger- 
man sculptor,  was  b.  at  Aroisen,  in 
Waldeck,  1777,  received  instructions 
from  Canova  and  Thorwaldsen.  Nu- 
merous busts  of  eminent  men,  produced 
in  Berlin,  and  in  Koine,  and  his  statues 
of  Bliicher,  Goethe,  and  Frederick  the 
Great,  raised  him  to  the  highest  rank  in 
his  art.     D.  1857. 

R  A  U  M  E  K,  Friedricii  Ludwig 
Georg  von,  a  German  historian,  b.  at 
Worlitz,  May  14,  1781,  completed  his 
education  at  Giittingen,  and  was  em- 
ployed in  the  civil  service  from  1801  to 
1811.  At  different  periods  he  travelled 
on  the  continent,  and  in  England  and 
the  United  States.  He  filled  various 
official  positions,  and  was  ambassador 
of  the  German  provisional  government 
to  the  French  Republic.  His  most  im- 
portant and  successful  historical  work 
was  a  "  Historv  of  the  Hohenstaufen 
and  their  Time's,"  in  6  vols.,  1823-25, 
a  fourth  edition  of  which  was  published 


the  year  before  his  death.  His  "The 
United  States  of  North  America  "  was 
translated  and  published  in  New  York  in 
1846;  and  other  of  his  works  have  been 
translated  into  French  and  English.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  at  Berlin,  June  14, 
1873,  he  was  well  styled  the  Nestor  of 
European  historians. — Karl  Georq 
von,  a  German  geographer,  brother 
of  the  preceding,  b.  1783,  became  pro- 
fessor of  natural  history  and  mineral- 
ogy at  Erlangen.  He  wrote  several 
works,  and  his  "Autobiography."  D. 
1875. 

RAWLE,  William,  author  of  "  A 
View  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,"  and  for  many  years  reporter  of 
the  decisions  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Pennsylvania.     B.  1781;  d.  1858. 

RAY,  Joseph,  a  mathematician,  au- 
thor of  three  treatises  on  arithmetic, 
and  two  on  algebra.  B.  in  Virginia, 
1807;  d.  in  Ohio,  1855. 

RAYMOND,  Henry  Jarvis,  an 
American  journalist,  b.  in  Livingston 
county,  N.  Y.,  1820,  graduated  at  the 
university  of  Vermont  in  1840,  and  be- 
gan his  journalistic  career  in  the  "New 
Yorker,"  and  "Tribune,"  in  the  city 
of  New  York.  He  was  a  very  rapid 
and  accurate  reporter,  an  excellent  cor- 
respondent, and  a  clear  and  interesting 
editorial  writer.  In  1843  he  became 
assistant  editor  of  the  "Courier  and 
Enquirer./'  and  in  1851  founded  the 
"  New  York  Times,"  and  conducted 
it  till  his  death  in  1869.  In  1854  he 
was  elected  lieutenant-governor  of  New 
York.  He  was  early  and  active  in  or- 
ganizing the  republican  party,  and 
wrote  the  address  issued  by  its  conven- 
tion at  Pittsburg  in  February,  1856. 
He  supported  the  government  with 
ability  during  the  civil  war,  and  in 
1864  was  elected  to  congress.  He  pub- 
lished "  Life  and  Public  Services  of 
President  Lincoln,"  1865. 

READ,  Thomas  Buchanan,  an 
American  poet  and  painter,  b.  in  Ches- 
ter county,  Penn.,  1822,  entered  at  sev- 
enteen the  studio  of  a  sculptor  in  Cin- 
cinnati, but  removed  to  Boston  and 
began  his  career  as  a  painter  in  1841. 
His  best  paintings  were  portraits.  He 
published  his  collected  poetical  works 
in  three  volumes,  in  Philadelphia,  1866. 
From  1850  he  resided  chiefly  in  Flor- 
ence, with  occasional  visits  to  his  na- 
tive land,  on  one  of  which  he  d.  at 
Philadelphia,  1872.  —  George  Camp- 
bell, Rear-Admiral  of  the  U.  S.  navy, 
b.  in  Ireland  ;  d.  1862.  He  was  third 
lieutenant  on  the   Constitution   in   her 


REG] 


CYCLOP.KMA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


2G1 


engagement  with  the  British  frigate 
Guerriere,  in  1812,  and  for  his  conspic- 
uous gallantry  ■was  selected  to  receive 
the  sword  of  Captain  Dacres.  He  was 
for  some  years  commander  of  the  Afri- 
can squadron.  —  Ajbner,  commander  in 
the  U.  S.  navy,  distinguished  by  the  ex- 
ploits of  his  gunboat,  the  New  London, 
in  the  Mississippi  Sound  and  at  Sabine 
Pass  in  1862.  In  1863  he  commanded 
the  steam  sloop-of-war  Monongahela, 
and  was  mortally  wounded  at  the  bat- 
teries above  Donaldsonville,  in  July  of 
that  year. 

READS,  John  Edmund,  an  Eng- 
lish dramatic  poet,  b.  in  Worcestershire 
early  in  the  19th  century.  D.  1870.  — 
William  Winwood,  an  English  trav- 
eller, b.  1839,  distinguished  by  his  ex- 
plorations in  Africa,  of  which  he  pub- 
lished a  narrative  entitled  "  Savage 
Africa."  He  published  also,  "The  Mar- 
tyrdom of  Man,"  and  "The  African 
Sketch-Book. "  In  1873-74,  he  accom- 
panied the  Ashantee  expedition  as  the 
special  correspondent  of  the  London 
"Times."  He  was- a  nephew  of  the 
celebrated  novelist,  Charles  Reade,  and 
was  himself  author  of  several  novels. 
D.  1875. 

REBOUL,  Jean,  a  French  poet,  was 
b.  at  Nismes,  1796.  For  some  time  he 
followed  the  trade  of  a  baker,  produc- 
ing meanwhile  songs  and  satires  for  a 
circle  of  private  friends.  In  1836  he 
published  a  collection  of  poems,  which 
ran  through  five  editions.  Visiting 
Paris  in  1839,  he  was  received  with 
enthusiam  in  literary  circles.  He  wrote 
some  tragedies,  and  published,  in  1857, 
a  volume  of  poems  under  the  title  of 
"  Les  Traditionnelles."  In  1848  he  was 
returned  to  the  constituent  assembly, 
where  he  voted  with  the  Legitimists. 
U.  1864. 

REDDING,  Cyrus,  b.  1785,  came  in 
early  life  to  London,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  journalism.  He  edited  "  Galig- 
nani's  Messenger,"  1815-18;  and  was 
assistant  editor  of  Campbell  in  the 
"New  Monthly  Magazine."  He  pub- 
lished poems;  several  novels;  "  History 
of  Wines;"  "Fifty  Years'  Recollec- 
tions, Literary  and  Personal ;  "  "  Liter- 
ary Reminiscences  and  Memoirs  of  T. 
Campbell;"  "  Memoirs  of  Remarkable 
Misers  ;  "  and  "  Past  Celebrities  whom 
I  have  known."     D.  1870. 

REDFIELD,  William  C,  b.  at  Mid- 
dletown,  Coiin.,  1789;  d.  in  New  York, 
1857.  Trained  as  a  mechanic,  and  en- 
gaged in  steamboat  navigation,  he  be- 
came widely  known  as  a  meteorologist, 


and  especially  for  his  successful  re- 
searches into  the  phenomena  of  violent 
storms  and  gales,  which  be  showed  to 
be  huge  progressive  whirlwinds,  lie 
published  numerous  papers  on  this  and 
allied  subjects  in  the  "American  Jour- 
nal of  Science  "  and  elsewhere.  His 
"Theory  of  Storms,"  was  published  iu 
1831. 

REED,  HENRY,  an  American  author, 
b.  in  Philadelphia,  1808,  studied  law, 
and  in  1831,  was  appointed  assistant 
professor  of  English  literature  in  the 
university  of  Pennsylvania,  and  in  1835, 
professor  of  rhetoric  and  English  litera- 
ture. His  principal  work  was  his  "Lec- 
tures on  English  Literature."  He  was 
lost  in  the  Arctic  steamer,  1854.  —  Wil- 
liam Bradford,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, b.  in  Philadelphia,  1806.  grad- 
uated at  the  university  of  Pennsylvania, 
studied  law.  and  was  elected  in  1838 
attorney-general  of  the  state.  He  pub- 
lished, in  1847,  the  "Life  and  Corre- 
spondence of  Joseph  Reed,"  in  two  vol- 
umes; and  after  the  loss  of  his  brother 
Henry,  edited  a  volume  of  his  writings 
with  an  interesting  memoir.  In  1857 
he  was  appointed  by  Mr.  Buchanan 
minister  to  China.  On  his  return  from 
this  mission  he  found  his  country  on 
the  eve  of  a  great  civil  war,  on  which 
he  entertained  views  that  alienated  him 
from  his  old  friends,  and  he  removed  to 
the  city  of  New  York,  where  he  passed 
the  remainder  of  his  life  in  literary  la- 
bors. One  result  of  these  was  the  vol- 
ume entitled  •'Among  my  Books," 
composed  mainly  of  essays  originally 
printed  in  the  "World"  newspaper. 
D.  1876.  —  Andrew,  1).  D.,  an  English 
congregational  minister,  remarkable  for 
his  labors  in  establishing  benevolent  in- 
stitutions in  London,  b.  1787;  d.  1862. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  deputation 
sent  by  the  English  independents  to  the 
United  States,  in  1834,  and  was  one  of 
the  authors  of  the  work  published  on 
their  return,  embodying  the  results  of 
their  study  of  the  people  and  institu- 
tions of  this  country. 

REGNAULT,  Alexandre  Georges 
Henri,  a  French  painter,  b.  1847,  ob- 
tained the  grand  prize  of  the  academy 
in  1866,  and  went  to  Rome.  He  was 
on  a  visit  to  Spain  and  Tangier  when 
the  Franco-German  war  broke  out  and 
was  killed  in  the  grand  sortie  from  Paris 
against  the  Germans  of  January  19, 
1871.  His  works  are  said  .o  exhibit 
great  originality  and  technical  skill. 
Among  them  is  an  equestrian  portrait 
of   General   Prim.     He   drew  with   his 


2G2 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[key 


left  hand.     A  memoir  of  his  life  by  H. 
Cazalis  appeared  in  1872. 

REICHENBAGH,  Charles,  Baron 
von,  a  German  naturalist,  b.  at  Stutt- 
gart, 1788,  conceived,  at  the  age  of  six- 
teen, the  idea  of  founding  a  new  Ger- 
man state  in  the  South  Sea  Islands. 
This  having  been  broken  up,  he  turned 
his  attention  to  science  and  manufac- 
tures; and  acquiring  a  large  fortune, 
the  king  of  Wurtemberg  made  him  a 
baron.  Though  chiefly  known  as  a 
manufacturer,  he  wrote  a  number  of 
scientific  works,  and  made  the  chemical 
discoveries  of  paraffine  and  creosote. 
His  attention  being  called  to  animal 
magnetism,  he  discovered  a  new  power 
which  he  called  the  odic,  which  he  be- 
lieved he  had  established,  and  on  which 
he  published  several  works  that  were 
translated  into  French  and  English.  D. 
18(1!). 

REID.  Sir  William,  major-general 
in  the  British  service,  a  colonial  gov- 
ernor, and  author  of  a  well-known  work 
on  *'  The  Law  of  Storms."  D.  1858.— 
Samuel  Chester,  the  designer  of  the 
present  United  States  flag,  b.  in  Nor- 
wich, Conn.,  1783  ;  d.  in  New  York, 
1861.  During  the  war  of  18L2  he  com- 
manded the  privateer  brig  General 
Armstrong,  carrying  seven  guns  and  90 
men  ;  ami  with  this  vessel  encountered 
three  British  vessels,  the  Plantagenet, 
ship  of  the  line  ;  the  Rota,  frigate;  and 
the  Carnation,  brig.  These  vessels, 
part  of  the  expedition  concentrating  at 
Jamaica  for  a  descent  upon  New  Or- 
leans, were  met  by  Heid  at  Fayal,  and 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  naval  bat- 
tles on  record  occurred  Sept.  26  and  27, 
1814.  Reid  succeeded  in  thoroughly 
disabling  the  enemy,  and  scuttled  his 
vessel  to  prevent  her  capture.  After 
the  war  Captain  Reid  became  a  sailing- 
master  in  the  U.  S.  navy.  As  warden 
of  the  port  of  New  York,  he  did  much 
toward  organizing  the  pilot  service,  and 
invented  the  signal  telegraph  at  the 
Battery  and  the  Narrows  communicat- 
ing with  Sandy  Hook. 

RENO,  Jesse  L.,  an  American  offi- 
cer, b.  in  Virginia,  1825,  distinguished 
himself  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  in  the 
civil  war,  appointed  major-general  of 
volunteers,  in  1802,  served  in  North 
Carolina,  in  the  Peninsula,  at  Freder- 
icksburg, and  in  the  battles  near  Man- 
assas. He  was  killed  at  the  battle  of 
South  Mountain,  1862. 

RENOUARD,  Antoine  Augustin, 
a  French  bibliographer  and  publisher, 
author   of    "  Annales   de   lTmprimerie 


des  Aide,"  and  other  works.  His  nu- 
merous publications  bore  the  device  of 
an  anchor  surmounted  by  a  cock,  to  in- 
dicate the  vigilance  that  presided  over 
his  press.     B.  1765;  d.  1853. 

RENSHAW,  William  B.,  an  officer 
of  the  U.  S  navy,  b.  in  New  York,  en- 
tered the  service  as  a  midshipman,  in 
1831,  and  in  1801,  having  become  com- 
mander of  the  U.  S.  steamer  VVesttield, 
was  assigned  by  Admiral  Farragut  to 
the  command  of  the  squadron  blockad- 
ing Galveston.  His  vessel  got  aground, 
and  having  determined  to  destroy  it,  he 
was  killed  bv  a  premature  explosion, 
Jan.  1,  1863." 

REX  WICK,  James,  from  1820  to 
1854  professor  of  chemistry  and  phys- 
ics in  Columbia  college,  and  author  of 
"Outlines  of  Natural  Philosophy," 
"  Treatise  on  the  Steam  Engine,"  "  The 
Practical  Application  of  the  Principles 
of  Mechanics,"  and  other  works,  bio- 
graphical and  scientific,  was  b.  in  New 
York,  1702.  He  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners on  the  northeastern  boundary, 
whose  report  resulted  in  the  Ashburtoa 
treat  v.     O.  1803. 

RETZSCH,  Moritz,  a  German  ar- 
tist, b.  in  Dresden,  1779,  won  his  rep- 
utation bv  his  outline  illustrations  of 
Goethe's  "  Faust."     D.  1859. 

REUTER,  Fritz,  a  German  novelist 
and  humorist,  b.  in  Mecklenberg- 
Schwerin  in  1810,  studied  law  in  the 
universities  of  Rostock  and  Jena,  and 
at  the  age  of  twenty,  for  political  of- 
fences, found  himself  a  prisoner  under 
sentence  of  death.  This  sentence  was 
commuted  to  thirty  years'  imprisonment 
in  a  fortress.  At  the  end  of  seven  years 
he  was  released  under  the  amnesty 
proclaimed  on  the  accession  of  Freder- 
ick William  IV.  Thrown  upon  his  re- 
sources, he  utilized  his  talent  for  story- 
telling, and  published  a  volume  of  tales 
and  poems  written  in  low  German,  his 
native  dialect.  His  success  was  emi- 
nent, and  he  became  known  as  the  Ger- 
man Dickens.  His  works  fill  14  vol- 
umes. One  of  them  has  been  trans- 
lated into  English  with  the  title  of  "In 
the  vear  '13."     D.  at  Eisenach,  1874. 

REYNOLDS,  John  Fulton,  an  offi- 
cer in  the  U.  S.  army,  b.  in  Lancaster, 
Pa.,  1820,  graduated' at  West  Point,  and 
served  in  the  Mexican  war.  In  June, 
1862,  having  joined  the  afmy  of  the 
Potomac,  as  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers, he  was  in  several  severe  engage- 
ments, and  was  taken  prisoner.  He 
was  released  in  the  following  Septem- 
ber, and  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-gen- 


rig] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


263 


eral  in  the  regular  army,  fought  in  the 
first  battle  of  Fredericksburg,  and  in 
Jan.,  18G3,  was  nominated  major-gen- 
eral of  volunteers.  In  June  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  right 
wing  of  Hooker's  army,  and  on  the  1st 
July  was  killed  in  the* battle  of  Gettys- 
burg. 

RHETT,  Robebt  Barnwell,  an 
American  lawyer  and  politician,  b.  at 
Beaufort,  S.  C*.,  1800,  studied  law  and 
engaged  early  in  public  affairs.  From 
the  time  of  nullification  he  acted  with 
the  extreme  state-rights  men.  He  was 
a  representative  in  congress,  1838—10, 
and  U.  S.  senator  in  1850-51.  During 
his  congressional  career  he  was  an  out- 
spoken and  passionate  disunionist.  He 
was  a  leader  of  the  state  convention 
which  passed  an  ordinance  of  secession 
Dec.  20,  18G0.  He  was  a  delegate  to 
the  Montgomery  convention,  and  chair- 
man of  the  committee  that  reported  the 
constitution  of  the  Confederate  States. 
Afterwards  he  was  a  member  of  the 
confederate  congress.  He  owned  and 
inspired  the  "Charleston  Mercury,''  an 
organ  of  disunion.     D.  1876. 

RIALL,  Sik  Phineas,  a  British  gen- 
eral, ensign  in  1794,  became  major- 
general,  June  4,  1813,  and  in  Septem- 
ber was  ordered  to  Canada,  and  served 
on  the  Niagara  frontier.  He  com- 
manded at  the  battle  of  Chippewa, 
where  he  was  wounded,  and  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Lundy's  Lane,  24  July,  1814, 
He  d.  in  Pans,  1851. 

RICARD,  Gustave,  a  French  por- 
trait painter,  b.  at  Marseilles  in  1824. 
attained  a  high  reputation  in  his  branch 
of  art  both  in  France  and  Germany. 
D.  1873. 

R1CARDO,  John  Lewis,  an  English 
statesman,  b.  1812,  entered  the  house 
of  commons  in  1841,  and  was  one  of  the 
most  active  promoters  of  the  repeal  of 
the  British  navigation  laws,  of  which 
he  wrote  a  "Historv  and  Anatomy." 
D.  1862. 

RICE,  James  Clay,  brigadier-gen- 
eral U.  S.  volunteers,  b.  in  Worthing- 
ton,  Mass.,  1830,  educated  at  Yale,  was 
for  a  time  a  teacher  in  the  south.  At 
the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he  was 
practising  law  in  New  York,  but  vol- 
unteered as  a  private  in  the  Garibaldi 
guard,  and  was  soon  made  first  lieuten- 
ant. For  his  conduct  in  the  Peninsular 
campaign,  in  1862,  he  was  made  colo- 
nel. He  served  under  Burnside  at 
Fredericksburg ;  and  distinguishing 
himself  at  Chancellorsville  and  Get- 
tysburg was   commissioned   brigadier- 


general  of   volunteers.     He  was  killed 
in  battle  at  Spottsylvania  Court-house, 

1864. 

RICHARDSON,  Charles,  an  Eng- 
lish lexicographer,  was  b.  in  1775.  In 
1815  his  "Illustrations  of  English  Phi- 
lology'.' appeared;  and  in  1835-37,  his 
"  Dictionary,"  as  a  separate  work. 
The  philological  principles  of  Dr.  Rich- 
ardson are  substantially  the  same  as 
those  of  Home  Tooke  in  his  "Diver- 
sions of  Parley.*'  D.  1835.  — James, 
an  English  traveller,  b.  180J,  published 
in  1840  his  "Travels  in  the  Great  Des- 
ert of  Sak'ara,"  2  vols.  Placed  at  the 
head  of  an  expedition  by  the  English 
government,  he  was  the  first  European 
visitor  of  the  stony  desert  of  Hamme- 
dah,  whence  he  proceeded  to  Borneo, 
and  d.  at  U  ngurutona,  1851.  His  "Nar- 
rative of  a  Mission  to  Central  Africa," 
appeared  in  1853.  —  Sik  John,  natural- 
ist and  arctic  explorer,  b.  at  Dumfries, 
in  Scotland,  in  1787,  studied  medicine, 
and  for  some  years  served  as  medical 
officer  in  the  British  navy  in  which  ca- 
pacity he  served  in  the  war  with  the 
United  States.  In  1819  he  sailed  with 
Sir  John  Franklin,  as  surgeon  and  nat- 
uralist, and  again  in  1825.  On  the  lat- 
ter occasion  Richardson  commanded 
two  boats,  in  which  he  discovered  the 
passage  between  the  mouths  of  the 
Mackenzie  and  Coppermine  rivers.  In 
1829  he  began  the  publication  of  the 
zoology  of  these  northern  regions. 
Years"  afterward  he  sailed  for  the  arc- 
tic regions  in  search  of  Franklin.  An 
account  of  the  expedition  was  pub- 
lished in  1851.  Among  his  works  are 
the  "Fauna  Boreali  Americana,"  "Zo- 
ological Appendix  tn  Sir  Edward  Par- 
ry's Second  Voyage,"  and  the  "  Icthy- 
ology  of  the  Voyage  of  the  Erebus,  the 
Terror,  and  the  Sulphur  "     D.  1865. 

RIETSCHEL,  Eknst,  a  German 
sculptor,  b.  in  Saxony,  1804,  entered 
the  Dresden  academy  of  arts  in  1820, 
and  in  1826  studied  under  Ranch  at 
Berlin.  A  year  in  Italy  completed  his 
professional  training.  In  1828  he  re- 
turned to  Dresden,  and  during  his  pro- 
fessional career  was  liberally  patronized 
bv  continental  royalty.  D.  1861. 
"  R I  GAU  L  T  D  E  G  E  N  O  U  I  L  LY, 
Charles,  admiral,  b.  in  Rochefort, 
France,  1807,  commanded  the  French 
fleet  in  the  Chinese  seas  and  cooperated 
with  the  English  in  the  occupation  of 
Canton,  1857.  He  was  minister  of  ma- 
rine in  1867,  and  retained  that  post  in 
Ollivier's  brief  administration  in  1870. 
D.  1873. 


2G4 


CYCLOPEDIA   OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


[HOB 


RIGOLLOT,  Mark  Jerome,  a 
French  physician  and  antiquary,  b. 
1796;  d.  1854.  He  was  the  author  of 
works  upon  natural  history  and  French 
antiquities. 

RIO,  Alexis  Francois,  a  French 
critic  and  theologian,  b.  1806,  wrote 
many  works  artistic  and  historical,  from 
a  strictly  Roman  Catholic  point  of  view. 
Among  "them  are  a  series  of  religious 
biographies,  and  a  work  on  "Christian 
Art."  Several  of  his  works  have  been 
translated  into  English.     D.  1874. 

RIPLEY,  Henry  Jones,  an  Ameri- 
can clergyman,  b.  in  Boston,  1798, 
graduated  at  Harvard  college,  studied 
divinity  at  Andover,  and  was  professor 
of  Biblical  literature  and  kindred  stud- 
ies in  the  Newton  theological  institution, 
Mass.,  from  1826  to  I860.  He  pub- 
lished several  works  of  scriptural  com- 
ment and  criticism.  D.  1875. — Ros- 
well  Sabine,  author  of  a  ''History 
of  the  War  with  Mexico,"  and  distin- 
guished for  gallantry  at  Cerro  Gordo 
and  Chapultepec,  retired  from  the  U. 
S.  army  in  1853.  He  was  brigadier- 
general  in  the  confederate  service,  and 
was  engaged  in  the  siege  of  Fort  Sum- 
ter, and  wounded  at  Antietam.  B. 
1823 ;  d.  1863. 

RITCHIE,  Leitch,  journalist  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  at  Green- 
ock, Scotland,  about  1800.  He  fur- 
nished the  letter-press  of  many  of  the 
"Annuals,"  wrote  in  newspapers  and 
reviews,  and  for  several  years  con- 
ducted "  Chambers's  Journal."  He  pro- 
duced some  thirty  original  volumes,  and 
edited  and  partly  wrote  forty  move  I). 
1865.  —  Thomas,  b.  in  Essex  county, 
Va.,  1779,  for  many  years  editor  of  the 
Richmond  "  Enquirer,"  in  which  posi- 
tion he  wielded  great  influence  in  the 
councils  of  the  Democratic  partv.  For 
a  time  he  conducted  the  Washington 
"Union."     D.  1854. 

RITTER,  Heinrich,  a  German  ec- 
lectic philosopher,  b.  at  Zerbst,  1791, 
wrote  a  History  of  Philosophy  in  10 
vols.,  a  portion  of  which  has  been 
translated  into  French  and  English.  I). 
1869.  — Karl,  a  distinguished  German 
geographer,  author  of  the  science  of 
comparative  geography,  b.  1779  ;  d.  in 
Berlin,  1859.  His  most  celebrated  work 
is  his  ''Geography  in  Relation  to  the 
Nature  and  History  of  Man,"  in  20 
volumes. 

RIVES,  William  Cabell,  an  Amer- 
ican statesman,  b.  in  Nelson  county. 
Va.,  1793,  was  collegiately  educated  and 
studied  law.     After  tilling  political  po- 


sitions in  his  state,  he  was  in  1823-27  a 
representative  in  congress,  and  in  1829- 
32  minister  to  France.  He  was  U.  S. 
senator,  with  a  short  interval,  from  1832 
to  1845.  From  1849  to  1853  he  was 
again  minister  to  France.  In  1861  he 
was  a  member  of  the  peace  conference, 
and  after  the  secession  of  Virginia  be- 
came a  member  of  the  confederate  pro- 
visional congress  at  Montgomery,  Ala. 
He  published  "  Life  and  Times  of  James 
Madison."  3  vols.  ;  a  treatise  on  "Agri- 
culture;" "  Life  of  John  Hampden;" 
"Christian  Ethics;"  and  a  "Discourse 
on  the  Uses  and  Importance  of  His- 
tory."    D.  1868. 

ROBBINS,  Royal,  congregational 
minister,  author  of  the  "World  Dis- 
played," and  "Outlines  of  History," 
b.  in  Connecticut,  1788  ;  d.  1861. 

ROBERTS,  Benjamin  Stone,  an 
American  soldier,  b.  in  Vermont,  1811, 
graduated  at  West  Point,  entered  the 
army  but  resigned  and  was  subse- 
quently engineer  and  lawyer.  He  reen- 
tered the  army  during  the  war  with 
Mexico,  in  which  he  served  with  dis- 
tinction. For  his  services  in  the  civil 
war  he  was  brevetted  brigadier-general. 
1).  in  Washington,  1875.  —  David,  an 
artist,  b.  near  Edinburgh,  1796;  d.  1864. 
He  was  a  house-painter  and  afterwards 
a  scene-painter,  and  first  acquired  an 
artistic  reputation  by  a  volume  of  lith- 
ographic copies  of  his  "Picturesque 
Sketches  in  Spain,"  1837.  His  best 
known  labors  perhaps  are  embraced  in 
"Sketches  in  the  Holy  Land,  Syria, 
Idumea,  Arabia,  Egypt,  and  Nubia." 
The  oil  paintings  and  water  color  pieces 
left  in  his  studio  at  his  death  were  ex- 
hibited in  1865,  and  sold  for  .£16,000.— 
George  Washington,  Col.,  b.  in  Ches- 
ter county,  Penn.,  .1833,  graduated  at 
Yale  college,  studied  law,  and  was  prac- 
tising in  Chicago  when  the  civil  war 
broke  out.  As  colonel  of  42d  Illinois 
volunteers  he  distinguished  himself  by 
spiking  a  confederate  battery  at  Island 
No.  10;  accomplishing  this  daring  ex- 
ploit with  a  band  of  forty  men  in  small 
boats.  He  was  otherwise  distinguished 
in  the  southwest.  He  was  killed  while 
heading  a  successful  bayonet  charge  of 
the  42d  in  the  battle  of  Stone  River, 
Dec.  31,  1862. 

ROBFRTSON,  Frederick  Wil- 
liam, a  popular  preacher,  b.  in  London 
1816,  was  placed  at  the  New  Academy 
in  Edinburgh,  and  matriculated  at  Ox- 
ford. Having  held  several  curacies,  he 
became,  in  1847,  incumbent  of  Trinity 
Chapel,  Brighton,  and  a  most  popular 


KOC] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


265 


preacher,  being  gifted  with  a  ready  elo- 
quence, for  the  support  of  which  he 
usually  carried  only  a  few  notes  into 
the  pulpit.  His  opinions  were  free  from 
the  trammels  of  any  particular  section 
of  the  church;  and"  his  discourses  were 
distinguished  by  liberality  as  well  as  by 
poetical  beauty.  Several  volumes  of 
his  lectures  and  sermons  have  been  pub- 
lished, and  his  "  Life  and  Letters," 
edited  by  S.  A.  Brooke.  D.  1853.— 
Thomas  William,  an  English  drama- 
tist, first  attracted  notice  by  his  adap- 
tation of  "David  Garrick,"  from  the 
French,  the  leading  character  in  which 
was  played  by  Sothern.  He  estab- 
lished his  reputation  by  the  comedy 
"Society,"  brought  out  at  the  Prince 
of  Wales's  theatre  in  Nov.,  1865.  It 
was  followed  by  "Ours,"  by  "  Shadow 
Tree  Shaft,"  which  proved  a  failure,  by 
"  Caste,"  another  success,  and  bv  "For 
Love,"  in  1867.  B.  1829;  d.  in  London, 
1871. 

ROBINSON,  Edward,  an  Ameri- 
can biblical  scholar,  b.  in  Southington, 
Conn.,  1794,  graduated  at  Hamilton 
college,  N.  Y.,  but  completed  his  studies 
at  Andover,  where  he  assisted  Professor 
Stuart  in  the  translation  of  text-books 
from  the  German,  and  in  the  labors  of 
the  theological  seminary.  In  1830  he 
was  appointed  professor  extraordinary 
of  sacred  literature  and  librarian  at  An- 
dover, and  in  1837  professor  of  biblical 
literature  in  Union  theological  semi- 
nary, New  York,  which  office  he  held 
until  his  death.  He  visited  Palestine 
twice,  in  company  with  Dr.  Eli  Smith; 
and  the  published" record  of  his  observa- 
tions and  inquiries  obtained  for  him 
great  favor  amongst  biblical  scholars, 
here  and  in  Europe.  He  edited  the 
"Biblical  Repository,"  and  afterwards 
the  "Bibliotheca  Sacra."  Amongst  his 
other  works  are,  "The  Harmony  of  the 
Four  Gospels,"  in  Greek  and  English, 
and  a  Greek  and  English  Lexicon  of 
the  New  Testament.  D.  in  New  York, 
1863.  See  his  "Life,  Character,  and 
Writings,"  by  Dr.  Smith  and  Dr. 
Hitchcock,    New  York,    1864.  —  The- 

KESE  ALBERTINE   LOUISE  VON   JACOB, 

wife  of  the  preceding,  b.  in  Halle,  Ger- 
many, 1797,  published  in  1816  German 
translations  of  Scott's  "  Old  Mortality  " 
and  "Black  Dwarf,"  and  subsequently 
original  tales,  and  a  number  of  poems 
translated  from  the  Servian.  In  1828 
she  married  Professor  Robinson,  and  in 
1830  accompanied  him  to  the  United 
States.  Here  she  wrote  and  translated; 
and  afterwards  in  Germany  wrote  sev- 


eral novels  that  were  translated  into 
English  by  her  daughter,  and  published 
in  New  York.     D.  m  Hamburgh,  1869. 

—  Sir  Frederick  Philips,  British  gen- 
eral, entered  the  army  as  ensign,  in 
1777,  and  served  five  years  in  the  war 
of  the  American  Revolution.  In  1814 
he  commanded  a  brigade  in  Canada, 
and  forced  the  passage  of  the  Saranac  in 
command  of  the  forces  intended  for  the 
attack  of  Pittsburgh.  D.  1852,  in  his 
88th  year.  —  Henry  Crabb,  an  English 
barrister  at  law,  b.  1775,  was  known 
in  his  lifetime  as  a  good  lawyer,  an  ad- 
mirable conversationist,  and  the  friend 
of  Goethe,  Wordsworth,  and  many  of 
the  most  distinguished  personages  of 
the  19th  century.  He  obtained  a  large 
posthumous  reputation  as  the  author  of 
his  "  Diary,  Reminiscences,  and  Corre- 
spondence," in  three  volumes,  (1869), 
selected  and  edited  by  Thomas  Sadler, 
Ph.  D.,  from  an  immense  number  of 
MSS.  of  which  they  are  said  to  form 
about  the  twenty-fifth  part.     D.  1867. 

—  John  Henry,  an  English  line-en- 
graver, b.  in  Lancashire,  1796,  was  a 
pupil  of  James  Heath,  and  acquired  a 
distinguished  position  in  his  art.  Be- 
sides many  beautiful  book-plates,  he 
executed  admirable  copies  of  Wilkie's 
"Napoleon  and  Pope  Pius  VII.;"  of 
Mulready's  "Wolf  and  Lamb;"  and 
of  Lawrence's  "  Sir  Walter  Scott."  Two 
of  the  choicest  specimens  of  his  style 
are,  "The  Sisters,"  after  Stephanoff; 
and  the  "Mother  and  Child,"  after 
Leslie.  D.  1871.  A  collection  of  his 
engravings,  in  their  different  stages  of 
completion,  was  purchased  by  the  Brit- 
ish Museum. 

ROBSON,  Frederick,  a  comedian 
with  a  style  peculiarly  his  own,  was  b. 
at  Margate,  Kent,  1821,  and  for  several 
years  struggled  in  vain  to  obtain  a  po- 
sition on  the  stage.  His  first  great 
success  was  achieved  at  the  Queen's 
theatre,  Dublin,  and  led  to  his  engage- 
ment at  the  Olympic,  London,  where 
he  remained  a  most  popular  actor  until 
his  death,  in  1864. 

ROCHETTE,  DjSsire'  Raoul,  a 
French  archaeologist,  b.  about  1790, 
succeeded  Guizot  as  professor  of  mod- 
ern history  in  1815,  and  Quatremere  de 
Quincy  in  the  chair  of  archaeology  in 
1826.  His  wrorks  were  numerous,  and 
one  of  them,  "  Lectures  on  Ancient 
Art,"  was  translated  into  English.  D. 
1854. 

ROCK,  Daniel,  D.  D.,  Catholic  ar- 
chaeologist, b.  in  Liverpool,  1799,  was 
educated  at  the  English  College,  Rome, 


266 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[R08 


and  entered  into  holy  orders.  He  wrote 
"Hierurgia;  or,  the  Sacrifice  of  the 
Mass  Expounded,"  London,  1833,  in 
2  vols.  8vo  ;  "  Transubstantiation  Vin- 
dicated ;  "  "  The  Mystic  Crown  of  Ma- 
ry, the  Holy  Maiden-Motber  of  God, 
born  free  from  the  Stain  of  Original 
Sin,"  in  verse,  8vo,  London,  1857,  and 
other  productions.  He  catalogued  and 
described  the  ecclesiastical  vestments, 
dresses,  tissues  and  embroideries,  in  the 
South  Kensington  Museum.    D.  1871. 

ROCKWELL,  John  Arnold,  jurist, 
b.  in  Norwich,  Conn.,  1803,  practised 
law  there,  and  was  member  of  con- 
gress, 1847-51.  During  this  period  he 
was  chairman  of  committee  on  claims, 
and  interested  himself  actively  in  the 
establishment  of  the  court  of  claims. 
He  published  two  volumes  on  the 
"Mexican  Law  of  Mines  and  Real  Es- 
tate."    D.  in  Washington,  1861. 

RODMAN,  Isaac  Peace,  b.  in  South 
Kingston,  R.  I.,  1822,  was  a  member  of 
the  state  senate  of  Rhode  Island  in 
1861.  He  raised  a  company  of  volun- 
teers, and  was  captain  in  the  battle  of 
Bull  Run  ;  colonel  at  the  taking  of 
Roanoke  Island  ;  and  at  the  battle  of 
Newbern  carried  the  enemy's  works  at 
the  point  of  the  bayonet.  As  brigadier- 
general  he  was  mortally  wounded  at 
Antietam,  and  d.  September,  1862. 

ROEBLING,  John  Augustus,  an 
American  engineer,  b.  in  Prussia,  1806, 
introduced  in  the  United  States  the 
manufacture  of  wire  ropes,  and  their 
use  in  the  construction  of  wire  bridges 
and  aqueducts.  In  1867  he  completed 
the  Cincinnati  suspension  bridge  with 
a  clear  span  of  1,057  feet.  He  de- 
signed the  East  River  bridge  that  is  to 
connect  New  York  and  Brooklvn.  D. 
1869. 

ROGERS,  Samuel,  an  English  poet, 
b.  near  London,  1763  ;  d.  1855.  His 
career  embraced  four  generations  in  the 
history  of  English  literature.  Loving 
alike  fashion,  literature,  and  art,  he 
passed  his  days  as  an  amateur  in  let- 
ters, painting,  and  music,  and  as  a 
friend  or  patron  of  literary  men  and 
artists.  In  1792  he  produced  '•  The 
Pleasures  of  Memory,"  the  work  with 
which  his  name  is  most  generally  asso- 
ciated. In  1822  he  published  his  last 
work,  "  Italy,"  a  collection  of  descrip- 
tive sketches  in  verse  and  prose.  Dif- 
ferent editions  of  his  works  were  illus- 
trated b}'  designs  of  Stothard,  and  of 
Turner,  exquisitely  engraved.  See 
"Table  Talk,"  by  Mr.  Dyce,  and 
"  Recollections,"   by  the   late    Samuel 


Rogers.  — Henry  Darwin,  an  Ameri- 
can geologist,  b.  in  Philadelphia.  1809, 
was  professor  of  geology  many  years 
in  the  university  of  Pennyslvania,  and 
subsequently  in  the  university  of  Glas- 
gow, Scotland.  He  made  important 
geological  surveys  of  New  Jersey  and 
Pennsylvania.     D.  in  Glasgow,  1866. 

ROGET,  Peter  Mark,  an  English 
physician,  b.  in  London,  1779  ;  d.  at 
Malvern,  1869.  As  a  scientific  writer 
he  is  best  known  by  his  work  on  "Ani- 
mal and  Vegetable  Physiology,"  pub- 
lished in  1834  as  one  of  the  Bridgewater 
Treatises.  His  "  Thesaurus  of  Eng- 
lish Words  and  Phrases  "  has  passed 
through  many  editions. 

ROLPH,  John  A.,  artist  and  land- 
scape-engraver, b.  in  Essex,  England, 
1798;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  1862.  He 
came  to  this  country  in  1833,  and  from 
that  period  occupied  a  high  professional 
position  in  New  York. 

ROMILLY,  John,  an  English  jurist, 
b.  in  London,  1802.  son  of  Sir  Samuel, 
was  some  time  member  of  parliament, 
and  master  of  the  rolls  from  1851  to 
1872.     D.  1874. 

RONALDS,  Sir  Francis,  an  Eng- 
lish electrician,  b.  in  London,  1788,  was 
one  of  the  first  to  make  experiments  in 
electric  telegraphy.  In  1816  he  con- 
structed in  his  own  garden  at  Highbury, 
and  afterwards  at  Hammersmith,  an 
electric  telegraph,  consisting  of  eight 
miles  of  wire  supported  on  poles  through 
which  he  sent  messages  in  nearly  the 
same  manner  as  was  afterwards  adopted. 
Of  these  experiments  he  printed  an 
account  in  1823.  From  1843  to  1852 
he  was  honorary  director  of  Kew  ob- 
servatory. During  this  period  he  in- 
vented several  self-registering  meteor- 
ological and  magnetical  instruments, 
which  were  recognized  by  a  govern- 
ment reward,  and  a  pension  on  his  re- 
tirement from  Kew.  At  the  age  of 
eighty-two  he  was  knighted  forhis  "re- 
markable labors  in  telegraphic  inves- 
tigation." In  his  last  year  he  was  en- 
gaged in  preparing  a  bibliography  of 
Electrical  Science.  D.  at  Battle,  in  Sus- 
sex, 1873. 

ROSA.  Francisco  Martinez  de  la, 
a  Spanish  statesman  and  author,  b.  in 
Granada,  1789;  d.  1862.  He  partici- 
pated in  the  struggles  of  the  time  of 
Ferdinand  VII.,  and  was  punished  for 
his  liberalism  by  a  five  years'  impris- 
onment in  a  Spanish  fortress  on  the 
Barbary  coast.  The  revolution  of  1820 
secured"  his  liberation,  but  when  French 
arms   had   restored    Ferdinand   to   the 


EOS] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


267 


throne,  the  statesman  and  writer  was 
driven  into  exile.  He  was  recalled  in 
1831,  and  afterwards  tilled  several  high 
official  positions. 

ROSCOE,  Thomas,  an  English  au- 
thor, son  of  William  Koscoe,  b.  1791, 
engaged  early  in  literary  pursuits,  and 
edited  Sismondi's  "  Literature  of  the 
South  of  Europe"  and  Lanzi's  "'His- 
tory of  Italian  Painting."  He  trans- 
lated specimens  of  German,  Spanish, 
and  Italian  novelists,  with  brief  me- 
moirs, and  edited  a  series  of  the  English 
novelists,  illustrated  by  Cruikshank. 
He  wrote  and  edited  other  works  and 
published  a  volume  of  poems.  D. 
1871. 

ROSE,  Gustave,  chemist,  b.  at  Ber- 
lin, 1798,  spent  some  time  in  the  labor- 
atory of  Berzelius  at  Stockholm,  and 
accompanied  Humboldt  in  his  explora- 
tion of  Northern  Asia,  of  which  he 
published  an  account  in  his  "Journey 
to  the  Ural,  Altai,  and  the  Caspian 
Sea,"  1837-42.  His  "  Elemente  der 
Krvstallographie,"  a  remarkable  work, 
appeared  in  1838.  D.  1873.  —  Hein- 
eich,  a  German  chemist,  b.  in  Berlin, 
1795,  became  professor  there  in  1835, 
and  published  a  well-known  manual  of 
analytical  chemistry.  He  discovered 
a  new  metal  which  he  called  niobium. 
D.  1864. —  Henry  John,  an  English 
author  and  archdeacon,  b.  1801,  edited 
the  "  Encyclopaedia  Metropolitana," 
from  1839;  and  the  first  volume  of  the 
biographical  dictionary  that  bears  his 
name.  He  translated  Neander's  "  His- 
tory of  the  Christian  Religion  and 
Church  during  the  first  three  Centu- 
ries," 2  vols.  D.  1873.  —  Sir  George 
Henry,  an  English  diplomatist,  b. 
1771,  and  educated  at  Cambridge.  In 
1807  he  was  sent  on  an  extraordinary 
mission  to  the  United  States,  and  was 
afterward  ambassador  at  Munich,  and 
at  Berlin.  He  succeeded  his  father  as 
clerk  of  the  parliament.  He  edited 
"  A  Selection  from  the  Papers  of  the 
Earls  of  Marchmont,  illustrative  of 
Events  from  1G85  to  1750,"  8vo,  3  vols. 
D.  1855. 

ROSMINI  SERBETI,  Antonio,  an 
Italian  priest  and  philosopher,  b.  in 
Roveredo,  1797,  founded  in  1828  "the 
brethren  of  charity,"  a  religious  order 
known  as  the  Rosminiani,  and  published 
35  volumes  of  philosophical  and  theo- 
logical works.  He  was  nominated  by 
Pius  IX.  to  the  Cardinalate,  but  not 
confirmed,  on  account  of  his  work  on 
church  government  and  reform  which 
was  put  on  the  Index  Expurgatorius. 


Two  memoirs  of  Rosmini  have  been 
published  since  his  death  in  1855. 

ROSS,  John  (Kooweskoowe),  a  Cher- 
okee chief,  b.  in  Georgia  about  1790, 
was  a  half-breed,  and  received  a  good 
English  education.  He  was  distin- 
guished by  the  ability  with  which  he 
contested  the  efforts  of  Georgia  to  re- 
move his  tribe  from  her  limits,  and  for 
his  protest  against  the  New  Echota 
treaty.  The  Indians,  however,  were 
compelled  to  remove.  In  1861  he  en- 
tered into  a  treaty  with  the  seceding 
states.  D.  1806  at"  Washington,  where 
he  was  urging  the  claims  of  his  tribe 
for  losses  during  the  war.  —  Sir  John, 
a  distinguished  navigator,  b.  1777, 
entered  the  British  navy  in  1786,  and 
in  1818  was  associated*  with  Sir  W. 
E.  Parry  in  an  expedition  to  Baffin's 
Bay:  from  1829  to  1833  he  prosecuted 
further  researches  in  the  same  direction 
in  the  Victory  steamer,  making  val- 
uable discoveries,  and  being  knighted 
on  his  return  to  England.  In  1850  he 
made  a  Jast  expedition  to  the  Arctic 
Ocean  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin. 
He  published  narratives  of  his  princi- 
pal voyages.  D.  1856.  —  Sir  James 
Clark,  rear-admiral,  an  arctic  ex- 
plorer, b.  in  London,  1800,  entered  the 
British  navy  in  1812,  and  in  1827  was 
made  commander  for  his  services  un- 
der Sir  W.  E.  Parry,  in  an  attempt  to 
reach  the  north  pole.  In  1829  he  em- 
barked with  his  uncle  on  the  remark- 
able voyage  of  the  Victory.  For  the 
determination  of  the  exact  position  of 
the  north  magnetic  pole  and  eminent 
scientific  and  geographical  discoveries, 
he  received  the  rank  of  post-captain  in 
1834.  He  commanded  the  expedition, 
consisting  of  the  Erebus  and  Terror, 
which  left  England  in  1839  on  a  voyage 
of  discovery  to  the  Antarctic  Ocean  ; 
and  in  1848  was  appointed  to  command 
the  first  expedition  sent  in  search  of 
Sir  John  Franklin.  D.  1862.  —Sir 
William  Charles,  a  celebrated  min- 
iature painter,  b.  in  London,  1794  ;  d. 
1860. 

ROSSE,  William  Parsons,  Third 
Earl  of,  b.  1800  at  York,  was  educated 
at  Oxford,  and  devoted  himself  to  philo- 
sophical pursuits,  and  more  particularly 
to  astronomy.  Lord  Rosse  resided 
chiefly  at  Birr  Castle,  in  Ireland,  where 
he  set  up  his  first  telescope  in  1831.  It 
had  a  concave  speculum  of  3  feet  di- 
ameter, a  focal  distance  of  27  feet,  and 
was  so  nicely  balanced,  by  means  of 
weights  overpulleys,  that  it  could  be 
raised   or  lowered  "to   any   angle  with 


268 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


[rou 


the  greatest  ease.  With  a  newer  and 
more  gigantic  instrument,  52  feet  in 
length  and  7  feet  in  diameter,  having  a 
6-feet  speculum,  many  of  the  nebula; 
previously  seen  as  luminous  patches 
were  resolved  into  stars ;  new  nebulous 
mist  was  revealed  to  observation.  This 
instrument  was  the  first  of  the  size 
ever  constructed.  Lord  Rosse's  ob- 
servations appear  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society,  of 
which  he  was  five  years  president.  D. 
1861. 

ROSSEL,  Louis  Nathaniel,  a 
French  soldier,  b.  in  Brittany  1811, 
entered  the  army  and  was  colonel  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  Communist  insur- 
rection in  Paris  in  March,  1871.  Siding 
with  the  Communists  he  resigned  his 
commission  in  the  army,  and  was  made 
their  minister  of  war.  He  was  cap- 
tured by  the  police  of  the  victorious 
government  in  June,  and  tried  before 
the  court-martial  at  Versailles.  He 
was  condemned  to  death,  and  in  spite 
of  the  most  earnest  endeavors  in  his 
behalf  he  was  shot  at  Satorv,  November 
28,  1871.  His  "Posthumous  Papers," 
which  were  translated  into  English, 
appeared  in  1872. 

ROSSETTI,  Gabriel,  an  Italian 
poet  and  commentator  on  Dante,  b. 
1783,  was  exiled  in  1821  and  sought 
refuge  in  England.  He  was  professor 
of  Italian  literature  in  King's  college, 
London,  from  1831  to  1815,  when  he 
resigned  on  account  of  blindness.  D. 
in  London.  1854. 

ROSSINI,  Gioacchimo  Antonio, 
a  celebrated  musical  composer,  b. 
1792  at  Pesaro,  in  the  States  of  the 
Church.  His  father  was  an  indifferent 
performer  on  the  French  horn  in  a 
strolling  company  of  musicians.  Young 
Rossini  became  one  of  the  party  when 
only  ten  or  twelve  years  old,  and  picked 
up  the  elements  of  the  art  in  which 
he  was  destined  to  become  a  master. 
When  about  fifteen  years  of  age  he 
entered  the  lyceum  of  Bologna,  where 
he  studied  counterpoint  and  composi- 
tion, under  Stanislas  Mattei.  His  ear- 
lier operas  are  forgotten.  The  first 
which  made  him  famous  was  "  Tan- 
credi,"  brought  out  at  Venice  1813,  and 
followed  some  months  later  by  "  LTtal- 
jana  in  Algieri."  "II  Barbiere  di  Se- 
viglia,"  an  opera  buffet,  produced  at 
Rome  1816,  was  condemned  on  the  first 
night,  though  it  is  now,  perhaps,  the 
most  popular  of  all  operas,  except  Mo- 
zart's "  Don  Giovanni."  "  11  Bar- 
biere "    was    followed     by     "Otello," 


"  Cenerentola,"  "La  Gazza  Ladra," 
"Mose"  in  Egitto,"  "Zelmira,"  "  Se- 
miramide,"  and  other  operas.  The 
crowning  glory  of  his  career,  "  William 
Tell,"  was  produced  at  the  Academie 
Royale  in  Paris,  1829.  With  this  grand 
effort  Rossini's  career  may  be  said  to 
have  terminated.  As  a  church  com- 
poser, he  is  chiefly  known  by  his 
beautiful  "Stabat  Mater."  D.  at  Paris, 
1868.  It  has  been  said  that  the  last 
39  years  of  his  life  were  devoted  to 
gastronomy,  the  cultivation  of  bon  mots, 
and  the  adulation  of  artistic  society. 

ROTHE,  Richard,  a  distinguished 
German  theologian,  b.  at  Posen,  1799, 
was  a  pupil  of  Neander  and  a  friend 
of  Bunsen.  He  was  said  to  resemble 
Schleiermacher  in  fervid  piety  and  di- 
alectical acumen,  Hegel  in  his  specu- 
lative method,  and  the  mystics  in  his 
theosophie  tendencies.  His  great  work 
is  the  "  Theologische  Ethik,"  3  vols., 
2d  edition  recast  1867.     D.  1867. 

ROTHSCHILD,  Baron  Anselm,  the 
eldest  of  the  brothers  of  the  financial 
house  of  the  Rothschilds,  b.  1773;  d.  at 
Frankfort,  1855. —  Baron  James  de, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  b.  1792,  was 
the  youngest  and  last  surviving  son  of 
the  founder  of  the  great  commercial 
house  of  his  name.  On  the  death  of 
his  father  in  1812,  James  took  up  his 
residence  in  Paris,  with  a  fortune  of 
.£10,000  ;  and  left  an  estate  estimated 
at  not  much  less  than  fifty  millions 
sterling,  amassed  in  financial  operations 
on  the  largest  scale,  conducted  in  con- 
cert with  his  brothers  and  nephews.  He 
was  unrivalled  in  his  judgment  in  af- 
fairs, and  was  distinguished  alike  for 
his  personal  and  private  character,  and 
his  princely  liberality.  He  left  a  widow 
and  several  children.     D.  1869. 

ROUGE,  Olivier  Charles  Camillk 
Emmanuel  de,  a  French  Egvptologist, 
b.  in  Paris,  1811  ;  d.  1873."  He  "was 
one  of  the  editors  of  the  "  Revue  Ar- 
chenlogique,"  and  professor  in  the  Col- 
lege de  France.  He  published  many 
volumes,  the  results  of  his  Egyptian 
researches. 

ROUGET,  Georges,  a  French  paint- 
er, b.  in  Paris,  1781,  was  a  pupil  of 
David,  and  a  successful  copvist  of  his 
style.     D.  1869. 

ROUS,  Henry  John,  an  'English 
admiral,  b.  1795,  entered  the  navy  in 
1808,  and  distinguished  himself  in  1835 
by  a  remarkable  feat  of  seamanship,  in 
bringing  home  the  Pique  from  a  reef 
of  rocks  on  the  Labrador  coast,  with  a 
sprung  foremast,  and  without  a   keel, 


run] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


269 


forefoot,  or  rudder,  and  making  twenty- 
three  inches  of  leakage  per  hour.  For 
this  aehievment  he  was  returned  to  par- 
liament as  member  for  Westminster. 
In  1836  he  retired  from  the  navy,  and 
devoted  himself  chiefly  to  horse-racing. 
Styled  the  "  Dictator  of  the  Turf," 
Admiral  Rous  was  the  author  of  "  Laws 
and  Practice  of  Horse  Racing,"  the 
standard  authority  on  the  subject.  D. 
1877. 

RoCSSEAU,  Lovell  Harrison, 
brigadier-general  U.  S.  A.,  b.  in  Ken- 
tucky, 1818,  without  any  early  educa- 
tion, studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  Indiana,  went  early  into  politics, 
was  captain  of  a  company  of  volunteers 
in  the  Mexican  war,  and  on  his  return 
practised  law  in  Louisville,  Ky.  When 
the  civil  war  broke  out  he  raised  two 
Kentucky  regiments  for  the  support  of 
the  U.  S."  government.  Made  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers  in  November, 
1861,  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
activity  and  gallantry,  and  in  1864 
commanding  the  district  of  Tennessee, 
he  made  his  famous  raid  into  Alabama, 
destroying  the  Montgomery  and  Atlan- 
ta lines  of  railroad.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  congress  from  the  Louisville  dis- 
trict, 1805-07,  and  supported  the  Re- 
construction policy  of  President  John- 
son. In  1867  he  was  made  brigadier- 
general  U.  S.  A.,  and  assigned  to  duty 
in  Alaska.  Subsequently  commanding 
in  New  Orleans,  he  d.  there  in  1869.  — 
Theodore,  a  French  landscape  paint- 
er, b.  in  Paris,  1812,  was  an  adherent 
of  the  romantic  school,  and  was  for 
many  years  excluded  from  the  exhibi- 
tion by  his  classic  judges.  But  on  his 
reappearance  in  the  salon  in  184!),  he 
immediately  assumed  rank  among  the 
first  landscape  painters  of  Europe.  In 
his  scenes  he  affects  the  grave  and  se- 
vere.    D.  1867. 

ROUTH,  Martin  Joseph,  a  learned 
English  writer,  the  friend  of  Porson, 
Parr,  and  other  names  of  other  genera- 
tions, d.  1854,  in  his  100th  year.  His 
principal  works  are  the  ''  Reliquiae  Sa- 
cr;e."   and  an  edition  of  Burnet. 

RUBINI,  Giovanni  Battista,  a 
famous  tenor  singer,  b.  in  Italy,  1795. 
He  commenced  his  musical  career  by 
playing  the  violin  in  the  church  of 
Romano,  and  made  his  first  appearance 
on  the  stage  at  Naples  in  1815.  In 
Paris  and  London  he  acquired  a  bril- 
liant reputation  and  a  large  fortune. 
D.  1854. 

RUCKERT,  Fkiedkich,  a  German 
poet    and    orientalist,    b.    in    Bavaria, 


1789,  studied  at  Jena,  and  made  a  tour 
through  Italy.  In  1826  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  the  Persian  lan- 
guage at  Erlangen,  whence  he  was 
summoned  to  Berlin  by  King  Frederick 
Wilhelm  in  1830.  Ill  1849  he  retired 
to  his  estate  near  Coburg,  where  he 
spent  the  remainder  of  his  life.  His 
"  Deutsche  Gedichte  "  appeared  in 
1814,  and  was  followed  by  numerous 
other  poetical  works,  some  original,  and 
some  translated  from  oriental  lan- 
guages. D.  1866.  —  Leopold  Emman- 
uel, a  German  theologian  and  biblical 
critic,  b.  1797,  held  an  intermediate  po- 
sition between  rationalism  and  ortho- 
doxy, and  published  many  commen- 
taries, sermons,  and  dissertations.  D. 
1871. 

REDE,  Francois,  a  distinguished 
French  sculptor,  b.  at  Dijon,  1784;  d. 
1855.  He  was  the  principal  artist  em- 
ployed in  1836  to  decorate  the  "  Arc 
de  Triumphe  de  l'Etoile." 

RUDIGER,  Feodor  Vasilievitch, 
Count,    a    Russian    General,    b.    about 

1790,  distinguished  himself  in  the 
Turkish  campaign  of  1828-29,  and  in 
the  suppression  of  the  Polish  insurrec- 
tion of  1830.  He  commanded  a  corps 
d'armee  in  the  Hungarian  campaign  of 
1849,  and  defeated  Gorgei  in  a  pitched 
battle  at  Waitzen.  He  was  considered 
the  ablest  general  in  the  Russian  ser- 
vice.    D.  1856. 

RUFFIN,  Edward,  American  agri- 
culturist and  politician,  b.  in  Virginia, 
1794,  published  an  "  Essay  on  Calca- 
reous Manures,"  report  of  an  agricul- 
tural survey  of  South  Carolina,  and 
"Essay  and  Notes  on  Agriculture." 
He  edited  several  agricultural  journals, 
and  the  Westover  MSS.  by  W.  Bird. 
He  was  an  ultra  secessionist,  fired  the 
first  gun  on  Fort  Sumter,  and  killed 
himself  on  the  failure  of  secession,  near 
Danville,  Ya.,  June  17,  1865.  —  Thom- 
as, b.  in  North  Carolina,  represented 
Missouri  in  congress  from  1856  to 
1861,  joined  the  secessionists,  and  be- 
came a  member  of  the  confederate  con- 
gress and  a  colonel  in  the  confederate 
armv.  Wounded  in  battle  in  Virginia, 
he  d.  1863. 

RUFFNER,  Rev.  Henry,  president 
of  Lexington  college,  Va.  and  author 
of  a  pamphlet  against  the  continuance 
of  slavery  of  that  state.  B.  1788  ;  d. 
1861. 

RUNEBERG,  Johan  Ludwig,  a 
Swedish  poet,  b.  at  Jacobstad,  Finland, 
1804.  graduated  at  Abo,  1827;  studied 
the  folk-lore  of  the  Finnish  peasantry  ; 


270 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[SAI 


settled  at  Helsingsfors  in  1830  ;  edited 
a  newspaper  1832-7;  published  "Ser- 
vian Folk-Songs"  (1830);  two  vol- 
umes of  "Poems"  (1830-33)  ;  and  a 
love-idyll,  "Hanna"  (1836);  became 
professor  of  classical  literature  at  the 
college  of  Bor^a  in  1837,  and  thence- 
forth produced  in  rapid  succession  vol- 
umes of  romantic,  lyric,  and  epic 
poetry.  His  chief  work,  "  Fanrik  Stals 
Wagner"  (two  vols.  18-18-60),  is  a  col- 
lection of  songs  and  legends  of  Fin- 
land, which  contain  the  finest  lyrics  in 
the  Swedish  language,  and  made  Rune- 
berg  the  most  popular  Scandinavian 
poet  of  his  time.  An  English  transla- 
tion of  his  "Lyrical  Poems"  is  an- 
nounced in  London.     D.  May  0,  1877. 

RUSH,  Richakd.  statesman  and  di- 
plomatist, b.  in  Philadelphia,  1780;  d. 
1859.  He  was  attorney -general  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1811;  of  the  United 
States  from  1814  to  1817  ;  compiled  an 
edition  of  the  laws  of  the  United  States 
in  1815  ;  was  temporary  secretary  of 
state  in  1817  ;  minister  to  England  from 
1817  to  1825 ;  secretary  of  the  treasury 
in  the  administration  of  John  Quincy 
Adams;  candidate  for  vice-president 
with  Mr.  Adams  in  1829.  In  1829  he 
went  to  Holland  to  obtain  a  loan  for 
the  corporations  of  Georgetown,  Alex- 
andria, and  Washington  ;  in  1837,  to 
England  to  obtain  the  Smithsonian  leg- 
acy; and  in  1847  was  appointed  minis- 
ter to  France  by  President  Polk.  Dur- 
ing the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  did  not 
participate  actively  in  public  affairs. 
He  wrote  frequently  for  the  press,  and 
published  "  Memoranda  of  a  Residence 
at  the  Courtof  St.  James;  "  "Incidents 
official    and    personal     from     lal9    to 


1825  ; "  "  Washington  in  Domestic 
Life;"  and  in  1860  a  volume  of  his 
"  Occasional  Productions"  appeared. 

RUSK,  Thomas  J.,  an  American 
statesman,  b.  in  South  Carolina,  1803, 
studied  law,  and  practised  with  success 
in  Georgia.  In  1835  he  removed  to 
Texas,  and  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
vention that  declared  Texas  an  inde- 
pendent republic,  in  March,  1836;  was 
the  first  secretary  of  war,  fought  in  the 
battle  of  San  Jacinto,  and  took  com- 
mand of  the  army  after  General  Hous- 
ton was  wounded.  He  afterwards  com- 
manded several  expeditions  against  the 
Indians,  served  as  a  member  of  the 
house  of  representatives,  and  as  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  court.  In  18-45 
he  was  president  of  the  convention  that 
annexed  Texas  to  the  United  States. 
Upon  the  admission  of  Texas  into  the 
Union  he  was  elected  senator,  and  had 
just  entered  upon  his  third  senatorial 
term  when  he  d.  at  Nacogdoches,  Tex., 
1857. 

RUSSEL,  David  Allen,  an  Ameri- 
can officer,  b.  at  Salem,  N.  Y.,  1820, 
graduated  at  West  Point,  displayed 
courage  and  ability  in  the  Mexican 
war  ;  was  engaged  in  the  important 
battles  in  Virginia  of  1862-3;  brigadier- 
general  Nov.  29,  1862;  he  led  the  ad- 
vance at  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg, 
was  distinguished  at  Gettysburg,  and  in 
General  Grant's  campaign  from  the  Ra- 
pidan  to  the  James.  He  was  wounded 
in  the  assault  on  Kappahanock  station; 
was  made  brigadier-general  for  his  con- 
duct in  the  battle  of  the  Wilderness, 
and  brevet  major-general  for  the  battle 
of  Opequan,  in  which  he  was  killed 
Sept.  19,  1864. 


s. 


SAINTE-BEUVE,  Charles  Augus- 
tus, a  celebrated  French  critic,  was  b. 
at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  in  1804,  of  Eng- 
lish descent  on  the  mother's  side.  He 
was  educated,  and  studied  medicine  in 
Paris,  but  soon  discovered  that  litera- 
ture was  his  true  vocation.  He  threw 
himself  into  the  romantic  movement, 
and  joined  the  staff  of  the  "  Cenaele," 
on  which  he  was  associated  with  Alfred 
de  Musset.  Among  his  early  works 
were  two  volumes  of  poems,  which  met 
with  no  great  favor.  He  was  at  one 
time  touched  with  St.  Simonism,  but 
rapidly  outgrew  it.     In   1845  he  was 


received  at  the  French  academy.  In 
1850  he  commenced  in  the  "  Consti- 
tutional" the  celebrated  papers  on 
which  his  reputation  will  rest,  known 
as  the  "Causerics  du  Lundi,"  filling 
in  their  collected  form  more  than  20 
volumes.  He  was  created  senator  in 
1865.  Besides  the  works  mentioned, 
St.  Beuve  wrote  a  voluminous  "  His- 
toire  du  Port  Royal,"  "  Portraits  Litte- 
raires,"  "  Portraits  Contemporains,"  and 
numerous  prefaces  and  biographies.  D. 
1869. 

SAINT -HILAIRE,     Auguste,    a 
French  naturalist,  distinguished  for  his 


san] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


271 


researches  into  the  vegetation  of  South 
America.     B.  1779;  d.  1853. 

SAINTINK,  the  pseudonym  of  Jo- 
seph Xavier  Boniface,  a  French  writer, 
b.  in  Paris,  1798,  was  the  author  of  hun- 
dreds of  plays,  besides  stories,  novels, 
and  miscellanies;  but  is  best  known  by 
his  story  of  "Picciola,"  which  has 
been  through  40  editions,  and  translated 
into  several  languages.  Many  of  his 
works  have  been  translated  into  Eng- 
lish.    D.  18*55. 

ST.  JOHN,  Bayle,  an  English  trav- 
eller, b.  in  London,  1822,  was  a  member 
of  a  family  of  authors,  and  published 
among  other  works  "Adventures  in 
the  Libyan  Desert,"  "The  Subalpine 
Kingdom,"  containing  some  curious 
iocuments  on  the  life  of  Rousseau, 
"  Purple  Tints  of  Paris,"  and  "Le- 
gends of  the  Christian  East."  D.  1859. 
ST.  LEONARDS,  Edward  Bur- 
tenshaw  Sugden,  an  English  jurist 
and  lord  chancellor,  was  b.  in  London, 
1781,  the  son  of  a  hair-dresser.  He 
studied  law,  entered  a  conveyancer's 
office,  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1807. 
His  legal  reputation  was  established  by 
his  works  on  "  The  Law  of  Vendors  and 
Purchasers,"  and  on  "Powers."  A 
long  time  devoted  to  chamber  practice, 
lie  began  in  1817  to  appear  in  the  courts 
both  "of  chancery  and  common  law. 
In  1828  he  entered  the  house  of  com- 
mons as  member  for  Weymouth,  a  pro- 
nounced Tory.  As  a  legislator  he  failed 
to  distinguish  himself.  Sir  Robert  Peel 
made  him  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland  in 
1835,  and  again  in  1841.  In  1852  Lord 
Derby  gave  him  the  great  seal  of  Eng- 
land,' and  raised  him  to  the  peerage 
with  the  title  of  Lord  St.  Leonards. 
His  tenure  of  the  great  seal  was  for 
about  nine  months.  On  his  resignation 
he  occupied  himself  with  the  prepara- 
tion of  a  fourteenth  edition  of  his 
"Vendors  and  Purchasers."  He  also 
published  a  "  Handy  Book  of  Property 
Law."  D.  at  the  age  of  ninety-three 
at  Thames  Ditton,  January  29,  1875. 

SALDANHA,  Oliviera  E.  Daun 
Joao  Carlos,  a  Portuguese  marshal 
and  statesman,  b.  1790,  was  an  able 
soldier  and  a  leading  speaker  in  the 
Portuguese  chamber.  For  his  work  on 
the  concordance  of  geology  with  Gene- 
sis, the  pope  sent  him  the  grand  cross 
of  St.  Gregory.     D.  1861. 

SALE,  Sir  Robert  Henry,  an  Eng- 
lish general,  b.  1782,  entered  the  Brit- 
ish service  in  1795.  His  title  to  dis- 
tinction rests  upon  his  achievements  in 
Affghanistan,  where  his  troops  always 


formed  the  advance.  Tn  1841  he  com- 
manded the  brigade  which  stormed  the 
Khoord  Cabul  Pass,  and  retreated  upon 
Jellalabad,  followed  by  the  army  of 
Akhbar  Khan.  Sale  and  his  troops 
were  besieged  in  this  place  from  No- 
vember, 1841,  to  April,  1842,  when  he 
attacked  and  muted  the  besieging  army. 
He  was  at  the  battle  of  Moodkee,  De- 
cember, 1845,  where  his  left  thigh  was 
shattered  by  a  grape-shot  which  proved 
fatal.  —  Lady  Florentia,  wife  of  the 
preceding,  remarkable  for  the  daring 
constancy  with  which  she  accompanied 
her  husband  in  all  his  campaigns.  At 
the  period  of  the  Cabul  disasters  she 
became  the  prisoner  of  Akhbar  Khan, 
and  afterwards  published  a  memoir  of 
her  captivitv.     D.  1854. 

SALOMONS,  Sir  David,  b.  in  Lon- 
don, 1797,  of  the  Jewish  persuasion, 
was  the  first  Hebrew  ever  elected  lord 
mayor  of  London.  He  was  chosen 
M.  P.  for  Greenwich  in  1851,  but  ob- 
I  jecting  to  the  oath  administered  "on  the 
faith  of  a  Christian,"  he  did  not  take 
his  seat  till  1858,  when  he  was  admitted 
by  a  resolution  of  the  house.  Origi- 
nally a  merchant,  he  was  called  to  the 
bar  in  1849.  He  was  three  times  re- 
elected for  Greenwich.  He  wrote  on  the 
corn  laws,  currency,  oaths,  religious 
liabilities,  and  other  subjects.    D.  1873. 

SALTOUN,  Alexander  George 
Fraskr,  Lord,  remembered  for  his  de- 
fence of  Hougoumont  at  the  battle  of 
Waterloo.     B.  1785  ;  d.  1853. 

SAMSON,  Joseph  Isidore,  a  FYench 
actor  and  dramatist,  b.  at  St.  Denis, 
1793;  d.  1871.  He  was  especially  dis- 
tinguished in  the  Comedies  of  Moliere 
and  Beaumarchais. 

SANDl^KS,  William  P.,  an  officer 
of  the  U.  S.  army,  b.  in  Kentucky, 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1856,  and 
in  the  civil  war  was  appointed  briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers,  and  com- 
manded a  cavalry  division  in  East  Ten- 
nessee. He  was  wounded  in  the  battle 
at  Campbell's  station,  and  d.  at  Knox- 
ville,  1863. 

SAN  MIGUEL,  Evariste,  a  Span- 
ish journalist,  statesman,  and  soldier, 
b.  1780;  d.  1862.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  "  Hymn  of  Riego,"  a  popular 
Spanish  war-song;  and  also  of  a  history 
of  Philip  II. 

SANTA  ANNA,  Antonio  Lopez 
de,  a  Mexican  general  and  statesman, 
b.  at  Jalapa,  1798,  entered  military  life 
in  1821,  when  he  expelled  the  royalists 
from  Vera  Cruz,  and  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  that  city.     Deposed  iu 


272 


CYCLOF.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[SAR 


1822,  he  raised  the  banner  of  the  repub- 
lic, and  conspired  for  the  overthrow  of 
the  Emperor  Iturbide.  He  overthrew 
the  Pedrazza  administration,  in  favor 
of  Guerrero,  who  made  him  minister  of 
war  and  commander  in  chief.  He  then 
conspired  to  replace  Guerrero  as  Exec- 
utive by  Bustamente;  and  to  replace 
Bustamente  by  Pedrazza.  In  1833  he 
was  elected  president.  Insurrections 
and  conspiracies  followed,  and  in  1835 
he  announced  himself  as  dictator.  An 
emigration  of  the  discontented  to  Texas 
was  the  consequence,  and  an  inde- 
pendent government  was  formed  there. 
Santa  Anna  inarched  in  person  against 
the  insurgents  at  the  head  of  6,000  men, 
stormed  the  Alamo  at  San  Antonio 
on  March  6,  1836,  and  massacred  its 
defenders,  and  was  totally  routed  at 
San  Jacinto  by  General  Houston,  April 
21,  and  taken  prisoner  the  following 
day.  In  1837  he  returned  to  Mexico 
by  the  way  of  the  United  States,  and 
was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the 
presidency,  receiving  only  two  electoral 
votes.  Taking  part  in  the  defence  of 
Vera  Cruz  at  the  time  of  the  French 
bombardment,  he  was  wounded  and  lost 
a  leg.  After  severe  party  straggles  and 
vicissitudes,  he  was  again  made  presi- 
dent in  1841,  and  ruled  absolutely  till 
1845.  when  he  was  banished  for  ten 
years  by  a  new  revolution.  In  1846  he 
was  recalled  and  made  generalissimo, 
and  afterwards  provisional  president. 
At  the  head  of  20,000  men  he  marched 
towards  the  Rio  Grande,  and  attacked 
General  Taylor,  who  was  posted  with 
5,000  men  at  Buena  Vista,  1'ebruary  22, 

1847.  He  was  repulsed  the  following 
day.  Raising  a  new  army  he  posted  it 
at  Cerro  Gordo,  where  he  was  routed 
by  General  Scott,  April  18.  After  the 
fall  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  Santa  Anna 
resigned  the  presidency,  ami  sought  to 
retrieve  his  reputation  by  the  siege  of 
Puebla,  but  was  defeated  by  General 
Lane.  With  permission  from  General 
Scott  he  sailed   for   Jamaica,  April  3, 

1848.  In  1853  he  returned  to  Mexico, 
and  again  became  president,  and  sub- 
stantially dictator,  till  he  was  displaced 
by  a  counter-revolution,  and  signing 
an  unconditional  abdication,  sailed  for 
Havana,  August  16,  1855.  After  living 
quietly  for  some  years  in  the  Island 
of  St.  Thomas,  he  reappeared  at  Vara 
Cruz  in  1863,  and  prepared  a  manifesto 
which  General  Bazaine  would  not  per- 
mit him  to  publish.  Maximilian  ap- 
pointed him  grand  marshal  of  the  em- 
pire, and  thus  afforded  him  an  oppor- 


tunity of  conspiring  again  for  his  own 
advancement.  Detected  or  suspected, 
he  again  withdrew  to  St.  Thomas.  In 
1867  he  planned  an  expedition  against 
Juarez,  and  made  a  last  effort  to  regain 
supreme  power.  He  was  captured,  tried 
by  a  court-martial,  and  condemned  to 
death,  but  pardoned  on  condition  of 
quitting  the  country.  After  the  death 
of  Juarez  he  was  permitted  to  return 
to  Mexico.     1).  June  20,  1876. 

SARGENT,  Lucius  Maxlius,  an 
American  author,  b.  in  Boston,  Mass., 
1786,  graduated  at  Harvard  college  and 
studied  law,  but  never  practised.  In 
1813  he  published  "  Hubert  and  Ellen, 
with  other  Poems."  He  became  much 
interested  in  the  temperance  reform  at 
an  early  period,  and  wrote  three  volumes 
of  "Temperance  Tales"  that  were 
very  largely  circulated.  His  "Deal- 
ings with  the  Dead,''  in  two  vols., 
were  a  series  of  biographical  and  satir- 
ical essays  that  were  originally  con- 
tributed to  the  columns  of  a  Boston 
journal,  and  many  of  them  are  of  per- 
manent interest.  *  D.  1867.  —  I.UCIUS 
Manlius,  Junior,  son  of  the  preceding, 
b.  in  Boston  in  1826,  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college,  was  an  excellent  draughts- 
man, an  accomplished  surgeon,  and  a 
gallant  officer.  Entering  the  army  in 
the  civil  war  as  a  surgeon,  he  was  af- 
terward appointed  captain  of  cavalry, 
and  promoted  lieutenant-colonel ;  he  was 
killed  in  action  by  a  shell,  Dec.  9,  1864, 
while  leading  a  gallant  charge  against 
the  enemy.  His  elder  brother,  Horace 
Binney  Sargent,  who  served  in  Louis- 
iana, was  brigadier-general  by  brevet.  — 
Wimthkop,  an  American  author,  b.  in 
Philadelphia  1825,  studied  law,  and 
practised  in  New  York.  He  wrote  an 
interesting  and  valuable  "Life  of  An- 
dre," and  an  introductory  memoir  pre- 
fixed to  the  Journals  of  Officers  en- 
gaged in  Braddock's  Expedition,  printed 
by  the  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society 
in  1855.  Hepublished  "Loyalist  Poe- 
try of  the  Revolution,"  and  "  Letters 
of  John  Andrews,  Esq.,  1772-6."  D. 
in  Paris,  1870. 

SAKS,  Mi<  iiakl,  an  eminent  zo- 
ologist, was  1).  in  Norway,  1805,  and 
studied  theology  in  the  university  of 
Christiania.  But,  while  yet  a  boy,  he 
had  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  the 
natural  sciences,  and  devoted  himself 
in  the  end  to  zoology  alone.  He  be- 
came pastor  of  a  seaside  parish  in  the 
diocese  of  Bergen.  Between  1830  and 
1S.")4,  he  published  a  number  of  admi- 
rable researches  on  the  evolution  and 


sen] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


273 


metamorphoses  of  some  of  the  lower 
animals,  and  the  first  part  of  his  mag- 
nificent work,  "Fauna  Littoralis  Norve- 
gia?."  He  made  two  voyages  to  the 
arctic  zone,  to  the  Lofoden  Islands,  to 
Finmark,  pursuing  his  investigations, 
and  in  1852  and  1853  he  studied  the 
marine  fauna  of  the  Mediterranean.  In 
his  last  work,  "Memoire  pour  servir  a 
la  Connaissance  des  Crinoides  Vivants," 
he  described  a  crinoid  living  in  the 
northern  seas,  belonging  to  a  group 
considered  as  extinct  for  long  geolog- 
ical periods.     D.  1869. 

SAVAGE,  James,  an  American  anti- 
quarian and  author,  b.  in  Boston,  1784, 
graduated  at  Harvard  college,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  his  native  city. 
He  contributed  to  the  "  Monthly  An- 
thology "  and  the  "  N.  A.  Review," 
published  a  valuable  edition  of  Win- 
throp's  "History  of  New  England,'' 
and  in  1862  "  A  Genealogical  Diction- 
ary of  the  First  Settlers  of  New-  Eng- 
land." D.  1873.  —  John,  an  eminent 
jurist,  for  11  years  chief  justice  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  State  of  New 
York.  B.  1779  ;  d.  1863.  —  Mahmiox 
W.,  an  Irish  novelist,  settled  in  Lon- 
don in  1856,  anil  was  for  several  years 
editor  of  the  "Examiner."  His  first 
work,  "The  Falcon  Family,"  was  pub- 
lished in  1815.  It  was  followed  by 
"The  Bachelor  of  the  Albany,"  "My 
Uncle  the  Curate,"  published  anony- 
mously ;  and  by  "Reuben  Medlicote, 
or  the  Coming  Man,"  to  which  his 
name  was  attached.  D.  at  Torquay, 
1872. 

SAVIGNY,  Frieorich  Karl  von, 
a  distinguished"  German  jurist,  b.  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Maine,  1779.  graduated 
LL.  D.  at  Marburg  in  1800.  Profes- 
sor of  law  in  Berlin,  Prussian  privy 
councillor  of  justice,  member  of  the 
council  of  state,  and  privy  minister  of 
state  in  1812  ;  withdrew  from  public  life 
in  1818.  He  published  a  "Treatise  on 
Possession,"  a  "  History  of  the  Roman 
Law  in  the  Middle  Ages,"  and  other 
works.     D.  1861. 

SAY,  Horace  Emile,  a  French  po- 
litical economist,  b.  at  Paris  in  1791, 
and  educated  at  Geneva,  was  the  son  of 
the  great  economist,  Jean  Baptiste  Say. 
His"  chief  work  is  a  "  History  of  the 
Commercial  Intercourse  between  France 
and  Brazil."  He  edited  with  care  the 
great  work  of  his  father,  "  The  Com- 
plete Practical  Course  of  Political  Econ- 
omy."    D.  1860. 

SCARLETT,  Sir  James  Yorke,  a 
British  general,  a  son  of  Lord  Abinger, 
18 


for  his  services  in  the  Crimean  war  cre- 
ated K.  C.  B.  and  commander  of  the 
legion  of  honor,  afterwards  lieutenant- 
general  and  G.  C.  B.     B.  1799;  d.  1871. 

SCHADOW'-GODENHAUS,  VON, 
Frikdrich  YVii.helm,  a  German 
painter,  b.  at  Berlin,  studied  art  at 
Rome  under  Cornelius  and  Overbeck, 
and  became  distinguished  as  a  histor- 
ical and  portrait  painter.     D.  1862. 

SdlAI  AKICK,  Paul  Joseph,  an 
eminent  Slavonic  scholar,  b.  in  North 
Hungary,  1795,  wrote  a  "  History  of  the 
Slavonic  Language  and  Literature," 
"  Slavonic  Antiquities,"  and  "  Slavonic 
Ethnology."     D.  1871. 

SCHAMYL  (Ben  Mohammed 
Schamyl  Effkndi),  a  Caucasian  war- 
rior, was  b.  in  1797,  in  the  north  of  the 
Caucasian  district  of  Daghestan.  He 
belonged  to  the  "Sufi"  party,  the  re- 
formers of  Islamism.  He  commenced 
his  career  in  1821,  and  entered  with  his 
whole  heart  on  what  was  to  him  a  holy 
war  against  the  Russians.  In  1831  the 
Circassians  gained  some  decided  advan- 
tages ;  Schamyl  was  left  for  dead  in 
one  instance;  another  was  chosen  chief, 
and  Schamyl  acted  under  him,  on  his 
recovery,  without  a  murmur.  He  be- 
came the  leader  of  the  Circassians  in 
1837,  when  he  defeated  the  Russians 
under  General  Ivelitsch.  Two  years 
later  he  renewed  the  war,  and  contin- 
ued it  twenty  years  with  great  ability 
and  success.  He  has  been  termed  the 
Abd-el-Kader  of  the  Caucasus;  and, 
like  the  Arab  chief,  he  fell  into  the 
hands  of  his  enemy.  Deserted  by  num- 
bers on  whom  he  had  placed  depend- 
ence, Schamyl  and  his  son  became  cap- 
tives in  1859,  and  Russia  at  length  took 
possession  of  the  long-coveted  territory. 
He  soon  after  took  up  his  abode  at  Ka- 
luga, and  there  in  1866  swore  allegiance 
to  the  czar.     D.  1871. 

SCHEFFER,  Ary,  a  French  painter, 
b.  in  Holland,  1795,  educated  in  France, 
and  in  part  by  Guerin,  acquired  an 
early  reputation  by  his  pictures,  and 
wasone  of  the  founders  of  the  French 
romantic  school.  Among  his  best  ef- 
forts are  "Francescada  Rimini  and  her 
Lover  encountering  Dante  and  Virgil 
in  the  Inferno,"  "  Christ  comforting 
the  Weary  and  Heavy-laden,"  the 
"Dead  Christ,"  and  the  two  pictures  of 
"  Mignon,"  from  Goethe's  "  Wilhelm 
Meister."  D.  1858.  —  Henri,  a  French 
painter,  brother  of  the  above,  was  b. 
1798,  and  d.  1862.  He  painted  some 
historical  pieces  of  merit,  and  excellent 
portraits,  among  others,   those  of   Ar- 


274 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


[SCH 


mand  Carrel,  Francois  Arago,  and  Au- 
gustin  Thierry;  but  he  excelled  in 
small  pictures'  of  historical  or  anecdot- 
ical  subjects. 

SCHILLING,  Friedrich  Wiliielm 
Joseph  von,  the  last  survivor  of  the 
series  of  German  philosophers  of  which 
Kant,  Jacobi,  Herbart,  Fichte,  and  He- 
gel were  the  other  chiefs,  was  b.  at 
Leonberg,  in  Wurtemberg,  in  1775,  and 
d.  1854.  By  the  nature  of  his  specula- 
tion, developed  in  a  number  of  frag- 
mentary publications,  chiefly  in  the 
earlier  part  of  his  life,  Schelling  occu- 
pies a  place  among  German  philoso- 
phers between  Fichte  and  Hegel. 

SCHETKY,  John  Christian,  the 
favorite  marine  painter  of  William  IV., 
"the  sailor  king,"  was  educated  in 
Edinburgh,  and  was  the  contemporary 
and  friend  of  Scott,  Francis  Horner, 
Wilson,  and  the  men  who  gave  such 
lustre  to  the  capital  of  Scotland  in  the 
first  quarter  of  this  century.  He  pub- 
lished several  works  illustrated  by  en- 
gravings from  his  drawings  and  paint- 
ings, and  his  marine  pictures  are  in 
various  collections.  Like  Van  der 
Velde,  his  predecessor  in  the  office  of 
royal  marine  painter,  he  was  a  left- 
handed  artist.  D.  1874,  at  the  age  of 
95  vears. 

SCHIMMELPENNINCK,  Mary 
Anne,  author  of  "  Memoirs  of  Port 
Royal,"  was  b.  near  Birmingham,  in 
1778,  of  parents  belonging  to  the  so- 
ciety of  friends,  her  maiden  name 
being  Galton.  Having  joined  the  Mo- 
ravian body,  she  became  eminent  by 
her  efforts  to  promote  religious  and  be- 
nevolent movements.  She  d.  in  1856, 
leaving  an  autobiography,  since  pub- 
lished. 

SCHLEICHER,  August,  a  German 
philologist,  b.  at  Meiningen,  1821,  be- 
came in  1850  professor  extraordinary 
of  philology  at  the  University  of 
Prague.  In  1857  he  removed  to  Jena, 
as  honorary  professor.  He  was  dis- 
tinguished in  comparative  philology, 
and  in  the  Indo-Germanic  languages, 
on  which  he  published  several  volumes. 
1).  1869. 

SCHLEY,  William,  author  of  "  A 
Digest  of  the  English  Statutes;"  rep- 
resentative in  congress  from  Georgia, 
and  governor  of  that  state  in  1836  and 
1837.  13.  in  Maryland,  1786  ;  d.  at 
Aunusta,  1858. 

SCHLOSSER,  Friedrich  Chris- 
tophe,  a  German  historian,  b.  1776  ;  d. 
1861.  He  was  a  voluminous  writer, 
but  his  greatest  work  is  a  "  History  of 


the  Eighteenth  Century,  and  of  the 
Nineteenth  to  the  Overthrow  of  the 
French  Empire,"  published  at  Heidel- 
berg, 1823-46,  and  translated  and  pub- 
lished in  England  in  eight  volumes, 
1843-52. 

SCHNEIDER,  John  Christian 
Fredkkick,  a  composer  classed  among 
the  musical  creators  of  Germany,  was 
b.  near  Zittau,  in  1786.  His  works 
include  oratorios,  cantatas,  psalms, 
hymns,  and  other  service  music.  D. 
1853. 

SCHNORR  VON  KAROLSFELD, 
Julius,  a  German  painter,  b.  1794,  stud- 
ied with  Cornelius  at  Rome,  and  painted 
eleven  frescoes  from  the  "Orlando  Fu- 
rioso,"  for  the  Villa  Massini.  In  1827 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  historical 
painting  in  the  academy  at  Munich, 
and  painted  his  frescoes  from  the  "Nie- 
belungen-Lied."  He  is  best  known  by 
his  admirable  series  of  wood  engravings 
in  illustration  of  the  Bible,  "Die  Bibel 
in  Bildern,"  1854.     D.  1872. 

SCHOMBURGK,  Sir  Robert  Her- 
mann, a  traveller  and  naturalist,  b.  in 
Tburingia,  1804.  He  undertook  an  ex- 
ploratory voyage  to  Guiana  in  1835, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  royal  geo- 
graphical society  of  London,  and  his 
botanical  researches  were  rewarded  by 
the  discovery  of  that  remarkable  plant, 
the  Victoria  Regia  water-lily.  He  pub- 
lished a  "  Survey  of  British  Guiana," 
"  Views  in  the  Interior  of  Guiana," 
and  a  "History  of  Barbadoes."  D.  in 
Berlin,  1865. 

SCHONBEIN,  Christian  Fried- 
rich, a  German  chemist,  b.  1799,  dis- 
covered ozone,  and  in  1845  produced 
gun  cotton.     D.  1868. 

SCHOOLCRAFT,  Henry  Rowe, 
LL.  D.,  a  writer  on  Indian  ethnology 
and  history,  and  on  the  geology  of  the 
Lake  Superior  copper  region;  b.  in  Al- 
bany county,  N.  Y.,  1793.  His  principal 
work,  prepared  under  a  resolution  of 
congress,  is  in  quarto  and  illustrated, 
and  entitled  "  Historical  and  Statistical 
Information  respecting  the  History, 
Condition,  and  Prospects  of  the  Indian 
Tribes  of  the  United  States."  He 
published  records  of  his  various  ex- 
plorations, the  more  important  of  which 
have  been  brought  together  in  a  "  Nar- 
rative of  an  Exploratory  Expedition  to 
the  Sources  of  the  Mississippi  River  in 
1820,  resumed  and  completed  by  the 
Discovery  of  its  Origin  in  Itasca  Lake 
in  1832;  "  and  also  "  Algic  Research- 
es," "  Personal  Memoirs,"  and  some 
Indian  tales  and  legends.     D.  1864. 


SCO] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


275 


SCHOPENHAUER,  Arthur,  a  Ger- 
man philosopher,  b.  1788,  at  Dantzic, 
in  Prussia,  the  son-  of  a  wealthy  mer- 
chant, devoted  himself  to  intellectual 
pursuits  and  cultivated  an  early  fond- 
ness for  metaphysics.  The  work  in 
which  he  developed  his  philosophical 
views  was  first  published  in  1819,  under 
the  title  of  '•  The  World  considered  as 
Will  and  as  Appearance."  It  was  re- 
printed with  addition  in  1844,  but  did 
not  excite  much  attention  till  ten  years 
afterwards.  His  other  works  are  on 
"Liberty  of  the  Will,"  "The  Founda- 
tions of  Morals,"  and  the  '"Two  Fun- 
damental Problems  of  Ethics."  His 
collected  works  in  six  volumes  were 
published  by  Julius  Frauenstiidt  in  1874, 
who  has  also  written  a  commentary 
on  them  and  a  biography  of  the  author. 
D.  1860. 

SCHOULER,  William,  journalist 
and  politician,  b.  in  Scotland,  1814, 
came  to  this  country  at  an  early  age, 
and  commenced  his  editorial  career  in 
the  "Lowell  Courier."  He  afterwards 
edited  for  some  years  the  "Boston  At- 
las," and  afterwards  the  "Cincinnati 
Gazette."  He  was  adjutant-general 
of  the  State  of  Massachusetts  during 
the  civil  war,  and  was  an  efficient  aid 
to  Governor  Andrew.  Among  the 
works  he  published  were  "Massachu- 
setts in  the  Civil  War,"  and  "Political 
and  Personal  Recollections."     D.  1872. 

SCHUBERT,  Gotthilf  Heixkich 
von,  a  German  author  and  mystic,  b. 
in  Saxony,  1780,  was  a  disciple  of  Schel- 
ling,  and  published  numerous  works 
presenting  mystical  interpretations  of 
natural  appearances.  He  wrote,  also, 
narratives  of  travel,  biographies,  and 
an  autobiographv  in  three  volumes.  D. 
1860. 

S  C  H  U  L  TZ-SCHULTZEXSTErX, 
Karl  Heinrich,  a  German  physiolo- 
gist, b.  1798,  wrote  a  work  on  "The 
Circulation  and  the  Lactiferous  vessels 
in  Plants"  that  was  crowned  by  the 
French  academy.  He  wrote  other 
works  on  animal  physiology,  psychol- 
ogy, and  the  tbeorv  of  disease.  D.  in 
Berlin.  1871. 

SCHUMANN,  Robert,  a  German 
composer,  musician,  and  musical  critic, 
b.  1810:  d.  1856. 

SCHWARZENBERG,  Felix  Lud- 
wig  Johann  Fhiedrich,  an  Austrian 
soldier  and  statesman,  b.  1800,  entered 
diplomatic  life  as  attache"  of  the  Aus- 
trian legation  at  St.  Petersburg.  He 
was  afterward  in  a  diplomatic  position 
in  London,  where  he  distinguished  him- 


self by  an  intrigue  with  Lady  Ellenbor- 
ough.  He  was  subsequently  minister 
to  Turin  and  Naples.  In  1848  he  com- 
manded a  brigade  in  Italy,  and  was 
made  lieutenant  tield  marshal  before 
the  battle  of  Custozza.  Recalled  the 
same  year  to  Austria,  he  became  prime 
minister  and  remained  so  till  he  d.  of 
apoplexy  in  1852. 

SCHWEGLER,  Albert,  a  German 
historian,  b.  at  Michelbaeh,  Wiirtem- 
berg,  1819,  studied  theology,  but  by  his 
"  Montanismus  "  incurred  the  serious 
displeasure  of  the  clergy  and  abandoned 
the  ecclesiastical  career.  He  wrote 
"The  Post-Apostolic  Epoch,"  a  "Ro- 
man History,"  "  History  of  Philoso- 
phy," edited  ■■  Aristotle's  Metaphysics," 
with  a  translation  and  commentary,  and 
translated  "  Eusebius's  History  of  the 
Church."     D.  1859. 

SCHWEIGGER,  Johans  Salomon 
Chkistoph,  a  German  scientist,  b.  1779, 
contests  with  Oersted  the  honor  of  dis- 
covering electro-magnetism.     D.  1857. 

SCHWIND,  Moritz  von,  a  Ger- 
man painter,  b.  in  Vienna,  1804,  studied 
at  Munich  under  Cornelius,  and  estab- 
lished his  reputation  by  an  oil  painting 
illustrating  Goethe's  poem  of  "Ritter 
Kurt's  Brautfahrte."  He  executed  nu- 
merous frescoes  at  Carlsruhe,  and  de- 
signs for  St.  Michael's  church  in  Lon- 
don, and  the  opera  house  at  Vienna. 
D.  at  Munich,  1871. 

8CORESBY,  William,  an  arctic 
explorer,  b.  1790;  d.  1857.  The  son  of 
a  Yorkshire  seaman,  engaged  in  the 
whale  fishery,  he  commenced  life  as 
mate  of  the  Resolution,  and  in  1806 
sailed  into  the  highest  latitude  then 
reached  by  navigators.  His  account  of 
the  arctic  regions  is  one  of  the  most 
interesting  records  of  maritime  adven- 
ture ever  written.  He  afterwards  be- 
came a  minister  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land, and  a  contributor  to  various  scien- 
tific periodicals,  especially  with  respect 
to  magnetical  observations.  In  connec- 
with  these  investigations  he  visited  the 
U.  S.  in  1847;  he  also  lectured  on  "Zo- 
istic  Magnetism,"  and  published  works 
on  various  subjects. 

SCOTT,  Winfield,  an  American 
general,  b.  in  Petersburg,  Va.,  June  13, 
1786,  was  descended  from  a  Scotch  Ja- 
cobite who  left  his  country  after  the 
battle  of  Culloden.  He  graduated  at 
William  and  Mary  College,  studied  law 
and  entered  on  the  practice.  In  1808 
he  entered  the  U.  S.  army  as  captain 
of  artillery.  In  1809  he  was  suspended 
for  one  year  by  order  of  a  court-martial 


276 


CYCLOPEDIA   OF   BIOGRAPIIY. 


[sea 


for  censuring  the  conduct  of  his  com- 
manding   officer,    General    Wilkinson. 

This  period  lie  devoted  to  the  diligent 
study  cf  military  tactics.  On  the  open- 
ing of  the  war  of  1812  he  was  made  lieu- 
tenant-colonel and  ordered  to  the  Can- 
ada frontier.  At  the  battle  of  Queens- 
town  Heights  he  was  taken  prisoner 
with  his  command,  and  exchanged  in 
January,  1813;  he  joined  the  army  un- 
der General  Dearborn  as  adjutant-gen- 
eral with  the  rank  of  colonel.  In  May 
of  that  year  he  especially  distinguished 
himself  in  the  attack  on  Fort  George, 
where  he  was  severely  wounded  by  the 
explosion  of  a  powder  magazine.  He 
was  the  first  to  enter  the  fort,  and  with 
his  own  hand  tore  down  the  enemy's 
flag.  In  March,  1814,  he  was  made 
brigadier-general,  fought  the  battle  of 
Chippewa  on  the  5th  of  July,  and  on 
the  25th  the  battle  of  Lundy's  Lane, 
known  also  as  the  battle  of  Niagara, 
in  which  he  had  twTo  horses  shot  under 
him,  and  was  severely  wounded  by  a 
musket  ball  in  his  left  arm.  At  the 
age  of  28  he  was  made  major-general. 
On  the  return  of  peace  he  was  offered 
a  seat  in  the  cabinet  as  secretary  of 
war,  which  he  declined.  In  the  summer 
of  1815  he  visited  Europe  in  a  diplo- 
matic and  military  capacity.  In  18-32 
he  was  sent  by  President  Jackson  to 
Charleston  during  the  nullification  ex- 
citement, and  by  his  tact  and  good 
judgment  averted  the  threatened  civil 
war.  He  took-*art  in  terminating  the 
Black  Hawk  war,  but  failed  to  manage 
the  Seminole  hostilities  to  the  satisfac- 
tion of  the  government,  and  \\.t^  re- 
called. He  superintended  the  removal 
of  the  Cherokee  Indians  beyond  the 
Mississippi.  At  the  time  of  the  Cana- 
dian insurrection  in  18-37  he  was 
charged  with  the  preservation  of  neu- 
trality on  our  frontier;  and  by  his  judi- 
cious policy  during  the  northeastern 
boundary  agitation  prevented  the  hos- 
tilities that  were  seriously  apprehended. 
By  the  death  of  General  Macomb,  Gen- 
eral Scott  became  commander-in-chief. 
In  1847  he  was  assigned  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  army  in  Mexico,  and  won 
there  his  brightest  laurels.  He  invested 
Vera  Cruz,  and  in  twenty  days  reduced 
the  castle  of  San  Juan  de  Ulloa,  and  a 
garrison  of  5,000  men  laid  down  their 
arms  on  the  2'Jth  of  March.  On  the 
8th  of  April  he  fought  the  battle  of 
Cerro  Gordo,  and  drove  Santa  Anna 
and  15,000  men  from  its  heights.  He 
captured  in  rapid  succession  Jalapa, 
Perote,  and  Puebla,  and  won  victories 


at  ContreVas  and  Churubusco.  On  the 
13th  of  September,  Chapultepec  was 
stormed  anil  carried,  and  on  the  follow- 
ing day  Scott's  army  entered  the  city 
of  .Mexico.  The  treaty  of  Guadalupe- 
Hidalgo  was  signed  February  2,  1848. 
In  1852  General  Scott  received  the 
nomination  of  the  Whigs  for  the  presi- 
dency, but  received  the  electoral  vote 
of  only  four  states.  In  1855  he  was 
made  lieutenant-general.  Age  and  in- 
firmity prevented  him  from  taking  an 
active  part  in  the  civil  war,  but  he  re- 
mained faithful  to  the  flag  under  which 
he  had  won  such  eminent  distinction. 
He  retired  Oct.  31,  1861,  retaining  his 
rank  and  its  emoluments.  D.  at  West 
Point.  May  29,  1866.  He  wrote  some 
military  manuals  and  his  own  "  Me- 
moirs." 

SCRANTQN,  George  W.,  an  ex- 
tensive iron  manufacturer  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  an  active  and  influential 
promoter  of  railroads  constructed  to 
serve  the  iron  and  coal  interests  of  that 
state,  was  b.  in  Connecticut,  1811,  and 
d.  at  Scranton,  Penn.,  1861.  He  was 
a  member  of  congress  from  1858,  till 
his  death. 

SCRIBE,  Augustin  Eugene,  a 
French  dramatic  author,  b.  at  Paris, 
1791,  began  his  career  at  an  early  age, 
and  through  life  labored  for  the  stage 
with  untiring  industry  and  eminent 
success.  He  was  one  of  the  most  in- 
genious inventors  of  a  plot,  and  both 
England  and  the  United  States  inces- 
santly received  free  translations  of  his 
works.  He  wrote  350  plays,  and  his 
collected  works  fill  tiftv  volumes.  D. 
1801. 

SCROOP,  William,  author  of 
"Days  of  Deer  Stalking,"  and  "Days 
and  Nights  of  Salmon  Fishing,"  b. 
1771:  d.  in  London,  1852. 

SEALSFIELD,  Charles,  b.  in 
Switzerland,  17!t7,  early  emigrated  to 
the  United  States,  and  'in  1829-30  was 
one  of  the  editors  of  the  New  York 
"Courrier  des  Etats  Unis."  He  re- 
turned to  Switzerland  in  1844.  and 
wrote,  in  German,  a  series  of  works  on 
American  society,  institutions,  and  char- 
acteristics, which  have  been  translated 
and  republished  in  this  country.  '  D. 
1864. 

SEATON,  John  Colborne,  Lord,  a 
British  field-marshal,  b.  1779,  after  a 
school  education  entered  the  army,  at- 
tained the  rank  of  a  colonel,  and  distin- 
guished himself  in  Italy  and  Spain; 
and  more  specially  at  Waterloo  where 
he  commanded  the  52d  regiment.  After 


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CYCLOPEDIA   OF   BIOGRArnY. 


277 


the  close  of  the  war  he  was  made  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  Jersey.  In  1828 
he  was  sen!  to  Canada,  as  lieutenant- 
governoT  and  commander  of  the  forces 
of  Upper  Canada,  and  lie  subsequently 
held,  during-  the  rebellion  of  1837,  the 
united  civil  and  military  power  through- 
out the  entire  province.  Having  sup- 
pressed the  rebellion,  he  returned  to 
England,  and  was  raised  to  the  peerage 
as  Lord  Seaton.  D.  1863.  —  William 
Winston,  an  American  journalist  and 
politician,  b.  in  Virginia,  178"),  after  a 
preliminary  experience  in  several  local 
journals,  became  associated  with  Joseph 
Gales  in  the  publication  of  the  "  Na- 
tional Intelligencer"  in  Washington  in 
1812.  Gales  and  Seaton  published 
"  Annals  of  Congress,  Debates  and  Pro- 
ceedings in  that  body  from  March  3, 
2798,  to  May  27.  1824."  42  vols.  8vo; 
and  a  "Register of  Debates  "  from  1824 
to  1837.  These  works  are  of  the  great- 
est value  to  the  student  of  American 
history.  The  life  of  Mr.  Seaton  by  his 
daughter  was  published  in  Boston,  1871. 
D.  in  Washington,  1866. 

SEBASTIAN!,  Horace,  b.  in  Cor- 
sica, 1771,  served  in  many  battles  dur- 
ing Napoleon's  career,  was  created 
marshal  of  France  in  1840,  and  was 
ambassador  at  Naples  and  London 
under  Louis  Philippe.  D.  at  Paris, 
1851. 

SEDGWICK,  Adam,  an  English 
clergyman  and  geologist,  b.  in  York- 
shire, 1786,  studied  at  Cambridge  and 
was  ordained  priest  in  1818.  In  that 
year  he  was  appointed  to  the  Wood- 
ward chair  of  geology  at  Cambridge, 
and  this  chair  he  tilled  more  than  fifty 
years.  He  was  a  frequent  contributor 
to  the  scientific  "Transactions"  and 
magazines.  His  geological  studies  were 
chiefly  directed  to  the  metamorphic 
and  crystalline  rocks,  the  result  of 
which  appear  in  his  "  Synopsis  of  the 
Classification  of  the  Palaeozoic  Rocks" 
His  "Discourse  on  the  Studies  of  the 
University  of  Cambridge"  called  forth 
a  reply  from  J.  S.  Mill,  in  the  "West- 
minster Review."  He  was  an  ardent 
opponent  of  the  Darwinian  theories.  D. 
1873.— Catharine  Maria,  authoress, 
b.  in  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  1780,  pub- 
lished "The  New  England  Tale,"  her 
first  story,  in  1822.  "  Redwood," 
"  Hope  Leslie,"  "  Clarence,  or  a  Tale  of 
our  Own  Times,"  "  Le  Bossu,"  and 
"  The  Lin  woods,"  followed  at  intervals 
of  two  or  three  years,  and  were  re- 
ceived with  great  favor,  some  of  them 
being  translated  into  several  continen- 


tal languages.  On  returning  from  a 
European  visit,  she  published  "Letters 
from  Abroad"  in  1841,  and  her  last 
novel,  "Married  or  Single,"  in  1857. 
She  published  numerous  shorter  tales, 
a  "  Memoir  of  Lucretia  Davidson," 
and  the  "Life  of  Joseph  Curtis,"  of 
New  York.  A  Memoir  of  Miss  Sedg- 
wick by  Mary  E.  Dewey  was  published 
in  1871.  D.1867. — John,  an  Ameri- 
can officer,  b.  in  Connecticut,  1817, 
graduated  at  West  Point,  entered  the 
army,  distinguished  himself  in  the 
Mexican  war,  was  stationed  at  Fort 
Leavenworth  during  the  early  stages  of 
the  Kansas  trouble  to  keep  tin;  peace 
between  the  contending  parties.  He 
was  stationed  at  Fort  Wise  when  the 
civil  war  broke  out,  and  in  August, 
1861,  was  assigned  as  brigadier-general 
of  volunteers  to  command  of  a  brigade 
in  Heintzelman's  division  of  the  army 
of  the  Potomac-  He  was  brevetted, 
brigadier-general  in  the  regular  army 
for  gallantry  at  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks. 
He  was  with  Pope  in  the  closing  scene 
of  his  Virginia  campaign,  and  with 
McClellan  in  Maryland.  At  the  battle 
of  Antietam  he  was  twice  wounded  and 
was  carried  off  the  held.  In  command 
of  the  sixth  corps  of  the  army  of  the 
Potomac  he  gained  great  distinction  in 
the  battles  of  Fredericksburg  and  Get- 
tysburg. During  the  absence  of  Gen- 
eral Meade,  Sedgwick  commanded  the 
army  of  the  Potomac,  and  was  twice 
offered  the  permanent  command,  which 
he  declined.  He  took  part  in  the  battle 
of  the  Wilderness  under  Grant,  and 
was  killed  by  a  confederate  sharp- 
shooter near  Spottsylvania  court-house, 
May,  1864. — Theodore,  lawyer  and 
author,  b.  in  Albany,  in  1811,  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  New  York,  in  1833,  was 
first  known  by  his  political  contributions 
to  the  "  New  York  Evening  Post  "  un- 
der the  signature  of  Veto,  in  the  inter- 
est of  the  Democratic  party.  In  1833  he 
published  a  "  Life  of  William  Living- 
ston," his  maternal  great-grandfather. 
Besides  political  pamphlets  and  ad- 
dresses, he  edited  the  political  remains 
of  William  Leggett,  in  two  vols. ;  and 
wrote  a  "Treatise  on  the  Measure  of 
Damages."  and  a  "Treatise  on  Statu- 
tory and  Constitutional  Law,"  — both 
valuable  additions  to  our  legal  litera- 
ture. D.  at  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  1859. 
SEEMAN,  Bkkthold,  b.  at  Han- 
over, 1825,  was  appointed  in  1846  nat- 
uralist on  board  her  majesty's  ship 
Herald,  and  made  a  voyage  round  the 
world,  and  three  voyages  in  search  of 


278 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[sew 


Sir  John  Franklin.  He  published  voy- 
ages and  botanical  works,  and  edited 
the  "  Journal  of  Botany,  British  and 
Foreign."  D.  at  the  Javali  mine  in 
Nicaragua,  1871. 

SEEMULLER,  Anna  Moncure 
(Crane),  b.  in  Baltimore  1838,  wrote 
"Emily  Chester"  and  other  novels, 
and  contributed  to  the  periodicals.  D. 
1872. 

SENIOR,  Nassau  William,  an 
English  political  economist,  b.  1790, 
graduated  at  Oxford,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  and  was  some  time  professor  of 
political  economy  at  Oxford.  Among 
his  numerous  books  are  a  "Treatise  on 
Political  Economy,"  "American  Slav- 
ery," "  Biographical  Sketches,"  and 
"  Correspondence  and  (  onversations 
with  Alexander  de  Tocqueville."  D. 
1864. 

SERGEANT,  John,  an  eminent  law- 
yer, was  b.  in  Philadelphia,  and  for 
nearly  50  years  was  distinguished  in 
his  profession.  He  served  as  a  repre- 
sentative in  congress  from  1815  to  1823, 
and  from  1827  to  1829.  He  was  the 
leading  champion  of  the  North  in  the 
famous  discussions  of  the  Missouri 
compromise.  President  Adams  ap- 
pointed him  minister  to  the  Panama 
congress.  In  1832  he  was  the  whig 
candidate  for  the  vice-presidency.  D. 
1852. 

SEWARD,  William  Henry,  an 
American  statesman,  b.  in  Florida, 
Orange  County,  N.  Y.,  May  16,  1801, 
graduated  at  Union  college,  studied 
law,  and  commenced  its  practice  in 
Auburn  in  1822.  He  entered  early  on 
political  life,  presiding  in  1828  over  a 
young  men's  convention  called  to  ad- 
vance the  reelection  of  J.  Q.  Adams 
to  the  presidency.  In  1830  he  was 
elected  to  the  state  senate  as  the  can- 
didate of  the  antimasonic  party.  In 
1833  he  visited  Europe,  and  wrote  a 
series  of  letters  for  the  "Albany  Even- 
ing Journal."  Defeated  in  1834:  as  the 
Whig  candidate  for  governor  by  Wil- 
liam L.  Marcv,  he  was  elected  bv  a 
majority  of  10,000  in  1838.  He  was"re- 
electedin  1840.  During  his  adminis- 
tration he  took  a  prominent  pari  in  the 
controversy  between  the  British  govern- 
ment and  the  United  States  in  the  case 
of  Alexander  M'Leod.  On  retiring 
from  office  he  resumed  the  practice  of 
his  profession,  and  was  engaged  in  be- 
half of  some  valuable  patents  in  the  U. 
S.  courts.  He  took  part  also  in  some 
important  criminal  cases,  notably  in 
that  of  Van  Zandt,  indicted  in  Ohio  for 


harboring  a  fugitive  slave;  of  Freeman, 
charged  with  murder;  and  of  50  citi- 
zens indicted  for  conspiracy  in  Mich- 
igan. He  entered  actively  into  the 
presidential  contest  of  1844  and  1848 
in  behalf  of  the  Whig  candidates.  In 
1849  he  was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate. 
In  this  body  he  opposed  the  compro- 
mise bill  of  Mr.  Clay,  and  announced  a 
"higher  law"  than  the  constitution. 
In  the  sense  in  which  he  employed  this 
term,  it  was  merely  the  enunciation  of  a 
truism,  but  it  was  made  the  subject  of 
much  criticism  and  censure.  Though 
most  distinguished  for  his  opposition  to 
slavery,  he  was  an  influential  senator 
and  warm  supporter  and  advocate  of 
all  commercial  and  industrial  measures 
which  he  thought  would  enure  to  the 
general  benefit.  His  speeches  were  gen- 
erally prepared  with  great  elaboration, 
and  sometimes  read  from  the  printed 
copy,  but  they  were  intended  for  the 
people,  and  were  always  received  with 
the  greatest  interest.  In  1858  he  made 
at  Rochester  his  memorable  allusion  to 
the  "  Irrepressible  Conflict,"  which  was 
to  break  out  more  violently  and  rage 
with  more  fury  than  he  realized  in  the 
"  ninety  days  "  struggle  that  he  pre- 
dicted in  the  early  stage  of  our  civil 
war.  In  1860  he  was  the  favorite  can- 
didate of  a  large  majority  of  the  Re- 
publican party  for  the  nomination  of 
their  presidential  convention,  but  after 
a  warm  contest  the  choice  fell  upon 
Abraham  Lincoln,  into  whose  canvas 
Mr.  Seward  entered  with  a  spirit  and 
efficiency,  which  were  recognized  in 
his  appointment  as  secretary  of  state. 
During  the  civil  war  he  conducted  the 
affairs  of  his  department,  in  relation  to 
foreign  countries,  with  distinguished 
ability  and  success.  The  difficulty 
with  Great  Britain  growing  out  of  the 
seizure  of  Slidell  and  Mason,  he  man- 
aged with  great  discretion  and  admira- 
ble temper.  His  course  towards  France, 
in  regard  to  the  suggestion  of  media- 
tion and  the  invasion  of  Mexico,  was 
equally  wise  and  politic.  On  Lincoln's 
reelection,  Mr.  Seward  continued  his  se- 
cretary of  state,  and  came  near  shar- 
ing his  fate  on  the  eventful  night  of  the 
president's  murder.  When  he  recov- 
ered from  the  severe  wounds  inflicted 
by  the  assassins,  Mr.  Seward  resumed 
his  duties  in  the  state  department,  and 
supported  the  reconstruction  policy  of 
President  Johnson.  At  the  close  of  his 
official  career  in  1869,  he  entered  on  an 
extensive  foreign  tour,  the  results  of 
which  were  recorded  in   his    "Travels 


sig] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


279 


round  the  World,"  edited  by  his  adopt- 
ed daughter,  Olive  Risley  Seward,  and 
published  in  1873.  His  collected  works, 
in  four  volumes  (1853-62),  include 
a  biographical  memoir  and  historical 
notes  by  George  E.  Baker.  D.  in  Au- 
burn, October  10,  lcS72. 

SEWELL,  William,  an  English 
clergyman  and  author,  b.  1805,  was  an 
excellent  classical  scholar,  and  trans- 
lated Virgil's  "Georgics,"  the  "Aga- 
memnon "  of  x'Eschylus  and  the  '•  <  >des  " 
of  Horace  into  English  verse.  He  wrote 
"Christian  Morals"  and  other  works. 
D.  1874. 

SEYMOUR,  Michakl  Hobart,  an 
English  theologian,  b.  about  1802,  was 
educated  at  Trinity  college,  Dublin, 
and  distinguished  himself  as  a  contro- 
versialist. He  wrote,  besides  doctrinal 
lectures,  pamphlets,  and  other  works, 
"  A  Pilgrimage  to  Rome,  with  some  ac- 
count of  the  Ceremonies,  Monastic  In- 
stitutions, Religious  Services,  Sacred 
Relics,  and  General  State  of  Relig- 
ious Works  in  that  City."  D.  1874.  — 
Thomas  Hakt,  an  American  soldier 
and  politician,  b.  at  Hartford,  Ct.,  1808, 
practised  law,  was  member  of  congress 
1843-45,  served  in  the  Mexican  war 
and  was  brevetted  colonel  for  gallantry 
at  Chapultepec,  was  governor  of  Con- 
necticut 1850-53,  and  minister  to  Rus- 
sia 1853-57.     D.  1868. 

SHAKESPEAR,  Sir  Richmond 
Campbell,  a  colonel  in  the  British  East 
India  service,  distinguished  in  the  Sikh 
war,  and  knighted  for  his  services  at 
Khiva  in  reconciling  the  khan  to  the 
emperor  of  Russia,  and  terminating 
the  slavery  of  Europeans  in  that  coun- 
try.    D.  1861. 

SHAW,  Lemuel,  an  eminent  Amer- 
ican jurist,  b.  at  Barnstable,  Mass.,  1781, 
graduated  at  Harvard  college,  and  was 
in  early  life  an  assistant  editor  of  the 
"Boston  Gazette."  Admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1804.  he  soon  after  commenced 
practice  in  Boston.  He  served  many 
years  in  the  state  legislature,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  constitutional  con- 
vention of  1820.  From  1830  to  1860 
he  was  chief  justice  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Massachusetts.  His  decisions 
are  reported  in  the  last  16  volumes  of 
Pickering,  and  in  those  of  Metcalf, 
Cushing,  and  Gray.  He  published  sev- 
eral addresses  and  charges.  1).  1861. 
—  Robert  Gouli>,  an  American  sol- 
dier, b.  in  Boston,  1837,  graduated  at 
Harvard  college,  and  commanded  the 
first  regiment  of  colored  soldiers  ever 
mustered   into  the  U.  S.  service.     He 


was  killed  at  their  head  in  the  assault 
on  Fort  Wagner,  Julv  18,  1863. 

SHEAFFE,  Sir  Roger  H.,  a  British 
military  officer,  b.  in  1763,  entered  the 
army  in  1778  ;  he  served  in  Holland 
and  in  the  expedition  to  the  Baltic,  and 
was  made  a  baronet  for  his  services  in 
a  rally  of  the  British  troops  after  the 
fall  of  General  Brock,  at  Queenstown,  in 
Upper  Canada.     1).  1851. 

SHERWOOD,  Mary  Martha,  a 
popular  and  prolific  writer  of  works  de- 
signed for  youth,  b.  1775;  d.  1851. 

SHRHVE,  Henry  M.,  Captain,  for 
40  years  closely  connected  with  the 
commercial  interests  of  the  western 
states,  d.  1851.  He  was  superintendent 
of  western  river  improvementsduring 
three  administrations,  and  by  his  inven- 
tion of  the  steam-snag  boat  great!}'  ad- 
vanced the  safety  of  western  commerce. 
In  1814-15  he  served  under  General 
Jackson  in  several  hazardous  enter- 
prises. 

SIBLEY,  Henry  H.,  b.  in  Louisiana, 
1815  ;  d.  near  El  Paso,  Texas,  1862. 
He  was  an  officer  in  the  U.  S.  service 
until  May,  1861,  when  he  became  a 
brigadier-general  in  the  confederate 
army.  He  attempted  the  conquest  of 
New  Mexico,  and  attacked  Fort  Craig, 
Jan.  5,  1862,  but  was  repulsed.  Com- 
pelled to  retreat,  with  his  supplies  cut 
off,  his  soldiers  became  insubordinate, 
and  he  was  killed.  — George  Cham- 
plain,  major  U.  S.  armv,  b.  in  Great 
Barrington,  Mass.,  1782;  d.  1863.  He 
performed  many  important  services  in 
the  Indian  country,  amongst  which 
was  the  exploration  of  the  Grand  Sa- 
bine and  Salt  Mountain,  at  the  head  of 
100  Osage  warriors.  He  was  one  of 
the  three  commissioners  who  surveyed 
and  marked  out  a  road  from  Missouri 
to  New  Mexico. 

SIBOUR.  Marie  Dominique  Au- 
gusie,  archbishop  of  Paris,  b.  1792, 
was  assassinated  by  Verger,  a  priest,  in 
the  church  of  St.  Etienne  du  Mont, 
Paris.  1857. 

SIDI  Mohammed,  Sultan  of  Morocco 
and  Fez,  b.  1803,  succeeded  to  the  throne 
in  1859.  His  reign  was  marked  by  a 
war  with  Spain  on  account  of  outrage 
committed  by  the  Rif  pirates.  He  was 
obliged  to  cede  a  small  portion  of  his 
territory,  and  to  promise  a  pecuniary 
indemnity.  To  conciliate  the  Christian 
powers  he  made  concessions  to  for- 
eigners that  caused  repeated  insurrec- 
tions among  his  subjects,  which  he  suc- 
ceeded i"  quelling.     D.  1873. 

SIGOURNEY,  Lydia  Howard 


280 


CYCLOP.F.DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[SIM 


Huntley,  an  American  authoress,  b. 
in  Connecticut,  1791,  was  a  teacher  in 
Hartford  when  she  published,  in  1815, 
"Moral  Pieces  in  Prose  and  Verse." 
In  1819  she  married  Mr.  Charles  Sig- 
ourney,  a  merchant  of  Hartford,  and  her 
life  thenceforth  was  devoted  to  litera- 
ture and  poetry.  Her  publications  in 
verse  and  prose  amounted  to  59  vol- 
umes. Among  them  we  may  mention 
a  choice  collection  of  her  miscellane- 
ous poems  illustrated  by  Darley,  in 
1848;  "  Pleasant  Memories  of  Pleasant 
Lands,"  published  in  1842,  after  her 
visit  to  Europe;  and  "  Pocahontas,"  the 
most  carefully  finished  of  her  long 
poems.     D.  1865. 

SILL,  Joshua  Woodrow,  brigadier- 
general  in  the  U.  S.  army,  b.  in  Chilli- 
cothe,  0.,  1831,  killed  in  the  battle  of 
Stone  River,  1802,  in  command  of  a 
brigade  in  General  Sheridan's  division. 

SILLIMAN,  Benjamin,  an  eminent 
American  chemist  and  geologist,  b.  in 
Trumbull,  Conn.,  1779,  graduated  at 
Yale,  in  1796,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1802.  He  was  professor  of 
chemistry  in  Yale  college  from  1804 
until  1853,  when  he  resigned,  and  was 
made  professor  emeritus,  continuing' 
his  lectures  on  geology  until  1855, 
when  his  academic  labors  terminated. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  to  popularize 
scientific  knowledge  by  public  lectures, 
which  he  delivered  at  different  periods 
in  nearly  all  the  chief  cities  of  the 
Union.  He  established  the  "  American 
Journal  of  Science  and  Art "  in  1818, 
and  for  20  years  was  its  sole  editor. 
His  independent  publications  were  nu- 
merous, and  ranged  from  1810  to  1853, 
the  earliest  and  the  last  being  records 
of  European  travel.  His  text-book  on 
"Chemistry"  appeared  in  1830,  and 
his  edition  of  Bakewell's  "  Geology," 
with  notes,  originally  issued  in  1829, 
passed  through  several  editions.  D. 
1864. 

SIMMS,  William  Gilmore,  an 
American  novelist,  poet,  and  historian, 
b.  in  South  Carolina,  1808,  studied  la'w 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  From 
1828  to  1832  he  was  editor  and  part  pro- 
prietor of  the  "Charleston  City  Ga- 
zette," which,  being  a  Union  paper  in 
a  nullification  community,  found  few 
subscribers,  and  involved  him  in  finan- 
cial loss.  His  first  publication  was  a 
poem  on  the  death  of  Charles  Cotes- 
worth  Pinckney,  in  1825.  It  was  fol- 
lowed by  numerous  volumes  of  poems, 
among  which  may  be  mentioned  "  Lays 
of   'he   Palmetto,"   and    "  Areytos,  or 


Songs  and  Ballads  of  the  South  ;  "  and 
by  two  dramas,  "  Norman  Maurice," 
and  "  Michael  Bonham,  or  the  Fall  of 
the  Alamo."  His  most  successful  works 
were  his  novels  founded  upon  local  and 
revolutionary  history:  "Martin  Faber," 
"The  Yemassee,"  "The  Partisan," 
"  Guy  Rivers,"  '•  Richard  Ilurdis,"  and 
many  others.  His  historical  and  bio- 
graphical works  are  a  "  History  of  South 
Carolina,"  "  South  Carolina  in  the  Rev- 
olution," lives  of  Marion,  Captain 
John  Smith,  and  General  Greene.  His 
collected  works,  in  19  volumes,  were 
published  in  New  York.     D.  1870- 

SIMPSON,  Edwari),  actor  and  man- 
ager, b.  in  England,  1784,  appeared 
at  the  Park  theatre  in  New  York  in 
1809  as  Harry  Dornton  in  the  "  Road 
to  Ruin."  Becoming  manager  of  the 
Park  in  1810,  he  was  for  nearly  forty 
years  the  leading  theatrical  manager 
in  the  United  States.  D.  1848.  —  Sir 
George,  governor  of  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company's  territories  for  many  years, 
b.  ic  Scotland,  1796;  d.  I860".  —  Sir 
James  Young,  an  eminent  physician, 
was  b.  at  Bathgate,  Linlithgowshire, 
1811.  He  was  appointed  professor  of 
midwifery  in  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh, 1840,  and  he  introduced  chlo- 
roform in  1847;  after  which  date,  in 
addition  to  other  professional  occupa- 
tions, he  was  engaged  in  demonstrat- 
ing, by  the  results  of  an  immense 
experience,  the  safety  of  anaesthetic 
midwifery.  In  1849  he  was  elected 
president  of  the  Edinburgh  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  in  1853  a  foreign 
associate  of  the  French  academy  of 
medicine.  He  was  created  a  baronet 
1806,  and  d.  at  Edinburgh  May  6,  1870. 
Sir  J.  Simpson's  professional  works  are 
numerous,  and  have  been  translated 
into  nearly  every  European  language. 
Notwithstanding  the  pressure  of  his 
practice,  Sir  James  was  a  frequent  lec- 
turer on  religious  and  archaeological  sub- 
jects. A  collection  of  his  "Archaeolog- 
ical Essays  "  was  published  in  1872. — 
Stephen,  an  American  journalist,  b. 
in  Philadelphia,  1789,  was  first  known 
as  a  political  writer  by  his  articles  in 
the  "Aurora"  newspaper  against  the 
bank  of  the  United  States,  of  which 
his  father  had  been  the  cashier.  He 
was  engaged  in  the  battle  of  New  Or- 
leans, and  in  1822,  with  John  Conrad, 
the  bookseller,  edited  the  "Columbian 
Observer,"  in  the  presidential  interest 
of  General  Jackson.  He  wrote  a 
"  Life  of  Stephen  Girard,"  and  several 
popular  books.     D.  1854. 


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CYCLOIVEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


281 


SINCLAIR.  Catharine,  an  English 
author,  b.  in  Edinburgh,  1800,  was  the 
daughter  of  Sir  John  Sinclair,  the  cele- 
brated agriculturist,  who  sat  thirty 
years  in  parliament.  She  published  at 
a  very  early  age  two  books  for  children, 
and  in  1835  "  Modern  Accomplishments, 
or  the  March  of  Intellect,''  followed 
the  next  year  by  "Modern  Society." 
She  subsequently  published  religious 
stories  and  fashionable  novels,  and  in 
the  latter  part  of  her  life  was  much  in- 
terested in  attending  to  charitable  in- 
stitutions. D.  1864.  —  Sir  George, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  b.  1790,  wrote 
works  on  the  History  of  Popery,  and 
for  several  years  represented  Caithness 
in  parliament.  D.  1888. — John,  an- 
other brother,  a  Scottish  clergyman,  b. 
1797,  became  archdeacon  of  Middlesex, 
visited  the  United  States  in  1853  in  be- 
half of  the  Gospel  Propagation  Society, 
and  published  a  life  of  his  father  in  two 
volumes,  and  "  Sketches  of  Old  Times 
and  Distant  Places."     D.  1875. 

SKINNER,  John  Stuart,  an  Amer- 
ican agriculturist,  b.  in  Maryland,  1788, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1809,  began 
in  1819  the  publication  of  the  "Old 
American  Farmer,"  the  first  periodical 
in  the  U.  S.  exclusively  devoted  to  ag- 
riculture. He  held  several  public  em- 
ployments, and  published  the  "Ameri- 
can Turf  Register,"  the  "  Farmer's 
Library  and  Agricultural  Journal," 
and  the  "Plough,  Loom,  and  Anvil." 
D.  1851.  —  Thomas  Henry,  a  distin- 
guished Presbyterian  divine,  b.  in  North 
Carolina,  1791,  began  to  study  .law,  but 
was  ordained  pastor  in  1813,  and  in 
1835  became  pastor  of  a  church  in  New 
York,  and  from  18-18  to  1871,  professor 
of  sacred  rhetoric  and  pastoral  theol- 
ogy in  the  Union  theological  seminary 
there.  He  published  several  theologi- 
cal works.     D.  1871. 

SLIDELL,  John,  lawyer  and  senator, 
b.  in  New  York  about  1793,  established 
himself  as  a  lawyer  in  New  Orleans, 
was  member  of  congress  1843-45,  min- 
ister to  Mexico,  1845,  and  in  1853 
elected  U.  S.  senator,  and  reelected  in 
1859.  He  was  a  decided  disunionist, 
and  in  January,  1861,  withdrew  from 
the  senate.  In  the  fall  of  1861  he  was 
sent,  by  the  confederate  government, 
with  Mr.  Mason,  of  Virginia,  as  com- 
missioner to  France;  but  embarking  on 
the  English  mail-steamer  Trent,  from 
Havana,  they  were  both  arrested  No- 
vember 8,  by  Captain  Wilkes  of  the 
U.  S.  frigate  San  Jacinto,  and  confined 
in   Fort  Warren,  Boston   harbor.    Re- 


leased on  the  reclamation  of  the  Eng- 
lish government,  he  sailed  for  Europe 
and  resided  principally  in  Paris  till  his 
death  in  1871. 

SLOCL'.M,  John  S.,  colonel  of  a  reg- 
iment of  Khode  Island  volunteers,  b. 
1824;  killed,  1861.  He  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Mexican  war. 

SLOUGH,  John  P.,  politician,  b.  in 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1829,  practised  law- 
there,  was  a  member  of  the  state  legis- 
lature in  1850,  and  expelled  for  striking 
one  of  the  members.  On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  rebellion,  he  raised  a  com- 
pany of  volunteers,  and  becoming  colo- 
nel of  the  1st  Colorado  regiment,  he  was 
sent  into  New  Mexico,  and  repulsed  the 
Texas  troops  under  General  Sibley,  in 
the  battle  of  Pigeon's  Ranche.  The 
battle  was  fought  against  the  order  of 
General  Canby,  but  success  expiated 
the  offence  against  discipline,  and 
Slough  was  made  brigadier-general, 
and  remained  military  governor  of 
Alexandria  to  the  close  of  the  war. 
Appointed  chief  justice  of  New  Mex- 
ico, his  imperious  temper  gave  offence, 
and  in  the  legislature  resolutions  were 
passed,  calling  for  his  removal.  A  per- 
sonal encounter  with  the  senator  who 
introduced  them  was  the  consequence,  in 
which  Mr.  Slough  was  killed,  1867. 

SMART,  Sir  Geokge,  a  distin- 
guished musical  teacher  and  director, 
attended  as  a  boy  the  Handel  commem- 
oration at  Westminster  Abbe}7,  in  1784, 
taught  Sontag  and  Jenny  Lind  oratorio 
music,  and  continued  to  give  singing 
lessons  till  past  80.  He  was  a  careful 
musician,  and  exhibited  marked  ability 
in  the  arrangement  of  concerts  and 
great  musical  festivals,  of  which  he  was 
the  conductor  in  Norwich,  York,  Derby, 
Liverpool,  and  Manchester.  He  con- 
ducted the  famous  festival  at  Manches- 
ter where  Malibran  died.  He  directed 
the  music  at  the  coronation  of  King 
William  and  Queen  Adelaide,  and  of 
Queen  Victoria.  D.  in  London,  1867, 
at  the  age  of  ninety. 

SMIRKE,  Sir  Rorert,  an  architect, 
son  of  the  painter  of  the  same  name, 
b.  in  1780,  studied  in  the  office  of  Sir 
John  Soane,  and  subsequently  spent 
several  years  in  Italy,  Sicily,  and 
Greece.  He  designed  Covent  'Garden 
theatre  in  Loudon,  in  1808,  the  mint 
in  1811,  the  post-office,  1823-29,  King's 
college,  and  the  British  museum,  all 
in  the  classic  style.  His  chief  Gothic 
works  are  the  restoration  of  York  min- 
ster, and  the  improvements  in  the  Tower 
temple.     He  also  erected  buildings  for 


282 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[SMI 


the  United  Service,  Carlton,  and  Ox- 
ford and  Cambridge  clubs.     D.  1867. 

SMITH,  Alexander, a  Scotch  poet, 
b.  1830,  was  designer  to  a  lace  manu- 
factory in  Glasgow,  where  in  1853  he 
published  his  first  volume,  "A  .Life 
Drama."  In  1855,  he,  in  conjunction 
with  Mr.  Sidney  Dobell,  published 
"Sonnets  on  the  (Crimean)  War," 
and  in  1857  "City  Poems,"  and  "Ed- 
win of  Deira."  In  1865  he  published 
"A  Summer  in  Skye,"  which  contains 
descriptions  of  Edinburgh  and  its  peo- 
ple, and  of  Scottish  scenery.  He  also 
wrote  "  Dreamthorp,"  and  "Alfred 
Hagart's  Household."  D.  1867.  —  Al- 
bert, a  prolific  English  writer,  author 
of  the  "Wassail  Bowl,"  "The  Scat- 
tergood  Family,"  "Christopher  Tad- 
pole," and  the  "  Pottleton  Tragedy." 
In  1849  he  visited  the  East,  telling  his 
story  in  "A  Month  at  Constantinople." 
Two  years  later  he  ascended  Mont 
Blanc,  and  on  his  return  to  London 
produced  an  entertainment,  which  he 
repeated  a  thousand  times  in  the  Egyp- 
tian hall.  B.  1816;  d.  I860.  — Buck- 
ingham, historian,  b.  in  Georgia,  1810, 
studied  law  and  practised  in  Maine,  was 
charge  d'affaires  to  Mexico,  1850,  and 
subsequently  secretary  of  legation  at 
Madrid.  He  published  several  volumes 
relating  to  the  early  history  of  Florida. 
—  Caleb  Blood,  "b.  in  Massachusetts, 
1808,  settled  in  Indiana  as  a  lawyer, 
and  established  and  edited  the  "  Indi- 
ana Sentinel."  He  served  in  the  state 
legislature  and  in  congress,  and  was 
secretary  of  the  interior  under  Presi- 
dent Lincoln,  resigning  the  office  to 
accept  that  of  a  district  court  judge  in 
Indiana.  D.  1864.  —  Charles  Fer- 
guson, a  major-general  of  U.  S.  volun- 
teers, b.  in  Pennsylvania,  1806;  d.  1862. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1825, 
and  served  with  distinction  in  the  Mex- 
ican war.  In  August,  1861,  he  was  ap- 
pointed brigadier-general  of  volunteers, 
and  placed  in  charge  of  the  U.  S. 
troops  at  Paducah,  Ky.  His  gallantry 
in  the  successful  attack  on  Fort  Donel- 
son,  was  rewarded  with  a  major-gen- 
eralship. —  Eli,  a  zealous  and  learned 
missionary,  was  b.  at  Northford,  Conn., 
1801.  After  graduating  at  Yale  college, 
and  completing  a  course  of  theological 
study  at  Andover,  he  embarked  in  1826, 
as  a  missionary  of  the  American  board, 
and  took  charge  of  their  printing  es- 
tablishment at  Malta.  Soon  after  he 
was  transferred  to  the  mission  in  Syria. 
An  exploration  of  Armenia  was  made 
by  him,  in  company  with  Rev.  H.  G. 


O.  Dwight,  in  1830  and  1831,  and  an 
account  of  it  was  published  in  1833. 
Not  long  after  he  published  a  collection 
of  missionary  sermons  and  addresses. 
In  1838,  and  again  in  1852,  he  was  the 
companion  and  coadjutor  of  Profes- 
sor Edward  Robinson  in  his  extensive 
and  thorough  exploration  of  Palestine. 
His  knowledge  of  the  Arabic  cpuali- 
fied  him  for  the  service  which  he  ren- 
dered in  the  production  of  a  new  form 
and  font  of  Arabic  type.  About  1846 
he  commenced  a  new  translation  of 
the  Bible  into  Arabic,  and  this  labor  he 
prosecuted  up  to  the  close  of  life.  D. 
at  Beyrut,  Syria,  Jan.  11,  1857.  — 
Francis  Petit,  an  English  inventor, 
b.  1808,  in  1824  constructed  a  model  of 
a  boat,  in  which  the  propelling  power 
was  a  screw  driven  by  a  spring.  His 
success  was  such  as  to  induce  him  to 
experiment  on  a  larger  scale.  The  re- 
sult was  the  application  of  the  screw 
in  the  Archimedes,  and  its  adoption  by 
the  British  admiralty  after  many  years, 
and  after  the  principle  had  been  suc- 
cessfully tested  by  Captain  Ericsson  in 
the  U.  S.  steamer  Princeton.  In  1855 
Mr.  Smith  was  placed  on  the  civil  list 
with  a  pension  of  £200.  The  leading 
engineers  of  England  soon  after  pre- 
sented him  a  valuable  service  of  plate. 
D.  1874.  —  Gerhitt,  philanthropist,  b. 
in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  1797,  inherited  from 
his  father  one  of  the  largest  landed  es- 
tates in  the  country,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  its  management.  Late  in  life  he 
was  admitted  to  practise  at  the  bar.  At 
first  a  supporter  of  the  American  Colo- 
nization Society,  he  withdrew  from  it 
in  1835  and  joined  the  Anti-Slavery  So- 
ciety, and  for  the  rest  of  his  life  was 
identified  with  its  cause.  He  was  a 
member  of  congress  in  1852.  He  pub- 
lished "Sermons  and  Speeches/' 
"Theologies,"  and  "Religion  of  Rea- 
son." D.  1874.  —  John  Augustine, 
an  American  physician,  b.  in  Virginia, 
1782,  went  to  New  York  in  1809,  was 
president  of  William  and  Mary  college 
1814-26,  when  he  resigned  and  returned 
to  New  York.  He  published  several  pro- 
fessional works  and  public  addresses, 
and  was  president  of  the  college  of  phy- 
sicians and  surgeons,  1831-43.    U.  1865. 

—  Joseph  Mather,  American  physi- 
cian and  medical  writer,  b.  at  New 
Rochelle,  1789  ;  d.  in  New  York,  1866. 

—  Junius,  was  b.  in  Plymouth,  Conn., 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1802,  en- 
gaged in  commerce  in  London,  and  de- 
voted a  considerable  portion  of  his  life 
to   the   establishment    of    transatlantic 


som] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


283 


steam  navigation,  of  which  he  was  the 
pioneer.  In  his  latter  years  he  engaged 
in  the  propagation  and  nurture  of  the 
tea-plant  at  Greenville,  S.  C.  D.  1852. 
—  Oliver  Hampton,  politician  and 
author,  h.  in  Trenton,  N.  J.,  1794, 
emigrated  to  Indiana  and  practised  law, 
was  member  of  congress  in  1827-29, 
and  U.  S.  senator,  1837-43.  He  wrote 
''Early  Indiana  Trials,  Sketches,  and 
Reminiscences,"  and  "Recollections  of 
Congressional  Life."  D.  1859.  —  Per- 
SIFOR  Frazer,  major  general  U.  S. 
army,  b.  in  Pennsylvania,  settled  as 
a  lawyer  in  New  Orleans,  and  entered 
the  army  in  1846  as  colonel  of  the 
mounted  rifles.  He  gained  great  dis- 
tinction in  Mexico,  and  in  1847  was  bre- 
vetted  major-general.  He  d.  at  Leav- 
enworth, 1858,  being  at  the  time  in 
command  of  the  military  department 
embracing  Utah  and  the  Plains.  — 
Richard  Penn,  lawyer  and  drama- 
tist, b.  in  Philadelphia,.  1799,  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1821,  succeeded  Duane  in 
the  "Aurora,"  and  edited  it  in  1822- 
27,  then  resuming  his  profession.  He 
■wrote  "Caius  Marius,"  a  tragedy,  for 
Forrest,  and  several  other  successful 
plays.  He  was  author  of  a  "  Life  of 
David  Crockett."  D.  1854.  —  Seba, 
an  American  author,  b.  in  Maine,  1792, 
published  "Life  and  Letters  of  Major 
Jack  Downing,"  Boston,  1833,  a  series 
of  humorous  political  letters;  and  "  My 
Thirtv  Years  out  of  the  Senate,  bv  Major 
Jack  "Downing,"  1859-60.  D.  1868. — 
Solomon  Franklin,  actor  and  man- 
ager, b.  in  Chenango  Co.,  N.  Y.,  1801, 
learned  the  printer's  craft,  and  joined  a 
company  of  strolling  players.  He  was 
unrivalled  as  a  low  comedian,  and  was 
a  great  favorite  in  the  South  and  West, 
and  a  manager  of  several  western 
theatres.  In  1853  he  practised  law  in 
St.  Louis,  and  in  1861  was  a  member  of 
the  Missouri  state  convention  as  an  un- 
conditional Union  man.  He  wrote  sev- 
eral volumes  of  theatrical  experiences, 
of  which  his  "Autobiography"  and 
"Reminiscences  of  the  Stage"  were 
published  in  New  York  iu  1868.  D. 
1869.  His  son  Marcus,  b.  1829,  was 
an  excellent  actor  in  old  men's  parts, 
and  was  long  a  favorite  at  Wal  lack's 
in  New  York.  D.  1874. — Thomas 
Southwooi),  an  English  physician, 
eminent  as  a  medical  writer,  and  yet 
more  eminent  as  a  philanthropist  and 
sanitary  reformer,  b.  1790;  d.  1861. — 
Toulmin,  an  English  lawyer,  b.  1816, 
at  Birmingham,  visited  the  U.  S.  in 
1837,   and  remained   here    five  years. 


His  excellent  volume  "On  the  Dis- 
covery of  America  by  the  Northmen  in 
the  Tenth  Century,"  was  published, 
with  maps  and  plates,  in  1839,  and  led 
to  his  election  as  a  member  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Northern  Antiquaries  of  Copen- 
hagen. In  1854  he  published  the  most 
important  of  his  works,  "The  Parish: 
its  Obligations  and  its  Powers,  the  Of- 
ficers and  their  Duties."  D.  1869. — 
William  Kudolph,  lawyer  and  his- 
torian, b.  in  Pennsylvania,  1787,  went 
to  Wisconsin  in  1837,  and  became  at- 
torney-general of  the  state.  He  wrote 
a  memoir  of  Wythe  for  Sanderson's 
"  Lives  of  the  Signers,"  and  a  "  History 
of  Wisconsin,"  in  four  volumes.  D. 
1868. 

SMYTH,  Thomas  A.,  brigadier- 
general  U.  S.  army,  killed  in  battle  near 
Farmville,  Va.,  April  7,  1865.  A  na- 
tive of  Ireland,  he  came  to  this  country 
when  a  boy,  and  settled  at  Wilmington, 
Del.,  where  he  was  engaged  in  coach- 
making  at  the  outbreak  of  the  civil 
war.  He  became  major  of  a  Delaware 
regiment,  and  rose  steadily  until  he  at- 
tained the  rank  of  brigadier-general  in 
the  summer  of  1864.  He  was  an  ac- 
tive member  of  the  Fenian  brotherhood, 
and  president  of  the  Potomac  circle. — 
William  Henry,  a  British  admiral, 
distinguished  as  a  hvdrographer  and 
author,  was  b.  1788.    'D.  1865. 

SOLOMON,  Abraham,  an  English 
painter,  b.  1823  ;  d.  1862.  Among  his 
best  known  paintings  are,  "  Waiting 
for  the  Verdict,"  "Second  Class"  and 
"First  Class,"  and  "The  Lion  in 
Love." 

SOMERSET,  Sir  Henry,  a  lieuten- 
ant-general in  the  British  armv,  b. 
1794 ;  d.  1862.  He  served  under  the 
Duke  of  Wellington  in  the  Peninsula, 
was  in  the  campaign  of  the  Nether- 
lauds,  commanded  in  South  Africa 
many  years,  and  took  an  active  part  in 
the  Katir  wars  ;  and,  lastly,  filled  the 
position  of  commander-in-chief  at  Bom- 
bay. 

SOMERVILLE,  Mary,  a  lady  of 
high  scientific  acquirements,  b.  in  Scot- 
land Dec.  26,  1780,  was  the  daughter 
of  Sir  William  George  Fairfax.  Early 
in  life  she  became  the  wife  of  Mr. 
Samuel  tireig,  a  captain  and  commis- 
sioner in  the  Russian  navy.  Her  second 
husband  was  Dr.  William  Somerville,  a 
member  of  a  family  of  Scotch  extrac- 
tion. In  1826  she  presented  to  the 
Royal  Society  a  paper  on  "The  Mag- 
netizing Power  of  the  more  Refrangible 
Solar  Rays."     Iu   1831   she   published 


284 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[sou 


her  "Mechanism  of  the  Heavens." 
This  book,  her  only  strictly  astronom- 
ical work,  is  based  on  the  "Mecanique 
Celeste  "  of  Laplace.  To  it  succeeded, 
in  1834,  "  The  Connection  of  the  Phys- 
ical Sciences."  The  next  work  was 
''Physical  Geography"  (1848),  com- 
prising the  history  of  the  earth  in  its 
whole  material  organization.  These  two 
works  were  translated  into  several  for- 
eign languages,  and  their  author's  ser- 
vices to  geographical  science  were  rec- 
ognized in  1869  by  the  award  of  the 
Victoria  medal  of  the  Royal  Geograph- 
ical Society.  In  the  same  year  (1869) 
she  published  her  "  Molecular  and  Mi- 
croscopic Science."  Of  her  persontlle 
Greville  gives  a  striking  description,  as 
she  appeared  in  1834  at  a  conversazione, 
at  Miss  Berry's  :  "  To  see  a  mincing, 
smirking  person,  fan  in  hand,  gliding 
about  the  room,  talking  nothings  and 
nonsense,  and  to  know  that  Laplace 
was  her  plaything  and  Newton  her  ac- 
quaintance, was  too  striking  a  contrast 
not  to  torment  the  brain.  It  was  New- 
ton's mantle  trimmed  and  flounced  by 
Macadam."  Mrs.  Somerville  spent  a 
great  part  of  her  life  in  Italv.  L).  near 
Naples,  Nov.  20,  1872. 

SONTAG,  Henrietta,  a  distin- 
guished vocalist,  b.  at  Coblentz,  in 
1805,  obtained  admission  to  the  music 
school  at  Prague,  and  at  19  was  the 
prima  donna  of  the  Berlin  stage,  and 
idol  of  the  public.  In  1828  her  first 
season  in  Paris  was  followed  by  her 
debut  in  London,  and  by  her  youth, 
beauty,  charming  voice,  and  purity  of 
style  she  captivated  both  capitals.  Im- 
mediately after,  a  marriage  with  Count 
Rossi  withdrew  her  from  the  stage. 
The  political  events  of  1848  involved 
her  husband,  and  to  retrieve  their  for- 
tune she  determined  to  have  recourse  to 
her  art.  After  an  absence  of  21  years, 
she  reappeared  on  the  London  boards, 
and  in  1852  visited  the  United  States, 
where  she  made  a  brilliant  and  profit- 
able tour.  Having  accepted  a  tempt- 
ing offer  from  the  principal  theatre  in 
Mexico  she  died  of  cholera  while  pre- 
paring for  her  first  public  appearance, 
1854. 

SOULOUQUE,  Faustin,  a  Haytian 
general,  and  emperor  under  the  title  of 
Faustin  I.,  was  b.  a  slave  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  St.  Domingo,  in  1789,  was 
emancipated  by  the  decree  of  1790,  took 
part  in  the  negro  insurrection  against 
the  French,  and  rose  in  the  army  till  he 
was  elected  president  (1847)  and  em- 
peror (1849).    In  1859  the  Haytians  rose 


and  expelled  him  from  the  Island.  He 
sought  refuge  in  Jamaica,  W.  I.,  where 
he  d.  1867. 

SOULT,  Nicolas  Jean  de  Dieu, 
Duke  of  Dalmatia  and  marshal  of 
France,  b.  1769,  entered  the  ranks  of 
the  army  in  1785,  rose  rapidly,  and 
particularly  signalized  himself  in  the 
victory  of  Fleurus.  His  bravery  and 
skill  attracted  the  notice  of  Napoleon, 
and  in  1804  he  was  the  rirst  of  the  mar- 
shals whom  Napoleon  created,  as  he 
was  afterward  the  lirst  marshal  whom 
Napoleon  made  a  peer.  He  was  the 
chief  organizer  of  the  army  assembled 
at  Boulogne  for  the  invasion  of  Eng- 
land ;  and  when  that  army  was  counter- 
marched into  Germany  against  the 
Austrians,  he  led  the  main  column, 
sharing  largely  in  the  glories  of  Ulm 
and  Austerlitz,  and,  in  the  next  year, 
of  Jena.  He  was  sent  into  Spain  in 
1808,  and  engaged  Sir  John  Moore  at 
Corunna.  Passing  into  the  north  of 
Portugal,  he  was  defeated  by  Welling- 
ton, and  retreated  into  Spain,  the  south- 
west part  of  which  he  subdued,  with 
the  exception  of  Cadiz.  He  lost  the 
battle  of  Albuera,  against  Beresford,  in 
1811.  Recalled  to  aid  Napoleon  after 
the  Russian  campaign,  he  was  sent 
back  to  Spain,  in  1813,  to  stem  the  ad- 
vance of  Wellington.  He  was  unsuc- 
cessful, and  after  a  series  of  engage- 
ments in  and  near  the  Pyrenees,  Soult 
retreated  into  France,  exhibiting  at 
every  point  strategetic  abilities  of  the 
highest  order.  In  1815  he  fought  at 
Waterloo  as  one  of  Napoleon's  major- 
generals.  On  the  second  return  of  the 
Bourbons,  he  was  for  a  time  proscribed, 
but  was  ultimately  restored  to  all  his 
dignities.  Under  Louis  Philippe  he 
enjoyed  civic  distinction.     D.  1851. 

SOUTH,  Slit  James,  an  English  as- 
tronomer, b.  1785,  was  educated  as  a 
surgeon  and  practised  for  some  time, 
but  became  interested  in  astronomical 
science  and  acquired  distinction  as  an 
observer.  He  was  knighted,  and  re- 
ceived a  pension  of  .£300,  and  was  pre- 
sented with  the  Copley  medal  in  1826 
for  his  discoveries.     D.  1867. 

SOUTHEY,  Caroline,  the  second 
wife  of  Robert  Southey,  b.  1787  ;  d. 
1854,  was  the  only  child  of  Captain 
Bowles,  and  became  known  in  literature 
by  contributions  to  "  Blackwood's  Mag- 
azine," especially  by  her  "  Chapter  on 
Churchyards." — Henky,  brother  of 
Robert  Southey,  the  poet,  and  an  emi- 
nent London  physician,  b.  1783 ;  d.  1865. 
He  was  deemed   the   highest  medical 


8PE] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


285 


authority   in   England   in   cases   of  lu- 
nacv. 

SOW'ERBY,  George  Brettingham, 
an  eminent  couchologist,  a  writer  in  the 
Bcieiltih'c  periodicals  of  London,  and 
originator  of  the  "Zoological  Journal." 
His  principal  work,  "  Genera  of  Recent 
and  Fossil  Shells,"  in  two  volumes,  re- 
mains uncompleted.  B.  1790;  d.  ]854. 
—  James  dk  Carle,  an  English  nat- 
uralist.  b.  1789:  was  more  than  thirty 
years  secretary  of  the  Royal  Botanic 
Society.  He  published  many  lists  of 
fossil  shells,  etc.,  in  the  Transactions 
of  the  Geological  Society  ;  and  assisted 
in  writing  "Mineral  Conchology  "  and 
'•  The  British  Mineralogy,"  and  was  a 
skilful  practical  artist.     L>.  1871. 

SPALDING,  Martin  John,  an  Amer- 
ican Catholic  prelate,  b.  in  Kentucky, 
1810;  was  educated  at  the  college  of  the 
Propaganda  in  Rome.  He  was  conse- 
crated coadjutor  to  the  bishop  of  Louis- 
ville, 1848;  succeeded  Bishop  Flaget  in 
that  see,  and  in  1863  was  appointed 
archbishop  of  Baltimore  and  primate  of 
the  United  States.  In  the  council  of 
the  Vatican  he  supported  the  new  dog- 
ma of  Infallibility.  His  principal  works 
are,  "Sketches  "of  the  Early  Catholic 
Missions  of  Kentucky,"  "The  Life  and 
Times  of  Bishop  Flaget,"  "  History  of 
the  Protestant  Reformation,"  "Miscel- 
lanea," 2  vols.,  and  "Lectures  on  the 
Evidences  of  Catholicity."     D.  1872. 

SPARKS,  J  A  RED,  an  American  his- 
torian, b.  in  Wellington,  Conn.,  1789, 
was  educated  at  Harvard  college,  and 
in  1819  was  ordained  minister  of  an 
Unitarian  church  in  Baltimore.  While 
here  he  published,  for  two  years,  the 
"Unitarian  Miscellany,"  and  other 
works  in  the  interest  of  Unitarian  the- 
ology. His  health  being  impaired,  he 
removed  to  Boston  in  1823,  and  pur- 
chased the  "North  American  Review," 
which  he  edited  till  1830.  In  1828  he 
published  a  "Life  of  John  Ledyard," 
the  American  traveller.  In  1829-30, 
he  edited  the  "Diplomatic  Correspond- 
ence of  the  American  Revolution,"  12 
vols.,  8vo,  and  published  "The  Life 
of  Gouverneur  Morris,"  3  vols.  After 
making  extensive  researches  in  this 
country  and  in  Europe,  he  published 
"  The  Writings  of  George  Washington. 
with  a  Life  of  the  Author,  Notes  and 
Illustrations,"  12  vols.,  1834-37.  He 
founded,  in  1830,  "  The  American  Al- 
manac," of  which  he  edited  the  first 
volume.  In  the  "  Library  of  American 
Biography,"  of  which  he  edited  two 
series,  in  10  and  15  volumes,  he  wrote 


several  of  the  lives.  In  1840  he  com- 
pleted his  edition  of  the  "  Works  of 
Benjamin  Franklin,  with  Notes  and  a 
Life  of  the  Author,"  10  vols.,  8vo. 
He  subsequently  published  two  pam- 
phlets in  explanation  and  defence  of 
the  system  pursued  in  editing  Washing- 
ton's letters.  In  1854,  he  published 
"  Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  the 
American  Revolution,"  in  4  vols.  Dr. 
Sparks  was  professor  of  historv  in 
Harvard  college  from  1839  to  1849, 
and  president  from  1849  to  1853.  D. 
18G6.  His  "Life,"  by  G.  E.  Ellis,  ap- 
peared in  1869. 

SFEKE,  John  Banning,  an  English 
traveller,  b.  1827,  entered  the  army  and 
served  in  the  Punjaub,  and  during 
1854-55  was  engaged  with  Captain  Bur- 
ton in  exploring  and  hunting  adven- 
tures in  Somauli  land,  and  other  parts 
of  Africa,  of  which  he  published  an  in- 
teresting account  in  "  Blackwood's  Mag- 
azine." He  joined  the  Turkish  con- 
tingent in  the  Crimean  war,  and  at  its 
close  rejoined  Captain  Burton  in  another 
African  expedition.  His  chief  work  is 
his  "Journal  of  the  Discovery  of  the 
Source  of  the  Nile,"  1863.  He  was 
killed  by  the  accidental  discharge  of  his 
gun  while  hunting,  1864. 

SPENCER,  George,  Father  Igna- 
tius of  St.  Paul,  Passionist,  was  b.  in 
1799,  the  youngest  son  of  the  second 
Earl  Spencer,  and  brother  of  Lord  Al- 
thorp.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge, 
and  studying  theology,  was  admitted 
to  the  rectory  of  Brington,  in  North- 
amptonshire. *  Converted  suddenly  to 
the  Roman  faith,  he  abandoned  all 
hopes  of  preferment  and  studied  at  the 
English  college  at  Rome,  under  Dr. 
Wiseman.  Ordained  priest,  he  returned 
to  England  and  was  settled  at  West 
Bromwich,  where  he  toiled  on  in  pov- 
ertv  till  1839.  when  he  became  a  tutor 
at  Oscott  college.  In  1846  he  entered 
the  order  of  Passionists,  rose  to  be  the 
superior,  and  travelled  through  the 
United  Kingdom  preaching  with  the 
view  of  reconverting  England  to  Roman 
Catholicism  with  verv  little  encourage- 
ment. D.  1864.  His  "  Life  "  by  Rev. 
Father  Pius  appeared  in  1866. 

SPENCER,  John  Canfield,  an  emi- 
nent jurist,  b.  in  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  1788, 
was  the  son  of  Chief  Justice  Ambrose 
Spencer,  graduated  at  Union  college, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Canan- 
daigua,  where  he  resided  until  1845, 
when  he  removed  to  Albany.  He  filled 
at  different  times  numerous  state  offices 
of  honor  and  trust,  connected  with  his 


286 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[STA 


profession,  or  exclusively  political.  In 
18 10  he  was  elected  a  representative  in 
congress.  In  1827  he  was  one  of  the  com- 
mission to  prepare  the  revised  statutes 
of  New  York,  and  accompanied  the  re- 
ported statutes  with  what  may  be  styled 
commentaries  in  exposition  of  them. 
He  was  made  secretary  of  war  by  Pres- 
ident Tyler  in  1841,  and  in  1843  sec- 
retary of  the  treasury.  He  resigned 
in  the  following  year  from  his  opposi- 
tion to  the  annexation  of  Texas.  He 
edited  De  Tocqueville's  "Democracy 
in  America,"  with  a  preface  and  notes. 
U.  1855. 

SPIERS,  Alexander,  was  the  au- 
thor of  an  excellent  universal  diction- 
ary, English  a. id  French,  first  published 
in"  1839,  and  of  works  in  French  for  the 
study  of  the  English  language.  D.  in 
Paris,  1869,  aged  01. 

SPOHR,  Louis,  one  of  the  most  em- 
inent of  German  violinists  and  com- 
posers, was  b.  in  Brunswick,  1784;  d. 
in  Cassel,  1859.  His  '"Autobiogra- 
phy" has  been  translated  into  Eng- 
lish. 

SPRAGUE,  Charles,  an  American 
poet,  b.  in  Boston,  17'J0,  received  a 
common  school  education,  entered  a 
store  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  and  from 
1825,  was  forty  years  cashier  of  the 
Globe  Bank.  He  first  became  known 
bv  his  prize  prologue  written  for 
the  opening  of  the  Park  theatre  in 
1821,  which  was  followed  by  four  other 
prize  prologues  for  similar  occasions. 
In  1823  he  obtained  the  prize  offered 
for  an  ode  on  Shakespeare,  to  be  recited 
at  the  pageant  in  his  honor  at  the  Bos- 
ton theatre,  —  a  poem  of  the  highest  or- 
der in  its  class.  He  delivered  the  4th 
of  July  oration  before  the  authorities 
and  citizens  of  Boston  in  1825;  in  1829 
his  poem  on  "  Curiosity,"  before  the 
Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society  of  Harvard 
college;  and  in  1830  an  ode  on  the 
Centennial  celebration  of  the  settlement 
of  Boston.  D.  1875.  —William  Buell, 
clergyman  and  author,  b.  in  Andover, 
Conn.,  1795,  graduated  at  Princeton 
theological  seminary,  and  was  from 
1829  to  1876  pastor  of  the  second  Pres- 
byterian church  at  Albany.  His  pub- 
lications were  very  numerous,  compris- 
ing more  than  an  hundred  pamphlets, 
and  many  religious  and  biographical 
works.  Among  them  are  "Letters  from 
Europe"  (1828);  "Visits  to  European 
Celebrities"  (1855);  and  "Annals  of 
the  American  Pulpit,"  in  9  vols.,  8vo, 
being  a  collection  of  his  biographies  of 
clergymen  of    all   denominations.     He 


was  a  great  collector  of  pamphlets  and 
autographs.     D.  1876. 

SPRING,  Gardiner,  an  American 
clergyman,  b.  in  Newburyport,  Mass., 
1785,"  graduated  at  Yale  college,  prac- 
tised law  a  year,  when  he  abandoned 
it  for  theology,  and  in  1810  was  or- 
dained pastor  "of  the  Brick  church  in 
Beekman  Street,  New  York,  an  office 
which  he  retained  till  his  death.  His 
works  were  chiefly  sermons  and  dis- 
courses. In  1866  he  published  "Per- 
sonal Reminiscences  of  his  Life  and 
Times,"  in  two  volumes.  D.  in  New 
York,  1873. 

STANHOPE,  Philip  Henry,  Earl 
of,  first  known  as  Lord  Mahon,  an  Eng- 
lish historian,  was  b.  at  W aimer,  Kent, 
in  1805,  and  was  educated  at  Oxford. 
He  entered  parliament  for  Wootton- 
Bassett  in  1832,  and  was  returned  for 
Hertford  in  1835,  retaining  that  seat 
for  seventeen  years.  In  1834-35,  when 
King  William  IV.  called  Sir  Robert 
Peel  to  the  treasury,  Lord  Mahon  held 
office  as  under  secretary  of  state  for 
foreign  affairs,  going  out  with  ministers 
in  the  latter  year.  His  exertions  se- 
cured the  passing  of  the  copyright  act 
of  1843.  In  1855  he  succeeded  to  the 
peerage  on  the  death  of  his  father.  His 
principal  works  are  a  "  History  of  the 
War  of  Succession  in  Spain,"  a  "His- 
tory of  England  from  the  Peace  of 
Utrecht  to  the  Peace  of  Versailles,"  in 
seven  volumes,  a  "History  of  Spain 
under  Charles  the  Second,"  a  "  Life  of 
Belisarius,"  a  "Life  of  Joan  of  Arc," 
a  series  of  "  Historical  Essays,"  a  "Life 
of  Louis,  Prince  of  Conde,"  the  "Me- 
moirs of  Sir  Robert  Peel,"  a  "  Life  of 
William  Pitt,"  4  volumes,  and  a  "His- 
tory of  England,  comprising  the  Reign 
of  Anne,  until  the  Peace  of  Utrecht." 
He  edited  "The  Letters  of  Philip  Dor- 
mer Stanhope,  Earl  of  Chesterfield,"  in 
5  volumes.     D.  1875. 

STANLEY,  Edward,  a  lawyer  and 
statesman,  was  a  member  of  congress 
from  North  Carolina  in  1836-42,  and 
an  active  and  influential  leader  in  the 
Whig  partv.  He  was  again  a  member 
of  congress  in  1849-53,  and  a  warm 
supporter  of  the  compromise  meas- 
ures of  1850.  Devoted  ardently  to  the 
Union,  his  policy  was  distasteful  to  his 
section,  and  in*  1853  he  went  to  San 
Francisco  and  practised  law.  In  1862 
President  Lincoln  made  bins  military 
governor  of  North  Carolina,  an  office 
which  he  resigned  after  holding  it  a 
few  months.  D.  in  San  Francisco,  1872. 
STANTON,  Edwin  McMasters,  an 


ste] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


287 


American  statesman,  b.  in  Steubenville, 
Ohio,  Dec.  19,  1814,  studied  at  Kenyon 
college,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and 
finally  established  himself  in  practice 
in  his  native  town.  From  1842  to  1845 
lie  was  reporter  of  the  decisions  of  the 
supreme  court  of  his  state.  In  1847  he 
removed  to  Pittsburg.  His  first  case  be- 
fore the  supreme  court  of  the  U.  S.  was 
that  of  Pennsylvania  against  the  Whee- 
ling and  Belmont  Bridge  Company, 
in  which  he  represented  the  state.  In 
1856  he  removed  to  Washington.  His 
public  life  commenced  in  December, 
1860,  when  he  entered  the  cabinet  of 
President  Buchanan  as  attorney-gen- 
eral, and  served  to  the  close  of  his  ad- 
ministration. In  January,  1862,  he  was 
appointed  secretary  of  war  by  President 
Lincoln.  The  duties  of  this  office  he 
discharged  during  the  rebellion  with 
marvellous  energy  and  ability.  He 
continued  in  office  under  President 
Johnson,  with  whom   he   quarrelled,  in 

1866,  on  his  policy  of  Reconstruction. 
Dismissed  by  the  president,  August  12, 

1867,  he  was  reinstated  by  the  senate, 
January  14,  1868.  The  president  ap- 
pointed a  secretary  ad  interim,  and  was 
impeached;  on  his  acquittal  Mr.  Stan- 
ton resigned.  He  was  appointed  asso- 
ciate justice  of  the  U.  S.  supreme  court 
December  21,  1869,  but  died  December 
24,  before  his  commission  was  made 
out. 

STAUNTON",  Howard,  a  distin- 
guished English  chess-player  and  au- 
thor of  several  works  for  the  use  of 
chess-players,  edited  for  some  years  the 
chess  column  in  the  '•  Illustrated  News." 
He  also  prepared  an  edition  of  Shakes- 
peare, and  wrote  "  The  Great  Schools 
of  England."     D.  1874. 

STEERS,  George,  a  naval  construc- 
tor and  shipbuilder,  was  b.  in  Wash- 
ington, 1821,  and  removed  to  New  York 
when  quite  young.  The  yacht  America 
and  the  steamships  Adriatic  and  Niag- 
ara were  constructed  on  his  models,  and 
gained  for  him  a  high  professional  po- 
sition.    D.  1856. 

STEIN  LA,  Mouitz,  a  Prussian  en- 
graver, and  professor  of  engraving  at 
the  Dresden  academy,  b.  1792  ;  d.  1858. 
His  best  wrork  is  the  engraving  of  the 
"  Madonna  "  of  Holbein. 

STEPHEN,  A.  J.,  an  English  barrister 
and  sergeant  at  law,  author  of  ".Com- 
mentaries on  the  Laws  of  England,"  and 
"Pleadings  in  Civil  Actions."  B.  1788; 
d.  1864. 

STEPHENS,  John  Lloyd,  an  Amer- 
ican traveller  and  author,  b.  1805,  grad- 


uated at  Columbia  college,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  the  city  of  New  York,  and 
was  for  a  time  an  active  Democratic 
politician.  But  his  vocation  was  that 
of  an  observer  and  traveller,  and  the 
fruits  of  his  adventures  were  published 
in  the  very  popular  works  entitled  "  In- 
cidents of  Travel  in  Egypt,  Arabia 
Petraea,  and  the  Holy  Land,"  and  "In- 
cidents of  Travel  in  Greece,  Turkey, 
Russia,  and  Poland."  In  1839  he  was 
appointed  special  ambassador  to  Cen- 
tral America,  and  published,  in  1841, 
"Incidents  of  Travel  in  Central  Amer- 
ica, Chiapas,  and  Yucatan."  A  second 
visit  led  to  a  second  work  on  Yucatan. 
He  was  the  originator  of  the  Panama 
railroad,  and  some  time  president  of 
the  company  that  constructed  it.  D. 
1852. 

STEPHENSON,  Robert,  an  engi- 
neer, b.  near  Newcastle-on-Tvne,  1803, 
served  an  apprenticeship  in  the  locomo- 
tive works  of  his  father,  the  celebrated 
George  Stephenson.  The  Britannia 
bridge  over  the  Menai  Straits,  and  the 
Victoria  bridge  over  the  St.  Lawrence, 
are  among  the  monuments  of  his  skill. 
D.  1859. 

STEVENS.  Alfred  George,  an 
English  decorative  artist,  b.  in  Dorset- 
shire, 1817,  showed  an  early  genius  for 
painting,  and  at  the  age  of  16  went 
to  Italy,  where  he  passed  nine  years, 
working  on  canvas,  marble,  and  metal. 
Returning  to  England  in  1842,  he  was 
employed  in  decorative  works  for  archi- 
tects, founders,  and  manufacturers.  In 
1850  he  took  up  his  residence  in  Shef- 
field, and  through  his  artistic  influence 
the  Sheffield  school  of  art  took  the 
highest  place  among  the  schools  of  art 
in  the  United  Kingdom.  His  great 
work  is  the  Wellington  monument  in 
St.  Paul's  cathedral.  This  was  com- 
menced in  1858,  and  left  unfinished  at 
his  death  in  1875.  —  Isaac  Ingalls, 
an  American  officer,  b.  in  Massachu- 
setts, 1818,  graduated  at  West  Point, 
entered  the  engineer  corps,  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Mexican  war,  was  ap- 
pointed in  1853  governor  of  Washing- 
ton territory,  and  was  two  terms  its 
delegate  in  congress.  While  governor, 
and  in  charge  of  the  surveys  of  the 
North  Pacific  Railroad,  he  determined 
the  route,  and  published  a  narrative 
of  his  observations.  Chairman  of  the 
Breckenridge  executive  committee  at 
Washington  in  1860,  he  was  strenuously 
opposed  to  secession.  In  September 
1861,  he  was  appointed  brigadier-gen- 
eral of   volunteers,  and   major-general 


288 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPHY. 


[STK 


July  4,  1862.  He  commanded  under 
Sherman  in  the  Fort  Royal  expedition, 
and  commanded  the  principal  column 
in  the  unsuccessful  assault  on  Seces- 
sionville,  S.  C,  in  18C2.  He  subse- 
quently had  charge  of  a  division  in  the 
battle  "fought  under  General  Pope's 
command  in  Virginia,  and  fell  in  the 
battle  of  Chantilly,  while  bearing  the 
colors  of  one  of  his  regiments,  and 
cheering  on  his  men,  September  1, 
1862.  —  Robert  Livingston,  inventor 
and  engineer,  son  of  John  Stevens,  dis- 
tinguished in  the  earl}'  history  of  steam 
navigation,  applied  himself  successfully 
to  the  improvement  of  steam  machinery 
for  boats  and  railroads.  He  invented 
an  improved  bomb  of  a  sugar-loaf  form, 
and  was  many  years  employed  on  a 
steam-batterv  for  harbor  defence.  B. 
in  Hoboken,  1788;  d.  1856.  —  Edwin- 
Augustus,  brother  of  the  preceding,  b. 
in  Hoboken,  1795,  engineer,  was  exten- 
sively engaged  in  building  and  running 
steamboats,  and  left  a  million  of  dollars 
to  complete  the  steam-battery  above 
mentioned,  which  he  bequeathed  to  the 
state  of  Xew  Jersey,  and  which  was 
afterward  sold  to  the  U.  S.  government. 
He  left  nearly  a  million  of  dollars  to 
found  the  Stevens  institute  of  technol- 
ogy. —  Thaddeds,  an  American  states- 
man, b.  in  Vermont.  1793,  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  college,  and  established 
himself  in  the  practice  of  the  law  in 
Pennsylvania.  His  first  entry  in  polit- 
ical life  was  in  the  interest  of  the  anti- 
masonic  party,  and  in  opposition  to 
President  Jackson.  He  was  several 
years  a  member  of  the  state  legislature, 
and  in  1837  was  a  member  of  the  state 
constitutional  convention,  but  refused 
to  sign  the  constitution  on  account  of 
its  restriction  of  negro  suffrage.  In 
1842  he  removed  to  Lancaster,  and  in 
1848  was  elected  to  congress,  and  re- 
elected in  1850.  In  1858  he  was  again 
elected,  and  remained  a  member  till  bis 
death  in  1868.  He  was  a  recognized 
leader  of  the  Republican  party.  With 
an  intense  hatred  of  slavery  and  of 
slave-owners,  he  was  the  advocate  al- 
ways of  most  stringent  measures  for 
putting  down  the  rebellion,  emancipat- 
ing the  slaves,  and  securing  by  consti- 
tutional amendments  perfect  equality 
of  the  races.  He  took  the  lead  in  tire 
impeachment  of  President  Johnson. 

STEVENSON,  Andrew,  a  Demo- 
cratic politician,  b.  in  Virginia,  1784, 
distinguished  himself  earl)'  at  the  bar 
and  in  the  state  legislature,  was  mem- 
ber of  congress  1821-1834,  and  speaker 


of  the  house  1827-34.  He  was  a  warm 
partisan  of  President  Jackson,  and  in 
1836  was  sent  ambassador  to  England, 
where  he  remained  during  Mr.  Van 
Buren's  administration.  On  his  return 
he  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  agricul- 
tural pursuits.  D.  1857.  —Thomas  G., 
an  American  soldier,  b.  in  Boston, 
1836,  evinced  an  early  inclination  for 
military  affairs,  and  in  1861  raised  the 
24th  regiment  of  Massachusetts  volun- 
teers. As  colonel  of  this  regiment  he 
took  part  in  the  capture  of  Roanoke 
Island  and  Newbern,  successfully  de- 
fended Washington,  N.  C,  against  a 
superior  force,  and  in  December,  1862, 
was  made  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers. He  aided  in  the  reduction  of  the 
confederate  works  on  Morris  Island, 
and  commanded  the  reserves  in  the 
attack  on  Fort  Wagner.  While  in  com- 
mand of  the  first  division  of  the  9th 
corps,  he  was  killed  in  battle  near 
Spottsylvania,  Va.,  May  10,  1864. 

STEWART,  Alexander  Turkey, 
an  American  merchant,  b.  near  Belfast, 
Ireland,  1802,  was  a  student  at  Trinity 
college,  Dublin,  and  in  1818  emigrated 
to  the  city  of  New  York  and  engaged 
in  teaching  school.  In  1823  he  began 
business  as  a  retail  shopkeeper  of  dry 
goods  on  Broadway,  and  from  that 
point  established  a  commercial  business 
which  in  extent  had  but  few  rivals  in 
the  world.  In  the  famine  of  1846  he 
sent  a  ship-load  of  provisions  as  a  gift 
to  Ireland.  He'  was  a  strong  LTnion 
man  in  the  civil  war,  and  President 
Grant  nominated  him  for  secretary  of 
the  treasury,  though  his  commercial 
engagements  were  a  legal  obstacle  to 
his  confirmation  by  the  senate.  He  laid 
out  Garden  City  on  Hampstead  Plains, 
L.  L,  and  erected  a  marble  building  on 
the  Fourth  Avenue,  New  York,  at  an 
expense  of  more  than  a  million  of 
dollars,  as  a  home  for  working-girls. 
D.  1876.  —  Charles,  a  rear-admiral  in 
the  U.  S.  navv,  b.  at  Philadelphia.  July 
28,  1778 ;  d."  at  Bordentown,  N.  J*, 
Nov.  7,  1869.  He  was  one  of  the 
foremost  men  of  the  early  days  of  the 
American  navy,  and  gained  great  ce- 
lebrity during  the  war  with  England  of 
1812.'  He  commanded  the  frigate  Con- 
stitution, in  which,  in  February,  1815, 
he  fell  in  with  the  British  ships  of  war, 
the  Cyane  of  34,  and  the  Levant  of 
21  guns,  and  captured  them  after  a 
severe  conflict  of  40  minutes.  On 
his  return  to  the  U.  S.,  he  was  re- 
ceived with  the  highest  honors.  In 
1817-20  he  commanded  the  Mediterra- 


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CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPIIY. 


289 


nean  squadron,  and  subsequently  the 
Pacific  fleet.  In  1857  he  was  retired  on 
account  of  his  old  age,  but  two  years 
later  was  restored  to  the  active  list  by 
special  legislation.  In  July,  1802,  he 
was  made  rear-admiral  on  the  retired 
list.  U.  1869.  —  Charles  Samuel, 
clergyman  and  author,  b.  in  New  Jer- 
sey, 1795,  studied  law,  and  afterward 
divinity,  and  was  sent  as  a  missionary  to 
the  Sandwich  Islands  in  1822.  He  was 
afterwards  a  chaplain  in  the  U.  S.  navy. 
He  wrote  an  account  of  his  residence  in 
the  Sandwich  Islands  ;  a  narrative  of 
his  first  cruise  in  a  man-of-war,  "Visit 
to  the  South  Seas  in  1829-30,"  "Bra- 
zil and  La  Plata,"  and  a  Tour  through 
Great  Britain,  in  1832.     U.  1870. 

ST1FTER,  Adalbert,  a  celebrated 
German  novelist,  b.  in  Bohemia,  in 
180G,  was  a  successful  landscape  painter 
in  his  early  manhood.  He  wrote  many 
short  stories  for  the  magazines  and  lit- 
eral-}' annuals,  which  were  collected  un- 
der the  title  of  "  Studien  "  and  "  Bunte- 
Steine."  He  was  an  admirable  painter 
of  natural  scenery  in  its  details.  D.  at 
Linz,  1808. 

STOCKMAN,  Baron  Christian 
Fried  rich  von,  b.  at  Coburg,  1787, 
was  private  secretary  to  Leopold  L, 
king  of  the  Belgians,  and  in  1830  was 
sent  to  England  as  the  adviser  of  the 
Princess  Victoria,  who  in  the  following 
year  ascended  the  throne.  In  1838  and 
1839,  by  desire  of  the  queen,  he  ac- 
companied Prince  Albert  on  a  journey 
tt>  Italy,  and  paid  them  a  long  annual 
visit  down  to  1850-57,  when  he  retired 
to  his  home  at  Coburg.  D.  1863.  The 
"Memoirs  of  Baron  Stockman,"  by  his 
son,  were  edited  in  an  English  transla- 
tion by  Professor  Max  Muller.  D.  1872. 

STOCKTON,  Robert  Field,  an 
American  naval  officer,  and  U.  S.  sen- 
ator, b.  in  Princeton,  N.  J.,  1790,  en- 
tered the  navy  in  1810,  and  in  1821 
went  to  Africa  in  command  of  the  Erie, 
and  obtained  from  the  native  chiefs  the 
cession  of  the  tract  now  constituting  the 
republic  of  Liberia.  He  was  next  sent 
against  the  pirates  in  the  West  Indies. 
From  1826  to  1838  he  took  an  active 
part  in  politics  as  a  Jackson  man.  He 
was  an  early  advocate  of  a  steam  navy, 
and  it  was  to  his  acquaintance  with 
Captain  Ericsson,  and  his  appreciation 
of  the  value  of  his  screw  propeller  in 
its  application  to  ships  of  war,  that  the 
navy  was  indebted  for  the  steamer 
Princeton.  In  October,  1815,  he  was 
sent  to  the  Pacific  coast,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year,  with  fifteen  hundred  men, 
19 


he  conquered  California.  Resigning 
his  commission  in  1849,  in  1851  he  was 
elected  U.  S.  senator.  He  procured 
the  passage  of  the  law  abolishing  flog- 
ging in  the  navy,  and  resigned  in  1853. 
I).  1800.  —  Thomas  Hewlings,  an 
American  clergyman  and  author,  b.  in 
New  Jersey,  1808,  studied  medicine 
but  abandoned  it  for  theology,  and  be- 
came a  Methodist  preacher.  He  was 
at  different  times  chaplain  of  the  U.  S. 
house  of  representatives,  and  of  the 
senate.  He  was  settled  in  Baltimore, 
and  afterwards  in  Cincinnati  and  Phil- 
adelphia. He  was  a  pioneer  of  anti- 
slavery,  and  had  a  high  reputation  as 
a  pulpit  orator  and  for  literary  ability. 
He  published  an  edition  of  the  New 
Testament,  in  paragraphs,  and  besides 
other  works,  a  volume  of  "  Poems,  with 
Autobiographic  and  other  Notes."  D. 
1808. 

STORER,  George  W.,  officer  of  the 
U.  S.  navy,  b.  in  New  Hampshire,  re- 
ceived a  midshipman's  warrant  in  1809. 
In  1855  lie  became  governor  of  the  Phil- 
adelphia naval  asylum,  and  in  1862  was 
promoted  to  the  grade  of  rear-admiral. 
D.  at  Portsmouth,  1804. 

STORRS,  William  Lucius,  a  dis- 
tinguished jurist,  b.  at  Middletown, 
Conn.,  1795,  was  member  of  congress 
for  three  terms,  and  in  184 L  was  made 
justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  his  na- 
tive state,  and  chief  justice  in  1856. 
D.  1801. 

STRAIN,  Isaac  G.,  lieutenant  U.S. 
navy,  b.  in  Pennsylvania,  d.  in  Aspin- 
wall,  1857.  He  conducted  explorations 
in  the  interior  of  Brazil  and  the  penin- 
sula of  California,  and  in  1849  crossed 
from  Valpiraiso  to  Buenos  Ayres,  em- 
bodying his  observations  in  a  narrative 
entitled  "The  Cordillera  and  Pampa." 
He  was  attached  to  the  Mexican  boun- 
dary commission,  and  yet  later  con- 
ducted an  expedition  across  the  Isth- 
mus of  Darien. 

STRANGFORD,  Percy  Clinton 
Sydney  Smythe,  Viscount,  a  British 
diplomatist,  b.  1780;  d.  1855.  Whilst 
secretary  of  legation  at  Lisbon,  he  trans- 
lated the  poems  of  Camoens,  which  he 
published  in  1803,  with  a  memoir.  In 
1825  he  was  made  Baron  Penshurst. — 
Pekcy  William  Smythe,  Viscount, 
diplomatist  and  philologist,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  b.  at  St.  Petersburg, 
where  his  father  was  then  ambassador, 
in  1825.  Educated  at  Harrow  and  Ox- 
ford, he  became  an  attache  of  the  em- 
bassy at  Constantinople  in  1845,  and 
oriental  secretary  in  1857.    He  was  a 


290 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[STB 


wonderful  linguist.  It  is  said  that  all 
the  languages  of  Europe  and  of  civil- 
ized Asia  were  equally  familiar  to  him. 
He  stood  alone  in  his  familiar,  and  mi- 
nute knowledge  of  the  "Eastern  Ques- 
tions" of  the  political  world.  He  wrote 
the  ethnographical  and  political  portion 
of  Lady  Strangford's  "  Eastern  Shores 
of  the  Adriatic."  A  selection  from  his 
writings  was  published  in  a  posthu- 
mous volume.  I),  in  London,  1869.  A 
volume  of  his  "Original  Letters  and 
Papers  on  Philological  Subjects  "  was 
announced  for  publication  in  1877. 

STRANGWAYS,  Thomas  Fox,  b. 
1790,  was  brigadier-general  command- 
ing the  British  artillery  in  the  Crimea, 
and  was  killed  at  Iukerman,  where  a 
round  shot  blew  away  his  leg. 

STRAUSS,  David  Friedkich,  a  dis- 
tinguished German  scholar  and  theolo- 
gian, b.  1808  at  Ludwigsburg,  in  Wiir- 
temberg,  was  originally  trained  for  the 
ministry  of  the  evangelical  church,  and 
being  ordained  in  his  twenty-second 
year,  obtained  professorships,  first  at 
Heilbronn  and  afterward  at  Tubingen. 
In  1835  he  published  his  "  Life  of  Jesus 
Critically  Examined,-'  a  book  which 
aroused  more  controversy  than  any 
book  of  modern  times.  The  object  of 
the  writer  was  to  account  for  the  origin 
of  the  Christian  faith  in  the  absence 
of  any  belief  in  the  supernatural.  The 
theory  was,  that  around  the  figure  of 
the  teacher  Jesus  there  had  gathered, 
in  the  first  two  centuries,  a  cloud  of 
glorifying  and  falsifying  myths  orig- 
inating in  the  Old  Testament  idea  of 
the  Messiah.  The  work  was  translated 
into  every  European  language,  and  in 
a  few  years  may  be  said  to  have  pro- 
duced a  special  literature  of  its  own. 
In  1839  Dr.  Strauss  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  dogmatics  and  church  history 
in  the  university  of  Zurich,  but  he  had 
a  stormy  time  in  his  professorship,  and 
was  finally  driven  from  it  and  turned 
his  attention  to  politics.  Elected  to  the 
Wiirtemberg  diet,  he  disappointed  his 
constituents  by  his  conservatism,  and 
retired  in  1848.  Devoting  himself  to 
literary  pursuits  he  published  lives  of 
the  poet  Sehubart,  of  Christian  Miirk- 
lin,  Ulrich  Von  Hutten,  Hermann  Sam- 
uel Reimarus,  and  Voltaire.  In  1804, 
after  the  appearance  of  M.  Renan's 
"Life  of  Jesus,"  Strauss  prepared  and 
published  a  popular  edition  of  his  "  Le- 
ben  Jesu,"  which  had  a  large  circula- 
tion, and  was  translated  into  many 
languages.  The  next  vear  appeared 
his  work  entitled  "The  Christ  of  Faith 


and  the  Jesus  of  History."  Of  his  later 
works  the  most  important  is  "  The  Old 
Faith  and  the  New,  a  Concession,"  pub- 
lished in  1872.  He  left  unfinished  a 
life  of  Lessing,  and  a  life  of  Beetho- 
ven. D.  1874.  The  same  year  was  pub- 
lished an  interesting  essay  on  his  life 
and  writings  by  his  friend,  Professor 
Zeller. 

STRICKLAND,  Agnes,  an  English 
authoress,  was  b.  in  1806.  Her  first 
work  was  "Worcester  Field;  or,  The 
Cavalier,"  a  metrical  romance,  followed 
by  "  Demetrius  :  a  Tale  of  Modern 
Greece,"  a  poem.  She  published,  1840- 
4:9,  the  "Lives  of  the  Queens  of  Eng- 
land ;  from  the  Norman  Conquest  to 
the  Death  of  Queen  Anne."  "  The 
Lives  of  the  Queens  of  Scotland,  and 
English  Princesses,  connected  with  the 
Regal  Succession  of  Great  Britain,"  fol- 
lowed. This  series  contains  the  most 
complete  and  authentic  life  of  Mary, 
Queen  of  Scots  that  had  been  pub- 
lished; embodying  recent  discoveries 
gathered  from  the  state  paper  offices 
of  Great  Britain,  France,  and  various 
foreign  libraries,  and  many  sources  of 
private  information  in  the  correspond- 
ence of  the  times.  Her  later  works 
were  "  Lives  of  the  Bachelor  Kings  of 
England,"  "Lives  of  the  Seven  Bish- 
ops," and  "Lives  of  the  Tudor  Prin- 
cesses." In  her  royal  biographies  she 
was  assisted  by  her  sister  Elizabeth. 
She  received  an  annual  pension  of 
.£100  from  1871,  in  recognition  of  her 
literary  merits.  D.  1874.  —  Hugh  Ed- 
win, an  English  naturalist  and  travel- 
ler, b.  in  Yorkshire,  1811,  wrote  several 
geological  treatises  and  a  volume  on  the 
"  History  and  Affinities  of  the  Dodo, 
Solitaire",  and  other  Extinct  Birds."  He 
succeeded  Dr.  Buckland  as  geological 
professor  of  Oxford.  Killed  by  a  rail- 
road accident,  1853. 

S TRINGHAM,  Silas  Horton,  rear- 
admiral  U.  S.  navy,  b.  at  Middletown, 
Conn.,  1798,  was  appointed  midship- 
man 1810,  and  the  next  year  took  part 
in  the  memorable  engagement  between 
the  President  and  the  Little  Belt.  He 
served  in  the  Algerine  squadron  under 
Decatur.  In  1819  he  was  in  the  sloop 
of  war  Cyane  that  convoyed  the  first 
settlers  to' Liberia.  While  off  the  Afri- 
can coast  he  captured  two  steamers,  and 
with  one  of  them  captured  several  other 
slavers,  and  brought  his  prizes  to  New 
York  where  they  were  condemned.  In  . 
1821,  in  the  Hornet,  he  was  in  pursuit 
of  the  pirates  in  the  West  Indies.  In 
the  Mexican  war,   in  command  of  the 


sue] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


291 


Ohio,  he  assisted  in  the  bombardment 
of  San  Juan  de  Ulloa.  In  1861  he  was 
appointed  flag  officer  of  the  North  At- 
lantic blockading  squadron,  and  was  in 
command  of  the  naval  forces  that  co- 
operated with  General  B.  F.  Butler  in 
the  capture  of  forts  Hatteras  and  (lark. 
In  September,  1801,  he  was  relieved 
from  his  command  at  his  own  request, 
and  in  July,  1862,  he  was  commissioned 
as  rear-admiral  on  the  retired  list.  D. 
1876. 

STRONG,  George  C,  an  Ameri- 
can officer,  b.  at  Stockbridge,  Vt.,  1833, 
graduated  at  West  Point,  was  on  Mc- 
Dowell's staff  at  Bull  Run,  next  on 
McClellan's  staff,  and  was  afterwards 
detailed  as  an  ordnance  officer  to  the  de- 
partment of  the  Gulf.  He  distinguished 
himself  at  Biloxi.  Brigadier-general 
of  volunteers,  1862,  he  led  the  assault- 
ing column  at  Fort  Wagner  with  vet- 
eran skill  and  courage  and  was  mor- 
tallv  wounded  at  its  head.  D.  Julv 
30,  "1863. 

STRUTHERS,  John,  a  minor  Scot- 
tish poet,  author  of  "  The  Poor  Man's 
Sabbath,"  b.  1776;  d.  1853. 

S TRUVE,  Frikdrich  Georg  Wil- 
hklm  vox,  a  distinguished  Russian  as- 
tronomer and  author,  b.  in  Altona, 
1793  ;  d.  1864. 

STUART,  James  E.  B.,  major  gen- 
eral in  the  confederate  armv,  was  b.  in 
Patrick  county,  Va.,  in  1832.  He  en- 
tered the  West  Point  academy  in  1850, 
served  in  New  Mexico,  and  acquired 
a  reputation  for  fearlessness  and  skill 
in  various  conflicts  with  hostile  In- 
dians. In  May,  1861,  he  joined  the 
confederates,  and  commanded  the  cav- 
alry at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  and 
in  the  following  September  routed  a 
Union  force  at  Lewinsville,  Va.  For 
the  latter  service  he  was  made  brig- 
adier-general. Early  in  the  Penin- 
sular campaign  of  1861  he  conducted 
a  series  of  dashing  cavalry  expeditions, 
during  which  he  destroyed  Union  sup- 
plies, made  many  captures,  and  diffused 
a  feeling  of  insecurity.  Made  major- 
general,  his  next  exploit  was  at  Cat- 
lett's  Station,  Va.,  where  he  penetrated 
to  Pope's  headquarters,  carrying  off 
his  papers  and  dress-uniform.  In  Octo- 
ber he  made  a  raid  into  Pennsylvania, 
and  another  into  Maryland,*  taking 
possession  of  Chambersburg,  and  doing 
much  damage  on  the  line  of  the  Haiti- 
more  and  Ohio  railroad.  He  encoun- 
tered Pleasanton  at  the  Barbee's  Cross- 
roads in  November,  and  in  December 
took  part  in  the  battle  of  Fredericks- 


burg; after  which  he  crossed  the  Rap- 
pahannock and  effected  another  of  his 
raids  in  safety.  After  the  battle  of 
Gettysburg,  General  Stuart  protected 
the  retreat  of  the  confederates.  Mor- 
tally wounded  in  the  fight  at  Ashland, 
June,  1804,  he  was  carried  to  Richmond 
and  d.  there  the  next  day.  —  Lady 
Louisa,  the  "last  descendant"  of  the 
royal  family  of  Scotland,  died  at 
Traquair  house,  near  Peebles,  in  De- 
cember, 1876,  in  her  hundredth  year. — 
Moses,  an  American  theologian,  b.  at 
Wilton,  Conn.,  1780,  graduated  at  Yale, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  but  after- 
wards studied  theology  and  in  1806  was 
ordained  pastor  in  New  Haven.  In 
1810  he  became  professor  of  sacred 
literature  in  the  theological  seminary 
at  Andover,  and  occupied  the  chair 
till  1848.  One  of  his  early  publications 
was  his  "Letters  to  Rev.  W.  E.  Chan- 
ning  "  in  1819;  and  he  continued  to 
write  letters,  commentaries,  and  theo- 
logical treatises,  throughout  his  active 
life.  He  published  several  translations, 
and  among  them  Schleiermacher's 
"  Discrepancies  between  the  Sabellian 
and  Athanasian  Methods  of  Represent- 
ing the  Doctrine  of  the  Trinity."  D. 
1852. 

STURGE,  Joseph,  a  member  of  the 
society  of  friends,  and  an  active  par- 
ticipator in  various  philanthropic  move- 
ments, b.  1794;  d.  in  England,  1859. 
He  visited  the  United  States  as  a  la- 
borer in  the  anti-slaverv  cause. 

STURT,  Sir  Chari.es,  an  English 
army  officer,  one  of  the  earliest  explor- 
ers of  the  Australian  continent,  and 
subsequently  colonial  secretary  for  the 
province  of  South  Australia,  d   1869. 

SUE,  Eugene,  a  French  novelist, 
b.  in  Paris,  1801,  studied  medicine, 
entered  the  army,  was  transferred  to 
the  naval  service,  and  visited  America, 
Asia,  and  the  Mediterranean  coasts. 
In  1828,  he  took  part  in  the  battle  of 
Navarino.  Inheriting  the  next  year  a 
fortune  from  his  father,  he  became  a 
painter,  then  a  playwright,  and  finally 
a  writer  of  sea-novels  in  emulation  of 
Cooper.  The  most  successful  of  these 
was  "  La  Salamandre."  Embracing  the 
views  of  the  socialists,  he  published  in 
1841  his  "Mathilde,"  to  illustrate  and 
enforce  them.  The  same  ideas  pre- 
vailed in  his  "Mysteries  of  Paris," 
1842-3,  a  terrible  picture  of  vice  and 
misery.  This  was  followed  by  "  The 
Wandering  Jew,"  an  attack  on  the 
Jesuits.  These  novels  added  largely  to 
his  fame  and  fortune.     In   the  "  Con- 


292 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[sum 


stitutionnel,"  in  184<i,  he  published  his 
"Martin  l'Enfant  Trouve\"  a  socialist 
romance,  and  in  the  following  year, 
"Les  Sept  Peches  Capitaux."  "  Les 
Mysteres  du  Peuple,"  published  in 
1849-1856,  intended  to  be  an  exposure 
of  the  misery  to  which  the  common 
people  have  been  reduced  in  all  ages  by 
injustice  and  tyranny,  was  suppressed 
by  the  government  in  1857.  In  1848, 
Sue  adopted  the  strongest  democratic 
and  socialist  opinions,  and  was  elected 
in  1850  a  member  of  the  national  as- 
sembly. The  coup  d'etat  of  1851  drove 
Sue  into  exile,  and  he  d.  1857. 

SULLY,  Thomas,  an  American 
painter,  b.  in  England.  1793,  came  to 
the  U.  S.  with  his  parents,  who  were 
players,  and  in  1809  settled  as  a  por- 
trait painter  in  Philadelphia,  where  he 
died,  1872.  In  his  art  he  was  very 
popular,  excelling  in  female  idealiza- 
tions. He  painted,  among  others,  full- 
length  portraits  of  Cooke  as  Richard 
III.,  Jefferson,  Decatur,  Lafayette,  and 
Queen  Victoria. 

SUMNER,  Charles,  an  American 
jurist  and  statesman,  b.  in  Boston,  Jan. 
6,  1811,  graduated  at  Harvard  college, 
and  studied  at  the  law  school  in  Cam- 
bridge. He  opened  an  office  in  Boston, 
was  appointed  reporter  of  the  U.  S. 
circuit  court,  was  one  of  the  editors  of 
"  The  American  Jurist,"  and  lectured 
at  the  law  school  for  three  winters 
previously  to  his  tour  in  Europe  in 
1837-40."  In  1844-4(5  he  edited  an  edi- 
tion, with  notes  and  illustrations,  of 
Vesey's  Chancery  Reports,  in  20  vols. 
In  1851  he  was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  sen- 
ate as  successor  to  Mr.  Webster,  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  state.  In  May, 
1856,  he  delivered  the  speech  against 
slavery  which  occupied  two  days,  and 
was  published  with  the  title  of  "  The 
Crime  against  Kansas."  Some  allu- 
sions in  the  speech  were  made  the  oc- 
casion of  an  attack  upon  him  in  the 
senate  chamber  after  adjournment  for 
the  day,  by  Preston  S.  Brooks  of  South 
Carolina,  who  struck  him  violently  on 
the  back  of  his  head  with  a  gutta- 
percha cane,  inflicting  wounds  that 
disabled  the  senator  for  several  years. 
This  outrage  created  the  deepest  ex- 
citement throughout  the  country,  and 
on  his  return  to  his  constituents  Mr. 
Sumner  was  received  with  memorable 
honors.  It  is  probable  that  no  one 
event  tended  so  distinctly  as  this  to 
widen  the  breach  between  the  North 
and  the  South,  and  exasperate  the  ill 
blood  that  excited  the  rebellion.     After 


a  visit  to  Europe  for  the  benefit  of  his 
health,  Mr.  Sumner  reentered  the  senate, 
to  which  he  had  been  reelected,  in  the 
autumn  of  1859.  Soon  afterwards  he 
delivered  in  the  senate  an  elaborate 
oration  against  slavery,  published  under 
the  title  of  "  The  Barbarism  of  Slavery." 
In  the  presidential  canvas  of  1860  he 
made  several  speeches  in  behalf  of 
Abraham  Lincoln.  In  the  debates  pre- 
ceding the  civil  war.  and  throughout  its 
continuance,  he  opposed  all  compromise, 
and  favored  every  scheme  for  emancipa- 
tion. In  March,  1861,  he  was  made 
chairman  of  the  senate  committee  on 
foreign  relations,  a  post  which  he  oc- 
cupied for  ten  years.  He  denounced 
the  seizure  of  Mason  and  Slidell  on 
board  the  "Trent"  as  a  violation  of 
international  law.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  claim  to  "  indirect  damages  " 
against  Great  Britain  for  the  spoliations 
of  the  Alabama,  and  for  allowing  con- 
federate cruisers  to  be  fitted  out  in  her 
ports.  He  opposed  President  Grant's 
Santo  Domingo  treaty,  and  his  renomi- 
nation  for  the  presidency,  but  declined 
the  Democratic  and  liberal  Republican 
nomination  for  the  governorship  of 
Massachusetts,  which  was  tendered  him 
by  the  Worcester  convention.  Late  in 
1872  he  returned  from  Europe,  where 
he  had  gone  for  repose  from  the  presi- 
dential contest,  and  on  taking  his  seat  in 
the  senate  reintroduced  his  civil-rights 
bill,  and  a  resolution  providing  for  re- 
moving from  the  army  register  and  the 
regimental  colors  of  the  army  the  names 
of  the  battles  won  over  fellow-citizens 
in  the  civil  war.  The  latter  measure  led 
to  a  resolution  of  censure  from  the  Mas- 
sachusetts legislature,  which  was  re- 
scinded shortly  before  his  death.  D. 
March  11,  1874.  In  the  latter  part  of 
his  life  he  prepared  a  collected  edition 
of  his  works  in  12  volumes.  A  "  Memo- 
rial of  Charles  Sumner"  was  published 
by  order  of  the  Massachusetts  legislature 
in  1874.  —  Edwin  Vosk,  brevet  major- 
general  in  the  U.  S.  armv,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  1796;  d.  1863.  He  served  in  the 
Black  Hawk  war,  and  on  the  Indian 
frontier;  in  1847  he  led  the  cavalry 
charge  at  Cerro  Gordo,  fought  at  Con- 
treras,  Churubusco,  and  Molino  del 
Rey,  and  in  1848  was  commissioned 
lieutenant-colonel.  For  a  time  he  com- 
manded the  department  of  New  Mexico, 
and  held  important  posts  on  the  west- 
ern frontier.  In  March,  1861,  he  was 
appointed  brigadier -general,  and  in 
1862  commanded  the  first  army  corps 
in    the    army   of    the    Potomac.      He 


tal] 


CYCLOPEDIA   OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


293 


served  at  the  siege  of  Yorktown,  and 
was  twice  wounded  in  the  hattles  of 
the  Chickahominy,  and  again  at  An- 
tietam.  —  John  Bird,  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  author  of  "  Evidences  of 
Christianity,"  "  Expositorv  Lectures," 
and  other'  theological  works,  and  the 
leader  of  what  is  known  as  the  "  Evan- 
gelical Section"  of  the  English  church. 
B.  1780  ;  d.  18G2. 

SUTHERLAND,  Harriet  Eliza- 
beth Gkobgiana,  Duchess  of,  b.  180G, 
daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  married 
Earl  Go  wen,  who,  in  1833,  succeeded  to 
the  ducal  title  of  Sutherland.  She  was 
the  intimate  friend  of  Queen  Victoria, 
and  many  years  mistress  of  the  robes. 
A  leader"  of  fashion,  she  was  widely 
known  as  a  philanthropist,  and  at  a 
meeting  held  under  her  auspices  at 
Stafford  house,  St.  James's,  the  mani- 
festo was  addressed  by  English  ladies 
to  their  American  sisters  in  deprecation 
of  American  slavery.     D.  1868. 

SWAIN.  Charles,  an  English  poet, 
b.  in  Manchester,  1803,  was  the  author 
of  "Metrical  Essays;"  "  Dry  burgh 
Abbey,"  an  elegy  on  Sir  Walter  Scott; 
"Dramatic  Chapters;  "  "  Englisfr  Mel- 
odies ; "  and  the  "Letters  of  Laura 
D'Auverne  and  other  Poems."   D.  1874. 

SWETCHINE,  Anna  Sophie,  a 
French  writer,  b.  in  Moscow,  1782, 
daughter  of  Soimonoff,  private  secre- 
tary to  Catharine  II.,  was  educated  at 
her  court.  In  1799  she  married  Gen- 
eral Swetchine,  was  converted  to  So- 
man Catholicism  in  1815,  and  from  the 
following  year  resided  chiefly  in  Italy 
and  in  Paris.  "  The  Life  and  Letters 
of  Madame  Swetchine,"  published  by 
De  Falloux,  her  literary  executor,  were 
translated  by  Harrie"t  W.  Prescott, 
printed  at  Boston,  and  passed  through 
several  editions.  Several  interesting 
volumes  of  her  correspondence  were 
published  between  1859  and  1875.  D. 
1857. 

SYKES,  William  Henry,  an  Eng- 
lish officer,  b.  1790,  joined  the  Bombay 


army  in  1804,  returned  to  England  in 
1840,  wrote  "  Notes  on  the  Religious, 
Moral,  and  Political  Condition  of  An- 
cient India,"  which  were  translated 
into  the  French  and  German,  and  nu- 
merous papers  on  the  natural  history, 
geology,  meteorology,  and  statist i>s  of 
India."  He  represented  Aberdeen  in 
parliament  from  1857,  where  he  inter- 
ested himself  specially  in  questions  af- 
fecting the  peoples  and  princes  of  India, 
and  the  grievances  of  Indian  officers. 
D.  1872. 

SYME,  James,  a  Scotch  surgeon, 
eminent  as  a  teacher  and  operator,  was 
b.  in  Fifeshire,  1799,  published  in  1831 
his  "  Treatise  on  the  Excision  of  Dis- 
eased Joints,"  and  in  1833  became  pro- 
fessor of  clinical  surgery  in  the  Edin- 
burgh university,  and  subsequently 
surgeon  to  the  royal  infirmary,  and 
professor  of  surgery  at  university  col- 
lege, London.  Amongst  his  various 
works  and  memoirs  are  a  "Treatise  on 
Diseases  of  the  Rectum,"  "Contribu- 
tions to  Pathology,"  "  The  Practice  of 
Surgery,"  and  other  treatises  in  prac- 
tical surgery. 

SYMINGTON,  W.,  a  Scottish  theo- 
logian, author  of  a  work  on  the  "  Atone- 
ment and  Intercession  of  Christ,''  and 
another  on  the  "Mediatorial  Dominion 
of  Christ."     B.  1795;  d.  1802. 

SYMONS,  Jelinoek  Cooksox,  edi- 
tor of  the  London  "Law  Magazine," 
and  a  prolific  writer  of  essays  and 
pamphlets  on  social  reforms,  b.  in  1810; 
d.  in  1860.  He  originated  the  theory 
that  the  moon  does  not  rotate  upon  its 
axis. 

SZALAY,  LAszlo,  a  Hungarian  his- 
torian, b.  in  Buda.  1813,  was  the  author 
of  "  The  Book  of  Statesmen,"  a  collec- 
tion of  biographies,  and  of  a  "History 
of  Hungary,"  six  vols.     D.  1864. 

SZECHENYI,  Count  IstvAn,  a  dis- 
tinguished Hungarian  statesman  and 
reformer,  and  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
revolution  in  1848.  B.  1793,  at  Vienna  ; 
d.  at  Dobling,  1860. 


T. 


TACHE,  Sir  Etienne  P.,  a  French 
Canadian  politician,  b.  at  St.  Thomas, 
L.  C,  1795 ;  d.  1865.  He  was  an  in- 
surrectionist in  1837,  a  zealous  loyalist 
subsequently,  and  a  member  of  dif- 
ferent administrations.  Knighted  by 
Queen  Victoria  and  by  the  Pope,  he  be- 


came premier  of  the  provincial  cabinet 
in  1864. 

TALFOURD,  Thomas  Noon,  an 
English  judge,  dramatist,  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  b.  at  Reading,  1795, 
studied  the  classics  under  Dr.  Valpy, 
and  was  a  law  pupil  of  Chitty.     He  was 


294 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[tas 


called  to  the  bar  in  1821,  and  travelled 
the  western  circuit,  discharging  the  du- 
ties of  law  reporter  to  the  "Times." 
In  1835  he  was  returned  to  parliament 
for  Reading,  and  was  instrumental  in 
carrying  two  important  measures,  —  the 
custody  of  infants'  act,  and  the  copy- 
right act  of  1841.  He  was  raised  to 
the  bench  of  the  common  pleas  in  1839. 
He  had  been  fond  of  the  theatre,  and  un- 
der Campbell's  administration  wrote  the- 
atrical criticisms  for  the  "New  Monthly 
Magazine."  In  1835  Mr.  Macready 
brought  out  his  "Ion  "  at  Covent  Gar- 
den with  great  success.  The  admirable 
acting  of  Ellen  Tree  in  the  leading 
character  gave  the  play  a  popularity 
that  it  has  hardly  maintained.  "  The 
Athenian  Captive,"  "  Glencoe,"  and 
the  "Castilian,"  followed,  without  add- 
ing to  the  fame  acquired  by  his  earlier 
tragedy.  He  wrote  "Vacation  Ram- 
bles,"  "Memorials  of  Charles  Lamb," 
and  a  biography  of  Mrs.  Hadcliffe.  In 
1854,  as  he  was  charging  a  jury  at  the 
Stafford  assizes  he  was  seized  with  apo- 
plexy and  d.  immediately. 

TALLMADGE,  James,  b.  in  Dutch- 
ess county,  N.  Y.,  1788,  was  a  represent- 
ative in  congress,  1817-19,  and  strenu- 
ously opposed  the  adoption  of  the  Mis- 
souri compromise.  He  was  member  of 
the  state  constitutional  conventions  of 
1821  and  184G,  and  in  1824  was  elected 
lieutenant-governor.  He  was  president 
of  the  American  institute  in  New  York 
during  the  last  twenty  years  of  his  life. 
D.  1853. — Nathaniel  P.,  an  Ameri- 
can politician,  b.  in  Columbia  county, 
N.  Y.,  1795,  was  lawyer,  member  of  the 
state  legislature,  and  a  U.  S.  senator 
(1832-1844).  He  was  one  of  the  con- 
servatives who  abandoned  the  Democ- 
racy on  the  currency  question.  He 
was  territorial  governor  of  Wisconsin 
under  President  Tyler.     D.  1864. 

TANEY,  Roger  Brooke,  statesman 
and  jurist,  b.  in  Calvert  county,  Md., 
1777,  was  educated  at  Dickinson  college, 
Penn.,  and  in  1799  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  his  native  state,  where  he  practised 
law  and  filled  various  state  offices,  till 
in  1831  he  was  appointed  by  President 
Jackson  attorney-general  of  the  United 
States.  Nominated  secretary  of  the 
treasury,  on  the  dismissal  of  Mr.  Du- 
ane,  in  1833,  he  removed  the  deposits 
from  the  bank  of  the  United  States, 
and  his  nomination  was  rejected  by 
the  senate.  Again  rejected  when  nomi- 
nated associate  justice  of  the  supreme 
court  in  1835,  he  was  appointed  and 
continued    as   chief  justice   to   fill    the 


place  of  John  Marshall,  in  March,  1836. 
This  post  he  occupied  till  his  death. 
He  was  an  uncommonly  able  and  con- 
scientious magistrate,  and  a  man  of 
spotless  character.  In  the  Dred  Scott 
case  he  delivered  the  opinion  of  the 
court,  which  decided  that  the  negro  was 
not  a  citizen,  and  that  slavery  could  not 
be  constitutionally  excluded  from  the 
territories.  In  this  he  stated  as  an  his- 
torical fact  that  for  a  hundred  years 
before  the  Constitution  was  framed  ne- 
groes had  been  considered  to  have  no 
rights  which  white  men  were  bound  to 
respect.  This  historical  statement  was 
widely  represented  as  the  expression  of 
a  present  opinion  of  the  chief  justice. 
During  the  civil  war,  he  decided  in  the 
case  of  John  Merrvman  that  the  habeas 
corpus  could  be  suspended  only  by  the 
legislature.  D.  1864.  His  bust  was  for 
some  time  excluded  from  the  capitol; 
but  his  bronze  statue,  by  Kinehart,  was 
erected  at  Annapolis  in  1872.  A  "Me- 
moir" of  his  life  was  published  in  Bal- 
timore in  the  same  year. 

TAPPAN,  the  name  of  a  family  of 
brothers  noted  in  anti-slavery  annals. 
—  Arthur,  b.  1786,  was  many  j'ears 
an  influential  New  York  merchant, 
whose  name  was  first  brought  promi- 
nently before  the  public  by  his  payment 
of  a  fine  that  had  been  imposed  upon 
W.  L.  Garrison,  in  Baltimore,  for  the 
publication  of  an  article  on  the  domes- 
tic slave-trade.  He  founded  the  "Jour- 
nal of  Commerce,"  and  in  1833  estab- 
lished the  "  Emancipator,"  in  New 
York,  and  the  same  year  was  chosen 
president  of  the  American  anti-slavery 
society.  D.  1865.  —  Benjamin,  jurist 
and  politician,  b.  1773,  was  some  time 
a  copper-plate  engraver  and  portrait- 
painter,  and  afterwards  established 
himself  as  a  lawyer  in  Ohio,  and  was 
appointed  a  district  judge  by  President 
Jackson  in  1833.  He  was  United  States 
senator  in  1839-1845,  and  a  leader  in 
the  Democratic  party  till  he  joined  the 
Freesoilers.  He  published  a  volume  of 
Keports.  — Lewis,  a  Boston  and  New 
Yoi'k  merchant,  distinguished  by  his 
active  and  long-continued  efforts  in  the 
anti-slavery  cause,  d.  at  an  advanced 
age  in  1873. 

TASCHEREAU,  Jules  Antoine,  a 
French  editor,  b.  1801,  held  various 
public  employments,  and  was  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  "National,"  the  "His- 
toriettes  de  Tallemont  des  Reaux,"  and 
the  "Revue  Retrospective."  He  edited 
Moliere,  Boufflers,  and  the  correspond- 
ence of  Grimm  and  Diderot.     D.  1874. 


ter] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


295 


TASSAERT,  Nicolas  Francois  Oc- 
tave, a  French  painter,  b.  1800,  was 
distinguished  as  a  portrait,  historical, 
and  genre  painter.  Many  of  his  sub- 
jects were  engraved  or  lithographed, 
and  some  were  reproduced  in  the  "Ar- 
tiste."    I).  1874. 

TAUSIG.  Karl,  a  German  pianist, 
b.  1841,  ranked  as  only  second  to  Liszt, 
and  from  1865  was  court- pianist  at 
Berlin.     D.  1871. 

TAYLOR,  Edward  T.,  known  as 
Father  Taylor,  main'  years  a  famous 
and  eloquent  preacher  at  the  Seaman's 
Bethel,  in  Boston,  was  a  sailor  in  his 
youth,  and  was  ordained  a  Methodist 
preacher  in  1819.  He  was  chaplain  to 
the  U.  S.  frigate  sent  to  Ireland  dur- 
ing the  famine.  B.  in  Virginia,  1794; 
d.  1871.  —  Isaac,  an  English  writer  and 
essavist,  brother  of  Jane  Tavlor,  was 
b.  in  Suffolk,  England,  in  1787.  He 
was  educated  privately  by  his  father,  a 
nonconformist  minister,  and  was  origin- 
ally destined  for  the  pulpit,  but  ulti- 
mately betook  himself  to  literature, 
and  for  many  years  lived  in  rural  retire- 
ment. Here  he  wrote  and  published 
anonymously  "The  Natural  History  of 
Enthusiasm,"  which  was  favorably  re- 
ceived by  the  religious  public.  His 
works  on  "Fanaticism,"  ".Spiritual 
Despotism,"  and  "The  Physical  The- 
ory of  another  Life,"  were  also  popular 
among  the  orthodox  nonconformist 
communities.  He  was  the  author  also 
of  "Ancient  Christianity,"  of  "  Loyola 
and  Jesuitism,"  and  "  Wesley  and 
Methodism."  D.  18(55.  —  John  W., 
b.  in  Saratoga  county,  N.  Y.,  1784  ;  d. 
in  Cleveland,  1854.  lie  was  long  a  lead- 
ing politician  in  bis  native  state  ;  elected 
to  the  state  legislature  in  1811,  and  to 
congress  in  1813.  He  was  speaker  of 
the  house  during  the  passage  of  the 
Missouri  compromise.  —  Richard,  a 
London  printer,  whose  press  was  long 
the  favorite  one  for  classical  and  scien- 
tific publications,  was  b.  1781.  He 
established  the  "  Annals  of  Natural 
History."  D.  1858.  —  Gkorgk  W., 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  the 
U.  S.  army,  b.  in  New  Jersey,  1808, 
was  mortally  wounded  in  the  second 
battle  of  Bull  Run,  and  d.  at  Alexan- 
dria, Va.,  Sept.  1,  1862.  He  served  in 
the  Mexican  war,  but  at  the  outbreak 
of  the  civil  conflict  in  1861  he  was  en- 
gaged in  mining  and  the  manufacture 
of  iron  in  his  native  county.  He  be- 
came colonel  of  the  3d  New  Jersey 
volunteers,  and  was  promoted  after  the 
battle  of  West  Point.     He  commanded 


his  brigade  in  the  seven-days'  struggle 
before  Richmond. 

TEGETHOFF,  Wilhelm  von,  Bar- 
on, an  Austrian  admiral,  b.  at  Mar- 
burg, in  Styria,  1827,  educated  at  the 
naval  college  in  Venice,  entered  the 
service  at  18.  In  1859  he  accompanied 
the  Archduke  Maximilian  to  Brazil. 
In  the  Schleswig-Holstein  war,  in  1864, 
he  defeated,  in  conjunction  with  the 
Prussians,  the  Danish  fleet  off  Heligo- 
land, and  was  promoted  rear-admiral. 
On  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with  Prus- 
sia, in  1866,  he  won  a  great,  victory  in 
the  Mediterranean  over  admiral  Persano 
and  the  Italian  fleet  at  Lissa.  He  was 
then  made  full  admiral,  and  soon  after 
visited  France,  Great  Britain,  and 
America,  and  in  1807  was  charged  with 
the  conveyance  of  the  remains  of  the 
Emperor  Maximilian,  of  Mexico,  to 
Europe.     1).   1871. 

TELEKI,  LAszlo,  Count,  a  Hun- 
garian writer,  scholar,  and  statesman, 
was  b.  in  Pesth,  1811.  He  was  sent  to 
Paris  in  1848,  by  the  Hungarian  govern- 
ment, to  urge  a  recognition  of  Hun- 
garian nationality.  The  triumph  of 
Austria  made  him  an  exile,  under 
sentence  of  death.  In  1860  he  vent- 
ured to  visit  Dresden,  was  arrested  and 
delivered  to  the  Austrian  government. 
He  received  a  conditional  pardon,  and 
in  April,  1861,  obtained  a  seat  in  the 
Hungarian  diet.  His  convictions  of 
duty  were  inconsistent  with  his  pledges, 
and  he  committed  suicide  in  Pesth, 
May  8,  1861. 

TENERANI,  Pietro,  a  sculptor, 
b.  at  Torano,  near  Carrara,  about  1800. 
He  was  the  favorite  pupil  of  Thorwald- 
sen,  and  assisted  him  in  several  im- 
portant works.  After  Thorwaldsen's 
death  he  took  a  high  position  among 
the  sculptors  of  Rome.  Among  Tene- 
rani's  works  are  the  "Venus  Wounded;" 
the  "Swooning  Psyche;"  a  statue  of 
Count  Rossi,  who  fell  a  victim  in  Rome 
to  the  revolution  of  1848;  the  monu- 
mental group  on  the  tomb  of  Pius  VIII. 
at  St  Peter's,  and  various  pietas  and 
religious  monuments  of  grand  and 
noble  character.     D.  1869. 

TERNAUX,  Henri,  a  French  editor, 
b.  1807,  published  twenty  volumes  of 
voyages,  narratives,  and  memoirs  re- 
lating to  the  discovery  and  conquest  of 
America,  from  Spanish  MSS.  hitherto 
unedited.     D.  1864. 

TERRELL,  William,  a  prominent 
citizen  of  Georgia,  member  of  the  state 
legislature,  and  from  1817  to  1821  a 
representative    in    Congress.     He   was 


296 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OP   BIOGRAPHY. 


[Till 


an  active  promoter  of  agricultural  im- 
provement, and  .munificently  provided 
for  the  establishment  of  a  professorship 
of  agriculture  in  the  state  university. 
D.  1855. 

TERRILL,  William  R.,  brigadier- 
general  of  volunters,  b.  in  Virginia,  en- 
tered the  U.  S.  army  in  1853,  and  in 
May,  1801,  was  captain  in  the  fifth  ar- 
tillery. He  raised  a  regiment  for  ser- 
vice in  Kentucky,  and  for  his  gallantry 
at  Shiloh  was  appointed  to  the  position 
he  held  at  his  death.  He  was  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Perrvville,  Kv.,  Oct.  8, 
1862. 

TEXIER,  Charles  Felix  Marie, 
a  French  traveller  and  archaeologist,  b. 
at  Versailles  1802,  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  explorations  of  Asia  Minor 
in  the  government  service.  Their  re- 
sults -were  published  in  "Description 
de  l'Armenie,"  2  vols,  in  folio;  and 
"Description  de  l'Asie  Mineure,"  4 
vols,  in  folio.     D.  1871. 

THACKERAY,  William  Make- 
peace, novelist,  b.  in  Calcutta,  1811, 
was  the  son  of  Rev.  Richard  Thackeray, 
of  the  East  India  company's  civil  ser- 
vice. He  was  educated  in  England, 
and  left  Cambridge  university  without 
taking  a  degree.  He  went  to  Rome  as 
a  student  of  art,  but,  on  returning  to 
London,  gave  himself  to  literature. 
He  contributed  occasionally  to  the 
"Times,"  but  first  gained  distinction 
by  a  series  of  tales,  essays,  and  sketches 
written  for  "  Eraser's  Magazine,"  un- 
der the  pseudonym  of  Michael  Angelo 
Titmarsh.  His  earliest  separate  pub- 
lications, such  as  "  The  Paris  Sketch- 
Book,"  and  the  "Chronicle  of  the 
Drum,"  were  not  very  successful,  al- 
though the  genius  of  Thackeray  as  a 
humorist  was  even  then  appreciated  by 
critical  minds.  It  was  in  the  pages  of 
"Punch  "  that  he  became  a  power  in 
the  literature  of  England.  "  The  Snob 
Papers"  and  "  Jeames's  Diary  "  placed 
his  reputation  as  a  satirist  beyond  cavil. 
"Vanity  Fair"  followed  as  a  separate 
publication,  and  in  1849-50,  the  "His- 
tory of  Pendennis,"  and  "  Rebecca  and 
Rowena,"  —  the  latter  a  burlesque  con- 
tinuation of  Sir  Walter  Scott's  "  Ivan- 
hoe."  The  "  Kiekleburvs  on  the 
Rhine,"  issued  in  1851,  drew  upon 
Thackeray  a  severe  castigation  from 
the  London  "  Times,"  to  which  he 
replied  in  "  An  Essay  on  Thunder  and 
Small  Beer."  His  next  novel,  "Es- 
mond," appeared  in  1852,  the  scene 
being  laid  in  the  days  of  Queen  Anne  ; 
and   out  of    his   study  of   the   leading 


characters  of  that  age  arose  "Lectures 
on  the  English  Humorists."  Prior  to 
the  collected  publication  of  the  lectures 
they  were  delivered  by  Thackeray  in 
London  and  in  the  chief  cities  of  the 
United  States.  His  success  as  a  lec- 
turer led  Thackeray  to  prepare  an- 
other series, —  "The  Four  Georges," 
—  which  were  also  delivered  in  the 
United  States.  In  1857  he  became  a 
candidate  for  parliament,  but  was  de- 
feated. "  The  Newcomes  "  and  "  The 
Virginians"  were  amongst  his  latest 
productions.  D.  suddenly  in  London, 
1864. 

THALBERG,  Sigismund,  pianist 
and  musical  composer,  b.  at  Geneva, 
1812,  studied  at  Vienna,  introduced 
new  effects  in  his  compositions  and 
performances,  and,  visiting  the  prin- 
cipal countries  of  the  world,  obtained 
a  wide  reputation  in  his  art.  D.  at 
Naples,  1871. 

THEINER,  Augustin,  a  German 
historian  and  theologian,  b.  1804,  went 
to  Rome  in  1831,  and  became  in  1851 
keeper  of  the  secret  archives  of  the 
Vatican,  and  published  various  com- 
pilations illustrating  ecclesiastical  his- 
tory. D.  1874  —  Johann  Anton,  the- 
ologian, brother  of  the  preceding,  b. 
1799,  wrote,  with  the  assistance  of 
Augustin,  an  extensive  work  on  the 
history  of  celibacy.  He  was  Roman 
Catholic,  German  Catholic  in  1845,  and 
soon  afterwards  joined  the  Protestant 
church.     D.  1860. 

THENARD,  Louis  Jacques,  a 
French  chemist,  b.  1777,  was  the 
author  of  an  "  Elementary  Treatise  on 
Theoretical  and  Practical  Chemistry," 
in  5  vols.,  that  passed  through  several 
editions  and  was  translated  into  several 
languages.     D.  1857. 

THEODORE,  King  of  Abyssinia, 
was  born  of  humble  parentage  in 
Quard,  on  the  borders  of  Western  Am- 
ahara,  and  was  educated  in  a  convent, 
in  which  he  was  placed  under  restraint 
by  his  mother.  King  Theodore's  name 
was  brought  prominently  before  the 
British  public  in  1865  by  his  cruel  im- 
prisonment of  the  English  consul  and 
missionaries  without  just  cause.  As  he 
persistently  refused  to  release  his  cap- 
tives, England  eventually  declared  war 
against  him,  and  the  British  troops, 
under  Sir  Robert  Napier  (Lord  Napier 
of  Magdala),  captured  Magdala  13th 
April,  1868,  when  Theodore,  seeing  es- 
cape hopeless,  fell  bv  his  own  hands. 

THIERRY,.!.  N.  Augustin,  a  French 
historian,  was  b.  1795,  in  Blois,  of  poor 


THO] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF   BIOGRArilY. 


297 


parents,  and  passed  through  his  studies 
at  the  college  of  his  native  town.  He 
removed  to  Paris  in  1814,  attached 
himself  to  St.  Simon  as  secretary  and 
disciple,  and  in  1817  he  entered  the 
ranks  of  journalism  as  a  writer  for  the 
"  Censeur  Europeen."  The  polemics 
of  the  day  led  him  to  the  study  of  his- 
tory, and  to  the  production  of  his  great 
work,  the  "  Histoire  de  la  Con- 
quete  de  l'Angleterre  par  les  Nor- 
niands."  With  sight  and  health  im- 
paired, Thierry  sought  recuperation  in 
Switzerland.  His  general  health  im- 
proved, but,  almost  blind,  he  returned 
to  Paris  to  resume  his  labors  in  the  field 
of  history.  His  next  work  was  the 
"  Lettres  sur  1'Histoire  de  France."  Ill- 
ness soon  compelled  him  to  betake  him- 
self to  the  baths  of  Luxeuil.  During 
his  absence  the  Academie  Francaise 
awarded  him  the  Gobert  prize  of  $2,000; 
and  Guizot  selected  him  to  compile  for 
the  government  all  the  materials  to  be 
found  throughout  France  bearing  upon 
the  history  of  the  third  estate.  Blind- 
ness and  paralysis  did  not  deter  Thierry 
from  the  prosecution  of  his  favorite 
studies,  which  he  continued  to  the  last. 
D.  1856.  —  Amedee  Simon  Domi- 
nique, a  French  historian,  brother  of 
the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Blois,  1797. 
He  published  in  1824  a  short  "  History 
of  the  Province  of  Guyenne,"  and  four 
years  afterwards,  ''  A  History  of  the 
Gaulois,  or  old  Celtic  Population  of 
France."  Professor  of  history  at  Besan- 
con,  eight  years  prefect  of  the  Haute- 
Saone,  councillor  of  state  (1853),  and 
senator  (1869),  his  literary  labors  were 
hardly  interrupted  by  official  employ- 
ments. In  1838  he  published  a  "His- 
torvof  Gaul  under  the  Roman  Domina- 
tion;" in  1856  his  "  History  of  Attila 
and  his  Sons  and  Successors  in  Eu- 
rope." This  work  was  so  highly  es- 
teemed in  Hungary  that  the  Hungarian 
Academy  sent  a  painter  to  Paris  to  take 
the  portrait  of  the  author  for  the  gal- 
lerv  of  Pesth.     D.  1873. 

Thiersch,  fmedhich  wilhelm, 

a  German  philologist,  b.  at  Kirkschei- 
dungen,  near  Freiburg,  1784,  studied 
law  and  theology  at  the  universities  of 
Leipsic  and  Gottingen.  Called  to  a 
professorship  in  the  gymnasium  at 
Munich,  he  gave  the  first  impulse  to 
philological  studies  in  Bavaria.  Histo- 
rian, critic,  philologist,  reformer  of  the 
system  of  college  education,  liberal  poli- 
tician, he  enjoyed  a  distinguished  rep- 
utation. From  1811  to  1829  he  edited 
the  "ActaPhilologorum  Monacensium." 


After  a  two  vears'  residence  in  Greece, 
he  published,  in  1883,  "The  Actual 
State  of  Greece,  and  the  means  of  ac- 
complishing its  Restoration."  He  wrote 
a  Greek  grammar,  with  reference  to 
the  Homeric  dialect,  his  travels  in  Italy, 
and  other  works.     D.  1860. 

THIRL  WALL,  Connor,  an  English 
historian,  b.  1797,  was  author  of  a 
"History  of  Greece,"  in  eight  vols. 
He  published  a  speech  delivered  in  the 
house  of  lords  in  1869,  on  the  Irish 
Church.  "  His  Literary  and  Theolog- 
ical Remains,"  in  3  vols.,  were  pub- 
lished in  1875-76.     D.  1875. 

THOMAS,  Georcjk  Henry,  an 
American  general,  b.  in  Virginia,  1816, 
graduated  at  West  Point,  and  in  1840 
entered  the  artillery  and  served  in  the 
Florida  war.  In  the  Mexican  war  he 
was  brevetted  as  captain  and  major  for 
his  gallant  conduct  at  Monterey  and 
Buena  Vista.  He  served  against  the 
Seminoles,  was  instructorat  West  Point, 
1851-54,  and  afterwards  on  frontier 
duty  till  1860.  He  was  colonel  when 
the  civil  war  broke  out,  and  in  August, 
1861,  was  made  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers,  and  defeated  Zollicoffer  at 
Mill  Spring,  Ky.,  January  19, 1862.  In 
April  he  was  made  major-general  of 
volunteers.  He  took  part  in  the  siege 
of  Corinth,  especially  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  battle  of  Murfreesborough 
and  in  that  of  Chiekamauga,  where  he 
stood  his  ground  after  the  rest  of  the 
army  had  been  routed,  September  21, 
1863.  In  October  he  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  department  and  army 
of  the  Cumberland,  and  made  brigadier- 
general  of  the  regular  arm}'.  He  ren- 
dered Grant  important  service  in  the 
victory  of  Chattanooga,  and  was  en- 
gaged in  all  the  battles  of  Sherman's 
Atlanta  campaign.  In  October,  1864, 
he  was  sent  to  operate  against  Hood  in 
Tennessee,  and  finallv  routed  him  in  the 
battle  of  Nashville, "Dec.  15,  16.  For 
his  achievements  he  was  made  major- 
general,  and  received  the  thanks  of 
congress,  and  a  gold  medal  from  the 
State  of  Tennessee.  In  1868,  he  de- 
clined the  brevet  of  lieutenant-general, 
offered  him  by  President  Johnson,  on 
the  ground  that  since  the  war  he  had 
done  nothing  to  deserve  it.  D.  in  San 
Francisco,  March  28,  1870. 

THOMAS,  George  Housman,  an 
artist,  b.  in  London,  1824,  was  appren- 
ticed to  a  wood  engraver,  and  practised 
his  art  in  Paris  and  in  the  U.  S.  Re- 
turning to  London  he  was  employed 
as  one  of  the  principal  draughtsmen  on 


298 


CYCLOr.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPUY. 


[tho 


the  "Illustrated  News."  In  1848  he 
visited  Italy,  and  furnished  that  jour- 
nal with  vivid  sketches  of  the  principal 
incidents  of  the  siege  of  Rome.  These 
drawings  attracted  the  attention  of  her 
majesty;  and,  from  about  1854,  he  was 
employed  by  the  queen  to  commemo- 
rate the  principal  events  in  which  the 
royal  family  were  actors;  and  this  not 
only  by  the  production  of  many  impor- 
tant oil  paintings,  such  as  "  The  Queen 
distributing  Crimean  Medals  to  the 
Soldiers  in  St.  James  Park,"  but  by  a 
series  of  sketches  in  pencil  and  water- 
colors,  which  form  an  album  of  great 
value,  belonging  to  her  majesty.  As  a 
designer  of  illustrated  books  he  had  few 
rivals.  His  chef-d'oeuvre  of  this  class 
was  Mrs.  Stowe's  "Uncle  Tom's  Cab- 
in." The  best  works  he  executed  in 
oil  were  '  The  Coronation  of  the  King 
of  Prussia,"  "The  Marriage  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales,"  "The  Queen  and 
Prince  Consort  at  Aldershott,"  and 
others  of  a  similar  character,  all  painted 
for  her  majesty.  1).  1868.  —  John 
Wesley,  Wesleyan  preacher,  poet,  and 
translator  of  Dante  ;  was  b.  at  Exeter, 
in  England,  1798,  and  d.  on  the  Dum- 
fries circuit  before  completing  the  fif- 
tieth vear  of  his  ministry,  in  1872. 

THOMPSON,  Daniel  Pierce,  an 
American  novelist,  b.  in  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  1795,  practised  law  in  Montpe- 
lier,  Vt.,  and  held  in  succession  several 
political  and  judicial  offices.  He  was 
the  author  of  "May  Martin,  or  the 
Monev  Diggers,"  several  other  novels, 
and  a  history  of  Montpelier.  D.  1868. 
—  Thomas  Perronet,  an  English 
major-general,  and  political  reformer 
and  writer,  b.  at  Hull,  1783;  d.  1869. 
In  1829  he  became  joint  proprietor  of 
the  "Westminster  Review,"  with  Dr. 
Bowring,  and  wrote  regularly  in  its 
pages  till  1836.  His  topics  embraced 
Free  Trade,  Reform,  Slavery,  Cath- 
olic and  Jewish  Disabilities,  the  Corn 
Laws,  the  Theory  of  Rent,  and  other 
subjects,  which  he  treated  in  a  liberal 
spirit  with  ability  and  skill.  His  col- 
lected writings  were  published  in  six 
volumes  in  1842. — Waddy,  an  Amer- 
ican politician,  b.  in  Pickensville,  S.  C, 
1798,  was  bred  to  the  law,  and  from 
1835  to  1841  was  a  member  of  con- 
gress, and  a  prominent  leader  in  the 
Whig  party.  In  1842  he  was  appointed 
minister  to  Mexico,  where  he  nego- 
tiated two  important  treaties,  and  pro- 
cured the  release  of  more  than  200  Tex- 
an prisoners.  He  published,  in  1846, 
"Recollections  of  Mexico."     D.  1868. 


—  Zapock,  professor  of  natural  his- 
tory in  the  university  of  Vermont,  and 
state  naturalist,  author  of  a  gazetteer 
and  history  of  Vermont,  and  other 
works,   b.  1797  ;  d.  1856. 

THOMSON,  Edward,  a  Methodist 
divine  and  author,  b.  in  England,  1810, 
emigrated  when  a  lad  with  his  parents 
to  Ohio.  He  took  a  degree  in  medicine, 
and  in  1833  joined  the  Ohio  Methodic 
conference.  In  1864  he  was  elected 
bishop,  and  made  an  extensive  tour  of 
missionary  observation.  He  published 
several  volumes  of  essays,  —  "  Letters 
from  Europe,"  and  "Letters  from  In- 
dia, China,  and  Turkey,"  in  two  vols. 
D.  1870.  —  Katharine  Byerly,  an 
English  author,  the  wife  of  an  eminent 
physician.  Her  first  efforts  were  bio- 
graphical and  historical,  including  lives 
of  Wolsey  and  Raleigh,  "Memoirs  of 
the  Court  of  Henry  VIII.,"  and 
"  Memoirs  of  Sarah,  Duchess  of  Marl- 
borough." She  next  published  a  series 
df  historical  novels,  among  which  were 
"  Anne  Bolevn,"  "  Ragland  Castle," 
"The  White  Mask,"  "The  Chevalier." 
She  subsequently  wrote  "Court  Se- 
crets," the  "Queens  of  Society," 
"  Wits  and  Beaux  of  Society."  and 
other  works.  B.  1800 ;  d.  "1862.  — 
Thomas,  a  Scottish  chemist,  author  of 
a  "  System  of  Chemistry,"  and  editor 
of  the  supplement  to  the  "  Encyclopae- 
dia Britannica"  He  was  born  in  Perth- 
shire, 1773,  and  commenced  his  lectures 
at  Edinburgh  in  1800.  He  invented  the 
system  of  symbols  now  in  universal 
use.  He  opened  the  first  laboratory  in 
Scotland  for  practical  manipulation. 
Thomson's  discoveries  include  chloro- 
cromic  acid,  hvposulphurous  acid,  hy- 
drosulphurous  acid,  potash  oxalates  of 
chromium,  potash  chromate  of  magne- 
sia, chloride  of  sulphur,  many  salts,  and 
above  fiftv  species  of  minerals.  D.  at 
Glasgow.  "1852. 

THORBUKN,  Grant,  the  "Laurie 
Todd  "  of  Gait's  novel,  b.  in  Dalkeith, 
Scotland,  1773;  d.  in  New  Haven,  1863. 
A  threatened  prosecution  of  a  political 
nature  led  him,  in  1792,  to  emigrate  to 
the  United  States,  and  on  his  arrival 
here  he  worked  for  some  time  at  the 
trade  of  a  nail-maker.  He  afterwards 
embarked  in  the  seed  business,  in  which 
he  made  for  himself  a  name  and  a  for- 
tune. He  published  several  autobio- 
graphical volumes,  among  them,  "  Fifty 
Years  Reminiscences  of  New  York." 

TIIOREAU,  Henry  D.,  author  of 
"Life  in  the  Woods,"  and  "A  Week 
on  the  Concord   and   Merrimack   Riv- 


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CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


299 


ers,"  and  widely  known  as  an  obser- 
vant and  thoughtful  writer  and  an  ec- 
centric man,  b.  in  Boston,  1817;  d.  1802. 
Two  posthumous  volumes  from  his  pen 
were  published  in  1803,  and  a  third  ap- 
peared in  18G5. 

THORNBURY,  George  Walter, 
an  English  author,  b.  1828,  was  a  pro- 
fessional man  of  letters,  and  wrote 
several  volumes  of  poetry,  several  his- 
torical novels,  "  British  Artists,  from 
Hogarth  to  Tnrner,"  and  a  "  Life  of 
J.  M.  W.  Turner,  R.  A.,"  founded  on 
correspondence  and  documents  fur- 
nished by  the  artist's  executors.  He 
was  for  some  years  art  critic  to  the 
"Athenaeum."  '  D.  1870. 

THORNWELL,  James  Henley,  an 
American  clergyman,  b.  in  South  Caro- 
lina, 1812,  graduated  at  Columbia  col- 
lege in  1829,  abandoned  the  study  of  law 
for  theology,  and  became  a  pastor  of 
the  Presbyterian  church.  In  1830  he 
was  chosen  professor  of  logic  and 
beUes-kttres ;  in  1840,  professor  of  the 
evidences  of  Christianity  and  chap- 
lain; in  1852,  president  of  South 
Carolina  college,  and  in  1856,  senior 
professor  of  the  Presbyterian  theolog- 
ical seminary  at  Columbia.  He  was  an 
advocate  of  slavery,  and  an  adherent 
and  warm  friend  of  John  C.  Calhoun. 
He  was  an  ardent  promoter  of  seces- 
sion, and  opened  the  first  sitting  of  the 
South  Carolina  secession  convention 
with  prayer.  He  published  several 
pamphlets,  sermons,  and  addresses,  and 
also  a  controversial  work,  entitled 
"Arguments  of  Romanists  Discussed 
and  Refuted."     D.  1802. 

THORPE,  Benjamin,  a  distinguish- 
ed English  philologist,  b.  about  1808, 
distinguished  himself  by  his  researches 
in  the  Anglo  Saxon  language  and  lit- 
erature. He  translated  an  Anglo-Saxon 
grammar,  and  edited  a  numerous  series 
of  Anglo-Saxon  works.     D.  1870. 

THOUVENEL,  Edward  Antoine, 
a  French  diplomatist,  b.  1818,  was 
some  time  minister  at  Athens,  and  at 
Constantinople,  and  minister  of  foreign 
affairs  1860-02.  He  wrote  "Hungary 
and  Wallachia,  Souvenirs  of  Travel." 
U.  1800. 

TICKNOR,  George,  an  American 
author,  b.  in  Boston,  1791,  graduated 
at  Dartmouth  college,  studied  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1813.  He 
studied  five  years  in  Europe,  and  on  his 
return  home  became  professor  of  French 
and  Spanish  languages  and  literature 
in  Harvard  college.  In  1835  he  resigned 
and  went  to   Europe   for  three   \ears. 


In  1849  he  published  his  "History  of 
Spanish  Literature."  He  was  one  of 
the  club  of  writers  that  conducted  the 
"  American  Anthology,"  and  was  a  con- 
tributor to  the  "  North  American  Re- 
view," in  which  his  life  of  Lafayette 
first  appeared.  His  latest  publication 
was'  his  "Life  of  W.  H.  Prescott." 
The  most  interesting  of  his  writings, 
perhaps,  are  to  be  found  in  the  journal 
and  correspondence  published  in  the 
"Life  of  George  Ticknor,"  edited  by 
G.  S.  Hillard,  forming  one  of  the  most 
valuable  memoirs  of  the  centurv.  D. 
1871. 

TIECK,  Christian  Friedrich,  a 
German  sculptor,  b.  1776,  was  a  pupil 
of  Schadow,  and  of  the  French  painter 
David.  He  was  chiefly  celebrated  for 
his  portrait  busts,  among  which  were 
those  of  Goethe,  Lessing,  Schelling, 
Voss,  and  Herder.  He  made  a  statue 
of  Necker  for  Madame  de  Stael,  and  a 
statue  of  his  brother  Ludwig  for  Dres- 
den. D.  1851.  — Ludwig,  a  celebrated 
German  poet,  novelist,  and  translator, 
was  b.  at  Berlin,  in  1773.  He  was  an 
early  and  industrious  student  of  Eng- 
lishliterature.  His  "Peter  Lebrecht's 
Volksmarchen,"  embodying  in  a  new 
form  some  of  the  ancient  German  sto- 
ries and  legends,  first  brought  him  into 
general  notice,  in  1797.  "Franz  Stern- 
bald's  Wanderungen,"  the  fictitious  his- 
tory of  an  art-student  (2  vols.,  1798),  is 
considered  his  best  novel.  It  is  full  of 
mirth  and  of  good-natured  raillery  at  the 
literary  classicist  men  of  the  period. 
The  "Leben  und  Tod  der  Genoveva  " 
is  esteemed  his  «best  drama.  In  his 
"  Dichterleben  "  he  attempts  to  depict 
Shakespeare  and  his  times.  The  best 
German  translation  of  Shakspeare,  part- 
ly executed  by  A.  W.  Schlegel,  and  pub- 
lished 1797-1810,  was  revised  through- 
out and  completed  by  Tieck,  1825-29. 
Among  his  other  works,  which  fill  twen- 
ty volumes,  are  "  iMinnelieder  aus  dem 
Sehwabischen  Zeitalter,"  " Alt-Deut- 
sches  Theater,"  "  Alt-Englisches  Thea- 
ter," "  Dramaturgische  Blatter,"  and 
a  good  translation  of  Don  Quixote. 
From  1818  to  1840  he  resided  at  Dres- 
den, and  the  rest  of  his  life  he  passed 
at  Berlin,  where  he  received  from  the 
king  the  title  of  privv  councillor.  D. 
1853. 

TILGHMAN,  Lloyd,  a  confederate 
brigadier-general,  a  native  of  Maryland, 
and  a  graduate  of  West  Point,  killed  at 
Champion  Hill,  Miss.,  1803.     B.  1816. 

TIMBS,  John,  an  English  litterateur, 
b.  in  London,  1801,  began  his  literary 


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[TOL 


schooling  under  Sir  Richard  Phillips, 
and  was  befriended  by  John  Brit.ton, 
the  antiquary.  He  is  said  to  have  pub- 
lished 150  volumes  of  ingenious  compi- 
lations. Among  these  may  be  specially 
mentioned  "Curiosities  of  London," 
"London  Clubs  and  Club  Life," 
"Lives  of  Wits  and  Humorists,"  and 
"Romance  of  London."  He  edited 
"The  Arcana  of  Science,"  from  1828 
to  1839;  the  "Year  Book  of  Facts  in 
Science  and  Art,"  from  1839  to  his 
death,  and  was  antiquarian  editor  of 
the  "London  Illustrated  News"  for 
sixteen  years.     D.  1875. 

TIMROD,  Henry,  an  American  poet, 
b.  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  1829,  wrote 
martial  lyrics  of  confederate  inspira- 
tion in  the  civil  war,  and  published  a 
volume  of  poems  in  Boston  in  1800, 
republished,  with  additions  and  a  me- 
moir, by  Paul  H.  Hayne,  in  1873.  D. 
1867. 

TESCHENDORF,  Lobegott  Fried- 
rich  Constantin  von,  an  eminent 
German  biblical  critic  and  theologian, 
b.  at  Lengenfeld,  Saxon}',  in  1815. 
The  purpose  of  his  life  was  to  repro- 
duce in  its  purity  the  primitive  text  of 
the  New  Testament.  To  this  end  he 
visited  personally  all  the  countries 
where  important  manuscripts  of  the 
scriptures  exist.  The  result  of  his  la- 
bors is  embodied  in  the  eighth  edition 
of  his  New  Testament,  1869-72.  His 
achievements  brought  him  ribbons, 
medals,  titles,  degrees,  and  other  world- 
ly honors.     1).  at  Leipsic,  1871. 

TITE,  Sir  William,  an  English  ar- 
chitect, b.  in  London,  1802,  while  a 
pupil  of  Mr.  Laing  was  intrusted  with 
rebuilding  the  church  of  St.  Uunstan  in 
the  East.  As  a  tine  specimen  of  re- 
stored Gothic  architecture  it  gave  him 
reputation  and  employment.  He  was 
the  architect  of  the  royal  exchange  in 
London,  and  of  many  of  the  largest 
railway  stations  in  England  and  France. 
From  June,  1855,  to  his  death,  he  rep- 
resented Bath  in  parliament.     D.  1873. 

TOCQUEVILLE,  Alexis  Charles 
Henri  Clerel,  de,  an  eminent  pub- 
licist, was  b.  at  Verneuil  in  1805,  and 
was  admitted  a  member  of  the  French 
bar  in  1825.  In  1832  he  was  sent  on  a 
mission  with  M.  G.  de  Beamount  to  in- 
quire into  the  penitentiary  system  of 
the  United  .States,  with  a  view  to  its 
introduction  into  France.  Here  he  spent 
two  years,  and  published  in  1835  his 
"  Democratic  en  Amerique,"  2  vols., 
8vo.  In  June,  1849,  he  was  appointed 
minister  of  foreign  affairs,  but  resigned 


in  October.  As  a  member  of  the  legis- 
lative chamber,  he  remained  a  faithful 
adherent,  of  parliamentary  government: 
protested  against  the  coup  d'etat  of 
Dec.  2,  1851,  and  was  thrown  into 
prison  till  the  deed  was  consummated! 
From  this  period  he  devoted  himself 
entirely  to  literary  pursuits,  and  in 
1856  published  an  elaborate  work  on 
"  L'ancien  Regime  et  la  Revolution." 
His  "  Democracy  in  America,"  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Henry  Reeve, 
was  republished  in  New  York,  with  a 
preface  and  notes  by  J.  C.  Spencer. 
Mr.  Reeve's  translation  has  also  been 
edited  by  Prof.  F.  Bowen.  The  com- 
plete works  of  De  Tocqueville  were 
printed  in  Paris  in  nine  volumes, 
1860-65.     D.  1859. 

TODD,  James  Hentiiorne,  an  Irish 
theologian  and  archaeologist,  b.  at  Dub- 
lin, 1805;  wrote  "Testimony  of  the 
Fathers  to  the  Roman  Dogma  of  In- 
fallibility," "Memoirs  of  the  Suc- 
cessors of  St.  Patrick,"  and  "  St. 
Patrick,  Apostle  of  Ireland."  His  col- 
lection of  MSS.  was  sold  after  his  de- 
cease at  remarkable  prices.  D.  1869. 
— John,  an  American  clergyman,  b. 
in  Vermont,  1800,  was  for  thirty  years, 
1842-72,  pastor  of  the  tirst  Congrega- 
tional church  in  Pittstield,  Mass.  He 
wrote  many  works,  moral  and  educa- 
tional, for  young  persons  and  students, 
several  of  which  were  translated  into 
other  languages,  and  have  been  fre- 
quently reprinted.  D.  1873.  —  Robert 
Bentley,  a  British  physician,  b.  in 
Dublin,  1809,  became  an  eminent  prac- 
titioner in  London,  professor  of  phys- 
iology and  anatomy  in  King's  col- 
lege, and  published  an  "  Encyclopaedia 
of  Anatomy  and  Physiology,"  4  vols., 
8vo,  and  several  professional  lectures 
and  treatises.  D.  1860.  — John  Blair 
Smith,  b.  in  Kentucky,  graduated  at 
West  Point,  served  in  the  Florida  and 
Mexican  wars,  was  brigadier-general 
of  volunteers  in  the  civil  war,  delegate 
in  congress  from  Dakota  territory  in 
1867-69,  and  governor  of  the  terri- 
tory, 1869-71.  D.  1872,  aged  about  57 
years. 

TOLLENS,  Henorik  Cornelis- 
zoon,  Dutch  poet,  b.  at  Rotterdam ,  1780, 
in  lyrical  and  narrative  pieces  founded 
on  striking  events  of  Dutch  history, 
achieved  great  popularity  and  success. 
He  was  presented  with  a  gold  medal 
struck  in  his  honor,  and  was  made 
commander  of  the  order  of  the  Dutch 
Lion  on  his  seventieth  birthday.  D. 
1856. 


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CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


301 


TOMMASEO,  Nicoolo,  an  Italian 
patriot  and  miscellaneous  writer,  b. 
1802,  published  a  collection  of  the  pop- 
ular songs  of  Tuscany,  Corsica,  Dal- 
matia,  and  Greece,  in  4  vols.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  valuable  commentary  on 
Dante.  He  was  the  friend  of  Kosmini, 
Mauzoni,  and  Mazzini.  At  the  time  of 
his  death  he  was  engaged  on  a  diction- 
ary of  the  Italian  language.     I).  1874. 

TQOKE,  Thomas,  an  eminent  mer- 
chant and  writer  on  financial  subjects, 
was  b.  in  1774,  at  St.  Petersburg,  where 
his  father,  author  of  the  "  History  of 
Russia"  and  the  "Life  of  Catherine 
II.,"  was  chaplain  to  the  British  fac- 
tory. Early  in  life  he  entered  into 
mercantile  "pursuits  as  partner  in  one 
of  the  largest  houses  engaged  in  the 
Russian  trade.  From  1820  to  the  close 
of  his  life  he  was  an  active  participa- 
tor in  all  the  inquiries  and  legislation 
connected  with  social  and  financial  re- 
form in  Great  Britain.  His  "  History 
of  Prices,"  in  six  volumes,  embodies  a 
mass  of  information  on  the  commercial 
history  of  England  during  the  first  56 
years  of  this  century.     D.  1858. 

TORREY,  John,  an  eminent  botanist 
and  chemist,  b.  at  New  York,  1798, 
held  professorships  at  different  periods 
at  West  Point,  the  New  York  college 
of  physicians  and  surgeons,  and  at 
Princeton  college,  N.  J.  In  1854  he 
was  appointed  chief  assayer  in  the  U. 
S.  assay  office  at  New  York,  and  held 
the  office  till  his  death.  He  published, 
in  1819,  a  catalogue  of  plants  growing 
within  thirty  miles  of  New  York.  He 
prepared  the  botanical  reports  of  most 
of  the  U.  S  exploring  expeditious,  and 
the  botanical  portions  of  the  natural 
history  survey  of  the  state  of  New 
York.  He  was  connected  with  Prof. 
Asa  Gray  in  the  publication  of  the 
"  Flora  of  North  America."  His  val- 
uable herbarium  and  botanical  library 
were  transferred  to  Columbia  college. 
D.  1873. 

TOSCHI,  Paolo,  an  Italian  en- 
graver, b.  in  Parma,  1788,  was  the  first 
artist  to  undertake  the  engraving  of 
Correggio's  frescoes,  of  which  he  fin- 
ished 22  plates.     I).  1854. 

TOURGUENIEF,  Nikolai  Ivano- 
VICH,  Russian  political  and  miscella- 
neous writer,  b.  1790,  published  in  1847 
an  important  work,  entitled  "  La  Rus- 
sie  et  les  Russes."  From  1824  he  lived 
in  exile,  chieflv  at  Paris.     D.  1871. 

TOWNSEND,  Chauncy  Hake,  a 
poet  and  collector  of  works  of  art,  b. 
1798,  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Cam- 


bridge and  entered  into  orders,  but 
abandoned  soon  the  active  duties  of  his 
profession.  He  published,  in  1821,  a 
volume  of  poems,  characterized  by  an 
unusual  delicacy  and  refinement,  both 
of  feeling  and  expression.  It  was  not 
until  1851  that  he  brought  out  a  sec- 
ond volume,  "Sermons  and  Sonnets," 
which  was  followed,  in  1859,  by  "The 
Three  Gates."  Meanwhile  he  had  be- 
stowed much  attention  on  the  theory 
and  practice  of  mesmerism.  On  this 
subject  he  published  two  works,  "  Facts 
in  Mesmerism,"  1844,  and  "  Mesmer- 
ism Proved  true,"  1854;  the  latter  in 
answer  to  an  article  in  the  "Quarterly 
Review."  He  was  accomplished  as  a 
musician  and  painter.  During  the 
whole  of  his  later  life  he  spent  the 
greater  part  of  the  year  at  his  villa  in 
"Monloisir,"  at  Lausanne.  Some  in- 
teresting papers  in  "  All  the  Year 
Round,"  on  "Bewick,"  and  on  his 
"Poultry-yard,"  show  the  nature  of 
his  occupation  in  this  retreat.  He  be- 
queathed most  of  his  pictures  and  arti- 
cles of  virtu  to  the  South  Kensington 
museum;  and,  according  to  his  direc- 
tions, so  much  of  his  notes  and  reflec- 
tions as  threw  light  on  his  "Religious 
Opinions,"  were  published  bv  Mr. 
Charles  Dickens,  1869.  D.  1868.  — 
Geokgk,  a  theologian,  author  of  "The 
Chronological  Arrangement  of  the  Holy 
Bible,"  "Accusations  of  History  against 
the  Church  of  Rome,"  and  other  works, 
b.  1787.  In  1847  he  went  to  Italy  to 
convert  the  pope,  but  his  published  ac- 
count does  not  show  satisfaction  with 
the  result  of  his  labors.     D.  1857. 

TRAILL,  Thomas  Stuart,  profes- 
sor of  medical  jurisprudence  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  and  editor  of  the 
last  edition  of  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Bri- 
tannica."     B.  1782;  d.  1862. 

TREADWELL,  Daniel,  an  Ameri- 
can inventor,  b.  in  Ipswich,  Mass.,  in 
1791,  devised  several  machines  for  spin- 
ning hemp  and  cordage,  a  power  press, 
a  machine  for  making  wooden  screws, 
and  a  method  of  making  cannon  of 
wrought  iron  and  steel,  many  years 
before  Sir  William  Armstrong  accom- 
plished it.  He  was,  from  1834  to  1845, 
Rum  ford  professor  of  technology  in 
Harvard  college.     D.  1872. 

TREGELLES,  Samuel  Prideaux. 
an  eminent  English  biblical  critic  and 
theologian,  b.  at  Falmouth  1813;  d.  at 
Plymouth,  1875.  He  devoted  his  life 
to'the  preparation  of  a  critical  edition 
of  the  text  of  the  New  Testament  from 
the  most  ancient  manuscripts  and  ver- 


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CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


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sions.  His  great  work  is  "  The  Greek 
New  Testament,  edited  from  ancient 
authorities,  with  the  various  readings 
of  all  the  ancient  manuscripts,  ancient 
versions,  and  earlier  ecclesiastical  writ- 
ers, together  with  the  Latin  version  of 
Jerome,"  6  parts,  1857-72. 

TRENDELENBURG,  Friedkich 
Adolf,  a  German  philosopher,  b.  at 
Kutin  in  North  Germany,  1802,  was  dis- 
tinguished for  his  Aristotelian  and  Pla- 
tonic studies,  and  his  mastery  of  Latin. 
He  was  an  opponent  of  Hegel.  D. 
1872 

TRICOUPIS,  Spiridion,  a  Greek 
statesman  and  historian,  b.  1791,  was 
educated  at  Eton,  became  a  friend 
of  Lord  Byron,  and  pronounced  his 
funeral  oration  at  Missolonghi.  He  took 
part  in  the  Greek  insurrection  of  1824, 
and  was  its  historian.  In  1838  he 
was  ambassador  to  England,  again  in 
1842-4;  and  a  third  time  from  1852  to 
18(57.     D.  at  Athens,  1873. 

TRIQUETI,  Hen  hi  Baron  DE,  a 
French  sculptor,  b.  at  Conrlans,  1802, 
first  studied  painting  and  exhibited  at 
the  salon  of  1831.  At  the  same  time 
he  produced  a  group  of  sculpture, 
"The  Death  of  Charles  the  Bold," 
which  received  so  much  commendation 
as  to  induce  him  to  devote  himself 
thenceforth  exclusively  to  sculpture. 
He  executed  the  bronze  ijates  of  the 
church  of  La  Madeleine,  in  Paris.  He 
is  known  in  England  by  his  "  Marmor 
Homericum,"  a  decorative  work  in  the 
south  cloister  of  London  university, 
presented  to  the  college  by  Mr.  Grote, 
the  historian  of  Greece.  He  executed 
subsequently  the  tomb  of  the  Prince 
Consort.  He  was  a  zealous  leader 
among  the  French  Protestants,  and 
wrote  "  Les  Premiers  Jours  du  Prot- 
estantism en  France."     D.  1874. 

TROLLOPE  (Milton)  Frances,  an 
English  authoress,  was  born  in  1791,  at 
Hecktield,  Hampshire.  At  the  age  of 
nineteen,  she  married  Mr.  Anthony 
Trollope,  barrister  at  law,  and  a  few 
years  afterwards  was  left  a  widow.  In 
1829  she  visited  America,  and  remained 
there  for  about  three  years.  In  1832, 
Mrs.  Trollope  published  her  "Domes- 
tic Life  of  the  Americans,"  a  work 
which  caused  a  sensation  in  Britain, 
and  excitement  in  the  United  States. 
Mrs.  Trollope  continued  to  write,  pro- 
ducing book  after  book,  on  a  variety 
of  subjects  —  novels,  travels,  society, 
nothing  came  amiss  to  her  flying  pen. 
She  wrote  and  published  more  than 
J 00  volumes.     "  The  Vicar  of  Wrex- 


hill,"  "The  Widow  Barnaby,"  "The 
Widow  Married,"  "The  Barnabys  in 
America,"  "Eustace,"  "  Petticoat  Gov- 
ernment," and  "  The  Lauringtons," 
are  anion)?  the  best  specimens  of  her 
novels;  of  her  travels,  the  jottings  in 
America,  Germany,  Paris,  and  Vienna 
are  characterized  by  keen  observation 
and  an  evident  desire  to  suppress  no 
truth.  Mrs.  Trollope  spent  the  latter 
vears  of  her  life  in  Florence,  where  she 
d.  1863. 

TROOST,  Gerard,  naturalist,  b.  in 
Holland,  1776,  was  educated  at  Amster- 
dam and  Leyden,  studied  medicine  and 
served  as  a  medical  officer  in  the  army. 
He  was  sent  to  Paris  by  Louis  Bona- 
parte, the  King  of  Holland,  to  pursue 
his  scientific  studies.  In  1810  he  em- 
barked for  the  U.  S.  and  setiled  in 
Philadelphia,  where  he  was  the  first 
president  of  the  academy  of  natural 
history.  He  joined  Owen  in  the  New 
Harmony  enterprise  in  1825,  and  in 
1827  was  appointed  professor  of  chem- 
istry, mineralogy,  and  geology  in  the 
university  of  Na-hville,  Teun.  This 
post  he  retained  during  his  life,  and  for 
18  years  before  his  death  he  was  state 
geologist  of  Tennessse.     D.  1850. 

TROPLONG,  Raymond  Theodore, 
a  French  jurist,  who  held  several  dis- 
tinguished civil  offices,  edited  a  col- 
lection of  treatises  in  continuation  of 
Toullier's  commentary  on  the  civil  code, 
entitled  "  Le  Code  Civil  Explique,"  in 
28  vols.     B.  1795;  d.  1869. 

TROUP,  George  McIntosh,  an 
American  statesman,  b.  on  the  Tom- 
bigbee  river,  1780,  studied  law  and  es- 
tablished himself  in  Georgia,  where  he 
entered  early  on  public  life.  He  was 
member  of  "the  state  legislature  1800- 
1801.  member  of  congress  1807-1815, 
elected  U.  S.  senator  in  1816,  and  again 
in  1829,  and  was  governor  of  Georgia 
1827-9.  He  was  of  the  strictest  state 
rights'  school  in  politics.  His  "Life," 
by  E.  J.  Harden,  was  published  in 
Savannah,  1859.     D.  1856. 

TROYON,  Constant,  an  eminent 
French  landscape  and  animal  painter, 
b.  at  Sevres  in  1813,  was  first  employed 
in  the  famous  porcelain  works  of  that 
town  in  decorating  china.  He  acquired 
an  immense  fortune  in  his  art.  D. 
1865. 

TRURO,  Thomas  Wilde,  Baron, 
b.  1782,  an  English  lawyer,  was  articled 
to  his  father,  a  solicitor,  and  was  called 
to  the  bar  in  1817.  In  1846  he  was 
made  chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas, 
and  in  1850  lord  chancellor  under  Lord 


tur] 


CYCLOr.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


303 


John  Russell's  administration,  and  was 
raised  to  the  peerage  with  the  title  of 
Lord  Truro.     D.  1855. 

TUCKER,  Lutheh,  an  agricultural 
journalist,  b.  in  Vermont,  1802,  estab- 
lished in  1830  the  "Genesee  Farmer," 
afterwards  united  with  the  '"  Albany 
Cultivator,"  and  in  1852  commenced 
the  "Country  Gentleman,"  which  be- 
came, under  his  management,  the  lead- 
ing agricultural. journal  of  the  United 
States.  D.  1873. — Nathaniel  Bev- 
erley, an  American  lawyer,  son  of  St. 
George  Tucker,  was  b.  in  Virginia, 
1784,  and  removed  in  1815  to  Missouri, 
where  he  became  a  judge.  From  1834 
he  was  professor  of  law  in  William 
and  Mary  college.  He  was  the  author 
of  works  on  pleading  and  constitutional 
law,  and  the  novels  of  "  George  Bal- 
combe  "  and  "Gertrude."  His  unfin- 
ished novel  of  "The  Partisan  Leader," 
first  published  in  1837,  and  reprinted  in 
1861,  was  a  foreshadowing  of  secession. 
He  was  a  half-brother  of  John  Ran- 
dolph, and  had  begun  to  write  his  biog- 
raphy.    1).  1851. 

TUCKERMAN,  Henry  Theodore, 
an  American  art  critic  and  essayist,  b. 
in  Boston,  1813,  visited  Europe  in  his 
youth,  and  spent  some  time  in  the  Med- 
iterranean countries.  Mis  first  publica- 
tion was  "  The  Italian  Sketch  Book," 
in  1835.  Among  the  more  noteworthy 
of  his  works  are  "  Artist  Life,"  a  series 
of  sketches  of  American  painters,  "  Es- 
says, Biographical  and  Critical,"  "The 
Character  and  Portraits  of  Washing- 
ton," and  a  "Book  of  the  Artists." 
He  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
leading  journals  of  the  United  States, 
and  published  a  volume  of  "Poems." 
D.  1874. 

TURNBULL,  William  Barclay, 
a  Scotch  lawyer  and  antiquarian,  b. 
1811.  He  was  engaged  in  1859  to 
edit  the  "  Book  of  Scottish  Chronicles," 
for  the  master  of  the  rolls,  who  subse- 
quently appointed  him  to  the  office  of 
calendaring  foreign  state-papers  be- 
tween the  accession  of  Edward  VI.  and 
the  revolution  of  1688.  His  first  vol- 
ume was  published  in  January,  1861  ; 
but  the  appointment  of  a  Roman  Cath- 
olic to  this  office  became  the  subject  of 
unfavorable  public  comment,  and  he 
resigned,  a  step  which  became  the  sub- 
ject of  a  debate  in  parliament.  Mr. 
Turnbull  published  "  Legeiuhc  Catho- 
lic*," "The  State  of  the  Parochial 
Registers  of  Scotland,"  and  "  The  Life 
and  Poems  of  Robert  Southwell."  D. 
1865. 


TURNER,  Dawson,  a  botanist  and 
antiquarian,  was  b.  1775,  was  a  banker 
at  Great  Yarmouth  for  more  than  half  a 
century,  giving  his  mornings  and  even- 
ings to  literature  and  science.  His  first 
scientific  pursuit  was  botany,  as  appeals 
by  his  works  on  the  British  Fuci.  Sub- 
sequently he  published  various  local 
and  antiquarian  works.  In  1820  Mr. 
Turner,  with  Mr.  Hudson  Gurney, 
bought  the  Macro  manuscripts,  includ- 
ing the  valuable  collections  of  Sir 
Henry  Spelman.  Mr.  Turner  selected 
the  autograph  portion,  on  which  he 
founded  his  immense  collection  of  man- 
uscripts, which  were  disposed  of  by 
auction  shortly  after  his  death.  Five 
volumes  of  this  collection,  illustrative 
of  the  history  of  Great  Britain,  he  dis- 
posed of  to  the  British  museum,  in 
1853,  for  £1,000.  He  d.  at  Old  Bramp- 
ton, 1858. — Josei-h  Mallord  Wil- 
liam, the  most  eminent  of  English 
landscape  painters,  b.  1775,  was  the 
son  of  a  hair-dresser  in  Maiden  Lane, 
Covent  Garden,  and  exhibited  from  an 
early  age  a  marked  passion  for  drawing 
and  coloring.  He  was  employed  while 
a  lad  in  coloring  prints  for  Mr.  J.  R. 
Smith,  the  engraver,  and  putting  skies 
and  backgrounds  into  architectural 
drawings.  In  1789  he  entered  the  royal 
academy  as  a  student,  and  in  1793  ex- 
hibited three  pictures,  one  of  which  rep- 
resented "The  Pantheon,  the  Morning 
after  the  Fire."  His  superiority  was 
early  felt  and  acknowledged.  In  1799 
he  was  elected  associate  of  the  royal 
academy,  and  an  academician  in  1802. 
Down  to  this  period  he  was  known  as  a 
water-color  painter;  but  he  now  turned 
his  attention  to  oil,  and  during  the  next 
sixty  years  exhibited  259  pictures.  His 
drawings  and  sketches  are  innumerable. 
So  great,  is  their  value  that  120  guiiieas 
have  frequently  been  paid  for  one  of 
his  small  water-color  sketches.  A 
sketch  book  of  chalk  drawings  made 
on  one  of  his  river-tours  on  the  conti- 
nent fetched  700  guineas.  His  oil  paint- 
ings command  trom  £500  to  £5,000. 
His  personal  habits  were  penurious  and 
eccentric.  He  long  lived,  and  he  died 
in  obscure  lodgings  at  Chelsea,  where 
be  was  known  as  "Mr.  Brooks."  His 
pictures  in  his  possession  were  left  to 
the  nation,  on  condition  that  a  suitable 
place  should  be  provided  for  their  ex- 
hibition. The  bulk  of  his  property  was 
bequeathed  to  found  an  asylum  for  un- 
fortunate and  meritorious  artists.  D. 
1851.  His  remains  lie  in  St.  Paul's,  be- 
side those  of  Reynolds,  and  a  statue  by 


304 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[tyl 


McDowell  was  erected  in  the  cathedral 
in  1863.  His  life  was  written  by  Mr. 
Walter  Thornbjury,  in  2  vols.  —  Samuel 
Hulbeart,  an  Episcopal  clergyman, 
distinguished  for  his  critical  scholar- 
ship, b.  in  Philadelphia,  1790;  d.  1861. 
In  1818  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
historic  theology  in  the  general  theo- 
logical seminary  at  New  York;  in  1821, 
professor  of  biblical  learning  and  inter- 
pretation of  the  scriptures  in  the  same 
institution;  and,  in  1831,  professor  of 
Hebrew  in  Columbia  college.  He  pub- 
lished several  works  of  scriptural  com- 
mentary and  criticism,  and  in  1803  his 
"  Autobiography  "  appeared  in  New 
York.  —  William  Wadden,  a  philol- 
ogist, was  b.  in  England  in  1810,  and 
came  to  New  York  as  a  journeyman 
printer.  He  acquired  a  familiar  knowl- 
edge of  the  Hebrew,  Sanskrit,  and  other 
oriental  languages,  besides  those  of 
modern  Europe.  He  edited  various  lex- 
icons, and  prepared  a  dictionary  of  one 
of  the  African  languages,  and  a  Dakota 
grammar  and  dictionary  for  the  Smith- 
sonian institution.  He  was  professor 
of  oriental  literature  in  the  Union  theol- 
ogical seminary  at  Schenectady,  and  in 
1852  was  appointed  librarian  of  the  pa- 
tent-office  at  Washington.     D.  1859. 

TWIGGS,  David  Emanuel,  an 
American  officer,  b.  in  Georgia,  1790, 
entered  the  U.  S  army  as  captain  in 
18 12,  and  served  throughout  the  war 
with  Great  Britain,  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  Mexican  war,  was  brevetted 
major-general,  and  presented  with  a 
sword  by  congress,  for  gallant  conduct 
at  Monterey,  [n  1801  lie  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  Union  troops  in  Texas, 
and  treacherously  surrendered  them, 
with  his  military  stores  and  materials, 
to  the  state  authorities.  He  was  made 
major-general  in  the  confederate  army, 
but  resigned,  and  d.  1802. 

TWISTLETON,  Hon.  Edward  Tur- 
ner Boyd,  b.  1809,  graduated  at  Ox- 
ford, was  engaged  frequently  on  gov- 
ernment commissions,  especially  in  coin- 
missions  on  the  poor  laws.  From  1802 
to  1870  he  was  one  of  the  civil  service 
commission.  He  published,  in  1871, 
an  elaborate  work  on  the  authorship  of 
Junius,  entitled  "The  Handwriting  of 
Junius,  professionally  investigated  by 
Mr.  Charles  Chabot,  Expert,  with  a 
Preface  and  Collateral  Evidence."     In 


1873  he  published  "  The  Tongue  not  Es- 
sential to  Speech,"  in  which  he  treated 
of  the  alleged  miraculous  restoration  of 
speech  after  excision  of  the  tongue  in 
the  case  of  the  African  confessors  of  the 
5th  century.     D.  1874. 

TYLER,  John,  tenth  president  of  the 
United  States,  b.  in  Charles  City  coun- 
ty, Va.,  1790.  He  had  barely  attained 
to  manhood  when  he  was  elected  to  the 
state  legislature.  Five  years  afterward 
he  was  elected  to  congress,  and  in  1826 
to  the  gubernatorial  chair  of  his  native 
state.  Before  the  expiration  of  the  term 
of  this  office  he  was  chosen  to  till  a  va- 
cancy in  the  senate  of  the  United  States, 
where  he  officiated  as  presiden t pro  tern. 
of  that  body.  He  served  in  this  capac- 
ity until  a  difference  of  opinion  having 
arisen  between  General  Jackson  and 
himself,  he  resigned  his  seat  in  1836. 
In  1810  he  was  selected  by  the  Whig 
party  as  their  candidate  for  vice  presi- 
dent. He  was  elected  to  that  office  by 
a  large  majority,  and  entered  upon  the 
discharge  of  his  duties  in  March,  1841, 
when  the  death  of  the  president,  Gen- 
eral Harrison,  shortly  after  raised  him 
to  the  chief  magistracy  of  the  republic. 
His  term  of  office  expired  in  1845.  after 
which  he  lived  in  retirement  in  Virginia 
until  early  in  1801,  when  he  reappeared 
at  Washington  as  a  delegate  to  the  peace 
congress,  of  which  body  he  was  presi- 
dent. A  few  weeks  later  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Virginia  convention 
which  passed  the  ordinance  of  seces- 
sion, and  subsequently  of  the  confeder- 
ate congress.  D.  in  Richmond,  Jan. 
17,  1802.  —  Bennett,  an  American 
theologian,  b.  in  Connecticut,  1783, 
graduated  at  Yale  college,  ordained  a 
congregational  clergyman,  was  presi- 
dent of  Dartmouth  college  in  1822-28. 
The  controversy  on  the  ''New  Divin- 
ity," in  which  he  held  to  the  theological 
views  of  Edwards  and  Wright,  led  to 
the  foundation  of  a  pastoral  union  by 
his  followers  in  1833,  and  the  establish- 
ment of  a  theological  seminary  at  East 
Windsor,  Conn.,  of  which  he  was  pres- 
ident till  his  death.  He  wrote,  among 
other  works,  a  "History  of  the  New 
Haven  Theology,"  and  several  contro- 
versial pamphlets.  A  memoir  of  Dr. 
Tyler,  prefixed  to  a  volume  of  his 
"  Lectures  on  Theolog}',"  was  pub- 
lished in  1859.     D.  1858. 


DKQ] 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


305 


U. 


UEBERWEG,  Friedrich,  historian 
of  philosophy,  b.  in  Rhenish  Prussia, 
1826,  wrote  a  "  System  of  Logic,"  and 
a  "History  of  Philosophy,"  both  of 
which  have  been  translated  into  Eng- 
lish and  repeatedly  published.  He  also 
translated  into  German  Berkeley's 
"Principles  of  Human  Knowledge." 
D.  1871. 

UHLAND,  Johann  Ludwig,  a  Ger- 
man lyric  poet,  b.  in  Tubingen,  1787. 
He  became  a  lawyer  and  politician,  and 
a  writer  of  patriotic  lyrics  during  the 
war  of  independence  against  Napoleon 
I.  His  "Gedichte,"  published  in  1815, 
enjoyed  great  popularity,  and  have 
been  through  more  than  fifty  editions. 
He  was  elected  to  the  Wiirtemburg  as- 
sembly in  1816,  and  became  professor 
at  Tubingen  in  1829,  but  resigned  his 
post  to  take  a  more  active  part  in  poli- 
tics. At  the  regeneration  of  Germany, 
in  March,  1848,  the  name  of  Uhland 
a^ain  assumed  political  weight.  The 
Wiirtemburg  ministry  having  sent  him 
as  a  delegate  to  Frankfort,  he  took  part 
in  the  reorganization  of  the  congress. 
His  principal  works  are,  "  Ernest.  Duke 
of  Swabia,"  a  tragedy;  "  Louis  the  Ba- 
varian," a  drama;  "  Dramatic  Poems;  " 
"Walter  of  the  Vogelweide."  "The 
Black  Knight,"  "The  Castle  by  the 
Sea,"  and  other  of  his  ballads  have  been 
made  familiar  to  American  readers  by 
Longfellow's  translations.     D.  1862. 

ULLMAN,  Karl,  a  German  theo- 
logical writer  and  historian,  b.  at  Ep- 
tenbach,  Bavaria,  was  the  author  of 
"  The  Reformers  before  the  Reforma- 
tion," "The  Sinlessness  of  Jesus,"  and 
several  treatises  against  David  Strauss, 
most  of  which  have  been  translated  into 
English  and  other  European  languages. 
D.  1865. 

UMBREIT,  Friedrich  Wilhelm 
Karl,  a  German  Protestant  theologian, 
b.  at  Sonneborn,  1795,  studied  at  Gbt- 
tingen  under  Eichorn,  and  became  the- 
ological professor  at  Heidelberg.  His 
principal  work  is  a  commentary  on  the 
prophets  of  the  Old  Testament,  in  i 
vols.  '  D.  1860. 

UNGER,  Franz,  an  eminent  Aus- 
trian botanist  and  palaeontologist,  b.  in 
Stvria  about  1800;   d.  1870. 

UPHAM,    Charles    Wkntworth, 

an  American  clergyman  and  author,  b. 

in    St.   John,    New   Brunswick,    1802, 

graduated  at  Harvard  college,  and  was 

20 


settled  for  twenty  years  ovet  an  Uni- 
tarian congregation  in  Salem,  Mass. 
He  was  a  member  of  congress,  1853- 
55,  and  repeatedly  elected  to  the  state 
legislature.  He  wrote  "Lectures  on 
Witchcraft,"  2  vols.,  a  "Lite  of  Sir  H. 
Vane"  (in  Sparks's  Biographies),  and 
the  last  three  volumes  of  the  "Life  of 
Timothy  Pickering."  D.  1875.  —  Thom- 
as Cogswell,  an  American  theologian 
and  author,  b.  in  Deertield,  N.  H.,  1799, 
graduated  at  Andover  seminary,  and 
became  assistant  teacher  of  Hebrew 
there.  From  1825  to  1867  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  mental  and  moral  philosophy 
in  Bowdoin  college.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  several  popular  works  on  mental 
philosophy;  "American  Cottage  Life;  " 
"Letters  from  Europe,  Egypt,  and  Pa- 
lestine ;  "  Life  and  Religious  Opinions 
of  Madame  Guvon  and  Fenelon,  in  two 
vols.,  and  several  others.  D.  in  New 
York  city,  1872. —  Timothy,  b.  in 
Deerfield,N.  IL,  1783,  commenced  mer- 
cantile life  in  Portsmouth  in  1807.  On 
the  breaking  out  of  the  war  of  1812,  he 
joined  the  army,  saw  considerable  ser- 
vice, and  was  promoted  to  be  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  the  famous  21st  regiment, 
commanded  by  Colonel  Miller,  and  at 
the  sortie  from  fort  Erie  he  commanded 
the  reserve.     D.  1855. 

URE,  Dr.  Andrew,  an  eminent 
chemist,  and  writer  on  chemistry  and 
the  kindred  sciences,  was  b.  in  Glas- 
gow in  1778.  In  1821  appeared  the  first 
edition  of  his  "Dictionary  of  Chemis- 
trv,"  which  was  followed  by  various 
papers  contributed  to  philosophical 
journals,  his  "System  of  Geology," 
published  in  1829,  and  by,  his  "Philos- 
ophy of  Manufactures,"  and  his  work 
on  the  "  Cotton  Manufactures  of  Great 
Britain."  His  last  great  work  was  the 
"  Dictionary  of  Arts,  Manufactures,  and 
Mines  "     D.  1857. 

URQUIZA,  Don  Juste  Jos£  de,  an 
Argentine  soldier  and  politician,  b.  in 
the  province  of  Entre-Rios,  1800,  be- 
came governor  of  his  native  province 
in  1842.  When  in  1851  the  dictator, 
Rosas,  repeated  the  farce  of  resigna- 
tion, Urquiza  took  him  at  his  word, 
and  war  was  the  consequence.  Rosas 
was  defeated,  and  fled  with  his  family 
to  England.  General  Urquiza  became 
provisional  dictator  of  the  Argentine 
republic.  In  consequence  of  a  revolt 
in  Buenos  Ayres,  he  besieged  the  city 


306 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[van 


in  1852,  but  was  compelled  to  retire. 
Chosen  director  for  six  years  of  the 
thirteen  other  states  of  the  confederacy, 
by  the  congress  of  Santa  Fe-,  he  exer- 
cised the  powers  of  president  without 
assuming  the  title.  In  18G1  he  was 
named  general  in  chief,  and  conducted 
the  war  against  Buenos  Ayres.  De- 
feated, he  concluded  peace,  and  re- 
mained governor  of  Entre-Rios.  He 
was  assassinated,  April  12,  1870. 

U WIN'S,  Thomas,  an  English  paint- 
er, b.  in  London,  1783,  was  a  pupil  of 


Smith,  the  celebrated  engraver,  and  re- 
produced the  masterpieces  in  the  collec- 
tions of  Tomkins,  Tresham,  and  Ottley, 
and  was  charged  with  the  portraits  in- 
tended for  Walker's  library  of  the  Eng- 
lish classics.  In  1826  he  went  to  Italy 
and  there  composed  a  series  of  genre 
pictures,  which  were  readily  purchased 
by  the  most  distinguished  amateurs. 
In  1836  he  was  elected  an  academician, 
in  1842  was  made  keeper  of  the  queen's 
pictures,  and  in  1847,  of  the  national 
gallery.     D.  1857. 


VAN  BRUNT,  Gershon  J.,  com- 
modore U.  S.  navy,  b.  in  New  Jersey, 
1800,  entered  the  service  in  1818,  and 
d.  at  Dedham,  Mass.,  1863.  He  was 
commander  of  the  Minnesota  in  1862, 
and  after  the  reduction  of  the  Hatte- 
ras  forts  was  engaged  in  the  blockad- 
ing service  at  Hampton  Roads.  He  had 
the  supervision  and  equipment  of  Gen- 
eral Banks's  New  Orleans  expedition. 

VAN  BUREN,  Martin,  the  eighth 
president  of  the  United  States,  b.  at 
Kinderhook,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  5,  1782;  d. 
there  July  24,  1862.  He  enjoyed  only 
an  ordinary  education,  and  in  1796  be- 
gan the  study  of  the  law,  which  he  con- 
tinued until  1803,  when  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar.  He  had  meanwhile  taken 
an  active  part  in  politics,  and  in  1808, 
was  appointed  by  Governor  Tompkins 
surrogate  of  Columbia  county.  In  1812 
he  was  elected  to  the  state  senate.  He 
continued  a  member  of  that  body  until 
1820,  having  been,  during  that  pe- 
riod, a  supporter  of  the  war  and  the 
canal  project.  A  portion  of  this  time 
he  also  held  the  office  of  attorney-gen- 
eral. He  was  a  member  of  the  consti- 
tutional convention  of  the  state  of  New 
York  in  1821,  and  in  February  of  the 
same  year  he  was  elected  to  the  U.  S. 
senate,  and  reelected  in  1827,  serving 
until  1829.  The  following  year  the 
gubernatorial  chair  of  the  state  of  New 
York  became  vacant  by  the  death  of 
Governor  Clinton,  and  Mr.  Van  Buren 
was  selected  as  the  candidate  for  that 
office  by  the  Democratic  part}'  of  the 
state.  He  was  elected,  but  his  career 
as  governor  was  brief,  for  he  soon  after- 
wards accepted  from  President  Jackson 
the  office  of  secretary  of  state.  The 
president  appointed  him  ambassador  to 
England,  but  the  senate  refused  to  con- 


firm the  nomination.  He  received  a 
large  majority  of  the  electoral  votes  for 
vice-president  in  1832,  which  office  he 
continued  to  till  during  President  Jack- 
son's term.  In  1835  he  was  unan- 
imously nominated  for  the  office  of 
president,  by  the  Democratic  conven- 
tion, and  in  Nov.,  1836,  received  170 
electoral  votes,  against  73  for  General 
Harrison,  26  for  Hugh  Lawson  White, 
and  14  for  Daniel  Webster.  Great 
commercial  distress  prevailed  at  the 
time  of  his  inauguration,  and  two 
months  afterwards  the  banks  suspended 
specie  payments.  Financial  questions 
and  measures  were  the  subjects  of  in- 
terest during  his  administration.  Its 
leading  measure  was  the  independent 
treasury  system,  recommended  in  his 
first  message  to  congress  at  the  extra 
session  of  May,  1837,  and  persistently 
urged  by  him  till  it  became  a  law  on 
June  30,  1840.  The  presidential  canvas 
for  the  successorship  was  conducted 
with  unprecedented  activity  and  ex- 
citement. The  Whig;  candidate  was 
Gen.  William  H.  Harrison ;  and  Mr. 
Van  Buren  received  the  unbroken  sup- 
port of  his  party  in  the  Democratic  con- 
vention, and  at  the  polls.  Mr.  Van 
Buren  received  but  60  electoral  votes, 
against  234  received  by  his  successful 
competitor.  In  the  Democratic  conven- 
tion of  1844,  Mr.  Van  Buren  was  again 
a  candidate  for  the  nomination,  but  was 
defeated  on  the  ninth  ballot  in  the  con- 
vention, by  James  K.  Polk.  In  1848 
he  accepted  the  presidential  nomination 
from  the  Freesoil  party,  and  in  that 
way  divided  the  Democratic  party  in 
New  York,  and  contributed  to  the  elec- 
tion of  General  Taylor,  the  Whig  can- 
didate. The  remainder  of  his  life  he 
passed  in  retirement  on  his  farm  at  Kin- 


van] 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF   BIOGRAPHY. 


507 


derhook.  His  son  edited,  in  1867,  his 
posthumous  work,  entitled  "  Inquiry 
into  the  Origin  and  Course  of  Political 
Parties  in  the  United  States."  —  John, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  in  Hudson, 
1810,  graduated  at  Yale  college,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1830,  and  was 
attached  to  the  U.  S.  legation  in  Lon- 
don, while  his  father  was  minister 
there.  The  only  public  office  he  ever 
held  was  that  of  attorney-general  of  the 
state  of  New  York ;  but  he  was  an  ac- 
tive, though  eccentric  politician,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  extraordi- 
nary readiness,  wit,  dexterity,  and  effi- 
ciency as  a  popular  orator  in  the  presi- 
dential canvas  of  the  Freesoil  Democ- 
racy in  1848.  D.  at  sea  on  his  return 
from  Europe  in  1866. 

VANDENHOFF,  John,  an  English 
tragedian,  b.  at  Salisbury,  1790,  ap- 
peared on  the  stage  in  Liverpool,  in 
1814,  and  made  his  first  mark  as  Rolla 
in  "  Pizarro.''  He  appeared  first  in 
London  in  1820,  and  played  King  Lear 
and  Coriolanus  with  distinguished  abil- 
ity. He  visited  the  U.  S.  twice,  on 
each  occasion  meeting  with  great  suc- 
cess. He  retired  from  the  stage  in 
1858,  and  d.  1861. 

VANDERBILT,  Cornelius,  an 
American  capitalist,  b.  at  Staten  Isl- 
and, N.  Y.,  May  27,  1794,  entered  on 
life  as  the  deck-hand  of  a  ferry-boat, 
became  the  owner  of  steamboats  and 
lines  of  steamboats,  and  finally  the 
largest  railroad  owner  in  the  world. 
He  first  operated  his  boats  in  New  York 
bay  and  the  waters  of  New  Jersey, 
then  on  Long  Island  sound  and  Hud- 
son river,  and  at  last  on  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  lines.  On  the  outbreak  of  the 
civil  war  he  gave  the  U.  S.  govern- 
ment the  steamer  Vanderbilt,  costing 
$800,000.  In  1844  he  had  acquired  a 
large  interest  in  the  New  York  and 
New  Haven  railroad,  and  soon  after 
became  possessed  of  the  Harlem,  add- 
ing, subsequently,  controlling  interests 
in  the  Hudson  river,  New  York  Central, 
and  Lake  Shore  railroads.  The  rail- 
roads under  his  management  were  said 
at  the  time  of  his  death  to  represent  a 
capital  of  8150,000.000,  of  which  more 
than  one  half  belonged  to  the  Vander- 
bilt family.  He  gave  a  large  sum  of 
money  to  endow  the  Vanderbilt  uni- 
versitv  in  Nashville,  Tenn.     D.  1877. 

VANDERBURGH,  M.  Emile,  a 
French  dramatist,  originally  an  officer 
in  the  army  of  La  Vendee,  b.  1795; 
d.  1862.  His  acted  productions  exceed 
a  hundred. 


VANDERLYN,  John,  an  American 
painter,  was  b.  in  Kingston,  N.  Y., 
and  went  to  Paris  in  1796,  to  study  his 
art,  remaining  there  five  years.  His 
master-piece,  painted  in  Rome,  is  enti- 
tled, "  Marius  on  the  Ruins  of  Car- 
thage." His  portrait  of  Washington 
hangs  in  the  hall  of  the  U.  S.  house 
of  representatives,  and  another  of  his 
paintings  fills  a  panel  in  the  rotunda 
of  the  capitol.  His  last  work  was  a 
portrait  of  President  Tavlor.     D.  1852. 

VAN  DE  WEYER,  Sylvain,  diplo- 
matist, b.  at  Amsterdam,  studied  law, 
and  practised  at  Brussels,  where  he  was 
for  some  time  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
"Courier  des  Pays-Bas."  His  con- 
nection with  the  Belgian  revolution  is 
part  of  modern  European  history.  He 
took  an  active  part  in  securing  the  elec- 
tion of  King  Leopold,  and  immediately 
after  his  coronation  was  appointed  Bel- 
gian minister  at  the  court  of  St.  James. 
He  was  Belgian  home  minister  from 
18-35  to  1846,  when  he  resumed  his  old 
post  of  ambassador  in  London,  and  held 
it  till  his  resignation  in  1867.  He  mar- 
ried a  daughter  of  Mr.  Joshua  Bates, 
the  distinguished  American  merchant. 
B.  1802  ;  d.  1874. 

VAN  DORN,  EARL,b.  in  Mississippi, 
1823,  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1842, 
and  in  the  Mexican  war  distinguished 
himself  on  several  occasions.  In  the 
spring  of  1861  he  resigned  his  commis- 
sion in  the  U.  S.  army,  and  joined  the 
confederates  with  the  rank  of  colonel. 
He  captured  the  steamship  Star  of  the 
West,  and  forced  the  surrender  of  sev- 
eral companies  of  U.  S.  infantry  at  the 
time  stationed  in  Texas.  In  January, 
1862,  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the 
trans-Mississippi  district  as  major-gen- 
eral, but  after  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge 
was  superseded.  He  was  killed  in  a 
private  quarrel  in  Tennessee,  1863. 

V  A  N  D  0  Y  E  K,  Lkon,  an  eminent 
French  architect,  b.  1803.  gave  particu- 
lar attention  to  the  architecture  of  the 
renaissance,  and  for  his  fifteen  "Ar- 
chitectural Studies"  of  that  period,  re- 
ceived the  gold  medal  of  the  Paris  ex- 
position of  1855.     D.  1872. 

VAN  NESS,  Cornelius  P.,  b.  1781; 
d.  in  Philadelphia,  1852.  He  was  chief 
justice  of  Vermont,  and  afterwards  gov- 
ernor of  that  state.  He  was  appointed 
by  President  Jackson  minister  to  Spain, 
and  remained  there  in  that  capacity 
nine  vears. 

VAN  RENSSELAER,  Solomon,  an 
American  soldier  and  politician,  b. 
1774,  entered   the   army  in   1792,  and 


308 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[VEN 


was  severely  wounded  in  the  battle  of 
Miami.  In"  1812  he  was  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  volunteers,  and  was  seri- 
ously wounded  in  the  attack  upon 
Queenstown.  He  was  member  of  con- 
gress, 1819-23.  He  published  a  "Nar- 
rative of  the  Affair  of  Queenstown." 
D.  1852. 

VAX  SANTVOORD,  George,  an 
American  lawver  and  author,  b.  at 
Belleville,  N.  J".,  1819,  studied  law  and 
practised  in  Kinderhook,  New  York, 
and  afterwards  in  Troy,  where  he  was 
elected  to  the  assembly,  and  district- 
attorney  of  Renssellaer  county.  He 
wrote  a  "Life  of  Algernon  Sidney," 
"Lives  of  the  Chief  Justices  of  the 
United  States,"  and  several  law  books 
on  pleading  and  practice.  D.  by  a 
railroad  accident,  1863. 

VARNHAGEN  VON  ENSE,  Karl 
August  Ludwig  Philipp,  a  distin- 
guished German  writer  and  diplomatist, 
was  b.  at  Diisseldorf,  1785.  He  stud- 
ied at  Berlin  and  Halle,  and  on  the 
latter  university  being  closed  in  con- 
sequence of  the  French  invasion,  he  re- 
turned to  Berlin,  and  was  there  intro- 
duced to  a  circle  of  artists  and  authors, 
among  whom  Rahel  Levin,  an  accom- 
plished Jewess,  whom  he  afterwards 
(1814)  married,  occupied  a  prominent 
place.  He  obtained  an  ensign's  com- 
mission in  the  Austrian  army,  1809.  He 
was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  \Vagram, 
and  taken  prisoner  by  the  French,  and 
in  1810  he  accompanied  Count  Von  Ben- 
theim  to  Paris.  After  an  interval  spent 
in  study  in  Austria  and  Prussia,  he  join- 
ed the  Russian  army  in  1813;  subse- 
quently assisted  chancellor  Hardenburg 
at  the  congress  of  Vienna ;  entered  Paris 
with  the  allied  forces,  1815 ;  was  for 
three  years  resident  minister  at  Carls- 
ruhe,  and  thenceforward  lived  for  the 
most  part  at  Berlin  in  studious  retire- 
ment. He  is  regarded  by  the  Germans 
as  one  of  their  best  prose  writers.  His 
works  consist  principally  of  biograph- 
ical studies,  including  two  memorials  of 
hi-  wife  (who  died^  1833),  and  tales, 
criticisms,  and  poems.  Of  his  diary 
(Tagebiicher),  fourteen  volumes  have 
appeared.  He  was  a  liberal  in  politics, 
and  a  staunch  opponent  of  absolutism. 
Six  volumes  of  his  correspondence  with 
his  wife  appeared  in  1875.  D.  at  Ber- 
lin, 1858. 

VAUGHAN.  Robert,  an  English 
non  conformist  divine,  b.  1795,  was  edu- 
cated at  Bristol,  was  minister  at  Worces- 
ter and  at  Kensington,  and  for  several 
years   professor   of   history  in   London 


university.  From  1844  to  1867  he  ed- 
ited the  "British  Quarterly  Review," 
which  attained,  under  his  able  manage- 
ment, a  remarkable  success.  He  pub- 
lished several  works  on  theological  sub- 
jects, and  an  English  history  in  its  ec- 
clesiastical relations.     D.  1868. 

VEHSE,  Carl  Eduard,  a  German 
historian,  b.  at  Freiburg,  Saxony,  1802, 
obtained  a  position  in  the  department 
of  archives  at  Dresden  in  1825,  and 
became  its  chief  in  1833.  In  1838  he 
resigned  his  place  in  order  to  travel 
in  America,  where  he  remained  only 
a  year,  subsequently  visiting  several 
countries  in  Europe.  His  great  work 
is  a  "  History  of  the  German  Courts 
since  the  Reformation,"  in  40  vols.  D. 
1870. 

VELPEAU,  Alfred  Aemand  Louis 
Makie,  a  French  surgeon,  b.  at  Briche, 
near  Tours,  May  18,  1795,  was  the  son 
of  a  farrier;  by  reading  a  treatise  on  the 
veterinary  art,  his  attention  was  turned 
to  medicine  and  surgery.  Finding  his 
way  to  Paris,  he  studied  with  such  suc- 
cess that,  in  1822,  he  received  the  di- 
ploma of  M.  D.  In  1830  he  was  named 
surgeon  to  the  Hopital  de  la  Pitie, 
and  in  1835  obtained  the  chair  of  clini- 
cal surgery  at  the  Hopital  de  la  Charite. 
In  1842  he  succeeded  the  celebrated 
Larrey  in  the  academy  of  sciences.  He 
was  made  a  commander  of  the  legion 
of  honor,  1859;  and  d.  1867.  He  was 
able  as  an  operator,  notwithstanding 
that  he  was  deprived  of  the  use  of 
the  forefinger  of  his  right  hand.  His 
many  works  on  surgical  anatomy, 
and  "the  curative  art.  generally,  were 
received  with  great  favor  in  France, 
and  spread  his  fame  throughout  the  sci- 
entific world. 

VENEDY,  Jacob,  a  German  writer 
and  politician,  b.  at  Cologne,  1805,  in- 
volved himself  with  the  government  by 
a  pamphlet  on  "'The  Jury,"  and  by 
his  relations  with  secret  societies,  and 
was  obliged  to  fly  his  country  in  1832. 
He  sought  refuge  in  Paris,  where  he 
was  the  protege  of  Arago  and  Mignet. 
After  the  revolution  of  1848  he  re- 
turned to  Germany,  and  took  part  in 
politics  among  the"  moderate  partisans 
of  democracy.  Banished  from  Berlin 
and  Rreslau,  he  went  to  Switzerland 
in  1853,  and  became  professor  of  his- 
tory in  the  university  of  Zurich.  He 
wrote  several  valuable  works,  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  his  "  France, 
German v," and  the  Rhenish  Provinces" 
(1840),  '"  France.  Germany,  and  the 
Holv  Alliance,"  1842,  and  a   "  History 


vkr] 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGUAPHY. 


309 


of  the  German  People,"  in  4  vols. 
(1854).    I).  1871. 

VENTURA  DE  RAULICA,  GlOAO- 
ciiino,  an  eloquent  Italian  preacher,  b. 

in  Palermo,  1792,  was  educated  in  the 
Jesuit  college  there,  but  afterwards  be- 
came a  Theatine.  He  soon  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  effective  oratory 
and  polemical  ability.  He  excelled 
particularly  in  funeral  orations,  and  bis 
eulogy  on*  Pius  VII.  passed  through 
twenty  editions.  Named  in  1824  gov- 
ernor-general of  the  order  of  the  Thea- 
tines,  Ventura  established  himself  at 
Rome,  where  he  gained  the  entire  con- 
fidence of  the  Pope  Leo.  XII.,  and  was 
employed  by  him  in  the  most  difficult 
and  delicate  political  negotiations.  In 
1828  he  published  a  work  in  defence  of 
the  scholastic  philosophy,  which  led  to 
bitter  controversies  that  wearied  Ven- 
tura, and  induced  him  to  leave  the  pon- 
tifical court,  and  spend  ten  years  in  re- 
tirement. This  period  he  devoted  to 
the  study  of  the  Scriptures,  and  of  the 
fathers  of  the  church,  and  during  this 
time  he  composed  numbers  of  his  finest 
discourses,  which  were  preached  at  St. 
Andrea  della  Valle,  and  at  St.  Peter's. 
A  new  phase  in  his  career  opened  with 
the  accession  of  Pius  IX.  to  the  papal 
throne.  Deeming  the  alliance  possible 
between  religion  and  liberty,  he  deliv- 
ered a  funeral  oration  on  O'Connell.  in 
which  his  advanced  ideas  produced  an 
immense  effect,  and  gave  the  orator 
prodigious  influence  with  the  people. 
The  revolution  marched  on,  and  there 
was  no  compromise  with  it,  but  a  con- 
stitution. Father  Ventura  pushed  the 
pope  to  this  point,  but  the  pope  was  too 
late.  In  1848  he  was  named  by  the 
popular  government  of  Sicily  its  min- 
ister and  commissioner  extraordinary 
at  the  court  of  Rome.  When  Pius  IX. 
went  into  exile,  Father  Ventura  retired 
to  Montpelier,  in  France,  where  he 
wrote  his  "'Letters  to  a  Protestant  Min- 
ister." After  preaching  two  years  at 
Montpelier,  in  the  French  language,  he 
went  to  Paris,  where  for  many  years  he 
drew  large  audiences  to  the  churches  of 
the  Madeleine  and  St.  Louis  d' An  tin. 
He  published  there  several  works  in  the 
French  language,  among  which  were 
"L'Ecole  des  Miracles,"  1854-5,  and 
"Le  Pouvoir  Christien,"  1857.  D.  at 
Versailles,  1861. 

VERNET,  Em  ilk  Jean  Horace,  a 
French  historical  painter,  b.  at  Paris  in 
1789.  His  early  days  were  passed  in 
comparative  poverty,  and  his  taste  for 
art  was   employed   in  various   humble 


ways  in  gaining  a  livelihood.  His  first 
exhibition  was  in  1809,  and,  having 
chosen  military  incidents  for  illustra- 
tion, the  popular  taste  soon  showed  its 
appreciation  of  his  productions.  In 
1812  he  received  a  medal;  in  1814  be- 
came a  chevalier  of  the  legion  of  honor; 
and  in  1825,  an  officer  of  the  same 
order.  His  reputation  being  now  es- 
tablished, he  changed  bis  style  of  paint- 
ing, and  adopted  historical  subjects. 
Amongst  his  productions  of  this  class 
are  his  "Judith  and  Holofernes," 
"  The  Arrest  of  the  Princes  by  Order  of 
Anne  of  Austria."  and  "The  School 
of  Raphael."  In  1849  he  painted  the 
"Taking  of  Rome  by  Oudinot,"  and 
in  1855  received  a  medal  of  honor  at 
the  Paris  exhibition.  He  produced 
other  paintings  in  various  departments 
of  the  art.  D.  1863.  Biographies,  and 
the  correspondence  of  Joseph,  Charles, 
and  Horace  Vernet,  were  published  by 
M.  Durande,  in  Paris,  1865. 

VKKON,  Louis  Desire\  a  French 
publicist,  b.  at  Paris,  1798,  was  by 
turns  a  physician,  a  writer  on  the  law 
of  nations,  a  deputy  to  the  corps  l^gis- 
latif,  a  director  of  the  opera,  a  success- 
ful vendor  of  the  pate  Regnauld,  and  a 
proprietor  and  editor  of  newspapers.  In 
1829  he  devoted  himself  to  journalism, 
and  with  an  interval  of  four  or  five 
years,  in  which  he  conducted  the  opera, 
made  it  the  serious  business  of  his  life. 
He  became  sole  proprietor  of  the  "  Con- 
stitutionnel  "  in  1844,  having  previously 
purchased  an  interest  at  the  suggestion 
of  Thiers,  whose  organ  it  was,  and  con- 
tinued to  be  until  Dr.  Veron  fell  under 
the  influence  of  Louis  Napoleon.  He 
left  the  "  Constitutionnel  "  in  1862.  He 
wrote  with  point  and  piquancy,  and 
his  "Memoires  d'un  Bourgeois  de 
Paris."  in  7  vols.,  present  his  recollec- 
tions of  men  and  events  in  an  attractive 
stvle.     D.  1867. 

"VERPLANCK,  Gulian  Ceojime- 
lin,  an  American  scholar,  jurist,  and 
statesman,  b.  in  New  York,  Aug.  6, 
1786,  graduated  at  Columbia  college, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  after  a 
tour  of  several  years  in  Europe,  en- 
gaged in  state  politics,  and  was  elected 
(1820)  to  the  legislature.  At  this  pe- 
riod he  wrote  several  pamphlets  in 
prose  and  verse;  among  them  "The 
State  Triumvirate,  a  Political  Tale,"  a 
satire  on  the  factions  of  the  day.  Soon 
after  he  became  professor  of  the  evi- 
dences of  Christianity  in  the  theologi- 
cal seminary  of  the  Protestant  Episco- 
pal church  in  New  York,  and  published. 


310 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[VIL 


in  1824,  his  "  Essay  on  the  Nature  and 
Uses  of  the  Various  Evidences  of  Re- 
vealed Religion,"  and  in  1825  his  essay 
on  the  "  Doctrine  of  Contracts."  He 
wrote  nearlv  one  half  of  the  "Talis- 
man," an  annual  published  in  New 
York,  1827-30,  to  which  Sands,  Bry- 
ant, and  Halleck  were  also  contributors. 
From  1826  to  1834  he  was  a  member  of 
congress,  elected  by  the  Democratic 
party,  though  he  subsequently  acted 
with  the  Whigs,  and  was  sent  by  them 
for  several  years  to  the  state  senate. 
His  judicial  opinions  delivered  at  this 
time  in  the  court  of  errors  present, 
perhaps,  the  most  favorable  view  of  his 
powers  and  acquirements.  Besides  oc- 
casional addresses  and  orations,  sepa- 
rately published,  he  collected,  in  1833, 
a  volume  of  his  "  Discourses  and  Ad- 
dresses on  Subjects  of  American  His- 
tory, Arts,  and  Literature."  He  en- 
riched with  curious  notes  and  commen- 
taries the  edition  of  Shakespeare,  pub- 
lished in  three  volumes  by  the  Messrs. 
Harper,  1844-7.  For  fifteen  years  he 
prepared  the  annual  reports  of  the  com- 
missioners of  emigration,  and  was  pres- 
ident of  their  board.  D.  in  New  York, 
March  18,  1870. 

VESTRIS,  Madam,  for  30  years  the 
spirit  of  English  light  comedy  and  bur- 
lesque, was  a  daughter  of  the  engraver 
Bartolozzi.  She  was  b.  1797.  and  gave 
early  evidence  of  extraordinary  ability 
as  amusician  and  linguist.  At  16  she 
married  Vestris,  ballet-master  of  the 
king's  theatre,  and  entered  upon  the 
dramatic  profession  at  that  establish- 
ment, but  without  much  success.  She 
then  played  several  years  in  drama  and 
tragedy 'in  the  French  language  at 
Paris.  Returning  to  England  in  1819, 
she  accepted  an  engagement  at  Drury 
Lane,  where  she  created  an  extraordi- 
nary sensation  in  a  burlesque  of  Mo- 
zart's opera  of  Don  Giovanni,  called 
"Giovanni  in  London."  From  this 
time  she  remained  unrivalled  in  first 
light  comedy,  in  such  parts  as  Letitia 
Hardy,  Lydia  Languish,  and  Miss 
Hardcastlel  In  1829  she  became  the 
lessee  of  the  "Olympic,"  which  she 
made,  with  the  aid  of  Planche  and 
Dance,  the  most  popular  theatre  in  Lon- 
don. She  married  Charles  Mathews  in 
1838,  and  with  him  visited  the  U.  S., 
and  in  the  following  year  entered  on 
the  lesseeship  of  Covent  Garden,  and 
in  1847  of  the  Lyceum.     D.  1854. 

VIDOCQ,  Eugene  Francois,  a 
French  detective,  b.  at  Anas,  1775,  was 
a  baker  by  trade,  and  soldier,  deserter, 


spy,  thief,  gambler,  forger,  and  private 
detective  in  the  Paris  police.  In  this 
service  he  rose  to  be  chief  of  the  brigade 
de  surete,  and  rendered  important  ser- 
vice, till  about  1828.  when  he  embarked 
in  the  manufacture  of  paper.  He  re- 
entered the  police  service  after  the 
revolution  of  July,  but  did  not  dis- 
tinguish himself,  and  was  employed 
by  the  Republican  government  in  1848. 
His  "  fclenioires,"  in  4  vols.,  translated 
into  English.  1828,  was  an  entertain 
ing  work,  and  some  other  volumes  ap- 
peared under  his  name  ;  but  there  is 
doubt  whether  he  wrote  any  of  them. 
D.  1857. 

VIEL-CASTEL,  Horace  de,  Count, 
a  French  author,  b.  1797,  was  the  au- 
thor of  novels  of  fashionable  life  ;  of  a 
work  on  costumes,  arms,  and  furniture, 
to  illustrate  a  portion  of  French  histo- 
ry; and  of  several  volumes  relating  to 
Marie  Antoinette.     D.  1864. 

VIGNY,  Alfred  Victor,  Count 
de,  a  French  poet,  was  b.  at  Loches,  in 
March,  1799.  When  scarcely  sixteen, 
and  shortly  after  the  restoration,  he 
was  appointed  to  the  household  troops 
of  Louis  XVHL,  and  accompanied  that 
monarch  to  Ghent  during  the  "Hun- 
dred Days."  In  1816  he  joined  the  in- 
fantry of  the  guard,  in  which  he  con- 
tinued for  about  seven  years.  In  1822 
he  published  a  volume  of  poems,  and 
in  1824  and  in  1826  other  poems  ap- 
peared, the  themes  of  which  were 
mostly  taken  from  the  sacred  writings. 
In  1826  his  first  historical  romance, 
"  Cinq  Mars,"  achieved  great  popular- 
ity. In  1832  and  1835  he  published  his 
"  Stello,  on  les  Diables  Bleus,"  a  prose 
work,  and  "  Servitude  et  Grandeur 
Militaire."  These  works  were  no  less 
successful  than  the  "  Cinq  Mars," 
though  they  provoked  the  same  criti- 
cism, —  that  they  presented  a  poetical 
rather  than  an  historical  view  of  events. 
He  translated  "Othello,"  and  wrote  the 
successful  drama  of  "  Chatterton," 
with  other  plays.     D.  1863. 

VILLELE,  Jean  Baptiste  S£raphin 
Joseph  de.  Count,  a  French  states- 
man, b.  in  Toulouse,  1773,  will  live  in 
history  as  as  the  adviser  and  author  of 
the  reactionary  policy  which  led  to  the 
overthrow  of' Charles  X.  The  public 
indignation  at  his  measures  was  ex- 
pressed so  emphaticall}'  that  he  went 
into  private  life  in  January,  1828,  and 
was  succeeded  bv  Martignac.  D.  1854. 
VILLEMAIN,  Abel  Francois,  a 
French  writer  and  statesman,  b.  in  Paris, 
1790,  was  engaged  in   literary  pursuits 


wad] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGIiArilY. 


3U 


from  a  very  early  period  of  his  life, 
having  been  appointed  a  professor  at 
the  Charlemagne  Ivceum  when  he  was 

but  nineteen  years  old.  Other  appoint- 
ments speedily  followed,  but  some  years 
later  he  lost  the  royal  favor  by  the 
liberality  of  his  opinions,  and  he  was 
suspended  by  Charles  X.  from  his  pro- 
fessorships of  history  and  rhetoric,  and 
deprived  of  his  office  of  master  of  re- 
quests. After  the  revolution  of  1830, 
he  pained  high  distinction  as  a  political 
orator,  and  was  made  a  peer  of  France 
and  minister  of  public  instruction  in  the 
cabinet  of  Marshal  Soult.  He  again 
occupied  this  office  under  Guizot,  re- 
tiring; in  1845,  and  passing  the  remain- 
der of  his  life  in  literary  and  historical 
studies  and  in  the  publication  of  his 
numerous  works.  Among  the  most 
important  are  "  L'Historre  de  Crom- 
well, "  the  "  Cours  de  Literature  Fran- 
caise,"  1830-38,  a  reproduction  of  his 
lectures,  the  "  Souvenirs  Con  tern  porains 
d'llistoire  et  de  Literature,"  and  the 
"  Histoire  de  Gregoire  VII."  He  was 
received  at  the  French  academy  in 
1821,  and  was  named  perpetual  secre- 
tary of  that  body  in  1834.     D.  1867. 

VINTON,  Francis,  an  American 
clergyman,  b.  in  Providence,  R.  I., 
1809,"  graduated  at  West  Point,  studied 
at  the  Harvard  law  school,  served  as 
civil  engineer,  left  the  army  in  1836, 
studied  for  the  Episcopal  ministry  and 
was  admitted  priest  in  1839.  Rector 
previously  in  various  churches,  he  he- 
came  assistant  minister  in  Trinity 
church,  N.  Y.,  in  1855,  and  in  186*9 
professor  of  ecclesiastical  law  and  polity 
in  the  general  theological  seminary. 
He   published    "Arthur   Tremaine,    or 


Cadet  Life,"  1830,  several  lectures  and 
addresses,  and  a  ''.Manual  Commen- 
tary on  the  General  Canon  Law  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the 
United  States."      D.  1872. 

VISCONTI,  Louts  Joachim  Tul- 
lius,  an  eminent  French  architect,  b. 
in  Rome,  1797,  studied  his  art  in  Paris 
under  Percier.  Among  his  works  is 
the  tomb  of  Napoleon  I.,  and  the  tombs 
of  Soult  and  Suchet.     D.  1853. 

VOGEL,  Edwakd,  a  German  trav- 
eller, b.  1829,  studied  astronomy,  and 
was  attached  to  Bishop's  observatory  in 
London,  when  he  was  induced  to  en- 
gage in  African  explorations  in  1853. 
He  prosecuted  them  with  diligence,  and 
published  some  memoirs  of  them  in 
German  periodicals.  Penetrating  into 
the  kingdom  of  Waday  in  1855,  he 
was  detained  there  some  time,  and  be- 
headed in  1856. 

VOROSMARTY,  Mihaly,  a  Hunga- 
rian poet,  b.  1800,  was  the  author  of  the 
great  national  song  of  Hungary  entitled 
Szoznt  (appeal).  He  was  a  lawyer  in 
early  life,  but  left  his  profession  for 
literature.  He  wrote  dramas,  ballads, 
lvrics,  and  three  epic  poems.  D.  1856. 
"  VUILLAUME,  Jean  Baptists,  a 
French  violin  maker,  b.  1798,  estab- 
lished himself  in  Paris  in  1818,  and 
soon  became  celebrated  for  his  ex- 
traordinary skill  in  the  manufacture  of 
violins.  He  obtained  at  the  Paris  ex- 
positions two  silver  medals,  1827  and 
1834,  two  gold  medals.  1839  and  1844, 
a  council  medal  at  the  London  Uni- 
versal Exposition  in  1851,  and  the 
grand  medal  of  honor  at  that  of  Paris 
in  1855.  He  was  decorated  in  1851. 
D.  1874. 


w. 


WAAGEN,    Gustav   Frieprich,  a 

German  art  critic,  b.  at  Hamburgh, 
1794,  served  as  a  soldier  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  1814-15.  He  published  at 
Berlin,  in  1837,  a  work  on  English  art 
and  artists  that  was  republished,  with 
large  additions,  in  London  in  1854,  un- 
der the  title  of  "  The  Treasures  of  Art 
in  Great  Britain."  He  published  a 
supplement  in  1857,  and  other  works 
on  art.     D.  1868. 

WADDINGTON,  George,  b.  1793, 
became  dean  of  Durham  in  1840.  He 
was  the  author  of  "A  Visit  to  Ethio- 
pia," 1822,  "A  Visit  to  Greece,"  1825, 


"  History  of  the  Church  from  the  Ear- 
liest Ages  to  the  Reformation,"  3  vols  . 
"A  History  of  the  Reformation  on  the 
Continent,''  3  vols.,  and  other  works. 
D.  1869. 

WADSWORTH,  James  Samuel, 
brigadier-general  U.  S.  volunteers,  b.  at 
Geneseo,  N.  Y.,  in  1807,  studied  for  the 
bar  but  never  practised,  devoting  him- 
self to  the  management  of  his  paternal 
agricultural  estates.  He  was  an  active 
Democrat,  of  the  Freesoil  wing  of  the 
party,  joining  the  Republicans  on  their 
organization.  On  the  outbreak  of  the 
rebellion,  he  offered  his  services  to  the 


312 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[WAL 


government,  was  volunteer  aide  to  Mc- 
Dowell at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run, 
and  was  afterwards  assigned  a  brigade 
in  his  division.  In  March,  1862,  lie 
was  appointed  military  governor  of  the 
District  of  Columbia,  and  was  defeated 
as  the  Republican  candidate  for  the 
governorship  of  New  York  in  the  same 
year.  In  December,  he  was  assigned  a 
division  under  General  Burnside,  took 
part  in  the  battle  of  Chancellorsville 
under  General  Hooker,  and  distin- 
guished himself  at  Gettysburg.  He 
commanded  a  division  under  General 
Grant  in  the  march  to  Richmond.  D. 
May  8,  1864,  of  wounds  received  in 
the  battle  of  the  Wilderness. 

WAGNER,  Rudolph,  b.  1805,  in 
Bavaria,  studied  medicine,  devoted 
himself  to  comparative  anatomy,  and 
succeeded  Blumenbach  as  professor  of 
physiology  in  the  university  of  Giittin- 
gen.  He  wrote  voluminously,  and  spe- 
cially on  the  physiology  of  the  nerves, 
and  their  relations  to  psychology.  He 
was  an  eminent  representative  of  scien- 
tific spiritualism.     D.  1864. 

WAINWRIGHT,  Jonathan  May- 
hew,  provisional  bishop  of  the  eastern 
episcopal  diocese  in  New  York,  was  b. 
in  Liverpool,  of  American  parents, 
1792,  graduated  at  Harvard  college, 
and  having  studied  theology,  minister- 
ed, in  succession,  in  Hartford,  Conn., 
Boston,  and  New  York,  until  his  ap- 
pointment as  provisional  bishop  in  1852. 
He  was  a  ripe  scholar  and  a  learned 
theologian,  and  received  an  honorary 
degree  at  Oxford,  England.     D.  1854. 

WAKEFIELD,  Edward,  author  of 
"Ireland,  Political  and  Statistical,"'  d. 
1854. — Edwakd  Gibbon,  an  English 
writer,  principally  known  in  connection 
with  efforts  to  reform  prison  discipline, 
and  with  plans  for  the  colonization  of 
South  Australia  and  New  Zealand.  Of 
prison  management  he  wrote  from  ex- 
perience, having  suffered  three  years' 
confinement  for  abducting  an  heiress  of 
15.  In  1833  he  published  a  book  on 
"England  and  America,"  containing 
the  germ  of  the  theories  afterwards 
acted  upon  in  South  Australia  and  other 
colonies.  When  Lord  Durham  came  to 
Canada  as  governor-general,  Wakefield 
accompanied  him  as  private  secretary; 
and  to  him,  in  conjunction  with  Charles 
Buller,  the  celebrated  "  Durham  Re- 
port"  may  be  ascribed.  B.  1796;  d. 
18G2. 

WAKLEY,  Thomas,  an  English, 
physician,  b.  1795,  studied  medicine 
and  retired  from  its  practice  in  1823  to 


establish  the  "London  Lancet,"  in  the 
interests  of  medical  reform.  In  1839 
he  was  elected  coroner  for  Middlesex, 
and  was  member  of  parliament  from 
1835  to  1852.     D.  1862. 

WALDECK,  Jean  Frederic  de,  a 
French  artist  and  archaeologist,  died  in 
Paris  at  the  age  of  101  years,  in  1875. 
He  was  with  Napoleon's  army  in  Italy 
and  Egypt,  and  lived  sometime  in  Mex- 
ico and  South  America.  He  exhibited 
two  Mexican  pictures  in  1869. 

WALDO,  Daniel,  b.  in  Windham, 
Conn.,  1762;  d.  1864.  He  served  in 
the  American  army  in  1778,  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1788,  studied  theology,  and 
in  1792  was  made  pastor  of  a  Congrega- 
tional church  in  West  Suffolk,  Conn. 
In  1809  he  commenced  missionary  labor 
in  the  states  of  Pennsylvania  and  New 
York,  subsequently  preaching  at  Cam- 
bridgeport,  Mass.,  in  Rhode  Island,  at 
Harvard,  and  for  12  years  at  Exeter, 
Conn.  He  retained  his  bodily  and 
mental  powers  to  the  last,  having 
served  two  years  as  chaplain  of  con- 
gress when  nearly  100  vears  of  age. 

WALCKENAER.  Charles  Atha- 
nase,  Baron,  a  French  author,  b.  1771, 
studied  at  Glasgow  and  Oxford,  was 
mayor  of  Paris  in  1816,  and  served  in 
various  public  employments.  He  is 
best  known  by  his  "  Histoire  de  la  Vie 
et  des  Poesies  d'Horace,"  and  his 
"  Memoires  sur  Madame  de  Sevigne." 
D.  1852. 

WALEWSKI,  Alexandre  Florian 
Joseph  Colonna,  count,  a  French 
statesman,  b.  May  4,  1810,  in  the  castle 
of  Walewice,  Poland,  was  the  son  of 
Napoleon  I.  and  a  Polish  lady  of  great 
beauty,  the  countess  Walewski.  He 
received  his  education  at  Geneva,  and 
returned  to  Poland,  1824.  He  was  in 
Paris  during  the  revolution  of  July, 
1830,  when  he  was  sent  on  a  delicate 
mission  b}'  General  Sebastiani  to  the 
Polish  government,  and  afterwards 
served  as  aide  to  the  Polish  general- 
issimo, gaining  the  military  cross  of 
Poland  at  the  battle  of  Grochow. 
Count  Walewski,  having  been  natural 
ized  in  France,  entered  the  army,  and 
afterwards  became  proprietor  of  the 
"  Messager  des  Chambres,"  under  the 
auspices  of  Thiers  and  Remusat,  and 
published  several  pamphlets,  in  one  of 
which  he  advocated  the  English  alli- 
ance. In  1840  he  was  sent  on  a  mission 
to  Mehemet  Ali  ;  in  1848  on  a  mission 
to  La  Plata:  in  1849  he  was  French 
minister  plenipotentiary  at  the  court  of 
Tuscany;  and  in  1S50  at   the  court  of 


wal] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


313 


Naples,  where  he  remained  (ill  he  was 
named  ambassador  to  England.  In 
May,  1855,  he  was  recalled  to  become 
minister  for  foreign  affairs.  He  was 
succeeded  in  his  position  by  M.  Thon- 
venel  in  1859;  held  the  portfolio  of 
minister  of  state  until  1863,  when  he 
resigned.  He  was  nominated  a  mem- 
ber of  the  senate  1855.  in  1865  became 
president  of  the  corps  Ii'gislatif,  and 
resigned  March  29,  18G7.  He  distin- 
guished himself  in  literature;  is  said 
to  have  aided  Alexander  Dumas  in  the 
play  "Mademoiselle  de  Belle-Isle," 
produced  in  1839,  and  was  the  author 
of  other  dramatic  pieces.  D.  at  Stras- 
bourg, Sept.  26,  1868. 

WALKER,  Amasa,  a  political  econ- 
mist,  b.  in  Connecticut,  1799,  became 
a  merchant  in  Boston,  and  interested 
himself  actively  in  anti-slavery,  the 
temperance  cause,  the  promotion  of 
railroads,  and  free  trade.  In  1842-49 
he  was  professor  of  political  economy 
at  Oberlin  college,  and  at  Amherst  col- 
lege from  1861  to  1875.  He  held  sev- 
eral elective  state  offices,  and  was 
member  of  congress  from  Massachu- 
setts in  18G2-3.  Besides  addresses  and 
orations,  he  published  "The  Science  of 
Wealth,"  and  was  associate  editor  of 
the  "  Transactions  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Agricultural  Societv,"  7  vols., 
1847-53.  D.  1875.  —James,  an  Amer- 
ican divine,  b.  in  Woburn,  Mass.,  1794, 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1814, 
was  educated  for  the  ministry  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  in  1818  was  ordained  over 
the  Unitarian  church  in  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  of  which  he  remained  pastor  for 
twentv-one  years.  From  the  earlv  part 
of  1831  to  March,  1839,  he  was  editor 
of  the  "  Christian  Examiner."  He  was 
also  prominent  as  a  public  lecturer. 
He  resigned  his  pastoral  charge  in  July, 
1839,  and  entered  upon  his  duties  as 
Alford  professor  of  moral  and  intellect- 
ual philosophy  at  Cambridge  in  the  fol- 
lowing September.  In  February,  1853, 
he  was  elected  president  of  Harvard 
college,  holding  the  office  till  February, 

1860.  From  that  time  he  lived  in  com- 
parative retirement  at  Cambridge,  de- 
voting his  leisure  to  the  revision  of  his 
"  Lowell  Lectures  upon  the  Philosophy 
of  Religion."  He  published  a  number 
of  sermons,  addresses,  and  lectures,  ed- 
ited portions  of  Reid  and  Stewart  for 
the  use  of  students,  and  published,  in 

1861,  a  volume  of  sermons  preached  in 
the  chapel  of  Harvard  college  while  pro- 
fessor there.  He  published  a  "  Memoir 
of  D.  Armleton  White,"  and  a  "Me- 


moir of  Josiah  Quincy."  D.  1874.  — 
Robert  James,  an  American  states- 
man, b.  in  Northumberland,  l'enn., 
1801,  studied  law  and  took  an  active 
part  in  politics  at  an  early  age.  In 
1826  he  settled  in  Natchez, "Miss.,  and 
was  sent  from  that  state  to  the  U.  S. 
senate,  1837-45,  where  he  became  a 
prominent  and  influential  Democratic 
leader.  He  especially  distinguished 
himself  in  promoting  the  annexation 
of  Texas,  and  wrote  a  letter  on  the 
question  which  was  of  material  aid  in 
securing  the  election  of  President  Polk, 
under  whom  he  tfas  secretary  of  the 
treasury,  1845-49.  He  was  governor 
of  Kansas  territory  in  1857-58,  and 
resigned,  from  his  disapproval  of  the 
policy  of  President  Buchanan.  In  the 
civil  war  he  took  strong  ground  for  the 
Union,  and  went  to  Europe  as  financial 
agent  for  the  government,  negotiating 
$250,000,000  of  U.  S.  bonds.  During 
this  mission  he  published  in  London 
four  pamphlets  on  the  financial  re- 
sources of  the  United  States.  He  ed- 
ited, in  1834,  a  volume  of  Mississippi 
supreme  court  reports.  D.  in  Wash- 
ing, 1869. — Seaks  Cook,  an  Ameri- 
can astronomer  and  mathematician,  b. 
in  Wilmington,  Mass.,  1805,  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  college,  and  devoted 
himself  to  educational  and  scientific 
pursuits.  In  1845  he  received  an  ap- 
pointment in  the  Washington  observa- 
tory, and  from  1847  till  his  death,  was 
engaged  on  the  U.  S.  coast  survey.  D. 
1853.  —  William,  an  adventurer  and 
revolutionist,  b.  in  Tennessee,  1824, 
studied  medicine  and  law,  and  became 
a  journalist  at  New  Orleans,  and  after- 
wards at  San  Francisco.  His  vocation, 
however,  was  that  of  a  filibuster,  and  in 
1853  he  undertook  the  conquest  of  So- 
nora,  in  which  he  failed,  and  surrender- 
ing himself  to  the  U.  S.  authorities  was 
tried  for  violation  of  the  neutrality  laws 
and  acquitted.  In  1855  he  landed  with  62 
followers  in  Nicaragua,  and  after  some 
fighting,  was  elected  generalissimo,  and 
in  the  following  year  president.  His 
arbitrary  acts  caused  an  insurrection, 
and  after  several  battles  he  surrendered 
himself,  in  May,  1857,  to  Commodore 
C.  H.  Davis,  bv  whom  he  was  brought 
to  the  United  States.  Another  attempt 
on  Nicaragua  failed  the  same  year.  In 
June,  1860,  he  again  left  New  Orleans, 
and  landed  in  Truxillo  with  the  view  of 
exciting  a  revolution  in  Honduras.  He 
was  captured  and  shot  September  12  of 
the  same  year.  —  William,  an  English 
engraver,  is  known  widely  by  his  ren- 


314 


CYCLOP/EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[WAL 


dering  of  such  popular  works  as  "  The 
Literary  Party  at  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds's," "The  Passing  of  the  Reform 
Bill  of  1832,"  and  "  The  Aberdeen  Cab- 
inet."    1).  1867,  aged  76. 

WALKER-ARNOTT,  George  A., 
an  eminent  Scottish  botanist,  b.  at  Ed- 
inburgh, 1799,  studied  law,  but  dropped 
it  for  the  pursuit  of  physical  science. 
He  travelled  extensively  in  prosecuting 
his  botanical  researches.  In  1845  he 
was  made  professor  of  botany  at  Glas- 
gow university,  and  remained  so  till  his 
death.  He  published  the  "  British  Flo- 
ra," with  Dr.  Hooker,  and  other  works. 
In  his  last  years  he  made  important 
discoveries  relating  to  marine,  diatoms. 
D.  1868. 

WALLACE,  Horace  Binney,  an 
American  lawyer,  b.  in  Philadelphia, 
1817,  edited  several  volumes  of  "Lead- 
ing Cases  "  in  Law  and  Equity  which 
are  much  used  by  the  profession.  He 
wrote  "Stanley,"  a  novel  ;  and  two 
posthumous  volumes  of  his  papers  on 
art,  scenery,  and  literature  were  pub- 
lished in  1855-56.  D.  in  Paris,  1852, 
by  his  own  hand.  —  William  Harvey 
Lamb,  brigadier-general  of  volunteers 
in  the  U.  S.  army,  b.  in  Urbana,  0., 
1820,  was  a  lawyer  in  Illinois,  and  in 
May,  1861,  was  made  colonel  of  the 
lltii  Illinois  volunteers.  In  Feb.,  1862, 
he  commanded  the  first  brigade  of  Mc- 
Clernand's  division  of  Gen.  Grant's 
army.  He  displayed  great  gallantry  in 
the  capture  of  Fort  Donelson,  and  hav- 
ing been  mortally  wounded  at  Shiloh, 
d.  April  10,  1862.  —  William  Vin- 
cent, a  musical  composer,  b.  in  Water- 
ford.  Ireland,  1815,  early  attained  great 
proficiency  as  an  instrumentalist,  and 
occupied  a  high  musical  position  at 
Dublin.  His  impaired  health  called  for 
a  sea-voyage,  and  he  sailed  for  Syd- 
ney. He  travelled  in  Australia,  gave 
several  concerts  in  Melbourne,  visited 
Van  Dieman's  Land  and  New  Zealand, 
went  on  a  whaling  voyage,  went  to  the 
East  and  West  Indies,  and  coined 
money  by  his  musical  performances  in 
South  America  and  the  U.  S.  Return- 
ing home  he  brought  out  "Maritana," 
an  opera,  at  Drury  Lane,  in  1846,  suc- 
ceeded brilliantly,  and  then  succes- 
sively other  operas,  "  Matilda  of  Hun- 
gary," "  The  Amber  Witch,"  "  Lur- 
line,"  "Love's  Triumph,"  and  "The 
Desert  Flower."  After  visiting  Ger- 
many and  the  U.  S.  he  settled  in  Paris, 
and  d.  1865. 

WALLACK,  James  William,  b.  in 
London,  1795;  d.  in  New  York,  1864. 


Inheriting  histrionic  talent,  he  made 
his  appearance  on  the  stage  when  but 
seven  years  old.  In  1817  he  succeeded 
Mr.  Booth  in  playing  Iago  to  Kean's 
Othello,  and  in  the  following  year  came 
to  New  York,  making  his  first  appear- 
ance at  the  Park  theatre  in  the  charac- 
ter of  Macbeth.  From  1820  to  1850  he 
played  alternate  periods  in  this  country 
ami  in  England;  permanently  fixing 
his  residence  in  New  York  in  1851. 
Here  he  established  a  theatre  on  Broad- 
way, in  which  he  commenced  a  career 
of  uninterrupted  success  as  manager, 
building  a  new  theatre  in  1861,  and 
maintaining  the  same  high  standard  of 
artistic  excellence  until  his  death. 

WALLICH,  Nathanikl,  a  cele- 
brated botanist,  author  of  the  "Flora 
Indica,"  and  "  Plantae  Asiatics  Rari- 
ores,"  b.  in  Denmark,  1795;  d.  in  Lon- 
don, 1854. 

WALSH,  John  Edward,  b.  1816, 
educated  at  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  be- 
came, master  of  the  rolls  in  Ireland, 
1866,  published  Irish  Reports  in  Chan- 
cerv,  and  "  Ireland  Sixty  Years  Ago  " 
(1847).     D.  186!). 

WALSH,  Robert,  an  American 
journalist,  b.  in  Baltimore,  1784,  stud- 
ied law  under  R.  G.  Harper,  but  aban- 
doned the  profession  for  literature.  He 
attempted  the  first  quarterly  journal 
undertaken  in  the  U.  S.,  in  1811,  under 
the  title  of  "  The  American  Review  of 
History  and  Politics,"  which  was  con- 
tinued for  two  years.  In  1819  he  pub- 
lished his  most  elaborate  work,  "  An 
Appeal  from  the  Judgments  of  Great 
Britain  respecting  the  United  States." 
In  1820  he  established  in  Philadelphia 
the  "National  Gazette,"  with  which 
he  was  connected  till  1836,  when  he 
went  to  reside  in  Paris,  and  was  the 
correspondent  of  the  "Journal  of  Com- 
merce," of  New  York,  and  the  "  Na- 
tional Intelligencer,"  of  Washington. 
Here  he  was  American  consul,  1845- 
51.  In  March,  1827,  he  revived  the 
"American  Quarterly  Review,"  which 
he  conducted  till  1836.     D.  1859. 

WALWORTH,  Reuben  Hyde,  an 
American  jurist,  b.  in  Connecticut, 
1789,  passed  his  youth  on  a  farm,  at 
the  age  of  17  began  the  study  of  law, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1809. 
He  was  a  member  of  congress,  1821-23, 
and  chancellor  of  the  state  of  New 
York,  1828-48.  His  decisions  in  chan- 
cery are  reported  in  14  vols,  of  Paige 
and  Barbour  ;  and  his  opinions  deliv- 
ered in  the  court  of  errors  are  reported 
in  Wendell,  Hill,  and  Davis.     D.  1867. 


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CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


315 


—  His    son,    Mansfield    Thacy,    b. 

1830,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  af- 
terwards turned  his  attention  to  sensa- 
tional novel-writing.  He  was  shut  and 
killed  by  his  son  in  the  Sturtevant 
house,  New  York,  June  3,  1873. 

WARPERS,  Gustaf,  Baron,  an 
eminent  Belgian  painter,  b.  in  Ant- 
werp, 1803,  studied  his  art  in  his  native 
city,  and  in  Paris,  and  in  1830  estab- 
lished his  reputation  by  his  picture  of 
"  The  Devotion  of  the  Burgomasters  of 
Leyden."  His  style  was  based  on  a 
combination  of  the  art  of  Rubens  with 
that  of  the  modern  Romanticists.  His 
productions  were  historical,  poetical, 
and  religious;  but  in  his  latter  years 
he  devoted  himself  very  much  to  por- 
trait-painting.    1).  1874. 

WARBURTON,  Eliot  Bartholo- 
mew George,  author  of  "  The  Crescent 
and  the  Cross,"  an  admirable  descrip- 
tion of  eastern  travel,  was  b.  near  Tul- 
lamore,  Ireland,  in  1810.  He  also  pub- 
lished "  Memoirs  of  Prince  Rupert  and 
the  Cavaliers,"  "Reginald  Hastings," 
and  "  Darien,  or  the  Merchant  Prince," 
besides  contributing  to  periodical  litera- 
ture, and  editing  "Hochelaga,"  and 
"The  Conquest  of  Canada."  On  the 
2d  of  January,  1852,  he  sailed  for  the 
West  Indies  in  the  Amazon  mail  steam- 
packet,  which  on  the  morning  of  the 
4th  was  destroyed  by  tire  in  the  bay  of 
Biscay,  and  the  last  of  the  survivors  on 
leaving  the  ship  saw  Eliot  Warburton 
standing  with  the  captain  and  two  or 
three  officers  on  the  poop  of  the  wreck, 
calmly  awaiting  their  fate. 

WARD,  James,  b.  1769,  was  emi- 
nent as  an  engraver,  when  at  thirty-rive 
he  determined  to  exchange  the  burin 
for  the  brush.  He  soon  obtained  an 
honorable  position  in  his  new  profession 
as  a  cattle  painter,  and  earned  from 
.£50  to  £70  a  day  by  his  portraits  of 
horses  and  bulls.  Occasionally  he  at- 
tempted historical  pieces,  but  his  most 
important  work  was  "The  Bull  Earn 
ily,"  representing  a  bull,  cow,  and  calf 
in  a  rich  and  beautiful  landscape,  which 
was  purchased  for  the  National  gallery 
for  .£1,500.  He  exhibited  at  the  royal 
academy  six  or  eight  pictures  annually 
till  he  reached  his  86th  year.  His  en- 
gravings bring  high  prices  at  the  sales. 
He  presented  to  the  British  museum  a 
complete  set  of  all  his  engravings  in 
their  successive  stages.  D.  17th  Nov., 
1859,  in  the  ninety-first  year  of  his  age. 

—  James  Harman,  commander  in  the 
U.  S.  navy,  compiler  of  a  "Manual  of 
Naval  Tactics,"  and  author  of    "Ele- 


mentary Instructions  on  Naval  Ord- 
nance and  Gunnery,"  b.  in  Hartford, 
Conn.,  1800,  killed  in  the  attack  on 
Matthias  Point,  June  27,  18G1.  —  Bar- 
on, was  b.  in  Yorkshire,  England,  and 
served  when  a  boy  as  a  jockey  at  Vi- 
enna for  four  years,  when  he  became 
employed  by  the  Duke  of  Lucca.  He 
was  there  promoted  from  the  stable  to 
be  the  valet  to  his  royal  highness 
until  1S40.  Eventually  he  rose  to  the 
position  of  minister  of  the  household, 
and  was  minister  of  finance  until  1848, 
when  he  became  an  active  agent  of 
Austria  during  the  revolution.  He  re- 
turned to  Parma  as  prime  minister,  ne- 
gotiated the  abdication  of  Charles  II., 
and  placed  Charles  III.  on  the  throne. 
He  represented  Parma  at  the  court  of 
Vienna  until  the  death  of  Charles,  in 
1854,  when  he  retired  from  public  life 
and  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits. 
He  was  able  to  write  and  speak  Ger- 
man, French,  and  Italian.  D.  in  Vi- 
enna, 1858. 

WARDLAW,  Ralph,  a  Scottish 
theologian  and  D.  D.,  and  pastor  of  a 
Congregational  church  in  Glasgow.  His 
principal  works  are  "Discourses  on  the 
Socinian  Controversy,"  "  Man's  Re- 
sponsibility for  his  Belief,"  "  Lectures 
against  Religious  Establishments,"  and 
"Sermons."     B.  1779  ;  d.  1853. 

WARE,  John,  an  American  physi- 
cian, b.  in  Hingham,  Mass.,  1795,  was 
the  son  of  Henry,  the  eminent  Unitarian 
clergyman,  many  years  professor  of 
divinity  at  Harvard  college  (b.  1764; 
d.  1845);  and  the  brother  of  Henry,  Jr., 
also  a  distinguished  Unitarian  divine 
(b.  1794;  d.  1843).  John  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1813,  studied  medi- 
cine and  practised  in  Boston.  He  was 
professor  in  the  medical  department  of 
Harvard  college  1832-1858;  and  pub- 
lished numerous  professional  disserta- 
tions. D.  1864.  —  William,  brother 
of  the  preceding,  b.  1797,  graduated  at 
Harvard  college,  studied  divinity,  and 
was  pastor  of  the  first  Congregational 
church  in  the  city  of  New  York,  1821- 
1836.  He  was  subsequently  settled  in 
Waltham,  Mass.  He  was  the  author 
of  "Zenobia,"  "Probus,"  "  Julian,  or 
Scenes  in  Judea,"  "Pictures  of  Euro- 
pean Capitals,"  and  "Lectures  on  the 
Works  and  Genius  of  Washington  All- 
ston."     D.  1852. 

WARREN,  John  Collins,  eminent 
as  a  physician  and  student  of  the  nat- 
ural sciences,  was  b.  in  Boston,  1788, 
and  after  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  his 
profession   from    his    father,  Dr.  John 


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CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPIIY. 


[WAT 


"Warren,  passed  some  years  in  the  hos- 
pitals of  London  and'  Paris.  Return- 
ing to  Boston,  he  commenced  practice 
and  speedily  took  a  high  position.  In 
1806  he  was*  appointed  assistant  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  and  surgery  in  Har- 
vard college,  andin  1815  was  made  full 
professor,  and  so  continued  until  his 
resignation  in  1847,  from  which  time 
until  his  death  he  was  emeritus  pro- 
fessor. He  was  one  of  the  originators 
of  the  Massachusetts  general  hospital 
and  McLean  asylum,  and  was  president 
of  the  Massachusetts  medical  society 
from  1832  to  1836.  During  the  later 
years  of  his  life  he  devoted  much  of  his 
time  to  the  study  of  the  natural  sciences. 
His  museum  of"  specimens  in  compara- 
tive anatomy,  osteology,  and  paleontol- 
ogy, was  very  extensive  ;  and  he  had 
probably,  the  most  perfect  skeleton  of 
the  "Mastodon  Giganteus  "  of  North 
America  known  to  be  in  existence.  He 
published  and  distributed  his  work  on 
the  mastodon  of  this  country,  and  is- 
sued an  enlarged  edition  a  few  weeks 
before  he  d.  in  Boston,  1856.  —  Samuel, 
an  English  lawyer  and  novelist,  b.  1807, 
in  Denbighshire,  studied  medicine  at 
Edinburgh,  but  finally  deciding  on  the 
law  as  a  profession,  served  some  seven 
rears  as  a  special  pleader,  and  was  called 
to  the  bar  in  1837.  Meanwhile  he  had 
published  in  "  Blackwood's  Magazine  " 
a  series  of  papers,  entitled  "  Passages 
from  the  Diary  of  a  Late  Physician," 
of  a  realistic  character,  that  excited 
much  interest,  and  were  generally  re- 
ceived as  actual  experiences.  This  was 
followed  in  the  same  journal  by  "  Ten 
Thousand  a  Year,"  which  made  the 
author  famous.  "  Now  and  Then  "  was 
less  successful,  and  the  "Lily  and  the 
Bee  "  was  a  failure.  In  1852  he  became 
recorder  of  Hull  and  held  the  office  till 
1874.  In  1856  he  was  elected  member 
of  the  house  of  commons,  and  again 
in  1857,  when  he  resigned  on  being 
appointed  master  in  lunacy.  Warren 
was  the  author  of  several  iegal  works, 
among  them  "Introduction  to  Law 
Studies,"  "  Duties  of  Attorneys  and 
Solicitors,"  "The  Law  and  Practice  of 
Election  Committees,"  and  "  Black- 
stone  Systematically  Abridged."  D. 
1877. 

WARRINGTON,  Commodore 
Lewis,  was  b.  at  Williamsburg^  Va., 
in  1782,  graduated  at  William  and 
Mary  college,  and  entered  the  navy  In 
1800.  His  services  in  the  Tripoli  war 
and  the  war  of  1812  made  his  name 
familiar  to  the  American  people  as  a 


brave,    energetic,  and   skilful   captain. 
D.  1851. 

WASHINGTON,  John  Macrae, 
major  U.  S.  army,  was  b.  in  Virginia, 
171)3,  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1813, 
and  entered  the  artillery  as  lieutenant 
in  1817.  He  was  brevetted  lieutenant- 
colonel  for  heroic  conduct  at  Buena 
Vista.  In  1848  he  commanded  an  ex- 
pedition across  the  plains  of  Mexico  via 
El  Paso,  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  for 
a  year  afterward  he  acted  as  the  mili- 
tary governor  of  New  Mexico.  D.  1853. 
—  John  A.,  a  collateral  descendant  of 
the  Washington  family,  and  formerly 
proprietor  of  Mount  Vernon,  was  colo- 
nel in  the  confederate  army,  and  was 
killed  in  a  skirmish,  Sept.  15,  1861. — 
Bailey,  related  by  blond  to  George 
Washington,  was  b.  in  Westmoreland 
county,  Va.,  1787,  entered  the  U.  S. 
navy,  was  surgeon  of  the  Enterprise 
when  she  captured  the  Boxer,  during 
the  war  of  1812,  and  was  fleet-surgeon 
on  Lake  Ontario  under  Commodore 
Chauncey.  He  acted  in  the  same  ca- 
pacity under  Commodores  Rodgers,  El- 
liott, and  Paterson.  successively,  in  the 
Mediterranean,  closing  his  sea  career 
during  the  Mexican  war.     D.  1854. 

WATERTON,  Charles,  an  English 
naturalist,  b.  1782;  d.  1865.  He  wrote 
"  Wanderings  in  South  America,  the 
Northwest  of  the  United  States,  and 
the  Antilles,  in  1812,  1816,  1820,  and 
1824;  with  original  instructions  for  the 
Preservation  of  Birds,  etc.,  for  Cabi- 
nets of  Natural  History ;  "  London,  1825. 
Afterwards  he  made  frequent  journeys 
to  Belgium  and  Italy,  which,  with  his 
home  life  at  Walton  Hall,  are  agree- 
ably described  in  the  "  Autobiography  " 
prefixed  to  his  "  Essays  on  Natural 
History,  chiefly  Ornithology." 

WALK  INS,  Tobias,  physician,  b. 
in  Maryland,  1780,  was  surgeon  in  the 
U.  S.  army  during  the  last  war  with 
Great  Britain,  and  was  assistant  sur- 
geon-general from  1818  to  1821.  He 
was  fourth  auditor  of  the  treasury  from 
1824  to  1829.  He  was  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  the  journals  and  medical 
periodicals  of  his  day,  and  at  the  time 
of  his  death,  in  1855,  was  engaged  in 
preparing  a  history  of  the  British  in- 
vasion of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

W  ATKINS,  Charles  Fredrick,  an 
English  clergyman,  b.  1795,  was  a  mid- 
shipman in  early  life,  but  studied  divin- 
ity and  was  ordained,  and  in  1822  was 
appointed  warder  of  Farley  hospital, 
near  Salisbury,  where  he  remained  ten 
years.     Appointed  in  1832  to  the  vicar- 


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CYCLOPAEDIA    OK    BIOGRAPHY. 


317 


age  of  Brixworth  church,  he  ascertained 
that  it  was  a  basilican  structure  of  the 
7th  century,  after  the  earliest  type,  re- 
stored  it,  and  published  a  History  of 
the  Basilica  and  of  Brixworth  church 
with  accompanying  lithograph*,  and  "A 

Vindicate f  the  Mosaic   Account   of 

the  Nature,  Origin,  and  History  of  Man, 
against  the  Geological  and  Ethnolog- 
ical Errors  of  Past  and  Present  Times." 
1).  187:5. 

WATSON,  Walker,  author  of 
"  Jockie  's  far  awa,"  and  other  Scot- 
tish songs,  d.  1854. 

WATT,  James  Henry,  an  English 
engraver,  b.  in  London  1799,  was  a 
pupil  of  Heath,  and  is  known  by  his 
rendering  of  Stothard's  "Procession  of 
the  Flitch  of  Bacon,"  and  of  his  works 
after  Landseer,  Leslie,  Newton,  and 
others.     1).  18(57. 

WATTS,  Alaric  Alexander,  poet 
and  journalist,  b.  in  London,  1799;  d. 
1864.  An  illustrated  work,  entitled 
"Lyrics  of  the  Heart,"  includes  his 
choice  poems.  He  was  early  connected 
with  the  English  newspaper  press,  and 
contributed  prose  and  poetic  sketches  to 
various  periodicals. 

WAYLAND,  Francis,  an  American 
clergyman  and  philosopher,  was  b.  in 
New  York,  1796,  graduated  at  Union 
college,  studied  medicine,  but  aban- 
doned it  for  theology,  and  in  1821  be- 
came pastor  of  a  Baptist  church  in 
Boston.  From  1837  he  was  for  nearly 
thirty  years  president  of  Brown  Univer- 
sity. He  retired  in  1855.  Among  his 
works  are  "  Elements  of  Moral  Science,'' 
in  18-35;  "Elements  of  Political  Econ- 
omy," 1837;  "  Elements  of  Intellectual 
Philosophy,"  1854;  "Life  of  Judson," 
and  several  volumes  of  sermons.  D. 
18(55. 

WEALE,  John,  a  London  publisher, 
editor  of  a  rudimentary  series  of  scientific 
works,  b.  1792  ;  d.  18152.  Among  many 
larger  works  which  he  compiled  were 
"  Drawing-Books  for  Engineers  and 
Architects,"  "On  the  Making  of  Amer- 
ican Railways,"  and  "Papers  of  Ar- 
chitecture and  Archaeology." 

WEBB,  John,  antiquarian,  b.  in 
London,  educated  to  the  church,  ad- 
mitted in  1819  to  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries, communicated  to  that  body  a 
translation  of  the  curious  French  metri- 
cal history  of  the  deposition  of  Richard 
II.,  with  notes,  and  subsequently  many 
valuable  papers  to  their  Archa>ologia. 
He  edited  other  works  for  the  Camden 
Society.  D.  in  18G9,  in  the  93d  year  of 
his  age.  —  Philip  Barker,  eminent  as 


a  scholar  and  botanist,  author  of  a  work 
entitled  "Histoire  Naturelle  dee  Isles 
Canaries,"  in  many  volumes,  quarto, 
splendidly  illustrated,  and  of  a  learned 

work  on  the  wild  dowers  of  Spain.  D. 
in  Paris,  1854. 

WEBSTER,  Daniel,  American  jurist 
and  statesman,  was  b.  in  Salisbury,  N. 
H.,  on  the  18th  of  January,  1782,  the 
son  of  Ebenezer  and  Abigail  Webster. 
His  father  served  in  the  French  and 
revolutionary  wars,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  a  captain  under  Stark  at 
Bennington.  Young  Webster  received 
a  common  school  education,  and  in  his 
14th  year  was  placed  in  Phillips  acad- 
emy at  Exeter,  N.  II.,  at  that  time  un- 
der the  charge  of  Dr.  Abbot.  After  a 
few  months'  stay  in  Exeter,  he  was 
placed  with  the  Rev.  S.  Wood,  and  in 
six  months  was  sufficiently  advanced  to 
enter  Dartmouth  college,  in  August, 
1797.  In  August,  1801,  he  commenced 
his  legal  education  in  his  native  town, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  March, 
1805,  in  Boston.  He  began  practice  in 
the  village  of  Boscawen,  whence  he  re- 
moved to  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  in  Sep- 
tember, 1807,  having  declined  the  of- 
fered clerkship  of  the  county  court  of 
common  pleas  in  Hillsborough,  N.  H. 
It  was  in  the  13th  congress,  which  first 
met  in  extra  session  in  May,  1813,  that 
he  commenced  his  political  career,  as 
a  representative  from  New  Hampshire. 
Of  the  house  Henry  Clay  was  speaker, 
who  appointed  the  new  member  on  the 
committee  of  foreign  affairs.  Mr.  Web- 
ster delivered  his  maiden  speech  on  the 
10th  of  June,  1813,  and  assumed  a  front 
rank  amongst  debaters.  His  speeches, 
chiefly  on  topics  connected  with  the 
war  then  raging  between  England  and 
the  United  States,  were  characterized 
by  masterly  vigor,  and  by  uncommon 
acquaintance  with  the  constitution,  and 
the  history  and  traditions  of  the  govern- 
ment. He  advocated  the  improvement 
and  increase  of  the  navy,  and  in  1816, 
when  at  the  close  of  the  war  commerce 
and  manufactures  attained  a  sudden 
development,  entered  prominently  into 
the  discussion  of  the  tariff.  In  this  he 
considered  a  moderate  degree  of  protec- 
tion as  the  established  policy  of  the 
United  States.  He  opposed  the  passage 
of  the  national  bank  bill  of  April,  1816. 
He  removed  to  Boston  in  the  same  year. 
The  trial  of  the  famous  Dartmouth  col- 
lege case,  in  March,  1818,  involving 
constitutional  questions,  was  one  of 
high  importance,  and  brought  into  re- 
quisition Mr.  Webster's  peculiar  abili- 


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CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[WKE 


ties.  Mr.  Webster  retired  from  con- 
gress in  1817,  but  was  reelected  from 
Boston  in  1822.  On  the  19th  of  Jan- 
uary, 1823,  be  made  his  great  speech  in 
oehalf  of  the  Greeks,  and  one  on  the 
Panama  mission  in  April,  1820.  He- 
sides  these,  his  Plymouth  oration  of  the 
22d  December,  1820,  that  at  Bunker 
Hill  in  1825,  and  his  eulogy  upon 
Adams  and  Jefferson,  in  1820,  save 
him  an  undisputed  position  at  the  head 
of  American  orators.  In  January,  1828, 
Mr.  Webster  took  his  seat  in  the  U.  8. 
senate.  The  great  encounter  with  Colo- 
nel Hayne,  of  South  Carolina,  took 
place  in  January,  1830,  and  was  one  of 
the  most  interesting,  and  important 
epochs  in  his  life.  Mr.  Webster  sup- 
ported the  bill  of  1832  for  the  recharter 
of  the  bank;  in  the  nullification  move- 
ment of  that  year  he  cooperated  with 
President  Jackson,  and  made  a  speech 
in  reply  to  Mr.  Calhoun  in  February, 
1833.  The  fiscal  policy  of  Jackson  and 
Van  Buren  found  a  stead}-  opponent  in 
Mr.  Webster,  as  well  in  its  original 
form  of  an  unlimited  expansion  of  the 
paper  of  the  state  banks,  as  in  the  sub- 
stitute of  an  exclusively  metallic  cur- 
rency for  the  government,  which  was 
brought  forward  after  the  league  of  the 
deposit  banks  had  exploded.  General 
Jackson's  protest  of  April  17,  1834, 
against  the  action  of  the  senate,  drew 
forth  a  powerful  speech  on  the  7th  of 
May.  On  the  independent  treasury  bill 
of  1838,  Mr.  Webster  also  made  several 
elaborate  speeches.  In  the  spring  of 
1839  he  visited  Europe,  making  a  hasty 
tour  through  England,  Scotland,  and 
France.  On  the  accession  of  General 
Harrison  to  the  presidency  in  1841,  he 
was  named  secretary  of  state.  In  1842 
he  negotiated  with  Lord  Ashburton  the 
settlement  of  the  northeastern  boundary 
question  with  Great  Britain,  and  the 
treaty  made  by  these  diplomatists  was 
ratified  August  20th  of  that  year.  In 
May,  1843," Mr.  Webster  resigned  his 
position,  and  returned  for  a  short  time 
to  private  life,  but  was  reelected  to  the 
senate  in  1845.  He  opposed  the  war 
with  Mexico  in  1840,  but  sustained  the 
administration  by  voting  for  liberal  sup- 
plies, and  facilitated  every  approach  to 
an  honorable  peace.  Foreseeing  the 
evils  arising  from  a  great  acquisition  of 
territory,  he  opposed  those  portions  of 
the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo  which 
related  to  that  subject.  In  the  settle- 
ment of  questions  arising  from  these 
accessions,  Mr.  Webster  took  a  great 
part,  and  brought  the  whole  weight  of 


his  talents  and  influence  to  the  accom- 
plishment of  the  compromise  of  1850. 
(in  the  decease  of  General  Taylor,  .Mr. 
Webster  was  called  by  President  Fill- 
more to  the  department  of  state,  and 
remained  to  the  last  days  of  his  event- 
ful life  in  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of 
that  office.  A  few  weeks  after  Mr. 
Webster's  accession  to  this  department, 
Chevalier  Hulseinann,  the  Austrian 
minister,  addressed  a  complaint  to  the 
American"  government  in  reference  to 
its  alleged  interference  in  the  internal 
affairs  of  Austria.  This  was  answered 
by  Mr.  Webster  in  one  of  the  most 
spirited  state  papers  in  the  archives  of 
diplomacy.  To  the  jurist  and  states- 
man, Mr.  Webster  united  the  character 
of  an  accomplished  scholar.  He  was  ac- 
quainted witti  many  of  the  great  writers 
of  antiquity,  and  was  especially  famil- 
iar with  the  literature  and  the  history 
of  Great  Britain.  He  was  fond  of  field 
sports  and  was  an  excellent  shot.  His 
habits  were  social,  and  his  conversa- 
tional powers  remarkable.  His  greatest 
pleasure  was  found  on  his  farms,  and 
he  took  deep  interest  in  his  stock  and 
crops.  He  d.  at  his  home  in  Marshfield, 
Mass.,  Oct.  24,  1852.  —  Fletcheh,  the 
last  member  of  the  family  of  the  illus- 
trious statesman,  b.  at  Portsmouth,  N. 
H.,  1812;  d.  at  Alexandria,  Va.,  1802. 
He  was  assistant  secretary  of  state  un- 
der his  father  during  the  administra- 
tions of  Presidents  Harrison  and  Tyler, 
and  accompanied  Mr.  Caleb  Cushing  as 
secretary  of  legation  to  China.  He 
held  office  at  Boston  under  the  admin- 
istrations of  Presidents  Pierce  and 
Buchanan.  In  1801  he  responded  to 
the  President's  call  for  troops,  and 
raised  the  12th  regiment  Massachusetts 
volunteers,  of  which  he  became  the 
colonel.  He  was  engaged  in  active 
service,  and  was  mortally  wounded  in 
the  second  battle  of  Bull  Bun. 

WEED,  Stephen  H.,  b.  in  New 
York,  in  1834.  graduated  at  West  Point, 
and  acquired  distinction  as  an  officer  of 
the  U.  S.  artillery.  His  gallantry  at 
Chancellorsville  was  rewarded  with  a 
brigadier-general's  commission.  Killed 
at  Gettysburg,  1803. 

WEEKES,  Henry,  an  English 
sculptor,  b.  in  Canterbury  1807,  studied 
under  Chantrey,  to  whose  studio  at  Pim- 
lico  he  succeeded.  In  1837  he  com- 
pleted a  bust  of  Victoria,  the  first  made 
after  her  accession  to  the  throne.  The 
statues  of  Cranmer,  Latimer,  and  Kid- 
ley,  in  the  Martyr's  Memorial  at  Ox- 
ford, and  one  of  the  groups  of  the  A.bert 


wkl] 


CYCLOP.KDIA    OF    BIOGRATIIY. 


319 


Memorial,  are  among  his  works.  He 
was  elected  professor  of  sculpture  in 
the  royal  academy  in  1873.     l>.  1877. 

WELD,  Charles  Robe  ht,  an  Eng- 
lish popular  writer,  b.  1818,  studied 
law,  but  turned  his  attention  finally 
to  science  and   literature.      In     1847   lie 

commenced  a  series  of  hooks  of  travel, 
that  ran  through  a  number  of  years, 
one  of  which  was  a  "  Vacation  Tour  in 
the  United  States  and  Canada"  (1854). 
He  wrote  several  pamphlets  on  the 
arctic  expedition,  and  assisted  .Sir  John 
Franklin  in  the  home  work  connected 
with  his  exploration.     1>.  1869. 

WELLESLEY,  Richard  Colley, 
marquis,  British  statesman  and  diplo- 
matist, son  of  the  first  earl  of  Morning- 
ton,  was  b.  at  Dublin  in  June,  1760. 
His  father,  distinguished  as  a  musical 
composer  and  author  of  some  admired 
glees  and  church  music,  was  created 
doctor  in  music  by  Dublin  university, 
and  raised  from  his  Irish  baronage  to 
the  rank  of  earl  in  1760,  d.  in  1781. 
I  lis  mother  survived  her  husband  half 
a  century  and  died  in  1831,  aged  89 
years.  She  lived  to  see  four  of  her 
sons  raised  to  the  house  of  lords  by 
their  own  merits  and  for  their  own  dis- 
tinguished services.  Of  these  Richard 
was  the  eldest.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  Oxford,  sat  in  the  Irish  house 
of  peers  as  Earl  of  Mornington,  and 
entered  the  British  house  of  commons 
as  member  for  Beeralston,  and  after- 
wards for  Windsor.  He  was  made  a 
British  privy  councillor  in  1793,  and  in 
1797  succeeded  Lord  Cornwallis  as  gov- 
ernor-general of  India,  and  was  soon 
after  raised  to  the  British  peerage  with 
the  title  of  Baron  Wellesley.  During 
his  administration  he  waged  successful 
wars,  made  large  acquisitions  of  ter- 
ritory, negotiated  important  treaties, 
added  largely  to  the  revenues  of  the 
East  India  Company,  was  created  Mar- 
quis Wellesley,  and  in  1805  was  super- 
seded by  Lord  Cornwallis.  In  1808  he 
was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Spain,  but 
was  recalled  the  following  year,  and 
became  secretary  of  state  for  foreign 
affairs.  In  1821  he  was  made  lord-lieu- 
tenant of  Ireland,  resigned  in  1828,  to 
be  reappointed  in  1833.  He  retired 
from  public  life  in  1835,  and  d.  at 
Brompton,  1842.  His  "  Memoirs  and 
Correspondence"  were  edited  by  R.  R. 
Pearce,  in  3  vols.,  1846. 

WELLINGTON',  Arthur  Welles- 
ley, Duke  ok,  third  son  of  the  earl 
of  Mornington,  was  b.  at  Dangan  cas- 
tle, or,  according  to  other  accounts,  in 


Merrion  Square,  Dublin,  on  or  about 
May  I,  1760.  When  still  very  young 
he  was  sent  to  Eton,  and  soon  after- 
wards to  the  military  seminary  at 
A.ngers,  where  he  remained  six  years. 

Before  lie  was  eighteen  lie  was  gazetted 
as  ensign,  and  in  the  same  year  lieu- 
tenant, and  at  the  end  of  the  six  years 
ensuing  found  himself  lieutenant-colonel 
in  the  33d  regiment.  In  May,  1704, 
he  embarked  at  Cork  for  Ostend,  and 
joined  the  main  body  of  the  allied 
army  at  Antwerp,  lie  was  employed 
in  covering  the  retreat,  and  by  his 
coolness  and  judgment  in  holding  in 
check  a  superior  force,  won  the  marked 
commendation  of  his  superior  officers. 
In  1796  he  was  sent  with  his  regiment 
to  India,  where  the  British  forces  were 
on  the  eve  of  war  with  Tippoo  Sultan. 
He  took  part  in  the  siege  of  Seringapa- 
tam,  and  was  appointed  civil  and  mili- 
tary governor  of  Seringapatam  and  My- 
sore. His  rank  at  this  time  was  colonel. 
In  1803  he  was  made  general,  and  re- 
ceived the  command  of  one  of  the 
armies  destined  to  operate  against  the 
Mahrattas.  During  the  progress  of  the 
war  he  performed  several  brilliant 
achievements;  the  final  defeat  of  the 
Mahrattas  being  mainly  attributable 
to  his  judgment,  energy,  and  courage. 
He  became  the  hero  of  India,  and  re- 
turned to  England  Sir  Arthur  Welles- 
ley, in  September,  1805.  His  next 
employment  was  under  Lord  Catbcart 
in  the  expedition  to  Copenhagen,  in 
1807.  In  the  following  year  he  accom- 
panied the  British  forces  to  Portugal, 
and  participated  in  the  first  action  with 
the  French  under  General  Junot.  Next 
year  he  was  appointed  to  the  sole  com- 
mand of  the  British  army  in  Portugal, 
where  he  conducted  a  series  of  success- 
ful operations  against  the  French,  under 
Marshal  Soult.  When  the  French,  in 
great  force,  under  Marshal  Massena,  re- 
invaded  Portugal  in  1810,  they  were 
again  met  by  Wellesley,  now  Viscount 
Wellington.  The  maintenance  of  the 
position  of  Torres  Vedras  against  a 
greatly  superior  force  constituted  the 
chief  event  of  the  year.  In  January, 
1812,  he  took  Cuidad  Rodrigo  by  storm, 
and  shortly  afterward  Badajoz.  He 
next  defeated  Marmont,  near  Sala- 
manca, and  advancing  to  Madrid,  he 
compelled  the  evacuation  of  the  whole 
of  the  south  of  Spain  by  the  French 
troops.  An  attempt  to  advance  north- 
ward was  less  successfid,  and  Welling- 
ton was  obliged  to  retreat  to  the  Portu- 
guese frontier.     In   Mav,  1813,  he   ad- 


320 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


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vanced  with  forces  largely  increased, 
and  (Mine  up  with  the  French  army  in 
the  plain  of  Vittoria.  The  battle  which 
ensued  was  decisive  of  the  fate  of  the 
peninsula.  The  French  regained  their 
frontier  with  only  a  single  gun.  Wel- 
lington pushed  forward,  and  after  a 
succession  of  victories,  finally  defeated 
Soult  on  the  heights  of  Toulouse,  in  the 
spring  of  1814.  On  the  28th  of  .Tune 
in  that  year,  having  been  made  a  duke, 
he  appeared  in  his  place  in  parliament, 
in  his  field-marshal's  uniform,  when  his 
various  patents  as  baron,  viscount, 
earl,  marquis,  and  duke  were  severally 
read  over.  His  mother  and  wife  were 
present.  The  commons  had  previously 
voted  him  a  grant  of  £500,000  to  sup- 
port his  dignity  as  a  peer.  On  the  re- 
turn of  Napoleon  from  Elba,  in  1815, 
Wellington  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  united  army  of  British, 
Hanoverians,  and  Bel-ians,  which  he 
considered  a  "sad  mixture,"  though 
they  enabled  him  to  win  his  crowning 
victory  at  Waterloo,  June  18,  1815. 
When  the  news  reached  England, 
£200,000  more  were  granted  to  pur- 
chase a  mansion  and  estate  for  the 
duke.  A  magnificent  dessert  service 
of  Dresden  china  was  sent  him  by 
the  King  of  Saxony  ;  a  silver  plateau, 
valued  at  £10,000,  and  a  splendid  sil- 
ver gilt  shield,  by  the  King  of  Portu- 
gal ;  and  a  colossal  trophy  made  of 
cannon  taken  on  his  victorious  battle- 
fields was  erected  bv  the  ladies  in 
Hyde  Park,  at  a  cost  of  £10,000. 
Peace  being  restored,  Wellington  was 
placed  by  the  allies  in  command  of  the 
army  of  occupation,  a  position  he  held 
three  years.  He  resigned  in  Oct.,  1818, 
and  returned  to  England,  where  he  was 
appointed  master-general  of  the  ord- 
nance, and  regularly  attended  parlia- 
ment, taking  no  part  in  debate,  but 
voting  uniformly  with  the  Tory  party. 
In  1823  he  was"  made  plenipotentiary 
to  the  congress  of  Verona;  and  in 
1820.  minister  to  St.  Petersburg.  In 
1827  he  succeeded  the  Duke  of  York  as 
commander-in-chief  of  the  army,  re- 
taining the  appointment,  with  a  brief 
intermission,  and  discharging  its  duties 
till  the  time  of  his  death.  In  1828  he 
became  prime  minister,  though  eight 
months  before  he  said  he  "  should  have 
been  mad  to  think  of  it."  On  the 
16th  of  November,  1830,  the  duke  and 
his  colleagues  left  office,  not  to  resume 
it  except  for  a  short  interval  for  up- 
wards of  ten  years.  In  the  reform 
debates   of    the*  new    parliament,    the 


duke  took  a  prominent  part  in  opposi- 
tion, and  became  so  unpopular  that  he 
was  hooted  at  and  hissed  in  the  streets 
of  London,  and  was  obliged  to  put 
iron  shutters  on  the  windows  of  his 
town  house  which  he  never  removed. 
In  January,  1834,  he  was  installed  as 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Oxford. 
In  November  of  that  year  he  was  called 
in  by  William  IV.,"  and  advised  his 
majesty  to  send  for  Sir  Robert  Peel, 
who  was  then  in  Italy,  and  till  his  re- 
turn consented  to  carry  on  the  govern- 
ment. In  the  Peel  administration  the 
duke  assumed  the  duties  of  the  foreign 
office,  and  resigned  on  the  defeat  of 
Peel  in  the  house  in  1835.  On  the 
return  of  Peel  to  office,  in  1841,  the 
duke  became  a  member  of  the  cabinet 
without  office.  His  last  speech  in  par- 
liament was  on  June  22,  1852.  He 
died  of  apoplexy  at  Walmer  Castle,  on 
the  14th  of  the"  following  September. 
On  the.  18th  of  November  his  body 
was  conveyed,  with  funeral  honors 
of  unprecedented  magnificence,  to  the 
cathedral  of  St.  Paul's,  where  it  was 
deposited  by  the  side  of  Nelson.  His 
"Despatches,"  in  two  series  of  12  and 
13  volumes  8vo,  respectively,  and  his 
"  Supplementary  Despatches  and  Cor- 
respondence,"  in  17  volumes,  have 
added  literary  fame  to  his  military 
honors  —  and  "still  another  series,  with 
biographical  memoranda,  is  in  course  of 
publication.  Biographies  of  the  duke 
have  been  written  by  Southey,  Gleig, 
Maxwell,  Stocqueler,  Brialmont,Wright, 
Yonge,  and  others. 

WELLS,  Samuel  Roberts,  an 
American  phrenologist,  was  b.  at  West 
Hartford,  Conn.,  1820.  He  studied 
medicine,  but  soon  turned  his  attention 
exclusively  to  phrenology,  and  in  1844 
became  a  partner  in  the  publishing 
house  of  the  Fowlers,  of  which  he  be- 
came sole  proprietor  in  1803.  He  lec- 
tured on  phrenology  with  great  success 
in  Canada,  the  United  States,  and  Great 
Britain.  He  edited  the  "Phrenolog- 
ical Journal  "  from  1863  till  his  death, 
and  from  1805  the  "Annual  of  Phre- 
nologv  and  Physiognomy."  He  wrote 
"New  Physiognomy,"  '"How  to  read 
Character,""  and  "Wedlock."  D. 
1875. 

W  ESTBUR  Y,  Lord,  Rich  a  rt> 
BETHELL,  b.  1800,  in  Bristol,  studied 
at  Oxford,  entered  at  the  Middle  Tem- 
ple, and  was  called  to  the  bar  in 
1823.  Before  reaching  middle  age  he 
became  leader  of  the  bar  in  the  court  of 
chancery,  and  for  upwards  of  20  years 


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CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


321 


there  was    hardly  a   chancery  suit    of 
importance  in  which   he  was   not  en- 

faged.  He  entered  parliament  in  1847. 
Vu  years  later  he  was  made  attorney- 
general.  On  the  death  of  Lord  Camp- 
bell in  1861,  the  seals  were  offered  to 
Sir  Richard  Bet  hell,  and  a  few  days 
later  lie  took  his  seat  upon  the  wool- 
sack as  Lord  Westbury,  of  Westbury. 
He  held  the  great  seai  for  three  years, 
and  resigned  it  in  consequence  of  an  ad- 
verse motion  in  the  house  of  commons, 
based  upon  scandals  originating  in  the 
lord's  bankruptcy  court,  which  it  was 
thought  he  ought  to  have  detected  and 
cheeked.      I).    1873. 

WESTMACOTT,  Sir  Richard,  an 
English  sculptor,  b.  in  London,  1775. 
Having  received  the  first  rudiments 
of  art  in  the  studio  of  his  father,  he 
visited  Rome  in  1793,  studied  under 
Canova,  and  received  the  following  year 
from  the  academy  of  Florence  their 
first  premium  for  sculpture.  Having 
passed  some  years  in  Italy,  he  re- 
turned to  London,  where  he  soon  gained 
an  extensive  reputation.  The  works 
by  which  he  is  best  known  are  his  stat- 
ues of  Addison,  Pitt,  Erskine,  Spencer 
Perceval,  and  of  Charles  James  Fox; 
the  equestrian  bronze  statue  of  George 
III.;  and  his  monuments  in  West- 
minster Abbey  and  St.  Paul's  cathe- 
dral. In  1827  he  succeeded  Flaxman 
as  professor  of  sculpture  in  the  royal 
academy,  and  held  that  appointment 
until  his  decease.  D.  1856.  —  Richard, 
son  of  the  preceding,  b.  1799,  was  a 
pupil  of  his  father  and  studied  in  Italy 
for  six  years.  He  began  to  exhibit  in 
1827,  and  his  works  soon  attracted  at- 
tention. He  excelled  in  busts  and 
monumental  sculpture.  He  succeeded 
his  father  as  professor  of  sculpture  at 
the  academy  in  1857.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  "  Hand-book  of  Sculpture." 
D.  1872. 

WHATELY,  Richard,  Archbishop 
of  Dublin,  a  distinguished  theological 
and  political  writer,  b.  1789,  Avas  edu- 
cated at  Oriel  college,  Oxford.  In  1822 
he  read  the  Brompton  lectures,  and  re- 
ceived the  rectory  of  Halesworth.  He 
was  made  president  of  St.  Al ban's  hall, 
and  professor  of  political  economy,  in 
1830,  and  in  1831  was  consecrated  An- 
glican archbishop  of  Dublin.  Among 
his  works  are  "  Historic  Doubts  Rela- 
tive to  Napoleon  Bonaparte,"  the  "Ele- 
ments of  Logic,"  "Elements  of  Rhet- 
oric," "Errors  of  Romanism,  traced 
to  their  Origin  in  Human  Nature," 
"Introduction  to  Political  Economy," 


and  "Thoughts  on  Secondary  Punish- 
ments."    I>.  1863. 

WIIEATON,  Nathaniel  Sheldon, 
I).  I).,  b.  in  Marbledale,  Conn.,  1792;  d. 
18G2.  He  graduated  at  Vale  in  1814; 
in  1818  was  chosen  rector  of  Christ 
church,  Hartford;  in  1831  was  ap- 
pointed president  of  Trinity  college, 
Hartford;  and  in  1837  accepted  the 
rectorship  of  Christ  church,  New  Or- 
leans. He  published  a  "Journal  of  a 
Residence  in  London,  and  of  Tours  in 
England,  Scotland,  and  France." 

WHEATSTONE,  Sir  Charles,  an 
English  physicist,  was  b.  at  Gloucester, 
in  1802.  In  his  early  days  he  was  en- 
gaged in  the  manufacture  of  musical  in- 
struments, and  from  studying  the  laws 
of  sound  seemed  to  have  been  gradually 
led  to  investigate  the  sciences  of  light 
and  electricity.  The  results  of  some 
of  his  researches  were  presented  to  the 
Royal  Society  in  1833,  in  a  paper  on 
"Acoustic  Figures;"  and  in  1838  he 
gave  the  first  idea  of  the  stereoscope 
and  the  nature  of  binocular  vision,  in  a 
communication  entitled  "  Contributions 
to  the  Physiology  of  Vision."  His 
scientific  abilities  were  recognized  in 
1834  by  his  being  appointed  professor 
of  experimental  philosophy  in  King's 
college.  The  first  practical  application 
of  electricity  to  telegraphic  purposes 
was  made  under  Messrs.  Cooke  and 
Wheatstone's  patents,  on  the  Blackwall 
railway,  in  1838.  In  1855  he  was  one 
of  the  jurors  at  the  Paris  Universal 
Exhibition,  in  the  class  of  "Heat, 
Light,  and  Electricity,"  and  was  created 
a  knight  of  the  legion  of  honor  for 
his  "Application  of  the  Electric  Tele- 
graph."    D.  1875. 

WHEWELL,  William,  an  English 
author  and  philosopher,  was  b.  at  Lan- 
caster, 1794.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
joiner,  and  was  sent  to  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  B.  A. 
1816,  obtained  a  fellowship,  and  for 
several  years  acted  as  tutor.  He  was 
professor  of  mineralogy  there  from 
1828  to  1832.  In  1838  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  moral  theology  or  casuistry, 
and  in  1841  master  of  Trinity  college. 
Dr.  Whewell's  works  were  very  nu- 
merous. Most  of  his  earlier  publica- 
tions were  mathematical  works  for  the 
use  of  students.  His  most  important 
works  relating  to  other  sciences  are, 
"  Astronomy  and  General  Physics  Con- 
sidered with  Reference  to  Natural  Theo- 
logy;" "History  of  the  Inductive 
Sciences,"  3  vols.,  1837;  "  History  of 
Scientific   Ideas;"    "Novum  Organon 


322 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[WIL 


Renovatum;"  and  "  Philosophy  of  Dis- 
coveiy."  While  occupying  the  chair 
of  moral  theologv  he  published  "Ele- 
ments of  Morality,  including  Pol- 
ity," 1845;  "Lectures  on  Systematic 
Morality."  1846  ;  "  Lectures  on  the 
History  of  Moral  Philosophy  in  Eng- 
land," 1852;  and  an  edition  of  Grotius 
"  De  .lure  Belli  el  Pacis,"  with  a 
translation  and  English  notes,  1854. 
He  translated  Goethe's  "Hermann  and 
Dorothea"  into  English  hexameters, 
and  published  a  version  of  "The 
Professor's  Wife,"  by  Auerbach, 
and  "Architectural  Notes  on  German 
Churches."  Among  his  other  works 
are,  "Indications  of  the  Creator," 
being  a  reply  to  "  Vestiges  of  the  Crea- 
tion; "  a  translation  of  Plato,  under  the 
title  of  "The  Platonic  Dialogues  for 
English  Readers,"  3  vols.,  1861;  and 
"  The  Plurality  of  Worlds,"  published 
anonymously,  in  which  he  argues  that 
none  of  the  planets  except  the  earth  is 
inhabited;  and  "Six  Lectures  on  Po- 
litical Economy,"  1863.  Dr.  Whew- 
ell  also  published  sermons,  addresses, 
and  a  huge  number  of  papers  on  sci- 
entific subjects.  Sydney  Smith  said  of 
him  that  "science  was  his  forte,  and 
omniscience  his  foible."     D.  1866. 

WHITING,  Henry,  brevet  briga- 
dier-general in  the  U.  S.  army.  He 
served  with  reputation  on  the  Niagara 
frontier  in  the  war  of  1812,  was  the 
quartermaster-general  to  the  army  of 
occupation  in  the  war  with  Mexico,  and 
shared  with  it  in  the  glory  of  the  field 
of  Buena  Vista.     D.  1851. 

WHITTLESEY,  Frederick,  an 
American  publicist  and  jurist,  was  b. 
at  Washington,  Conn.,  in  1799,  and 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1818.  In 
1822  he  established  himself  as  a  law- 
yer at  Rochester,  and  edited  a  political 
journal  there  in  the  interests  of  anti- 
masonry.  In  1830-35  he  was  represent- 
ative in  congress,  was  subsequently 
vice-chancellor  of  the  8th  judicial  dis- 
trict of  New  York  state,  judge  of  the 
supreme  court,  and  from  1850  law  pro- 
fessor in  Genesee  college,  at  Lima,  N. 
Y.     I).  1851. 

WIERTZ,  Anthon,  an  eminent  Bel- 
gian painter,  b.  at  Dinant,  1806,  re- 
ceived his  artistic  education  under  Van 
Bre"e,  at  Antwerp.  The  government 
built  for  him  at  Brussels  an  extensive 
museum,  in  which  he  accumulated  vast 
treasures  of  art,  that,  upon  his  death, 
became  the  property  of  the  state.  He 
was  an  accomplished  art  critic,  and  re- 
ceived from  the  royal  academy  of  Eng- 


land a  prize  for  an  essay  on  the  old 
Flemish  school.     1).  1865. 

WILBERFORCE,  Samuel,  Bishop 
of  Winchester,  b.  1805,  was  the  third 
son  of  the  celebrated  William  Wilber- 
force.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
studied  for  the  ministry,  and  after 
laboring  for  twenty  four-years  in  the 
diocese  of  Oxford  was  translated  to  the 
great  see  of  Winchester,  in  1869.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  administrative  abil- 
ity, and  as  an  orator  second  in  the 
house  of  peers  only  to  Lord  Derby 
or  Lord  Ellenborough.  He  published 
numerous  sermons  and  addresses,  and 
with  his  brother  Robert,  edited  the 
"Life  and  Correspondence"  of  their 
father,  in  five  volumes.  He  was  the 
author  of  several  charming  religious 
allegories,  and  of  a  "  History  of  the 
Episcopal  Church  in  America."  D. 
1873. 

WILDE,  Samuel  Sumner,  b.  in 
Taunton,  Mass.,  1771;  d.  1855;  was  the 
last  survivor  of  the  delegates  to  the 
Hartford  convention.  From  1815  to 
1850  he  filled  an  associate  justiceship  of 
the  supreme  court  of  Massachusetts. 

WILKES,  Charles,  American  naval 
officer,  b.  in  N.  Y.  city,  1801,  entered  the 
navy  in  1816  as  midshipman,  and  was 
made  rear-admiral  on  the  retired  list  in 
1866.  In  August,  1838,  he  left  Norfolk, 
Va.,  in  command  of  five  vessels,  on 
an  exploring  expedition  to  the  South 
Seas,  and  after  making  important  dis- 
coveries in  the  antarctic  regions,  ex- 
plored the  Feejee  group  and  the  Ha- 
waiian islands,  and  in  1841  visited  the 
Northwest  coast  of  America,  and  sail- 
ing in  November  from  San  Francisco 
visited  Manilla,  Sooloo,  Borneo,  Sin- 
gapore, the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and 
St.  Helena,  and  arrived  at  New  York 
in  June,  1842.  He  published  a  "Nar- 
rative of  the  United  States  Exploring 
Expedition,"  in  six  vols.,  4to,  with 
eleven  supplementary  volumes  of  its 
scientific  results.  In  1849  he  published 
"  Western  America,  including  Cali- 
fornia and  Oregon,"  and  in  1856  a 
"Theory  of  the  Winds."  On  No- 
vember 8,  1861,  when  in  command  of 
the  San  Jacinto  frigate,  on  the  West 
India  station,  he  took  the  confederate 
commissioners,  Mason  and  Slidell,  from 
the  British  mail-steamer  Trent,  and  con- 
veyed them  to  Boston.  This  act  was 
generally  approved  by  the  press  and 
the  people,  but  created  intense  excite- 
ment in  England,  and  was  so  clearly 
in  violation  of  international  law  that  it 
was  disavowed  by  the  President,  and 


wil] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    15IOGRAPHY. 


323 


the  commissioners  were  surrendered  to 
England.  In  1802  he  was  commissioned 
as  commodore,  and  while  commanding 
the  flotilla  on  James  river  shelled  and 
destroyed  City  Point.  He  afterwards 
commanded  a  squadron  in  the  West  In- 
dies and  captured  man}'  blockade  run- 
ners.    I).  1877. 

WILKINSON,  Sir  John  Gardner, 
an  English  Egyptologist,  was  b.  171*7, 
was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  was  inter- 
ested by  Sir  William  Gell  in  the  study 
of  Egyptian  monuments,  to  which  he 
devoted  his  life.  In  1827-28  he  pub- 
lished his  first  work,  "  Hieroglvphkal 
Extracts  and  Materia  Hieroglyphica," 
and  in  1835  his  "  Topograph}'  of  Thebes, 
and  General  View  of  Egypt."  In  1836 
he  published  "  The  Manners  and  Cus- 
toms of  the  Ancient  Egyptians,  includ- 
ing their  Private  Life,  Government, 
Laws,  Arts,  Manufactures,  etc.,  de- 
rived from  a  Comparison  of  Paint- 
ings, Monuments,  and  Sculptures  still 
in  Existence,  with  Ancient  Authors." 
The  second  series  appeared  in  1841. 
He  published  in  1843  "Modern  Egypt 
and  Thebes,"  and  in  1847  the  third 
edition  of  "Ancient  Egyptians,"  the 
two  series  in  one  revised,  with  profuse 
illustrations.  In  1848  he  published 
"Dalmatia   and  Montenegro,"    and  in 

1850  the  "  Architecture  of  Ancient 
Egypt,  with  Remarks  on  the  Early 
Progress  of  Architecture,"  accompanied 
by  a  volume  of  illustrative  plates.     In 

1851  appeared  his  "Fragments  of  the 
Hieratic  Papyrus  at  Turin;"  and  in 
1854,  "A  Popular  Account  of  the  An- 
cient Egyptians."  In  1855-5G  he  again 
returned  to  the  Nile,  and  on  coming 
home  published  a  small  volume,  en- 
titled "  The  Egyptians  under  the  Pha- 
raohs," which  serves  as  a  supplement 
to  "The  Popular  Account"  of  the 
same  people.  In  1858  he  published 
a  new  edition  of  his  "  Hand-book  of 
Egypt,"  and  his  work  on  "Color,  and 
the  General  Diffusion  of  Taste  among 
all  Classes;"  at  the  same  time  com- 
pleting the  notes  he  contributed  to  the 
Rev.  G.  Rawlinson's  "English  Version 
of  the  History  of  Herodotus."  D.  1875. 

WILLARD,  Emma  (Hart),  an 
American  author,  b.  in  Connecticut, 
1787,  was  many  years  engaged  in  the 
instruction  of  voting  ladies,  and  from 
1821  to  1838  was  at  the  head  of  a  fe- 
male seminary  at  Troy,  N.  Y.  She 
published  a  number  of  school  books, 
a  "History  of  the  United  States," 
"Poems,"  "Journal  and  Letters  from 
France  and  Great  Britain,"  and  other 


works.  D.  1870. —  Sidney,  author  of 
"  Memories  of  Youth  and  Manhood," 
and  an  extensive  contributor  to  t lie 
"  Monthly  Anthology,"  "  Christian 
Examiner,"  and  "North  American  Re- 
view." He  was  son  of  President  Wil- 
lard,  of  Harvard  college.  B.  1780;  d. 
1856. 

WILLES,  Sir  James  Shaw,  b.  at 
Cork,  1814,  was  called  to  the  bar  by 
the  Inner  Temple,  1840;  in  1850  was 
appointed  a  commissioner  of  common 
law  procedure,  and  in  1855  a  justice  of 
the  court  of  common  pleas.  He  was 
sworn  of  the  privy  council,  1871.  D.  by 
his  own  hand,  1873. 

WILLIAMS,  Edwin,  a  statistical 
writer,  b.  in  Norwich,  Conn.,  1797,  edi- 
tor of  the  "Annual  Register,"  1830-45, 
and  the  "  Statesman's  Manual,"  4 
vols.,  and  other  works.  1).  1854.  — 
Eleazar,  an  American  clergyman,  by 
some  alleged  to  be  the  lost  Bourbon 
prince,  b.  at  Caughnawaga,  N.  Y., 
about  1787;  d.  at  Hoganstown,  N.  Y., 

1858.  —  Rev.  John,  a  Welsh  scholar, 
and  the  author  of  various  works  on 
Celtic  archa-ology.  B.  1811;  d.  1862. 
—  Frederick  Sims,  an  English  bar- 
rister, author  of  "  Improvements  of  the 
Jurisdiction  of  Equitv,"  and  other  pro- 
fessional works,  b.  1812;  d.  1863.  He 
also  published  "  The  Wonders  of  the 
Heavens,"  and  a  work  suggested  by  a 
controversy  on  the  doctrine  of  eternal 
punishment.  —  Rowland,  an  English 
clergyman,  the  son  of  a  canon  of  St. 
Asaph,  was  b.  in  Flintshire,  1817. 
After  a  training  at  Eton,  he  obtained 
a  fellowship  at  King's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  was  classical  tutor  there 
for  eight  years.  From  1850  to  1862 
he  was  vice-principal  and  professor 
of  Hebrew  at  St.  David's  college, 
Lampeter.  In  1855  he  published  a 
volume  of  sermons,  entitled  "  Ra- 
tional Goodness,"  and  he  accepted,  in 

1859,  from  King's  college,  the  vicarage 
of  Broad-Chalke.  Wiltshire.  In  1863 
he  defended  himself  before  the  judicial 
committee  of  the  privy  council  against 
a  charge  of  heresy  connected  with  his 
"  Review  of  Bunsen  "  in  the  celebrated 
"  Essays  and  Reviews,"  and  obtained, 
in  Feb.,  1864,  a  reversal  of  such  parts 
of  the  judgment  of  the  court  of  arches 
as  had  been  unfavorable  to  him.  Dr. 
Williams's  other  works,  theological  and 
controversial,  his  "  Psalms  and  Lita- 
nies, Counsels  and  Collects,  for  De- 
vout Persons,"  edited  by  his  widow, 
appeared  in  1872.  D.  1870.  —  Thomas, 
an  officer  in  the  U.  S.  army,  b.  in  the 


324 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[\VIL 


state  of  New  York,  1818,  distinguished 
himself  under  Gen.  Scott  in  Mexico. 
In  Sept.,  1801,  he  was  appointed  briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers,  and  served 
on  the  Potomac  and  at  Hatteras  Inlet. 
He  commanded  the  land  forces  cooper- 
ating with  the  gunboat  fleet  in  the  at- 
tack upon  Vieksburg  after  the  cap- 
ture of  New  Orleans,  and  was  killed 
in  battle  at  Baton  Rouge,  La.,  Aug.  5, 
1862.  —  Thomas  Scott,  an  American 
jurist,  b.  in  Wethersfield,  Conn.,  1777, 
graduated  at  Yale  college,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  and  settled  at  Hartford  ;  was 
member  of  congress  in  1817-19;  from 
1829  an  associate  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  errors  of  the  state,  and  chief 
justice  from  1831  to  1847.     D.  18G1. 

WILLIS,  Nathaniel  Parker,  an 
American  poet  and  editor,  b.  at  Port- 
land, .Me.,  1807.  At  the  age  of  sixteen 
he  entered  Yale  college,  and  during  his 
college  life  produced  a  series  of  poems 
on  scriptural  subjects  that  gave  him, 
perhaps,  his  best  reputation.  In  1827  he 
was  engaged  to  edit  "  The  Legendary  " 
and  "  The  Token."  In  1828  he  estab- 
lished the  ''  American  Monthly  .Maga- 
zine," which  he  conducted  until  it  was 
merged  in  the  New  York  "Mirror," 
when  he  visited  Europe,  and  was  at- 
tached to  the  American  legation  at  the 
French  court;  he  then  travelled  in  that 
country,  Italy,  Greece,  Asia  Minor, 
Turkey,  and  lastly  in  England.  The 
letters  he  wrote  while  abroad,  under  the 
title  of  "  Pencillings  by  the  Way,"  first 
appeared  in  the  "Mirror."  In  1835  he 
published  "  Inklings  of  Adventure,"  a 
series  of  tales  which  had  appeared 
originally  in  a  London  magazine.  In 
1837  he  returned  to  America,  and  in 
1839,  became  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
"Corsair;  "  revisiting  London  towards 
the  close  of  that  year,  he  then  published 
"Loiterings  of  Travels,"  and  "Two 
Ways  of  Dying  for  a  Husband."  In 
1810  appeared  his  "  Poems  "  and  "Let- 
ters from  under  a  Bridge."  In  1843, 
with  Mr.  Morris,  he  established  a  daily 
newspaper, styled  the  New  York  "Mir- 
ror," but  withdrew  from  it  upon  the 
death  of  his  wife  in  1844,  and  made  an- 
other visit  to  England,  where  he  pub- 
lished "Dashes  at  Life  with  a  Free 
Pencil,"  a  series  of  sketches  of  Euro- 
pean and  American  society.  In  Octo- 
ber, 1840,  he  married  a  daughter  of  the 
Hon.  Joseph  Grinnell,  of  New  Bedford, 
and  settled  on  an  estate  on  the  Hudson 
river,  which  he  named  "Idlewild." 
In  the  same  year,  in  connection  with 
Mr.  Morris,  he  established  the  "  Home 


Journal,"  a  weekly  literary  paper,  to 
which  he  contributed  till  his  death. 
His  later  volumes  were  chiefly  reprints 
from  the  "Journal."  D.  at  Idlewild, 
1867. —  Robert,  Jacksonian  professor 
of  natural  and  experimental  philoso- 
phy in  Cambridge  university,  was  b. 
at  London,  in  1800,  and  educated  at 
Cambridge.  Appointed  professor  in 
1837,  he  highly  distinguished  himself 
as  a  lecturer.     D.  1875. 

WILLMOKE,  James  Tibbets,  b. 
1800,  was  one  of  the  best  of  the  land- 
scape engravers  who  distinguished 
themselves  by  their  reproductions  of 
Turner.  The  beauty  of  such  engrav- 
ings as  "Mercury  and  Argus,"  "The 
Old  Temeraire,"  and  "Ancient  Italy," 
is  known  to  all  lovers  of  art.     D.  1863. 

WILLSHIRE,  Sir  Thomas,  Bart., 
a  British  general,  b.  at  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia,  1790 ;  d.  1862.  His  fields  of 
service  were,  Buenos  Avres,  1800-7  ; 
Portugal,  1808;  Spain,  "1812;  South 
Africa,  1818-22;  India,  1822-39.  His 
most  brilliant  exploit  was  the  capture 
of  the  fortress  of  Khelat  in  1839. 

WILSON,  Sir  Archuale,  a  British 
general,  commanded  the  field  force  at 
the  siege  of  Delhi,  in  1857,  and  occupied 
that  city  after  six  days'  street-fighting. 
He  commanded  also  the  whole  of  the 
artillery  at  the  siege  and  capture  of 
Lucknow  in  1858.  For  his  services  on 
this  occasion  he  received  the  thanks  of 
both  houses  of  parliament,  with  other 
honors,  and  a  pension  of  £  1,000  a  year 
from  the  East  India  Company.  D. 
1874.  —  Henry,  an  American  states- 
man, b.  in  New  Hampshire,  1812,  was 
a  shoemaker  by  trade,  but  took  an 
active  part  in  politics,  and  in  1840 
"  stumped  "  the  state  of  Massachusetts 
in  favor  of  General  Harrison,  as  the 
"  Natick  Shoemaker."  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  legislature,  1840-1851,  and 
was  a  delegate  to  the  Whig  national  con- 
vention of  1848,  and  withdrew  on  ac- 
count of  the  nomination  of  General 
Taylor.  He  now  edited  for  two  years 
the  "  Boston  Republican,"  a  Freesoil 
paper.  In  1851  and  1852  he  was  pres- 
ident of  the  Massachusetts  senate,  and 
in  1853  the  Freesoil  candidate  for 
governor.  In  1855  he  was  elected  to 
the  U.  S.  senate,  of  which  body  he 
continued  a  member  by  reelection  to 
the  time  of  his  death.  He  was  chair- 
man of  the  committee  on  military 
affairs  from  March,  1801,  to  the  close  of 
the  civil  war.  In  1872  he  was  elected 
vice-president  of  the  United  States  on 
the  ticket    with    General    Grant.      He 


win] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


325 


d.  Nov.  10,  1875,  in  the  vice-president's 
room  in  the  capitol.  He  wrote  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Anti-slavery  Measures  of  the 
37th  and  38th  U.  S.  Congresses ; " 
"History  of  the  Reconstruction  Meas- 
ures of  the  39th  and  40th  Con- 
gresses;" and  his  principal  work,  the 
"  History  of  the  Rise  and  Fall  of  the 
Slave  Power  in  America,"  3  vols., 
1871-6. — Horace  Hayman,  an  orien- 
tal scholar,  b.  1786,  went  to  India  as 
assistant-surgeon  in  1808.  He  soon 
obtained  official  employment  of  an- 
other character,  and  in  1819  completed 
a  dictionary  of  the  Sanskrit  language. 
Under  the  title  of  the  "  Hindu  Theatre," 
he  rendered  four  ancient  Sanskrit  dra- 
mas into  English.  He  was  the  first  to 
introduce  the  study  of  English  lan- 
guage and  literature  in  the  education  of 
the  natives  of  India,  and  himself  di- 
rected the  studies  of  the  Hindu  college 
at  Calcutta  from  the  time  of  its  estab- 
lishment. He  was  elected,  in  1833,  to 
the  Sanskrit  professorship  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  and  from  that  time 
until  his  death,  in  1860,  he  continued 
his  services  in  the  progress  of  Sanskrit 
scholarship,  publishing  many  original 
works,  as  well  as  editing  others,  and 
contributing  a  series  of  articles  to  the 
"Journal  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society." 
—  John,  popularly  known  as  Christo- 
pher North,  was  b.  at  Paisley,  in  1785, 
and  studied  at  Oxford,  where  he  ob- 
tained the  Newdegate  prize  for  his  first 
poem.  For  some  years  afterwards  he 
lived  in  the  vicinity  of  Windermere, 
where  he  became  intimate  with  Cole- 
ridge, Southey,  and  Wordsworth.  The 
loss  of  a  portion  of  his  fortune  induced 
him  to  remove  to  Edinburgh,  where  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  His  earliest 
works  as  a  poet  were  "  The  Isle  of 
Palms,"  "The  City  of  Jhe  Plague," 
and  "Unimore,"  the  first  of  which  ap- 
peared in  1812.  As  a  novel  writer  he 
failed  to  achieve  a  strong  position,  al- 
though "  The  Trials  of  Margaret  Lind- 
say," and  "The  Foresters,"  are  known 
as  exquisite  specimens  of  composition. 
In  1820  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
moral  philosophy  in  the  university  of 
Edinburgh,  —  and  about  the  same  time 
commenced  his  connection  with  "Black- 
wood's Magazine,"  of  which  for  thirty 
years  he  was  the  leading  spirit.  The 
famous  series  of  papers  known  as 
"  The  Noctes  Ambrosiame  "  achieved  a 
popularity  and  reputation  which  quite 
eclipsed  his  fame  as  a  poet  and  profes- 
sor, and,  written  on  the  spur  of  the  mo- 
ment, have  secured  a  permanent  position 


in   British    literature.     In   1851  he   re- 
signed his  professorship  in  consequence 

bf  ill  health,  and  received  a  pension  from 
the  crown  of  £300-  A  bronze  statute 
of  he'oic  size  was  erected  to  his  memory 
in  Princess  Garden,  Edinburgh,  His 
works,  in  twelve  volumes,  were  collected 
by  Ins  son-in-law.  Professor  Ferries. 
His  memoirs,  in  two  volumes,  were  pub- 
lished by  bis  daughter,  Mrs.  Gordon,  in 
1862.  'I>.  1854.  —  James,  a  Scottish 
naturalist  and  author,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  b.  1795;  d.  1856.  He  was  a 
voluminous  contributor  to  the  "  En- 
evclopjedia  Britannica." 
"WINDHAM,  Sn:  Charles  Ash,  a 
British  general,  b.  1810,  served  in 
Canada  in  1837-39,  and  in  the  Crimean 
war  commanded  the  forces  in  the  battle 
of  Inkerman  after  the  fall  of  Sir  George 
Cathcart.  He  distinguished  himself  as  a 
leader  of  the  column  in  the  attack  on 
the  Redan,  in  September,  1855.  In 
1857  he  took  part  in  the  Sepoy  war, 
and  was  made  K.  C.  B.  in  1863.  D. 
1870. 

W  1NDISCHGRATZ,  Alfred, 
Prince  de,  an  Austrian  general,  b.  at 
Brussels,  1787.  He  entered  the  army 
in  1804,  and  took  part  in  the  German 
campaigns  against  Napoleon.  His  con- 
duct at  Leipsic  gained  him  the  grade 
of  colonel,  and  after  the  fall  of  the 
French  emperor  he  was  decorated  with 
orders.  In  1826  he  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  major-general,  and  placed 
in  command  of  a  brigade  at  Prague. 
In  1833  he  became  general  of  division, 
and  after  the  popular  movements  in 
1848  he  was  for  some  time  military 
governor  of  Vienna,  whence  be  pro- 
ceeded to  govern  Bohemia-  In  the  war 
with  Hungary  the  forces  of  that  coun- 
try almost  invariably  gave  way  before 
him,  but  for  a  time  retrieving  their 
sinking  fortunes,  they  compelled  the 
Austrians  to  retire  from  Buda-Pesth  ; 
and  in  April,  1849,  Windischgratz  was 
removed  from  his  command.  The 
manner  in  which  he  exercised  his  au- 
thority rendered  him  one  of  the  most 
odious  of  the  instruments  of  despo- 
tism. Yet  notwithstanding  the  censure 
of  Europe  on  his  execution  of  Robert 
Blum,  he  was-  invited  to  resume  the 
governorship  of  Bohemia,  but  declined 
the  office.  He  retired  to  his  Bohemian 
estates,  and  d.  1862. 

WINEBRENNER,  John,  an  Ameri- 
can clergyman,  b.  in  Maryland,  1797, 
became  a  minister  of  the  German  Re- 
formed church,  but  differing  on  some 
point,  established  a  new  denomination 


326 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[WIS 


generally  known  ns  Winebrennerians. 
The  sect  in  1873  numbered  40,000 
members,  with  000  churches.  He  pub- 
lished several  works,  and  in  1844.  in 
conjunction  with  I.  D.  Rupp,  "The 
History  of  all  the  Religious  Denomi- 
nations in  the  United  States."  D.  in 
18G0. 

WTNLOCK,  Joseph,  an  American 
astronomer,  b.  in  Shelbyville,  Kv.,  1826, 
was  in  1857  appointed  professor  of 
mathematics  in  the  U.  S.  navy,  and  in 
1805  Phillips  professor  of  astronomy  at 
Harvard  college.     D.  1875. 

WINSLOW,  Fokbes  Benignus,  an 
English  physician  and  medical  writer, 
b.  in  London,  1810,  began  the  study  of 
medicine  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
and  graduated  M.  U/at  Aberdeen.  He 
settled  in  London,  was  an  industri- 
ous writer  on  medical  subjects,  and 
practised  as  consulting  physician  in 
cases  of  insanity  and  nervous  diseases. 
Anions  h's  numerous  works  we  majT 
mention  "  The  Physiology  and  Pathol- 
ogy of  the  Human  Mind,"  "The  Plea 
of  Insanity  in  Criminal  Cases,"  and 
the  well  known  treatise  "On  the  Ob- 
scure Diseases  of  the  Brain  and  Disor- 
ders of  the  Mind,"  which  has  passed 
through  several  editions.  D.  1874.  — 
Huisrard,  author  of  "Controversial 
Theology,"  "  Christianity  applied  to 
our  Civil  and  Social  Relations."  "Re- 
lation of  the  Natural  Sciences  to  Rev- 
elation," "Moral  Philosophy,"  and 
other  works,  was  b.  in  Williston,  Vt., 
in  1800,  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1825,  studied  divinity,  and  was  pastor 
successively  of  congregations  in  Dover, 
N.  H.,  Boston,  Geneva,  and  the  citj'  of 
New  York.  D.  1804.  —  Miron,  brother 
of  the  preceding,  b.  1789;  d.  1864.  He 
labored  many  years  as  a  missionary  in 
Ceylon,  and  subsequently  at  Madras. 
He  was  an  eminent  oriental  scholar, 
and  the  author  of  a  "  Dictionary  of  the 
Tamil  and  English  Languages."  His 
other  works  are,  "  Hints  on  Missions  to 
India,"  and  a  "Memoir  of  Mrs.  Harriet 
L.  Winslow." 

WINTERHALTER,  Franz  Xavier, 
a  painter,  was  b.  at  St.  Blasien,  in 
Baden,  in  1806.  He  studied  his  art  in 
Munich  and  Koine,  and  finally  settled 
in  Paris.  His  earlier  works  were  his- 
torical and  poetical,  but  portrait  paint- 
ing being  more  lucrative,  he  adopted 
that  line  of  the  profession,  and  found 
the  most  ample  patronage.  He  painted 
kings,  queens,  princes,  and  nobles,  and 
was  patronized  by  Queen  Victoria  and 
the  Empress  Eugenie.     D.  1873. 


WINTHROP,  Theodore,  an  officer 
of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  and 
author  of  brilliant  campaign  sketches 
in  the  "Atlantic  Monthly,"  b.  in  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  1828,  killed  in  the  battle 
of  Great  Bethel,  June  10,  1861.  After 
his  death,  there  were  published  from 
his  pen,  "Cecil  Dreeme,"  "John 
Brent,"  "Edwin  Brotherhoft,"  "Canoe 
and  Saddle,"  and  "Life  in  the  Open 
Air." 

WISE,  Henry  Alexander,  an 
American  politician,  b.  in  Accomac  Co., 
Ya.,  1806,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1828,  and  sent  to  congress  from  his 
native  county  in  1833,  and  continued  a 
member  by  reelection  till  1843.  He 
was  a  Democrat,  but  abandoned  Pres- 
ident Jackson  on  kis  removal  of  the 
deposits  from  the  U.  S.  Bank.  He 
was  one  of  the  few  Whigs  who  adhered 
to  President  Tyler,  and  was  minister  to 
Brazil,  1843-7".  He  was  governor  of 
Virginia,  1856-60,  and  approved  the 
execution  of  John  Brown  and  his  fol- 
lowers for  the  attack  on  Harper's  Ferry. 
In  the  Virginia  convention  of  February, 
1861,  he  was  in  favor  of  a  peaceful  ad- 
justment of  the  questions  in  issue  with 
the  federal  government.  He  accepted, 
however,  the  commission  of  brigadier- 
general  in  the  confederate  service,  but 
gained  no  military  distinction  in  the 
war.  D.  1876.  —  Henry  Augustus, 
b.  1819,  entered  the  U.  S.  navy  at  the 
age  of  14,  was  much  employed  in  the 
service,  was  at  one  time  chief  of  the 
naval  ordanance  bureau  at  Washing- 
ton. He  was  the  author  of  "  Los 
Gringos,"  "  Tales  for  the  Marines," 
"  Scampavias,"  and  "Captain  Brand." 
D.  at  Naples  1868. 

WISEMAN,  Nicholas,  cardinal,  b. 
in  1802,  at  Seville,  where  his  father,  an 
Englishman,  was  engaged  in  business. 
His  early  education  was  received  in 
England,"  and  he  was  afterwards  mem- 
ber of  the  English  college  at  Rome, 
where  he  graduated  a  D.  D.  in  1824. 
He  became,  not  long  after,  professor  of 
oriental  languages  in  the  Roman  uni- 
versity, and  rector  of  the  English  col- 
lege in  1829.  In  1835  he  delivered  a 
series  of  sermons  on  the  "  Doctrines 
and  Practices  of  the  Catholic  Church," 
which  were  published.  He  subsequently 
delivered  a  series  of  "  Lectures  on  the 
Connection  between  Science  and  Re- 
vealed Religion,"  which  were  also  pub- 
lished, and  secured  him  a  high  reputa- 
tion. In  1840  he  was  appointed  coad- 
jutor to  Bishop  Walsh  of  the  midland 
district  (England),  and  president  of  St 


woo] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


327 


Mary's  college,  Oscntt.  In  1850  he  was 
chosen  vicar  apostolic  of  the  Londoo 
district,  and  in  the  following  year  was 
appointed  archbishop  of   Westminster, 

and  raised  to  the  dignity  of  cardinal.  It 
was  on  the  occasion  of  this  appointment 
that  Lord  John  Russell  introduced  into 

parliament  his  "Ecclesiastical  Titles 
Bill,"  but  the  circumspect  conduct  of 
Dr.  Wiseman,  his  moderation,  and  true 
liberality,  did  much  toward  allaying 
violent  opposition,  and  the  bill  never 
amounted  to  more  than  a  dead  letter. 
Dr.  Wiseman  delivered  numerous  lec- 
tures on  various  subjects  on  behalf  id 
public  institutions  in  England  and  Ire- 
land during  the  later  years  of  his  life. 
Besides  the  publications  named,  he  was 
tiie  author  of  a  volume  of  personal 
reminiscences  entitled  "  Recollections  of 
the  Last  Four  Popes,"  and  was  one  of 
the  founders  of,  and  a  copious  contribu- 
tor to,  the  "  Dublin  Review."  D.  Feb. 
15,  18G5.  He  was  buried  with  great 
pomp  and  ceremony  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  Cemetery  at  Kensal  Green. 

WOLF,  Ferdinand,  a  German  writ- 
er, b.  at  Vienna,  1796,  studied  in  the 
universities  of  Vienna  and  Gratz,  be- 
came attached  to  the  imperial  library 
at  Vienna.  He  published  numerous 
works  on  subjects  connected  with  Span- 
ish literary  history,  and  furnished  notes 
to  the  German  version  of  Ticknor'a 
"  History  of  Spanish  Literature."  He 
also  wrote  upon  Provencal  and  early 
French  literature.     D.  1806. 

WOLFF,  Joskph,  the  son  of  a  Jew- 
ish rabbi,  b.  at  Weilersbach,  Germany, 
1795,  embraced  the  Catholic  faith  at  the 
age  of  17,  and  was  baptized  a  Benedic- 
tine monk  near  Prague.  In  the  next 
year  he  commenced  the  study  of  the 
oriental  languages.  From  1814  to  1816 
he  studied  at  Tubingen,  and  afterward 
became  a  pupil  of  the  Collegio  Romano 
at  Rome,  and  of  the  college  of  the  Prop- 
aganda, but  was  dismissed  for  heresy, 
in  1818.  He  now  went  to  England,  and 
resumed  his  oriental  studies  at  Cam- 
bridge. In  1821  he  commenced  a  five 
years'  missionary  tour  in  the  East,  vis- 
iting Egypt,  mounts  Horeb  and  Sinai, 
and  Jerusalem,  distributing  copies  of 
the  Scripture,  and  laboring  alike  among 
Jews,  Mahometans,  and  Pagans.  In 
1826  he  returned  to  England,  and  mar- 
ried a  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Orford. 
From  1827  to  1836  he  was  engaged  in 
missionary  labors  in  various  parts  of 
eastern  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa,  en- 
countering divers  perils  and  hardships 
innumerable.     Early  in  1837,  after  one 


of  bis  narrowest   escapes,  be   reached 

Bombay,  and  sailed  thence  for  .New 
York.  Here  he  was  ordained  deacon 
by  Bishop  Doane,  visited  the  principal 
cities,  preached  before  congress,  and  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  D.  D.  In  1838  he 
proceeded  to  England,  and  having,  dur- 
ing a  visit  to  Dublin,  received  priest's 
orders  from  the  bishop  of  Dromore,  he 
settled  as  a  curate  of  the  Church  of 
England,  in  Yorkshire.  In  1843,  on  the 
receipt  of  tin-  news  of  the  imprisonment 
of  Colonel  Stoddard  and  Captain  Con- 
oily  at  Bokhara.  Dr.  Wolff  was  sent  by 
private  individuals  in  England  to  at- 
tempt their  release  or  learn  their  fate, 
lie  reached  Bokhara  too  late  to  render 
them  help,  and  only  escaped  their  fate 
through  the  intervention  of  the  Parisian 
ambassador.  On  his  return  to  England 
he  was  presented  to  a  rural  vicarage, 
where  he  labored  till  his  death,  in  1862. 
Dr.  Wolff's  published  works  are,  "  Jour- 
nal of  Missionary  Labors,"  ''Mission 
to  Bokhara,"  "  .Missionary  Labors  and 
Researches,"  and  ''Travels  and  Ad- 
ventures." 

WOOD,  George,  an  American  au- 
thor, b.  in  Nev.'burvport,  Mass.,  1799, 
was  most  of  his  life  a  clerk  in  one  of 
the  departments  at  Washington.  He 
wrote  "Peter  Schlemihl  in  America," 
"The  Modern  Pilgrims,"  ' ' Marrying 
too  Late,"  and  "  The  Gates  Wide 
Open."  D.  1870.  —  John,  discoverer 
of  the  source  of  the  river  Oxus,  was  a 
captain  in  the  Indian  navy.  B.  in  Fife- 
shire,  1811;  d.  1872. 

W<  )<>!>,  William  B.,  comedian,  b. 
in  Montreal,  1779,  was  brought  up  to 
mercantile  business  in  New  York,  but 
went  on  the  stage  in  1798,  and  soon 
became  a  favorite  actor.  He  was  for 
many  years  a  theatrical  manager  in 
Philadelphia.  He  adapted  numerous 
English  plays  to  the  American  stage, 
and  wrote  "  Personal  Recollections  of 
the  Stage."    D.  1861. 

WOOl 'BRIDGE,  William,  states- 
man and  jurist,  b.  in  Norwich,  Conn., 
1789,  received  his  legal  education  at 
Litchfield,  held  various  offices  in  his 
native  state,  and  was  appointed  secre- 
tary of  Michigan  territory  in  1814.  He 
was  delegate  to  congress  in  1819;  a 
territorial  judge,  1828-32 ;  member  of 
the  state  constitutional  convention  in 
1835;  state  senator  ;  governor;  and  U. 
S.  senator  from  1841  to  1847.  He  was 
the  author  of  the  extradition  provision 
in  the  Ashburton  treaty.     D.  1861. 

WOODS,  Leonard",  D.  D.,  emeri- 
tus professor  of    theology  in  the  An- 


328 


CYCLOP/EDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[WRI 


dover  theological  seminary,  and  the 
author  of  a  course  of  theology  in  live 
volumes.     B.  1773;  d.  1854. 

WOODWAKD,  Bernard  Boling- 
broke,  an  English  writer,  b.  1816, 
published,  in  1853,  a  "  History  of 
Wales;  "  and  afterwards  wrote  a  "His- 
tory of  America,  to  the  end  of  the 
Administration  of  President  Polk,"  the 
earlier  chapters  of  which  were  written 
by  Mr.  W.  H.  Bartlett.  D.  1869.  — 
George  W.,  an  American  jurist  and 
statesman,  b.  at  Bethany,  Penn.,  1809, 
studied  law,  distinguished  himself  as 
a  politician,  and  in  1836  was  chosen  a 
delegate  to  the  state  constitutional  con- 
vention. In  the  fall  of  1852  he  received 
the  Democratic  nomination  as  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  court,  and  was 
elected.  During  the  civil  war  he  was 
a  leader  of  the  peace  Democrats,  and 
in  1863  delivered  an  opinion  that  the 
"draft  laws"  were  unconstitutional. 
This  decision  gave  him  the  Democratic 
nomination  for  the  governorship,  which 
he  accepted,  and  after  one  of  the  most 
exciting  elections  that  ever  took  place 
in  the  state,  the  republican  candidate, 
Andrew  G.  Curtin,  was  elected  by  15,- 
000  majority.  In  1866  Judge  Wood- 
ward declined  a  renomination,  and  the 
following  year  sailed  for  Europe.  In 
his  absence  he  was  elected  member  of 
congress  from  the  Wilkesbarre  district, 
and  reelected  in  1868.  D.  in  Rome, 
Italy,  1875. 

WOOL,  John  Ellis,  an  American 
general,  b.  in  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  1788, 
was  when  young  a  bookseller  at  Troy, 
afterwards  studied  law,  and  in  1812  was 
appointed  captain  in  the  U.  S.  service, 
and  distinguished  himself  at  Queens- 
town  Heights,  where  he  was  severely 
wounded  ;  and  at  the  battle  of  Platts- 
burg,  for  which  he  was  hrevetted  lieu- 
tenant-colonel. In  1846  he  raised  in 
the  West  in  six  weeks  12,000  volunteers, 
and  dispatched  them  fully  armed  and 
equipped  to  the  seat  of  war  in  Mexico. 
He  made  the  preliminary  arrangements 
for  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista,  and 
sommanded  in  the  early  part  of  the 
engagement  until  the  arrival  of  Gen- 
eral Taylor.  For  his  services  he  was 
brevetted  major-general,  received  the 
thanks  of  congress,  and  a  sword.  Soon 
after  the  attack  on  Fort  Sumter,  in 
1861,  he  went  to  New  York,  and  by 
timely  reinforcements  saved  Fortress 
Monroe  from  seizure  by  the  confed- 
erates. In  August  he  was  made  com- 
mander of  the  department  of  Virginia, 
and  led   the  expedition  that  occupied 


Norfolk,  May  10,  1862.     He  was  made 
major-general  May  16.     D.  1809. 

WORCESTER,  Joseph  Emerson, 
an  American  lexicographer,  b.  at  Bed- 
ford, N.  H.,  1784,  graduated  at  Yale 
college,  and  devoted  himself  to  litera- 
ture as  a  profession.  His  great  work 
is  the  "  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language,"  1860.  He  was  the  literary 
editor  of  the  American  Almanac  from 
1831  to  1843.     D.  1865. 

WORONZOFF,  Prince  Michael, 
served  in  the  Russian  army  in  several 
campaigns  against  Napoleon.  He  rep- 
resented Lussia  at  the  conference  at 
Aix-la-Chapelle.  In  1823  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  New  Russia,  which 
office  he  held  until  the  commencement 
of  the  Crimean  war.  In  1845  he  com- 
manded an  expedition  against  the  Cir- 
cassians.    B.  1782 ;  d.  1856. 

W  O  R  T  L  E  Y,  Lady  Emmeline 
Charlotte  Elizabeth,  b.  in  1806;  d. 
in  1855.  She  published  "  Travels  in 
the  United  States  during  1849-50,"  a 
"Visit  to  Portugal  and  Madeira,"  and 
more  than  one  volume  of  poetry. 

^Y^!ANGELL,  Ferdinand,  Baron, 
a  Russian  traveller,  b.  1795,  was  a  naval 
officer,  in  1820-23  commanded  a  sledge 
expedition  to  the  Polar  Sea.  and  on  his 
return  embarked  on  a  voyage  round  the 
world.  He  was  governor  of  Russian 
America,  1829-1834.  In  1858  he  was 
made  a  member  of  the  imperial  council, 
with  the  rank  of  admiral.     D.  1870. 

W  R  A  X  A  L  L,  Sir  Frederic 
Chaeles  Lascelles,  an  English  nov- 
elist and  litterateur,  b.  at  Boulogne, 
1828,  was  the  author  of  a  "  Hand-book 
to  the  Armies  of  Europe,"  "Armies  of 
the  Great  Powers,"  "Camp  Life," 
"Wild  Oats,"  and  translated  several 
volumes  from  the  French  and  German. 
D.  1865. 

WKIGHT,  Fanny,  once  celebrated 
as  a  deistical  and  political  agitator, 
was  b.  at  Dundee,  1796.  Her  first 
work,  "A  Few  Days  in  Athens,"  ap- 
peared in  1818,  and  attracted  some  at- 
tention. She  visited  the  United  States, 
and  in  1821  published  in  London  her 
"Views  on  Society  and  Manners  in 
America."  In  1825  she  returned  to 
this  country,  and  in  1833  made  her 
advent  as  a  public  lecturer,  in  which 
capacity  she.  wielded  considerable  in- 
fluence. For  a  time  she  was  associated 
with  Robert  Owen,  at  New  Harmony, 
Ind.,  and  edited  the  "Gazette"  pub- 
lished there.  She  contracted  an  un- 
happy marriage  with  M.  Darusmont. 
D.  at  Cincinnati,  1853.  —  George,  an 


WYS] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAniY. 


329 


American  officer,  b.  at  Norwich,  Vt., 
1803,  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1822, 
entered  the  army,  served  in  the  Florida 
and  Mexican  wars,  distinguishing  him- 
self at  Contreras,  Churubusco,  and 
Molino  del  Rey.  In  1856-58  he  ac- 
quired new  reputation  by  his  compaigns 
against  the  Indians  in  Washington 
territory.  Appointed  brigadier-general 
of  volunteers,  he  commanded  the  de- 
partment of  the  Pacific  from  October, 
1861,  to  July,  1864,  and  was  then  as- 
signed to  the  new  department  of  the 
Columbia.  While  on  his  way  to  Wash- 
ington territory  he  was  drowned  on  the 
steamship  Brother  Jonathan,  off  the 
coast  of  southern  Oregon,  July  30, 1865. 
—  Ichabod  Charles,  an"  English 
translator  of  Dante  and  Homer,  was  an 
English  banker  at  Nottingham,  and 
devoted  his  leisure  to  literature.  B. 
1795;  d.  1871. 

WULF,  Christian,  Captain  of  the 
Danish  navy,  was  the  son  of  Admiral 
Wulf,  for  many  years  at  the  head  of 
the  naval  academy  in  Copenhagen,  and 
known  as  a  translator  of  Shakespeare. 
Captain  Wulf  early  joined  the  navy, 
and  gained  distinction  for  his  military 
services.  Inheriting  the  literary  taste 
and  scholarship  of  his  father,  and  en- 
tertaining an  interest  and  sympathy  for 
the  history  and  institutions  of  the 
United  States,  he  published  a  transla- 
tion of  Bancroft's  "History  of  the 
United  States "  into  the  Danish  lan- 
guage. He  was  at  the  time  of  his 
death  making  the  tour  of  the  United 
States.  B.  1810  ;  d.  in  Beaufort,  N.  O, 
1856 

WURTEMBERG,  Frederick  Chas., 
King  of,  b.  1781,  succeeded  his  father, 
Frederick  I.,  in  1816.  In  the  same  year 
he  married  Catherine  Paulowna,  daugh- 
ter of  Paul,  late  Emperor  of  Russia,  and 
after  her  death,  Pauline  Theresa  Louisa, 
his  cousin,  daughter  of  Louis  Frederick, 
Duke  of  Wurtemberg.  He  d.  1864,  his 
long  reign  having  been  quiet  and  un- 
eventful. 

WYATT,  Matthew  Cotes,  an  Eng- 
lish sculptor,  b.  1778;  d.  1862.  He 
achieved  his  highest  reputation  by  his 
equestrian  statues,   among  which  are 


those  of  the  dukes  of  York  and  Welling- 
ton in  London. 

WYM.W,  Jeffbies,  an  American 
anatomist,  was  b.  in  Chelmsford,  Mass., 
1814.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1833,  and  at  the  Massachu- 
setts medical  college  in  1837,  shortly 
after  which  he  visited  Europe,  and 
studied  medicine  and  natural  history 
two  years  in  Paris.  In  1843  he  accepted 
the  chair  of  anatomy  and  physiology  iu 
Hampden  Sidney  college,  Richmond, 
Va.,  and  resigned  in  1847,  on  his  ap- 
pointment as  Hersey  professor  of  anat- 
omy in  Harvard  college,  and  professor 
of  comparative  anatomy  in  the  Law- 
rence scientific  school.  He  delivered 
two  courses  of  lectures  before  the  Lowell 
institute  in  Boston,  one  of  which  was 
published  under  the  title  of  "Twelve 
Lectures  on  Comparative  Physiology." 
He  wrote  numerous  important  articles 
on  comparative  anatomy,  physiology, 
and  embryology,  in  the  "  American 
Journal  of  Science,"  the  "Smithso- 
nian Contributions  to  Knowledge,"  the 
"Boston  Journal  of  Natural  History," 
and  the  "Proceedings  of  the  Boston 
Society  of  Natural  History,"  of  which 
association  he  was  president  from  1856 
to  1870.  His  latest  writings  were  on 
archaeological  subjects.     D.  1874. 

WYON,  Joseph  S.,  a  medalist  and 
chief  engraver  of  seals  to  her  majesty 
Queen  Victoria,  an  office  that  had  been 
held  by  his  father  and  grandfather, 
executed  the  medal  of  James  Watt, 
which  was  adopted  as  an  annual  prize 
medal  by  the  royal  institute  of  civil 
engineers.  His  works  were  numerous. 
Among  them  were  the  medal  ordered 
by  the  Canadian  government  to  com- 
memorate the  confederation  of  the  four 
provinces  of  Canada ;  and  the  great 
seal  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  a 
beautiful  work  of  art.  D.  1873,  aged 
37  vears. 

WYSE,  Sir  John,  author  of  "  Walks 
in  Rome,"  and  "Oriental  Sketches," 
b.  1792  ;  d.  1862.  He  represented  Tip- 
perary,  and  subsequently  the  city  of 
Waterford,  in  the  British  parliament, 
and  was  minister  plenipotentiary  at  the 
court  of  Athens. 


330 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[you 


YANCEY,  William  Lowndes,  an 
American  orator  and  politician,  b.  in 
Georgia,  1814,  studied  law,  and  in  1837 
settled  in  Alabama,  where  he  took  an 
active  part  in  politics,  was  sent  to  the 
state  legislature  and  to  congress,  1844- 
47.  He  was  a  conspicuous  member  of 
the  national  Democratic  conventions 
of  1848,  1856,  and  18G0,  and  was  es- 
teemed a  leader  of  the  "tire-eating" 
branch  of  the  Democracy.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Montgomery  e  men- 
tion, which  passed  the  ordinance  of 
secession.  In  February,  1861,  he  was 
sent  to  Europe  as  a  commissioner  from 
the  confederate  government,  to  urge  its 
claims  to  recognition  by  foreign  powers. 
He  returned  in  February,  1862,  and  in  a 
speech  delivered  at  New  Orleans,  dis- 
couraged every  expectation  of  foreign 
aid,  on  the  ground  that  the  nations  of 
Europe  are  irreconcilably  hostile  to 
slavery.  Me  was  elected  a  senator 
from  Alabama  in  the  confederate  con- 
gress, and  on  arriving  at  Richmond 
was  elected  by  the  members  opposed  to 
the  Davis  administration  as  their  leader. 
This  position  lie  declined.  D.  July, 
1863. 

YARRELL,  "William,  a  naturalist, 
author  of  various  works,  among  which 
are  "Histories  of  British  Birds  and 
British  Fishes."     B.  1780  ;  d.  1856. 

YATES,  Richard,  an  American 
lawyer  and  politician,  b.  in  Kentucky, 
1818,  removed  to  Illinois  and  practised 
law.  He  was  frequently  a  member  of 
the  state  legislature,  and  was  member  of 
congress,  1851-55.  lie  was  governor  of 
Illinois,  1861-65,  and  rendered  efficient 
aid  to  the  Union  cause,  lie  was  I*.  S. 
senator,  1865-71.    I>.  at  St.  Louis,  1873. 

YEADON,  Richaed,  an  American 
journalist,  b.  in  Charleston.  S.  C,  1802, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  but  became 
known  as  a  political  writer,  and  for 
many  years  was  prominent  in  South- 
ern journalism  as  the  editor  and  propri- 
etor of  the  "Charleston  Courier."  D. 
1ST'). 

YOUNG,  Alexander,  D.  D.,  author 
of  "Chronicles  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers 
of  the  Colony  of  Plymouth,"  and 
"  Chronicles  of  the  First  Planters  of  the 
Colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay,"  was 
pa -tor  of  the  sixth  Congregational 
church  of  Bosl  'ii.  having  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1820.  B.  1800;  d. 
1854.  —  Augustus,    a    geologist    and 


naturalist,  b.  in  Arlington,  Vt.,  1785; 
d.  1857.  He  wrote  much  on  scientific 
subjects,  and  acquired  a  reputation  as  a 
mathematician,  as  well  as  in  relation  to 
geology  and  mineralogy.  In  1856  he 
was  appointed  state  naturalist.  He  had 
previously  been  a  politician,  and  served 
both  in  the  state  legislature  and  in  con- 
gress.—  Charles  Mayne,  an  English 
tragedian,  b.  in  London,  1777.  made  his 
rir-t  appearance  on  the  stage  in  Liver- 
pool. 17'JH.  in  the  character  of  Young 
Norval.  His  first  appearance  in  London 
was  in  1807,  in  the  character  of  Hamlet, 
and  he  took  leave  of  the  stage  in  the 
same  character  at  Drury  Lane  in  1832. 
D.  1856.  An  interesting  memoir  by 
his  son  was  published  in  1871. 

YOLNG,  Brigham,  the  prophet, 
seer,  and  ruler  of  the  Mormons,  was 
b.  at  Whittingham,  Vt.,  June  1,  1801. 
The  son  of  a  farmer,  he  worked  in  the 
earlier  years  of  his  life  on  the  farm  in 
Chenango  county,  N.  Y.,  to  which  his 
father  removed  in  1804.  He  afterwards 
learned  the  trade  of  a  painter  and  gla- 
zier, and  followed  it  till  he  was  31  years 
of  age.  In  1833  he  was  converted  to 
the  Mormon  faith  by  a  brother  of  the 
prophet  Joseph  Smith,  and  joined  the 
saints  at  Kirtland,  <).,  where  he  was 
ordained  an  elder  and  began  to  preach. 
On  the  14th  of  February,  1835,  he  was 
ordained  one  of  the  twelve  apostles  of 
the  church,  and  became  their  president 
the  following  year.  The  persecutions 
of  the  Mormons  soon  followed,  and  Joe 
Smith  and  Brigham  Young  fled  for 
their  lives.  Through  the  troubles  and 
conflicts  of  the  new  faith,  Young's  en- 
ergy and  zeal  were  adding  continually 
to  ids  influence,  and  when  Smith  was 
killed,  in  1844,  he  seized  the  successor- 
ship.  He  abandoned  Nauvoo,  with  most 
of  the  Mormons  in  1840,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing winter  established  a  settlement 
at  Kanesville.  now  Council  Bluffs,  la., 
which  remained  there  till  the  spring  of 
1847.  At  this  time  he  determined  to 
remove  the  entire  body  of  the  church 
to  Salt  Lake,  and  in  spite  of  the  hard- 
ships and  privations  suffered  by  his  peo- 
ple in  this  journey  of  a  thousand  miles 
and  across  the  Rocky  Mountains,  he 
accomplished  the  project  in  1848.  1ri 
the  spring  of  1849  the  colonists  organ- 
ized themselves  under  the  title  of  the 
"  State  of  Deseret,"  and  applied  to  con- 
gress  for  admission    into    the   Union. 


zol] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


331 


Their  application  was  refused,  hut  the 
territory  of  Utah  was  formed,  and 
Brigham  Young  was  appointed  the  first 
governor  of  the  territory,  and  remained 
so  for  a  term  of  four  years.  At  the  ex- 
piration of  that  period,  Colonel  Steptoe 
was  appointed  his  successor,  but  by  a  se- 
ries of  stratagems  and  contrivances,  all 
the  federal  authorities  were  eventually 
driven  out  of  Utah,  and  the  territory  was 
virtually  in  a  state  of  rebellion.  Presi- 
dent Buchanan  dispatched  3,000  troops 
to  Utah,  to  reestablish  the  federal 
power.  A  compromise  followed,  and 
ill.:  rrliels  were  pardoned  on  certain 
conditions,  io  which  they  submitted. 
During  the  civil  war,  Brigham  Young 
again  defied  the  power  of  the  federal 
government,  which  was  not  in  a  situa- 
tion to  compel  obedience  to  its  laws.   In 


carrying  out  the  "celestial  law  of  mar- 
riage," which  he  interpolated  in  Mor- 
mon doctrine  in  185-2,  he  defied  public 
opinion  and  the  laws  of  the  U.  S.  His 
last  years  were  disturbed  by  the  actions 
brought  in  the  federal  courts  to  put 
down  polygamy.  Young  and  other  lead- 
ing Mormons  were  arraigned  before  the. 
grand  jury,  were  arrested,  and  held  to 
bail  in  $5,000  each,  lie  hail  married 
or  been  "  sealed  "  to  some  forty  wives. 
He  ruled  his  people  with  an  absolute 
sway  for  twenty  years,  and  accumu- 
lated large  wealth.  He  was  a  man  of 
large  stature,  slightly  stooping,  with 
light  hair,  and  irregular  features,  but, 
of  an  appearance,  on  the  whole,  agree- 
able and  impressive.  He  was  sensual, 
avaricious,  and  a  cruel,  if  not  a  mur- 
derous impostor.     D.  August  29,   1877. 


ZAGOSKTN,  Michael  Nikolae- 
vicii,  a  Russian  dramatist  and  novelist, 
h.  1789,  produced  the  corned}'  of  "  The 
Wag"  successfully  at  St.  Petersburg, 
and  afterwards  removed  to  Moscow. 
His  most  popular  novel  is  "  George 
Miloslavkv,"  a  picture  of  Russia  at  the 
commencement  of  the  17th  century. 
D.  at  Moscow.  1852. 

ZAMACOIS,  Editardo,  a  Spanish 
painter,  b.  1S37,  studied  under  Meisson- 
ier  in  Paris,  and  excelled  in  genre  pic- 
tures, a  number  of  which  are  in  the 
U.  S.     D.  in  Madrid,  1871. 

ZAMOYSKI,  Count  Andreas,  a 
Polish  patriot,  of  a  noble  family,  b. 
1810,  during  the  insurrection  of  1830 
represented  his  national  government  at 
Vienna.  He  became  the  recognized 
leader  of  the  moderate  party,  and  was 
president  of  the  agricultural  society  of 
Warsaw,  which  the  Russian  govern- 
ment suppressed  from  a  fear  of  its  po- 
litical influence,  and  banished  Zamoy- 
ski  in  1802.  He  subsequently  resided 
for  t lie  most  part  in  Paris.     D.  1871.     • 

ZED  LIT/,  Joseph  Christian, 
Baron  von,  a  German  poet,  b.  1790, 
served  some  years  in  the  army,  and  re- 
tiring to  his  estate  in  Hungary,  devoted 
himself  to  literature.  He  published 
"Lyric  Poems,"  and  four  volumes  of 
dramatic  hooks.  He  also  translated 
"Childe  Harold"  into  German.  D. 
1802. 

ZEDNER,  Joseph,  a  distinguished 
Hebraist,  was  b.  of  Jewish  parents 
at  Glogau,  in  1801.    In  1846  he  became 


an  assistant  in  the  library  of  the  Brit- 
ish Museum,  where  he  prepared  and 
published  its  "Catalogue  of  Hebrew 
Books,"  a  volume  of  nearly  900  pages, 
the  fruit  of  years  of  patient  toil.  D. 
1871. 

ZETTERSTEDT,  John  William,  a 
Swedish  naturalist,  b.  1785,  was  teacher 
and  professor  of  botany  and  natural 
history  in  Lund,  where  he  died,  1874. 
For  his  "Diptera  Scandinavia^,"  14 
vols.,  1842-60,  an  important  work  pub- 
lished partly  at  the  expense  of  the  gov- 
ernment, he  received  the  great  medal 
of  natural  history  from  the  Stockholm 
academv  of  science. 

ZHUKOFFSKl,  Vasii.i.  a  Russian 
poet,  b.  1783,  was  the  founder  of  a  ro- 
mantic school,  and  the  first  to  introduce 
the  ballad  form  into  Russian  literature. 
Some  of  his  poems  were  translated  by 
Sir  J.  Bowring.     D.  1852. 

ZIMMERMAN,  Clemens  von,  a 
German  painter,  who  studied  his  art  at 
Dusseldorf  and  Munich,  became  pro- 
fessor of  painting  in  Munich  in  1825, 
and  director  of  the  Central  gallery  from 
1846  to  1865.  He  executed  in  the  Pin- 
akothek  there  the  fresco  designs  of  Cor- 
nelius, and  was  also  employed  on  dec- 
orating the  Glyptothek.  He  executed 
for  the  drawing-room  of  the  palace  il- 
lustrations of  Auacreon.     1).  1869. 

ZOLLICOFFER,  Felix  K.,  an  Amer- 
ican journalist  and  politician,  b.  in  Ten- 
nessee, 1812;  d.  Jan.  19,  1862.  Engaged 
in  the  editorial  profession,  he  filled  sev- 
eral local  offices,  and  while  publishing 


832 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[zwi 


the  "Nashville  Banner  "  was  elected  a 
member  of  congress  in  1853,  and  con- 
tinued so  till  1859.  He  was  a  delegate 
to  the  peace  congress  in  1861,  but  after 
the  battle  of  Bull  Run  entered  the  con- 
federate service,  was  made  brigadier- 
general,  and  assumed  command  of  East 
Tennessee.  He  was  defeated  at  Camp 
Wild  Cat,  Ky.,  and  was  killed  in  battle 
near  Mill  Spring  in  that  state. 

ZOOK,  Samuel  Kosciuszko,  U.  S. 
brigadier-general,  b.  in  Pennsylvania, 
1823,  killed  at  Gettysburg,  1863.  He 
acted  as  colonel  of  the  57th  New  York 
state  volunteers  in  the  bloody  campaign 
of  the  Peninsula,  receiving  his  commis- 
sion as  brigadier-general  in  Nov.,  1862. 
At  Chancellorsville  and  Gettysburg  he 
greatly  distinguished  himself. 

ZOUCHE,  Robert  Curzon,  Baron 
de  la,  b.  1810,  was  joint  commissioner 
for  defining  the  boundaries  between 
Turkey  and  Persia  at  Erzeroum,  and 


the  author  of  "Visits  to  the  Monasteries 
in  the  Levant,"  and  "Armenia,  a 
Year  at  Erzeroum,  and  the  Frontiers 
of  Russia,  Turkey,  and  Persia."  D. 
1873. 

ZWECKER,  J.  B.,  an  artist  known 
by  his  illustrations  of  the  travels  of 
Livingstone,  Du  Chaillu,  Speke,  and 
Grant,  Stanley,  and  Sir  Samuel  Baker, 
passed  the  last  thirty  years  of  his  life 
in  England,  and  his  skilful  pencil  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  chief  illustrated 
journals.     1).  1876. 

ZWIRNER,  Ehnst  Friedrich,  a 
German  architect,  who  in  1833  under- 
took the  completion  of  the  cathedral 
of  Cologne,  and  labored  persistently 
until  1860,  when  he  gave  the  finishing 
touches  to  a  structure  which  is  one  of 
the  finest  efforts  at  a  reproduction  of 
the  Gothic  architecture  of  the  middle 
ages.  B.  in  Silesia,  1802;  d.  at  Co- 
logne, 1861. 


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1 


Form  L9-25m-9,'47(A5618)444 


CT    Godwin  - 

~193 £he  oyolopaodia 

G54c  of  biography. 

i&m 


CT 
103 
u54o 
1878 


II  *L$M